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Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina Final Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan ~.~ Al,0 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Washington, D.C. 20235 South Carolina Wildlife and S.C. Coastal Council Marine Resources Department Ashley Corporate Center P.O. Box 12559 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300 Charleston, South Carolina 29422-2559 Charleston, S.C. 29405 *�'i UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE g ~ \ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20230 Office of the Chief Scientist Dear Reviewer: In accordance with the provision of Section 102(2) (C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, we are enclosing for your review and consideration the final environmental impact statement/draft management plan prepared by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, on the proposed Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina. The responsible Federal official for this project is John J. Carey, Acting Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management, National Ocean Service, NOAA. Any written comments or questions you may have should be submitted to the contact person identified below by Monday, September 23, 1991. Also, one copy of your comments should be sent to me in Room 6222, U.S. Department of Commerce, in Washington, DC 20230. CONTACT PERSON Ms. Susan E. Durden, Chief Atlantic and Great Lakes Region Sanctuaries and Reserves Division office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 714 Washington, DC 20235 Telephone: (202) 606-4122 Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. Sincerely, tX/David Cottingham Director Ecology and Environmental Conservation Office 75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988 ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE IN SOUTH CAROLINA r lProperty of CSC Library Final Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan July 1991 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF-COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 Prepared By: U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20235 S.C. Coastal Council S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Ashley Corporate Center Department 4130 Faber Place 217 Fort Johnson Road Suite 300 P.O. Box 12559 D_ Charleston, S.C. 29405 Charleston, S.C. 29422-2559 I- CNrem 64 a DESIGNATION: Final Environmental Impact Statement TITLE: Designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a National Estuarine Research Reserve and preparation of a draft management plan. ABSTRACT: The state of South Carolina proposes the designation of a site in the ACE Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. The site encompasses approximately 135,554 acres of uplands, wetlands and open waters. Federal financial assistance for operations, management, and development are requested by the state of South Carolina. These funds accompanied by the required state match will be used for basic program activities, including research and educational projects; construction of trails and boardwalks; expansion and construction of research and interpretive facilities; and for the preparation of a final management plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina. Appropriate Memorandums of Understanding are under preparation for those portions of the site which are on state government or private property. The reserve will be managed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. Approval of this proposal will allow for the establishment of an estuarine research reserve in South Carolina representing the South Atlantic Subregion of the Carolinian Biogeographic Region. The reserve will be used primarily for research and education purposes, particularly as a tool for improving coastal decision making. No new regulations are proposed as a result of this action. Traditional uses within the reserve boundaries will continue under existing local and state laws and private landowner policies. The educational programs will increase public awareness of estuarine resources and their importance. The research plan will establish a baseline monitoring program for the ACE Basin estuary and encourage research projects consistent with the reserve's role as a natural field laboratory. Submit any written comments to the contact identified below. Agglicant: South Carolina Coastal Council Ashley Corporate Center 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300 Charleston, S.C. 29405 Contact: H. Steven Snyder Agglicant: South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Department 217 Fort Johnson Road P.O0. Box 12559 Charleston, S.C. 29412 Contact: Michael D. McKenzie, Project Manager Lead Aaencv: U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management Contact: Susan Durden Regional Manager, Atlantic and Great Lakes Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20235 TABLE OF CONTENTS -Cover Sheet -Abstract -Table of Contents -List of Figures -List of Tables -Abbreviations and Acronyms -Summary PAGE I. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION .......................... 1 A. Introduction ...................................... 1 B. National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) ......... 1 1. Federal Legislative Authority ........................ 1 2. NERRS Program ................................. 2 3. Concept of Biogeographic Zones ..................... 3 4. Existing NERRS ........................... 3 5. Funding Support ...................6..... 6 6. Federal Role in NERRS After Designation ................ 7 C. The ACE Basin NERR ............................... 7 1. Background ...................................7 2. Site Selection Process ............................ 9 3. Site Selection Criteria ...................10 II. ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION) ............ 11 A. Preferred Alternative. 1. Land Acquisition Plan . . ......................... 11 a. General Context for Management . ......... 11 b. Assessment of Boundaries ............. 12 (1) Key Land and Water Areas (Core) . ........ 12 (2) Buffer Zone ........................... 14 c. Acquisition Strategy ................ 18 (1) Fee title Acquisition ............... 18 (a). Ashe Island ......................... 18 (b). Beet Island .....20 (c). Otter Island ....................... 20 (2) Memorandum of Understanding ............. 20 (a) Bolders Island ................... .... 20 (3) Donation and/or Gift ................... .. 23 (a) Warren and Big Island Complex ........... 23 (4) Conservation Easements and/or Management Agreements ........... ................ 23 (a) Pine Island ................... ...... 23 (b) South Hutchinson Island ............... 24 d. Schedule and Funding Mechanism ................. 24 2. Resource Protection Plan ....................... 24 a. Management of the NERR Site through the S.C. Coastal Zone Management Program . . .......... 24 (1). Management of Critical Areas .. 27 (2). Management of Upland Areas (Non-critical Areas) 27 (3). Enforcement ......................... 28 b. Management Policies . ...................... 30 (1) Traditional Uses ...................... 30 (2) Fish and Wildlife ...................... 30 (3) Endangered and/or Threatened Species . .. 30 (4) Wetlands ...........................30 (5) Forest .............................31 (6) Fire ...............................31 (7) Mining and Excavation ................. 31 (8) Water Quality .......... 31 (9) Air Quality ............ 32 (10) Shorelines ..........................32 (11) Dredging and Filling Activities ............ 32 (12) Trash, Rubbish and Waste ............... 32 (13) Archaeological and Historical Sites and Objects . 32 (14) Industrial Activities .................... 33 (15) Manipulative Research ................. 33 (16) Right-of-Ways ........................ 33 (17) Public Access ..................., 33 c. General Permits and Licenses ................. ?3 (1) Existing Permits and Licenses ............ 33 (2) Reserve Research Permits ................ 3 d. Surveillance and Enforcement . . ............... 34 e. Public Education and Information . . ......... 34 3. Administrative Plan . . . ........................34 a. Administrative Framework .................. 34 b. Relationship with existing administrative programs ............................... 37 c. Staff Requirements ........................ 38 d. Volunteer Program ...................., 41 e. Advisory Committee Roles and Responsibilities ..... 42 (1) Research and Monitoring Subcommittee . .... 43 (2) Education Subcommittee ................ 44 f. Five Year Activities Plan ...................,. 44 g. Staffing . . .............................. 44 4. Facilities Development Plan ... 46 a. Education/Visitor Center ..................... 46 b. Siting of Center . ................... 47 c. Space Requirements . . ..................... 47 d. Development and Construction . . .............. 48 e. Trails and Observation Platform ......... 50 5. Research and Monitoring Plan ......... 50 a. General Context for Management ......... 50 (1) Goals ............................... 51 (2) Objectives ........................... 51 b. National Research Priorities ......... 52 (1) Water Management ..................... 52 (2) Sediment Management ................... 53 (3) Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs . ......... 54 (4) Coupling of Primary and Secondary Productivity .......................... 54 (5) Estuarine Fishery Habitat Requirements . ....... 55 (6) Other Research Topics ................... 55 (7) Initial Baseline Studies .................... 56 (8) Environmental Monitoring ................. 56 (9) Special Studies ........................ 57 c. ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities ......... 57 (1) Initial Short-term priorities ................ 61 (2) Longer-term priorities ................... 61 (3) Research support priorities ................. 61 (4) Generic, longer-term needs ................ 61 d. NOAA Funded Monitoring Program .............. 63 e. Research Policies and Procedures ......... 63 (1) General Policies ........................ 63 (2) Procedures for NOAA Funded Research . ...... 65 (3) Procedures for Research Funded by State or other sources ........................ 65 (4) Research Support ...................... 66 (5) Data Management ...................... 66 (6) Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR Research Programs ...................... 67 (7) Coordination of Research Efforts ............. 68 (a) Coordination of ACE Basin Research ........68 (b) Coordination with the NERRS ............ 68 (8) Information Dissemination ................. 69 (9) Review and Evaluation . .................. 70 6. Education/Interpretation Plan . . . . ..... 70 a. General Context for Management ......... 70 (1) Goals ............................... 70 (2) Objectives ........................... 71 b. Education Policies ......... 71 c. Themes and Messages ......... 71 (1) Orientation ........................... 72 (2) Living Resources in the Reserve ............. 72 (3) Estuarine Processes in the Reserve ........... 73 (4) People in the Reserve ......... 73 (5) Management of the Reserve ..................73 (6) How Development affects an Estuarine System73 d. On-Site Interpretive Media ...................... 74 (1) Interpretive Exhibits and Signs ................. 74 (2) Reserve Name and Directional Signs ............. 74 (3) Wayside Exhibits .......................... 74 (4) Trail Signs .............................. 74 (5) Printed Materials ........................... 74 (a) Brochures ........................... 74 (b) Newsletter .......................... 75 (c) Reserve Poster ....................... 75 (d) School Information Packages .............. 75 (e) Press Releases ........................ 75 (6) Slide Shows ............................. 75 (7) Films ..................................75 (8) Personal Contact .......................... 75 (9) Teacher Workshops ........................ 75 (10) Volunteer Program ........................ 75 e. Off-Site Programs and Media ..................... 76 (1) Traveling Exhibits .......................... 76 (2) Outreach ............................... 76 f. Education/Visitor Center Services . . ................ 76 g. Coordination of Education Efforts . . ................ 78 (1) Coordination with Existing Programs ............. 78 (2) Coordination with the NERRS ................. 78 (3) Coordination with other Agencies ............... 78 7. Public Access Plan .............................. 78 a. Policy ..................................... 78 b. Current and Proposed Access . . .................. 78 (1) Bear Island WMA .......................... 79 (2) Core Area ...............................79 (3) Buffer Zone ............................. 79 8. Objectives and Policies for Other Activities . . . ........... 79 a. Hunting, Fishing and Shellfishing .................. 79 B. Other Alternatives Considered . . . ..................... 80 1. No Action/Status Quo . . . ......................... 80 2. Alternate Sites . . . .............................. 80 3. Alternate Boundaries . . . .......................... 81 4. Alternate Management Plan Options . . . ............... 81 a. Establishing Management of the Reserve Within an Agency Other than SCWMRD .................. 81 b. Location of Reserve Headquarters and Visitor Center Somewhere Other Than Bear Island WMA . . ...........................81 Ill. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT . . i...............83 A. The Regional Setting ..................83 1. Physiographic Features ... ...........83 2. Geology.................84 3. Soils ................87 4. Groundwater ................87 5. Climate ................88 6. Water Quality ................89 (a) Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters . 89 (b) Shellfish Harvesting ..............90 B. Socioeconomic Features................90 1 .Early Historical Development .............90 2. Beginning of Agriculture .. ............92 3. Archaeological and Historic Landmarks..........92 4. Economics.................94 a. Agriculture ................94 b. Forestry ................94 c. Fisheries ................96 d. Other Marine Uses..............98 5. Traditional Land Use/Wildlife Management and Hunting. . .98 S. Local Activities Affecting the Site ...........99 a. Dredging Activities ..............99 b. NPS Runoff..............100 C. Biological Features...................100 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES.. . . ....... . . ..101 A. General Impacts..................101 B. Specific Impacts..................101 1. Natural Environment ................101 2. Human Environment ................101 a. Scientific and Education .............101 b. Public Access.................102 c. State, Local and Federal .............102 C. Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic Impacts .................102 1. Tax Revenue Loss.................102 2. Traffic Impacts.................103 D. Relationship Between the Proposed Action on the Environ- ment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-term Productivity .................103 E. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources......103 F. Possible Conflicts Between the Proposed Action and the Objectives of Federal, State, Regional and Local Land- Use Plans, Policies and Controls For the Areas Concerned...104 V. LIST OF PREPARERS ..............................104 VL LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES OF THE FEIS AND DMP .............................. 105 VII. REFERENCES ..............................109 VIII. APPENDICES ..............................115 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1 Existing and Proposed National 5 Estuarine Research Reserves in the U. S. 2 Location Map for Proposed NERRS Sites 8 in South Carolina. 3 Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands proposed 13 for Acquisition in Core Area. 4 Descriptive Map Showing Core Area in Relation To 15 Buffer Zone. 5 View of the Old SCR Bed Intersecting Wimbee 16 Creek and Forming the Northern Boundary of the NERR Buffer Zone. 6 Site-Specific View of Ashe, Beet and South 19 Hutchinson Islands. 7 Site-specific View of Otter and Pine Islands. 21 8 Site-specific View of Bolders, Warren and Big 22 Islands. 9 Organization Chart for Administration and Management of the ACE Basin NERR. 35 10 Alternative Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR. 82 11 View of a Fully Developed Tidewater Rice 93 Plantation of the Early Nineteenth Century. APPENDIX G (Ecological Characterization Figures) 1 The Ace Basin Is a Complex Mixture of Subsystems G-3 that Interconnect By Energy Pathways to Form a Regional Ecosystem. 2 The Relationship Between Marsh Type and Average G-6 Annual Salinity. LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE I Designated Sites in the NERRS. 4 2 Schedule of Milestones for Land 25 Acquisition and Reserve Designation. 3 High Priority Lands Proposed for Acquisition 26 in Reserve Core Area. 4 Summary of 'Networking' Activities. 29 5 Five Year Activities Plan for the ACE Basin 45 NERR. 6 Physiographic Data and Development 85 Status for select barrier, marsh and sea islands in the ACE Basin Region. 7 Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications 91 for the ACE Basin. 8 Sites of Archaeological and Historic 95 Significant in the ACE Basin. 9 Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel 97 Value for Products Landed in the ACE Basin. APPENDIX G (Biological Tables) I Representative Ecosystems of the G-2 ACE Basin NERR. 2 Generalized community structure of the G-1 1 Vascular Flora of the Upland Ecosystem in The ACE Basin. 3 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened G-12 Animals Documented to Occur in/or within the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87. Tables (Continued) 4 Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Nesting Activity G-13 Within the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87. 5 Southern Bald Eagle Nesting Activity Within G-15 ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90. 6 American Alligator Observations and G-16 Relative Densities in Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Rivers, 1978-1983. 7 American Alligator Nesting Densities in G-17 Three Marsh Types Associated With the Ashepoo, Combahee and South Edisto. 8 Some Amphibians and Reptiles Occurring G-20 Within the ACE Basin NERR Verified by Collection and Observation. 9 Dominant Birds of the Coastal Marine Ecosystem G-25 Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR. 10 Dominant Birds of the Maritime Ecosystem G-26 Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR. 11 Dominant Birds of the Estuarine Ecosystem G-28 Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR. 12 Documented Colonial Wading Bird Nesting G-30 Activity in the ACE Basin NERR, 1978-1990. 13 Birds of Estuarine Intertidal Impoundments G-31 in the ACE Basin. 14 Dominant Birds of the Upland Ecosystem G-34 Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR. 15 Characteristic Habitats of Some of the G-35 More Important Estuarine Fishes Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR. 16 Trophic Level of Some of the More Important G-37 Estuarine Fishes Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR ACRONYMS ACE Ashepoo - Combahee - Edisto Basin AIWW Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway BMPs Best Management Practices, established by the South Carolina Forestry Commission CEC Division of Conservation, Education & Communication, SCWMRD CFR The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a codification of the regulations of various federal agencies. The CFR is the basic component of the Federal Register publication system. COLREGS Collision Regulations, U.S. Coast Guard CZMA Coastal Zone Management Act DHEC South Carolina Department of Health & Environmental Control DMP Draft Management Plan DU Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated DUF Ducks Unlimited Foundation, a subsidiary of DU EIS Environmental Impact Statement is required by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 whenever major federal action may significantly affect the quality of the environment, including the human environment. A draft (DEIS) and a final (FEIS) environmental impact statement are prepared. GIP Geographic Information Processing GIS Geographic Information System LED Law Enforcement Division, SCWMRD MOU Memorandum of Understanding MRD Marine Resources Division, SCWMRD NERR National Estuarine Research Reserve (refers to one reserve, i.e. ACE Basin) NERRs National Estuarine Research Reserves NERRS National Estuarine Research Reserve System (refers to all Reserves in the U.S. program as an interacting group forming a complex whole) NFWF National Fish & Wildlife Foundation NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce NWI National Wetlands Inventory ORW Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters, DHEC water classifications and standards SCCC South Carolina Coastal Council SCDPRT South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism SCFC South Carolina Forestry Commission SCR Seaboard Coastline Railroad Bed, forming the upper western boundary of the proposed ACE Basin NERR SCS Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture SCLRC South Carolina Land Resources Commission SCWMRD South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department SFH Shellfish Harvesting Waters, DHEC water classification and standards TNC The Nature Conservancy USFWS United States Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior WMA Wildlife Management Area, SCWMRD WFWF Division of Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, SCWMRD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 315 of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 established the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), originally called the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program, as a federal/state cooperative venture. Federal matching grants are available to coastal states to develop and manage a national system of estuarine research reserves which are representative of the various regions and estuarine types in the United States. In addition, annual competitive grants for research and education projects are available. The goal of the program is to protect areas of representative estuaries, including valuable wetland habitat, for use as natural field laboratories. National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRs) are established to: 1) provide opportunities for long-term estuarine research and monitoring; 2) provide opportunities for estuarine education and interpretation; 3) provide a basis for more informed coastal management decisions; and 4) promote public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of estuarine ecosystems and their relationships to the environment as a whole. The NERRS has adopted a classification scheme that reflects differences in regional biogeography and estuarine typology to ensure that established sites are representative and that a variety of ecosystem types are included. The biogeographic classification scheme and estuarine typology system for the ACE Basin site are shown in Appendix A. The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD) in cooperation with the South Carolina Coastal Council (SCCC), the state's lead agency in coastal zone management. Recently, the SCWMRD and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), along with representatives of the Nature Conservancy (TNC), Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated (DU), other organizations and a private sector of landowners, have recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles southwest of Charleston, South Carolina and encompasses approximately 350,000 acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water. The NERRS was viewed as a compatible tool to provide for habitat protection, long-term management and opportunities for research and education. Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR will encompass key land and water areas (or "core area") and a buffer zone. The core area includes Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet, Boulder, Big, South Hutchinson and Warren Islands for a total of 16,040 acres (2,444 acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh). The buffer zone contains 54,801 acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open estuarine waters and 5,308 acres of upland (a total of 135,752 acres). To date, five (5) of the eight (8) islands listed as the reserve core area are in fee simple ownership by conservation organizations and were acquired towards their future inclusion into the NERRS. Conservation easements, management agreements, and other approaches to land stewardship are being negotiated in the buffer zone. The purpose of the ACE Basin NERR is to establish and manage the site as a natural field laboratory and to develop a coordinated program of research and education for the reserve. Under the preferred alternative, a cooperative management approach will be used, involving SCWMRD, private landowners, local and state government agencies, private organizations and advisory committees. The SCWMRD will continue to serve as the lead management agency. Reserve staff will include a reserve manager, a research coordinator, an education coordinator and a clerical position. A volunteer coordinator may be added later. SCWMRD will manage the reserve through a cooperative effort within its four functional divisions: Marine Resources; Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries; Conservation, Education and Communication and Law Enforcement. In addition, there will be at least one major advisory committee with appropriate sub-committees to serve in an advisory capacity on matters concerning resource protection, research and monitoring and education. The reserve manager will coordinate administrative functions and the various research and education programs at the reserve and act as liaison with the SCCC, NOAA and other NERRs. The research coordinator will coordinate ACE Basin NERR system-wide research and monitoring activities. The education coordinator will coordinate educational and interpretive activities within the reserve. The reserve research and education programs will gather and make available information useful for improved understanding, appreciation, and management of the ACE Basin estuarine system in general. Reserve activities will augment, not replace, the on-going conservation and management activities on private lands. Facilities will be developed as necessary to aid in research and education and to serve as a focal point for visitors to the reserve. In addition to the preferred alternative, other alternatives are discussed, including no action/status quo, alternative sites, alternative boundaries, and alternative management strategies. Under the no action alternative, the ACE Basin NERR designation would not be pursued and there would be no change in current management direction or level of management intensity. Several other sites were considered early in the site selection process. However, these were rejected in favor of the ACE Basin NERR site because of its great ecological diversity and pristine environmental characteristics. Alternative boundaries for the reserve are considered; however, the preferred boundaries encompass entire ecological units and thus are the most desirable. Alternative management plan options are considered, including establishing management of the reserve within an agency other than SCWMRD. Since SCWMRD has a long history of land management, estuarine research; fish and wildlife management, and conservation education, it is a logical choice as the lead agency. Another alternative considered was location of the education/visitor center somewhere other than Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Other sites were eliminated because SCWMRD already owns and operates Bear Island WMA,it is large enough to accommodate ancillary facilities development and it is easily accessible by road. Valuable natural and cultural resources will be protected for long-term research and education by designation of the reserve. Natural resources affected by the proposed action include diverse, highly productive estuarine systems comprised of wetlands, open waters, with salinities ranging from freshwater to sea strength and uplands. Several species of either rare, endangered, or threatened plants and animals occur in the general area of the proposed reserve. In addition to such rich diversity of natural resources the region is also endowed with significant historical and archaeological sites. Traditional uses in the proposed reserve include commercial and recreational fishing and shellfishing, hunting, trapping, wildlife observation, boating, agriculture and forestry. These activities will continue under present laws and regulations and designation of the ACE Basin NERR will not affect traditional uses. The environmental consequences of the proposed action are strongly positive. The primary impact will be long-term protection of both natural and cultural resources. No resources will be irreversibly or irretrievably lost, On the contrary, these special resources will be provided with long-term protection and will serve both now and in the future as sites for important estuarine research and education. The proposed action is in accordance with all relevant state, local and federal regulations and is consistent with the objectives of state, local, and federal land use plans, policies and controls for the area under consideration. I. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION A. Introduction The state of South Carolina is proposing to establish a site in the Ashepoo- Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS). This Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) describes the probable impacts of implementing the management plan for the ACE Basin NERR. The purpose of this action is to designate the site as a natural field laboratory for long- term research, monitoring and education/interpretation. The management plan provides the framework and guidance for future management actions to accomplish the stated goals, objectives and priorities. There is a great need for this action. Much of South Carolina's coastal zone is experiencing rapid population growth with the attendant demands for residential, commercial and industrial development. These changes cannot take place without some adverse effects on our natural environment in spite of the state's strong and effective coastal zone management program. Due to the immense complexity of the relationships between the state's living marine and estuarine resources and their environment, sustained study of these resources is critical to our understanding of them and of man's activities on their future health and well-being. Establishment of the ACE Basin NERR will assure the management of this unique estuarine ecosystem for the purposes of research, education, and habitat protection. Results of scientific research and environmental monitoring can be used to further protect and manage South Carolina's rich and diverse coastal environment. Additional benefits of reserve designation will be increased opportunities for educational pro- grams to expand the public's knowledge and awareness of the complex nature of our coastal zone. Protection and management of the ACE Basin NERR is intended to support the research mission and further a major objective of the SCWMRD, protection of estuarine habitat and associated fish and wildlife resources. B. The National Estuarine Research Reserve Svstem 1. Federal Leaislative Authority The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, P.L. 92-583) was signed into law on October 27, 1972, in response to a growing national concern over intense pressures on the coastal zone of the United States. Congress was alerted to the need for legislation to promote a comprehensive approach to wise management of our coastal zone through three landmark study/reports: OUR NATION AND THE SEA, Stratton Report, January 1969; NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY, November 1969; and NATIONAL ESTUARY STUDY, January 1970. 2 To achieve the national policy of preserving, protecting, developing, and where possible, restoring or enhancing coastal resources, Congress selected the following approach (Section 302(h)): "The key to more effective protection and use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone is to encourage the states to exercise their full authority over the lands and waters in the coastal zone by assisting the states, in cooperation with Federal and local governments and other vitally affected interests, in developing land and water use programs for the coastal zone, including unified policies, criteria, standards, methods, and processes for dealing with land use decisions of more than local significance." The Act authorizes a variety of grant-in-aid programs to the states for purposes of: * developing coastal zone management programs (Sec. 305) -S.C.'s Management Act was signed into law on May 24, 1977; * implementing and administering coastal management programs that receive Federal approval (Sec.306); * avoiding or minimizing adverse environmental, social, and economic impacts resulting from coastal energy activities (Sec.309); * coordinating, studying, planning, and implementing interstate coastal management activities and programs (Sec.309); * conducting research, study, and training programs to provide scientific and technical support to state coastal zone management programs (Sec. 31 0); and * establishing national estuarine research reserves. Funds are available to assist in the acquisition, development, and operation of reserves, and to support education and interpretation activities, and research and monitoring (Sec. 315). 2. National Estuarine Research Reserve System Proaram Congress created NERRS under Section 315 of the CZMA (1972) to provide "to coastal states grants of up to fifty percent of the costs of acquisition, development, and operation of estuarine sanctuaries (now called research reserves) for the purpose of creating natural field laboratories to gather data and make studies of the natural and human processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone.' Congress stated that research reserves should be: 3 ...natural areas set aside primarily to provide scientists the opportunity to make baseline ecological measurements, essential to many coastal zone management decisions, and prediction of the impact of human intervention. These areas should not be chosen at random, but should reflect regional differentiation and a variety of ecosystems so as to cover all significant natural variation. These areas could be used to monitor vital changes or forecast possible deterioration from anticipated activities. Scientific research and ecological data from these areas could aid significantly in providing a rational basis for intelligent management of the coastal zone (Senate Report 92-753 as in Library of Congress, 1976). Following passage of the law, NOAA promulgated regulations for NERRS in 1974 (15 CFR Part 921). The regulations were revised in 1984, 1989 and again in 1990. Originally called estuarine sanctuaries, the name was changed to research reserves by Congress in 1985 to emphasize the primary intent of the program (i.e., research and education). WHILE THE PRIMARY PURPOSES OF RESEARCH RESERVES ARE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION, MULTIPLE USE OF THE AREAS BY THE PUBLIC IS ENCOURAGED. SUCH USES GENERALLY INCLUDE LOW-INTENSITY RECREATION SUCH AS BOATING, FISHING, HUNTING, SHELLFISHING AND WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY AND OBSERVATION. TRADITIONAL USES SUCH AS COMMERCIAL FISHING AND SHELLFISHING ARE ALSO ACCOMMODATED. 3. ConceDt of Bioaeoaraohic Zones To ensure that the NERRS includes sites that adequately represent regional and ecological differences, Section 921.3 of the regulation (15CFR Part 921) sets forth a biogeographical classification scheme that reflects regional differences in biogeography. An estuarine typology system, which presents a variety of ecosystem types, is also included (Appendix A). Upon completion, the NERRS will contain representation of the 27 biogeographic regions of the Nation's coastal zone. The proposed ACE Basin NERR is representative of the Carolinian - South Atlantic region. It contains a diverse assemblage of representative outer coastal plain natural communities, including those typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the proposed ACE Basin site are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest communities. 4. Existina National Estuarine Research Reserves At the present time, 18 reserve sites have been designated (Table 1) across the country (Figure 1). 4 Table 1. Designated Sites in the NERRS. RESEARCH RESERVE BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION Wells, York County, Maine Acadian Great Bay, Great Bay, New Hampshire Acadian Waquoit Bay, Mashpee and Falmouth, Virginian Massachusetts Narragansett Bay, Newport County, Rhode Virginian Island Hudson River (4 components), Hudson River, Virginian New York Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, (3 components) Anne Virginian Arundel, Harford, Prince George's, and Somerset Counties Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, (4 components) Virginian York, Gloucester, James City, and King William Counties North Carolina (4 components), Brunswick, Virginian/ Carteret, Curriuck and New Hanover Counties Carolinian Sapelo Island, McIntosh County, Georgia Carolinian Rookery Bay, Collier County, Florida West Indian Jabos Bay, Puerto Rico West Indian Apalachicola River/Bay Louisianan Franklin County, Florida Weeks Bay, Baldwin County, Alabama Louisianan Tijuana, San Diego County, California Californian Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California Californian South Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon Columbian Padilla Bay, Skagit County, Washington Columbian Old Woman Creek, Erie County, Ohio Great Lakes Waimanu Valley Insular Island of Hawaii, Hawaii 4/9() The National Estuarine Reserve Rese arch System St. Lawlecnc(~- I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~River 13asIn Bay .~~~~~ Old~~~~~~ Naridgun~~~~~~~~~~scil Bay E f ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~k~~Delaware n San Francisco Bay ... Chesapeake Hay. MI) Elkhoyn Slough ChcDpck a.V I ........ Northi Carolina C North Inlet Cc Tijuana Rivcij ALBai CD V.IV. 14,A a ~urj CDf AProposedRokr y SDesignated * Jobos Bay, PR CD t,03 5 6 In addition, California-San Francisco Bay (San Francisco Bay), New York-St. Lawrence River Basin (Acadian), Delaware (Virginian), East Coast of Florida, Virginia (Virginian) and South Carolina (Carolinian) have proposed sites to be included as National Estuarine Research Reserves and are in the process of producing environmental impact statements and management plans. 5. Fundina and SuoDort Federal funding for NERRs is described in detail below. Briefly, five categories of federal awards are available from NOAA: predesignation awards; acquisition and development awards; operation and management awards; research and monitoring awards; and education and interpretation awards. The amount of federal financial assistance provided may vary according to program areas; most of the federal funds must be matched by the state or other entities. Federal funding has and will be used for initial operation and staffing of the ACE Basin NERR. The reserve is a cooperative federal-state program. At a minimum, long-term funds must be provided by the state to cover general operating expenses and the salaries of the reserve manager and support staff. The reserve staff will work ,cooperatively with other agencies to pool resources. Efforts will also be made to obtain outside grants and other sources of program revenue. These include the creation of support groups and endowment funds for the ACE Basin. Support groups have been successfully utilized at other NERRs and may be used as models (e.g. the Friends of the Reserve at the Apalachicola Reserve in Florida, the Elkhorn Slough Foundation at the Elkhorn Slough Reserve in California, and Friends of Jug Bay at JBWS in the CBNERR Maryland). Predesignation awards are available for site selection and post site selection. Acquisition and development awards are available prior to reserve designation for acquiring interest in land and water areas, performing minor construction, preparing plans and specifications, developing the final management plan, and hiring necessary staff. After a reserve receives federal designation, a supplemental acquisition and development award is available for acquisition of additional property interests, construction of research and education facilities, and restoration projects. Operation and management awards are available to manage the reserve and operate programs detailed in the management plan. The federal portion of operation and management awards may be used for the support of staff positions. Research and monitoring awards are available on a competitive basis to conduct estuarine research and monitoring within the NERRS. Any coastal state or qualified public or private person may compete for these awards which are available annually. Financial assistance awards are available for conducting educational and interpretive 7 activities within the NERRS. These are available annually on a competitive basis to any coastal state entity. More detailed information on NOAA funding can be found in the Federal Register 15 CFR Part 921 (Appendix B ). As CZMA regulations are amended, funding limits and types may change. 6. Federal Role in the NERR after Desianation After designation, NOAA will conduct periodic performance evaluations of the NERR at least once every four years. Evaluations may be conducted more frequently as determined necessary by NOAA. These evaluations are required by Sections 312 and 315 of CZMA and will follow the evaluation procedures described in Section 312. Evaluations may assess all aspects of reserve operation and management, or they may focus on selected issues. Evaluations may also examine whether a reserve is in compliance with NERRS designation regulations, and particularly whether the operations and management of the reserve are consistent with and further the mission and goals of NERRS. Federal officials will conduct the performance evaluations. When necessary, NOAA may request federal and non-federal experts to participate in the evaluation. Performance evaluations will be conducted in accordance with procedural and public participation provisions of CZMA regulations. The state must submit a report on operation and management of the reserve to NOAA annually. If performance evaluations reveal that the operation and management of the reserve is deficient or the research is inconsistent with NERRS research guidelines, eligibility of the reserve for federal financial assistance may be suspended until the situation is remedied. If major deficiencies are not remedied within a reasonable amount of time, NOAA may initiate a process to withdraw designation of the reserve. C. The ACE Basin NERR 1. Background The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the SCWMRD in cooperation with the SCCC, the state's lead agency in coastal zone management. * Recently, the SCWMRD and the USFWS, along with representatives of TNC, DU, other conservation organizations and a private sector of enthusiastic landowners have recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles southwest of Charleston, South Carolina (Figure 2) and encompasses approximately 350,000 acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products COASTAL ZONE NORTH INLET SITE CHARLESTON ASHEPOO--COMBAHEE- EDISTO (ACE) SITE 0 40 so80 SCALE: "-=40 MILES Figure 2. Location map for proposed NERRS sites in South Carolina. 9 industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal islands in the lower basin, which are accessible only by water. The NERRS was viewed as a compatible tool to provide long-term management and opportunities for research and education. Early in the site selection process, other areas (e.g. Port Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound, North Edisto River and the Santee Delta) being considered as possible NERR sites were eliminated. The Site Selection Committee felt that the uniqueness and value of the ACE Basin site could favorably compare with any site currently being managed in the NERRS. 2. Site Selection Process On October 29, 1988, the S.C. NERRS Site Selection Advisory Committee was appointed by Senator John C. Hayes, III, Chairman of the SCCC. The purpose of the committee was to consider potential NERR sites in South Carolina and to make a recommendation to the SCCC of one or more sites for inclusion in the national system. Staff of the SCCC served as staff to the Committee. At an organizational meeting on November 14, 1988, the committee appointed two subcommittees to study two potential sites - the ACE Basin, which had been recommended by Governor Carroll Campbell, and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site, an area which had been considered in the past as a potential reserve site. At the next meeting on February 6, 1989, both sub- committees gave reports on their respective sites. The sub-committee reports indicated both sites appeared to meet criteria for the NERRS Program and public comments should be sought. The Site Selection Advisory Committee voted to approve the sub-committees' reports for both the ACE Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay sites and moved to proceed with obtaining public comment. A public meeting on the ACE Basin site was held on April 10, 1989, in Walterboro, South Carolina. Reaction from the public was generally mixed. Concern was expressed over management of the potential NERRS site to the exclusion of the general public from gaining access to marshes and waterways. A public hearing on the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site on May 17, 1989, in Georgetown, South Carolina, revealed public concern about a possible impact on the shipping industry as well as public access. On July 17, 1989, the site selection committee voted unanimously to recommend to the SCCC that both sites be nominated for inclusion in the NERRS. The committee also recommended that all public concerns must be thoroughly addressed during development of a management plan. At its meeting of July 21, 1989, the SCCC, on recommendation of the site selection committee, approved the ACE Basin site and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site for nomination to NERRS. Upon this decision, Council staff, in conjunction with .staff from the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and Belle W. Baruch Institute, began preparation of the nomination package for submittal to NOAA under signature of Governor 10 Campbell. On January 24, 1990, Governor Carroll Campbell nominated the ACE Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay as separate NERR sites (Appendix C) because each site is located in a different biogeographic region (Figure 2). 3. Site Selection Criteria Nomination of these sites was made only after a thorough review of site evaluation criteria and the input of coastal scientists, state and local officials, affected landowners and the general public. Site selection criteria included: a. Bioaeoaraohical Reoresentation - whether the site represents the ecological conditions of the biogeographic zone of the Carolinian-South Atlantic Sub-Region in which it is found, fills a void in biogeographic representation in the state of S.C. and does not duplicate biogeographic representation in the Region; b. Ecosvstem Reoresentation - whether the site encompasses an entire ecological unit, represents a significant component of the coastal ecosystem in light of the types of geomorphic features and biotic communities which are found in the state's coastal zone, fills a void in ecosystem representation in the state, and does not duplicate ecosystem representation in the Region; c. Ecoloaical Characteristics - whether the areas's ecological characteristics contribute substantially to the quality of the estuarine environment through its biological productivity, diversity of flora and fauna, and other demonstrated ecological values and functions; d. Naturalness - whether the site is relatively unaffected by past and present human activities and approximates a natural ecological unit where ecosystem processes can be studied in an undisturbed setting; e. Research Potential - whether the site provides a natural field laboratory, has a history of research use or is desirable for use as a research site, and is important for addressing fundamental ecological questions and local coastal resource problems; f. Educational ODDortunities - whether the site is accessible and provides opportunities for educational and interpretive programs which are compatible with the research reserve character as a natural field laboratory; and g. Manaaement Considerations - whether the site is available for incorporation into the NERRS (i.e., landowner's willingness), can be protected under some type of formal mechanism (conservation easement, long-term management agreement, MOU, or fee simple acquisition), is of adequate size to assure effective protection from activities outside its boundaries, and will provide a stable environment for research and educational activities. NOAA approved the site nomination on March 27, 1990 (Appendix C). This approval moved SCCC into the next phase of the designation process for the ACE Basin NERR: preparation of a DEIS and draft management plan (DMP). NOAA awarded SCCC $50,000 in federal pre-designation funds to complete the DEIS/DMP, FEIS/DMP and site characterization for the ACE Basin site. The state is providing the required match through SCWMRD and SCCC. II. ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION) The action under consideration by NOAA is a proposal from the State of South Carolina to establish a NERR in the ACE Basin, consisting of approximately 69,000 acres of wetlands, 59,000 acres of open water and 7,752 acres of uplands and lying within the boundaries of Beaufort, Colleton and Charleston counties. This section considers a number of reasonable alternatives which were analyzed during development of this document. The "preferred alternative" is the one SCWMRD believes would fulfill its statutory mission and responsibilities in the ACE Basin. It has been developed in detail as the proposed management plan, giving consideration to economic, environmental, traditional uses and other factors. The "no action" alternative proposes that the ACE Basin site not be designated as a NERR and there is no change from current management direction or level of management intensity. Other alternatives discussed include boundary modifications, additional sites and different management options. A. Preferred Alternative 1. Land Acauisition Plan a. General Context for Manaaement According to the Coastal Zone Reauthorization Act of 1985, the protection and management of resources are not meant to be ends in themselves but rather are intended to support the research mission. Within this context, it should be stressed that resource protection cannot be viewed as an independent program area. All aspects of reserve management will contribute to the protection effort. However, the most effective mechanism for long-term protection or control is the acquisition of key properties through fee simple ownership or conservation easements. The reserve contains a unique array of ownerships. Unlike many coastal areas where the ownership pattern is diverse and highly fragmented, the ACE Basin site has a relatively small number of owners with large undeveloped land holdings (see Appendix D). There are about twenty five (25) key landowners with large plantations along the rivers. Historically, these landowners have practiced good stewardship and maintained a strong conservation ethic in management of these properties. 12 Continuing the present level of protection and land management ethics over the long-term is dependent on fostering land protection efforts and providing adequate public participation as a means of promoting compatible uses of the reserve. This can be accomplished through: 1) fee title acquisition, 2) gift or donation; and 3) lease, easement or cooperative management agreements with private landowners. Under this action plan, all land acquisition will be performed in accordance with federal laws and regulations for real estate acquisition, including independent appraisals. Property will be acquired only from those private landowners willing to participate in the program. There will be no condemnation. b. Assessment of Boundaries Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR must include "an adequate portion of the land and water areas of the natural system to approximate an ecological unit and to ensure effective conservation" (Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 209, Section 921.11). These areas must be discrete enough to be effectively managed, but large enough to make long-term research possible. To help focus management efforts, site boundaries encompass two zones: key land and water areas (core area) and a buffer zone. NOAA's Guidelines for Establishino ProDosed Boundaries for National Estuarine Research Reserves define core areas as areas which contain "critical estuarine ecological units for research purposes, encompassing a full range of significant physical, chemical, and biological factors contributing to the diversity of fauna, flora and natural processes occurring within the estuary." The core area "is so vital to the functioning of the estuarine ecosystem that it must be under state control sufficient to ensure the long term viability of the reserve for research on natural estuarine processes..... [These areas] should encompass resources that are representative of the total ecosystem which, if compromised, could endanger the research objectives of the reserve." A buffer zone is defined as an "area adjacent to or surrounding the core and on which the integrity of the core depends. This area protects the core and provides additional protection for estuarine dependent species." It may include an area for research and education facilities. (1). Kev Land and Water Areas (Core) The proposed core area of the ACE Basin NERR consists of a series of remote coastal islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water. These are Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet, Bolders, Big, Warren and South Hutchinson islands (Figure 3). The total core area (16,040 acres) encompasses approximately 2,444 acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh. The core area is bounded on the east by Otter and Pine islands, both of which have beaches fronting on St. Helena Sound. Fish Creek separates the two islands and drains a large expanse of salt marsh bounded to the east by the South Edisto River 13 Figure 3. Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands Proposed for Acquisition In Core Area. --4-~~~~~~~~~- x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -k 14 and to the west by the Ashepoo River. To the northwest of this easternmost marsh island complex lie the remaining islands in the core area; South Hutchinson, Ashe and Beet, Bolders, Warren and Big. These are also marsh islands consisting of low Pleistocene beach ridge remnants comprising the upland portions surrounded by estuarine tidal marshes. The Ashepoo River bounds Hutchinson Island to the east and north. Although both Hutchinson and Ashe islands face south on St. Helena Sound, neither have beaches as do Otter and Pine. Rock Creek separates Hutchinson Island from Ashe and Beet islands that lie in the central portion of the core. Excavated portions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) bisect Hutchinson Island and separate the marshes of Ashe Island to the South and Beet Island to the north. Beet Island is bounded to the west by the New Chehaw River and Rock Creek to the north and east. Bolders Island lies to the north of Beet Island between the Ashepoo River to the east and the New Chehaw River to the west. Warren and Big islands form the westernmost boundary of the core area. They are both located between the New and Old Chehaw River, Big to the north and Warren to the south. (2). Buffer Zone The buffer zone of the ACE Basin NERR occupies approximately 119,514 acres. There are 54,801 acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open waters and 5,308 acres of upland within the buffer zone. Generally, the buffer zone includes all state-owned bottoms, open waters and wetlands, extending up to and including the critical':ariea as defined in the South Carolina Coastal Management Act (Act 123 of the 1977 South Carolina General Assembly). It excludes uolands and wetlands now held in private ownership. unless otherwise soecified in the FEIS/DMP. The seaward boundary of the buffer zone is marked by an artificial line, the "COLREGS" line, lying between the headlands of Edisto Beach and Hunting lslnhd (Figure 4). The northeastern boundary includes the marshes of South Edisto River draining the western side of Edisto Island and the following tidal stream systems: Big Bay Creek, St. Pierre Creek (Fishing, Store and Bailey Creeks), North Creek and that portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) connecting the Dawhoo River to the South Edisto. All of Jehossee Island and further north along the South Edisto to the abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad (SCR) bed forms the northeast corner. The alignment of the abandoned SCR, running approximately in a souithwestern direction, is a persistent dominant feature, and serves as the northern boundary 'up to the crossing at the Combahee River. The zone includes the entire width of the Combahee River floodplain, with Wimbee Creek as the westernmost' bound;a'ir(Figure 5). Downstream of the former railroad alignment, the western boundary folows ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE SITE BOUNDARIESs , S BEAR ISLAND WMA --- NERR BUFFER AREA ;i NERR CORE AREA 1. ASHE 2. BEET 3. BIG 4. BOLDERS { 5. PINE 6. OTTER 7. S. HUTCHINSON North 8. WARREN Figure 4. Descriptive map showing core area in relation to Buffer Zone. �~,~ ~ - � ~i~~ .... ~~~~~~~~~ i~ ~ ~~! Fiue5. Aerial view of the old SCR bed intersecting Wimbee Creek and forming the northern boundary of the NERR buffer zone. 17 Wimbee Creek (including the Williman Islands) into Bull River and across the lower Coosaw River into Morgan River (including Morgan Island). The buffer zone then follows Morgan River out into St. Helena Sound across the mouth of Jenkins, Village and Coffin Creeks, and then southeastward along the shore of St. Helena Island to Harbor River. The boundary crosses Harbor River at the U.S. Highway 21 bridge to Harbor Island, including all of the marshes but excluding the upland now held in private ownership. The boundary then continues southeast across Johnson Creek, again following U.S. Highway 21, and onto Hunting Island. There, the entire area of marsh and upland owned by the state of South Carolina and managed by the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism (SCDPRT) is included. The southern terminus of the COLREGS line ends at Hunting Island, thus closing the boundary of the buffer zone. At the easternmost point of the buffer zone, on Edisto Island, the marsh and upland similarly owned by the state and managed by SCDPRT as Edisto Beach State Park is also included as are all wetlands and critical areas up to Highway 174. The buffer zone boundaries were drawn, not only as a matter of convenience based on land marks or features readily identifiable on maps, aerial photos and ground truth observations, but also on the following: 1) the buffer is large enough to accommodate continuation of traditional uses and to provide additional protection to estuarine-dependent species; 2) it will ensure the long-term viability of the reserve for research on natural processes; 3) it includes an area large enough to adequately accommodate facilities required for research and interpretation and, if necessary, to handle a shift of the reserve core area as a result of biological, ecological or geomorphological changes; and 4) it represents one of the largest undeveloped complexes of wetlands and upland habitat on the Atlantic Coast and is nationally recognized as a unique natural resource area. Bear Island, an 12,055 acre SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area, is an important component of the buffer zone. It will play a vital role in the overall function of the reserve. Other State-owned lands within the buffer zone include the Edisto Beach State Park and Hunting Island State Park, both managed by the SCDPRT. Other uplands may be incorporated into the buffer zone as negotiations are made with those private landowners wishing to participate in the ACE Basin project. As new data are acquired on the reserve, a better understanding will be gained on the role and characteristics of buffer areas and the relationship between sensitive estuarine resources and upstream habitats. Such information may indicate a need to change the proposed NERR boundaries, either to include new land areas or remove areas currently within the proposed boundaries. In any event, opportunities for public comment will be provided when changes are proposed. 18 C. Acauisition Strateav Acquisition of the eight (8) islands in the proposed core area is top priority in gaining adequate control over key land and water areas in the reserve. This may be accomplished in the following approach: Fee title Acquisition Ashe Island Beet Island Otter Island Donation and/or Gift Warren island Big Island Memorandum of Understanding Bolders Island Conservation Easement and/or Management Agreement Pine Island South Hutchinson Island It should be stressed once again that property will be acquired only from those private landowners willing to participate in the program. There will be no condemnation of land. (1). Fee title Acauisition (a). Ashe Island (Figure 6) was purchased on February 9, 1990 by TNC from Thomas L. Peeples and Marsha Elaine Peeples Kinghorn for one hundred ten thousand ($110,000) dollars. Prior to this purchase, the property had been in the same family since May 12, 1735. At which time the property was given a King's grant from King George II to James Crockran. Ashe Island has an estimated 64.3 acres of high ground and 1,657.7 acres of marsh for a total of 1,722 acres. The property is bounded on the north and east by Rock Creek; on the northwest by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff; on the west by the Coosaw River and on the south by St. Helena Sound. This island is located in the northern portion of St. Helena Sound. Those parts of the island that front the Sound are generally separated from the sound by mud flats, shell flats and oyster banks. The only access to the island is by boat. Th'e AIWW extends along the northern and northwestern sides of the island. The channel within the AIWW at this point varies in depth from nine (9) feet to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. Rock Creek which 19 s : ~~Is land Xu '%so ,i SoHutchtnso Figure 6. Site-specific view of Ashe, Beet and South Hutchinson Islands. 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~~~~~ 20 is a short portion of the AIWW has a relatively deep channel that also varies from nine (9) to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. The channel continues with reasonably good depth into St. Helena Sound. The Coosaw River on the southern side of Ashe Island has good depth and a wide channel. There are four (4) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers disposal areas located along the AIWW and along Rock Creek. These areas are earthen impoundments into which dredge material is pumped from the AIWW. The impoundments were constructed in the marshes of Ashe Island and have considerable vegetation, mostly transitional shrubs. Access to the highland of Ashe Island is through the marsh only. There is no direct boat access to the main island. There are no improvements on the island. (b) Beet Island (Figure 6) was acquired by the TNC from Ruth C. Peeples and Catherine Prioleau Ravenel for Four Hundred Thirty Nine Thousand Six Hundred Seventy ($439,670) dollars. Prior to that time, the last transfer of this property was on September 19, 1956. Beet Island has approximately three hundred (300) acres of high ground and one thousand three hundred eighty five (1,385) acres of marsh for a total area of one thousand six hundred eighty five (1,685) acres. This island is bounded on the north and east by Rock Creek, on the southeast by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff (AIWW), and on a portion of the west by New Chehaw River which flows into the Combahee and Coosaw rivers. The high land is scattered in several small tracts. The larger of the tracts has direct access to deep water in Rock Creek. The larger portion of Beet Island is surrounded by sand on the western side. On the eastern side, the land area is predominantly marsh. This island is accessible only by boat. (c) Otter Island (Figure 7) is an outstanding coastal island located on St. Helena Sound at the eastern end of the core area. It consists of eight hundred and six (806) acres of high land and two thousand four hundred twenty six (2,426) acres of marsh for a total of three thousand two hundred and thirty two (3,232) acres. It is bounded on the east by South Edisto River and on the west by Ashepoo River. Otter Island is the most valuable of all the islands proposed in the core area of the reserve. It is owned by Clifton Stevens of the State of New York. To date, official negotiations are not far enough along to discuss specifics of acquisition. Every effort will be made during the pre-designation phase for this project to acquire fee simple ownership of this island. It has already been approved as a high priority area for acquisition in the Heritage Trust Program of South Carolina. (2) Memorandum of Understandina (a). Bolders Island (Figure 8) was transferred to the Ducks Unlimited Foundation (DUF) on December 11, 1989 as a gift from Gaylord Donnelley and Dorothy R. Donnelley. This property had last been transferred by Donald J. Garlan, trustee for 21 Figure 7. Site-specific view of Otter and Pine Islands. 22 �; .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Island Figure 8. Site-specific view of Bolders, Warren and Big Island. Figure 8, Ste-specifi view ef Bldes areanBiIsnd 23 the Gaylord Donnelley Trust established in 1966, to the Donnelley family. This deed was recorded on November 14, 1989. The property had been held in trust for many years. It was transferred at no consideration. Bolders Island contains six hundred and nine (609) acres of upland and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a total area of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this island will be included in the reserve. It is a long and narrow tract which lies generally in a north-south direction, bounded on the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast by Rock Creek, on the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and unnamed waterways. The title to Bolders Island will be retained by DUF, but the island will be protected in perpetuity as part of the core area by way of a MOU (Appendix D). The island will be cooperatively managed by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance with the ACE Basin NERR Management Plan. (3). Donation and/or Gift (a). Warren and Bia Island Comolex - these islands (Figure 8) were gifts from TNC to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) on November 29, 1989. This was also property held in the Donnelley Trust and had been donated to TNC on October 14, 1988. This property had also been held in trust for many years prior to the gift. Warren Island and Big Island were deeded in one transaction to the NFWF. Warren Island is reported to contain approximately two hundred and forty six (246) acres of high ground and one thousand three hundred and ninety (1,390) acres of marsh for a total of one thousand six hundred and thirty six (1,636) acres. Big Island is reported to contain approximately three hundred and forty (340) acres of high ground and two hundred sixty five (265) acres of marsh for a total area of six hundred and five (605) acres. These islands are bounded on the west by the Chehaw River and on the east by the New Chehaw River. The northern boundary is a portion of the New Chehaw River. These rivers flow into the Combahee River which forms the balance of the western and southern boundaries of this property. Both Warren Island and Big Island have high ground which is directly accessible to the Chehaw River and a portion of Big Island also has some frontage on the New Chehaw River. (4). Conservation Easements and/or Manaaement Aareements (a). Pine Island (Figure 7) is closely associated with Otter Island at the easternmost boundary of the reserve core area and likewise would be a valuable core component. Unlike the other islands, however, Pine Island has a more complex ownership pattern. There are seven (7) parcels of land on the island owned by 24 different individuals and a corporation (Appendix D). The Chelonia Institute, a private research institution, owns two thousand seven hundred and seventy five (2,775) acres. This organization is currently conducting sea turtle research, primarily on the front beach of Pine Island. The other property owners enjoy the island in its natural state. There are no improvements on Pine Island and it is accessible only by boat. In consideration of the above, a conservation easement with the Chelonia Institute would appear to be an appropriate course of action. Management agreements may be negotiated with those individual owners wishing to participate in the project. (b). South Hutchinson Island (Figure 6) is also owned by several individuals and would be an ideal component of the core area because of its geographic location and ecological character. The Hutchinson Island Association controls most of the upland portions of this island and its larger counterpart to the north. Both islands are bounded by Ashepoo River to the east and north and Rock Creek to the south and west. The main island to the north is used more extensively for hunting and is under intensive wildlife management. South Hutchinson Island is not under intensive management and contains a large expanse of undisturbed marsh. The island contains three thousand one hundred and twenty three (3,123) acres, most of which is salt marsh. The remaining upland on South Hutchinson would be a minor portion of the overall area. A management agreement with the owners of these uplands would appear to be the most feasible approach in establishing South Hutchinson Island as a component of the core area. However, the owners have not expressed an interest in participating in the NERR at this writing. d. Schedule and Fundina Mechanism The work schedule presented in Table 2 is based on the assumption of a land acquisition contract award date of September 1, 1991. Following approval of this grant application, SCWMRD will purchase Ashe and Beet Islands from TNC at an estimated cost of $549,670 (Table 2). State match will come from the appraisal value ($951,450) of Warren and Big Islands. Title to these unencumbered islands will be transferred from NFWF to SCWMRD prior to any transactions with TNC (Appendix D). Unused portions of the federal grant and state match will be used in acquisition of the remaining islands identified as high priority lands in Table 3. 2. Resource Protection Plan a. Manaaement of the NERR site throuah the South Carolina Coastal Zone Manaaement Proaram The purposes of Act 123 of the 1977 South Carolina General Assembly were to "establish the South Carolina Coastal Council and provide for its powers and duties for the protection and improvement of coastal tidelands and wetlands under a coastal zone management plan; provide for enforcement of policies of the Council and 25 ____________________________________________________________________________ Table 2. Schedule of Milestones For Land Acquisition and Reserve Designation Date Project Milestone Month 1 July 1991 O Issue FEIS/DMP; submit land appraisals to NOAA for review; document ownership of lands to be acquired; complete environmental assessment; set closing date on Ash and Beet with TNC; notify NOAA in writing of closing date. 31 July 1991 O Complete certified land survey description of property to be acquired; show evidence of title insurance and opinion of title for Ashe, Beet, Warren and Big islands. 1 August 1991 O Consummate transfer of title to Warren and Big islands from NFWF to SCWMRD; Donation to be used as state match. 15 August 1991 O Draft MOU with DUF for inclusion of Bolders Island into core areas; title remains with DUF; submit MOU to NOAA for review and finalization. 1 September 1 Initiate contract; submit title, deeds, etc. 1991 to NOAA for release of federal funds ($700,000) for the purchase of Ashe and Beet islands. 15 September 1 Begin negotiations with owners of South 1991 Hutchinson, Pine and Otter islands. 1 October 1991 2 Draft conservation easements and/or management agreements for South Hutchinson and Pine island; work out details with owners. 15 October 1991 2 Submit easements and agreement to NOAA for review. 1 November 1991 3 Close on the purchase of Ashe and Beet islands with TNC. 15 November 3 Finalize easements for South Hutchinson and 1991 Pine Islands. 1 December 1991 4 Continue negotiations with owner of Otter Island; explore alternate funding sources. 15 January 1992 5 Complete draft of Final Management Plan; Submit to NOAA for review. Table 3. High Priority Lands Proposed For Acquisition in Reserve Core Area. Name of Tract Size (Acres) ADDraised Value Estimated Cost TvDe Acauisition ProDosed Ashe Island 1,722 $296,880 $110,000 Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD Beet Island 1,685 $567,750 $439,670 Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD Warren Island* 1,636 $503,700 Donation Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD Big Island* 605 $447,750 Donation Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD Bolders Island 1,640 $886,800 - MOU between DUF and SCWMRD; title to be retained by DUF Otter Island 3,232 ? ? Fee title from owner to SCWMRD Pine Island 2,394 Conservation easement and management agreements South Hutchinson 3,123 - Conservation easement and management agreements *To be used as state match South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD) Ducks Unlimited Foundation (DUF) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) 27 penalties for violations; and authorize legal proceedings for the determination of tideland properties." Act 123, better known as the South Carolina Coastal Management Act, was implemented in accordance with the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act as amended (P.L. 92-583, 94-370) and a subsequent coastal zone management program was developed and approved by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in 1979 which met the requirements of 15 CFR part 923 (Federal Register, March 1, 1978). (1). Manaaement of the Critical Areas The South Carolina Coastal Management Act defines the critical area as all coastal waters, tidelands, beaches, and primary ocean front sand dunes within the coastal zone of the State. A permit is required for any activity which impacts a critical area; in order to receive a permit the activity must be evaluated in accordance with a strict set of policies and regulations (see Appendix E). In summary the policies for wetland areas prohibit the permanent alteration of productive salt, brackish, or freshwater wetlands unless there is an overriding public interest, no feasible alternatives, and all environmental impacts are minimized. Regulated activities include not only major activities, such as dredging or filling, but also activities such as pipelines, powerlines, docks, piers, intact structures and many others. With the exception of the high ground portion of the islands located in the ACE NERR site, the entire core area is classified as critical area. Any activity which occurs in the critical area of the NERR site will be regulated by permit through the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Program. (2). Manaaement of UDland Areas (Non-critical area) Both the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act and the South Carolina Coastal Management Act require consistency of all direct and regulated State and Federal activities which occur in the designated coastal zone of South Carolina. In South Carolina the coastal zone includes the entirety of all eight coastal counties which border the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, any activity which requires a state or federal permit must undergo a coastal zone management consistency determination by the SCCC before the permit can be issued by the issuing State or Federal agency. The policies utilized to make a consistency determination are similar to those required for critical areas. The Council has a memorandum of agreement with all regulatory state agencies that establishes a consistency determination review procedure. Federal regulations (15 CFR 930) establish a review procedure with federal agencies. Permits which are reviewed for coastal zone management consistency include: Section 404 permits Sedtion 10 permits Section 401 permits Coast Guard bridge permits Wastewater permits Water supply permits 28 Air quality permits Underground tank permits Landfill permits Mining permits State navigable water permits Capacity use (wells) permits Septic tank permits NPDES permits Activities associated with the above permits which result in a land disturbance (i.e., subdivisions, malls, gas stations, etc.) must submit specific plans to address policies and approved guidelines of the Coastal Zone Management Program. These plans must conform to coastal zone policies before any permits can be issued. These plans include: stormwater management plan, wetland management plan, and dock master plan (if applicable). In reference to the ACE Basin NERR, the entire site falls within the coastal zone of South Carolina; therefore, any activity which requires one of the above listed permits must be consistent with the coastal zone management program and the specific policies of the NERRS (Appendix E). (3). Enforcement The SCCC has an enforcement section of specially trained field biologists to ensure enforcement of the coastal zone management program. Weekly aerial flights and daily routine patrolling by motor vehicle represents the first level of enforcement. The SCCC is also in alliance with the SCWMRD whose conservation officers patrol the waters and land of the coast on a daily basis. Noted violations are reported to SCCC enforcement staff who conduct a field inspection; State conservation officers are available for backup if needed. Fines for violations are up to $1,000 per day. Enforcement of activities requiring coastal zone consistency certification generally takes place through the agency issuing the permit. The majority of activities, however, require a final SCCC sign-off prior to permit issuance; for example, a SCCC staff engineer conducts a site inspection to ensure the stormwater system is constructed according to the approved design before the applicant can operate his/her water or wastewater system. This provides a strong incentive to comply with the coastal zone management program. Additionally, the SCCC has an active Beach and Creek Watch program to provide a forum for citizen awareness and violation reporting. The SCCC has implemented its full authority in the coastal zone through a system of "networking", whereby cooperation has been developed between the SCCC and other state agencies. Seventeen (17) state agencies exercise some of authority over: (1) the use of coastal resources, (2) specific areas in the coastal zone, or (3) activities in the coastal zone (Table 4). This authority is granted by the statutes of South Carolina, most of them enacted prior to the Coastal Management Act (Appendix E). 29 Table 4. Summary of "Networking" Activities. .-- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - - --- - - - -- --- - ---- - - --- - ------ - -- - - - -- ----- --- - AGENCIES WITH PERMITTING 's U .* OR PLANNING/MANAGEMEN '00 AUTHORITY FOR ACTIVITIES g - C- C6 WITH ADIRECT AND ~U~ ~ SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ACTIVTTY U Z V ~U U~ * RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT x X X X X x TRANSPORTATION Ports X X X X Roads & Highways X X X X X XIX Airports X X X X X X Railways X X X X X X X Parking Facilities X X X X COASTAL INDUSTRIES Agriculture X X x Forestry x X Mineral Extraction X X X X Manufacturing X X X Fish &- Seafood Processing X X Aquacultire X X X X COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT X X X X RECREATION & TOURISM Parks x X X X X X Tourist Attractions X x X X X MARINE RELATED FACILITIES Marnn" X X X X Boatramps X X X X X Docks and puer X X XX WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES MAN. X X X Artificial redis X X X Impoundments X XX DREDGING X XX Dredge Material Disposal X XX Underwater Salvage X X PUBLIC SERVICES & FACILITIES Sewage treatment X X X X X Solid waste disposal X X X Public/Quasi-public buildings X X X X X X Dams & Reservoirs X XX Water supply X X X X X EROSION CONTROL X X X X X X ENERGY ACTIVMES XX X X X X X X x X 30 b. Manaaement Policies The designated ACE Basin NERR will be maintained as open space, fish and wildlife habitat, and a natural field laboratory for research and education/interpretation. The reserve core area will be managed according to specific policies designed to protect the habitat integrity of the site while allowing for continuation of traditional compatible uses. Management of formally designated and protected conservation areas within the buffer zone such as Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA) will be managed according to established site-specific management plans. Private lands formally protected through conservation easements, management agreements, etc. in the buffer zone will be managed exclusively according to guidelines established in said agreements. Individuals not participating in the private landowner's initiative will not be subject to policies of this plan. (1). Traditional Uses Traditional hunting, trapping, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, shellfishing, etc. will be allowed in accordance with existing laws. Agricultural and silvicultural activities within the proposed reserve will be conducted in accordance with environmentally sound practices and Best Management Practices (BMPs) established by the S.C. Forestry Commission (SCFC). (2). Fish and Wildlife Game and non-game species will be managed to preserve the overall health of the various populations within the reserve and to maintain important fish and wildlife habitat. SCWMRD will work cooperatively with private landowners to establish reserve - specific wildlife management plans. (3). Endanaered and/or Threatened Soecies Areas within the reserve identified as possessing endangered or threatened species will be managed, according to recommended guidelines, to preserve and protect the species. The presence of an endangered or threatened species shall not necessarily preclude continued or compatible uses of an area. Flora and fauna within boundaries of the reserve will be surveyed and mapped by SCWMRD with assistance of TNC and other cooperating agencies. (4). Wetlands All tidal and nontidal wetlands located within or along reserve boundaries will be protected in a natural condition. Wetlands include bogs, swamps, isolated freshwater wetlands and tidal vegetated marshes, tidal and non-tidal impoundments and unvegetated flats. The functional resource values of well-managed 31 impoundments are recognized in the context of manipulated wetland systems. SCWMRD provides technical guidance to owners of private impoundments so as to enhance related habitat values to waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species. Construction of new impoundments and physical alteration of existing impoundments are regulated through the SCCC. Any such alterations in the NERR will be evaluated under existing authority with careful consideration of effects on the reserve's integrity. (5). Forest Timber management on reserve lands should be directed toward development and preservation of significant old growth stands. Disease, insect or exotic plant control, and stand improvement considerations will be controlling factors behind timber harvesting. Any harvesting of timber will be conducted in accordance with guidelines established by SCWMRD and other project cooperators. SCWMRD will work with appropriate state and private concerns in developing an inventory and evaluation of standing timber in the reserve core area and recommending management procedures. Timber management on the reserve will meet or exceed BMPs. (6). Fire A fire plan will be developed in cooperation with the SCFC. The plan will take into consideration that fire is a natural process in forest ecology and an invaluable tool in wildlife management practices in this region. Any prescribed burns within the reserve core area will be under the supervision of experienced burners. Plans will also be made to protect structures and other significant resources which are sensitive to fire damage and to protect human safety. (7). Minina and Excavation Excavation, mining, or removal of loam, gravel, rock, sand, petroleum, or minerals or alteration of topography shall not be permitted in the reserve core area except as related to the collection of geological and geophysical data. This policy will not affect the ongoing peat-mining operation in Snuggedy Swamp in the buffer zone, which is subject to monitoring and evaluation by the S.C. Land Resources Commission (SCLRC). Soil maps and soil suitabilities will be developed for the proposed reserve in coordination with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). (8). Water Qualitv There will be no human activities or uses of the reserve core area that are detrimental or adverse to the maintenance, improvement or conservation of existing 32 surface and ground water supplies and quality. All activities within the reserve must be conducted in compliance with existing state water control quality standards in accordance with the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC). Water quality will be monitored at appropriate sites. (9). Air Quality No industrial activities will be permitted in the reserve that have the potential to cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards as determined by DHEC. Prescribed burning of impoundments and uplands within the buffer zone will continue in accordance with existing statewide air quality standards. Air quality will be monitored at appropriate sites in the reserve. (10). Shorelines Shorelines in the core area will be preserved in their natural state and existing condition. Restoration of severely eroded shorelines by planting native vegetation will be allowed as applied research. Opposition to existing and/or proposed offsite activities will be considered if such activities may adversely affect existing shorelines and/or water resources within reserve boundaries. i1 1). Dredaina and Fillina Activities No wetland, pond or waterway shall be filled. Stream beds and channels will be maintained in their existing condition. This will not affect maintenance of the AIWW which runs through a portion of the reserve and has been maintained for decades. Dredge material disposal areas are maintained on Ashe Island by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. Disposal easements are also located in other areas along the AIWW in the buffer zone. Continued use of these sites will not be affected by NERRS designation. However, appropriate public comment will be solicited during the review process. Commercial trawling and shellfish dredging operations in the area will not be affected. (12). Trash. Rubbish and Waste No soil, trash, ashes, garbage, hazardous wastes or offensive materials shall be dumped or deposited in the reserve core area. This will not affect the current method of trash collection (e.g. dumpsters) at privately owned sites and state highway rights- of-way in the buffer zone. (13). Archaeoloaical and Historical Sites and Obiects The proposed reserve will be inventoried to locate sites and objects of prehistoric and/or historic significance as funding allows. Plans including necessary permits for protection of these sites and objects will be prepared through the South Carolina 33 Department of Archives. Such structures, where practical, will be incorporated into the reserve's interpretive program. (14). Industrial Activities No industrial activities shall be conducted in the core area of the research reserve, with the exception of commercial fishing. Industrial forest operations will continue in the buffer area with a recommendation that they meet or exceed BMPs for the state and fall within existing laws governing such practices. (15). Manioulative Research In order to preserve and protect the natural integrity of the reserve, no manipulative research activities with a significant or long-term impact on reserve resources will be conducted in the core area. However, habitat manipulation will continue in the buffer area, since control of water levels has been historically used in waterfowl management activities. (16). Riahts-of-Wav Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction and maintenance of all rights-of-way to minimize adverse environmental impacts. All such activity shall comply fully with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory authorities including, but not limited to the SCCC. The use of herbicides or pesticides in managing rights-of-way will be limited to those circumstances where it is determined that the environmental impact will be less severe than manual or mechanical means. All herbicides and pesticides used will be in compliance with EPA label requirements. (17). Public Access Public access to the reserve will be enhanced; allowances will be made for docking facilities to accomodate research and educational activities. c. General Permits and Licenses (1). Existina Permits and Licenses Existing requirements for local, state, and federal permits and licenses will be observed and normal application procedures will be followed. (2). Reserve Research Permits Permits will be issued by SCWMRD for research activities conducted in the reserve. Scientific permit requests will be carefully reviewed through the system now 34 in place by the Marine Resources Division. Procedures for permit application and reporting are presented in Appendix F. Approved permits must be in possession by permittee at all times while in the reserve and appropriate law enforcement officials must be notified prior to conducting research. d. Surveillance and Enforcement The reserve manager will work cooperatively with the Law Enforcement and Boating Division (LED)of SCWMRD in surveillance and enforcement activities. The Coastal Environmental Enforcement District (District Nine) and District Four currently work the reserve area and are responsible for enforcing commercial fishing laws, boating laws, undercover work, enforcement of the federal Marine Mammal Protection and Endangered Species Acts, enforcement of upland game and fish laws, search and rescue missions, etc. USFWS special agents also patrol the area for routine law enforcement activities related to various federal statutes, including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Endangered Species Act, etc. Law enforcement on private lands would remain the responsibility of owners. Most managers of large plantations in the area are trained as Deputy Wildlife Conservation Officers and carry a law enforcement commission through the SCWMRD. e. Public Education and Information The ACE Basin NERR education program will design brochures, signs, and other instructional materials, as necessary, to communicate information about controlled and allowable uses in the reserve. Signs to identify the reserve as part of the national system will be posted in strategic locations where problems might occur. Reserve staff and volunteers will play an important role through personal contact and infoma- tion exchange in developing a positive and preventative approach to resource protection. 3. Administrative Plan The following administrative framework for the reserve recognizes the need for cooperation and coordination to achieve effective management. The proposed administration for the reserve will ensure that all components of the management plan are coordinated with the appropriate agencies, organizations, groups and individuals presently active within the area. Figure 9 outlines the management structure for the reserve. a. Administrative Framework Although the SCCC is the designated State agency to administer programs and receive fiscal awards under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, the SCCC Executive Office SCWMRD Stale Management and Direction ACE Basin NERR Management NOAA SCCC I* MRD - Program Direction Coonaton rants, F )1 *� WFWF - Project coordination, State CZMA Coordination - Bea r Isand WMA/Vsito r Center 4 +-.- Performance Evaluations. and Policy Direction Bear Island WMAVisior Center National Program � CEC - EducationlInterpretation Policy and Direction |Researchand Monitorig |ACE Basin NEER Educatlon Sub-committee . .. Advisory Commitee Sub-commite -_ --Policy Direction ...... ...Advisory Capacity Figure 9. Organizational chart for administration and management of the ACE Basin NERR. 36 chooses not to be involved in direct management. Therefore, the SCCC has named the SCWMRD as the management agency for the NERR site. Under contract with the SCCC and in cooperation with NOAA, the SCWMRD is responsible for development and implementation of the Management Plan and day-to-day operation of the reserve site. The SCCC will serve as the fiscal agent in acquiring funds from NOAA and will provide increased surveillance and enforcement to ensure compliance with the Coastal Zone Management Program and the Management Plan. The SCCC will also serve on the reserve's advisory committee and provide input into coastal research needs. SCWMRD is in an unique position to offer a management structure comprised of four functional units (Figure 9) from within the department and include the: Marine Resources Division (MRD); Division Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries (WFWF); Division of Conservation, Education and Communication (CEC) and Law Enforcement Division (LED). The overall operation and management of the ACE Basin NERR is the responsibility of the MRD, which was designated back in the 1970's by then Governor Robert McNair as the laboratory for coastal zone research in S.C. MRD, located in Charleston close to the reserve, is one of the largest and most sophisticated marine and estuarine research and management facilities on the East Coast. Staff of the MRD Research Institute includes more than 50 marine scientists, biologists, and technicians housed in a 50,000 sq.ft. cooperative research facility. Members of the scientific staff hold adjunct or research appointments with state colleges and universities and cooperate in marine science education programs at these institutions. MRD will take the lead role in implementing and coordinating programs for research, monitoring, resource protection and education at the reserve. However, implementation of the management plan requires a cooperative effort among all divisions. WFWF has a long and successful background in land and facilities management. WFWF operates and manages the 12,055 acre Bear Island WMA located within the very heart of the ACE Basin. This Division also has a broad spectrum of ongoing management activities within the reserve and throughout the ACE Basin region. Most recently, WFWF has spearheaded the land acquisition and habitat protection effort in close cooperation with TNC, DU, USFWS and a coalition of private landowners. Four of the eight islands proposed as the reserve core area will be dedicated as Heritage Preserves. The Heritage Trust Program is within WFWF. Therefore, it is important that WFWF take an active role in the ACE Basin NERR and a lead role in the management of upland game, non-game and endangered species, and migratory bird resources. CEC is nationally recognized for its highly successful information and education program. The ACE Basin NERR will build on this experience and expertise in developing an education/interpretation program through CEC's leadership. CEC will take the lead role in developing a strong educational component of the reserve. 37 Surveillance and enforcement of the ACE Basin NERR will come under LED which currently has conservation officers from District Nine and District Four working in the ACE Basin region. LED will take the lead role in developing a plan for law enforcement activities in the ACE Basin NERR. Provisions will be made to accommodate the required staff from each division (see facilities development plan). The reserve manager hired to run the ACE Basin NERR will be a MRD employee and will work out of MRD in Charleston until an onsite facility is constructed. Owners of private property within the ACE Basin NERR boundaries and others interested in the project area will be invited to participate on advisory committees and in volunteer programs. These groups will play an important role in the overall administrative program. b. RelationshiD with Existina Administrative Proarams There are a number of existing administrative programs within the general project area under consideration. However, the ACE Basin NERR designation will not affect the overall structure of these programs. SCDPRT currently manages Edisto Beach State Park and Hunting Island State Park. Both are located in the buffer zone. Edisto Beach State Park covers 1,225 acres of Edisto Island and has more than one-and-one-half miles of sandy beach, 160 to 200 feet wide at low tide. Throughout the park are salt water marshes and creeks. Much of it remains natural, and among the marsh and forest are several environmental observation areas, hiking trails, a playground, a campground, swimming and picnic facilities and vacation cottages. About 250 parking spaces accommodate day-use visitors. The park draws approximately 175,000 to 200,000 persons annually. Primarily because of its isolation, the park is felt to be under-utilized. Hunting Island State Park covers some 5,000 acres and contains approximately four miles of beach front and similar facilities to Edisto Beach State Park. It has 400 parking spaces for day-use visitors and draws nearly one million visitors annually. The overall theme of both Parks fits in extremely well with the ACE Basin NERR concept. This is one of the most successful park systems in the state and NERR designation will only enhance their program currently in place. The USFWS proposes to acquire approximately 18,000 acres of managed impoundments and valuable wetland habitats for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System. The target area is within the Edisto and Combahee River floodplain of the ACE Basin; however, it is well outside the NERR core area and would not impact reserve activities and vice-versa. The MRD, SCWMRD, currently administers a shellfish management program in the reserve core area and buffer zone. There are six (6) commercial shellfish culture permit holders (65 acres of intertidal bottoms and 115 acres of subtidal), four (4) 38 state shellfish grounds (13 acres intertidal and 360 acres subtidal) and two (2) public oyster grounds (1 acre intertidal). The regulation of these resources is under direct supervision of MRD and reserve designation will not change the existing program. c. Staff Reauirements An adequate staff is essential for meeting the mission, goals and objectives of the ACE Basin NERR. The project will be directed by a reserve manager or program director who would be headquartered at the proposed Bear Island WMA Educational/Visitor Center. The reserve manager would: Represent the reserve program and its policies in public hearings and meetings where appropriate; Act as a liaison for state and federal agencies and other interested groups to improve cooperation and coordination in implementing the ACE Basin NERR Management Plan; Coordinate with NOAA staff on program management, grant preparation for operation, acquisition, etc. funding from federal side to SCCC; Develop resource protection guidelines and policies for the reserve as new issues arise and present them to ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee; Direct and coordinate with NOAA any changes in the management plan; Prepare required quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports for NOAA and other possible sources for funding; Act as staff support to the reserve's advisory committees; Serve as principal contact for the ACE Basin NERR program, represent SCWMRD in public relation and media contacts, and make presentations to local officials, environmental organizations and others; Monitor day-to-day operation of the reserve program and progress of research and education plans; Oversee facilities development, site selection and changes in reserve boundaries with advice and consent of MRD Director and Executive Director; 39 Assume responsibilities for other staff positions until filled; Oversee other staff members when hired; Coordinate special reserve activities with WFWF, CEC and LED; and Perform additional duties as required. Depending on funding availability, the approach to other staffing needs will be to provide financial support for expansion of certain existing program areas within MRD and SCWMRD. Inasmuch as MRD and CEC are already involved in estuarine education and research (i.e. tours, field trips, seminars, workshops, and teacher training), reserve funds will be used to support and build on this experience and expertise rather than duplicate any of these efforts. The basic staff needs will include a research coordinator and an education coordinator. A research coordinator will be appointed from within MRD to implement and coordinate the research and monitoring program component of this management plan. Specific responsibilities will include: Provide staff support for the research and monitoring advisory sub- committee; Assist the reserve manager and participating agencies in preparing and updating an annual list of priorities for research and monitoring at the ACE Basin NERR; Coordinate the review of priorities for research and monitoring by the research and monitoring advisory sub-committee; Issue requests for proposals for ACE Basin NERR funded research and monitoring projects and initiate a peer review process for proposals received. Assist NOAA in the review of NOAA funded proposals when needed; Evaluate the results of the peer review process for ACE Basin NERR funded research and make recommendations to the reserve manager and research and monitoring advisory sub-committee; Serve as liaison with the scientific community, promote data utilization, and act as primary contact for scientists performing research within the reserve; Coordinate research activities within the reserve and communicate with 40 other NERR sites and the ACE Basin NERR education and volunteer program; Assist in the training of volunteers, research assistants, and interns and monitor/evaluate their performance; Recommend locations for research and monitoring stations within the reserve and provide technical advice and assistance to scientists in conducting research and monitoring as available; Develop additional research guidelines and policy statements as new issues arise and present them to research and monitoring advisory sub-committee for appropriate actions; Visit the reserve on a regular basis and keep field journal and photographic records of ongoing research activities; Coordinate with the reserve manager in the performance of these responsibilities. The education coordinator will be headquartered at the Bear Island WMA Education/Visitor Center. The education coordinator is responsible for implementing and coordinating the education program component of this management plan. Specific responsibilities are as follows: Provide staff support for the education advisory subcommittee; Assist participating agencies in preparing and updating an annual list of priorities for education, interpretation, and visitor use programs to be developed for the reserve; Issue requests for ACE Basin NERR funded proposals for education, interpretation, and visitor use programs/projects and conduct a peer review process for proposals received; Serve as liaison with the academic community and act as primary contact for educators bringing groups to the research reserve; Coordinate approved education, interpretation, and visitor use activities within the reserve and communicate with other reserve management areas, especially research and volunteer programs; 41 * Provide technical advice and assistance, as available, for education and interpretation programs; * Train and supervise volunteers who assist in education programs and monitor/evaluate their performance; * Keep a photographic record of ongoing education, interpretation, and visitor use activities for use in slide presentations and exhibits; * Provide outreach to area schools, colleges, universities, and other environmental education organizations; * Make presentations to civic groups, professional societies, and other groups upon request, as available; and * Coordinate with the reserve manager in the performance of these responsibilities. d. Volunteer Proaramn A properly orchestrated volunteer program could be an asset to the ACE Basin .NERR, a valuable experience for the volunteer and an opportunity for direct community involvement. The most obvious benefit would be an increase in manpower at minimal cost. Volunteers supplement paid staff and often permit expansion of services that would not otherwise be possible. A volunteer program can also effectively transfer information on the value of estuaries to the general public and elected officials. Properly trained, volunteers carry their knowledge and enthusiasm to a portion of the general public that the scientist or education specialist cannot reach. A volunteer coordinator will be responsible for organizing a volunteer program and his/her duties will include: preparation and planning, recruitment and placement, orientation, training and supervision, record keeping, recognition and program evaluation. Direct supervision, however, will not usually be a part of the coordinator's responsibility. Prior to initiating any volunteer program, those responsible for establishing the program should have a thorough knowledge of the reserve's needs and priorities in order to define objectives for volunteer services and volunteer opportunities and requirements. Administrative support should be secured and reserve staff should be involved in generating ideas and identifying appropriate volunteer tasks. Suitable program assignments should be identified for volunteers and specific job descriptions should be prepared. Job descriptions should be written to include: job 42 responsibilities, necessary qualifications, time required per week or month, name and phone number of supervisor and training time requirements. Orientation is the responsibility of the volunteer coordinator and includes: * Information about the NERR and its structure; * Information on the general purpose, objectives, and philosophy of the reserve; * A clear explanation of the volunteer's obligation to the reserve, his/her supervisor, etc.; * Information as to how the specific program assignment relates to the overall function of the reserve; and * An orientation manual covering the ACE Basin NERR volunteer program should be prepared and issued to volunteers. The volunteer program needs care and periodic examination. Program objectives, training materials, methods, and accomplishments should be critically examined. Most importantly, the staff should frequently evaluate its goals, the'goals for the volunteer program and its methods for attaining these goals. e. Advisory Committee Roles and Resoonsibilities In order to provide for effective coordination and cooperation among all interests involved with the reserve, an ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee will be established. The Committee will consist of representatives of the following agencies, organizations and special interest groups: * The S.C. Coastal Council The Nature Conservancy Ducks Unlimited, Inc. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service * S.C. Land Resources Commission S.C. State Development Board S.C. Water Resources Commission S.C. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism * S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control The Commercial Fishing Industry The Scientific Community Environmental Interests Groups Local Landowners Local Colleton Co. Government 43 S.C. Marine Science Museum National Marine Fisheries Service A representative of NOAA will be included as an ex-officio, non-voting member. The Advisory Committee will: Advise SCWMRD and reserve manager on matters of policy relating to planning for and operation of the NERR; Provide guidance for establishing priorities for research and education efforts in the ACE Basin NERR and review information and education materials generated by the reserve; Review, monitor and advise on specific program activities to be conducted in the reserve to ensure that they are consistent with the goals and objectives set forth in the management plan; Advise on implementation of the acquisition strategy, and review and provide guidance on conservation easements, management agreements, etc.; Review and advise on facilities development to ensure consistency with the management plan; and Represent the interests of users of the reserve and its neighbors. The ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee shall conduct regular meetings which will be open to the public. The reserve manager and appropriate SCWMRD personnel will serve as staff to the Committee. A Committee chairman will be named by the Executive Director, SCWMRD and subcommittees for research and education will be appointed by the full committee. (1) Research and Monitorina Subcommittee The Research and Monitoring Advisory Subcommittee will consist of appropriate ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee members and other technical representatives from the scientific and academic communities. The Subcommittee will advise the full Committee on research and monitoring activities within the reserve and will be responsible for the following: Review and approve priorities for the ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring projects; 44 Review ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring proposals and interim and final research and monitoring reports; Monitor and provide advice on local issues and new opportunities for cooperative research and monitoring; and Evaluate overall progress towards achieving research and monitoring priorities and adjust long-term direction accordingly. (2) Education Subcommittee The Education Advisory Subcommittee will be composed of appropriate ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee members and representatives from area institutions of education, state agencies involved with education, the S.C. Marine Science Museum, and others. This Subcommittee will be responsible for the following: Review and approve the list of annual priorities for education and interpretation activities for the reserve; Review education proposals and design proposals for all educational and interpretive facilities, displays, media curriculum, training programs, etc. and monitor progress of specific activities to ensure that they are consistent with the goals of the research reserve program and this management plan; and Evaluate progress towards achieving priorities for education and interpretation and adjust long-term priorities accordingly. f. Five Year Activities Plan Implementation of the major program development activities, including staff hiring and initiative of research, monitoring, education, and volunteer programs and facilities development, will begin following reserve designation and will be phased-in over a five year period according to a prescribed schedule of activities (Table 5). g. Staffing The staffing requirements described in the administration section will be fulfilled according to the proposed five year staffing plan, as outlined in Table 5. Much of this may depend on the availability of federal funds and approval for hiring personnel. However, the state is committed to providing support personnel (i.e., reserve manager, education coordinator and research coordinator) through existing programs within SCWMRD. Table 5. Five Year Activities Plan For the ACE Basin NERR. PROGRAM YEAR STAFFING NEEDS* MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 0 Reserve Manager (1) . Complete FEIS/DMP; apply for land acquisition funding; (Predesignation) Clerical Worker (.5) . Complete land acquisition effort for core area; . Complete Final Management Plan; . Form Advisory Committee; and . Coordination of research and education planning. *FTE=l Reserve Manager (1) Establish priorities for research and education/interpretation Clerical worker (1) program; Education Coordinator (.5) . Refine and implement Management Plan; Research Coordinator (.5) . Initiate facilities development plan for education/visitor Conservation officer (1) center (architectural design, working drawings); . Some staff participation in research and education programs; � Begin monitoring and baseline studies; � Begin education trips and training programs; � Install NERR signs at primary access points; � Plan and construct trails, interpretive signs, observation platforms, boardwalks, etc.; and � Planning for 2nd year. 2 Reserve Manager (1) . Develop a well-defined and coordinated outreach program; Clerical worker (1) More extensive coordination of research and education Education Coordinator (1) programs; Research Coordinator (1) . Expand monitoring and baseline studies; Conservation officer (1) . Begin construction of education/visitor center; Volunteer Coordinator (.5) . Initiate volunteer program; Plan and build interpretive exhibits; Develop brochures, guides, and other educational materials; and Planning for 3rd year. continued PROGRAM YEAR STAFFING NEEDS* MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 3 (Fully Staffed) . Complete construction of education/visitor center; Reserve Manager (1) . Continue monitoring and baseline studies; Clerical worker (1) .Build ancillary facilities as needed for education Education Coordinator (1) program; Research Coordinator (1) . Continue to augment research and education programs; Conservation Officer (1) . Staff participation in research and education; Volunteer Coordinator (1) . Management Plan should be fully implemented; and Maintenance (1) .Planning for 4th year. 4 Fully Staffed Open education/visitor center; � Plan, develop and install indoor education exhibits; � Continue monitoring and baseline studies; . Continue to augment research and education programs; and � Planning for 5th year. 5 Fully Staffed . Continue to manage the ACE Basin NERR, refining and modifying operations as new experience is gained; and � Convene a Blue Ribbon Committee to review progress and achievements and to make recommendations. 46 4. Facilities Development Plan Funding is provided by NOAA and matched by the state for the construction or renovation of a visitor center, research facility, education center, or other improvements associated with research, education, and access to reserve sites. Facilities and improvements must be located within the boundaries of the designated research reserve. Major construction projects (i.e., buildings) require the preparation of architectural and engineering plans and state approval of capital outlay proposals. Funding for planning and developing architectural and engineering plans for buildings may come from initial acquisition and development grants which are awarded after approval of the FEIS/DMP (i.e., in the predesignation phase). Funds for constructing buildings come from acquisition and development grants which are awarded after approval of the final management plan. Minor construction activities that aid in implementing portions of the management plan (such as nature trails, boardwalks, boat ramps) do not require architectural or engineering plans. Funding for planning and constructing nature trails, boardwalks, boat ramps, and other minor improvements can be awarded under initial acquisition and development grants as well as under later acquisition and development grants. A portion of the state-owned Bear Island WMA is intended to be developed as headquarters for the ACE Basin NERR operation. While overall direction for reserve program administration will come from MRD in Charleston, Bear Island is administered by WFWF. Therefore, overall reserve administration will require effective coordination between MRD and WFWF. The facility will serve to centralize reserve activities with those of the overall ACE Basin project involving all participants, i.e., SCWMRD, USFWS, TNC, DU, and private landowners. a. Education/Visitor Center There are several reasons why an education/visitor center is a necessary component of the management concept. The major reasons are: The center will provide a focal point for ACE Basin activities. Located in the heart of the ACE Basin, the center will attract visitors and expose them to all facets of the area, including sites and activities not accessible elsewhere; it will also allow controlled access; Educational and interpretive programs at the center will foster compatible visitor use of the Basin and enhance meaningful educational experiences,thereby promoting public awareness and understanding of ecological values associated with natural estuarine areas; 47 The center will facilitate programing between resource professionals and a variety of public interests, environmental and conservation groups. It will rally local support and attract volunteers to participate in hands-on projects of local interests; With proper planning and design, the center will be an asset to the community; and Commitment to the long-term protection and management of the ACE Basin. b. Sitina of the Education/Visitor Center The NERRS Program Regulations stipulate that final selection of a site for facilities such as the center will appear in the management plan. During preparation of this plan, several locations were identified as alternatives for the center other than the Bear Island site. However, no serious discussions were ever held because Bear Island is the "perfect" site for such a facility. It is already under public ownership in the SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area (WMA) system; you can drive to it; it is large enough to accommodate development as needed for present and future expansion; it offers an on-site presence for resource protection and management; it is in proximity to a variety of habitat types, including the core area; and it is easily accessible from U.S. Highway 17. Prior to construction or renovation of a visitor center, an environmental assessment or categorical exclusion checklist will be prepared and submitted to NOAA before any federal funds may be expended. All architectural and engineering plans, including specificiations, must be approved by NOAA for any proposed construction. This includes facility development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc. Various organized groups interested in natural resource conservation annually visit Bear Island WMA for self-guided tours and presentations by SCWMRD personnel. Such groups include local elementary and high school science classes, scouts, botany and wildlife management students from various universities, waterfowl biologists, wetland ecologists and natural history groups as well as members of other private conservation organizations and governmental agencies. Individuals interested in bird watching, general wildlife observation and amateur and professional photographers frequently visit Bear Island WMA. c. SDace Reauirements The center will accommodate various program areas. The following represents a preliminary listing of requirements: 48 Staff and Administration Reserve manager's Office Bear Island WMA Office Education Coordinator's Office Volunteer Coordinator's Office Reception Area Conference Room Education and lnterpretation Exhibit areas Classroom/Hands-on Discovery Room Auditorium providing seating area Outdoor classroom/amphitheater Wildlife observation deck Demonstration area Trailhead Storage for national and site specific education materials * Research Work space for visiting scientists/research interns Basic laboratory facilities including wet and dry labs Storage * Common Buildina Areas Visitor parking Staff parking * Other Restrooms Kitchen Dormitory d. Develournent and Construction Development of the education/visitor center will entail the following general steps: * Appointment of a task force by SCWMRD to oversee the design, planning and funding for the center; * Preparation of a site plan illustrating the layout of buildings, parking lot, road access, and trail network; * Preparation of a brief building concept plan for the center that includes detailed objectives for each function, general layout and architectural design 49 guidelines; * Detailed site surveys and preparation of detailed landscape design and con- struction drawings including measures for minimizing construction impacts; and * Agency and local review of the above through a workshop process. Listed below are further considerations for development of the center. These are adapted from Manly (1977): * The design should be functional and efficient. Some caution should be exercised so the interpretive building will not turn out to be an impractical architectural oddity; * Entrances, exits, and interior spaces should be correlated with an overall traffic flow or circulation plan. Whenever possible, unsupervised groups or individuals should move through the building over the grounds in one-way pattern; * The design should permit simultaneous use of the building by several groups; * Low-profile buildings generally are less obtrusive visually than buildings with a high profile; * The design of the buildings should be such that the center itself will be a model of energy efficiency and resource conservation, incorporating such features as solar heating where practicable. All public parts of the building should be accessible to the handicapped; The color and texture of architectural exterior finishing materials should be compatible with the natural surroundings, Natural materials such as weathered, rough sawn wood will be used. No teak, mahogany, rosewood or other rain forest woods will be used; * Interior finishes may be the same as exterior finishes. Other contemporary materials can be used where budget and design needs dictate, * All required landscaping around the center should reflect the composition and layout of indigenous floral communities. Buildings should be situated so as to minimize impact to existing trees and native plants; and 50 Structures surrounding the center such as signs, lighting, wastebins, all contribute to the total visual impact of the building. Design must be given careful attention to ensure that these have minimal impact on the natural appearance of the site. e. Trails and Observation Platforms Self-guided interpretive trails will be constructed around the education/visitor center. Some of these will allow access for the physically handicapped. At several locations, wildlife observation platforms and/or blinds will be installed. The main functions of the trail network will be as follows: To control pedestrian access within the complex to minimize impact of visitor use on sensitive areas; and To contribute to the education/interpretation plan as outlined. Interpretive services associated with the pedestrian trails are discussed under the education/interpretation plan. .5. Research and Monitorina Plan a. General Context For Manaaement Development of the research function of the ACE Basin NERR is a high priority. The reserve, because of its relatively low level of development, has retained many of the attributes associated with estuaries at the turn of the century. This provides a benchmark against which to compare other coastal areas where significant human disturbances are occurring. Such comparisons are necessary in developing an understanding of the impacts, both obvious and subtle, on coastal resources. It is particularly important to make research results available in a useful form to those responsible for resource management and coastal zone planning at individual, local, state and federal levels. The large expanse of the reserve, its biological diversity and high water quality standards provide an outstanding environment for these types of research. The core area is well protected and will serve as an undisturbed baseline monitoring area while the buffer zone is large and diverse enough to serve as an experimental research and demonstration area. For example, Bear Island WMA will be a "staging" area for demonstrating the sustainability of managed ecosystems through water level manipulations in coastal impoundments and the study of harmonious land uses, short- term studies for specific management needs, etc. The research plan has the following goals and objectives: 51 (1) Goals * Establish and manage key areas of the reserve for long-term use as natural field laboratories; * Coordinate ACE Basin research projects to streamline scientific efforts, maximize effi cient use of funds, and avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts. * Enhance scientific understanding of estuarine ecosystem processes and functions; * Gather and make available information needed by reserve managers and coastal decision makers for improved understanding and management of estuarine ecosystems; * Collect important baseline data to use in monitoring differences over time and for making comparisons with other areas; * Identify priority resources, gather baseline information on them and establish them as indicators of change; * Monitor the impacts of human stresses on the estuarine environment and the effectiveness of water pollution control strategies; * Establish critical habitat requirements of living aquatic resources; and * Evaluate land use management strategies. (2) Obiectives * Collecting and building a database for use in long-term and interdisciplinary studies; * Becoming a repository for data collected on-site and at other National Estuarine Research Reserves; * Promoting the reserve components in the research community as long-term field laboratories to be used by State, local and private organizations; * Utilizing volunteers to achieve research and monitoring goals; * Encouraging staff participation in conferences and workshops. 52 * Developing facilities and equipment as necessary to aid in research and monitoring; and * Seeking agreements with research organizations to facilitate and augment research and monitoring projects. b. National Research Priorities In 1964, the first major symposium on estuaries was held at Jekyll Island, Georgia to exchange ideas an estuarine research, to summarize the existing state of knowledge and to refine the direction of current research. The book ESTUARIES was a product of that conference and has since set the standard for estuarine research quality. Since that first meeting, many more symposia have been held. In 1984, a representative cross section of the nation's top estuarine scientists again gathered to review the existing state of knowledge an the Nation's estuaries (Copeland et al. 1 984). Based on proceedings of this conference, NOAA (I1988) has compiled lists of national research needs and priorities for better understanding the* following: water management, sediment management, nutrients and other chemical inputs, coupling of primary and secondary productivity, -and fishery habitat requirements. Proposed funding decisions for N ERRS research projects will be based .on the relationship between proposed research and these national priorities. (1) Water Manaaemnent Water management is one of the most important problems facing the nation. In highly developed areas the consumptive uses of water for commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational and municipal activities are increasing and thus, strongly competing with the availability of water to estuaries. Adjacent land use practices also affect the quality, quantity and timing of freshwater inflow into estuaries. Consequently, estuarine productivity is altered and this raises a number of research questions. The following research topics are identified as priority areas in the NERRS Research Plan developed by NOAA (1 988): Determining the volumes of inflows needed to maintain viable estuaries and the reliability of freshwater inflow estimates; Establishing the functional relationship between nutrient inflows to the estuary and primary and secondary productivity; Determining the quantitative relationship between freshwater inflow and fisheries production in specific estuaries and regional groups of estuaries; Delineating the factors that control the response and recovery of estuarine 53 biological systems to large changes in water input; * Establishing the role of coastal upwelling in determining estuarine productivity; and * Preparing nutrient budgets on estuarine systems to clearly elucidate the roles freshwater inflows, marshes, benthic systems, coastal waters, precipitation, and other sources, and to delineate the importance of each source in providing nutrients and recycling them. (2) Sediment Manaaement Sediment Management studies are needed to fill information gaps pertaining to the sedimentation process and to develop criteria for alternative management schemes. Priority research topics include: * Detailed studies of sediment dynamics to include the effects of sedimentation on flushing and sedimentation rates, accumulation rates and changes in sediment composition between points of entry and accumulation, the joint impacts of reduced freshwater inflow and sediment delivery, the impacts of sediment delivery rates, and shallow water sedimentation processes; * The testing and development of biological models that predict the impacts of sedimentation; * Characterization of the processes that control absorption and desorption of contaminants and other dissolved substances; * Assessing the impacts of sedimentation on benthos and mobile fauna; * Determining the relationship of sediment to habitat types; * Identifying the optimal balance between the long-term negative impacts of estuarine filling and the short-term positive stimulation of estuarine productivity; and * Examining the recovery rates of ecosystems after large-scale sedimentation events. (3) Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs Nutrients and other chemical inputs are associated with 75 percent of the nation's population living within 50 miles of our coasts; consequently, estuaries are 54 experiencing increased nutrient loads. Little is known about the response of estuaries to nutrient and chemical additions. As a result, management strategies are presently based on provisional data in many cases. Priority research should focus on: Testing the responses of estuarine ecosystems to combinations of nutrient inputs and recycling by developing ecosystem-level experiments involving microcosms, mesocosms, and field manipulations; Examining the fate of synthetic chemicals in estuaries through the chemical analysis of sediments; the performance of tissue-chemical, gross pathological and histological analyses; evaluation of community structures; conducting controlled laboratory and in situ field studies to identify chemicals responsible for field-observed and other toxic effects and determine their relationships; and developing research protocols to understand the long-term effects of exotic materials on estuarine ecosystems. (4) Couolina of Primary and Secondary Productivity Coupling of primary and secondary productivity includes almost all food web interactions in the estuary and how they are quantitatively and qualitatively connected. A clear understanding of the relationship between the various producer levels is lacking. Priority research topics should examine the following: The comparative trophic importance of organic matter derived from vascular plant versus plankton; The degree to which coastal fishery organisms utilize detritus as an energy source; and The impact of removing large tracts of detritus-producing salt marshes and seagrass beds. These must be accomplished through: The use of multiple isotopes and other techniques to indirectly identify sources of organic carbon for primary consumers in estuaries; Studies to determine the chemical composition and nutritional status of detritus complexes of different age and particle size; Laboratory feeding experiments to detail the utilization of vascular plant detritus by consumers; Growth and ecological efficiency studies in large tanks or small ponds to 55 investigate consumer diets, also, in situ experiments to examine quality and quantity of diets; * Controlled field experiments in ponds to determine the feasibility of detritus aquaculture; * Carefully designed "before and after" investigations an the local impact of marsh or seagrass removal on community structure and composition; and * Field investigations and laboratory experiments to investigate the potential and realized importance of hypothetical reduced-sulfur food webs. (5) Estuarine Fishery Habitat Reauirements In order to determine why some estuaries are more productive than others, scientists need to focus on habitat selection, species migration, species residence time, food quality and quantity, and the effects of environmental variations an survival, growth and movement of estuarine species. Priority research topics include: * Delineation of the characteristics of a good nursery; * Fishery yield per acre of salt marsh and species-specific relationships; * Relationships between fish catch and river discharge, wetland/water ratios, and primary production; * The roles of various sources of primary production and their relative abundance (importance?) among estuaries; * The effects of differing primary production sources on fish production; * The relative contribution of different habitats to total stock; * Flow requirements for critical life stages; * Hydrodynamic influences on distribution, abundance, and survival of fishery species; * Contaminant impacts on estuarine yields; and * Food as a limiting factor to estuarine fish and crustacean populations. (6) Other Research Toolics 56 In addition to the above research priorities, NOAA recognizes the need for site specific baseline data and lists the following research areas as being appropriate for national funding: Baseline studies to characterize the reserve's resources, environment and ecology; Environmental monitoring of selected parameters to provide a data base for detecting changes, predicting impacts, and identifying correlations with other observed phenomena; and Special research designed to answer specific management concerns. The rationale for these research priorities is described in NOAA's NERRS Research Plan (1987). Each year NOAA issues a NERRS Research Opportunity Announcement in which it elaborates on the latest interpretation of these priorities. Proposal funding decisions are based on the relationship between the proposed research and these national priorities as well as other factors. (7) Initial Baseline Studies Some baseline data for water quality parameters has already been collected at or near the ACE Basin NERR by the SCWMRD and DHEC (Mathews and Shealy 1978, Mathews and Shealy 1982, Shealy 1971, Shealy 1974, DHEC 1990). Water quality parameters include salinity, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, fecal coliform, and others. Information is also available on emergent wetlands and impoundments (Morgan 1974, Tiner 1977), plant communities (Prevost 1987, Stalter 1972), fishes (Shealy et al. 1974), and other specialized areas. Baseline surveys will be conducted to fill gaps and to provide a more thorough characterization of the site. Other ecological parameters which might be explored include soil characteristics, nutrient concentrations, weather, organic fluxes, primary production and species composition of plant and animal communities. Baseline surveys will be used to: 1) yield data necessary to define or confirm estuarine management issues of concern; 2) serve as. a reference for detection of environmental/ecological change in the estuary; and 3) aid in planning and conducting special studies related to the estuarine ecosystem. (8) Environmental Monitorina Environmental monitoring will entail the systematic periodic collection of selected data using many of the same parameters and, ideally, the same sampling techniques and locations as the initial baseline surveys. This data may be collected by staff or volunteers, by other government agencies, or by outside researchers as part of their research projects. Impacts of new technology, products, and management strategies 57 may be observed. A policy for quick response to collect data in the event of unusual conditions such as hurricanes, floods etc. will be established where feasible. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved methods for sampling and sample handling will be adhered to in all water chemistry monitoring. Environmental monitoring will be designed to: 1) detect trends in estuarine resources orecosystems; 2) provide information to aid in the management of the ACE Basin NERR and in coastal zone management in general; and 3) provide a data base for special studies. (9) Soecial Studies Special studies may include experimental research relating to natural resources, cultural resources, or socio-economic topics. Special studies will be approved and may be supported based on the research priorities of the NERRS Research Plan, the NERR Monitoring Program, the ACE Basin Program, and site-specific management needs. Special studies may identify and examine relationships between human stresses and ecological effects. Studies may include temporary manipulative experiments appropriate to better management of estuarine systems. Major habitat manipulation is not permitted in the core area but may be performed in the reserve buffer zone with adequate controls and a demonstrated need. Those manipulative activities not identified in this DMP must receive prior approval of the state and NOAA. c. ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities Research that relates directly to the management of reserve resources will be actively encouraged and receive highest priority. An initial task assigned to the research coordinator will be to develop a program using inputs from: 1) questionnaires mailed to scientists and resource managers throughout the region soliciting recommendations for specific research; 2) a conference convened to review estuarine processes in several areas relative to management efforts in the ACE Basin; and 3) a scientific and technical committee review of detailed research needs and recommendations. Groups that have a high interest in conducting research and educational programs in the ACE Basin, including the types of studies that they are most eager to initiate or continue, are as follows: Clemson University Development of aquaculture, particularly in the Edisto buffer area; and 58 � Waterfowl and wetlands research. University of South Carolina (USCI Interdisciplinary studies of estuarine productivity and fluxes; and � Archaeological surveys to locate, identify and catalogue resources of historical or cultural importance. USC at Beaufort and Coastal Zone Education Center � Participation in a variety of research and educational activities. S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Deoartment (SCWMRD) Development of aquaculture technology and dissemination of information; Fishery populations assessments and habitat studies; Marsh ecology investigations; Water quality, including pollution studies; Fishery restoration activities; Estimates of recreational and commercial use of living marine resources; Diseases of important recreational and commercial fishery species; Effects of habitat alteration, e.g., renourishment of beaches, dredging, impounding, marina siting, etc.; Use by endangered and threatened species, e.g. eagles, woodstorks, sea turtles and shortnose sturgeon; Impoundment studies (management effects on water quality, species composition and community structure); Habitat manipulation and resource management studies; and Impacts of fish harvesting gear on the physical environment and on non- target species. 59 S.C. Deoartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism Education and eco-tourism related activities; and Cultural, natural and historic preservation and interpretation. Colleae of Charleston Broad range of ecological studies. South Carolina State Colleae Ecological and water quality studies in conjunction with SCWMRD. U.S. Forest Service. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Studies of silviculture impacts on wetlands. NMFS. SE Fisheries Center. Charleston Microbiological contaminants and chemicals in organisms and sediments and rates of change. The Citadel Shorebird and wading bird ecological studies; and Ecological studies of estuarine macrophytes. U.S. Soil Conservation Service and S.C. Land Resources Conservation Commission Wetlands mapping and interpretation; and Soil classification and identification of hydric soils. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish Hatcherv. Oranaebura Bears Bluff Lab Fish restoration and stock enhancement. S.C. DeDartment of Health and Environmental Control Water quality analyses and classification; 60 * Certification of shellfish growing areas; and * Effects of point and non-point discharges on water quality. S.C. Water Resources Commission * Various water resources polices on overall water quality and quantity; * Conduct policy and environmental research through the use of geographic information systems; * Floodplain zoning; and * Recreational fish and wildlife opportunities. DU's Atlantic Flyway Reaional Office * Wetland ecology studies; and * Interaction of waterfowl with managed and unmanaged estuarine habitats. S.C. Coastal Council * Application of research findings in coastal decision making; and * Demonstrating the vital role of natural areas to the local economic and environmental well-being of the coastal zone. National Shellfish Indicator Study * Proposed use of the ACE Basin estuary as a pristine site for developing new shellfish safety standards. S.C. Sea Grant Consortium Basic research on estuarine processes; and Development of educational programs. Taking advantage of this interest, ACE Basin research priorities will be carefully developed and evaluated as part of the management planning process. Input will be sought from area scientists, academicians, government officials and concerned citizens. 61 The reserve will encourage and support projects which correspond with regional research priorities. Such projects do not necessarily have to be within the NERR boundaries but should be within the ACE Basin framework. In order to receive reserve approval, research must be conducted at approved sites and must fulfill one or more of the following ACE Basin NERR research priorities (or updates thereof): (1) Initial Short-Term Priorities - Research to provide management information on sediment/water column nutrient flux; evaluation of BMP effectiveness; analysis of living resource data sets; stock assessments; evaluation and analysis of monitoring capabilities; and sublethal responses to toxins. (2) Lonaer-Term Priorities - Fundamental research on circulation and mixing processes; water quality, habitat, and ecosystem-level models; interaction between various trophic levels; genetic makeup of living resources (particularly exploitable stocks); significance of groundwater flow; and impacts of specific land uses on aquatic, wetland, and riparian habitats. (3) Research Suonort Priorities - Support related to preparedness to conduct research, including advanced analytical chemical equipment remote sensing; and automated data analysis technologies. (4) Generic. Lonaer-Term Needs - Research related to improved understanding of structure and function of coastal habitats (emergent saline marshes, tidal freshwater habitats, non-vegetated wetlands, benthic habitats, oyster reefs); impacts of modification of coastal and contiguous habitats; water column processes (related to plankton communities, inorganic nutrient cycling, replenishment, and storage, micro-circulation, and interactions among mainstream and adjacent water bodies); toxins; circulation (in relation to eddies, fronts, plumes, wind anoxia, and transport of planktonic larvae); genetic variability and structure of ACE Basin stocks; watershed processes (including transport, fate and processing of dissolved and particulate material; effects of land use activities; role and extent of water transport and transformation above the saltwater intrusion line; and role of wetland and riparian zones in controlling or modifying discharge); ground water contribution (including spatial and temporal input and outflows; chemical characteristics, extent and magnitude of pesticide, nutrient, and other pollutant contamination; impacts on sediment-water column pollution interactions; and methods to reduce ground water pollution); socio-legal economic implications of alternative restoration and preservation strategies; impacts of population growth development; public health and the ACE Basin ecosystem; and structure, function, and role of non-tidal wetlands. Research priorities will be further developed by the research coordinator working with a technical advisory committee. These priorities will be developed and modified based on system-wide and site-specific management needs and information gained from initial baseline surveys and environmental monitoring. They will reflect NERRS 62 national research priorities and ACE Basin priorities. Special studies to answer specific management questions and improve coastal resource management will be conducted. Other research topics that address coastal management issues identified as having a local, region or national significance may also be considered. Example of special studies topics appropriate for the ACE Basin include: * Quantifying the effects of sea level rise on wetlands formation and productivity; * Temporal and spatial variability in the use of marsh/tidal creek ecosystems as nursery areas for species of commercial and recreational importance; * Studies comparing tributary systems protected within the reserve to those in other more developed areas, * Identifying criteria and standards for mitigation by using the reserve as a control for offsite mitigation projects; * Quantifying the effectiveness of forested and agriculItural buffer strips and other BMPs, including the value to water quality, flood control, sediment stabilization and wildlife; * Succession of plant communities within the Basin, * Shellfish production and diseases and enhancement of growing areas; * Effects of fire on island ecology; * Coastal geology - erosion problems, geological-mapping, benchmarks for monitoring sea level rise events; * Surveys of Flora and Fauna to determine population densities, distribution, dynamics, conditions and habitat requirements; * Visitor use surveys to determine the effects of increased public use of the area; * Boating traffic assessments; * Ecosystem modelling - a predictive, interactive model of the ACE Basin is needed to assist resource managers in assessing the implications of proposed and potential activities in the basin. 63 The above is not intended to be a complete list of research topics but only to serve as an example of the types of special studies that will be conducted. The list will expand in time with experience and knowledge of the area. d. NOAA Funded Monitorina Proaram In 1989, NOAA initiated a phased monitoring program to assist states in developing a better understanding of the estuarine resources being managed under the NERRS program. The monitoring program includes the following phases: (1) Phase I, Environmental Characterization, which involves literature review and/or field research to acquire all available information on hydrology, geology, water chemistry, water quality, biological resources, and the problems and issues confronting the reserve environment; (2) Phase II, Site Profile, which involves a synthesis of information gathered in Phase I to provide an overall picture of the reserve in terms of its resources, issues, management constraints, and research needs; (3) Phase III, Procedures and Requirements, which involves identifying parameters to be measured, procedures to be used (criteria for measurements, quality control, and standard procedures where they already exist), sampling strategy for selected parameters (spatial and temporal intervals), storage and retrieval of data (reporting, formatting and analytical requirements), manpower requirements, logistics, and costs; and (4) Phase IV, Implementation, which involves, first, pilot projects and, upon successful evaluation, full-scale monitoring of selected parameters. The phased monitoring programs have been incorporated into the five-year plan under the administration plan. This program will be integrated with other monitoring programs in the region, including fisheries survey and harvests, shellfish sanitation, game and nongame wildlife, rare and endangered species, etc. The phased monitoring program will be developed by NOAA guidelines. Scoping-meetings and workshops will be convened as needed to assist in development of this program. e. Research Policies and Procedures (1) General Policies Research opportunities at the ACE Basin NERR are available to any qualified scientist, academician, or student affiliated with any university, college or school; non- profit research institution (e.g., research laboratory, independent museum, professional society); private profit organization; or state, local, or federal government 64 agency. Unaffiliated individuals who have the capability and facilities needed to perform research may also qualify for research funds. Funding for national research priorities in the reserve is available through NOAA on a competitive basis to qualified researchers and must be matched equally by the recipient according to current NERRS regulations. An annual announcement of research opportunities, reflecting priority needs and levels of funding, will be distributed. This announcement will include: a) specific statements about the types of research that will be funded including the national research priorities set by NOAA; b) clear and specific guidelines for preparation; c) clear statements on procedures and criteria used in proposal review; d) level of funding; and e) a schedule of the proposed process. The distribution list will include local, state, and regional entities covering all eligible potential applicants. Also, a research prospectus will be provided to potential researchers, including basic information on reserve resources, unusual features, support facilities and a listing of research reports from the ACE Basin NERR. Activities permitted in the core area are limited to research activities which do not manipulate habitats. Manipulative research activities may be permitted in the buffer zone of the reserve as long as they address identified research or management needs. Any research activities which, in the estimation of the State and NOAA, may result in impacts on reserve resources or habitats require prior approval of the state, NOAA and private property owners. To assist new researchers at the reserve, information packets will be available from the research coordinator. These packets will contain background information pertain- ing to the reserve and an area map, designating reserve boundaries. New researchers will also be given a "tour" of the reserve area to gain familiarity with the research surroundings and general location. Research, monitoring and education projects will receive first priority within the reserve boundaries. Traditional uses of public areas will continue as currently regulated under federal, state, or local authority. The reserve manager is responsible for carefully balancing uses of the reserve to ensure that the objectives of the reserve program are protected and sustained. The power of the reserve manager needed to meet other specified management responsibilities will not in any way be diminished by the ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring plan. Research opportunities will be available to all applicants without regards to manner of funding. Financial support may be available for research if the results are directly applicable to improved coastal zone management. Support may come from NOAA, EPA, SCWMRD, SCC, Sea Grant, and other sources of funding, including private endowments. Researchers seeking funds from NOAA must follow NOAA's research and monitoring time table. 65 All research proposals are evaluated by the reserve manager, the research coordinator and selected reviewers for consistency with ACE Basin NERR goals and to ensure that the proposed research will not interfere with other research at the reserve. Projects are selected based on their importance to coastal zone management issues, scientific/educational merit, and technical approach. Other project selection criteria include: the environmental consequences of the project; immediacy of need; and the proposed project's relationship to other available information and studies. (2) Procedures for NOAA Funded Research Proposals which target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by NOAA using established guidelines. In order to qualify for NOAA funding, ACE Basin NERR research proposals must address one or more of the NERRS National Research Priorities and fulfill the requirement of the appropriate Request for Proposal. NOAA funds are awarded on a competitive basis and proposals will be competing with other research proposals in reserves throughout the NERRS. The Advisory Committee should be involved in the review of NOAA-funded proposals. The ACE Basin NERR research coordinator is responsible for coordinating all research and monitoring activities for the reserve. To facilitate this, NOAA will maintain close contact with the research coordinator and will keep him or her informed of the progress of NOAA-funded researchers. NOAA has agreed to send two courtesy copies of quarterly progress reports, the final report and any other research information which they receive to the ACE Basin NERR in a timely manner. One copy will be kept at the MRD central repository and the reserve manager will keep the second copy. The research coordinator will maintain regular communication with the researchers themselves. He or she, will aid in coordinating research activities in the reserve and, when possible, will aid in fulfilling the needs of the researchers. To achieve the NERR goals of 1) "making available information necessary for improved understanding and management of estuarine areas" and 2) "enhancing public awareness and understanding of the estuarine environment"; NOAA-funded researchers will be requested to provide a presentation on their research findings at appropriate symposia, conferences, meetings, etc. (3) Procedures for Research Funded By State or Other Sources All proposals which do not target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by the appropriate reserve staff and selected reviewers. Specific procedures will be developed by the research coordinator. An Advisory Committee will help determine appropriate research topics and policies. Committee members will lend expertise to specific projects and advise research programs on such matters as quality assurance. Research proposals that focus 66 primarily on site-specific topics and do not rely on NOAA funding do not need to be approved by NOAA as long as they are consistent with identified ACE Basin research needs, but a courtesy copy of these proposals will also be sent to NOAA. Coordinated and streamlined procedures for the review and approval of research proposals and permits will be established. Researchers will provide the research coordinator with quarterly progress reports, a final report, and an abstract and one copy of any publications resulting from any state-funded research at the reserve. The final report will include; an abstract; a literature review; methods; analyses; results; and a conclusion. It will include a summary of the gathered data and a list of the analyses completed. The raw data should also be included with the report as data appendices. In addition to a final report, the researcher will keep the research coordinator updated on the progress of the project by means of quarterly written progress reports. Copies of these documents will also be sent to the appropriate staff members. Records, data, reports, publications, and other relevant materials will be kept at the MRD central repository. Research information will also be forwarded to NOAA, which will act as a central clearinghouse and the center of the information network on the NERRS. After completion of the final report, a presentation will be developed by the researcher to provide information on the project findings. This presentation will be given at an appropriate time and site negotiated by the research coordinator and the researcher. These presentations will help to achieve the goal of the reserve to provide information necessary for improved understanding and management of estuarine systems to coastal decision makers and the public. (4) Research Suooort As manager of the ACE Basin NERR, MRD can provide on a cost reimbursable basis much of the support required for ongoing research. This includes the MRD physical plant, laboratories, analytical and sampling equipment, vessels and specific equipment acquired for the reserve. Additional computer hardware and software, field equipment and other forms of research support will be acquired as the need arises and funds are available. Resources of the MRD library will also be available. The library currently receives 395 serial titles through subscription, has 7,405 volumes of bound periodicals and a collection of 25,140 reprint items. The total number of volumes in the cataloged collection is now 17,997. (5) Data Manaaement Systematic computer storage and retrieval of raw data and bibliographic materials have become indispensable to modern research. The magnitude of the data 67 management challenge presented by this program should be evident from the range of research and analysis activities described previously. Fortunately, MRD has an excellent data management capability. "Data" include numerical, bibliographic, graphic and narrative materials. Data management activities for the ACE Basin NERR, depending on level of funding, may include: assistance to researchers in organizing raw data sets for efficient archival handling, especially computer storage, retrieval and processing; compilation of bibliographic materials maintained locally; programming consultation and service; assistance in gaining access to and contributing to remote data bases; and preparation of useful data summaries and special bibliographic search products. It is anticipated that many of the databases will use geographic information processing (GIP) for analysis and display. GIP is an emerging technology which, when coupled with proper data collection techniques and organizational structure, can provide researchers and resource managers the most powerful analytical tools available for explaining the complex spatial relationships between aquatic, human, and terrestrial environments. The great majority of spatial data required to support management efforts will be made available through the NOAA/SCWRC Natural Decision Support System program. This data base construction is scheduled for completion in 1992. Data management activities in the proposed ACE Basin NERR will be coordinated through MRD's GIP program and other similar state and federal programs. This will ensure consistency between data base development within the reserve and the coastal zone of South Carolina. (6) Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR Research Proarams Recruitment of researchers is important to building the ACE Basin NERR data base and to establishing the reserve as a long-term natural field laboratory. Recruitment of researchers with an established interest and capability will be a function of the research coordinator. Recruitment strategies include: Coordination through scientific/technical advisory committees; Participation of appropriate staff in research symposia, conferences and 68 workshops; Intern programs for graduate students or upper class college students; Providing support facilities for research in the ACE Basin NERR. Annual announcements of research opportunities and NOAA research funds through NOAA's Sanctuaries and Reserves Division; and Other research and monitoring funding. (7) Coordination of Research Efforts Another research benefit offered by the reserve is the potential for coordination of research efforts. The reserve does not add another research program to a long list of institutional research projects in the ACE Basin. Instead, the reserve offers permanent places where various research institutions coordinate their projects and compare results to complement one another's work in the Basin. Data will be compiled, assembled, analyzed and made available in the appropriate form, for use by other researchers, coastal managers and the public. For example, an appropriate form for researchers is a journal article in the peer-reviewed literature. Appropriate forms for decision makers and the public may include educational slide presentations, and "glossies" along the lines of those prepared by SCWMRD. Coordination of research in the reserve creates a model for all ACE Basin research efforts, reduces unnecessary duplication, and effectively decreases the cost of publicly supported research. (a) Coordination of ACE Basin Research The research coordinator coordinates the research within the reserve with assistance from the advisory committee and NOAA. Meetings will be arranged and computer networks will be established. The MRD will receive copies of reserve research results and will serve as a central clearinghouse. The Bear Island education/visitor center may also be a repository for site-specific information and research results. (b) Coordination with the NERRS The Ace Basin NERR will work closely with NOAA staff to develop and assess National Research Priorities. NOAA is also involved with the reserve through research funding and proposal evaluation as already discussed. The reserve manager will communicate with other estuarine reserve managers in other states and will work with NOAA and other reserve managers to establish a national information exchange network. 69 Data from the ACE Basin contributes to the national network long-term study to monitor the status and trends of estuarine ecosystems. Data from the NERRS makes a substantial contribution to the understanding of long-term ecological effects on estuaries and is useful in predictive trend analysis of ecological stresses. The coordinated research network aids greatly in understanding the theoretical and practical aspects of conservation and coastal resources management. With assistance from NOAA, an electronic mail system (OMNET) will be established at the ACE Basin NERR headquarters. The system will help link the reserve to other NERRs, National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA, the South Carolina Sea Grant Program, and other programs in the marine and estuarine science community. (8) Information Dissemination Information gathered in research and monitoring and the management implications of this information will be made available to decision makers and the public in understandable form. Both NOAA and the ACE Basin NERR will encourage the dissemination of research results. Methods include: Journal articles in the peer-reviewed literature; Presentations at professional societies; and Special symposia arranged by NOAA or reserves, often in association with other meetings such as the biennial meetings of the Estuarine Research Federation or Coastal Zone Managers. In addition to NOAA information dissemination routes, the ACE Basin NERR will utilize several State and regional avenues of information exchange including; Summary of research at the reserve; Workshops, conferences and meetings at the reserve; ACE Basin NERR brochure, distributed with the annual call for proposals and at appropriate conferences and other events; Press releases to local media; Articles in journals of local organizations; Direct mailings to State and Local decision makers; 70 Regular contact with representatives of other state and federal agencies, local government agencies and planning boards; and Contributions to the Technical Report Series, South Carolina Marine Resources Center. (9) Review and Evaluation ACE Basin NERR will submit an annual report on research activities to NOAA as required by NERRS Regulations Section 921.34. The report will include a description of overall program success, accomplishments, and work plans for coming years. The first report will cover the 12-month period following receipt of acquisition/development funds, and will be submitted within three months after the end of that period. In addition, ACE Basin NERR will be prepared to arrange for the periodic NOAA evaluation visits and public meetings described in Section 921.34 of the NERRS regulations. 6. Education/InterDretation Plan a. General Context For Manaaement Education/interpretation will serve as the integrator for all functions of the ACE Basin NERR. As the general public becomes more aware of how an estuarine system functions and why it is such an important natural resource, the more likely they are to support the reserve and other estuarine protection programs. A well-planned education/interpretation program will create a constituency for the ACE Basin NERR and bring about positive attitudes and values in the user community. The program will focus on the values of the ACE Basin estuary and its wise use. The reserve is an ideal setting for interpreting estuarine food webs, general biological principals and coastal processes. Opportunities exist for focusing on the national significance of the ACE Basin. It is also an appropriate place to learn about federal and state endangered and threatened species. Overall, the program content will be broad-based, dealing with general concepts and specific issues related to reserve management. (1) Goals Enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine ecosystems, human effects on them, and the interrelationships of these ecosystems with the environment as a whole; Provide information and education opportunities to coastal managers and other decision makers, enabling them to make sound, informed decisions; 71 * Increase awareness of the value of the ACE Basin for seafood, recreation, wildlife, and aesthetics; * Promote greater understanding among citizens about the ACE Basin, its uniqueness, and policies and programs designed to help it; * Foster individual responsibility and stewardship of estuarine resources and increase awareness of actions citizens can take to protect these important resources; * Promote public appreciation of the Basin, it tributaries, and estuaries in general; (2) Obiectives * Provide facilities, materials, and staff as necessary to aid in education and interpretation; * Challenge people to observe nature, pose questions and seek answers, while positively influencing their attitudes about the environment; * Educate the public about the importance of estuaries in the natural environment, through exposure and participation in activities that will develop a sense of ecological awareness, appreciation, and responsibility; * Provide exhibits and displays which focus on the functions and importance of estuaries, with emphasis on a multisensory, interactive approach; * Conduct educational activities on-site and provide outreach programs for schools, camps, and other organizations; * Participate in regional, State and local programs such as National Estuaries Day, and Coastweeks events; and * Utilize volunteers and community resources to implement educational objectives. b. Education Policies * On-site programs will be provided in conjunction with CEC's and MVRD's existing educational program. The education coordinator, a CEC employee, will coordinate this effort to ensure that such activities do not interfere with established research and management projects an the reserve. 72 * Programs will be provided in association with elementary and secondary school systems, civic and environmental organizations, colleges and universities and other educational groups and institutions to make the public aware of the ACE Basin NERR, its facilities and its role at the national, state, regional and local levels. * Programs will be developed cooperatively with local user groups, organiza- tions, fishermen, etc., to ensure community relevance and supplying mutual needs. Opportunities for active involvement of local people will be given consideration. * On-site orientation will be provided to help visitors understand and appreciate resource protect ion rules and safety regulations in the reserve. This will be developed as a "preventive" enforcement program. Programs will provide the public with accurate and relevant information about the reserve, its ecological, economic, cultural and historical values and the issues related to its protection and management. * Dissemination of scientific information for research in the reserve will be encouraged through written and visual materials and presentation. Compatible types of recreation will be enhanced through development of educational/interpretive resources. C. Themes and Messaaes Interpretive messages are specific topics or ideas illustrating more general themes for education. The most important messages are answers to questions before, during and after a visit to the reserve. The basic categories of information to be conveyed to visitors are: (1) Orientation What is the NERRS (National) and its relationship to the ACE Basin NERR? How do I get there? What can I expect to see? Where are the major access points? (2) Livina Resources in the Reserve 73 Vegetation - How do salt marsh communities differ from brackish and fresh water marshes? What species of fishes, birds and mammals are assoqi~ted with t; different habitats? What species are threatened or endangered? 13) Estuarine Processes in the Reserve What is the watershed of the ACE Basin? Sedimentation rates? Salinities, tidal regimes, etc.? (4) Peoole in the Reserve What archaeological artifacts have been found, their historical perspective and importance? Rice culture? Civil war sites? Agriculture, commercial fishing, etc.? (5) Manaaement of the Reserve Why do we have the ACE Basin NERR and the national program? How many and where are the other Reserves? Why are the others designated? How is the land protected? (6) How develooment affects an estuarine system Comparisons of primary and secondary productivity? Benthic communities? Predators? 74 Nesting activities? The above categories of information will form the basic content for printed materials and exhibits at the reserve. d. On-Site InterDretive Media (1) Interoretive Exhibits and Sians The development of on-site outdoor signs and wayside exhibits is an important element of this plan because it clearly establishes an identity for the reserve. Signs for the ACE Basin NERR will include the following: (2) Reserve Name and Directional Sians It is recommended that a simple sign layout be designed whereby joint agency signs can be produced and sited at major access points, including the exit off of U.S. Highway 17, the Bear Island entrance and various locations in the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto rivers as well as on the core area islands. (3) Wavside exhibits Different reserve resources can be interpreted through wayside exhibits located at strategic points within the reserve. The exhibits will depict major habitat areas, inhabitants common to each and seasonal changes. The education coordinator will work with volunteers and professionals to' produce a "hands-on classroom" (see Education/Visitor Center Services). (4) Trail Signs Trail signs with numbers keyed to a self-guiding brochure will be installed at appropriate intervals along nature trails in the proposed reserve. (5) Printed Materials Printed materials will include brochures, posters, newsletters, and special educational publications. These materials will address reserve identity and the need for compatible visitor use. The full reserve name and a reserve logo will appear on all printed materials. (a) Brochures - a general purpose reserve brochure, with a site map, an introduction to the reserve concept, and a description of project elements, will be developed. The possibility of developing 'a joint brochure with the other project participants (SCWMRD, USFWS, DU, 75 TNC) will be investigated. Informational brochures will also be developed on various ecological concepts, identity of flora and fauna and natural processes taking place in the reserve. Additional brochures will be developed as needed and as funds become available. (b) Newsletter - a low-cost newsletter will be published to provide an update on reserve activities, upcoming events, schedules, etc. (c) Reserve Poster - this could be developed through a local contest in the schools. (d) School Information Packaaes - this could include a combination of printed materials and suggestions for school field trips and experiments, very similar to SCWMRD's "Project Wild" program. Additional curriculum materials for training programs and local media use will be developed as funding becomes available. (e) Press Releases - feature articles and periodic releases on special events in the reserve will be circulated to local news media. ,(6) Slide Shows A valuable tool for on-site and off-site education. A special slide presentation with audio will be developed for the reserve. This program will be made available to interested groups throughout the region. (7) Films A film on the reserve will be produced by CEC, SCWMRD as funding allows. Also, the reserve will obtain environmentally-oriented films as educational supplements. (8) Personal Contact Reserve staff and volunteers will participate in nature walks, on-site tours, lectures, presentations, etc. (9) Teacher WorkshoDs Workshops will be provided to orient group users to the reserve and to develop curricula. (10) Volunteer Proaram 76 Volunteers will be an integral part of the reserve program and will expand the staff without great expenditure of funds. A volunteer training program will be developed whereby volunteers can carry their knowledge and enthusiasm to a portion of the general public which is out-of-reach to the scientist and environmentalist. e. Off-site Proaramns and Media (1) Travelina Exhibits Mobile exhibits and displays of educational/interpretive value will be designed since the proposed reserve's education/visitor center is located in such an isolated area. The display will be made available at schools, the S.C. Marine Science Museum, organization and community functions, shopping malls, and other off-site locations. (2) Outreach A special outreach program will be valuable in reaching those who are unable to travel to the reserve. Staff, scientists, and trained volunteer speakers will be available to make audio-visual lecture presentations on the reserve and it activities. Targets for presentations are schools, civic groups, and conferences. f. Education/Visitor Center Services One of the main functions of the visitor center recommended in the 'Facilities Development Plan' will be to offer a variety of interpretive and educational services to the general public. This will require careful consideration of the needs and expectations of visitors, as well as the type of educational experience intended prior to the full-scale design of the visitor center. Carefully formulated educational objectives will help direct the design of exhibits, tours, and events. In turn, if the full scope of interpretive programs is planned at the outset, it should be possible to anticipate and incorporate specific spatial and other physical requirements into the architectural design of the building. The following are preliminary guidelines for interpretive services at the center: The center should convey the full scope of resources associated with the reserve including biological, physical, and human resources, and the value of estuarine management; Exhibits and events should emphasize the estuary as an integrated system and should not be limited to interpretation of separate parts of the system only; 77 * The theme of multiple compatible uses of the estuary and watershed should be carried through to the design and selection of exhibits. There should be an attempt to convey the spirit of cooperation (i.e., among users and agencies) and shared resources. Incompatible uses shoylo also be addressed; * Exhibits and tours should be "timely." Interpretive material should be updated periodically, providing an opportunity for visitors to learn about current events, issues, and research activities associated with the reserve; * Change and 'system response' could serve as strong themes in the exhibit design. Exhibits should communicate the changeable dynamic nature of the estuary. Changes could be interpreted in an historical, seasonal, or annual perspective; Exhibits and events that are interactive and provide opportunities for visitor participation such as guessing games, investigations and searches, building scenarios, and handling equipment and objects should be incorporated. There is also a need to encourage interaction among visitors, Strong linkages should be established between center exhibits and current research at the reserve. The participation of research groups particularly through the internship program should be encouraged; * Topics, design and level of detail of both exhibits and events should answer the needs of a variety of visitors of different interests, ages, and skills; Related to the above, a variety of potential visitor experiences should be incorporated into the exhibits, reflecting a spectrum from short and simple to longer and more in-depth visit scenarios; and A variety of opportunities should be provided for local organizations and schools to participate in special events at the center including seminars, workshops, and the development of temporary rotating exhibits. In accordance with these guidelines, the following specific interpretive and educational services are to be provided at the visitor center: Permanent interoretive exhibits - these could include (1) a large wall map of the reserve for orientation; (2) a salt marsh energy f low/food web model; (3) a fresh- water marsh exhibit; (4) an endangered species exhibit; (5) waterfowl management exhibit; (6) various reserve research exhibits; (7) upland game management exhibit; and (8) an historical mapping/photograph exhibit. 78 Reaular tours and school Droarams - staff and trained volunteers will give regular tours out of the reserve visitor center. Soecial events - "Theme Days" and special outdoor activities Public information services - these will include such things as a small reference library of pertinent scientific journals, field guides, etc. Brochures, user guides, and other materials will be provided at the visitor center. g. Coordination of Education Efforts (1) Coordination with Existina Proarams The reserve manager and education coordinator will coordinate with education programs existing in the public and private school systems, SCPRT, Coastal Zone Education Center, S.C. Aquarium, etc. The reserve will work with these groups and organizations in a supporting role. The ACE Basin NERR will augment not duplicate the overall education effort in coastal S.C. For example, the reserve might work with county school systems in expanding student environmental field trips and teacher training at the reserve. Also, courses and field trips for adults will be encouraged. (2) Coordination with the NERRS Newsletters, special events, and other news at the ACE Basin NERR will be distributed to other NERR staff throughout the U.S. Information will be provided on a regular basis to NOAA for inclusion into the NERRS Status Reports. The reserve manager will communicate directly and frequently with NOAA and attend NERR manager meetings and the annual NERRA conference. (3) Coordination with other Aaencies Efforts will also be made to coordinate with other agencies, groups and programs on educational projects. Examples of these groups include other state agencies, DU, Sea Grant, the USFWS, TNC, County Chamber of Commerce, S.C. Marine Education Association, etc. 7. Public Access Plan a. Policy Public access to the ACE Basin NERR will be generally increased through organized programs and field activities at Bear Island WMA. Regulated access to the core area will be maintained on a site-specific basis to protect the area's integrity for research 79 and education. However, the major portion of the reserve is accessible only by boat and will be open to the public for uses that are compatible with NERR goals and objectives. b. Current and Prooosed Access (1) Bear Island WMA Road access to Bear Island WMA is provided by S.C. Highway 26 off of U.S. Highway 17. The education/visitors center will be open to the general public during normal working hours (8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M.) and at other times as arranged through the reserve and Bear Island WMA staff. Hunting and fishing activities on WMA properties will continue to be set by WFWF, SCWMRD and will not be altered due to reserve activities. Improved public access to certain special areas on Bear Island WMA will be accomplished through hiking trails, boardwalks, etc. (2) Core Area Access to the reserve core area is by boat only. The nearest and most convenient public boat ramp is on Bennetts Point at the southeastern end of S.C. Highway 26. Another public boat ramp is located up river where Highway 26 crosses the Ashepoo River. Public access to the core area will not be restricted except on certain uplands and perhaps wetlands where sensitive research is carried out. In such cases, public use may be closely monitored. However, most of the core area is tidal marsh and open waters currently open to the public. No major changes that would restrict this access are anticipated. (3) Buffer Zone Public access to the reserve buffer zone is also self-limiting due to geography. Major access routes are off of U.S. Highway 17 and include S.C. Highways 174, 38, 161, 162 and 43, going from north to south. There are about twelve (12) public boat ramps in Charleston, Colleton and Beaufort Counties which provide convenient access to the buffer zone. However, most of these ramps are located miles away from major traffic flows and some off unpaved roads. There will not be any further restrictions on public access in the buffer zone beyond existing regulations. Traditional public use will be encouraged to the extent it is consistent with reserve goals and objectives. 80 8. Obiectives and Policies for Other Activities a. Huntina. Fishina and Shellfishina The ACE Basin has traditionally been used for hunting migratory game birds (including waterfowl), white-tailed deer, wild turkey, mourning dove, bobwhite quail and other game species. Recreational fishing in the rivers, creeks and impoundments and commercial fishing and shellfishing in the proposed reserve waters are also recognized traditional uses. Each of these activities is currently subject to state regulation through required licenses, permits, boundaries, seasons, bag limits, catch limits, and other laws. Designation of the NERRS will not change the existing laws and regulations concerning these or any other traditional uses of the ACE Basin. The proposed boundaries for the reserve will not have any relationship to established commercial fishing boundaries and will not be used in the future to change or relocate established fishing grounds. B. Other Alternatives Considered 1. No Action/Status Quo Under this option the ACE Basin estuary would not be designated as part of the NERRS and there would be no change in current management direction or level of management intensity. Early in the preliminary planning stages, this option was rejected bei=ause the proposed site is recognized nationally as one of the largest undeveloped estuaries on the east coast. Recently, an unprecedented effort (involving SCWMRD, USFWS, TNC, DU and private landowners) has been launched to preserve a 350,000 acre area containing bottomland hardwoods, cypress/tupelo swamps, former ricefield impoundments and salt, brackish and freshwater wetlands. The proposed ACE Basin NERR is a primary component of the ACE Basin Project and will serve as a mechanism to protect the lower estuary from future adverse development. Continuing development pressures on the South Carolina coastal zone demands a better understanding of coastal resources, interrelationships within ecosystems, and the area's capacity to withstand human disturbances. The research and education functions built into the reserve program will make a valuable contribution to understanding and protecting sensitive coastal resources and improve coastal zone planning and decision-making. The "No Action" alternative runs counter to state, federal and local goals for protecting, studying and managing the ACE Basin. 2. Alternate Sites Several other sites (i.e., Port Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound and Santee Delta) were reviewed in the initial stages, but rejected in favor of the proposed site. Overall, the proposed ACE Basin site was the best representation of the South Atlantic 81 province in the Carolinian Biogeographic Region as defined in the typology scheme of the national program. It contains a diverse assemblage of outer coastal plains natural communities, including the full array of communities typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the proposed site are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest communities. An abundance of managed, brackish and freshwater impoundments, the total absence of industrial pollution, and the isolated, undeveloped nature of the ACE Basin were major considerations in the selection process. 3. Alternative Boundaries Alternative boundaries for the proposed ACE Basin NERR were considered during the early planning stages of site selection. Major consideration has been given to the reserve consisting of only those five (5) islands which are currently protected in the core area. Within this concept, the buffer zone would include only the surrounding marshes, bottoms and waters (Figure 10). This is a reasonable alternative in so far as protecting key land and water areas representative of the lower estuary. However, the overall integrity of the ACE Basin may be dependent on the inclusion of Otter, Pine and South Hutchinson islands and on a much larger buffer zone to accommodate a shift of the core in case of future changes. The preferred buffer boundary provides an area for manipulative research and management (impoundments) which is not allowed in the core. It also includes an area best suited for development of facilities required for research and education (Bear Island WMA). Since federally funded research must be conducted within reserve boundaries, the preferred buffer zone would allow a much broader area for applied research. This will ultimately provide for a wider range of research and educational activities throughout the ACE Basin area. 4. Alternative Manaaement Plan ODtions Various alternative management plan options have been reviewed and rejected prior to proposing the preferred alternative. Those given major consideration are as follows: a. Establishina Manaaement of the Reserve Within an Aaencv Other Than SCWMRD The S.C. Coastal Council rejected this alternative early in the preliminary planning stages. The Council is the state's lead agency for coastal zone management and serves as the official administrative contact point with NOAA. SCWMRD is the logical choice for managing the reserve because of its long experience in land and facility management, wildlife and fisheries research and management, estuarine research, and ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE ALTERNATE BOUNDARIES 8 BEAR ISLAND WMA NERR BUFFER AREA , NERR CORE AREA 1. ASHE x,,..M 2. BEET 3. BIG , 4. BOLDERS 5. WARREN Nor th Figure 10. Alternative boundaries would include five (5) islands 9 p in the core area. State-owned bottoms, wetlands and open waters around the islands would comprise the buffer zone. 83 conservation education. SCWMRD also manages Bear Island WMA, the site recommended for the proposed education/visitor center. b. Location of Reserve Headauarters and Education/ Visitor Center Somewhere Other Than Bear Island WMA Other sites, such as the SCDPRT lands on Edisto Beach and Hunting Island and privately owned lands in the reserve's buffer zone, were considered and rejected. SCWMRD owns and operates Bear Island which is easily accessible by road and located in the heart of the ACE Basin. It is large enough for development of the proposed education/visitor center and can accommodate ancillary facilities development, i.e., hiking trails, observation platforms, visitor parking, etc. Also, Bear Island can serve as a demonstration or "staging" area for experimental research and habitat manipulation studies outside the core area. No other area has been identified with resources comparable to the Bear Island site relative to road access, water access, open space and general environmental setting in relationship to the proposed reserve. III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT A. The Reaional Settina 1. PhvsioaraDhic Features The land surrounding the ACE Basin NERR includes portions of Charleston, Colleton and Beaufort counties. The gradient of the mainland topography consists of subtle undulations in the landscape, characteristic of the ridge and bay topography of beach ridge plains. Elevations in this region range from sea level to approximately 125 ft. well inland. The region is drained by three river systems: the Ashepoo, Combahee and South Edisto - thus, the name ACE Basin is derived. All three rivers have significant freshwater discharges, with the Combahee-Salkehatchie forming the southwestern boundary, the Ashepoo bisecting the Basin area and the Edisto forming part of its northern boundary. Because of the low topography, many broad, low gradient interior drains are present as either extensions of the tidal streams and rivers or flooded bays and swales. All surface water in the ACE Basin eventually drains into the lower estuary. The drainage area of the Edisto River is approximately 3,000 square miles. Headwaters of the Edisto's two major tributaries, the North Fork and the South Fork, are 200 river miles from the coast at an elevation of 650 feet. Average discharge of the Edisto River as measured near Givhans is 2,596 cubic feet per second. About 84 114 cubic feet per second a day, above the gaging station near Givhans, is diverted for Charleston's water supply. Records of streamflow in the Edisto River date back to 1931 (South Carolina Water Resources Commission 1972). Stream flow data for the Salkahatchie River, the major tributary of the Combahee River, are recorded near Miley. The headwaters of the Salkehatchie River are 112 river miles from the coast at an elevation of 360 feet. The average discharge of the Salkehatchie River near Miley is 320 cubic feet per second. The Coosawhatchie River has its headwaters 54 river miles from the coast at an elevation of 190 feet. Stream flow data for the Coosawhatchie River are recorded near Hampton. The average discharge as measured at this site is 177 cubic feet per second. The Ashepoo River has its headwaters approximately 60 river miles from the coast at elevations near 80 feet. There are no stream flow records for this river. The combined average freshwater flow from the Combahee and Edisto Rivers is approximately 3,090 cubic feet per second. St. Helena Sound, which the tri-river system empties into, is a drowned river valley/bar-built estuary that is vertically homogenous with lateral variations in salinity. The inlet connecting the open ocean with the estuary has a main ebb channel aligned perpendicular to the coast (class D of Oertel 1977). The ebb-tidal delta of St. Helena is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, changing its geometry in response to fluctuations in littoral sand supply (direction and amount), wave climate, tidal prism, and freshwater discharge (Mathews et al. 1980). The depth of St. Helena Sound is variable, but relatively deep (15-30 feet) except on large banks and flats such as Egg Bank, Pelican Bank, Combahee Bank and Marsh Spit. The mean range of the semi-diurnal tides in St. Helena Sound varies from approximately 7.2 feet at the mouth to about 6.1 feet in the upper reaches. Salinities range from sea strength (32-35 parts per thousand) at the mouth of the sound to fresh water in the upper reaches of the estuary. Diverse estuarine wetlands provide an extensive complex of wildlife and fisheries habitat types in the Basin. The region contains approximately 91,000 acres of tidal marshes. Of this, 65,600 acres are salt marshes, 13,600 acres are brackish marshes and 12,100 acres are freshwater marshes (Aichele 1984, Tiner 1977). Interspersed within the three tidal marsh zones are approximately 26,000 acres of managed wetlands or marsh impoundments. St. Helena Sound comprises approximately 23,870 acres of open coastal marine and estuarine waters. Islands in the Ace Basin region consist of: 1) sea islands, erosion remnants of much older islands with an oceanward fringe of marsh and/or beach dune ridges constructed since the middle Holocene ( < 5,000 yr. ago); 2) sand barrier islands with extensive dune ridges; and 3) marsh islands with widely spaced dune ridges surrounded by marsh. The barrier and marsh islands are Holocene in age, while the sea islands are 85 Pleistocene. All three types which face the ocean have experienced erosion and deposition, while serving as protective barriers for the mainland. Table 6 summarizes physiographic data for select islands in the ACE Basin region. 2. Geology For millions of years this area was probably a part of the ancient continent of Appalachia whose eastern shore may have lain along the outer edge of the present Continental Shelf. It appears that during the Triassic (185 million years ago) the land was shattered by faults, and at the end of the Lower Cretaceous (1 25 million years ago) a continental warping formed the Appalachian Mountains and tilted down the land lying east, south and southwest of that area. With this downward tilting of land, the sea level rose in the present area of our Coastal Plain and possibly reached as far as the present Fall Line. A study of the geologic history of South Carolina's Coastal Plain reveals numerous advances and retreats of the sea during which sediments were deposited and planed off over and over again. The entire Coastal Plain area consists of sedimentary deposits, ranging in age from Upper Cretaceous (65 million years ago) to Recent (2 million years ago), laid on top of ancient rocks such as granites, schists and other crystalline rocks. The numerous changes in sea level were partly due to tilting of the .land and partly to variation of world climate. During a series of "Ice ages' when world climate was much colder than at present, the polar ice caps tied up much of the ocean's water, thus causing a drop in sea level. When the climate gradually became warmer, much of the ice melted and returned to the ocean, causing substantial rises in sea level and inundating tremendous land area (Cooke 1936). Most of South Carolina's Coastal Plain deposits are unconsolidated and are soft or soluble. Therefore, they are more easily eroded than the hard crystalline rocks of the Piedmont region. As streams tumble off the more resistant rocks at the edge of the Piedmont into the softer sediments of the Coastal Plain, a series of rapids or falls is formed, thus the term, 'Fall Line.' The Coastal Plain is divided into five geographic divisions as follows: I1) the marine coastal terraces or "low country," 2) the Aiken Plateau, 3) the High Hills of Santee, 4) the Richland red hills, and 5) the Congaree sand hills. Table 6. Physiographic data and developent status for select barrier. arsh ard mm islarnk in the ACE Basin Region. count o 0 a U~~~~~ ~ ~l .0 A a 04 . UU 0. p.0 .64~ ~~ ~~~ O b0n 3 .. . - 1.3 111o =.and D- .4 a a A a a aaa C~~~~~~~~~~ouIs 0 em. W &4 0 a 0 U a a.6 Di u M I 04 W M* Beaufort St. Helena 6.2- Sound St. Hclena 12.0 2.0 0 20 7.3 1 P S B eaufort 3. CP 21,053 13,125 * private bridge unknovn 6.2- Johnson Creek Hunting 4.1 1.1 4.0 20 7.3 a 11 E Fripp Inlet u p 1,420 270 0 100 1,320 state bridge none 00 Colletom 0 5.9- Jeremy Inlet private Edisto Desch 4.4 1.5 4.0 30 6.9 I H 0 S. Edisto R. Kr 920 464 0 370 50 & atate bridge yet 6.1- S. Edisto R. HSS Pine 1.7 1.0 1.6 10 7.2 H H 8 Fish Creek HF 40 900 0 0 40 private boat none Fish Creek, Jefford Creek 6.2- & St. Helena Otter 2.0 1.2 1.6 10 7.3 H H S Sound Mr 250 2,000 0 0 250 private boat none 87 The coastal zone, as defined in South Carolina's Coastal Zone Management Act of 1977, roughly comprises the same area as the marine coastal terraces. The marine coastal terraces occupy more than two-thirds of the present Coastal Plain. For thousands of years the area of the terraces was a level plain. With the recurrent rising and falling of sea level, deposits were laid down; and during temporary stands of the sea, sand bars were built across mouths of bays. As the sea withdrew, the bars remained to mark the abandoned shoreline. The area between two successive shore lines is treated as a separate terrace, and seven of these terraces have been identified and named in South Carolina's Coastal Plain. They are, from the oldest to the most recent, the Pamlico, Talbot, Penholoway, Wicomico, Sunderland, Coharie and Brandywine. The present shoreline, which forms the seaward boundary of the most recent terrace, has a total length of 1,241 miles, including 281 miles of mainland and 960 miles around islands. From Cape Fear, North Carolina, to South Carolina's Winyah Bay, the coast forms a great arc and is distinguished by miles of fine sand beaches broken by several inlets including Little River Inlet, Murrells Inlet and North Inlet. From Winyah Bay to the Savannah River, the coast line trends to the southwest and is broken by numerous barrier islands, sea islands, bays, inlets and rivers. Mathews et. al. (1980) presents a detailed review of stratigraphy and structural geology of the Coastal Plain. This review includes geophysics, seismicity, historic sea level changes and economic mineral deposits for the region. 3. Soils Within the ACE Basin region, the soils found are Pleistocene and Holocene in age. Soils of the mainland and the sea islands, as well as some of the barrier islands, were laid down during the Pleistocene period at least 25,000 to 35,000 years ago (Hoyt 1968). Other barrier island soils (such as those on Edisto, Hunting, Otter and Pine Islands) are of more recent origin, having been laid down during the recent or Holecene period within the last 4,000 to 5,000 years. Marshland soils are also of Holocene origin (Hoyt 1968). 4. Groundwater Groundwater may well be the most important natural economic resource of the ACE Basin region. Abundant quantities of high quality water are available from various aquifers (Mathews et al. 1980). Information regarding withdrawals, water quality, number of wells, etc. is largely restricted to the deeper aquifers although the shallow or surface aquifers are used extensively. Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the Ocala Group) comprise the Floridian aquifer of southeastern South Carolina. Throughout 88 much of the region the original head was so great that wells were free flowing at the surface. However, extensive use of this aquifer has resulted in a continuous decline in head, with marked cones of depression near major well fields at Savannah, Brunswick and St. Marys, Georgia. Saline water encroachment upon the potable water - producing zones of the Floridian aquifer has been observed just south of the ACE Basin in the Port Royal Sound area. Back et aL. (11970) concluded that present day ocean water is entering this aquifer under Port Royal Sound and is moving towards the cons of depression at Savannah. Aquifers other than the Floridian aquifer are also exploited in the ACE Basin region. Cretaceous age sands (in ascending order, the Middendorf Formation, the Black Creek Formation and the Peedee Formation) serve as the primary artesian aquifers in coastal S.C. (Siple 1975, Spigner et al. 1977, Hayes 1977). The water quality is variable with certain aquifers suitable for municipal drinking and others only for agriculture. 5. Climate The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime subtropical in which winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is long, hot and humid. Major features which control the climate in the region are: Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream) Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High Tropical cyclones Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of October. During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant climate control. On a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the adjacent ocean waters creating warm air at the land surface. By afternoon this warm air rises and is replaced by moist, cooler air from over the ocean. This circulation creates an onshore 'sea breeze'. In most instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles. During the nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the heat gained during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea. Further inland, summer temperatures are several degrees higher than those along the immediate coastline since the sea breeze effect diminishes with landward distance. The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers and thunderstorms. Showers will develop offshore during the day as warm, moist air from the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At night, isolated showers will develop over land. Rainfall, on the average, is highest during the summer months throughout the region. Occasionally, severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold 89 fronts which pass through the region. These severe storms sometimes generate tornadoes or water spouts and can be accompanied by highwinds and hail. Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is 59. Over the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the region. Annual total rainfall varies from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C. to 46.9 inches along the coast. The month with the heaviest rainfall is July (7.1 inches) and the month with the lowest rainfall is November (2.1 inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather systems normally account for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the period from August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum of 22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956. Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees F to an average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees F. Average temperatures along the immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees F cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees F warmer in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland temperature extremes range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees F in the summer to a low of 0 degrees F (1/21/85) in the winter. The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricanes during the hurricane season which lasts from May through November. Tropical cyclones form predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Antilles Islands, while the remainder form offshore, in the Caribbean, or in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the lower South Carolina coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed), 1803 (unnamed), 1911 (unnamed), 1940 (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), 1985 (Bob), and 1989 (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastlines. In recent memory, Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the ACE Basin. In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant climatic impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of drought (1954, 1977, 1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold temperatures (1977, 1983, 1985). Long periods of drought and extensive flooding cause wide fluctuations in the fresh water flow into estuarine systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water temperatures to less than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a significant impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin. 6. Water Qualitv Water quality standards and classifications in the ACE Basin NERR are highly rated by the South Carolina DHEC (1990). Two primary classes apply to these waters: a. Outstandina Recreational or Ecoloaical Resource Waters (ORW): waters which are of exceptional recreational or ecological importance or of unusual value. 90 Such waters may include, but not be limited to: waters in national or state parks or wildlife refuges; waters supporting threatened or endangered species; waters under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act or S.C. Scenic Rivers Act; waters known to be significant nursery areas for commercially important species or known to contain certain significant commercial or public shellfish resources; or waters used for or having significant value for scientific research and study. b. Shellfish Harvestina (SFH): waters approved for the taking of bivalve mollusks, specifically clams, mussels, or oysters for direct marketing or human consumption. Table 7 summarizes the various bodies of water in the ACE Basin area by DHEC classification. Key water sampling stations are located throughout the Basin for monitoring water quality. B. Socio-Economic Features 1. Earvy Historical Develooment At the time of first contact with European explorers, Indians of the coast were in the last Mississippian Period. Indians who inhabited this area, belonged to the Iroquoian, the Muskhogean and the Eastern Siouan tribes (Milling 1969, Rogers 1970) Other tribes included the Timucuans, Guales, Yamassees, Cauboys and Yuchis of South Carolina (Millings 1969, Hudson 1976). Probably no more than 50,000 Indians, living in villages of 50 to 200 individuals, inhabited the coastal plain during the initial period of contact with Europeans. Generally, these Indians shared certain common traits. All had developed a fairly diversified agriculture; they built increasingly substantial dwellings and lived in villages. Although varying widely with specific tribes, their culture was based primarily upon the cultivation of food crops with very important, but secondary, emphasis on hunting (Milling 1969). Although recorded prehistoric occupation spanned more than 100 centuries, coastal Indians developed a subsistence technology that did not appreciably alter their environment. Hunting, agriculture, and limited manufacturing practices have left little or no readily perceptible evidence of prehistoric occupation on the landscape. Pottery, weapon fragments (e.g., arrowheads), and shellmiddens and rings are the most obvious evidence of the Indian's presence in the ACE Basin. The first Europeans to land in South Carolina were presumably the Spanish (Wallace 1951, Rogers 1970). The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were characterized by continuous struggles between the Spanish and English for the contested territory along the South Atlantic coast. Even during nominal peace, there were numerous intrigues with the Indian tribes to encourage turmoil. Spain, realizing that the ever-expanding English settlements along the South Atlantic coast posed a threat to her sovereignty in the area, launched several military 91 Table 7. Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications for the ACE Basin. Waterbodv Counties Class Waterbodv Descriotion (Site-Soecific) Ashepoo River Colleton SFH Salt Water Intrusion to Atlantic Ocean Combahee- Colleton SFH Salt Water Intrusion to St. Helena Sound Salkehatchie Beaufort Coosaw River Beaufort SFH Entire River to St. Helena Sound Dawho River Charleston SFH Entire River from S. Edisto to N. Edisto Edisto River Charleston ORW From U.S. 17 to confluence with the Dawho and S. Edisto Fishing Creek Charleston ORU Entire creek tributary to Dawho River ICWW Charleston SFH From S. Edisto to Dawho River Mosquito Creek Colleton SFH From Bull Cut to S. Edisto New Chehaw River Colleton SFH Entire stream tributary to St. Helena Sound Old Chehaw River Colleton SFH Entire stream to Comfbahee River Sampson Island Colleton ORW Entire Creek to S. Edisto River 92 area, launched several military operations against the interlopers. A major attack was directed at Charleston in 1704 and another at Saint Simons in 1743. Both attacks failed, ultimately leaving the British in firm control of the area north of Florida. 2. Beainnina of Aariculture The early settlers planted mostly subsistence crops, although agricultural experiments with commercial crops were conducted almost from the beginning. Indian trade, especially in deerskins, supplied the major export in the early years. As the Indian trade along the coast dwindled, the emphasis changed first to naval stores obtained from the forests, and then more to indigo and rice. Even as late as the 1720's, the production of pine pitch and tar was more profitable than growing rice (Rogers 1970). By 1718, rice cultivation was extensive in the ACE Basin up to the Santee area. After the mid-eighteenth century, rice and its attendant culture dominated along the major tidewater rivers of S.C. and Georgia. In the SanteeVWinyah area, the insular effects of the waterways allowed a distinct society to develop, at the center of which, until the twentieth century, was the rice plantation (Rogers 1970). The generally confining topography of all South Carolina rice plantations encouraged this type of social development. After the American Revolution, indigo declined in importance. Cotton, the great staple crop of the South, did not become important until the early 1800's. For most of the eighteenth century, rice was the major agricultural enterprise in the Sea Island Coastal Region. During the early period of rice cultivation, fields were located away from the coast. One of the more readily apparent features of the ACE Basin Region today is the extensive system of rice field dikes, canals, and reservoirs still visible adjacent to the coastal rivers (Figure 11). Gradually, cultivation was brought closer to the tidal estuaries. By the end of the eighteenth century, tidal action was used to flood rice fields (Wallace 1951). Rice was successfully grown from the St. Marys River in southern Georgia to the Cape Fear River in North Carolina, with the greatest production centering around the Georgetown/Santee area in South Carolina (Gray 1941). Although the Civil War and its aftermath did not immediately destroy the South Atlantic rice culture, it did speed its final decline. Capital, as well as labor, was scarce and the industry was never able to fully recover. 3. Archaeoloaical and Historic Landmarks Intensive archaeological reconnaissance has been undertaken on relatively few 93 Figure 11. A view of a fully developed tidewater rice plantation of the early nineteenth century (Doar 1936). _;�>SU8f1 00~~~~~r 20 Zs~r 29 1 5 "~Ic 14 is 14 IT OY r� �������29 1~~~��~�U .~~II 28 B Is 171 QU&A 5 94 locations in the ACE Basin. Additional unknown sites probably exist on many of the islands and privately owned plantations. Most site records contained in the files of the State archaeologists have been placed there by interested laymen and are not the products of any scholarly research. Generally, site records contain only brief descriptions or, frequently, no description at all. Much more is known about historic and archaeological sites on land than those located underwater, but additional sites are continually being discovered. Indian occupation began about 10,000 B.C. and produced many sites. The European development of the region also produced innumerable historic sites. Wars have added additional important sites. Table 8 presents some of the more significant sites known in the ACE Basin region. This is not a complete listing but only an example of what is found in the area. A systematic survey of all known and unrecorded sites in the ACE Basin will be undertaken as funding becomes available. 4. Economics The heart of the proposed ACE Basin NERR lies almost entirely within Colleton County, one of the eight counties comprising South Carolina's coastal zone. The Colleton County seat at Walterboro is the most closely tied urban area to the proposed reserve. According to statistics published by the S.C. Division of Research and Statistical Services (1990), the population of the county is around 36,800 or approximately 35 persons per square mile. This represents only about 23% of the total population for the Lowcountry (Beaufort, Jasper and Colleton Counties) and 4% for the entire coastal zone of S.C. In 1988, this area was estimated to have a civilian labor force of 17,590 with a 5.2% unemployment rate. Agriculture, timber production and fishing constitute the bulk of the economic base for the lower ACE Basin. a. Agriculture In 1987, there were 481 farms employing 600 persons in Colleton County. This accounted for about 20% of the total land area (673,024 acres). Leading income- producing crops were soybeans, hay, corn and wheat. In terms of cash receipts from crops, livestock and livestock products, Colleton County ranked 29th in the state (45 counties). Agriculture provides about 3% of the total labor and proprietor's income in this area. b. Forestry As of 1989, 74% (501,274 acres) of the total Colleton County land area was protected forest area. Ownership of this forest land is primarily divided among the forest industry, private corporations, farmers, private landowners and the state. The Table 8. Sites of Archaeological and Historic Significance in the ACE Basin. Names Period National Register/National Honunent Green Pond 18th Century NO Combahee Ferry Prehistoric/Historic NO Heyward Plantation Prehistoric/Historic Unknown Combahee River Prehistoric NO Colleton Co. Courthouse 19th Cen�ury YES Walterboro Library 19th Century YES Old Collteton Co. Jail 19th Century YES Pon Pon Chapel 18th Century YES Issac Hayne Hall & Gave 18th Century YES Jacksonboro Bridge H11storic NO Ashlepoo Trestle Historic NO Ashepoo Unknown NO Maybank Unknown NO Gun Boat Island (Federal Vessel) Civil War Unknown Fenwick (Confederate Fort) Civil War Unknown Ashepoo River (Vessel-Federal Confederate) Civil War Unknown Ashepoo River (Fort Chapman) Civil War Unknown Ashepoo River (Confederate Fort-Unnamed) Civil War Unknown Bear Island Road (Confederate Fort-Unnamed) Civil War Unknown Combahee River (Confederate Fort-Unnamed) Civil War Unknown Combahee River (Confederate Fort-Unnamed) Civil War Unknown Otter Island (Confederate & Federal) Civil War Unknown (Note: Hay possible now be underwater). (Fort-Unnamed) Otter Island (Federal Signal Tower) Civil War Unknown East end Hwy 17 (Confederate Fort causeway Civil War Unknown at Conbahee entrenchments) Fields Pt. (Confederate Fort earthworks Civil War Unknown or fortification) Tar Bluff (Confederate Fort Civil War Unknown earthworks or fortification) Hutchinson Island, Bennetts Point and many other points accessable by water contain both Civil War Camps and picket posts. 96 types of various timber species can be grouped as longleaf-slash, loblolly-shortleaf, oak-pine, oak-hickory, and oak-gum-cypress. The variety of soil conditions within the ACE Basin results in timber producing sites of varying quality. Forest acreage by timber stand includes sawtimber, pole timber (includes pulpwood), sapling-seedling, and non-merchantable stock. Commercial forestry is an important industry within the ACE Basin. There are a number of foresters with the SCFC working in the area as well as consulting and other foresters with private concerns. These foresters assist woodland owners in the Basin in overall woodland management, timber harvesting, tree planting, watershed management, fire protection, wildlife management, insect and tree disease control and other miscellaneous matters related to forest resources. In the area of fire protection, the SCFC has a number of employees, including rangers, wardens, district rangers, etc., who spend a great deal of their time in forest fire prevention within the Basin. The fire prevention program consists of education material for school children as well as planned contacts through individuals, groups, civic clubs and news media. in 1989, the county had 251 wild fires, burning 1335 acres of forest land. This represents less than 1/2 of one percent of the woodland in the ACE Basin. c. Fisheries The marsh/estuarine system of the ACE Basin is extremely valuable as habitat and as spawning and nursery grounds for species of commercial and recreational importance. Commercial fisheries are primarily for Penaeid shrimp, blue crabs, oysters, clams and various species of finfish. The combined commercial fisheries harvest for this system is approximately 1.1 million lbs. annually or about seven percent of the state's total volume of fish and shellfish production. This catch has an annual dockside value of approximately $1.6 million or about six percent of the statewide value going to the commercial fishermen (Table 9). The shrimp fishery is conducted primarily in the lower estuary and adjacent ocean waters. Blue crab pot fishing is confined to the inner estuarine area of the sound and tidal rivers, streams and tributaries. The major portion of shellfish growing areas in this river basin are intertidal and are either under permit for commercial harvesting or designated as State and public grounds. A recent discovery of subtidal clam beds in the Ashepoo River has added significant value to the commercial shellfish production in this area. At present, there is no evidence of over-exploitation of any marine or estuarine resources in this system. Table 9. Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel Value for Products Landed in the ACE Basin. Catches from within the Offshore Landings within the ACE Basin ACE Basin Volume Value Volume Value Shrimp 180,434 $176,042 276,225 $807,779 Crab 337,915 $158,532 77 $35 Clams & Oyster 45,039 $186,473 0 S 0 Inshore Fish 204,835 $156,106 3,762 $2,540 Offshore Fish 0 SO 33,214 $32,060 CD Total 768,222 $677,152 313,277 $842,412 Volume Value Total ALL Areas 16,640,217 S25,563,096 Percent of State Landings: 6.5X 5.9X Docks 9 Vessels 32 Fishermen 104 Prepared by: Fisheries Statistics Program October 1990 98 Saltwater sport fishing, although a popular recreational activity in the area, is not as intensive as in many other marine areas along the S.C. coast. Major sport fishing activities take place in the sound, tidal rivers, and ocean waters adjacent to Edisto Island. For the most part, this consists of small boat fishing for inshore species such as sea trout, drums, flounder and cobia, or near shore trolling for mackerels, jacks and bluefish. Surf and bridge fishing is also popular in the area, as are recreational shrimping, crabbing, and shellfishing. SCWMRD recreational fisheries management programs currently in effect in this area by the SCWMRD include: artificial fishing reef construction; public shellfish areas; assistance in facilities development, such as boat launching ramps; and the administration and enforcement of State regulations pertaining to recreational fisheries. d. Other Marine Uses The Ace Basin is also utilized for recreational boating, swimming and other water sports. Seventeen public boat launching ramps are located in the area east of Walterboro in Colleton County. As is the case with recreational fishing, however, such use of the area is comparatively light. Other than small pleasure craft, navigational usage of the ACE Basin estuary is not intensive. Pleasure craft, commercial barge traffic and fishing vessels are the primary users of the waterways in this area. The ACE Basin has been the location of a number of scientific research investigations over the years. Continuous, ongoing research and monitoring programs in this area are being conducted primarily by the SCWMRD and SCDHEC. Current research activities by the SCWMRD are primarily related to fisheries management, including shellfish studies, shrimp monitoring, estuarine trawl surveys, and an inventory of coastal wetlands in the area. The SCDHEC is primarily engaged in continuous monitoring of water quality and shellfish growing areas. 5. Traditional Land Use - Wildlife Manaaement and Huntina Wildlife management is an important land use practice in the overall ACE Basin region and represents the principal land use activity occurring on upland areas within the proposed reserve. Accounts of hunting during the early to mid 1800's document the rich abundance of game animals associated with extensive tidewater rice plantations and other lands within the region (Elliott 1859). Within the reserve buffer zone, intensive wildlife management currently is practiced on some eight major privately-managed properties as well as the state-owned Bear Island WMA. 99 Historic emphasis relating to hunting together with the evolution of more sophisticated wildlife management techniques largely have been responsible for maintaining the natural character of privately-managed properties. Interest in bobwhite quail management beginning in the 1950's had a positive impact on white- tailed deer populations by providing increased habitat diversity through prescribed burning, timber management and establishment of numerous food plots. Significant cooperation efforts between SCWMRD and private landowners have resulted in innovative programs to effectively manage deer populations and encourage sound stewardship of the deer resource. During the period of mid 1970's through the 1980's wild turkeys have been restocked in appropriate habitats and huntable populations now occur on numerous properties. Mourning doves are an abundant game bird on agricultural lands planted annually in corn, soybeans and various small grains. As previously described in the discussion of estuarine impoundments, considerable emphasis is placed on managing some 3,300 acres of impoundments to provide waterfowl habitat. In order to promote overall wildlife resource stewardship on private lands, SCWMRD provides a comprehensive technical guidance program for both wetland and upland game species. The 12,000 acre Bear Island WMA has been developed to provide management potential for a diversity of wildlife species and consists of a complex of habitats including: managed impoundments 5,400 acres; tidal marshes 5,000 acres, forest lands 1,200 acres and agricultural lands 400 acres. The area provides public hunting opportunities for a variety of game animals including waterfowl, mourning dove, white-tailed deer and small game species. In addition to game species, Bear Island provides important habitat for non-game and endangered species. Other than hunting, wildlife related recreational activities (i.e. birdwatching, photography, and nature study) compatible with habitat management and public hunting programs, also are encouraged. In addition to public hunting opportunities provided on Bear Island WMA, the surrounding creeks, rivers, marshes and open waters of St. Helena Sound provide significant public hunting opportunities for waterfowl and rails. Although estuarine impoundments are the principal habitats used by waterfowl, hunters are afforded opportunities to hunt ducks in public waters when birds fly over tidal wetlands during their normal daily movements. Regularly flooded salt marshes located in both the core and buffer areas of the proposed reserve provide extensive habitat for clapper rails and offer excellent rail hunting opportunities especially during periods of spring tides. 6. Local Activities Affectina the Site There are two activities that may affect the ACE Basin site from an environmental standpoint. These are dredging activities associated with maintenance of the AIWW and nonpoint source pollution (NPS) runoff. 100 a. Dredaina Activities Maintenance dredging of the AIWW has a significant effect on the site not only from the mechanical removal of sediments from the bottom, but also from the creation of disposal areas in adjacent marshes. There are four disposal sites located on Ashe Island in the reserve which are currently being used by-the Corps of Engineers. Permanent easements for future use are also held along the AIWW within the site. This activity is reviewed through the public review process required by federal regulation. b. NPS Runoff Nonpoint source pollution is defined by the Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators as those discharges that are not covered by a site-specific discharge permit. Categories of NPS pollution include agriculture, silviculture, construction, urban runoff, mining, land disposal of solid and hazardous wastes and hydrologic modifications. In an area like the ACE Basin, the most likely potential sources of NPS pollution are agriculture, and to a lesser degree silviculture and hydrologic modifications in the form of impoundments managed for waterfowl and mariculture activities. Agriculture accounts for about 20% of the total land area in Colleton County, and farmers have requested that a high priority be given to establishing a baseline of information on contaminant levels within the system. Runoff from agriculture activities typically contains high levels of suspended sediments, nutrients, pesticides, animal wastes, and other oxygen-demanding substances. Runoff from silviculture activities and impoundments also contains sediments and oxygen-demanding substances and may contain nutrients and pesticides as well. All of these contaminants can degrade water quality, interfere with the biological activities of aquatic organisms, and create long-term ecological imbalances. The degree to which NPS runoff has affected the ACE Basin is unknown at this time. Apparently, it has not been a serious threat to water quality standards based on the present DHEC classifications. However, NPS runoff is an area that needs study in the early stages of characterization. C. Bioloaical Features Detailed narrative treatment is provided for the major ecosystem components in Appendix G. Functional relationships are discussed for 23 ecological systems, subsystems and general community types represented in the ACE Basin NERR. Species lists are provided for plants, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, and fishes in Appendix H. 101 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES A. General Imoacts The overall impact of establishing the ACE Basin NERR would be environmentally beneficial. Social and economic benefits would override any adverse impacts. Designation of the reserve would entail minimal development or physical alteration of present environmental conditions beyond what is proposed for Bear Island in the facilities development plan. Reserve status will give the lower ACE Basin estuary protection beyond what it currently has in the state's coastal management program. The land acquisition strategy, including purchases, donations and easements, will further discourage adverse development in the lower estuary. Traditional uses of the area will not be changed. Hunting, fishing and shellfishing will continue to be administered by SCWMRD and access to the area for recreation and education will be enhanced. B. Soecific Imoacts i. Natural Environment Physical impacts on the natural environment through designation of the ACE Basin NERR would be negligible. Effects of the education and research programs outlined in the management plan would be beneficial in the long-term through a better understanding of estuaries and their management. Also, the research and monitoring program will incorporate studies to determine the optimum amount of use (in terms of varying use patterns and mixes) the area can support. 2. Human Environment a. Scientific and Educational Research and educational activities outlined in the management plan will help to solve coastal zone management issues through a better understanding of estuarine processes. Thus, the proposed ACE Basin NERR is an outstanding investment because of its societal returns in terms of practical application. As our society becomes more aware of and concerned with the need for protecting our environment, we are seeing an ever increasing emphasis on the subject in our schools and universities. To properly carry out our educational responsibilities, these institutions will need quality representative outdoor environmental laboratories for student field trips and research activities. 102 b. Public Access Development of the proposed education/visitor center will serve as a focal point for public access to the reserve. Access points will be enhanced and areas, not otherwise open to the public in the past, will be available for research, education and general public use. For researchers, access to estuarine areas will be available along with support of the ACE Basin NERR. c. State and Federal Acquisition, management and development activities within the ACE Basin NERR will have a short-term fiscal impact on the federal government and a long-term financial impact on the state of South Carolina. The state must make a commitment for the long-term operation of the reserve. Alternate funding sources to supplement the state's share will be investigated. Any state/federal expenditures will be offset by two un-quantifiable benefits:. (1) The creation of an irreplaceable natural laboratory where long-term and short-term studies will be conducted and applied in coastal decision-making. (2) The reserve will be part of a national program which will foster cooperation from scientists, institutions, educators and local, state and federal government. C. Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic ImDacts 1. Tax Revenue Loss Acquisition of property in the reserve may result in an initial loss of tax revenue to Colleton, Beaufort and Charleston counties. According to the 1989 tax records, taxes assessed on the eight islands proposed for acquisition in the reserve core area were $10,566.40. This will be easily offset by gains in the local economy due to tangible and intangible benefits. Positive values are associated with providing facilities for education and training. Direct economic benefits will be derived locally from visiting scientists, educators, organized groups and casual visitors. More wide spread benefits are derived from applied research which addresses major coastal zone management issues. There are also serendipity values of basic research in natural environments such as the ACE Basin NERR (Krutilla 1975). Designation of the research reserve could also enhance property values of adjoining lands. As the amenities of the estuary and coastal wetlands are preserved, adjacent properties may become more valuable and desirable. Also, there are 103 substantial community benefits associated with conservation easements, which are vital components of the overall ACE Basin Project. Easements that restrict development and protect fish and wildlife habitat are likely to increase the market value of adjacent lands. This principle, known as the "betterment theory" has been recognized in the context of federal tax appraisals (Stockford, 1990). 2. Traffic Impacts Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will introduce more people into the reserve. This will result in more vehicles on U.S. 17 and South Carolina Highway 26, more pedestrians on reserve grounds and a probable increase in boat and waterway traffic. Although education and research activities are encouraged, NERR sites are "tourist" type facilities. The number of visitors will be monitored to ensure no damage occurs to the resources being protected. Development of the education/visitor center at Bear Island WMA would initially entail only the reserve staff and researchers. This would involve approximately ten (10) vehicle trips per day during year one increasing to less than twenty (20) during year five. As the program develops and becomes better known, these figures will increase. Special events and other planned activities at the reserve center will produce "pulses" of traffic entering and exiting the facility. D. Relationshin Between the Prooosed Action on the Environment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Lona-Term Productivity The stated purpose of the ACE BASIN NERR is to protect the area in perpetuity so as to guarantee long-term stability of the natural resources for research and education. Traditional uses of these resources will continue under present regulations. However, there will be no short-term or exploitative uses of these resources at the expense of long-term productivity or continued public use. By implication, all short- term uses that would reduce or eliminate long-term productivity will be prevented with the proposed action and intended management. The proposed action of resource protection is consistent with maintaining natural productivity of estuaries and ecosystem processes with little or no work or subsidy by man. Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will serve to maintain, and possibly enhance the ecosystem's long-term productivity. E. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources No irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources have been identified in the assessment or are expected to result from the proposed action. No other adverse, unavoidable environmental impacts are known. No significant construction is 104 anticipated, except for possible education facilities such as an interpretative center, trails, signs, and small upland parking areas at controlled access points. Other than sport and commercial fishing, shellfishing, and game harvesting, no extraction of renewable or nonrenewable resources will occur. Endangered, threatened, and sensitive species and their vital habitats would be protected, as would any known or discovered archeological or historical sites on lands owned by participants in the program. Minor maintenance and energy expenditures would be incurred, as would the expenditure of public funds. These may be regarded as a commitment of economic resources and also as an investment in recreational, educational and environmental amenities for the welfare of present and future generations. F. Possible Conflicts Between the Pronosed Action and the Obiectives of Federal. State. Reaional and Local Land-Use Plans. Policies and Controls For the Areas Concerned No conflicts have been noted in the assessment used to develop the ACE Basin NERR designation. By incorporating existing local, State, and Federal regulatory, land- use, and resource management programs, it is intended that the reserve operation will carefully fit into its natural and institutional environment. V. LIST OF PREPARERS This document was prepared by the following project team at the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department: Michael D. McKenzie, Regional Biologist and Project Manager, MRD Michael B. Prevost, Wildlife Biologist, DWFF Paul A. Sandifer, Director, MRD John V. Miglarese, Assistant Director, MRD Robert H. Dunlap, Marine Biologist, MRD Dwayne Porter, Geographic Information Processing, MRD Emily S. Schroeder, Word Processing, MRD Pat Causby, Word Processing, MRD 105 Many other individuals within SCWMRD contributed information and guidance for the development of this document. Special thanks is due to Joe Hamilton and Sally and Tom Murphy for providing information on wildlife resources and management. Bob Somers, S.C. Land Resources Commission, provided valuable GIS suqppor. Members of the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee were also actively involved in the planning and development of this document. Special acknowledge- ment goes to Linda Lundquist, S.C. Nature Conservancy, Dewey Wise and Hugh Lane, Jr., local landowners in the ACE Basin for their contributions in writing the management plan. Others who had input include: James A. Timmerman, Jr., John Frampton, Stephen Synder, Ann Hale, Coy Johnston, Charles A. Sweat, Jr., Harris Beach, Larry Collins, Dana Beach, Cecil M. Lachicotte, William Hackett, Ed Drane, Keith Kinard, W. Harry Cone, Jr., Peden McLeod, Lynn McCants, Luke Erwin and Jackson Gregory. The following individuals with NOAA made significant contributions to the document: Susan Durden, Regional Manager, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Mgt. Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management VI. LIST OF AGENCIES. ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES OF THE FEIS/DMP. Federal Aaencies Advisory Council of Historic Preservation Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic Division Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service Department of Defense Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard and Federal Highway Administration Environmental Protection Agency, permits Branch, Region IV Federal Energy Regulatory Commission General Services Administration 106 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Conaressional Senator Ernest F. Hollings Senator Strom Thurmond Representative Arthur Ravenel State Distribution Governor Attorney General Archaeology Institute South Carolina Coastal Council South Carolina Department of Archives and History South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism South Carolina Forestry Commission South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commission South Carolina Public Railways Commission South Carolina Public Service Authority South Carolina Public Service Commission South Carolina State Budget & Control Board South Carolina State Development Board South Carolina State Ports Authority South Carolina Water Resources Commission Local Distribution Beaufort Countv Beaufort County Development Commission Beaufort County Joint Planning Commission Beaufort County Administrator Colleton County County Supervisor Mayor, Edisto Beach Mayor, Walterboro Walterboro-Colleton Recreation Commission Lowcountry Council of Governments The Edisto Island Community Association 107 Environmental Interest GrouDs Center for Environmental Education Environmental Defense Fund The Nature Conservancy National Wildlife Federation Sierra Club The Preservation Society of Charleston South Carolina Chamber of Commerce South Carolina Coastal Conservation League South Carolina Environmental Coalition South Carolina Wildlife Federation Libraries Beaufort County Library Charleston County Library Colleton County Library South Carolina State Library ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee Members James A. Timmerman John McMillan T. Dewey Wise Linda Lundquist Coy Johnston Hugh Lane, Jr. Ann Hale Peden McLeod Jackson Gregory Harry Cone Harris L. Beach Cecil Lachicotte Luke Erwin, Jr. Dana Beach Charlie Sweat Keith Kinard J. Lynn McCants William Hackett Larry L. Collins Eugene F. Duncan 108 VII. REFERENCES Adams, D.A. 1963. Factors influencing vascular plant zonation in North Carolina salt marshes. Ecology 44 (3):445-456. Aichele, R. 1984. An addendum to "an inventory of South Carolina's coastal marshes." Publ. S.C. Coast. Counc. Mimeograph Rept. Charleston, S.C. 4 pp. Allen, D.E. and C.A. Thomason. 1989. Fisheries investigations in lakes and streams, District VI. Annu. Prog. Rep. F-32-2, July 1, 1988 to June 30, 1989. S.C. Wildl. and Mar.Res.Dept. Columbia, 50 pp. Anderson, W.D., Jr. 1964. Fishes of some South Carolina coastal plain streams. O.J. Fla. Acad. Sci 27(3): 31-54. Back, W., B.B. Hanshaw, and M. Rubin. 1970. Carbon-14 ages related to occurrences of salt water. J. Hydraul. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 96 (HY11), Proc. pop. 7702: 2325-2336. Baden, F. ill, W. L. Batson, and R. Stalter. 1975. Factors affecting the distribution of vegetation of abandoned rice fields, Georgetown County, South Carolina. Castanae 40 (3):171-184. Bara, M.O. 1976. American alligator investigations. Final study rep. Aug. 1970-Dec. 1975. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept., Columbia. 40 pp. Bayless, J.D. 1968. Survey and classification of the Edisto River and tributaries, South Carolina. S.C. Wildl. and Mar. Resour. Dept. Rep., Columbia. 40 pp. Bearden, C. M. 1965. Elasmobranch fishes of South Carolina. Contri. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 42. Wadmalaw Island, S.C. 22 pp. Bears Bluff Laboratories, Inc. 1964-1969. Unpubl. data. Berg, D.W. and M.G. Essick. 1972. Case study: Hunting Island Beach, South Carolina, pp. 25-41. In: Proceedings seminar on planning and engineering in the coastal zone. June 8-9, 1972. Charleston, S.C. Coastal Plains Cent. Mar. Devl. Serv. Sem. Ser. No. 2. 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Friday, (Eds.) 1984. Research for managing the nation's estuaries: proceedings of a conference in Raleigh, N.C. UNC Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-84-08. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. Laroe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv.Office of Biological Services. FWS/OBS-79/31. 103 pp. Curtis, T.A. 1970. Anadromous fish survey of the Combahee River Watershed. Job completion rep. Project AFS-2-4. July 1, 1969 - June 30, 1970. S.C. Wildl. Mar Resour. Dep., Columbia. 130 pp (Unpubl.) Custer, T.W., R.G. Osborn, and W.F. Stout. 1980. Distribution, species abundance and nesting-site use of the Atlantic Coast colonies of herons and their allies. Auk 97:591-600. Custor, T.W. and R.G. Osborn. 1978. Feeding habitat use by colonially-breeding herons, egrets and ibises in North Carolina. Auk 95: 733-743. Elliott, W. 1859. Carolina sports by land and water. Derby and Jackson. New York, N.Y. 292 pp. Gauthreaux, S.A., J. P. Holt, F. M. Probst, T.A. Beckett, IIIl, and R. N. McFarlane. 1979. Status report - the birds pages 82-87 in: D.M. Forsythe and W.B. Eell, Jr. eds. Proc. First S.C. Endangered Species Symp. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept. and the Citadel. Charleston, S.C. 201 pp. Gray, L.C. 1941. History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860. 2 vols. Peter Smith, New York. 1086 pp. 110 Hayes, M.O. 1977. Development of Kiawah island, South Carolina, pp. 828-847. In: Coastal sediments '77. Fifth symposium of the waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Div. Am Soc.Civ.Eng., New York. Hicks, D.B. 1972. Seasonal distribution and relative abundance of fishes in the channel reaches and shore areas, pp. 193-201. In: Port Royal Sound environmental study. S.C. Water Resour.Comm., Columbia. Hillestad, H.O., J.R. Bozeman, A.S. Johnson, C.W. Berisford, and J.l. Richardson. 1975. The ecology of the Cumberland Island National Seashore, Camden County, Georgia. Ga. Mar. Sci. Cent. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 75-5. Skidaway Island. 299 PP. Hoyt, J.H. 1968. Geology of the Golden Isles and lower Georgia coastal plain, pp. 18-34. In: D.S. Maney, F.C. Marland, and C.B. West, eds. Conference on the Future of the marshlands and sea islands of Georgia. Oct. 13-14, 1968. Ga. Nat. Areas Council and Coastal Area Planning Dev. Comm. Hudson, C. 1976. The southeastern Indians. Univ. Tenn. Press. Knoxville. 573 pp. Johnson, A.S., H. O. Hillestad, S.F. Shanholtzer, and G. F. Shanholtzer. 1974. An ecological survey of the coastal region of Georgia. Natl.Park Serv.Sci.Mongr.Ser. No 3. Washington, D.C. 233 pp. Krutilla, J.V. 1975. The economics of natural environments - studies in the valuation of commodity and amenity resources John Hopkins Univ. Press. Baltimore, MD. 292 pp. Kushlan, J.A. 1976. Wading bird predation in a seasonally fluctuating pond. Auk 93:464-476. Kushlan, J.A. 1981. Resource use strategies of wading birds. Wilson Bull. 93: 145 163. Lauff, G.H. (Ed.). 1967. Estuaries. Publication No. 83, American Assoc. Advanc. Sci., Washington, D.C. 727 pp. Mahood, R.K. 1974. Seatrout of the genus Cynoscion in coastal waters of Georgia. Ga. Dept. Nat. Resour., Game and Fish Div., No. 26. Brunswick. 36pp. Manly, R.J. 1977. Guidelines for interpretive building design. National Audubon Society. Mathews, T.D., F.W. Stapor, Jr., C.R. Richter, et al., eds. 1980. Ecological 111 characterization of the Sea Island coastal region of South Carolina and Georgia. Vol. I: Physical features of the characterization area. U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington,D.C.FWS/OBS-79/40. 212 pp. Mathews, T.D. and M.H. Shealy, Jr. 1978. Hydrography of South Carolina estuaries, with emphasis on the North and South Edisto and Cooper rivers. S.C. Mar. Resour. Centr. Tech. Rep. No. 30-148 pp. Mathews. T.D. and M.H. Shealy, Jr. 1982. A description of the salinity regimes of major South Carolina estuaries. S.C.Mar.Resour.Centr.Tech. Rep. No. 54. 14 pp. Milling, C.J. 1969. Red Carolinians. Univ. S.C. Press, Columbia. 438 pp. (First publ. 1940). Morgan, P.H. 1974. A study of tidelands and impoundments within a three-river delta system - the South Edisto, Ashepoo, and Combahee rivers of South Carolina. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ga., Athens. 92 pp. Murdock, N.A. 1981. Significant wildlife resource areas of South Carolina. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Ashville, N.C. 91 pp. Murphy, S.H. and T.M. Murphy. 1983. Distribution of loggerhead turtle nesting activity in South Carolina by aerial beach survey. Study completion report. E-1, Study U1-A-2 S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept., Columbia. 60. pp. Murphy, T.M. and J.W. Coker. 1978. The status of the bald eagle in South Carolina. Pages 89-93. In. R.R. Odum and L. Landers, eds. Proc. rare and endangered wildl. symp. Ga. Dept. Nat. Resour. Game and Fish Div. Tech. Bull WL4. 184 pp. National Science Foundation. 1978. A pilot program for long-term observations and study of ecosystems of the United States. Report of a second conference on long-term ecological measurements. Woods Hole, MA. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1987. Guidelines for establishing proposed boundaries for National Estuarine Research Reserves. Washington, D.C. 27 pp. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1988. National Estuarine Research Reserve System research plan. Washington, D.C. 27 pp. Nelson, J.B. 1986. The natural communities of South Carolina. S.C. Wildl.and Mar. Resour. Dept., Columbia, 48 pp. Oertel, G.F. 1977. Geomorphic cycles in ebb deltas and related patterns of shore 112 erosion and accretion. J. Sediment. Petrol. 47 (3): 1121-1131. Penfound, W.T. 1952. Southern swamps and marshes. Bot. Rev. 18:413-446. Prevost, M.B. 1987. Management of plant communities for waterfowl in coastal South Carolina. pp. 167-184. In: Whitman, W.R. and W.H. Meredith (eds.) 187. Waterfowl and wetlands symposium. Proceedings of a symposium on waterfowl and wetlands management in the coastal zone of the Atlantic flyway. Delaware Coastal Management Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, Delaware. 522 pp. Purvis, J.C. and H. Landers. 1973. South Carolina hurricanes or a descriptive listing of tropical cyclones that have affected South Carolina. S.C. Disaster Preparedness Agency, Columbia. 52 pp. Rogers, G.C., Jr. 1970. The history of Georgetown County, South Carolina Univ. S.C. Press, Columbia. 565 pp. Sandifer, P.A.., J.V. Miglarese, D. R. Calder, et al. 1980. Ecological characterization of the Sea Island coastal region of South Carolina and Georgia. Vol. III: Biological features of the characterization area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-79/42. 620 pp. Sharitz, R.R. and J.W. Gibbons. 1982. The ecology of southeastern shrub bogs (pocosins) and carolina bays: a community profile. U.S.Fish Wildl. Serv. Div. Bio. Serv., Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-82/04. 93 pp. Shealy, M.H., Jr., J.V. Miglarese and E.B. Joseph. 1974. Bottom fishes of South Carolina estuaries - relative abundance, seasonal distribution and length-frequency relationships. S.C. Mar Resour. Centr. Tech. Rep. No. 6. 189 pp. Shealy, M.H., Jr. 1974. Bottom trawl data from South Carolina estuarine survey cruises 1973. S.C. Mar. Resour. Centr. Data Rep. No. 1. 113 pp. Shealy, M.H., Jr. 1971. Midwater trawl data from South Carolina estuarine survey cruises (North Edisto, South Edisto and Cooper rivers). S.C. Mar. Resour. Centr. Data Rep. No. 2. 64 pp. Siple, G. E. 1975. Ground-water resources of Orangeburg County, South Carolina. S.C. State Dev. Board, Div. Geol. Bull. No. 36. 59 pp. Somers, R. 1990. Pers. commun. South Carolina Land Resour. Comm. 113 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. 1990. Water classifications and standards (regulation 61-68). Office of Environ. Qual. Contr. 36pp. South Carolina Budget and Control Board. 1990. South Carolina statistical abstract 1989. Div. Res. and Statistical Serv., Columbia. 177 pp. South Carolina Water Resources Commission 1972. ACE framework study, Ashley- Combahee-Edisto river basin. Columbia, S.C. 265 pp. Spigner, B.C., K. Stevens, and W.C. Moser. 1977. Report on the groundwater resources of Georgetown and Horry counties, South Carolina. S.C. Water Resources Comm. Rep. No. 129. Columbia, S.C. 52 pp. Stackford, D.C. 1990. Conservation easements. Boston College Environ. Affairs Rev. 17 (4): 823-849. Stalter, R. 1972. The flora of Otter Island, Colleton County, South Carolina. Castanea 37:298-300. Stapor, F. W., Jr. and R.S. Murali. 1978. Computer modeling of littoral and transport (shore-parallel) for coastal South Carolina: a preliminary report. S.C. Sea Grant Tech. Rep. No. 4. Mar. Resour. Centr., Charleston. 79 pp. Stephen, M.F., P.J. Brown, D.M. Fitzgerald, D.K. Hubbard, and M.O. Hayes. 1 975.Beach erosion inventory of Charleston county, South Carolina: a preliminary report. S.C. Sea Grant Tech. Rep. No. 4. Mar. Resour. Centr., Charleston. 79 pp. Tabb, D.C. 1966. The estuary as a habitat for spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, pp. 59-67. In: R.F. Smith, A.H. Swartz, and W.H. Mossman, eds. A symposium on estuarine fisheries. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 3 Washington, D.C. Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1984. Wetlands of the United States: Current status and recent trends. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat Resources. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 59 pp. Tiner, R.W. 1977. An inventory of South Carolina's coastal marshes. S.C. Mar Resour. Centr. Tech. Rep. No. 23. 33pp. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Draft environmental assessment and land protection plan for the proposed ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge. Atlanta, GA. 13 pp. 114 United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Draft regional wetlands concept plan, emergency wetland resources act, Southeast Region. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Atlanta, Ga. 275 pp. Wade, C.W. 1971. Commercial anadromous fishery, Edisto River, South Carolina. Annu. progress rep. Project AFC-4-1. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept., Div. Game Freshwater Fish. Columbia. 79 pp (Unpubl.). Wallace, D.D. 1951. South Carolina - a short history. Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill. 753 pp. - Warner, L. and D. Strouss. 1976. Inventory of the status of the barrier islands of the southeast. Open Space Inst., New York. 300 pp. Whitaker, J.D. 1990. Pers. commun. South Carolina Wildl. and Mar. Res. Dept. White, M.G. 1969. Anadromous fish survey of the Edisto and Coosawhatchie rivers, South Carolina. Job completion rep. Project AFC-2-2. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept., Columbia. 94 pp. (Unpubl.). Wilkinson, P.M. 1984. Nesting ecology of the American alligator in coastal South Carolina. S.C. Wildl. and Mar. Resour. Dept., Study Completion Rep., Columbia. 113 pp. 115 VIII. LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Title A Biogeographic Classification and Typology System B Current NERRS Regulations C ACE Basin Site Selection C.1 Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination C.2 Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce D Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements D.1 Draft Proposed MOU Between NOAA and S.C. D.2 Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD D.3 Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF To SCWMRD D.4 Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region E Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's Coastal Management Program E.1 Documentation that ACE Basin NERR Is Consistent with S.C.'s Coastal Management Program E.2 SCCC Permit Policy E.3 Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject to Management By State Agencies F NERR Research Permit G Ecological Characterization of the ACE Basin NERR H Species Lists Groups Endorsing the ACE Basin NERR J Responses to Written and Oral Comments on the ACE Basin FEIS/DMP APPENDIX A ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN SITE BASED ON NERRS BIOGEOGRAPHIC SCHEME/TYPOLOGY Renresentativeness A. Appendix 1 - Biogeographic Classification Scheme Carolinian - South Atlantic (Santee River to St. John's River) B. Appendix 2 - Typology of National Estuarine Areas Class I - Ecosystem Types Group I - Shorelands A. Maritime Forest - Woodland 3. Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome B. Coast Shrublands 2. Southeast Areas C. Coastal Grasslands 3. Southeast/Gulf: Uniola Group II- Transition Areas A. Coastal Marshes a. Tidal 1. Saltmarsh cordgrass 2. Brackish marshes 3. Freshwater marshes B. Coastal Swamps D. Intertidal Beaches E. Intertidal Mud and Sand and Flats Group III - Submerged Bottoms A. Subtidal HardLottoms B. Subtidal Softbottoms Class II - Physical Characteristics Group I - Geologic A. Basin Type 3. Bay B. Basin Structure 1. Coastal Plains Estuary C. Inlet Type 1. Unrestricted D. Bottom Composition 1. Sand 2. Mud 4. Oyster Shell Group II- Hydrographic A. Circulation 1. Stratified B. Tides 2. Semidiurnal C. Freshwater 1. Surface water b. Groundwater Group III-Chemical A. Salinity 1. Positive Estuary 3. Salinity Zones c. Mixohaline B. PH Regime 2. Circumneutral Value for Research A. Basic Research Topics 1. Interdisciplinary Studies of Estuarine Produc- tivity 2. Marsh Ecology Investigations 3. Long-term Water Quality Studies 4. Nutrient Cycling 5. Characterization of Community Types B. Applied Research and Management Topic 1. Habitat manipulation Studies 2. Habitat Alteration and long-term vs. short-term effects 3. Multiple Use Studies of Impoundments 4. Non-game and Endangered Species Management 5. Traditional Use Studies 6. Shellfish Management and Cultivation Studies 7. Fisheries Use Investigation III. Value For Education A. Instructional area for undergraduate and graduate courses taught at the College of Charleston, U.S.C,, The Citadel, Clemson and S.C. State. B. Proximity to Intermediate and Senior High Schools in the following counties: 1. Collection 2. Beaufort 3. Charleston 4. Jasper 5. Hampton 6. Dorchester 7. Orangeburg 8. Bamberg 9. Berkeley C. Proximity To Urban Centers 1. Walterboro - 32 miles 2. Charleston - 45 miles 3. Beaufort - 46 D. Proximity to Institutions 1. USC (Walterboro & Beaufort) 2. The College of Charleston 3. The S.C. Marine Resources Research Institute 4. The Citadel 5. S.C. State University APPENDIX B Current NERRS Regulations Monday July 23, 1I Part El Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15 CFR Part 921 National Estuarine Reserve Research System Program Regulations; Interim Final Rule _ 29940 Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ADDRESSES: Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch, support-the research mission, not as National Oceanic and Atmospheric Chief; Marine and Estuarine ends in themselves. Consultation by the Administration Management Division; Office of Ocean Secretary with other Federal and state and Coastal Resource Management, agencies to promote use of one or more 15 CFR Part 921 NOS/NOAA; 1825 Connecticut Avenue reserves within the System by such NW.; Suite 714; Washington, DC 20235, agencies when conducting estuarine [Docket No. 70874-01331 (202) 673-5126. research is also a clearly defined goal of FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. the System. The regulations also National Estuarine Reserve Research Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch, (202) 673-5126. emphasize the use of a reserve's natural System Program Regulations SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: resources and ecology to enhance public AGENCY: Office of Ocean and Coastal awareness and understanding of Resource Management (OCRM) I. Authority estuarine areas, and to provide suitable National Ocean Service (NOS), National This notice of interim final rulemaking opportunities for public education and Oceanic and Atmospheric is issued under the authority of section interpretation. This education goal has Administration (NOAA), Department of 315(a) of the Coastal Zone Management been elevated to become one of the Commerce. Act of 1972 as amended, 18 U.S.C. 14a1 essential criteria for designation of a ACTION: Interim final rule. (the Act). The National Estuarine reserve. Reserve Research System has been IV. Revision of the Procedures for SUMMARY: The regulations revise operating under regulations published Selecting, Designating and Operating existing rules for national estuarine June 27, 1984 (49 FR 26510). National Estuarine Research Reserves reserves in accordance with the Coastal II. General Background (A) Revision of Designation Criteria. Zone Management Reauthorization Act of 1985 (title IV, subtitle D, Pub. Li99- On October 28, 1988 (53 FR 43 816) The Coastal Zone Management 272] and recommendations contained in NOAA published proposed regulations Reauthorization Act of 1985 established, 272)the U.S. Department of Commerce for continued implementation of the for the first time, statutory criteria for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Inspector General Report JNo. National Estuarine Reserve Research designating an area as a national F-726f5-010, "Opportunities to System (NERRS) Program pursuant to estuarine research reserve. An area may Strengthen the Administration of the section 315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461. be designated by the Secretary of Estuarine Sanctuary Program." Effective Written comments were accepted until Commerce as a national estuarine with the signing of Public Law 99-272 on December 30, 1988. These comments research reserve if: April 7,1986, the name of the Estuarine have been considered in preparing these (1) the Governor of the coastal state in Sanctuary Program changed to the final regulations. A summary of the which the area is located nominates the area National Estuarine Reserve Research significant changes to the proposed for that designation; and System Program; estuarine sanctuary regulations is presented below. 12) the Secretary finds that: sites are now referred to as national These interim final regulations ( A) the area is a representative estuarine estuarine research reserves. These establish the Program's mission and ecosystem that is suitable for long-term regulations revise the process for goals and revise procedures for research and contributes to the designation of research reserves. selecting, designating and operating biogeographical and typological balance of Greater emphasis is placed on the use of national estuarine research reserves. the System; G~~reats~er emphasis is placed~on the uss~e o(B) the law of the coastal State provides reserves to address national estuarine Ill. Changing the Name and Emphasis of long-term protection for reserve resources to research and management issues, and to the Program ensure a stable environment for research; research purposes through cc rdidense a- stal se enresearch;r research purposes through coordin ation Act and its amendments established the serve to enhance public awareness and with NOAA and other Federal and state National Estuarine Reserve Research understanding of estuarine areas, and agencies which ar e spons oring estuarine System System. The System consists of provide suitable o pportunities for public given to providing financial emphassis tancelso (1) each estuarine sanctuary designated education and interpretation; and given to providing financial assistance prior to April 7, 1986 which is the date of (D) the coastal State in which the area is to states to enhance public awareness enactment of the Coastal Zone located has complied with the requirements and understanding of estuarine areas by Management Reauthorization Act of of any regulations issued by the Secretary to providing opportunities for public implement this section. education and interpretation. The regulations provide new guidance for designated after the Act. The term Some of these criteria for designation e ationsprovide newguidancenew festuarine sanctuary no longer appears in are either new or substantially more delineating reserve boundaries and regulations; the term research reserve or specific than those contained in the procedures for arriving at the most reserve appears in its place. former regulations. For example, under effcitive and least costly appr oach to The Mission Statement for the System these regulations the Governor of a acquisition of land. Clarifications in the is much the same as for the National coastal state must nominate an total amount of financial assistance authorized for each national estuarine Estuarine Sanctuary Program which estuarine area for designation and existed prior to the 1985 amendments, findings are required that the law of the reserve, and criteria for withdrawing the However, the goals for the National coastal state provides long-term designation of a reserve, have also been Estuarine Reserve Research System protection for reserve resources to stress the use of reserve sites for ensure a stable environment for DATES: Effective Date: These.interim promotion and coordination of estuarine research and that designation of the final regulations are effective July 23, research ona national level as the area will serve to enhance public 1990. highest priority and reason for awareness and understanding of Comments: Comments are invited and establishing the System. The protection estuarine areas. The criteria in the will be considered if submitted on or and management of estuarine areas and existing regulations have been revised before September 21, 1990. resources are clearly intended to accordingly. Feder Regster I Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monda-, Iulyr 23, 199 t Rt es and Reguta a Z941 (B) Revision of Site Criteria ond be required to justify the use of fee phase, funds are available for acquiring Procedures. The criteria for selecting an simple acquisition methods and make interest in land, which is the primary estuarine area for designation as a greateruse of non-fee- simple methods to purpose of this award; and for minor national estuar;ne research reserve have conserve expenditure of funds. For eachr construction teg., nature trails and boat been expanded to provide guidance for parcel, both in the core area and the rampsi, preparation of architectural and determining boundanes for the proposed buffer zone, states must determine, with engineering plans and specifications, site. The Office of inspector General appropriate justificatio I} the development of the final management Report NC. F-72M-l4 criticized the mminiman level of controtsl required, (2 plan, and hiring a reserve manager and lack of specific guiehnles for setting the level of existing state control, and {(3) other staffas necessary to implement hmits on boundarmes around estuarne the level of additional state contraolsJ the NOAA approved draft management sanntarres to ensure that wniy land required states must also examine all plan. essential to the mission of the program reasonable alternatives for attaining the The length of time for thls initial be included mside the sanctuary. additional level of control required, phase of acquisition and development References m the exisung regulatons to perform a cost analysis of each, and may be up to three years. After the site ensure that the boundanres encompass rank, in order of cost, the alternative receives Federal deslgnation as a an adequate portion of the key land andt methods of acquisition which were national estuamne research reserve, the water areas of the natural system to considered. The cost-effectiveness state may request additional financial approximate an ecological unit are too assessment must also compare short- assistance to acquire additional vague, particularly since terms are not term and long-term costs. The state shall property interests (e.g., for the buffer defined. The proposed regulations give priority consideration to the least zone), for construction of research and defie key land and water areas as a costy meohod(s) of attaining the interpretive facilities, and for restorative "core area" within the reserve which is minimum level of long-term control activities in accordance with the so vital to the functioning of the required, which is sufficient to meet the approved final management plan estuarnne ecosystem that it must he statutory requirement that te law of The Coastal Zone Management under a level of control sufficient to the coastal state provides long-term Reauthorization Act of 1985 specifies ensure the long-term viability of the protection for reserve resources to that the amount of financial assistance reserve for research on natural ensure a stable environment fbr provided with respect to the acquisiticn processes. The determination of key research. See 1&U.S.C. � I46l(bJJL2JBJ. of land and watrs, or interests therein, land and water areas must be base on (D) FinancialAssistnce wardsfr for any one national estrarine research scientific knowledge of the area. The Site Selection acd Post Site Selection. reserve maynot exceed an amount concept of a "buffer'" zone to protect the The first of five types of awards under equal to 50 per centam of the costs of core area and provide additional the National Estianmne Reserve the lands, waters, and interests therein protection for estuarine-dependent Research System is for site selection or $4,000,00O, whichever amount is less. species has also been defined in the and post-site selection, which includes The amount of Federal financial regulations. The buffer zone may include preparation of a draft management plan assistance provided under the an area necessary for facilities required (inmcluding MOU) and the-collection of regulations for development costs for research and interpretation, and information necessary for preparation of directly associated with major faciVly additmona.y, to accommodate a shift of the eruviron,,entaP impact statement, construction (i.e., other than land tLe core area as a result of biological, The maximum total Federal shareof acquistfion} for any one national etclogical or geomorphological change these awards has been raised to estuarine research reserve must not which reasonably could be expected to $100,000 as described in 9M.10. Ofthis exceed 50 per centum of the coats of occur. States will be required to use amount up to $2S,000 may be used to such construction or $1,500,0o, sclentfic criteria to justify the conduct the site selection process as whichever amount is less. boundaries selected for a proposed site. dcacribed in � 921.1. After NOAA's I (F) FinrcialAssistane Awards fr The information requirements for approval of a proposed site and decision [lOperation and Manage-ment. The NOAA approval of a proposed site to proceed with the designation process, amount of Federal financial assistance under existing regulations were the state may expend (1) up to $40,000 of available to a state to manage the confusing and now have been clarified. this amount to develop the draft reserve and operate programs consistent NOA'has recognized the need to management plan and collect with the mission and goSal of the conduct studies to develop a basic information for preparation of the National Estuarine Reserve Research description of the physical, chemical, environmental impact statement; and (2) System has been raised from $510,00 to and biological characteristics of the site. up, to the remamder of available fund to $70,GO0 for each twelve month period. As a result, states may now be eligible conduct studies to develop a basic Up to ten per cent of the total award for Fed.raI funding of these studies after description of the physical, chemical, (Federal and state] each year may be NOAA approval of a proposed site. and biological characteristics of the site. used for construction-type activities. (C)] Management Panr Development. (E) Financiol AssistnceAwards far (G) Tnancial Assistawnce for Once NOAA approves the proposed site AcquisitcDerelelnemn, andlritil Research. The Coastal Zone and decides to proceed with Moangement, The regulations divide Management Reauthorization Act of designation, the state must develop a eligibility for financial assistance 1985 specifically affects the conduct of draft management plan. The contents of awards for acquisition and developnent the System's research program by the plan, including the memorandum of into two phases. In the initial phase, establishing the requirement for understanding FMOU] between NOAA states are working to meet the criteria developing Estuarine Research and the state, are specified in the required for formalnresearckreaerve Guidelines for the conduct of research regulations. The acquisitiont portion of designation.i.e.. eatablishing adequate within the system and specifying what the plan has been greatly expanded to state control over key land and water these guidelines shall include. The implement recommendations in the areas in accordance with. the draft legislation also requires the Secretary of Office of hnspector General Report No. management plan. and preparing a final. Commerce ta require that NOAA, in F-72-5-10. It is proposed that states management plan. In this predesignation conducting or supporting estuarine 29942 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday, July 23, 1990 | Rules and Regulations research, give priority consideration to interpretive purpose. and techniques for Specific: research that uses reserves in the making available or locating information System, and that NOAA consult with concerning reserve resources, activities, Generac Provisions other Federal and state agencies to or issues);eneralovsons promote use of one or more reserves by (2) Development and presentation of Proposed � 921.1(c)-One reviewer such agencies when conducting curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars, suggested the deletion of the first estuarine research. and other structured programs or sentence of this provision which states, The research guidelines, which are presentations for on-site facility or field "National estuarine research reserves referred to in the regulations, but are not shall be open to the public." This part of them, state that NOAA will use; provide research grants only for (3) Extension/outreach programs; or reviewer noted that in multiple proposals which address research [4] Creative and innovative methods component reserves some components questions and coastal management and technologies for implementing may not be appropriate for general issues that have highest national priority interpretive or educational projects. public access; either because of the as determined by NOAA, in Interpretive and educational projects purpose or emphasis of management at consultation with prominent members of may be oriented to one or more research that site (e.g., research) or due to the the estuarine research community. reserves or the entire System. Those limited interest which the managing One significant addition to the projects which would benefit more than entity has in the component (eg., a regulations is that research awards are one research reserve, and, if practical conservation easement which does not available on a competitive basis to any the entir e National Estuarine Reserve provide for unlimited public access]. coastal state or qualified public or Research System, shall receive priority This reviewer expressed concern that private person, thus making it possible consideration for funding state denial of general public access at for public or private persons, such components of a reserve could be organizations or institutions to compete V. Summary of Significant Comments on challenged on the basis of this provision. with coastal states and coastal state the Proposed Regulations and NOAA's Response: Consistent with the goal of universities for NOAA research funding Responses the National Estuarine Reserve to work in research reserves. NOAA received comments from l Research System to "enhance public Monitoring. The Coastal Zone sources. Reviewers included Federal awarness and understanding of the Management Reauthorization Act of and state agencies, academic estuarine environment and provide 1985 authorizes the award of grants for institutions, and the National Estuarine suitable opportunities for public the purposes of conducting research and Research Reserve Association The education and interpretation," public monitoring. While objectives m comments of the National Estuarine access should be allowed to the greatest estuarine research and estuarine Research Reserve Association (NERRA) extent possible permitted under State monitoring are mutually supportive, are a summary of comments submitted and Federal law within national monitoring is generally designed to to NERRA by most of the managers of the stua rin e research reserves. However, provide information over longer time the existing and proposed national research reserves sall be open to the frames and in a different spatial context. estuarine research reserves. A research reserves s hall be o pen to the Consequently a separate subpart comments received are on file at the public" does not require that all addressing specifically the development Marne and Estuarine Management components of a multi-component and implementation of monitoring Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal reserve or the entire area within the projects has been included m the Resource Management and are boundaries of a single component regulations. available at that office for review upon reserve be open to the general public (I) FminancialAssistance Awards for request. Each of theunconditionally. The last sentence of Interpretation and Education. The by the reviewers has been summarizednsistent with Coastal Zone Management and NOAAs responses are provded resource protection and research Reauuthorizes under the relevant subheadgthobjectives, public access may be Reuhrzto Act oflevant 1905ea~mg in th restricted to certain areas within a the award of grants for the purposes of section. restricted to certain areas w ith a conducting educational and interpretive research reserve." Where unconditional activities. To stimulate the development General. public access is not consistent with which will enhance pubfc awareness an information network among research would interfere with reserve research or thand understanding of estuarine areas, reserves and between research reserves is likely to diminish the value of reserve available on a competitive basi s to any and research and educational groups resources for future research) it must be coastal S tate entity. These funds are and institutions. Twp of these reviewers limited accordingly. Just as cerdain areas prcoastal State envided in addition to any othese funds are noted the absence in the proposed are Identified in reserve management provided in addition to any other funds available to a coastal state under these regulations of a paragraph which had plans as being more or less sensitive to regulations. addressed this subject in the existing public access Impacts in single Categories of potential educational regulations (49 FR 26502, June 27, 1984). component reserves, the same is true of and interpretive projects include: The deleted paragraph concerned the components in multi-component (1) Design, development and development and Federal admnistration reserves. Frequently in management distribution/placement of mterpretve or of a research and education information plans for multi-component reserves one educational media (i e, the development exchange network for the System. or more components will be identified of tangible i tems such as exhibits/ Response: NOAA agrees. The section as those for which the relative displays, publications, posters, signs. referring to information exchange management emphasis will be pubic audio-visuals, computer software, and between NOAA and the Reserves has education and interpretation. Similarly, maps, which have an educational or been reinstated in � 921.1(h) other components are Identified as those Federal Regiter I Vol. 55 No.. 141 J Monday, July 23, UN9 I Rides anif lReguhationa 29942! which. emphasize research arnd resource repreentative a hrimee'asystei tfrok Generally, it Is NOAA's belief that, protection, is suitable for'kmg-erus "March awud given the less-than-perfect state of Proposed if 921.1I(d) and if 921.1I(e)- contri butes to Abe brgoz~idamd knowedKge regarding both the Seven reviewers- commented on these typolqogirirlwa J1m~sm functionmgpof estuarine~ecosystems and provisions. These. comments ranged (emphasis added)- the effects of natural anid anthropogenic from one sentence requresting The primla[Y inlstenatff M1.I(d) and change that manipufation should be clarificationl to approximately six pages �9214(c) is to, restrict and allow carefully limited within estuarine of' commnents, dedicated to these activities iovighbatnautou research reserves. Ontside the context provisions alone.. These commenta also to the degree necoessry to eansur that' of a carefully planned, and peer ranged from expressing concern or reserves are, anid ccrntiWe to beg, reviewed, research or restoration objection regarding the proposed TePresenla"vffeestuar~w0C0*Yaterm- It activityz NOAA beffeves that habi tat limitationts on. habitat manipulation~ to. is this mission, and requiRement of the manipulation for manageenwrt purposes suggesting a more restrictive. approach. statute, that the System goalv of involves, a significant rrsk to the' One reviewer expressed strong 1 921.1(b are- meant to suppoirt. This representative integrity and. character of support for an outright prohibition onm mission, and requirement of the statute, a national estuarine research reserve. habitat manipulation,- whether for is the 1OWmdaffull upon which the Syst~em As a. result, the phrase rin the proposed management or research, except for is built, tMe primary Ieals on which regulations 'habitat manipulation for restoration activities where such estuarine areas arm selected and: resource management purposes" is restoration can avoid Tong-termn adverse designated as reserves, arid the intended to mean habitat management impacts. Another reviewer commiented underlying princtipewMwhichio all ether for the promotion of a particular species extensively on Cai prov~ision. expressing aspects of reserve de'velopmenrt and or habitat, or for some purpose other strong objections to a prohibition on operation must be consistent As' one' than research involving or restoration of habitat manipulation activities. for reviewer stated~ in no case should thie a representative 'natural"' estuarine management purposes. Thlis5 reiewr ecological or rersenative' fitegity of ecosyFstem.. stated that the 'preservation"o a a reserve be' comprised.NO Aacnlegsthtm h habtatreiuirs ativ maageen Habftat manipulatimr axctifies research involves' some degree of involving habitat manipulation. condirefed for a purpose' otherthan CI) mnplto ftersuc~)ad One reviewer requiested clarification restoring the representative rintegrity of mmuaoo h eorea n of the difference betwveen restoration a eev r()etaierwsae hbtf~lwhich are the subject of activities and habitat manipulation for no consstento with stuain resnemch, of study. Irk thin regard,. reserves are not research or management purposes. One no ossetwt hsr~et~ intended to be `cantroY" habitats only, reviewer suggested cniteria for assessing Atheasonatbte orthinrsiftfrr an the' Sytem. and some degree of habitat the degree of -'manipulation' a p rpoe an exentsonabllmitat mon err the nau manipulation is recognized as an research Project may involve. One actdvixtescndute aof habipartma tOf essential aspect of much important reviewer requested clarification of athvte, odce s ato estuatina research.. However. research intent of this provision and how it may enstuare thsatrchei neresstary~ itegit activties conducted within a. reserve apply tot. (1) actions necessary t o ensrectht ofaha e repeetve inrprtecrtey efe should not finvolve manipulative public health, (2) protection of axsn reasonabe ecpios prote ted. zsa~ activities that, because of their naturre or species; and (3) allawance f o reaoal xetost hs extent%, would significantfly impair the restorative activities for historrcal limitations an habitat manipulation "snataral" representative value (i.e., preservation. One reviewer stated that activities are appropriate for reasons, ofreesnaiehrctlofheeeve whatever type of habitat manipulation public health and the protection of other rpeettv hrce ftersre determined allowable by NOAA, day- sensitive resources (e g... endangeredt NQAA also' acknowledges that to-day site management decisions are threatened wildlife and:significant restoration efforts may involve Last madie by the professional staff of historical and cultural resourcesl. etnIfehbttmnplto cach reserve. habitat manipulation is determined to be activities. Many estuarine' areas have One reviewerrequested clarfifcatinm necessary in, such a case. then such undergone' some ecological change as a of the intent of this provision and of the activitues should he' limited so as not to result of human activities (e'g., differences between habitat significantly impact the representative hydrological changes, intentional, manipulation for research, habitat and ecological integrity of the reserve. iunintentionl species composition mniapulation for managPement, and. Contrary to the assertion. of one. changes-introduced and exotic species, habitat mampulation for restoration. reviewer, the intent of designating and etc.)'. Ea those areas designated as This same reviewer stresed the' yrimary managing a research r-eserve is nt ta. national estuarine research reserves, importance of the ecological and . .preserve' that particular habitat in. a such changes may have diminished the representative integrity of a reserve. stasis condition. Estuarine ecosystemsn representative character an3 integrity of Respoi-se.. The mission of the National are naturaLly dyrnamnic habitats, wihii, the site. Where restoration of such Estudrine Reserve Research System, as we have yet to fullly understand, degraded areas is determined necessary stated in 9 921 I(a). "is the NOAA's intent in designating estuaru'ne within this context, such activities must establushinent and, management, throuh areas as national estuarine research. be carefully planned. Much research is Federal-state coopera~tion, of a national reserves is to protect thes representative necessary to determine the 'natural" sy~tem of estuarine. research reserves character of each individual resrve. an representative state of an estuarina area -epresent ativie of the various regiors thereby estabiush a national system of (i~e., an estuarine ecosystem minimally and estuarine types nz the United estuarine areas% representative of the, affected by human activity or influencee, Statles " (ermphaeks added).. The first biogeogr.aphic regorts and estuarine Frequent'ly,. such restoration activities Secretarial finding requiired for types of the Umited States. These provide excellent opportunities. for de'signation of an estuarine area as a representative estuarine research management oriented research. national estuarine reserve under section reserves then provide opportunities. for In response to reviewers requests for 315(h)(2)(A) of the Act, 16 U S C. long-term research,. education, and clarification and consistent with the 1 48 1 (h)2)(A),. is that 'the area is a interpretation, response provided abiove, � 921.1(d)' and 29944 Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 ] Monday, july 23, 1990/ Rules and Regulations � 921.1(e) have been revised and education grant funds; See subparts sentence to include a reference to the appropriately. F, G, H. Site acquisition limits are revised � 921.1(d) and � 921.1(e). Proposed � 921.1()-{1) One reviewer statutory. (1l U.S.C. 1461(e)(3)(A)) recommended that a formula be Funding limits ensure that some established that would "pre-determine funding is available for those types of Proposed �921.2(b)-It was noted that the minimum level [percentage) of funds awards which support most directly the the Secretary of Commerce recently that would be set aside within the total mission and goals of the System (i.e., delegated authority for matters relating [System] budget for specific categories generally, after designation of a reserve, to National Estuarine Research Reserves (Research, Education. Monitoring, the competitive awards). As to the Under Secretary for Oceans and Operation/Management, Acquisition, importantly, funding limits are Atmosphere. and Development)." In addition, this necessary to ensure that available funds Response: NOAA agrees with the same reviewer recommended that the are awarded in a relatively fair and recommended modification and has allocation of acquisition/development proportional manner among national changed references from the Assistant funds should be made on the basis of estuarine research reserves. In the Administrator to the Under Secretary greatest need measured against absence of such limits, one or a few throughout. predetermined criteria. research reserves could receive the bulk Proposed � 921.2(d)-One reviewer Response: NOAA acknowledges that of available funds at the expense of all recommended a modification to the under certain conditions establishment other reserves. These limits prevent second sentence of the definition of of predetermined percentages for such a substantially disproportionate estuary to include-the term measurably allocating funds among programmatic distribution of limited funding. diluted with freshwater rather than categories could provide greater At present, some of the existing minimally diluted. predictability in the distribution of research reserves in the System are Response: NOAA agrees with the Federal funds among reserves. However, approaching the eligibility limits for recommended modification the the advantages of such an approach acquisition and facility development recommended term "minimal" should be depend on a predictability in both the awards, while most have received less the term measurable". The definition level of annual appropriations as well as than 50 per cent, and a number less than he been changed accordingly. major acquisition and development 25 per cent. of the eligibility limits of has been changed accordigly. needs for the Reserve system. The these type of awards-a difference Poposed ta2s.2(ec-Five reviewers . . . . ... . . . . . , . t ..... stated that some confusion has resulted uncertainties in appropriation levels and between these categories of acquisition needs are sufficient enough approximately one to three million in the reversed order of the terms to make an allocation formula among dollars. These differences are justifiable research and reserve ine name of the the six major funding categories on the basis of relative need, reserve System National Estuarine Reserve (research, education, monitoring, size,- property values, construction costs, Research System, and the name of each predesignation, acquisition/ etc. A greater difference in relative individual reserve, national estuarine development, operations) unfeasible. allocation of funds between reserves research reserve. NOAA attaches primary importance would favor disproportionally some Response: NOAA acknowledges that to long term support for the operational reserves and, as a result, be detrimental some confusion has arisen as a result of needs at each reserve as described in to the System as a whole, this difference. However, this is � 921.32 of these regulations, and to Eligibility limits are established for statutory language which only can be fulfilling the research, education and the purposes noted above and not to changed by amending the Act. monitoring objectives of the program. unreasonably restrict a research reserve Section 921.4--Relationship to Other unlimited eligibility for these for the from access to available Federal funds. Provisions of the Coastal Zone awards. On the basis of NOAA's experience in Management Act. (2) Four reviewers expressed concern administering Federal financial or objection to limiting the funding assistance for the System and because It was noted that the existing program eligibility of any one reserve under any of comments from many research regulations describe this section as type of award, particularly operation/ reserves, the eligibility limit for "Relationship to other provisions of the management awards. These reviewer's operation/management awards was Coastal Zone Management Act and to comments ranged from general concern raised to a maximum of $70,000 per site the National Marine Sanctuary to recommending that all funding caps per year. In response to comments on Program". Text describing the be removed from all types of awards. the proposed regulations, the eligibility relationship between the Reserve and These reviewers also stated their limit for major facility construction has Sanctuary Programs was omitted. New general concern regarding a perceived been raised 50 per cent in these final marine sanctuaries and estuarine lack of long term Federal financial regulations (see response under research reserves are being designated commitment to the System. proposed � 921.31 below). in close geographic proximity to one Response: Annual appropriations are Proposed � 921.1(g)-One reviewer another and therefore improved limited, not unlimited. Funding eligibility disagreed with the requirement that land coordination between the two programs limits for each reserve have been already in a protected status can be is warranted. established in regulations only where included within a reserve only if the Response: NOAA agrees. The revision determined appropriate and necessary managing entity commits to long-term of the Section heading and text should for the establishment and on-going non-manipulative management. be adopted and strengthened. The support of the mission and goals of the Response: NOAA believes this omission of this information from the System. These regulations establish requirement is necessary consistent proposed regulations was an oversight. annual eligibility limits for operations with the mission and goals of the The Section heading and text have been ($70,000 per year, per reserve) and System. Essentially this same subject is revised appropriately. program-life limits for site acquisition discussed in the response to comments ($4 million per reserve). Funding on proposed �-921.1(d) and � 921.1[e). In on 921.1General eligibility limits have not been order to clarify the intent of this Proposedf 921.10(a)-Five reviewers established for research, monitoring, provision, NOAA has revised this objected to two or more states which Faierd Registe I 'Vol. 5&, No. 141 f MonamY. JlY 23,, 1S9 / Rules and R kemZJs( share a biogeographic: region being The remaiuiagreviewersecanne Post site selection. la addition. however, Unmited to the development of a Am&aj extensive revisiema to the sabsection to under the new subpart G., NCOAA may reserve, even if it was a multicomponent provide guidance on where habitat provide financial assistance an a reserve with components in each nianipulktoim Would be allowed, competitVe bas.a for each phase of a respective state [e~g., Maryland and Responer, After careful review of this monitoring program. These grant awards Vfrguiia in the Chesapeake Bay , subsection. NOAA dorey not belleve- tiet will be separate from those provided for subregion of the Vulginfa biogeographic the buffer zone comcept should be estuarine research under subpart F. region). These reviewvers specifically deleted or thit substantive revisions are Scin0.3Mngmn ln n objected to the eligibility limit on land appropriate. The ban aprahenvrnetlIctio St.1-ataementPlian acquisition firnding (see I 921.101h and presented is sounm. A critical concept Evfnmtamac aeet J 9,21M20 as it applies, ta any ixdividual and. distinction between th tw rs Developmen reserve, single or multiple component. which may have bees ovelooked is that Proposed �g21.I(a)(7-Three Raquponw NQA& agrees. Same of thie key land andt water areas, (fewe") and a reviewers provided comment on the System's biogeographic subregions are bnffr zone will: likeyraquire! acquisition plan guidance of this represented lay more than one reserve ins signifimantl different leveiw of control subsection. Two, reviewers requested more than one state. Aa a result, In the (amee 192213 (a) (71). la addifion In the additional guidance an what constitutes case of a biogeographic region (see basic principles establised in the "adequate state control" and Appendix 1) shared by-two or more regulations,, NOAA has developed more commente that the requirement to, states, each such state should be eligible detailed boundary giiilence Which, ls assess the coat effectivenessf of control for Federal financial assistance to available to states attempig" to'cOnduct alternatives is excessively burdensome. establish a national estuarine research: the difficult process of boaredaiT The remaining reviewer stated that reserve within theirrespective portion delineation of aproposed sita- hakvingfour million dollars in funds of the shared biogeographic region. Proposed � 92-1-111cJXJ'-One revie-wer available for land acquisition is not Section 92.10a) has been amended to recommended amuending this site consistent with the requirement to reflect this revision. Because of this selection principIe tor include "the conduct an assessment of the cost revision, the phrase whichi begins '7n support of ongoing or planned effectiveness of acquisition alternatives. the case of a multicomponent national management acivities In nearby Response., What constitutes estuarine~ ' "-in J 921.10(a). 1 921.31, estuaries, includngtthose in. the "nadequate State control" is dependent and f 92Z.32(c) is no longer necessary National Estuary Program." on site-speciflo cfrcumastances- and and has been deleted. Response.- NOAA considers requirements. The most efficient use of Proposedf 92L1Oj'b-Two reviewers I921.11(c)(51 to encompass this concern availble acquisition funds can only be commented that NOAA should consider in that the State irrquiredl UP ensure~d thrzouho thW idntifcation of a higher eligibility limit or relative demonstrate how the proposed afte is reasonable cotrzol, or acquisition greater funding for awards to muMt- consistent with existing arid potentWa alternatives and an assessment of their component reserves than to single. land and water uses. Bet% the relative cost and f tmness. This. component reserves. designation. by NOAA ofta reserve does not necessarily mean that fte least Response: NOAA disagrees. Ftinding under the Act and management plans ot pini olr og lentv for the System Is IfinitecL A State elects developed through the N41ional ZsftUthat mustb eslecotien . dollas Iste altrat to establish a multi-component reserve Program of the U.S. EPA are submitted howselecteda t aoe, reasnabecoto or expand a single component reserve to the States fo rt determination o f alterntves, thoull resnble thonrougly with fall knowledge of the Identical consistenicy-under section 3Q7o(1)I ~ lentvssofl etoogl eligibility limitsf an any individual the Coastal Zone Management Act of examined and thir relative coste, reserve, whether single or multiple 17,a id. identified. The development of an component. Establishing separate - 19 mecnded. NAk vnecivewmas th i acquisition plan is an allowable cost fuinding eligibility limits for, or m ecnsuring tan Reserves supp s ort n (Federal as matching share). Four disproportionally funding, advnsuin that Reservaes scport and million dollars, is not "available,, but is multicomnponent reserves would be advancerte maaemeant oasetalvend the eligibility limit for land acquasition likely to have a significant adverse incluaringtoe of pmete Ntonalyestur funds for any one reserve. Regardless of impact on single component reserves, Program~ Therefore, I &.1()5 has the amount. of funading available, fox and, as, a result, the System as a whole. been amended to make more spcfc land acquisition a thorough assessment Further, acquisition and development our intent that the site support estuauine o custo lentvsadtercs funds are limited b~y the Act. mnageoment objectives; effectiveness is necessaryr to ensure responsible and efficient use of Federal section 9.1J1--Site Selection Section 021 10-Post SMt& Selection grant funds. At a minimum the degree of Proposed � 92L1a.(C)( 2-One reviewer Proposed� 921.12(aJ-r'wo reviewers state control must provide adequate recommended that the last sentence be recommended a sepate type of award long term protection to ensure for revised to eliminate reference to "a for monitoririg that wee providelap- reserve resources a stable environrnent nataral system." terrm support for these activities, for research. Respanmar-NOMA agrees that a minor Resp anse:NOAA. agrees. A new Proposed`� 92.1. 15(ffiJ(J- n e revision is necessary to clarify the intent subpart G.-Monitorlnhau been added reviewer stated that NOAA's of this sentence. The sentmnc has been to tire regulations (subparts C anid H of responsibility tv make a consfatency revised in a mamiar consistent with the proposed regultions being determination should be matede clear correspondsn clarifyfingrevisions. tt relettered' as subparts H and I, early in the regulations. I921.1(d) and I 9=[&)J. respectivel~y- and the sectfin numb"r Response.,NOAA agreesf. A rfefreicer Proposedj� 92L-U&N)(-Thres being renumbered accor&Mnlyj. ruitial to I 521.3(by has been added to. this reviewers com-mented an. the concept of funding for basic characterization of the subsection to dlari NIMAAs. "core" and. "buffer" meas or zones. Two physical; geolofgicaL. chemical, and consistency determination, of these reviewers recunmmended biological characteritics of the site will responsibilities early in preparation of deleting the =cncpt oft abuzfferzone. continue to be provided under f 921.12w- the management plan. 29946 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations Section 921.20-General Section 921.30-Designation of National Section 921.32-Operation and Proposed � 921.20-Two reviewers Estuarine Research Reserves Management: Implementation of the requested a clarifying revision to the Proposed �921.30a)-Two reviewers Management Plan last sentence of this subsection; the provided comments on the designation Proposed � 921.32(a-d)-Seven addition of the phrase "to a coastal criteria listed in this subsection. One reviewers objected to the ehgibillty limit state." reviewer recommended a change in on operations and management awards. Response: NOAA agrees and the (a)(4) at variance with the Act. The They noted that the statute contains no section has been revised accordingly. other reviewer recommended an provision for withdrawal of Federal addition to the designation findings to support for continued operation of the Section 921.21(e)-lnitial Acquisltion include a requirement that, in the case reserves. The termination of Federal and Development Awards of a State which contains, in whole or support for the individual sites is viewed Two reviewers provided comment on part, a national estuary program as a lack of Federal commitment to the this section. The first reviewer convened pursuant to section 320 of the long-term maintenance of a -equested clarification that the provision Clean Water Act, suitable consideration representative system of estuarne regarding de-designation of a site has been given to integration of research research and education sites. applies only to properties acquired with and public education programs of the Response: The Reserve Program was Federal funds. The second reviewer estuarine research reserve and the designed and continues to be a State- stated that the provision to compensate national estuary program. It has also Federal partnership. The key to this the Federal government for its share of been noted that the final management partnership is the requirement that the acquisition cost in the event of de- plan as the governing document for NOAA share with the State reserve designation, may be contrary to overall subsequent operations and management program the financial needs associated of the reserve should contain the signed with site designation. land acquisition, coastal protection objectives because deslgnation findings. Subpart (a) of this research, education and operations. the state may have to sell the property section should also be revised to show As discussed previously, appropriate to development interests in order to fully that the Under Secretary is responsible eligibility limits ensure that funding is compensate the Federal interest, for designation of reserves in available for competitive research Response: Regarding the first accordance with the delegation of that education and monitoring awards. If, as comment, NOAA does not believe authority from the Secretary of some reviewers suggested, NOAA additional clarification is necessary. Commerce. removed the annual monetary ceiling for This subsection states specifically that Response: The terms for designation operations and other awards, an these provisions apply to "any real of a National Estuarine Research inequitable and disproportionate property acquired in whole or part with Reserve are set forth in the statute. distribution of the limited funds for the Federal funds ' i '." The second NOAA agrees that research and program could result Annual commenter acknowledges correctly that education programs should be operational eligibility limits in addition these requirements are designed to integrated between the Environmental to ensuring the availability of funds for accomplish the goals of the National Protection Agency's National Estuary competitive projects provide a stability Estuarine Research Reserve System and Program and NOAA's National and even distribution among designated that this provision helps ensure that Estuarine Reserve Research System. and developing reserves. Consequently reserves maintain the standards This effort has already been initiated NOAA is retaining the eligibility limit of established for the system and, If they through a memorandum of $70,000 for operations and management do not, that a percentage of the fair understanding between the programs at per site per year. market value is available to other the National level and is being pursued NOAA concurs with the reviewers' reserves. It should also be noted that at the local level, where appropriate. assertion that the statute does not direct these provisions are not new and have Therefore, NOAA believes it does not the Federal Government to abandon its been in place since the inception of the require restatement in the program support and financial commitment to Reserve program through grant regulations. However, NOAA agrees reserve operations at the conclusion of a directives contained in OMB Circular A- that the management plan should prescribed period of time or when an 102. The provisions in the Reserve contain the findings of designation and arbitrary cumulative funding ceiling for regulations are taken directly from the the regulations should show that the Federal support of operations has been A-102 Circular and apply to all real Under Secretary is responsible for met By imposing a fixed duration-for property acquired in whole or part with designation. The regulations have been Federal support of Reserve operations Federal funds. It should also be noted revised accordingly. OA may undermine its ability to that there are other alternatives aside participate effectively with the Reserve that there are other alternatives aside Section 921.31-Supplemental system to address coastal and estuarine from sale of the property. II the event of Acquisition and Development Awards management issues of national de-designation the state may retain title significance. The previously proposed or transfer title to the Federal Proposed �921.31-Four reviewers three year support per position allocated government. In these instances it is expressed concerns that the eligibility through a $420,000 operations ceiling likely that the resources of the reserve limit of $1,000,000 in Federal financial also established a complex and could continue to be protected. While assistance for facility construction may burdensome administrative process none of these alternatives are not be adequate to meet anticipated which is further complicated when inexpensive they do, as noted by the long term needs and should be allocated among Reserves which have commenter, help ensure that the site increased or eliminated. already received operations support, continues to be managed and Response: NOAA agrees. The and the newly designated sites which maintained in conformance with eligibility limit for facility construction have yet to receive such support. To research reserve goals and objectives. has been increased 50 percent to simplify, streamline and improve $1,500,000. NOAA's effectiveness in support of Federl Register I VoL 55, No. 141 / Moaday July 23, 190= / Rues and Reglatin 29947 Reserve operations the three year with the program goals as specified In on these issues. Therefore. NOAA does restriction and otherrefeanes to � 921L of these regulatins. The five not agree that additionar mechanisms cessation of Federal support for goals described in this section are for dispute resolution are warranted. operations and management at the nearly identical to the criesi proposed Proposed � S921r4e]--Two reviewers reserves have been removed throughout by one conrmnenter, The cemmenter recommended a ninety-day requirement the regulations. added cost-effectivenesa i using for State submittal of an annual report Sacgn 92.X-Boudy Changes, Federal funds as an adtionma criteria instead of sixty days. Amendment& to the Mnagement Plan, which, while net directly stited as a Response: NOAA agrees. Section AndAddition of Multiple-site program goal In the regulations is g92.40[e has been revised accordingly. Compoen-ite implicit in any evaus tiooi e ffiient NOAA also notes that this section management of the total reserve indicates that inadequate annual reports Proposed� 921.33(a)-One reviewer program. will trigger a full scale performance recommended deletion or substantial It is not feasible to establish a evaluation This provision is no longer modification of this subsection to chedliat for any evaluation to needed since f 9213 has been changed recognize the State's right and ability to predetermine what constituhes adequate to provide long term eligibility for appropriately plan and legislate ita legal versus inadequate performsame Each operations support. Evaluations charge-the research reserve. In reserve has very munque administrative consequently will be conducted summary, this reviewer objected to structures, environmental resources, and generly at least every 3 years. The NOAA's approval authority/ corresponding management nee statement has therefore been deleted. requirement for activities discussed in NOAA views the evaluation process to this subsection. The reviewer suggested be a highly collaborative effort with the Section 921.50-General that It should be sufficient if the State State such that the evaluation can boe reviewers provides NOAA an opportunity for used to focus on particu an specific commented on Ntis subsection. Three review and comment on proposed problem areas. Itis not appropriate to reviewers recommended that research changes. attempt to construct a li1tmu test for funded under this subpart be allowed in Response. NOAA disagrees. NOAA is inadequate or adeqnateperfrmance an area larger than the boundaries of responsible forFederal oversight of the which could reasonab anticipate the the research reserve One of these System and each designated research substantial variety of isses that reviewers also recommended that the reserve. As long as a State wishes for a addressed in the evaluation proces eas.ott of the reserve to remain a part of the System NOAA would be stflatity of the reserve approve andtor woP1Td be Fstaahly cnf cizct for all research prior to NOAA funding. One and to retain Federal designation, applying an artificial measure against reviewer expressed concern that funding NOAA will continue to require Federal unique and ste-specific circumstances. approval of changes in that research NOAA agees com eligibility is tied to NOAA approval of a reserve's boundaries and management made rearding participation of other final management plan. General officials in the evaluation process. Sch Response: NOAA agrees that greater officials provide reco m meda ti to fexibility should be provided for the Proposed� g21.4t � 921.41, and NOAA n specific issues i the area in which federally funded research �921.42-Several reviewers evaluation. To ensue tiatlleserve under this subpart may be conducted. recommended clarification of the personnel are directly involved in The regulations have been revised to criteria to be used dri;mg performance selection of the evaluation team, allow research activity in the immediate evaluations. Performance critera should � 921 40(c) has been revised to indicate watershed of the reserve vhile still clearly state what constitutes adequate that NOAA will consult with and requiring the majority of funded or madequate performance. One request recommendations from the activities to be conducted within the comrnenter provided a list of items Reserve on the appropriate non-NOAA boundaries. NOAA also agrees that the suggested for inclusion in an evaluation. participants prior to the evaluation. managing entity of the reserve should Three reviewers made suggestions on The recommendation that the directly indicate approval or the composition of the evaluation team evaluation examine coordination disapproval of proposed research recommending ncnr-Federal and private between the Reserve program and other project. Currently each reserve is individual partlcipation while another coastal research efforts is fully requested to review and assign prianry commenter suggested the regulations consistent with NOAA objectives for the to research projects proposed for the indicate criteria for choosing the evaluation process and is currently reserve. If a reserve does not approve of members of the evaluation team. Finally considered under Reserve program a particular project that information a recommendation was offered that the criteria to "promote Federal, State, should be expressed directly to NOAA. evaluation stress integration of the pubhc and private use of one or more NOAA agrees that its review and Reserve program with other state reserves within the System when such approval of state submitted final coastal/research programs and that the entities conduct estuarine research" management plans should be as regulations provide for other dispute NOAA however, does not agree with the expeditious as possible. However, resolution mechanisms short of comment that other dispute resolution consistent with NOAA's responsibility litigation, mechamsms should be devised short of to ensure that reserve management is Response: The periodic evaluation of litigation in the event of an unfavorable conductedin accordance with the a national estuarine research reserve is evaluation that may lead to withdrawal mission and goals of the System, the central to NOAA's abihlity to ensure that of designahon. The provisions contained need for an approved final management reserve operation and management is in both � 921.41 and i 921.42 provide a plan to qualify for NOAA funded being conducted in a manner fully lengthy and elaborate process for research remains. consistent with program goals and addressing major differences between Section 92,5-Hstuorine Reseorch objectives as defined in section 315 of the NOAA and the Reserve relative t i des e the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, and its suspension of financial assistance or implementing regulations. The criteria withdrawal of designation. This process Proposed �i 9251-Five reviewers for an evaluation corresponds directly is expressly designed to avoid litigation recommended that NOAA provlde, at 29948 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations minimum, a more detailed and specific that properties included within NERR United States based enterprises to description of the Estuarine Research boundaries, particularly the core area, compete with foreign based enterprises Guidelines in the regulations. One will be subject to restricted uses, and in domestic or export markets. reviewer objected to NOAA's role in these uses will be subject to NOAA These rules amend existing establishing the research priorities for approval (e.g., research, construction, procedures for identifying, designating, funding under this subpart. education). Since these properties add and managing national estuarne Response: NOAA disagrees. Section real value to the NERR System, but have research reserves in accordance with 315 of the Act requires NOAA to diminished use for other purposes, they the Coastal Zone Management develop guidelines, not regulations. for should be allowable as state match. Reauthorization Act of 1985. They will the conduct of research within the These reviewers therefore not result in any direct economic or System. A basic description of these recommended elimination of a one-year environmental effects nor will they leed guidelines is provided in both the Act time limit. to any major indirect economic or and the regulations. Including the Response: This provision has been environmental impacts. guidelines themselves, or a more adopted in the past to ensure that lands (B] Regulatory Flexibility Act detailed and specific description of included within the Reserve system are Analysis. A Regulatory Flexibility these guidelines, in the regulations acquired consistent with the purposes Analysis is not required for this would severely limit flexibility m their and objectives of the Resertle system rulemaking. The regulations set forth implementation. NOAA publishes the and, as required by section 315(e)(3}(A) procedures for identifying and guidelines annually in the Federal of the Act, to assure that the state has designating national estuarine research Register and intends to continue to matched the amount of financial reserves, and managing sites once improve these guidelines within the assistance provided by the Federal designated. These rules do not directly relatively comprehensive standards of Government for the acquisition of land affect "small government jurisdictions" the Act. NOAA develops general for a reserve. However, NOAA agrees as defined by Public Law 98-354, the research priorities on an annual basis in that the Imposition of a one-year time Regulatory Flexibility Act, and the rules consultation with the estuarine research limit may not be the most effective or will have no effect on small businesses. and resource management community. appropriate method to achieve this (C Paperwork Reduction Act of 198O. The agency foresees no advantage to purpose. We have therefore eliminated This rule contains collection of including more specificity or detail than this provision from the regulations and information requirements subject to necessary in the Program regulations. instead allow inclusion of land and Public Law 98-511, the Paperwork The financial support provided under submerged lands already in the states' Reduction Act PRA), which have this subpart for Research is possession as state match irrespective already been approved by the Office of administered by NOAA. As a result, of the date obtained by the state. Management and Budget (pproval NOAA, in consultation with prominent However, calculation of the amount Management 06480121nd Public re(apprtioval members of the estuarine research eligible as match for existing state burden for the collections of information community, will continue to determine owned lands will be made by an contained in this rule is estimated to research priorities for this funding. independent appraiser who will average 01 hours per response for consider the value for match purposes of average 2012 hours per response for Subpart G-Interpretation and these lands by calculating the value of management plans and related these lands by calti documentationg 125 hours for Education benefits foregone by the state, in the use documentator, 125 hours for Section 921.69-General of the land, as a result of new performance reports, and 15 hours for restrictions that may be Imposed by annual reports and work plans. These Proposed � 921.0(a)--Two reviewers Reserve designation. estimates include the time for reviewing objected to the requirement that Proposed� 921.71(e)(4)-One instructions, searching existing data interpretive and education projects be reviewer recommended ehmination or sources, gathering and maintaimng the conducted within the research reserve. sumphfication of the matching share data needed, and completing and Response: NOAA did not intend to criteria for research awards, revlewing the collection of information. limit funding under this Subpart to Response: The matching share Send comments regarding this burden activities conducted entirely within the requirement cannot be eliminated estimate or any other aspect of these boundaries of a research reserve, and because it is required by statute. collections of information, including has revised the statement to clarify the However, the matching share critena suggestions for reducing this burden, to intent. has been simplified to be consistent Richard Roberts, Room 1235, Proposed � 921 60ob)-One reviewer with the provisions to � 921 50(a) of Department of Commerce, Washington, suggested NOAA require that all subpart F. DC 20230, and to the Office of applications for interpretation and Information and Regulatory Affairs, education awards be approved by the VI. Other Actions Associated With the Office of Management and Budget, state. Rulemaking Washington, DC 20503. ATI'N- Desk Response: NOAA agrees that (A) Classification Under ELecutive Officer for NOAA. applications under this subpart should Order 12291. NOAA has concluded that (D) Executive Order 12612. These have the support of the state managing these regulations are not major because interimn final rules do not contain entity. The regulations have been they will not result m: policies which have sufficient revised accordingly. (1) An annual effect on the economy Federalism muplicatIons to warrant Section 92171-Aowable Costs of $100 million or more: preparation of a Federalism Assessment (2) A major increase m costs or prices pursuant to Executive Order 12612. Proposed � 921.71(e)(2)-Two for consumers; individual industries; However, the provisions of the rules reviewers objected to a one year time Federal, state, or local government setting forth what a state must do or limit prior to pre-acquislhon being agencies; or geographic regions; or agree to do in order to quahfy for the imposed on the allowability for state (3) Slgmficant adverse effects on various types of Federal financial match of state lands already in a fully- competition, employment, investment, assistance available under the rules protected status. The commenters noted productivlty, innovation or the ability of have been reviewed to ensure that the Federl Rsgiter I Val. 55, No. 141 f Monday July 23, 1990 /Rules and Regurlations 29094~- rules: grant the states the miaximum submnitted program applications that Se admirristrative discretfion possible in the anticipate immediate implementation of Subpart F,-Research administration of the National Estuarine these regulation& Public conmmente --' 921.50 GomraL Reserve Research System policies these interim final reglations a e92151i Estuanine research guidelines. embodied in the qualfficatio irwited and will be considered if 921.5Z Promotion and.coordination of requirements., in forrmilating those submitted on. or before September 21. estuarine research. pohicies.. the NOAA worked with 1990. Sdar Gi-Mandring affected states to develop thewr own Ust of Subjects in IS CER.Part 9o1 92I.60' General. policies with respect to the use of National Estuarine Ressarch Reserve Administrative practice and Subpart H-Interpretation. and Education To the maximum extent possible procedure, Goastal zone, Environmental 9=.7'o C~,ener consistent with the NOAA's impact statements, Grant programs-- 921.71 Categories of'potential interpretive responsibility to ensure that the Natural resourws Reporfti and and educational projects; evaluation objectives of the National Estuarina recordkeeping requbvemente, Research. criteria. tResev Resarhstem Zrovise ofaeen c (Federal Domestic Assistance Catalog Subpart I-General Financial Assistance the Casta Zon Mangeme t Ac areNumber T1A20 National Eatusrine Reserve Provisions obtained, the rules refrain fromU Research Systeml 921.8 Application infiormationm establishing uniform natioana standards. Dated- July iIA TM.O 921.81 Allowable costs. Extemlve consultatione With state VriaICTpe,921 112 Amendments to financial assistance officials and organim-ations have been awards. Tpp held regarding the financial asittc AssrstantAdmuusfatar far O m Seraice. qualifications imposed. Details M i d Coastal Zone Management, Appendix It Fa art 921-4hogeographic> regarding awards of financial assistance For the reasons set farth fu the Caaiication Scheme have been discussed above under the preamhLe~, 15 CFA part 92 is revised to Appendix IL to Fart 1n-TyPology Of heading "REVISION OF THE read as followar National Estuarine Resarch Reserves PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING, Authority: Sec. 315; Public Law 92-583. as DESIGNATING AND OPERATING PART 921-K4ATIONAL ESTUARDWE amended; 88 Stat. 1280(16 U-SC. 14(nJ. NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE RESEARCH SYSTE." RESERVES" and are not repeated here. REGULATIONS Subpart A-General Likewise comments from the statee Sec. J 921. Slission, goals ard general regarding qualifications and responses provisios. and, changes to the regulations regarding Subpart A-General, Cal The mission of the National same were set forth under the heading 9211 Miso~gasadgnrlpoiin. Estuarine Reserve Research System is SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT 9212z Definiitions. the establishment and management.. COMMENTWS ON THAE PROPOSU3 921 3 National Estmanine Reserve Research through Federal-State cooperation, of a REGULATIONS AND NOAA'ry System biogeographic claalfigatmon nt oa ytmoetaiersac RESPONSES. It should be noted that scheme and .naialsteofestuarine research. some of the states commented in 921.4 Relationship to other pmdaiagna of the reserves representative of the various opposition to conditions or language Coastal Zone Management Act. regions an etuaie types in the required by law or by Office of Subpart D-Site soed pdnSelec.tio Un t e Slte Estuarine research Management and Budget Circular A-102. and Management Plan Developmient reserves are established to provide NOAA does not have the discretion to 921.10 ~ opportunities for long-term research. change such language or conditions. 9211 IIsite selection, ()Teducasionan ntheprogramtfor (E) Nation al En virojmnentcrl Policy 921.11 Post site selection cbarThengol out this prsog ram to: Act. NOAA has concluded that 921.13 Management plan and environmenstal carigothimiinaeto publication of these interim final rules impact statement daveloiiwent. ill Enswne a stable environment for does not constitute a major Federal Subpart G-cudi Do~pet "., research through long-term protection of action significantly affecting the quality, Preparation of th 14natm~owuont phn estuarina reserve resources; of the human, environment. Therefore, 921.20 General. (2] Address coastal management an eviromenal ipactstaemen Is 21 1 haial cqusitin an deekqment Issues identified as significant through ano reqirnmed.a imawtsarden s.911Iilaqiito n eeomn coorcdnae estuarine research within not required. aw&~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the System; F)Ad'ninistrative, Procedure Act Subpart D-Reserve Desigmation and (3) Enihanc public awareness and Thes- kntenin final regulations are Subsequent Operation udrtnigo h surn effective Wl'23, 1933. To the extent that u d r t n i g o h surn these regulations relate to grants and 921 30 Designation of National Estuarine environment and provide suitable cooperativ agreemens the 921Research Reserves. opportunities for public education and coprequivearements ts the Adinstatv 31 Supplemental acquisition and interpretation; Procedure Act 5 U.&C. 553 do not apply. 921.32 Operatforr and management. (4) Promote Federal, state;, public and To the extent that any substantive Implementatiou of the'maanagement plan. private use of one or more reserves provision does not involve grants or 922133 Boundary chiangms amendatents, to within the System when such entities cooperative agreements no useful the management plan and addition of conduct estuarine research;, and purpose would be served by delaying multiple-site components. (5) Conduct and coordinate estuarine the effective date for 30 days. No rights Subpart o-pezionnance Evaluation. and research within the Systera, gathering of the participants in this Federal Withidrawal of Designation and making available information program will be adversely effected by 921.40 Evaluation of system performance. necessary for improved understanding immediate implementation. To thea 92141 Suspension of eliibilitylafr mancial and management of estuarine areas. contrary state recipients of financial assistance. (cJ National estuarine research assistance through. this program have 921.42 Withdrawst of designation. reserves shall be open ta the public to 29950 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23r 1990 I Rules and Regulations the extent permitted under State and representative and ecological integrity protection of estuarine resources. The Federal law. Multiple uses are allowed of the reserve. research and monitoring awards provide to the degree compatible with the [e) Under the Act an area may be funds to conduct estuarine research and research reserve's overall purpose as designated as an estuarine reserve only monitoring within the System. The provided in the management plan (see if the area is a representative estuarine educational and interpretive award � 921.13) and consistent with paragraphs ecosystem that is suitable for long-term provides funds to conduct estuarine (a) and (b) of this section. Use levels are research. Many estuarne areas have educational and interpretive activities set by the individual state and analyzed undergone some ecological change as a within the System. in the management plan. The research result of human activities (eg., (g) Lands already in protected status reserve management plan shall describe hydrological changes, intentional/ managed by other Federal agencies, the uses and establish priorities among unintentional species composition state or local governments, or private these uses. The plan shall identify uses changes--introduced and exotic organizations can be included within requiring a state permit, as well as areas species). In those areas proposed or national estuarine research reserves where uses are encouraged or designated as national estuarme only if the managing entity commits to prohibited. Consistent with resource research reserves, such changes may long-term non-manipulative protection and research objectives, have dininished the representative management consistent with paragraphs public access may be restricted to character and integrity of the site. (d) and (e) of this section in the reserve certain areas within a research reserve. Although restoration of degraded areas management plan. Federal lands already (d) Habitat manipulation for research is not a primary purpose of the System, in protected status cannot comprise the purposes is allowed consistent with the such activities may be permitted to key land and water areas of a research following limitations. Manipulative improve the representative character reserve (see � 921.11(c](3]). research activities must be specified in and integrity of a reserve. Restoration (h) To assist the states in carrying out the management plan, be consistent activities must be carefully planned and the Program's goals in an effective with the mission and goals of the approved by NOAA through the Reserve manner, the National Oceanic and program (see paragraphs (a) and (b) of Management Plan. Historical research Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) this section) and the goals and may be necessary to determine the will coordinate a research and objectives of the affected research "natural" representative state of an education information exchange reserve, and be limited in nature and estuarme area (i.e., an estuarine throughout the national estuarne extent to the minimum manipulative ecosystem mmnimally affected by human- research reserve system. As part of this activity necessary to accomplish the activity or influence). Frequently, role, NOAA will ensure that information stated research objective. Manipulative restoration of a degraded estuarine area and ideas from one reserve are made research activities with a significant or will provide an excellent opportunity for available to others in the system. The long-term impact on reserve resources management oriented research. network will enable reserves to require the prior approval of the state (fJ NOAA may provide financial exchange information and research data and the National Oceanic and assistance to coastal states, not to with each other, with universities Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). exceed 50 percent of all actual costs or engaged in estuarine research, and with Manipulative research activities which $4 million whichever amount is less, to Federal and state agencies. NOAA's can reasonably be expected to have a assist in the acquisition of land and objective is a system-wide program of significant adverse impact on the waters, or interests therem. NOAA may research and monitoring capable of estuarine resources and habitat of a provide financial assistance to coastal addressing the management issues that reserve, such that the activities states not to exceed 50 percent of all affect long-term productivity of our themselves or their resulting short- and actual costs for the management and Nation's estuaries. long-term consequences compromise the operation of, and the conduct of representative character and integrity of educational or interpretive activities a reserve, are not allowed. Habitat concerning, national estuarne research (a) Act means the Coastal Zone manipulation for resource management reserves (see subpart I of this part). Management Act of 1972, as amended, purposes is not permitted within NOAA may provide financial assistance 10 U.S.C. 1451 et seq. Section 315 of the nahonal estuarine research reserves, to any coastal state or public or private Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, estabhshes the except as allowed for restoration person, not to exceed 50 percent of all National Estuarine Reserve Research activities consistent with paragraph (e) actual costs, to support research and System. of this section. NOAA may allow an monitoring within a national estuarine (bJ Under Secretary means the Under exception to this prohibition if research reserve. Five types of awards Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere, manipulative activity is necessary for are available under the National U.S. Department of Commerce, or the protection of public health or the Estuarnne Reserve Research System designee. preservation of other sensitie resources Program. The predesignation awards are (c) Coastalstate means a state of the which have been listed or are eligible for site selection, draft management Umnted States, in or bordering on, the for protection under relevant Federal or plan preparation and conduct of basic Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean, the state authority (e.g., threatened/ characterization studhes. Acquisition Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, or endangered species or significant and development awards are intended one or more of the Great Lakes. For the historical or cultural resources). If primarily for acquisithon of interests in purposes of these regulations the term habitat manipulation is determined to be land and construction. The operation also includes Puerto Rico, the Virgin necessary for the protection of public and management award provides funds Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of health or the preservation of sensitive to assist in implementing the research, the Northern Marianas Islands, the resources, then these activities shall be educational, and admimstrative Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, specified in the Reserve Management programs detailed in the research and American Samoa (see 16 U.S.C. Plan and limited to the reasonable reserve management plan and is 1453(4)). alternative which has the least adverse reflective of the joint State-Federal (d) Estuary means that part of a river and shortest term Impact on the partnership in the preservation and or stream or other body of water having Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 29951 unimpaired connection with the open approved coastal zone management million for which each reserve is eligible sea, where the sea water is measurably programs under section 306 of the Act, is for land acquisition. In the case of a diluted with fresh water derived from eligible for an award under the National biogeographic region (see Appendix I to land drainage. The term also includes Estuarine Reserve Research System (see this part) shared by two or more states, estuary-type areas with measurable � 921.2(c)). each state is eligible for Federal freshwater influence and having (b) For purposes of consistency financial assistance to establish a unimpaired connections with the open review by states with a federally national estuarine research reserve sea, and estuary-type areas of the Great approved coastal zone management within their respective portion of the Lakes and their connecting waters. See program, the designation of a national shared biogeographic region. Financial 16 U.S.C. 1453(7)). estuarine research reserve is deemed to assistance application procedures are (e) National Estuarine Research be a Federal activity, which, if directly specified in subpart I of this part Reserve means an area that is a affecting the state's coastal zone, must (b) In developing a research reserve representative estuarine ecosystem be undertaken in a manner consistent to program, a state may choose to develop suitable for long-term research, which the maximum extent practicable with a multiple-site research reserve may include all or the key land and the approved state coastal zone program reflecting a diversity of habitats in a water portion of an estuary, and as provided by section 1456(c)[1) of the single biogeographic region. A multiple- adjacent transitional areas and uplands Act, and implementing regulations at 15 site research reserve also allows the constituting to the extent feasible a CFR part 930, subpart C. In accordance state to develop complementary natural unit, and which is set aside as a with section 1456(c)(1) of the Act and the research and educational programs natural field laboratory to provide long- applicable regulations NOAA will be within the individual components of its term opportunities for research, responsible for certifying that multi-site research reserve. Multiple-site education, and interpretaton on the designation of the reserve is consistent research reserves are treated as one ecological relationships within the area with the State approved coastal zone reserve in terms of financial assistance (see 16 U.S.C. 1453[8)) and meets the management program. The State must and development of an overall requirements of 16 U.S.C. 1461(b). This concur with or object to the certification. management framework and plan. Each includes those areas designated as It is recommended that the lead State individual site of a proposed multiple- national estuarine sanctuaries under agency for reserve designation consult site research reserve shall be evaluated section 315 of the Act prior to the date of at the earliest practicable time, with the both separately under 1 921.11(c) and the enactment of the Coastal Zone appropriate State officials concerning collectively as part of the site selection Management Reauthorization Act of the consistency of the proposed national process. A state may propose to 1985 and each area subsequently estuarne research reserve. estabhsh a multiple-site research designated as a national estuarine (c) The National Estuanne Research reserve at the time of the initial site research reserve. Reserve Program will be administered in selection, or at any point the close coordination with the National � 921.3 National Estuarine Reserve Marne Sanctuary Program (Title m of development or operation of the Research System biogeographic the Marine Protection Research and estuarne research reserve, even after classification scheme and estuarlne Sanctuaries Act, as amended, 16 U.S.C. Federal funding for the single site typologies. 1431-1445), also administered by NOAA. research reserve has expired. If the state typol also administered by NOAA. decides to develop a multiple-site (a) National estuarmne research Title III authorizes the Secretary ofonal estuare research reserve afte reserves are chosen to reflect regional Commerce to designate discrete areas of the initial acquisition and development differences and to include a variety of the marine environment as marine award is made for a single site, the ecosystem types. A biogeographic sanctuaries to protect or restore such roposal is subect to the uirements classification scheme based on regional areas for their conservation, t th variations m the nation's coastal zone recreational, ecological, historical set forth in � 921.33(b). However, a state has been developed. The biogeographic research, educational or esthetic values. may not propose to add one or more classlfication scheme Is used to ensure National marine sanctuaries and sites to an already designated research that the Nahonal Estuarme Reserve estuarine research reserves may not reserve if the operation and Research System includes at least one overlap, though they may be adjacent. management of such research reserve site from each region. The estuarine has been found deficient and typology system is utilized to ensure Subpart 8--Site Selection, Post Site uncorrected or the research conducted is that sites m the System reflect the wide Selection and Management Plan not consistent with the Estuarine range of estuarine types within the Development Research Guidehnes in accordance with Unuted States. the provisions of subparts E and F of (b) The biogeographic classification � 921.10 GeneraL tins part In addition, Federal funds scheme, presented in Appendix I to this (a) A state may apply for Federal acquisition of a multiple-site research part, contains 27 regions. Figure 2 financial assistance for the purpose of reserve remains limited to $4,000,000 graphically depicts the biogeographic site selection, preparation of documents (see � 921.20). The funding for operation regions of the United States. specified in 1 921.13 (draft management of a multiple-site research reserve is (c) The typology system is presented plan and environmental impact limited to $70,000 per year (see n Appendix II to this part. statement (EIS)) and the conduct of � 921.32(c)) and preacquisition funds are research necessary to complete basic linmted to $100,000 per reserve. � 921.4 Relationship to other provisions of characterization studies. The total the Coastal Zone Management Act. Federal share of this group of � 921.11 Site selection. (a) The National Estuarmne Reserve predesignation awards may not exceed (a) A state may use up to $25,000 in Research System is intended to provide $100,000, of which up to $25,000 may be Federal funds to estabhsh and information to state agencies and other used for site selection as described in implement a site selection process entities involved in addressing coastal � 921.11. Federal financial assistance for which is approved by NOAA. management issues. Any coastal state, preacquisition activities under � 921.11 (b) In addition to the requirements set including those that do not have and � 921.12 is subject to the total $4 forth in subpart I of this part, a request 29952 Federal Register / VoL 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations for Federal funds for site selection must those ecological units of a natural being considered for selection as a. contain the following programmatic estuarine system which preserve, for potential national estuarine research information: research purposes, a fi range of reserve. Afer the local government(s) (1] A description of the proposed site significant physical, chemical and and affected landowner(s) have been selection process and how it will be biological factors contributing to the contacted, at least one public meeting implemented in conformance with the diversity of fauna, flora and natural shall be held in the area of the proposed biogeographic classification scheme and processes occurring within e estuary. site. Notice of such a meeting, including typology (� 821.3); The determination of which land and the time, place, and relevant subject (21 An identification of the site water areas are "key" to a particular matter, shall be announced by the state selection agency and the potential reserve must be based on specific through the area's principal news media management agency; and scientific knowledge ofthe area. A basic at least 15 days prior to the date of the (3) A description of how public principle to follow when deciding upon meeting and by NOAA in the Federal participation will be incorporated into key land and water areas is that they Register. the process (see I 921.11(d)). should encompass-resources (e) A state request for NOAA (c) As part of the site selection representative of the totaE ecosystem, approval of a proposed site (or sites in process, the state and NOAA shall and which if compromised could the case of a multi-site reserve] must evaluate and select the final site(s). endanger the research obiectves of the contain a description of the proposed NOAA has final authority in approving reserve. The term "buffer zone" refers tt site in relationship to each of the site such sites. Site selection shall be guided an area adjacentto o sounrdng key selection principles ( 921.11(c)) and the by the following principles: land and water areas and essential to following information: (1) The site's contribution to the their integrity. Buffer zones protect the [1) An analysis of the proposed site biogeographical and typological balance core area and provide additional based on the biogeographical scheme/ of the National Estuarine Reserve protection for estuarine-dependent typology discussed in � 921.3and set Research System. NOAA will give species, including those that are rare or forth in appendices r and II to this part; priority consideration to proposals to endangered. When determined establish reserves in biogeographic appropriate by the state and approved A description of the proposed site regions or subregions that are not by NOAA, the buffer zone may also and its major resources, including represented in the system (see the include an area necessary forfaciities location, proposed boundaries, and biogeographic classification scheme and required for research and interpretation adjacent land uses. Maps, including typology set forth in � 921.3 and Additionally, buffer zones should be aerial photographs, are required; appendices I and 11 to this part); established sufficient to accommodate a (3) A description of the public (2) The site's ecological shift of the core area as a result of participation process used by the state characteristics, including its biological biological, ecological or to solicit the views of interested parties, productivity, diversity of flora and geomorphological change which a summary of comments, and, if fauna, and capacity to attract a broad reasonably could be expected to occur. interstate issues are involved, range of research and educational National estuarine research reserves documentation that the Governor(s) of interests. The proposed site must be a may include existing Federal or state the other affected state(s) has been representative estuarine ecosystem and lands already in a protected status contacted. Copies of all correspondence, should, to the maximum extent possible, where mutual benefit can be enhanced. including contact letters to all affected be an estuarine ecosystem minimally However, NOAA will not approve a site landowner must be appended; affected by human activity or influence for potential national estuarine research (4) A list of all sites considered and a (see 1 921.1(e)); reserve status that is dependent brief statement of the basis for not (3] Assurance that the site's primarily upon the incusion of currently selecting the non-preferred sites; and boundaries encompass an adequate protected Federal lands in order to meet (5} A nomination of the proposed portion of the key land and water areas the requirements for research reserve site(s) for designation as a National of the natural system to approximate an status (such as key land and water Estuarine Research Reserve by the ecological unit and to ensure effective areas). Such lands generally will be Governor of the coastal state in which conservation. Boundary size will vary included within a research reserve to the area is located. greatly depending on the nature of the serve as a buffer or for other ancillary 921.12 Post site selection. ecosystem. Research reserve boundaries purposes;t 92.con. must encor pass the area within which (4) The site's suitability for long-terur (a) At the time of the state's request adequate control has or will be estuarine research, including ecological forNOAA approval of a proposed site, established by the managing entity over factors and proximity to existing the state may submit a request for up to human activities occurring within the research facilities and educational $40,000 of the total $100,000 allowed for reserve. Generally, reserve boundaries institutions- predesignation funds to develop the will encompass two areas: key land and (5] The site's compatibility with draft management plan and for the water areas for "core area" and a existing and potential land and water collection of the information necessary buffer zone. Key land and water areas uses in contiguous areas as well as for preparation of the environmental and a buffer zone will likely require approved coastal and estuarine impact statement At this time, the state significantly different levels of control management plans; and may also submit a request for the (see � 921.13(a)(7)). The term "key land (6) The site's importance to education remainder of the predesignation funds and water areas" refers to that core area and interpretive efforts, consistent with for research necessary to complete a within the reserve that is so vital to the the need for continued protection of the basic characterization of the physical functioning of the estuarine ecosystem natural system, chemical and biological characteristics that it must be under a level of control (d) Early in the site selection process of the site approved by NOAA. The sufficient to ensure the long-tdrm the state must seek the views of affected state's request for these post site viability of the reserve for research on landowners; local governments, other selection finds must be accompanied by natural processes. Key land and water state and Federal agencies and other the information specified in subpart I of areas, which comprise the core area, are parties who are interested in thearea(s) this part and, for draft management plan Federal Register i Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations 29953 development and environmental impact establishing adequate long-term state state shall give priority consideration to statement information collection, the control over these areas sufficient to the least costly method(s) of attaining following programmatic information: provide protection for reserve resources the minimum level of long-term control (1) A draft management plan outline to ensure a stable environment for required. Generally, with the possible (see � 921.13(a) below); and research. This plan must include an exception of buffer areas required for (2) An outline of a draft memorandum identification of ownership within the support facilities, the level of control(s) of understanding (MOU) between the proposed research reserve boundaries, required for buffer areas will be state and NOAA detailing the Federal- including land already in the public considerably less than that required for state role in research reserve domain: the method(s) of acquisition key land and water areas. This management during the initial period of which the state proposes to use- acquisition plan, after receiving the Federal funding and expressing the acquisition [including less-than-fee approval of NOAA, shall serve as a state's long-term commitment to operate simple options) to establish adequate guide for negotiations with landowners. and manage the national estuarmnne long-term state control; an estimate of A final boundary for the reserve shall be research reserve. the fair market value of any property delineated as a part of the final (b) The state is eligible to use the interest-which is proposed for management plan; funds referenced in � 921.12(a) after the acqmsition; a schedule estimating the (8) A resource protection plan proposed site is approved by NOAA time required to complete the process of detailing applicable authorities, under the terms of � 921.11. establishing adequate state control of including allowable uses, uses requiring � 921.13 Management plan and the proposed research reserve; and a a permit and permit requirements, any environmental Impact statement discussion of any anticipated problems, restrictions on use of the research development In selecting a preferred method(s) for reserve, and a strategy for research (a) After NOAA approves the state's establishing adequate state control over reserve surveillance and enforcement of proposed site, the state may request to areas withm the proposed boundaries of such use restrictions, including use additional predesignation funds for the reserve, the state shall perform the appropriate government enforcement draft management plan development following steps for each parcel agencies; and the collection of information determined to be part of the key land (9) If applicable, a restoration plan necessary for the preparation by NOAA and water areas (control over which is describing those portions of the site that of the environmental impact statement. necessary to protect the integrity of the may require habitat modification to The state shall develop a draft reserve for research purposes), and for restore natural conditions; management plan, including an MOU. those parcels required for research and (10) A proposed memorandum of The plan will set out in detail: interpretive support facilities or buffer understanding (MOU) between the state (1) Research reserve goals and purposes: and NOAA regarding the Federal-state objectives, management issues, and (i) Determine, with appropriate relationship during the establishment strategies or actions for meeting the justification, the minimum level of and development of the national goals and objectives; control(s) required (e.g., management estuarinne research reserve, and (2) An administrative section agreement, regulation, less-than-fee expressing a long-term commitment by including staff roles in administration, simple property interest (e.g., the state to maintain and manage the research, education/interpretation, and conservation easement), fee simple research reserve in accordance with surveillance and enforcement; property acquisition, or a combination section 315 of the Act 18 U.S.C. 1461, (3) A research plan, including a of these approaches; and applicable regulations. In monitornng design; fil) Identify the level of existing state conjunction with the MOU and where (4) An education/interpretive plan; control(s); possible under state law, the state will (5) A plan for pubhc access to the (iil) Identify the level of additional consider taking appropriate research reserve; state control(s), if any, necessary to administrative or legislative action to (6) A construction plan, including a meet the minimnum requirements ensure the long-term protection and proposed construction schedule, general identified m (a)(7)(l); of this section; operation of the national estuarine descriptions of proposed developments (Iv] Examine all reasonable research reserve. The MOU shall be and preliminary drawings, if alternatives for attaining the level of signed prior to research reserve appropriate. Information should be control identified in (a)(7)[(ii] of this designation. If other MOUs are provided for proposed minor section. and perform a cost analysis of necessary (such as with a Federal construction projects m sufficient detail each: and agency or another state agency), drafts to allow these projects to begin m the (v) Rank, in order of cost, the methods of such MOUs also must be included in initial phase of acquisition and (including acquisition) identified in the plan; and development. If a visitor center, paragraph (a](7)(iv) of this section. (11) If the state has a federally research center or any other facilities An assessment of the relative cost- approved coastal zone management are proposed for construction or effectiveness of control alternatives program, documentation that the renovation at the site, or restorative shall include a reasonable estimate of proposed national estuarine research activities which require significant both short-term costs (eg., acquisition of reserve is consistent to the maximum construction are planned. a detailed property interests, regulatory program extent practicable with that program. construction plan including preliminary development including associated See � 921.4(b) and � 921.30(b). cost estimates and architectural enforcement costs, negotiation, (b) Regarding the preparation of an drawings must be prepared as a part of adjudication, etc.) and long-term costs environmental impact statement (EIS) the final management plan; and (eg., monitoring, enforcement, under the National Environmental P6hlcy (7) An acquisition plan identifying the adjudication, management and Act on a national estuarine research ecologically key land and water areas of coordination). In selecting a preferred reserve proposal, the state shall provide the research reserve, ranking these method(s) for establishing adequate all necessary information to NOAA areas according to their relative state control over each parcel examined concerning the socioeconomic and importance, and including a strategy for under the process described above, the environmental unpacts associated with 299S Fedral Regaste / VoL 55. No. I41 / Monday, July 23, 19 / Rles and Regulations implementing the draft management funds may be used in accordance with that the construction activity will not be plan and feasible alternatives to the the final management plan to construct detrimental to the environment. plan. Based an this information, NOAA research and educational faclities, (d] Except as specifically provided in will prepare the draft ElS. complete any remaining land paragraphs (aJ through (c} of this (c) Early in the development of the acquistEm, and for restorative activties section, construction projects, to be draft management plan and the draft identified in the final management plan. fundedin whole or in part under an EIS, the state shall hold a meeting in the In any case, the amount of Federal acquisition and development award(s), area or areas most affected to solicit financial assistance provided to a may not be initiated until the research public and government comments on the coastal state with respect to the reserve receives formal designation (see significant issues related to the acquisition of lands and waters, or � 921.30). This requirement has been proposed action. NOAA will publish a interests therein, for any one national adopted to ensure that substantial notice of the meeting in the Federal estuarine research reserve may not progress in establishing adequate state Register 15 days prior to the meeting. exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of control over key land and waters areas The state shall be responsible for the costs of the lands, waters, and has been made and that a final publishing a similar notice m the local interests therein or $4.000o,ooo management plan is completed before media. whichever amount is less. The amount major sums are spent on construction. (d) NOAA will publish a Federal ofFederal assistance for development Once substantial progress in Register notice of intent to prepare a and construction activities is $1,500,000. establishing adequate state control/ draft EIS. After the draft ElS is prepared acquisition has been made, as defined and filed with the Environmental � 921.21 Initial acqusition and by the state in the management plan, Protection Agency (EPA), a Notice of development awards. other activities guided by the final Availability of the DEIS will appear in (a) Assistance is provided to aid the management plan may begin with the Federal Register. Not less than 30 recipient in: NOAA's approval days after publication of the notice, (1) Acquiring a fee simple or less- (e) For any real property acquired in NOAA will hold at least one public than-fee simple real property interest in whole or part with Federal funds for the hearing in the area or areas most land and water areas to be included in research reserve the state shall execute affected by the proposed national the research reserve boundaries (see suitable title documents to include estuarine research reserve. The hearing � 921.13(a)(7); � 9213(t d3; substantially the following provisions, will be held no sooner than 15 days after (2) Minor construction, as prvided in or otherwise append the following appropriate notice of the meeting has paragraphs (b) and (c) of this sectionr provisions in a manner acceptable under been given in the principal news media (3) Preparing the final management applicable state law to the official land and in the Federal Register by NOAA plan; and record(s): and the state, respectively. After a 45- (4) Up to the point of research reserve (1) Title to the property conveyed by day comment period, a final EIS will be designation, initial management costs, this deed shall vest in the [recipient of prepared by NOAA. eg., for implementing the NOAA the award granted pursuant to section Subpart C-Acquisition, Development, approved draft managementplan, 315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461 or other and Preparation of the Final preparing the final management plan, NOAA approved state agency] subject Mar.agement Plan hiring a reserve manager and other staff to the condition that the designation of as necessary and for other management- the [name of National Estuarine � 921.20 General related activities. Applicaton Reserve] is not withdrawn and the The acquisltion and development procedures are specified in subpart I of property remains part of the federally period is separated into two major this part. designated [name of National Estuarine phases. After NOAA approval of the (b] The expenditure of Federal and Research Reserve]. site, draft management plan and draft state funds on major construction ([2 In the event that the property is no MOU, and completion of the final EIS, a activities is not allowed during the longer included as part of the research state is eligible for an initia! acquisition inihtial acquisition and development reserve, or If the designation of the and development award(s). in this initial phase. The preparation of architectural research reserve of which it is part is phase, the state should work to meet the and engineenng plans, including withdrawn, then NOAA or Its successor criteria required for formal research specifications, for any proposed agency, after full and reasonable reserve designation; e.g, establishing construction, or for proposed restorative consultation with the State, may adequate state control over the key land activities, is permitted. In addition, exercise the following rights regarding and water areas as specified in the draft mmor construction activities, consistent the disposition of the property. management plan and preparing the with paragraph (c) of this section also (i) The recipient may retain title after final management plan. These are allowed. The NOAA-approved draft paying the Federal Government an requirements are specified in � 921.30. management plan must, however, amount computed by applying the Minor construction in accordance with include a construction plan and a public Federal percentage of participation in the draft management plan may also be access plan before any award funds can the cost of the onginal project to the conducted during this mitial phase. The be spent on construction activities. current fair market value of the Initial acquisition and development (c) Only minor construction activities property; phase is expected to last no longer than that aid in implementing portions of the (ii) If the recipient does not elect to three years. If necessary, a longer time management plan (such as boat ramps retain title, the Federal Government may period may be negotiated between the and nature trails) are permitted during either direct the recipient to sell the state and NOAA. After research reserve the initial acquisition and development property and pay the Federal designation, a state is eligible for a phase. No more than five (5) percent of Government an amount computed by supplemental acquisition and the initial acquition and development applying the Federal percentage of development award(s) in accordance award may be expended oan such participation in the cost of the orisinal with i� 21.31. In this post-designation facilities. NOAA must make a specific project to the proceeds from the sale acquisition and development phase, determination, based on the final EIS. (after deducting actual and reasonable Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 29951 selling and repair or renovation in the management plan, are under state may request a supplemental expenses, if any, from the sale adequate state control sufficient to acquisition and/or development proceeds), or direct the recipient to provide long-term protection for reserve award(s) for acquiring additional transfer title to the Federal Government. resources and to ensure a stable property interests identified in the If directed to transfer title to the Federal environment for research: management plan as necessary to Government, the recipient shall be (4) Designation of the area asaa enhance long-term protection of the area entitled to compensation computed by reserve will serve to enhance public for research and education, for facility applying the recipient's percentage of awareness and understanding of construction, for restorative activities participation in the cost of the original estuarine areas. and provide suitable identified in the approved management project to the current fair market value opportunities for pubhlc education and plan, and for administrative purposes. of the property; interpretation; The amount of Federal financial (iii) Fair market value of the property (5) A final management plan has been assistance provided for supplemental must be determined by an independent approved by NOAA and contains the development costs directly associated appraiser and certified by a responsible signed copy of the designation findings: with facility construction other than official of the state, as provided by (6) An MOU has been signed between land acquisition (i.e., major construction Department of Commerce Regulations in the state and NOAA ensuring a long- activities) for any one national estuarine 15 CFR part 24, and Uniform Relocation term commitment by the state to the research reserve may not exceed Assistance and Real Property effective operation and implementation $1,500,000 and must be matched by the Acquisition for Federal and Federally of the national estuarine research state on a 50/50 basis. Supplemental assisted programs in 15 CFR part 11. reserve: and acquisition awards for the acquisition of ([f) Upon instruction by NOAA. (7) The coastal state in which the area lands or waters, or interests therein, for provisions analogous to those of is located has complied with the any one National Estuarine Reserve may � 921.21(e) shall be included in the requirements of these regulations. not exceed an amount equal to 50 per documentation underlying less-than-fee- (b) NOAA will determine whether the centum of the cost of the lands, waters, simple interests acquired in whole or designation of a national estuarine and interests therein or $4,000,000 part with Federal funds. research reserve in a state with a whichever amount is less. In the case of (g) Federal funds or non-Federal federally approved coastal zone a biogeographic region (see Appendix I matching share funds shall not be spent management program directly affects to this part) shared by two or more to acquire a real property interest in the coastal zone. If the designation is states, each state is eligible for Federal which the State will own the land found to directly affect the coastal zone, financial assistance to establish a concurrently with another entity unless NOAA will make a consistency national estuarine research reserve the property interest has been identified determination pursuant to section within their respective portion of the as a part of an acquisition strategy 307(c)(1) of the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1458, and shared biogeographic region. pursuant to � 921.13(7) which has been 15 CFR part 930, subpart C. See Apphcation procedures are specified in approved by NOAA prior to the i 921.4(b). The results of this subpart I of this part. Land acquisition effective date of these regulations. consistency determination will be must follow the procedures specified in (h) Prior to submitting the final published in the Federal Register when a 921.13(a)[7), 3 921.21 (e) and (f and management plan to NOAA for review notice of designation is published. See � 92181. and approval the state shall hold a � 921.30(c). public meeting to receive comment on (c) NOAA will cause a notice of � 921.32 Operation and management: the plan in the area affected by the designation of a national estuarine Implementatlon of the management plan. estuarine research reserve. NOAA will research reserve to be placed in the (a) After the national estuarine publish a notice of the meeting in the Federal Register. The state shall be research reserve is formally designated, Federal Register. The state shall be responsible for having a similar notice the state is eligible to receive Federal responsible for having a similar notice published in the local media. funds to assist the state in the operation pubhshed in the local media. (d] The term "state control" in and management of the research I 921.30(a)(3) does not necessarily reserve. The purpose of this Federally Subpart D-Reserve Designation and require that key land and water areas be funded operation and management Subsequent Operation owned by the state in fee simple. phase is to implement the approved final 921 Designation of National Acquisition of less-than-fee-simple management plan and to take the earch Reser stua interests (eg., conservation easements) necessary steps to ensure the continued and utilization of existing State effective operation of the research (a) The Under Secretary may regulatory measures are encouraged reserve. designate an area as a national where the state can demonstrate that estuarine research reserve pursuant to these interests and measures assure (b) State operation and management section 315 of the Act if based on adequate long-tem State control of national estuarine research reserves adequate long-term State control shall be consistent with the mssion, and written findings the state has met the consistent with the purposes of the shall b e onsis the goals, of the Naion, and following requirements: research reserve (see also I 921.13(a)7); s hall further the goals, of the National (1) The Governor of the coastal state 92121g)) Should the state later elect Estuarine Research Reserve System (see in which the area is located has to purchase an interest in such lands 1921.1). nominated the area for designation as a using NOAA funds, adequate (c) Federal funds of up to $70,000 per national estuarine research reserve; justification as to the need for such year, to be matched by the state on a (2) The area is a representative acquisition must be provided to NOAA. 50/50 basis, are available for the estuarine ecosystem that is suitable for operation and management of the long-term research and contributes to �921.31 Supplemental acquisition and national estuarine research reserve, the biogeographical and typological development awards including the establishment and balance of the System; After national estuarine research operation of a basic environmental (3) Key land and water areas of the reserve designation, and as specified in monitoring program. In the case of a proposed research reserve, as identified the approved management plan, the biogeographic region (see appendix I to 295B FmlsrFan Ra w I V l. 55. NM 21 M0onday, MY 21. 29W lj s" XOmhAtd this part) shared by two or more states, accordance with section a 92.13 anm performance evations If other each state is eligible for Federal shal include an dministativt experts are t be includedia the fmiancial assistance to establsh a framework for the nmtiplite research eua onti, NOAA will fi ask the national estuarine research reserve reserve and a descripioaofthe sate to remnend ppropiate within their respective portion of the complementary research ans individual to serve In that capacity. shared btogeographic region (see educational program wth e d) P erformancs evauations will be s21.10). research reserve, I NOAA detenmines conducted ha maccadance with the [d) Operation and management funds based on the scope of the project and procedural and pubic participation are subject to the following limitations: the Issues associatecwit the additi pravisions of the CZMA regulations on (1) No more than $70,000 in Federal site, that an environmental assesment review of performance at 15 CFR part funds may hbe expended In a twelve is sufficient to establish a multiple-sMe 9 ({i.a, I 928.3(b) and � 28.4j. month award period (Le, Federal funds research reserve, then the state shall Co M ensure effective Federal for operation and anagement may not develop a revised management plan versight of each research reserve be expended at a rate greater than which, concerning the addtional within the National Estuarine Reserve $70,OO0 per year)- component. ncorporates each of the Research System the state is required to (2] No more than ten percent of the elements described in � s91.ia). The submit an annual report on operation total amount (state and Federal shares) revised management plan shel address and management of the research reserve of each operation and management goals and objectives for all components during be imediately preceding state award may be used for construction- of the multi-site research reserve a nd fiscal year. This annual report must be type activities (Le., $14,00 maximum the additional component's relaionship submitted within a ninety day period per year). to the original site(s). following the end of the state fiscal year. � 9213M BoundWy g d spart E-perforM C EvUtgRs The report shaf detail program to the aunageamat pLm, and addition at successes and accomplishments, mulple.et compomnts and Wthdr of D t referencing the research reserve (a) Changes in research reserve � 921.40 Evaluation of system management plan and. as appropriate, boundaries and major changes to the performance. the work plan for the previous year. A final management plan, including state (a) Following designation of a national work plan, detailing the projects and laws or regrdations promulgated estuarine research reserve pursuant to activities to be undertaken over the specifically for the research reserve, � 921.30, periodic performance coming year to meet the goals and may be made only after written evaluations shall be conducted obfectivea of the research reserve as approval by NOAA. If determined to be concerning the operation and described In the management plan and necessary, NOAA may require public management of each national estuazine the state's role in ongoing research notice, including notice in the Federal research reserve, including the research reserve programs shall also be fIncuded Register and an opportunity for public and monitoring being conductedwithin � 92t en g comment. Changes in the boundaries of the reserve and education and fntan cald asebbo the research reserve involving the interpretive activities. Evaluatons may acquisition of properties not listed in the assess performance in all aspects of [a) f a performance evaluation under management plan or final EIS require research reserve operation ad � 921.40 reveal etha the operation and public notice and the opportunity for management or may be [iIted In scope. management of the research reserve is comment; in certain cases, an focusing on selected issues of deficient or that the research being environmental assessment and possibly, importance. Performane evaluations i conducted within the reserve Is not an environmental Impact statement, assessing research reserve opnsistent with the Estuarine Research may be required Where public notice is and management may also examine Guidelines referenced in subpart F of required, NOAA will place a notice in whether a research reserve is i this part the eligibility of the research the Federal Register of any proposed compliance with the requirements of reserve for Federal financial assistance changes in research reserve boundaries these regulations, particularly whether. as described in these regulations may be or proposed major changes to the final (1) The operation and management of suspended until the deficiency or management plan. The state shall be the research reserve is consistent with inconsistency is remedied. responsible for publishing an equivalent and furthers the mission and goals of the (b) NOAA will provide the state with notice in the local media. See also National Estuarine Reserve Research a written notice of the deficiency or requirements of 1 921.4(b) and System (sea 8921.1); and inconsistency. This notice will explain � 921.13(a)(11). (2Z A basis continues to exist to the finding, assess the Federal role in ab) As discussed in I 92o0(b), a state support any one or more of the findings contributing to the problem, propose a may choose to develop a multiple-site made under � 921.30(a. solution or solutions, provide a schedule national estuarine research reserve after (b) Generally, performance willbe by which the state should remedy the the initial acquisition and development evaluated at least every three years. deficiency or inconsistency, and state award for a single site has been made. More frequent evaluations may be whether thestatews eligibihty for Federal Public notice of the proposed addition scheduled as determined to be financial assistance has been suspended will be placed by NQAA in the Federal necessary by NOAA. in whole or par In this notice the state Register. The state shall be responsble (c) Performance evahlations wil ha shall also be advised that it may for publishing an equivalent notice in conducted by Federal ofEfcias. When comment on this finding and meet with the local media An opportunity for determined to be necessary, Federal and NOAA officials to discuss the results of comment, in addition to the preparation non-Federal experts in naral resource the performance evaluation and seek to of either an environmental assessment management, estuarine research, remedy the deficiency or inconsistency. or environmental impact statement on interpretation or other aspects of (c) Eligibility of a research reserve for the proposal, will also be required. An national estuarme research reserve financial assistance under these environmental impact statement, if operation and management may hbe regulations shall be restored upon required, shall be prepared in requested by NOAA to participate in written notice by NOAA to the state Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 29957 that the deficiency or inconsistency has � 921.21(e) regarding the disposition of to any other funds available to a coastal been remedied. real property acquired in whole or part state under the Act. Federal research (d) If, after a reasonable time, a state with Federal funds shall be followed. funds provided under this subpart must does not remedy a deficiency in the (f] NOAA may not withdraw be matched equally by the recipient, operation and management of a national designation of a national estuarine consistent with � 921.81(e)(4) estuarine research reserve which has research reserve if the performance ("allowable costs"]. been identified pursuant to a evaluation reveals that the deficiencies performance evaluation under in management of the site are a result of � 921.51 Estarneresearch guidelines. � 921.40(a), such outstanding deficiency inadequate Federal financial support. (a) Research within the National shall be considered a basis for Estuarine Reserve Research System withdrawal of designation (see � 921 42). Subpart F-Research shall be conducted m a manner consistent with Estuarine Research � 921A2 Withdrawal of designation. �921.50 General. Guidelmines developed by NOAA. (a) Designation of an estuarine area (a) To stimulate high quality research (b) A summary of the Estuarine as a national estuarine research reserve within designated national estuarme Research Guidelmes is pubhshed m the may be withdrawn if a performance research reserves, NOAA may provide Research Guidelies is a part of thed in the evaluation conducted pursuant to financial support for research which is of available funds discussed in � 921.40 reveals that: consistent with the Estuanne Research of available funds discussed in (1) The basis for any one or more of Guidelines referenced in � 921.51. The Estuarine Research Guide921.50(c. the findings made under � 921.30(a) m Research awards may be awarded are reviewed annually by NOAA. This designating the research reserve no under this subpart to only those review will iclude an opportumty for longer exists; designated research reserves with reew wll nclude an opportunity for (2) A substantial portion of the approved final management plans withe estuarie research research conducted within the research the following exception: NOAA may commumty. reserve, over a period of years, has not award research awards under this � 921.52 Promotion and coordination of been consistent with the Estuarine subpart to reserves without final estuarine research. Research Guidelines referenced in management plans that have been (a) NOAA will promote and subpart F of this part; or designated prior to the effective date of coordinate the use of the National (3) A state, after a reasonable time, these regulations; in the absence of an Estuarine Reserve Research System for has not remedied a deficiency m the approved final management plan, research purposes. operation and management of a however these reserves will be eligible (b) NOAA will, in conducting or research reserve identified pursuant to for research awards during only the first supporting estuarine research other than an earlier performance evaluation two years after the effective date of that authorized under section 315 of the conducted under � 921.40. these regulations. Although this research Act, give priority consideration to lb) If a basis is found under may be conducted within the immediate research that uses the National � 921.42(a) for withdrawal of watershed of the research reserve, the Estuarine Reserve Research System. designation. NOAA will provide the majority of research activities of any (c) NOAA will consult with other state with a written notice of this single research project funded under this Federal and state agencies to promote finding. This notice will explain the subpart must be conducted within use of one or more research reserves basis for the finding, propose a solution reserve boundaries. Research funds are wlthm the National Estuarine Reserve or solutions and provide a schedule by primarily used to support management- Research System when such agencies which the state should correct the related research that will enhance conduct estuarine research. deficiency. In this notice, the state shall scientific understanding of the research also be advised that it may comment on reserve ecosystem, provide information Subpart G-Monitoring the finding and meet with NOAA needed by reserve managers and coastal officials to discuss the finding and seek management decision-makers, and � 921.60 General. to correct the deficiency. improve public awareness and (a) To provide a systematic basis for (c) If, within a reasonable period of understanding of estuarine ecosystems developing a high quahty estuarine time, the deficiency is not corrected in a and estuarine management issues. resource and ecosystem information manner acceptable to NOAA, a notice Research projects may be oriented to base for national estuarine research of intent to withdraw designation, with specific research reserves; however, reserves and, as a result, for the System, an opportunity for comment, will be research projects that would benefit NOAA may provide financial support placed m the Federal Register. more than one research reserve in the for momntoring programs. Monitoring (d) The state shall be provided the National Estuarine Reserve Research funds are used to support three major opportunity for an informal hearing System are encouraged. phases of a monitoring program; studies before the Under Secretary to consider [b] Federal research funds under this necessary for comprehensive site NOAA's finding of deficiency and intent subpart are not intended as a source of description/characterization, to withdraw designation, as well as the continuous funding for a particular development of a site profile, and state's comments on and response to project over time. Research funds may implementation of a monitoring NOAA's written notice pursuant to be used to support start-up costs for program. � 921.42(b) and Federal Register notice long-term projects if an applicant can (b) Monitoring funds are available on pursuant to � 921.42(c). identify an alternative source of long- a competitive basis to the state agency (e) Within 30 days after the informal term research support. responsible for reserve management or hearing, the Under Secretary shall issue (c) Research funds are available on a qualified public or private person or a written decision regarding the competitive basis to any coastal state or entity designated by the Reserve. designation status of the national qualified public or private person. A However, if the applicant is other than estuarnne research reserve. If a decision notice of available funds will be the managing entity of a reserve is made to withdraw research reserve published in the Federal Register. research (coastal state), that applicant designation, the procedures specified in Research funds are provided in addition must submit as a part of the application 29958 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monday, July 23, 199g I Rules arid eguIations a letter from the reserve manager recipient, consistenr with � 9ZI.g(e)(4) public or private person may apply for indicating formal support of the ("allowable costs"). Federal financial assistance awards for application by the managing entity of estuarine research or monitoring. The the reserve. Monitoring awards will be I 921.71 Cat ndoreus of potentali annomcement ofopportmuities to made an the basis of a five-year ereti nd educalt pI 5 conduct research in the reserve system evaluation criteria. performance period; and with initial fo r interpree or appears on an annual basis in the funding for a twelve (12] month period; [a) Proposals for interpretive or Federal Register. If a state is and with annual supplemental funding ao proects ill be consideed participating in the national Coastal contingent on performance and under the following categories Zone Management Program, the appropriations under the Act. (1) Design, development and applicant for an award under section Monitoring funds are provided in distribution/placement of interpretive or 315 of the Act shall notfy the state addition to any other funds available to educational media (i.e., the development coastal management agency regarding a coastal state under the Act. Federal of tangible items, such as exhibitat the application. monitoring funds must be matched displays, publications, posters, signs, Cb An original and two copies of the equally by the recipient, consistent with audio/visuals, computer software and formal application must be submitted at � 921.81(e)(4) ("allowable costs"). maps which have an educational or least 120 working days prior to the (c} Monitonng projects funded under interpretive purpose; and techniques for proposed begnning of the project to the this Subpart must focus on the resources making available or locating information following address: Office of Ocean and within the boundaries of the research concerning research reserve resources, Coastal Resource Management. reserve and must be consistent vnth the activities, or issues); National Ocean Service, National applicable sections of the Estuanne (2) Development and presentation of Oceamc and Atmospheric Research Guidelnes referenced in curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars, Administration Universal Building � 921.51. Portions of the project may and other structured programs or South 1825 Connecticut Avenue. NW, occur within the immediate watershed presentations for facility or field use: Suite 714 Washington. DC 20235. The of the Reserve beyond the site (3) Extension/outreach programs; or Application for Federal Assistance boundaries. However, the monitoring (4) Creative and innovative methods Standard Form 424 (Non-construction proposal must demonstrate why this is and technologies for implementing Program) constitutes the farmal necessary for the success of the project. interpretive or educational projects. applicaton for site selection, post-site Subpart ntrprtato and (b) Interpretive and educational selection, operation and management, Subpart 1--Interpretation and projects may be oriented to one or more research, and education and interpretive Education research reserves or to the entire award The Application for Federal � 921.70 GeneraL system. Those projects which would Financeal Assistance Standard Form 424 (a) To stimulate the development of directl benefit more than one research [Construction Program) constitutes the innovative or creatie i nterpretive and reserve, and if practicable, the entire formal application for land acquisition eddcati onal projects and materals N ationa est al risreie p Reseich and development awards. The e nhance public awareness and System, shall receive priority applicationmust be accompanied by the understanding of estuarine areas, c Proposals for intermation requred in subpart B NOAA may fund interpretive and. Ccaooals et n (predesignation) of this part, subpart C educational ativities. Interpretive and educational proje cts in national of this part and s 921.31 (acquisition and educational awards may be awarded estuarine research reserves will be development), and � 921.32 (operation der thica s evaluated in accordance with criteria and management) as applicable. degnathised researchose listed belowth Applications for development awards apprdesinaed research reserves th -11 Educational or interpretive meritsh for construction projects, or restorative pproved final management plans with 2) Relevance or importance to reserve activities involving construction, must the following exception: NOAA may management or coastal decisionsking; inciude award research awards under this Edu taincal quality de All a preli minary engineering report. s ubpa rt to reserves without final A 3ldeel aonf att e A applications must contain back up management plans that h ave beensoundness ofapproach, experience data for budget estimates (Federal and designated prior to the effecdve d ate ofd to methodol ogie s] non-Federal shares), and evidence that these regulations; in the absenc e of an Importance to the National the application complies with the approve d final management plan Estuarine Reserve Research System Executive Order 12372, however thes e reserves wil be eligible sttutional "Intevernmental Review of Federal for research a wards during only the first Capabilities eg, reasonableness of Programs." In addition, applications for budget, sufficiency of logishcal support); acquisition and development awards two years after the effective date of aand development awards these regulations. must contain: e(b) Educationaanineptiefds (6) In addition in the case of long-1) State Historic reservation Office (b) Educational and interpretive funds term projects, the ability of the state or are available on a competitive basis t he grant recipient to support the project comments, any coastal state entity. However, if the beyond this initial funding. (2] Written approval from NOAA of applicant is other than the managing the draft management plan for initial entity of a research reserve, that Subpart I-General Financial acquisition and development award(s); applicant must submit as a part of the Assistance Provisions and application a letter from the reserve (3) A preliminary engineering report manager indicating formal support of the � 921.80 Application Information, for construction projects, or restorative pplication by the managing entity of (a) Only a coastal state may apply for activities involving construction. the reserve. These funds are provided in Federal financial assistance awards for addition to any other funds available to preacquisition, acquisition and 921.81 Allowable cost a coastal state under the Act. Federal development. operation and (a) Allowable costs will be interpretation and educational funds management, and education and determined in accordance with must be matched equally by the interpretation. Any coastal state or applicable OMB Circulars and guidance Federal Register | Vol. 55. No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 29959 for Federal financial assistance, the determining the value of the benefits 10. West Florida (FL Jefferson to Cedar financial assistance agreement, these foregone by the state, in the use of the Key). regulations, and other Department of land, as a result of new restrictions that LouIsianian Commerce and NOAA directives. The may be imposed by Reserve designation. 11. Panhandle Coast (Cedar Key to Mobile term "costs" applies to both the Federal The appraisal of the benefits foregone Bay). and non-Federal shares. must be made by an independent 12. Mississlppi Delta (Moblde Bay to (b) Costs clamed as charges to the appraiser in accordance with Federal Galveston). award must be reasonable, beneficial appraisal standards pursuant to 15 CFR 13. Western Gulf (Galveston to Mexican and necessary for the proper and part 24 and 15 CFR part 11. A state may border). efficient administration of the financial initially use as match land valued at Calfornian assistance award and must be incurred greater than the Fedcral share of the during the award period. acquisition and development award. 14 Southern Cahforua (Mexlcan Border to (c) Costs must not be allocable to or The value in excess of the amount Central CalConcepcion to included as a cost of any other required as match for the initial award Cape Me ndo cino). Federally-financed program in either the may be used to match subsequent 18 San Francisco Bay current or a prior award period. supplemental acquisition and (d) General guidelines for the non- development awards for the national Columban Federal share are contained in estuarnne research reserve (see also 17. Middle Pacific (Cape Mendocio to the Department of Commerce Regulations at � 921.20). Costs related to land Columbia RPaver). 15 CFR part 24 and OMB Circular A-110. acquisition, such as appraisals, legal 18. Washington Coast (Columbia River to Copies of Circular A-110 can be fees and surveys, may also be used as Vancouve r Island. obtained from the Marine and Estuarine match. Management Division; 1825 Connecticut (3) Operation and Management Great Lakes Avenue, NW., Suite 714; Washmgton Awards. Generally, cash and in kind 20. Western Lakes (Superior. Michigan, DC 20235. The following may be used in contributions (directly benefiting and Huron). satsfying the matching requirement: specifically identifiable to operations 21. Eastern Lakes (Ontario, Erie). (1) Site Selection and Post Site and management), except land, are Fjord Selection Awards. Cash and n-kind allowable. 22. Southern Alaska (Prince of Wales contributions (value of goods and (4) Research, Monitoring, Education Island to Cook Inlet). services directly benefiting and and Interpretive Awards. Cash and in- 23. Aleutian Islands (Cook Inlet to Bristol specifically identifiable to thns part of land contributions (directly benefiting Bay). the project) are allowable. Land may tnot and specifically identifiable to the scope Sub-Actic be used as match. of work), except land, are allowable. (2) Acquisition and Development 24 Northern Alaska (Bristol Bay to Awards. Cash and in-kind contributions � 921.82 Amendments to financial Demarcation Point). are allowable. In general, the fair market assistance awards. Insulr value of lands to be included within the Actions requiring an amendment to 25 Hawaiian Islands. research reserve boundaries and the financial assistance award, such as 26 Western Pacific Island. acquired pursuant to the Act, with other a request for additional Federal funds, 27. Eastern Pacific Island. than Federal funds, may be used as revisions of the approved project budget match. However, the fair market value or original scope of work, or extension Appendix 11 to Part 921-Typology of of real property allowable as match is of the performance period must be National Estuarine Research Reserves hmited to the fair market value of a real submitted to NOAA on Standard Form Thls typology system reflects significant property interest equivalent to, or 424 and approved in writing. differences m estuarne charactenstics that required to attain, the level of control are not necessarily related to regional over such land(s) identified by the state Appendix I to Part 921-Biogeographic location. The purpose of this type of and approved by the Federal Classification Scheme classlfication is to maximize ecosystem Government as that necessary for the Acadian variety m the selection of national estuarne protection and management of the research reserves. Priority will be given to 1. Northern Gulf of Maine (Eastport to the important ecosystem types as yet national estuarmne research reserve. Sheepscot River) unrepresented n the reserve system It Appraisals must be performed accordin 2 Southern Gulf of Maine (Sheepscot River should be noted that any one site may to Federal appraisal standards as to Cape Cod) represent several ecosystem types or detailed in Department of Commerce Virgian physical charactercstcs. regulations at 15 CFR part 24 and the Urnform Relocation Assistance and Real 3 Southern New England (Cape Cod to Class I-Ecosystem Types Property Acquisitihon for Federal and Sandy Hook) Group I-Shorelands Federally Assisted Programs in 15 CFR 4. Middle Atlantic (Sandy Hook to Cape A Maritime Forest- Woodland Ths type of Hatteras) part 11. The fair market value of 5. Chesapeake Bay, ecosystem consists of single-stemmed species privately donated land, at the time of that have developed under the influence of donation, as established by an Carolnman salt spray It can be found on coastal uplands independent appraiser and certified by a 6 Northern Carolinas (Cape Hatteras to or recent features, such as barrier islands and responsible official of the state Santee River). beaches, and may be divided into the (pursuant to 15 CFR part 24), may also 7 South Atlantic (Santee River to St. John's following biomes: be used as match. Land, including iPaver). 1 Northern Coniferous Forest BWome' This submerged lands already in the state's 8 East Florida (St John's River to Cape is an area of predominantly evergreens such Canaveral). as the sitka spruce (Picea), grand fir (Ables), possession, may be used as match to and white cedar (Thula). with poor establish a national estuarine research West Indian development of the shrub and herb layers, reserve. The value of match for these 9 Caribbean (Cape Canaveral to Ft. but high annual productivity and pronounced state lands will be calculated by Jefferson and south). seasonal periodicity. PM60 FedeI Registe I Vol 55, No. 141 f Monday, Iuly 23. 190 L Rules andi Regulatons 2. Moist Temperate (Mesothermal) heath, shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, and E. litertidal MudandSandFlats: These Coniferous Forest Biome: Found along the herbaceous and dwarf woody plants. areas are composed ofunconsolidated, high west coast of North America from California Common species incluade arc/ialpine plants organic content sediments that function as a to Alaska, this area is dominated by conifers, such as Empetrum ngrum and Betula nana, short-term storage area for nutrients and has a relatively small seasonal range, high the lichens Cetrarta and Cladonat, and organic carbons. Maacrophytes are nearly humidity with rainfall ranging from 30 to 150 herbaceous plants such as Potentill, absent in this ecosystem, although it may be inches, and a well-developed understory of tnridentata and Rubus chamaemorus. Common heavily colonized by benthic datom, vegetation with an abundance of mosses and species on the coastal beach ridges of the dinoflageilates, filamentous blue-green and other moisture-tolerant plants. high arctic desert include Dryas intergrifolia green algae, and chemosynthetic purple 3. Temperate Deciduous Forest Bome: This and Saxifrage oppositifolla. This area can be sulfur hacteria. This system may support a biome is characterized by abundant, evenly divided into two main subdivisionsr considerable population of gastropods, distnributed rainfall, moderate temperatures 1. Low Tundra: characterized by a thick, bivalves, and polychaetes, and may serve as which exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern, spongy mat of living and undecayed a feeding area for a variety offish and well-developed sol biota and herb and shrub vegetation often with water and dottedwith wading birds. In sand, the dominant fauna layers, and numerous plants winch produce ponds when not frozen; and include the wedge shell Donax, the scallop pulpy fruits and nuts. A distant subdivision of 2. High Tundra: a bare area except for a Pecten, tellin shells Tellins, the heart urchin this biome is the pine edaphic forest of the scanty growth of lichens and grasses, with Echinocardium, the nlug worm Arenicola, sand southeastern coastal plaint, in winch only a underlying ice wedges forming raised dollar Dendraster, and the sea pansy Remlla. small portion of the area is occupied by polygonal areas. In mud, faunal dominants adapted to low climax vegetation, although it has large areas E. Coastal Cliffs: This ecosystem is an oxygen levels include the terebellhd covered by edaphic clunax pines. important nesting site for many sea and shore Amphitrite, the boring clam Playdon, the 4. Broad-leoved Evergreen Subtmropical birds. It consists of communitries of deep sea scallop Placopecten, the quahog Forest Biomoes. The main charactenristic of this herbaceaous, graminoid, or low woody plants Mercenaria. the echiunrid worm Urechis, the biome is high moisture with less pronounced (shrubs, heath, etc.) on the top or along rocky mud snail Nassarius, and the sea cucumber differences between winter and summer. faces exposed to salt spray. There is a Thyorre. Examples are the hammocks of Florida and diversity of plant species mincluding mosses, F. JntertidalAgaloBeds:These are hard the live oak forests of the Gulf and South hlichens, liverworts, and "higher" plant substrates along the marine edge that are Atlantic coasts. Floral dominants include representatives. dominated by macroscopic algae, usually pines, magnolias f, bays, hollies, wild thalloid, bat also fiamentous or unicellular in tamannd, strangler fig, gumbo limbo, and Go I-Tastn rsgrowth form. This also includes the rocky palms. A. CoastalMarshes: These are wetland coast tidepools that fall within the mitertidal 1. Coast Shrublands. This is a transiLonal areas dominated by grasses Poaceas, sedges zone. Dominant fauna of these areas are area between the coastal grasslands and (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncaceae, cattils barnacles, mussels, penwinkle, anemones, woodlands and is characterized by woody (Typhaceae), and other graminoid species and chitons. Three regions are apparent: species with multiple stems a few centimeters and is subject to periodic flooding by either t. Northern Latitude Rocky Shores: It is it. to several meters above the ground salt or freshwater. This ecosystem may be this region that the community structure is developing under the influence of salt spray subdivided into: (a) Tidal, which is best developed. The dominant algal species and occasional sand burial. This includes periodically flooded by either salt or brackish include Chodrus at the low tide level, Fucus thickets, scrub, scrub savanna, heathlands, water, (b) non-tidal (freshwater), or (c] tidal and Ascophyllum at the mid-tidal level, and and coastal chaparral. There is a great freshwater. These are essential habitats for Lninanr and other keIplika algae just variety of shrubland vegetation exhibiting many important estuarine species offish and beyond the intertidal, although they can be regional specificity:. invertebrates as well as shorebirds and exposed at extremely low tides or found in 1. Northern Areas: Characterized by waterfowl and serves unim rtani roles min very deep tidepools. Hudsoma, various ermaceous species, and shore stabilizattion, flood control. water 2. Souhen Latitudes The munities in 2. Sou3arn Latitudes: The commumlties mn thickets of Mynrca, Prmnus, and Rosa purification, and nutrient transport and this region are reduced in comparison to 2. Southeast Areas- Floral dornnanms include storage. those of the northern latitudes and possesses Mynca, Banccharins. and lex. B. Coastal Swamps These are wet lowland algae consisting mostly of single-celled or 3. Western Areas' Adenoston-a, areas that support mosses and shrubs filamentous green blue-green, and red algae, Arcotyphylos, and Eucalypt is are the together with large trees such as cypress or and small thaloid brown algae. dominant floral species. m 3. Tropical and Subtropicol Latitudes: The C. Coastal Grasslands Thia area, which C. COastal Aangroves: This ecosystem intertidal min this region is very reduced and possesses sand dunes end coastal flats, has xper'ences egunar flooding on either a daily, contains numerous calcareous algae such as pos sain d s ad coasta pe ear han monthly, or seasonal basis, has low wave Porolithon and Lthothanion, as well as low rainfall ~1o to 30 inches per yearl and PrhhaadItohmea ela lacvrge amounts o hu0 inchesii er year l adaction, and is dominamted by a variety of salt- green algae with calcareous particles such as large amounts sof humus in the sesl. Eclgical tolerant trees, such as the red mantgrove Hahmeda, and numerous other green, red, succession is slow, resulting m the presence (Rhizaphora mangle). back mangrove and brown algae. of a number of serial stages of commumhzpor age) lcymnrv and brown algae. of a number of seal stages of commuty (Avlcennia nitida], and the white mangrove development. Dominant vegetation includes (Lagunculanria racemosa). It is also an Group Ill-Submerged Bottoms mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall}. such as mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall) such as important habitat for large populations of A. Subtidal Hardbottoms: This system is Ammophila. Agropyron, and Calamovilfa. tall to andfeet tall), schfish, invertebrates, and birds. This type of characterized by a consolidated layer of solid grasses (5 to 8 feet tall), such a Spartina, and ecosystem can be found from central Florida rock or large pieces of rock [neither of biotic trees such as the willow (Salix api. cherry to extreme south Texas to the islands of the oringin) and is found min association with [Prunus sp ). and cottonwood (Populus e(Prunus .p ), ane usdvideod to (Populur Western Pacific geomorphologicaI features such as submarine deltaides}. This area is divided into four D intertidal Beaches: This ecosystem has canyons and fiords and is usually covered regions with the following typical strand a cdistinct biota of microscopic animals, with assemblages of sponges, sea fans. vegetation: bacteria, and unicellular algae along with bivalves, hard corals, tfunamcates, and other 1. Arctic/Boreal. Elymus; microscopic crustaceans, mollusks, and attached orgamnisms. A significant feature of 2. Northeast/West: Ammophila: worms with a detritus-based nutrient cycle. estuanries in many parts of the world is the 3. Southeast/Gulf. Umola; and This area also mincludes the driftine oyster reef a type of subtidal hardbottom. 4. Mid-Atlantic/Gulf: Spartina patens. communities found at high tide levels on the Composed of assemblages oforganisms 11 Coastal Tudraw This ecosystem. winch beach. The dominant organisms min this (usually bivalves), it is usually found near an is found along the Arctic and Boreal coasts of ecosystem include crustaceans such as the estuary's mouth in a zone of moderate wave North America, is charactermzed by low mole crab (Emerita), amplupods action, salt content and turbidity. If light temperatures, a short growing season, and (Gammondae), ghost crabs (Ocypode), and levels are sufficient a covering of some permafrost producing a low, treeless bivalve molluscs such as the coquina (Doniax) microscopic and attached macroscopic algae, mat community made up of mosses, lichens, and surf clams (Spisula and Mactra). such as kelp, may also be found. Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 29961 B. Subtidal Softbottoms: Major sea and without significant freshwater barnrier islands, broken at intervals by minlets. characteristics of this ecosystem are an inflow. Water circulation is lilmited, resulting These bars may be either deposited offshore unconsohdated layer of fine particles of silt. min a poorly flushed, relahtively stagnant body or may be coastal dunes that have become sand, clay, and gravel, high hydrogen sulfide of water. Sedunmentation is rapid with a great isolated by recent sea level rises. levels, and anaerobic concditions often potential for basin shoaling Shores are often 4. Tectonic Estuary' These are coastal existing below the surface Macrophytes are gently sloping and marshy. indentures that have formed through tectonic either sparse or absent, although a layer of 7. Perched Coastal Wetlands: Umnique to processes such as slippage along a fault line benthic mnucroalgae may be present dif light Pacific islands, this wetland type, found [ San Francisco Bay), folding, or movement of levels are sufficient, The faunal comnmunity is above sea level in volcanic crater remnants, the earth's bedrock, often with a large inflow dominated by a diverse population of deposit forms as a result of poor drainage of freshwater. feeders including polychaetes, bivalves, and characterishtics of the crater rather than from 5 Volcanic Estuary: These coastal bodies burrowing crustaceans sedimunentation. Floral assemblages exhibit of open water, a result of volcanic processes. C. Subtidal Plants. This system is found in distinct zonation while the faunal are depressions or craters that have direct relatively shallow water (less than 8 to 10 constituents may minclude freshwater, and/or subsurface connections with the meters) below mean low tide. It is an area of brackish, and/or maine species. Example' ocean and may or may not have surface extremely high primary production that Aunu'u Island, American Samoa. continuty with streams. These formations provides food and refuge for a divi.rmity of 8 Anchialhne Systems: These small coastal are unique to island areas of volcanic origin. faunal groups, especially juvenile and adult exposures of bracklish water form min lava C. Inlet Type Inlets in various forms are an fish, and in some regions, manatees and sea depressions or elevated fossil reefs, have integral part of the estuae environment, as turtles Along the North Atlant~~~~~~~~~ic n aii ntegral part of the estuarine enwironment, as turtles Along the North Atlantic and Pacific only a subsurface connection to the ocean, they regulate, to a certain extent the velocity coasts, the seagrass Zostera manrina but show tidal fluctuations Diffenring from d magtude of tdal exchange, the degree predominates. In the South Atlantic and Gulf true estuaries in having no surface continuity of mng, and volume of dscharge to the sea.gree coast areas, Thalassia and Dlplanthera with streams or ocean, this system is There are four maor types of inlets: a. predominate. The grasses min both areas characterized by a distinct ioc commuonity . T h An estuary of ml ets: support a number of eplphytic organisms. dominated by benthic algae such as Uest wnledAnsu y w tawi Class II--Physical Characteristics Rinzoclonium, the mmineral encrusting unrestricted nlet typically has slow currents, GopI iSchizothnx, and the vascular plant Ruppia no significant turbulence, and receive the full Group I--Geologtic fauna, which exhibit effect of ocean waves and local disturbances mantuna. Characterlate fauna. which exhibit A. Basin Type: Coastal water basins occur a high degree of endemicity, include the which serve to modify the shoreline. These in a variety of shapes, sizes, depths, and mollusks Theodoxus neglectus and T estuaries are partially mixed. as the open appearances. The eight basic types discussed canosus, the small red shrmp Metabetaeus mouth permits the incursion of marine waters below will cover most of the cases: lohena and Halocaridina rubra. and the fish to considerable distances upstream, 1. Exposed Coast' Sohlid rock formations or Eleotrs sandwicensis and Kuhlia depending on the tidal amphlitude and stream heavy sand deposits characterize exposed sandvicensus. Although found throughout the gradient ocean shore fronts, which are subject to the world, the high Islands of the Pacific are the Restricted: Restrictions of estuaries can world, the hioh islands of the Pacfco eae the full force of ocean storms. The sand beaches only areas within the U.S. where this system exist in many forms. bars, barrier islands, are very resilient, although the dunes lyming can be found. spits, sills, and more. Restricted mlets result just behind the beaches are fragile and easily B. Basin Structure: Estuary Basins may in decreased circulation, more pronounced damaged. The dunes serve as a sand storage result from the drowning of a river valley longitudinal and vertical salinity gradients, area, making them chief stabilizers of the (coastal plains estuary), The drowning of a and more rapid sedimentation. However, if ocean shorefront. glacial valley (fjord), the occurrence of an the estuary mouth is restricted by 2. Sheltered Coast Sand orcoal barri ers, offshore barrie r (bar-bounded estuary), some depositional features or land closures, the buat up by natural forces provide sheltered tectonic process (tectonic estuary), or incoming tide may be held back until it a reas inside a bar or reef whe re the volcanic activity (volcanic estuary]. suddenly breaks forth into the basin as a eco system takes on many char acteristics of 1. Coastalplains estuary. Where a tidal wave, or bore. Such currents exert conFreed waters--abandant marie grasses, 1 osopan ~oj hr shellfish, and uvele fish. Water movement drowned valley consists mainly of a single profound effects on the nature of the is reduced, with the consequent effects of channel, the form of the basin is fairly substrate, turbidity, and biota of the estuary. is redu~~~~~~~~~ced.nnelh the cneuteffort of Praet.hermanen ines fairesaly polluhtion being more severe in this area than regular, forming a simple coastal plains 3. Peanent Permanent lets are usually in exposed coastal areas. estuary. When a channel is flooded with opposite the mouths of major rivers and 3. Bay Bays are larger confined bodies of numerous tributaries, an irregular estuary permit river water to flow into the sea. water that are open to the sea and receive results. Many estuaries of the eastern United Sedmentation and deposition are minimal strong tidal flow. When stratification is States are of this type. 4 Temporary (IntermttentP Temporary pronounced, the flushing action is augmented 2. Fjord' Estuanries that form min elongated inlets are formed by storms and frequently by river discharge. Bays vary in size and m steep headlands that alternate with deep U- shift position, depending on tidal flow, the type of shorefront. shaped valleys resulting from glacial scourring depth of the sea and sound waters, the 4 Emboyment' A confined coastal water are called fjords. They generally possess frequency of storms, and the amount of body with narrow, restricted minlets and with rocky floors or very thin veneers of sedimunent, hlitoral transport a significant freshwater inflow can be with deposition generally beming restricted to D. Bottom Composition The bottom classified as an embayment These areas the head where the main river enters composition of estuaries attests to the have more restricted inlets than bays, are Compared to total fjord volume, river vigorous, rapid. and complex sedimentation usually smaller and shallower, have low tidal discharge is small, But many fjords have processes characteristic of most coastal action, and are subject to sedinentation. restricted htidal ranges at their mouths, due to regions with low relief. Sediments are 5 Tidal River: The lower reach of a coastal sills, or upreachming sections of the bottom derived through the hydrologic processes of river is referred to as a tidal river. The which limit free movement of water, often erosion, transport, and deposition carnried on coastal water segment extends from the sea making river flow large with respect to the by the sea and the stream. or estuary into which the river discharges to tidal prism The deepest portions are min the 1. Sand. Near estuary mouths, where the a point as far upstream as there is significant upstream reaches, where maximum depths predomminating forces of the sea build spits or salt content in the water, forming a salt front. can range from 800 m to 1200 m, while sill other depositional features, the shores and A combination of tidal action and freshwater depths usually range from 40 m to 150 m. substrates of the estuary are sandy. The outflow makes tidal rivers well-flushed. The 3 Bar-bounded Estuary' These result from bottom sediments in this area are usually tidal river basin may be a sunple channel or a the development of an offshore barrier, such coarse, with a graduation toward finer complex of tributaries, small associated as a beach strand, a line of barrier islands, particles min the head of the estuary. In the embayments marshfronts, tidal flats, and a reef formations, a line of morame debris, or head region and other zones of reduced flow, variety of others the subsiding remnants of a deltaic lobe. The fine silty sands are deposited. Sand 6 Lagoon: Lagoons are confined coastal basin is often partially exposed at low tide deposition occurs only min wider or deeper bodies of water with restricted inlets to the and is enclosed by a chain of offshore bars or regions where velocity is reduced. 29962 Federal Register f Vol. 55, No. 141 f Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations 2. Afud At the base level of a stream near freshwater influx end a lack of strong tidal respect to the soil, is subject to considerable its mouth, the bottom is typically composed exchane because of the typically narrow fluctuation. of loose muds, silt, and Mrganic detritus as a inlet connecting the lagoon to the see. b. Gronmdwater This is water contained in result of erosion and transport from the upper Circulation, whose major drrving force is the rocks below the water table, is usually of stream reaches and organic decomposition. wind, Is the major liMiting factor in biological more uniform volume than vadose water, and Just inside the estuary entrance, the bottom productivity within lagoons. generally follows the topographic relef of the contains considerable quantities of sand and B. ides: This is the most important land, being high below ills and slopig into mud, which support a rich fama.i Mud flats, ecological factor m an estuary, as it affects valeys. commonly built up in estuarne basins, are water exchange and its vertical range composed of loose, coarse, and fine mud and determines the extent of tidal flats which Group II-Chemical sand, often dividing the original channel may be exposed and submerged with each A. Sairmty: This reflects a complex mixture a. .ock- Rocks usually occur m areas tidal cycle. Tidal action agamst the vohine of of salts, the most abundant being sodium where the stream runs rapidly over a steep river water discharged into an estuary results chloride, and is a very critical factor in the gradient with its coarse materials being in a complex system whose properties vary distrbution and maintenance of many derived from the higher elevations where the according to estuary structure as well as the estuarine organisms. Rased on salinity, there stream slope is greater. The larger fragments magmtude of river flow and tidal range. Tides are two basc estuarne types and eight are usually found in shallow areas near the are usually described in terms of their cycle different salinity zones (expressed in parts stream mouth. and their relative heights. In the United per thousand-pptl. 4. Oyster aheO.. Throughout a major portion States, tide height is reckoned on the basis of 2. P[be estums This is an estuary in of the world, the oyster reef is one of the average lowtide, which is referred to as which the freswater influx is sufficient to most significant features of estuaries, usually datum. The tides, although complex, falls into maintam mtxdng resulting in a pattern of being found near the mouth of the estuary in three main categories increasing salinity toward the e:tuary mout a zone of moderate wave action, salt content, 1. Dumar. This refers to a daily change in It is characteried by low oxygen and turbidity. It is often a major factor in water level that can be observed along the concentra n te deeer aters and modifying estuarine current systems and shoreline. There is one high tide and one low considerabl in the organic content n bottom sedimentaton, and may occur as an ide per day. considerable organic content in bottom elongated island or pemnsula oriented across 2. Semidiurnma This refers to a twice daily sediments. the main current, or may develop parallel to rise and fall in water that can be observed Negative estuar This s found n the direction of the current. along the shoreline. particularly arid regions, where estuary Group lI-Hydrographic 3. Wind/Storm Tidesr This refers to evaporation may exceed freshwater inflow, freshwater flow, tidal action, wind and is less. mouth is restricted so that tidal flow is oceamc forces, and serve many functions C. Freshnwater According to nearly a the inhrbited. These are typically very salty nutrient transport, plankton dispersal. definitions advanced. it Is inherent that al (hyperhaline) moderately oxygenated at ecosystem flushing salinuuty control. water estuaries need freshwater, which is drained depth and possess bottom sediments that are mixing, and more from the land and measurably dilutes poor in organic content 1. Stratfied This is typical of estuaries seawater to create a brackish condition 3 Sainity zones lexpressed in pp.tf with astrong freshwater influx and is Freshwater enters an estuary as runoff from a Hyperhaline-greater than 40 ppt. commonly found in bays formed from the land either from a surface andfor b. Euhalne-40 ppt to 30 ppL "drowned" river valleys, fjords, and other subsurface source. c. Mixohaine: 30A ppt to 0S ppt. deep basins. There is a net movement of 1. Surface water-This is water flowng over (1) Mixoeuhalni-geater than 30 ppt but freshwater outward at the top layer and the ground in the form of streams. Local less than the adjacent euhalme sea saltwater at the bottom layer, resulting in a variation runoffs dependent upon the ) Polyhaline-3 ppt to 18 ppt. net outward transport of surface orgamsms nature of the soil (poroety and solubility), [3) Mohale-I ppt to 5 ppt and net Inward transport of bottom degree of surface slope, vegetational type and (4 Oligohaline-5 ppt to 0 5 ppt. orgamisms. development, local climatic conditions, and d. inmetic Less than 0.5 ppt. 2. Non-stratified Estuaries of this type are volume and intensity of precipitation B. pH Regime: This is indicative of the found where water movement is sluggish and 2. Subsurfacer wate This refer to the mineral richness of estuarine waters and fall flushing rate is low, although there may be precipitation that has been absorbed by the into three mam categories; sufficient circulation to provide the basis for soil and stored below the surface. The 1. Acad Waters with a pH of less than 5.5 a high carring capacity. Tlus is common to dstribution of subsurface water depends on Z Circumoeutral A condition where the pH shallow embayments and bays lacking a local clmate, topography, and the porosity ranges from 5 to 7 4. good supply of freshwater fom land and permeabihty of the underlying soils and 3. Alkahlne Waters with a pH greater than drainage. rocks. There are two maw subtypes of 7.4. 3. LAgoonol. An estuary of this type is surface water: characterized by low rates of water a. Vadose water This is water i n the soil [FR Doc. 90-16511 iled 7-20-0 845 am) movement resulting from a lack of significant above the water table. Its voume with BlLNO COos s10ts- APPENDIX C ACE Basin Site Selection APPENDIX C. 1 Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination QOff irr of t~t (60Vrtar CARROLL A CAMPBELL, JR POST OFFICE BOX 11369 GOVERNOR COLUMBIA 29211 January 24, 1990 Mr. John Knauss Jnder Secretary of Oceans and Atmosphere National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Herbert C. Hoover Building, Room 5128 14th and Constitution Ave., NW Washington, D. C. 20230 Dear Secretary Knauss: On behalf of the State of South Carolina, I am pleased to submit the attached site nominations and applications for preacquisition assistance for the North Inlet - Winyah Bay National Estuarine Reserve Research System (NERRS) and the Ashepoo - Combahee- Edisto (ACE) Basin National Reserve Research System. Because these two sites represent different biogeographic classification categories, the State of South Carolina is recommending the sites be managed independently. It is my understanding the State of South Carolina is eligible for up to $50,000 in matching funds for each of the two sites based on proposed changes to your funding regulations. This effort is the result of a large number of dedicated individuals and organizations from both the private and public sector working together toward common goals. I have personally visited both the North Inlet - Winyah Bay site and ACE site and find them to be of unequaled value due to their pristine quality and diverse and abundant assemblage of natural habitat. The sites should make a significant contribution to the National Estuarine Reserve Research System. - 11 - I look forward to your favorable review of this application. With best regards, I am rer Ca r. Governor CACjr/tad Attachment - 12 - APPENCIX C.2 Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce lP J 3 0 '90 09:01 1lltAR UIJI1VL'L: IJL LLLI-j, 1111':f. Li. r. .I-;> UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE The Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere Weshington, DC 20230 MAR 27 1990 Honorable Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. Governor of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina 29211 Dear Governor Campbell: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has reviewed and approves the proposal to nominate the North Inlet- Winyah Bay and the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin for inclusion in the National Estuarine Reserve Research System (NERRS). We commend the South Carolina Coastal Council, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Resources for developing an excellent nomination report that responds accurately and substantially to each of the review criteria established in the National Estuarine Reserve Research System regulations. NOAA and South Carolina agree that because the two sites represent different biogeographical classification categories, as identified in the NERRS regulations (Section 921.3), each site will be managed independently. Therefore, each site will be eligible for full Federal funding identified in the regulations. Included within the site nomination package is an application for Federal assistance to prepare a draft management plan and draft environmental impact statement. NOAA's Marine and Estuarine Management Division is reviewing the application and will work closely with the South Carolina Coastal Council to ensure that the review is conducted in an expeditious and through manner. I look forward to continued progress in the development of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Sincerely, John A. Knauss cc: ES - GC - AS - N - N/ORM - N/0RM2 Steve Snyder, South Carolina Coastal Council N/ORM2: CGraham: 673-5122 sp: 3/6/90 THE ADMINISTRATOR APPENDIX D Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements DRAFT PROPOSED MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE This Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") is made this day of , 1990 by and between the State of South Carolina to the benefit of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department ("SCWMRD"), having an address at the Marine Resources Division, 217 Fort Johnson Road, P. O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce ("NOAA"), having an address at Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service/NOAA, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714, Washington, D. C. 20235 and concerns the establishment and administration of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto ("ACE") Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina ("the Reserve"). WHEREAS, the SCWMRD has determined that the waters and related coast habitats of the ACE Basin provide representative opportunities to studynatural and human processes occurring within an estuarine ecosystem; and WHEREAS, it is the finding of the SCWMRD that the resources of the ACE Basin and the values they represent to the citizens of South Carolina and the United States will benefit from the management of this site as a National Estuarine Research Reserve; and WHEREAS, NOAA has concurred with that finding and pursuant to its authority under Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 ("CZMA"), as amended, P. L. 92-593, 16 U.S.C. 1461, and in accordance with implementing regulations at 15 CFR 921.30, may designate the ACE Basin site as a reserve in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System; and WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, as the State agency designated in the management plan for the Reserve (the "Plan") and by the State of South Carolina as being responsible for managing the Reserve, acknowledges the need and requirement for continuing State-Federal cooperation in the long-term management of the ACE Basin site in a manner consistent with the purposes sought through their designation. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein it is agreed by and between the SCWMRD and NOAA, effective on the date of designation of the ACE Basin site as the Reserve, as follows: ARTICLE I: State-Federal Roles in Reserve Manaaement A. The SCWMRD, as the principal contact for the State of South Carolina in all matters concerning the Reserve, will serve to ensure that the Reserve is managed in a manner consistent with the goals of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System ("NERRS") and the management objectives of the Plan. Its responsibilities for Plan implementation will include the following: 1. Effect and maintain a process for coordinating and facilitating the roles and responsibilities of all State and county agencies involved in the management of the Reserve, including but not limited to: a. Enforcement programs regulating water quality, fish and wildlife habitat protection, sport and commercial fisheries, and non- consumptive recreational activities; b. The administration of facilities, programs, and tasks related to Reserve management; c. Activities and programs conducted pursuant to the State's Federally- approved coastal management program authorized under the CZMA, as amended; and d. Research and education agenda developed and implemented in accordance with corresponding elements of the Plan; 2. As the Governor's designee under 15 CFR 921.50 and the recipient State entity in matters concerning all financial assistance awards authorized under Section 315 of the CZMA, the SCWMRD will apply for, budget, and allocate such funds received for acquisition and development, operation and management, and research, monitoring and education; 3. Serve as principal negotiator on issues involving proposed boundary changes and/or amendments to the Plan; 4. Submit annual reports to NOAA on the Reserve describing, in accordance with 15 CFR 921.34, program performance in implementing the Plan and a detailed work program for the following year of Reserve operations, including budget projections and research efforts; 5. Respond to NOAA's requests for information and to evaluation findings made pursuant to Section 312 of the CZMA; and 6. In the event that it should become necessary, based on findings of program deficiency, serve as the point-of-contact for the State of South Carolina in actions involving the possible withdrawal of Reserve designation, as provided at 15 CFR 921.35. B. Within NOAA, the Santuaries and Reserves Division ("SRD"), the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management ("OCRM") will serve to administer the provisions of Section 315 of the CZMA to ensure that the Reserve is managed in accordance with the goals of NERRS and the Plan. In carrying out its responsibilities, the SRD will: 1. Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD, consistent with 1 5 CFR 921 for acquisition, development, management and operation of the Reserve; 2. Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD and other eligible entities on a competitive basis for research and monitoring and education programs at the Reserve; 3. Serve as the point-of-contact for NOAA In discussion regarding applications for and any financial assistance received by the SCWMRD under Section 315 of the CZMA, including any and all performance standards, compliance schedules, or Special Award Conditions deemed appropriate by NOAA to ensure the timely and proper execution of the proposed work program; 4. Participate in periodic evaluations scheduled by OCRM in accordance with Section 312 of the CZMA to measure the SCWMRD's performance in Plan implementation and its compliance with the terms and conditions prescribed in financial assistance awards granted by NOAA for the purposes of the Reserve and advise appropriate OCRM staff of existing or emerging issues which might affect the State's coastal management program; and 5. Regarding, SRD-funded research conducted within the Reserve, maintain communication with the SCWMRD and, in a timely manner, supply the SCWMRD with copies of all progress reports, final reports, and data sets received by SRD. 6. Establish an information exchange network cataloging all available research data and educational material developed on each site included within NERRS. ARTICLE II. Real ProDertv Acouired for the Puroose of the Reserve The SCWMRD agrees that deeds for any real property acquired for the Reserve by the SCWMRD with federal funds under Section 315 of the CZMA will contain the language set forth in 15 CFR 921.21 (e.) ARTICLE Ill. Proaram Evaluation During the period that federal financial assistance is available for Reserve operations and management, OCRM will schedule, pursuant to 15 CFR 921.34, periodic evaluations of the SCWMRD's performance in meeting the conditions of such awards and progress in implementing the Plan and the provisions of this MOU. Where findings of deficiency occur, NOAA may initiate action in accordance with the procedures established at 15 CFR 921.35. IN WITNESS THEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum to be executed Timothy R. E. Keeney James A. Timmerman, Jr. Director Executive Director Office of Oceans and Coastal South Carolina Wildlife and Resource Management Marine Resources Department National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U. S. Dept. of Commerce Date Date Joseph A. Uravitch H. Wayne Beam Chief Executive Director Marine and Estuarine Management South Carolina Coastal Council Division Administration U. S. Department of Commerce APPENDIX D.2 Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD DRAFT MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING This is a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") made this day of , 1991 by and between the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department ("SCWMRD"), acting through the South Carolina Coastal Council ("SCCC") and having an address at P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 29412 and the Ducks Unlimited Foundation ("DUF"), a subsidiary of Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated, headquartered in Long Grove, Illinois and having an address at P.O. Box 3067, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515-3067. RECITALS WHEREAS, DUF owns and administers the property known as Bolders Island, located in Colleton County, South Carolina; and WHEREAS, Bolders Island has been recognized as a natural area of mutual interest to all parties; and WHEREAS, DUF is willing to have Bolders Island included in the core area of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve (the "Reserve") for the purposes and in the manner set forth below and in the Management Plan for the ACE Basin NERR; and WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, the DUF, SCCC and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recognize that inclusion of Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR is an acknowledgement that the island is a natural field laboratory to be used, in consonance with current uses, to study and gather data on natural and human processes occurring within the ACE Basin and further to provide a basis for increased public awareness and understanding of the complex nature of estuarine systems, their values and benefits to man and nature, and the problems that confront them, all of which are reflective of the goals of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, ie., preservation, research, education and interpretation; and WHEREAS, Bolders Island will be cooperatively managed and operated by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance to the ACE Basin NERR Management Plan; and WHEREAS, SCWMRD and DUF agree that long-range plans for Bolders Island are compatible with the National Estuarine Research Reserve program and all parties can benefit from its inclusion into the system and desire to enter into this MOU to govern the incorporation of Bolders Island into the Reserve; NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of mutual covenants contained herein, SCWMRD and the DUF do hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I: RESERVE BOUNDARY Bolders Island contains six hundred and nine (609) acres of upland and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a total area of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this island will be included in the Reserve. It is a long and narrow tract which lies generally in a north-south direction, bounded on the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast by Rock Creek, on the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and unnamed waterways. The only access to Bolders Island is by boat?. However, access is relatively easy by way of either the Ashepoo or New Chehaw Rivers. There are no improvements on Bolders Island. The boundaries are designated on the map which is appended to this MOU. It is understood and agreed that the Reserve shall be identified at its boundaries and main access points on the Ashepoo and New Chehaw Rivers by the placement of signs which will be in keeping with the natural appearance of Bolders Island and the Reserve. The design will be agreed to by the DUF project director or other DUF representatives, SCWMRD, SCCC and approved by NOAA. ARTICLE II: MANAGEMENT PLAN There shall be a management plan ("Management Plan") for the Reserve which shall describe a framework for conducting research and educational programs. Resource protection and enforcement policies will be described in the Management Plan. The Management Plan shall be developed by SCWMRD in cooperation with the SCCC and NOAA. It will be reviewed and adopted by the DUF and the ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee. The Management Plan will not take effect for Bolders Island without the approval of the DUF, SCWMRD, SCCC and NOAA. The Management Plan shall be reviewed and revised, if appropriate, on an "as needed" basis. Any changes must follow the same review procedures as stated above. ARTICLE III: Title and Use of the Bolders Island ProDertv Title to Bolders Island will remain with the DUF. Bolders Island will be protected in perpetuity as a part of the Reserve core area, and will be used as described in the Management Plan, i.e. research, monitoring, education and interpretation with the ultimate goal of improved management of estuarine systems in South Carolina and throughout the United States. Multiple uses of Bolders Island will be encouraged to the extent that such uses are compatible with the goals of the Reserve and NERRS. Uses and/or levels of use which result in significant, long-term damage to the natural processes or resources will be prohibited. Incorporation of Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR will not obstruct existing hunting leases and/or agreements. However, it will be incumbent upon the DUF to administer said leases and hold those responsible for keeping the area in accordance with established NERR policies. Execution of this MOU between SCWMRD and the DUF will allow authorized personnel of the ACE Basin NERR program freedom of access to Bolders Island in carrying out the research and education mission. Permittees shall carry and display an official permit issued by SCWMRD. This agreement shall not limit the DUF authority to carry out its activities and programs on the island except as agreed to in this MOU. The parties agree to coordinate fully their programs and activities conducted on Bolders Island. ARTICLE IV: PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES The following activities will be prohibited within the boundaries of Bolders island: A. Industrial or commercial activities, except for commercial fishing in State waters as regulated by the SCWMRD. B. Display of signs shall be restricted to those identifying the Reserve and to those needed for educational, interpretive, research, or monitoring programs. C. Dumping of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, abandoned vehicles, appliances, machinery, or other materials on the Reserve. DUF will not be responsible for unauthorized dumping. D. Excavation, dredging, mining and removal of loam, gravel, soil, rock, sand, coal, and other materials, except as related to the collection of geological data. E. Diking, draining, filling or alternation of wetlands. F. No building, facility or other structure, shall be constructed on the Reserve after the date of this MOU without express written approval from SCWMRD and NOAA, except (1) temporary structures designed, constructed and utilized in connection with the scientific, naturalistic, and educational uses of the Reserve may be constructed with SCWMRD approval and (2) permanant boardwalks, observation decks, etc. may be constructed with SCWMRD approval. All construction must comply with applicable county, state and federal regulations. G. Bolders Island shall not be partitioned or subdivided. H. The operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes, or all- terrain vehicles, except those used for authorized research or hunting activities, shall be prohibited ARTICLE V: OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT SCWMRD will serve as the on-site manager for research on Bolders Island and will be responsible for seeing that research on the property is conducted in a manner consistent with the goals of the ACE Basin NERR, the objectives of the Management Plan, and the wishes of DUF and SCWMRD. SCWMRD will have the primary responsibility for funding, operating and maintaining Bolders Island as a component of the Reserve core area. SCWMRD has an existing facility and well-known technical staff at Bear Island Wildlife Management Area located just across the Ashepoo River from Bolders Island. Plans are to expand this facility in conjunction with the ACE Basin NERR. SCWMRD will allow DUF shared use of these facilities and technical staff in carrying out the terms of this MOU. ARTICLE VI: TERMINATION OF THE MOU This MOU shall be in effect for the life of the ACE Basin NERR program from the date of its approval. If SCWMRD ceases to operate the Reserve at BoJders Island as a designated Reserve, or Reserve designation is withdrawn or otherwise terminated, this MOU and the SCWMRD's interest shall be terminated and the DUF shall again have the full and exclusive control of the property. For purposes of this Article, the parties agree that a decision to terminate this Agreement shall be made jointly by the parties, with one year's advance notice given. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum of Understanding to be executed this day of 1991. WITNESS COY JOHNSTON, ACE Basin Project Director, Ducks 'Unlimited Foundation WITNESS James A. Timmerman, Jr. Executive Director, S.C Wildlife & Marine Resources Department APPENDIX D.3 Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF to SCWMRD NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION ROOM 2556 18TH AND C STREETS. N WA' 'ASHINGTON. D.C. 20240 (202 208-3040 FAX (202) 2084051 May 31, 1990 Linda Lundquist Land Programs Coordinator South Carolina Nature Conservancy P.O. Box 5475 Columbia, South Carolina 29250 Dear Linda: Further to our telephone conversation, here is the clarification of the Big and Warren Islands issue. The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation received both islands from The Nature Conservancy as a non-Federal match, valued at $951,000, for a grant of $150,000 in Federal funds. It has always been our intent to transfer the islands to the South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources for inclusion into a National Estuarine Research Reserve as a functional part of the A.C.E. River Basin Project. Title transfer to the State will take place on completion of a toxic-waste survey by the State. Enclosed also is the original transfer of title from TNC to the Foundation. As we discussed, would you please assist us by recording the title transfer in the name of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. If possible, could you please pay the recording cost and call Lewis Nash (202-208-3040) for an immediate and full reimbursement. If that is not possible, give Lew a call to arrange for our check to be issued in advance. Our headquarter's address is on our letterhead, and we are an IRS- certified 501 (c)(3), not-for-profit organization. Thanks Linda. �o t y, A . Geer ,AWMP Coordinat Enclosures BGLundq.ltr APPENDIX D.4 Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region (Note) The acreage shown in the following table is based on figures obtained from the County tax rolls and do not necessarily agree with registered survey acreage depicted in land appraisals. Also, this is a list of major landowners in the entire ACE Basin (350,000 acres), much of which is outside proposed NERR boundaries. A base map showing each tract is on file at SCWMRD. ACE RIVER BASIN (YIMERSHIP INFORlMATION IND)EX TRACTS TRACT NECOMETV (VAiER ACREAGE ACE CO2NTACT' ACTION COMMENTS I Otter Island cotteton Clifton Stevens 1,89 TINC VWA 24 Pine Island Cotleton Chetonia Institute 99 TUC NCM 2b Pine Island Cal tetan Chetania institute 2,676 TIC NORA 3 Pine Island Cotleton Letitia Frank 102 Nmm 4 Pine Island Colleton Ikilisted 53.3 NWM 5 Pine Islani Colleton Letitia Frank 138 NEM 6 Pine Island Colleton J. L. Moore 15.5 NOAA 7 Pine Island Caltleton Fruik E. James 27 N(YA Pine Istlnd total acreag: 3,112.8 8 ~~~~~Hutchinson Colteton Forfeited Land Commission 2,687 D.U. NIM 9 lutdiinsam Caltleton H utchinson Istand AssocIation 3,050 0.U. NOAA:Conservation Easauc 10 Hnalla Caltleton Duist ILucas Mnahan 237 NEM 11 Ashe Istand CoLletan S.C. mature Conserwanc 1,722 INC M(MA:Purchamed 12 Beet Island Cotleton S.C. Mature Conservancy 1,824 TIC Puircased, NMAA 13 South Femiick Catleton Dewey Vise 305 TUC Ccmservation Easement 14a Fenuuick Islund Cotteton Gaylord Donnetly 4,094 TUC & D.U. 14b Ashepoo Plantation Cotletai Gaylord Damnetty 8,920 D.U. Conservation Easement 15a Nussleboro Island Cotteton Gaylord Donnetty 953 TINC & D.U. Easemnt l5b Dodge Cal leton DonaLd D. Dodge 3.42 Charles, D..U.. Easelmint/purchase 16 Bear Island Caltleton S.C.UV.N.R.D.. 7,681 scumI secure TMe cut CaltLeton D..U. Foundation 966 D.U. Secure Samp~son Islandl Colleton S.C.V.N.E.D. 2,713 TMC Secure Springf ietd Colleton S.C.U.N.R.D. 695 D.U. secure Total Acres for Rear Island G-N.A. 12,055 17 Cheehau Combeee Colketon Sumner Pinegree 11,874 TIC & D.U.U Easemnt la Airy Hatt Plantation Cotteton Buck Limehouse 1,561 D.U. a TINC Easemnit 19a Ti - Ti (snuggedy Siip) Caltleton Ruth Cutings 875 TINC Easemet/Puirchse 19b3 Ti - TI Caruuged Smzffp) Caltleton Ruth comings 2,613 TUC Easevent/PurChase 20 Beer Island Clii) Cotteton Beer Island Iunt Cliib 500 D.IJ. Easemnt 21 Boulder Islandl Catleton D.U. Foundation 1,640 D.U. It Slew= Secure 22 Block Island Calleton Block Island Hunt Clii) 300 D.U. Easement/Purchase 23a Fee Far. Calleton Norris Lights"y 6,305 fl.U. Easement - Re: Vlestvaco 23b Nzunter Colleton Norris Lightsey 6.887 D.U. Easemmint - RE: Mestvaco 24a StuMgedY Caltleton Louise Lightsey 7,73 T M C Easemet/Purchisse 24b S " L age* Cal tetan Louise Lightsey 2,732 TNC Easement/Purchase 24c Folly Creek Caltteton Louise Lightser 1.856 TIC Easment/Purchase 24d Tupeto, Colletan Louise Lights"y 1.148 TIC Easement/Purchase 24. Lauret Springs Plantation Coltletan Norris & Louise Lightsey 4,436 TNC a 0.0. Easement 25 ~~~Co~ahee Harsh CaltLetan State of S.C. 406 scum 26 Pout wid Dalton Plantation Colletan Theodore Naybw* 1.915 Charles Easemnt 27 Loem Brou Col letan Santee Portlwd Cement 731 D.U. Easement 28a Nary's IslanE Plantation Cotleton N . Smith Richardson Est. 8,059 TNC Easement 28b M ary's Islard Plantation Calletan N . Smith Richardson Est. an8 TMC Easement 29 Powo Sab~o Plantation Cotleton Whilim Allen Spaulding 1.615 THC Easemnt 30 Lavinieton Plantation Caltteton Ben Haygood 794 TUC a 0.0. Easemet 31 Lavlngton Plantation Calleton David Naybank 2,324 TIC a D.U. Easentt 32 Lavington Plantation Cal letan Johm Naybank 3,276 TIC & D.U. Easemnt 33 Hope Plantation Calttetan Ted Turner 5,232 TNC Easement - Secure 34a Liestvaco Colleton Vestvaco 12,241 0.0. Esmn 34b Vestvaco Caltleton westvaco 1,752 D.0. Easement 34c: kMestvacol Calttetan westvaco 995 0-.0.Esmn 34d westvaco Cal leton Ulestvaco 4,308 D-U. Eflsement Total Vestvaco acres: 19,2% 35a Georgia Pacific Colleton Georgia Pacific 3,363 TUC Easement 35b Georgia Pacific Caltleton Georgia Pacific 99 TUC Easement 35c Georgia Pacifice Colleton Georgia Pacifice 7,920 TIC Easemet Total Georgia Pacific areas: 12,275 36 Cherokee Plantation Caltleton Randy Updike 3,727 D.U. Easemet 37 Herndon Cot teton flerndon Stockyard 213 38 TMe Bluff Plantation Caltleton Bluff Fames 3,063 Charles, D..U. Easemnt 39a Cdebeee Plantation Cotlleton Alexander Moore 527 TNC Easement 39b Co~baee Plantation Caltleton Alexander Moore 675 TIC Easeett 40 Marvin Caltteton Robert Marvin 627 TUC Easement 41 Marvin Colleton M . V. Marvin 389 D..U. Easemet 42 Myrle Grove Plantation Cotteton Gebitt Tucker 2,264 D-U. Easement 43 C~ombaee Duck Ctub Cotteton Cowbaee Fldsc Partnership 1,819 D.U. Easement 44 ~~~~Calf Pen Cotteton Dr. L. L. Ervin 588 Easemet 45 W h uite Hatt Plantation Cotteton Trois Bois Ltd. 964 63 Old Dominion Plantation Charleston 64 Little Edisto Island Charleston 65 Edisto Shrimp Co. Charleston 66 Jehassee Island Charleston 67 Grove Plantation Charleston 6 Mhilltaow Bluff Plantation Charleston 69 hlRtUMM Charleston 70 Button Plantation Charleston 71 Prospect AM111 Plantation Charleston 72 KoCisad Property Charleston 73 Knox Prperty Charleston 74 Hermitage Plantation Charleston 75 Flahbwnm Prcperty Charleston 76 Oak Lam Plantation Charleston 77 Auld Brans Plantation Beaufort 18 Duck Paod Plantation Beaufort 79 Old Coeahdee Plantation Beaufort 46 White Hoaue Piantation CoLLeton ALbert SimwK1 448 Charles Easement 47 Bomie Daoe Colleton Harold Rabirnso 940 D.U. Easement 48 ban Plantation Cltleton florae Kocznskl 1,739 Easement 49 Bootle Calleton Freddie footle 498 Eament 50 Padgett Cloleton Elizabeth Pagett 438 D.U. Easint 51 Grboat Island Cltleton Fripp and Harrelson 26.4 Easement 52 tIze Hoe Callton Worthrop Knox 365 D.U., Charleston Easement 53 O uakth Prospe.t 3111 Isluid Calleton Dr. Jams Martin 301 Charles Easement 54 Edisto Island Marsh Charleston 55 R a ccoon Island Charleston 56 Racoon Island Charleston 57 Halley Island Charleston 58 Bailey Island Charleston 59 Scanmid Island Charleston 60 Scasnish Istlan Charleston 61 Burbage Property Charleston 62 Orvln Property Charleston so Tiitdwjwaw Plintation Beaufort 81 Hoboy Plantation Beaufort 82 BrmWy Hall Ctb Beaufort 53 BmWy Mall Plantation Beaufort 54 Porkers Beaufort 85 *emport Ptantation Beaufort 86 Newours Pltntatian Beaufort S T Coosoa Plantation Beaufort as Keea Neck Plantation Beaufort 89 Ehisolm Plantation Beaufort 90 N o rth Williamon sltd Beaufort 91 South vIlitt a Island Beaufort APPENDIX E Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's Coastal Management Program APPENDIX E. 1 Documentation that ACE Basin NERR is Consistent with S.C.'s Coastal Management Program May 22, 1991 SOUTH Ms. Cheryl A. Graham Marine and Estuarine Management Division CAROLINA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management COASTAL u.s. Department of Commerce, NOAA COUNCIL 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20235 Ashley Corporate Center Re: Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto 4130 Faber Place Suite 300 (ACE) National Estuarine Charleston, S C 29405 Research Reserve in South (803) 744-5838Carolina FAX 744-5847 John C Hayes. III Dear Ms. Graham: Chairman H Wayne Beam, PhD The staff of the S.C. Coastal Council certifies chat the Executive Director Environmental Impact Statement and draft management plan for the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina is consistent with the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management program. The Coastal Council, with the aid of a site seection committee, recommended to the Governor in July of 1989 that the ACE Basin site be nominated as a component of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. Since that time the Council has worked closely with NOAA and the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department to achieve that goal. We look forward to seeing a final designation in the near future. Sincerely, H. Syder Director of Planning and Certification HSS:0076C cc: Dr. H. Wayne Beam Mr. Christopher L. Brooks Dr. James A. Timmerman, Jr. Mr. Mike McKenzie Mr. Mike Nussman Prmteed on Rrcycleu Paper APPENDIX E.2 SCCC Permit Policy On February 28, 1978, the following were proposed to the 1978 General TABLE OF CONTENTS Assembly for promulgation as Final Rules and Regulations for permitting m critical areas Page 30-1 STATEMENT OF POLICY I of the coastal zone. During the 90-day period of review m the General Assembly, no 30-2 APPLYING FOR A PERMIT 4 action was taken on the Proposed Rules and Regulations, and as a result, these Rules and Regulations became finaL On June 7, 1978, they were publshed as Final Rules and B. Permit application requrem 4 B. Permit application (requirements) Regulations in the State Register, VoL 2, No. 15, June 7, 1978. D Permit processing 6 The Council's principal office of business is the Office of Coastal Planng; 4 E. Comments on applicaon F. Public information 7 Carriage Lane, Suite 205; Charleston, South Carolina 29407. Permit applications are G. Minor development activities 7 H. State comment 7 available at thie office, and all correspondence with the Council concerning the permit 1. Water quality certificate 7 process shall be through this office, unless otherwise directed. The Council encourages 30-3 PUBLIC HEARINGS a those wishing to receive general information on permits and alterations in critical areas to 30-4 DECISIONS ON A PERMIT 8 contact this office. A. Permit approval 8 B. Permit denial 8 C. Action upon a permit B D. Licensmg of equipment 9 E. Completion of work 9 F. Property rights, liability, other permit requirements 9 G. Legally commeneed a use 9 30-5 EXCEPTIONS 10 A. L.st of exceptions 10 B. Notification to Council, emergency orders 11 C. Emergency repairs to banks and dikes 12 D. Definition, normal maintenance and repair 12 30- COUNCIL A?PEALS 12 A. Not:ce of Intention to Appeal 12 B. Filing of Appeal 12 C. Public Notice 13 D. In tervenors 13 E. Comments 13 F otifcation of Hearing 13 G. Rearsrg of .opeal 13 H. Recor! of lopesal 1 I. Dec'son on oaoeal 14 The saline marshes are highly productive components of the marine food web These same unique natural resource areas face Increasing land development of coastal waters and estuarie Decaying plant materials, called detritus, serve as the pressure and negative Impacts from man's activities i and around them. The marshes basis of the food web and are the major biological contribution of the saline marshes constitute a fragile ecosystem; consequently, ndiscrimnate dredging and filling, Mlany commercially and rerteationally mportant fish and shellfish species depend on the degradation of water quality or unsound buildng practices can have long-term detrimental marshlands and estuaries for all or part of their life cycle. In addition, many birds and effects Al development need not be prohibited; rather, the range of favorable and other forms of wildllfe utilize wetlands as habitat as well as a source of food. Tdelands unfavorable results needs to be realized, and analogies made to determine piorities, and coastal waters also have become increasingly Important in recent years for tlhe evaluate alternatives, anticipate Impacts, and suggest the best methods and designs to carry out wise development of these resources. purpoes of aquaculture. B. The Value of Beaches and Dunes. The Atlantic Ocean shoreUline of South Among the more important functions of the salt and brackish marshes is their Carolina, ncluding Its barrier islands, Is an extremely dynamic system composed of the role m protectmg adjacent highlands from erosion and storm damage. Maarsh vegetation sands of the beaches and dunes. The beach Is the gently sloping shore washed by Naves, absor-bs and dissipates wave energy and establishes a root system which stabilizes the extending from below the low tide lne to the pomt above high tide, at which non-littoral soils. Its effectiveness as a buffer depends on the surface area available which, combined vegetation is established. Above this beach area is the dune system, the ridges of vmind- with the composition of the underlying substrate, allows tidelands to act as "sporges" in blown sand which are normally vegetated. These comp-ise a very dynamic system, absorbing and releasing waters during storms or times of heavy riverne disclyarge. constantly shifting-eroding and accretlng--.lth the effects of waves and wind. These Marshes also perform a valuable waste treatment function since the derse fragile resources are Incorporated m the 1977 South Carolina Coastal Management Act as vegetat:on acts as a filter, trapp.og sediments and pollutants which enter as -n--off from "crltical areas". upland areas. The trappirg of sediments helps maintam mater clarity, a factor ,rmportant Each year mllons of South Carolina citizens and visitors enjoy the natural to clam, oyster, and phytoplankton productiny. Mhe marshes also assr.nila:e pllutants setting of the State's shoreline. Aesthetically, the beaches are a unique experience; and ard recycle nutruants through various biochemical processes. recreationally, these areas are increasingly needed for boating, swimmmig, sunning, and Coastal waters and the adjacent marshes are also significant as aesthetic, fshwig, as leisure time and mobility contmue to ruerease. rcreat:onal and educational resources. Much of the e.xenditure for recreation and Beaches and dunes are nesting rounds for sea turtles and nume--us bird toursm in the Scuth Carolina oestal zone is for purcses of enqclrrg -utdccr aet;': t'es speeces. several of vhich are endangered. The beac"es and adjacent coastal waters are and 'he aesthetic pleasures of undisturbed tideland areas. These nat.ral areas 'erd :den- also habitat for many ,narme species. selves to meaningfui and mportznt academic pursuits rch as oird-watchmg and nidL Proob the most iitally important aspect of ate beach and dure st nem is its caupat:cn and nutRent Ractycing studies. contriout.cn to storage of sand and shorelie stability. it serves as a bar-e which E- Comments on application: Section 14(C) of the Act allows all interested federal and state agencies, all adjoining landowners, local government units and other by the South CaroUlna Coastal Council, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date, 10 days after date interested persons to have thirty days after the receipt of Public Notice of permit appU- of this newspaper notice). eation from the Council to file written comments pertaining to the application. Only b) Other activities: In the case of appihcations for other than minor those comments received withmi the thirty day period must be considered In the Council's development permits, the applicant shall publish notice at least once m both a newspaper decision on a permit appbeation. Any persons wishing to receive notice of the initial of general statewide circulation (The State, News and Courier, or The Greenville News) decision on a permit application shall notify the Council within this comment period. and a newspaper of local circulation in the county of the proposed activity. The Exception: Comments on permit applications for minor development activities, as defined newspaper notices should be published within 15 days of the date of Public Notice (see in Section 3(N) of the Act, must be received within fifteen days after receipt of Public .30-2(C)). No permit shall be issued by the Council until at least 15 days following the Notice of permit application. date of the last-published newspaper publication. The following form shall be used for F. PubUlic information: The complete file on each permit application, newspaper pubhicahton: including all comments received, will be available for inspection by any member of the PUBLIC NOTICE general public during regular business hours at the principal Council offices. SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL COUNCIL G. Ilinor development activities: In determining whether a partloular project (Name of alphcant) will apply (has applied) to the South Carolina Coastal Councld for a permit to (descrtion of wok) for Jfubilc/orivate) is a minor development, as defned in Section 3(N) of the Act, a private pier shall be de- use, atfn floeaton and name of waterway). Comments wtil be received by the South Carolina Coastal Councill, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205, fined as a non-commercial, strictly private recreational facility that Is not used for, or In Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date. 15 days after date of this newsoaoer notice)- support of, any Industry or commercial operation. Any charge to members of the public or (8) When considered appropriate by the Council or its staff, additlonal any person for use of the facility is prohibited for a structure qualifying as a minor informat:on may be required, such as Impoundment management plans, and maintenance development. dredging schedules. Minor dock or pier developments shall have the same specifications as C. Notification: The Council is directed In Section 14 (C) of the Act and shall furnished under the general permitting provisions tilth the Army Corps of Engineers. within thirty days of receiving either a Joint Public Notice or South Carolma Coastal Erosion control structures means, in the case of minor developments. those structures Council permit application, notify, in writing, interested agencies, all admmjonng land- commonly known as bulkheads xhich follow the existing shorehne, not fronting on the owners, local government units in which the lan-l is located and other inteo-sted persons. Atlantic Ocean and the construction of which involves no direct effects on wetlands. This notice shae ndicste the nature and extent of the applicant's proposal. H. State comment: Issuance or denial of the cermit by the Coastal Council D. Permit processing- Permit processing shall commence m.nmediately uoon shall be the State comment on the corresponcing federal permit aDolication. receipt of eltner a Joint Public Notiee or a South Carolina Coastal Ccunc-l permit aooii- L Water quality certificate: If a mater quality certifcate. is required ande cation and shall oroceed concurrently but separately from any ?ederal author.zat:on. i401 of P L 92-500, is not seouired oy a Federal ~er'nitnmg agency, the Coastal Ccuncl been erected in accordance with federal and State laws, including fishing piers which are applicable, may continue such use without obtaining a permit. Any person may request provided for by general law or acts passed by the General Assembly of South Carolina; the Council to review any project or activity to determine if he is exempt under this provided, however, that notice shall be given to the Council wi. in seventy-two hours section from the provisions of this act. The Council shall make such determinations from the onset of needed repairs (see R.30-5(B)). withm forty-five days from the receipt of any such request. (7) Maintenance and repair of drainage and sewer facilities constructed in accordance with federal or State laws, and normal mamtenance and repair of any utility or railroad. 30-5 Exceptions. (8) Normal maintenance or repair to any pier or walkway, provided that A. List of excepttons: Section 13(D) of the Act lists several exceptions which such maintenance or repair shall not involve dredge or fill. do not require a permit. These are as follows: (9) Construction or maintenance of a major utility facility where the (1) The accomplshment of emergency orders of any duly appointed utility has obtained a certificate for such facility under "The Utlihty Facility Siting and official of a county, municipality or of the State, acting to protect the public health and Environmental Protection Act," Sections 58-1301 through 58-1332 of the 1962 Code safety, upon notification to the Council (see R.30-5(8)). (Sections 58-33-10 through 58-33-430 of the 1976 Code). Provided, however, that the (2) Hunting, erecting duckblinds, fishing, shellUfshmg and trapping when South Carolina Public Service Commission shal make the Council a party to certification and where otherwise permitted by law; the conservation, repletion and research activities proceedings for utility facilities within the coastal zone. of State agencies and educational institutions; or boating or other recreation provided that B. Notification to Council, emergency orders: such activities cause no material harm to the flora, fauna, physical, or aesthetic resources (1) As in A(l) above, notification to the Council of emergency orders that of the area. normally mould require a Council permit shall consist of telephoning, telegramming, or (3) The discharge of treated effluent as permitted by law; provided, radioing at the earlest possible time to the Council: however, that the Council shall have the authority to review and comment on all proposed (a) the nature of the emergency; permits that would affect critical areas. (b) the substance of the emergency order; (4) Dredge and fill performed by the United States Corps of Engineers () the time the order will be issued, or if circumstances preclude for the maintenance of harbor channels and the collect.on and disposal of the tnater'als so prior notice, when the order aas issued; dredged, pro, 'ed, however, that the Council shall have authorty to review ard certify all (d) the location of the activity ordered; such proposed dredge and fill activities. (e) the estimate of when such order shall be withdra vn. (5) Constrution of alkws over sard dunes in accordance vith Sect.on (2) If the Council Is not notified v:t'in seventiy-t.o hours of ohe 12 of the Act (see R.30-13(3)). ssauance of the emergency action 'aken, the offic-al ,ssuing such order or ordereng such (6) Zmesgency refDairs to any ertsting bank, dike or st;rcture vhicl h2as emergency action shall be m vlolatLcn of the tct and these -ules and regulations. Within B. Cease and desist directive: When any paerson is found altering a critical H. Record of Appeal: A Record of Appeal shall be kept and filed in the area without a permit and such activity is not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has Council's office. Oral proceedings or any part thereof shall be transcribed upon request of not been authorized by a perm.' is in violation of the terms of a Council permit or Is any party. The Council may, in its discretion, require persons requesting a transcript to violating provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council, or Its pay reasonable printing costs. duly appointed agent, may issue a ceas. and desist directive. This directive shall inform L Decision on Appeal: A decision on the Appeal may be made by the Council the person that he is in violation of the Act and that such person should cease unautho- immediately after the presentation of oral arguments but, in any case, no later than 35- rized activity. The Council may then request the person to remove or restore the area to days after the presentation. Each party shall be notified in writing of the decision. its original condition. If the person responsible for the unauthorized activity refuses to comply with the Council directive, the Council may then file suit in the appropriate circuit court as outlined m Section 16 of the Act. 30-7 Judicial Appeal: Section 18 of the Act allows Judicial review of Council action. C. Arrest narrants: When a person is found altering a critical area without a Before seecing judicial relief from a Council permit application decision, a person must pe'mit and such activity ts not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has not been seek relief through the Council appeal process In 30-6 above. authorized by a permit, is In violation of the terms of a Council permit or LS violating provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council may cause to be issued a 'varrant for the arrest of the violator. 30-8 Enforcement. D. Penalties: As stated in Section 17 of the Act, any person found guilty of A. Permit revocation and modification- One of the needs in administering a violation of the Act shall be punished by imprisonment of not more than six months, or by permit system to manage coastal resources is the enforcement of the provisions of the a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or both, for the first offense; and by system and the identification of unpermitted and unauthorized activities. The Courcil has imprisonment of not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than ten thousand initiated a routine aerial surveillance program for the coastal counties which idettifies dollars, or both, for each subsequent offense. and reports illegal dredgung, filling or other alterations in the critical areas. E. Judicial Enforcement: Section 16 of the Act provides the Council, the As the state agency responsible for managing the critical areas, the Council is Attorney General or any person adversely affected, a remedy to restrain nolations of the adamant In its enforcement of terms of an accproved permit. Section l$(E) of the Act Act. empowers the C.uncil to revoke a permit for noncomoliance Mith or v:olat:on of Its terms afte- written notice of intention to do so has been gven the holder, and the holde-, in return, has been gven an poortunimt to present an eplanation :o the Counc'l. Financtal 30-9 Otser P-ov:siors. hardship on the part of a holder shall not be a defense to the revqcat;on LF a De-mit. The ,. Savings Clause- If any provisions of the 'Lct or of these :u/es and Reg- Courcil may also revoke a er-nmit if it finds hat the holder or n.s agent suomlt-ed false ulat ons are adjudged nvelid or uncons: :ttional, he -emamder ot 'he Act and '"ese Rules information to bte Councel. APPENDIX E.3 Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject Management By State Agencies Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C Code of Laws) for South Carolina Coastal Council Activities Subject to Management bv State Agencv Residential developments - Sections 48-39-80 tB)(11). 130,R30-11 **R3t-12 Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130 South Carolina Aeronautics Commission Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (BI(1I), 130, R30-11, R30-12 Airports - Section 55-5-120 Airports - Section --10 rports - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11. R30-12 South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology R a ections 8-39-80 B 1 3 3 Rallwa~s - Sections 48-59-80 (B)f11), l;n, R30-11, R30-17 Residential developments - Sections 1-11-70.80,90 Parking facilitles - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11 R30-1i Ports - Section 1-11-70 Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11 Roads and Highways - Section 1- 11-9t Forestr) - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30- 11 Alrports - Section 1-11-'0 Railaysg - Sections 48-3-80 anufact(B)(11ng - Sections), 130, R-1R30-11. R0-l1 Railways - Section 1-11-80 Ilanufacturing - Sections 48-19-80(B)11), 130. RPO-ll1 R30-12 Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70 Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12 Mining - Sections 1039 io, 1S0 Fish and seafood processing - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130,R30-11, R 2O-I: lanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0 aculercial - Sct ions s -39- Seti11 18-9-30, R0-11), 130, R30-11 P.n-1l quiaculture - Section 1-11-'0 Parks - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-ll. RO3-12 Conmerclal - Section 1-11-'0 ;4armas - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130. R;0-11, Rx0-12 Marinas - Section 111--0 Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-S0 (B)(11), 130,R30-11, R30-12 Boat Ratts - Section 1-11-70 Tourist Attractions - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12 Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70 Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(I1), 130,R30-11,R30-12 Lrtlflclal reets - Section 1-11-70 tificia - Section 1-11-70 ldlife and Fisheries management - Sections *1-39-0Sl(B)(11), 130,R30-11,R30-12 Docks and Piers Section 1-11--0 Docks and Piers - Sections 4S-39-80(B1(11), 130.R30-11, R30-12 Dredgmg - Sectio 1-11-70 Dredging - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 13n, R30-11, RT0-12 Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-70 Dredge rhterzal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(B) (11), llO,R30-llR30-12 Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30 Underwater salsage - Sections 18-59-80 (B)(11),130, R30-11. R;0-12 Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70 Sewage treatment - Sections 48-39-Y0(B)(11, lt0, R30-11, R31-12 Energy - Section 1-11-80 Pubhlc/Qlasl-PtIblc Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- (B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12 Damns and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; RT0-11,R30-12 Smith Carolina lftartment of Iealth mid rivloramental Control South Carolina Coastal Council ... continued Residential developoents - Section 44-1-too; Sectigm 44-1-140 (11); Section Water supply - Sections 48-39-80(3)(11), 130; R30-li; R30-12 44-55-630 thmrogh 700; Sections 44-55-620, 335; 361-9; 361-40; Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-l1, R30-13 361-56; N61-57 Jetties and Groins - Sections 18-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-t1, R30-13 Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-l1; R30-13 Renourishment - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130;R30-11; R30-13 P faclitics Section 48-1-40; Section 43-1-90 (a); t61-9 Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; M3A-11; R30-l1, R30-13 Ilnufactioring - Section 4S-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 161-62; R61-62.1; 161-6Z.6; U61-66 *(South Carolina Coastal Council Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules Aquacultifre - Section 44-1-140(5 R; 361-47 and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areas of the Coastal :one", MaN 29, 1978). pish old Seefood processing - Section 44-1-340(5); 361-47 CAmercial - Sections 44-1-340(2), (11); Section 40-1-40; Section 48-1-140;, 361-25; R63-41; 361-62 Tourist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 46-1-140(7); 361-9; R61-62 Sewage treatment - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1430; Sections 40-1-90(a), 111. 110; SectIons 48-3-60, 140; Sections 48-5-20; R61-9; R61-56; 161-57 Solid waste disposal - Section 44-1-140(ll); M61-59; R61-60; 161-61; R61-70 I'udaIrc/q4vsi-Ihblic Buildings - Section 44-1-140(1i); Sections 48-1-300, 110; R61-9; R61-62 Water suqpply - Sectitn 44-55-40 Srnetu DCPI in ievel o!mU1M.t Board Ro.ads find Iligiways - Sottito 13-3-20(1); Section 11-1-1100 (4) (d) Airlorts - Sc-tion 11-3-2011); SeLtion 11-3-100(4) (d) Railways - Smttlon 11-3-20(1); Sections 13-3-100(4) (c). (d), (e) Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C. Code of Laws) for South Carolina Coastal Cocil Activities Subject to Management b% State Agency Residential developments - Sections 43-39-80 (B)(11). 1lOR30-11 **R3n-l: Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130 South Carolina Aeronautics Comuisslon Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-11, R30-12 Airports - Section 55-5-120 Airports - Sections 48-39-80 ({B)(11). 130, R30-11. R30-12 South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropoloey Rallways - Sections 48-39-80 (B)f111, 130; R30-11, R30-12 Residential developents - Sections 1-11-0,80,S90 Parking facilities - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11. R30-12 Ports - Section 1-11-70 Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 1l0. R30-11 Roads and Highwavs - Section 1-11-90 Forestry - Sectins 48-39-80()(), 130 R30-11 Airports - Section 1-11-*0 Ants mSection nng - Sections 48-39-80 (8)(11), 130, R30-ll,R30-12 Railways - Section 1-11-80 Manufacturing - Sections 48-39-SO(B)f111, 130, PR0-I2. R30-12 Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70 Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12 Minmng - Sections 10-9-10, lS0 Fish and seafood processing - Sections 8-39-80(B)(11) ,130,R3 . 0-'11, -I Nqanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0 Commercial Activitles - Sections JS-39-301B)l11), 130, R30-11. P3n-12 4quaculture - Section 1-11-'0 Parks - Sections 18-39-80(B)(111, 130, R30-11. R30-12 Commerclal - Section 1-11-'0 ;Marmas - Sections 48-39-80fB)(11), 130. R30-11, RP0-IZ armnas - Section 1-11-'0 Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-30 (B)(11), 130,R30-11; R30-12 Boat Ramps - Section 1-11-'0 Tourist Attractions - Sections 8-39-SO0(B)(11),130, R30-11 P30-12 Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70 Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)111, 130,R30-ll,R30-12 ,rtlflclal ree's - Section 1-11-70 hlldlife and Fisheries management - Sections J$-39-SOfB)(11). 130,R30-llR30-1l Docks and Piers - Section 1-11--0 Doks and Piers Section Docks and Piers - Sections IS-39-BO(B1(111, 130,R30-11, R30-1Z Dredging - Sectlo 1-11-70 Dredging - Sections 18-39-80(B1(11), 13n, R30-11, R30-12 Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-20 Dredge Materlal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(18)111, 130,R30-11,R30-12 Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30 Underwater salvage - Sections 18-39-80 (B)(11),,130 RSO-ll RiO-12 Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70 Sewage treatment - Sections I8-;9-O0(B)(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12 Energy - Section 1-11-80 PEnerg - Section 1-11-blic/Quasi-Public Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- ({)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12 Dams and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-ll,R30-12 Soteth Carolina liqurtunt of le-alth and F~avloroemniutal Control South Carolina Coastal Caimcil ... continued Itesidential developments - Section 44-1-100; Sectims 44-1-140 (11); Section Water supply - Sections 1 3 0 , R30-11; R30-12 ~44-55-610 through 700; Sections 44-55-1320. 330; R61-9; R61-40; Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-11, R30-13 P61-S6; U61-57 Jetties and Groins - Sections 483-0B(l)130; P30-1l; R30-13 Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111, 130, P30-li; R30-13 Renourishment - Sections 130.R30-11; R30 - 1 3 Parking facilities - section 48-1-40;, Section 413-1-90 ED); P61i-9 Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(ll), 130, R30-lI; R30-12; R30-13 Mauatuig - Section 431-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 1161-62; R61-62.1; 961-62.6; R61-66 *(South Carolina Coastal Coumcil Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules Aqautee- Section 44110() 61-47 and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areaes of the Coastal -one", ~1v2,1978). Plsh aid Sesfood processing - Section 44-1-140(S). R61-47 C~meorcial - Sections 441302,(11); Section 48-1-40; Section 49-1-140; 1161-25; P61-41; P61-62 Itorist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 43110() 61-9; B61-62 Sewage treat~met - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1410; SectIons 461-1-90(a), 1110, 130; Sections 46-3-60. 140; Sections 43-5-20; 1R61-9; R61-56; R61- 57 Solid waste disposal - Section 44R101) 61-59; 1161-60; 1161-61; R61-70 I'idhllc/Qjasi-Plehllc Ihaildings - Section 4-10();Sections 43-1-100, 130; R61-9; Rf61-62 Water supply - Section 44-SS-40 Si"Itl qXRUjy Buve!opuect Boar RoAds and Ilighways - Semtimau i3-3-20(i); SectIon 11-1-300f (4) (d) Aierports - Sectimi l1-3-20111); Section i13-1-00(4) (d) Railways - Smctiou 13-3-20(1); Se-tions 13-3-10(1(4) (c), (d), (e) Parks - Section 13-3-100(4) fh) South Carolina Pdublic Service Authority D~redging - Sections 13-3-40.50; Sections 13-3-320,330 11ims and Reservoirs - Section S8-31-30(5) Imergy - Sections 13-3-100 (4) (c), id) Svergy - Sections 58-31-30(7),(B) South Carolina 11OrestrY CAomSSi~o, South Carolina Pubilic Service CoMMisalon l-orebtry - Sections 48-23-80,90.120.200 litergy - Section S1-27-1230; Section 58-11-110 South Carolina Department of hilhways Auld Pubilic Transportation South Carolina State Ihbusing: Authority Roads and Ifighwrays - Sections 57-3-10, 610, Section 57-S-1330 Residential developiments - Seetion 31-3-140 flulkheadt,, seaw~alls, rcvetiots - Section 57-3-40 South Carolina State Ports Authority Jetties and grains - Section S7-3-40 Parts - Sections 54-3-110. 130. 140 breakwaters - Sextion, 57-3-40 Dlocks and Piers - Section S4-3-620 Renuurisliment - Section S7-3-40 Bulkheads. Seawalls. Revetments - Section 54-3-610 South Carolilna Land Resoures Conservat ion Commission Breakwaters - Section 54-3-150(9) Agricultuwe - SeLtion, 48-9-1210(9); Sections 48-9-ISIO. 1S70 South Crolina water Resources Commission M~inaing - Section 48-19-40 Wildlife andl fisheries mmnagement. - Sections 51-5-60, 100 lIjam and Reservoirs - Sections 49-11-200. 210, 240 Water supply - Sections 49-S-40,SO.60.70 South Lairolina liepartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism South Carolina Wildlife and Ibrine Resources Department P~arkb, - NeLtions 5-6(),(f); Sections 51-3-10,80 Aguaculture -Sections 50-5-20,50; Sections 50-15-50; Section 50-17-710 tourist Attractioni, - Section 51-1-60(c) Boat ramls -Section 57-5-870 I'ubil/QiasiPidicBuildings - Section S1-1-60(b) Artificial reefs - Section SO-3-90 I'dtrIF-10 POn eelJD AUthGr1It Wildlife and fisheries mnanagement - Section 50-3-100, Section 50-11-26101; ilie dutIVorILy's JlUFrIJdIAtio LOVems Ilog Island irn Chailo.tuo Harbor. Set Section 51-5-140 SCtLItwi St 13-710 through 850 Soueth Carolina I'edilic Railway:, COUNaihslon Railways - bet-timN 58-lU-3D APPENDIX F NERR Research Permit South ItCbatoaluga James A Timmerman, Jr, Ph.D A7 ,i/,c Maf Executive Director \ l~ild~i e eii Marme Paul A Sandifer, Ph D Resouffes Deprwet Director of Resources Departneit Marine Resources Division FrA W PFQQTNM AIENCLV REVISED NOVEMBER 1988 Under authorization of Section 50-17-50, S. C. Code of Laws as amended, you are hereby granted permission to collect specimens of marine life in the coastal waters of this State for scientific purposes. This permit is subject to the following conditions: a) No specimens of fish, shellfish. crustaceans, or other marine life collected may be used for personal consumption, sold or used for commercial purposes. b) All scientific permit holders are required to notify the Law Enforcement Office at Fort Johnson (Phone 803-795-6350. Extension 501815019) or this office (803-795-6350. Extension 506115010), at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of their collecting schedule and to provide certain information including (Date(s) of sampling; locationis) where collecting will take place; boat description; type of gear to be utilized; and purpose of sampling. c) Any collecting done by otter trawl or try net will be confined to the legal trawling areas specified under Section 50-17-610 and 50-17-615, only during the open season, unless otherwise specifically approved in writing by the Division of Marine Resources. dl This permit or a legible copy thereof must be in possession of the person to whom issued or a staff member of the institution to which it is issued, at all times during scientific collecting operations. e) This'permit is subject to the rules and regulations of the S. C. Department of Health and Environmental 'Control and any other governmental agency having jurisdiction in the coastal area. Any person violating the provisions of Section 50-17-50 is subject to the penalties prescribed therein. This permit may be revised, suspended, or revoked upon notification in the event of violation of the conditions set forth herein, or at any time that the Marine Resources Division deems it advisable in the best interest of conservation. Sincerely, Charles M. Bearden. Director Office of Fisheries Management CMB/pgc No. 345 No. 345 S.C.WTILDL!EANDMARINE RESOURCES DU'ARM.ENT SCIENTIFIC PERMIT Issued by authorization of Sec- tion-50-I7-50. S.C. Code of Laws as amended. This permit is for the collection of specimens from marine waters for scientific pur- poses only. Failure to comply with the at. Evftdam. DAM tached conditions will result in the DWISIONOTMARINERESOURCES revocation of this permit. OIjRLFSTON.s.C. NON-TRANSFERRABLE APPENDIX G Analysis of ACE Basin Site Based on NERR Biogeographic Scheme/Typology (Ecological Characterization) NOTE: Literature Cited In this Section Is Included In VII. References, page 108 G-1 ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN NERR SITE An analysis of the site based on the NERRS classification scheme illustrates a complex of subsystems and habitat types. The region contains a diverse assemblage of representative outer coastal plain communities including the full array of communities typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented are salt and brackish marshes and maritime forest communities. An abundance of managed estuarine impoundments, the total absence of industrial pollution and the isolated, undeveloped character of the area add considerably to the ecological significance of the region (Murdock 1981). These exceptional habitat characteristics and associated wetland functions have resulted in national designation of the ACE Basin region as a priority conservation area (U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 1990). 1. Reoresentative Ecosvstems The ACE Basin NERR is characterized by tremendous spatial heterogenity. From northeast to southwest, the area is divided by the Edisto, Ashepoo and Combahee rivers and associated tributaries flowing through extensive wetland acreage into St. Helena Sound. Wetland diversity is high and includes palustrine, estuarine (oligohaline to polyhaline types) and marine ecosystems. Over 30 percent of the natural communities as described by Nelson (1986) for South Carolina are encompassed within the reserve. A total of 23 ecological systems and subsystems/general community types are represented (Table 1). It is emphasized that these habitats are interacting components of a tremendously larger system (ACE Basin regional ecosystem - ca 350,000 acres) that is an extremely dynamic, open system through which organisms and materials constantly move (Figure 1). Therefore, the reserve is not easily delineated by artificial boundaries. a. Coastal Marine The coastal marine ecosystem is well represented and occurs where lands and water have unobstructed access to the open ocean. As such, it consists of two components; the intertidal and the subtidal. The intertidal subsystem includes tidal ocean beaches of Edisto Beach, Harbor, Hunting, Otter and Pine Islands as well as other islands with bars contiguous to coastal waters. The intertidal zone is a high energy, highly turbid environment with a continually shifting substrate of sand. These factors coupled with regular and frequent exposure to the air provide a harsh environment. Intertidal beach communities such as Otter Island may include relic forests where erosion of the beach and dune systems has encroached upon maritime forest communities. The subtidal subsystem consists of coastal waters extending Table 1. Representative ecosystems of the proposed ACE Basin HERR. ECOSYSTEM SUBSYSTEM/CCMHMUNITY TYPE EXAMPLE Coastal Marine Subtidal Offshore-waters to St. Helena Sound COLREGS Colregs line Intertidal Otter Island - beaches and bars Maritime Bird Key and Bank Pelican and Egg Banks Dune Otter and Edisto Isis. - dune fields Transitional Shrub Otter and Pine Ist. - shrub thickets Maritime Forest Otter and Pine IsL. - woodlands Estuarine Subtidal St. Helena Sound Estuary - submerged substrate to continuously - unconsolidated mud and sands Intertidal - Flats St Helena Sound Estuary Flats - salt and brackish marshes Intertidal - Emergent wetlands St. Helena Sound Estuary Intertidal - Impoundments Bear Island W4A and private plantations - divided marshes Palustrine Bay Forest Snuggedy Swamp - southern portions Bottom land Hardwood Private plantations Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands Bear Island WMA and Emergent/Aquatic Bed wetlands private plantations Upland Old Field Core area islands Pine Forest and/or buffer lands Pine-mixed hardwood zone including Bear Hardwood Island WMA and private lands AGRICULTURAL Farm~~~~~~~~~~~Fe Manulac- as Plantations~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ofar lured ~~~~~Good astal M a r i n e macmnary ~URBAN Waters ~~~~~~~~~Buildings. SYSTEMS Forsle Welade fee SetvicS FihCt , I Uplands aUNDEVELOPED ___ SYSTEM EXPLANATION Organic Producers Water Energy Flow a * W a *~ Land Conversion Consumers Energy Source ngyLs Figure I The Ace Basin is a compleX mixture Of subsystems that interconnect by enerciv pathwavs to form a renional ecosystem G-4 seaward of extreme low spring tide level and with salinities consistently exceeding 30 o/oo. Unconsolidated coastal bottom communities are composed of loose sand and associated sediments or mud with shells and shell fragments (Sandifer et al, 1980, Nelson 1986). b. Maritime The maritime ecosystem is principally represented by Edisto Beach, Hunting, Harbor, Pine and Otter islands. It includes all upland and isolated wetland areas located on those islands and others bordered on one side by tidal marshes, rivers and/or creeks and on another side by an active ocean-formed beach. Four subsystems are recognized: Bird key and bank, dune, transition shrub and maritime forest. The bird key and bank subsystem is a special ecological unit physically separated from the others by water (Sandifer et al, 1980). The bird key and bank subsystem consists of small isolated islands typically found in tidal inlets and broad bays. These islands are characterized by erratic, annual fluctuations in size, shape and vegetative cover as the sand shifts in response to storms and other physical forces (Sandifer et al, 1980). Within the reserve, this subsystem is best represented by Egg Bank in St. Helena Sound. This sand island exhibits low topographic profile and is frequently overwashed by storms and astronomically influenced high tides. The dune subsystem consists of a variety of types ranging from low, relatively narrow dune fields found on Otter and Pine Islands to higher, more well-developed dunes found on the southwest portion of Edisto Beach. Dune or maritime grassland communities exhibit a variety of floristic zones relative to species tolerance of salt spray, saltwater immersion and wind blown sand. Due to their ability to tolerate salt spray and other harsh environmental conditions, the robust perennials, grasses, sea oats and sea beach panic grass dominate the front slope and crest of foredunes. Fleshy herbs including sea rocket, beach elder, Russian thistle, beach pennywort and sea purslane occur in the foredune zone and assist in the early stages of dune development. Back slopes of foredunes, backdunes and interdune areas are dominated by a variety of grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs including: saltmeadow cordgrass, salt marsh fimbristylis, camphor weed, prickly pear, frog fruit, sand grass, finger grass, beach hogwort, beach sandspur, seaside goldenrod, yucca, groundsel tree and wax myrtle. (Johnson et al, 1974, Hillestad et al, 1975, Sandifer et al, 1980, Nelson 1986). Interdune ponds occur between beach dunes and maritime forest ridges and for the purposes of this document are considered to be a component of the dune subsystem. These isolated wetlands are seasonally flooded by rainfall or periodically inundated by exceptionally high and/or lunar tides. Numerous interdune ponds are G-5 characterized by freshwater emergents including cattail, false nettle, giant plume grass, fall panic grass, flat sedges and dotted smartweed. Depending on frequency and depth of inundation, ponds flooded by tidal action are more brackish and are vegetated to varying degrees by tropical cattail, saltmarsh bulrush, salt grass, smooth cordgrass, black needlerush, sea purslane and giant foxtail millet. Fresh and brackish interdune ponds are well represented on Otter Island. The transitional shrub subsystem or maritime shrub thicket is a dense but generally narrow ecotonal band between dune and maritime forest communities. This subsystem with its characteristic sheared canopy functions to further protect less salt- spray tolerant maritime forest vegetation (Sandifer et al, 1980). Maritime shrub thickets occurring within the proposed reserve site generally are dominated by wax myrtle. Other relatively salt-tolerant species represented are yaupon, cabbage palmetto, southern red cedar, red bay, green brier and pepper vine. The maritime forest ecosystem is represented by the zone of forest vegetation between transitional shrub communities on the seaward side and salt shrub thicket communities on the marsh side of islands. Within the proposed site, principal canopy species include live oak, loblolly pine, and slash pine. Midstory and understory species include cabbage palmetto, southern magnolia, southern red cedar, red bay, wax myrtle, yaupon, beauty-berry and coral bean. Virginia creeper, rattan vine, green brier, poison ivy, braken fern, nut rush and prickly pear also occur as understory components. In addition to the above general community description, several distinct forest community types based on various degrees of dominance by palmetto, oaks, other hardwoods and pines have been recognized for the maritime forest ecosystem (Sandifer et al, 1980). Such distinct types are exemplified by four maritime forest communities identified by Gaddy (1982) for Hunting Island located within the reserve buffer zone. c. Estuarine The estuarine ecosystem extends upstream in the tri-river system and landward to where ocean-derived salts measure less than 0.5 o/oo during the period of average annual flow. The seaward limit is an imaginary line across the mouth of St. Helena Sound. The ACE Basin estuarine ecosystem is a deepwater habitat with adjacent tidal wetlands that are semi-enclosed by land but having access to the open ocean. This system is diluted by freshwater flows of the tri-river drainage basin and from upland runoff. The estuary is influenced more by terrestrial processes than is the contiguous coastal marine ecosystem. As defined by Cowardin et al (1979), the ACE Basin estuary contains a complete array of salinty zones as follows: Oligohaline (0.5 o/oo - 5 o/oo), mesohaline (5 o/oo - 18 o/oo), Polyhaline (18 o/oo - 30 o/oo), and Euhaline(30 o/oo - 40 o/oo) (Figure 2). G-6 AVERAGE ANNUAL SAUNMTYOW M TYM NON-TMDAL ~~~~~~TAL! FLOW LUWT OF FRHWATER ICONDITIONS) TODAL INFLUENCE I r~~a-------, i Ot100~~~~~~OICINALNE � 0.5 pPt - - - - - - - - __ 3Ml~bPOWHALNE A < 310 ppt --ll- a -- - - - a a a a OCEAN EUVIALME Figure 2. The relationship between marsh type and average annual salinity (values are approximately only). Terminology is based on Cowardin et al. (1979). G-7 In accordance with Cowardin et al (1979), the Basin's estuarine ecosystem is divided into two subsystems, the subtidal and the intertidal. St. Helena Sound and the waters of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Rivers, where salinities are greater than 0.5 o/oo, comprise the subtidal sub-system. The intertidal subsystem includes those areas where the substrate is exposed and flooded by tides (e.g., marshes, bars, flats, oyster rocks, etc.) and includes the associated splash zone. The following habitat types are included in the reserve: subtidal bottom and intertidal flats and bars, 59,400 acres, tidal marshes, 60,100 acres and estuarine impoundments, 8,300 acres (SCWMRD, unpubl. data). The estuarine subtidal subsystem provides a rich and varied environment for phytoplankton populations but macrophyte production generally is limited. Due to environmental factors, estuarine phytoplankton populations tend to be larger and more productive than populations in adjacent systems. However, general absence of solid, permanent substrates, as well as turbidity, and the scouring action of tides severely limit the growth of macroscopic algae. The continuously immersed parts of seawalls, pilings, oyster reefs and subtidal substrates such as shell, man-discarded objects and invertebrates provide sites for algae attachment (Sandifer et al. 1980). Estuarine intertidal flats, level land forms composed of unconsolidated sediments, occur in areas sheltered from strong currents and wave action. Flats may be irregularly shaped or elongated and continuous with the shore, whereas bars generally are elongate, parallel to the shoreline and separated from the shore by water. Water regimes are restricted to irregularly exposed, regularly flooded and irregularly flooded flats, (Cowardin et al. 1979). Although flats are rich in mud algae, no vascular plants are typically found. On occasion, macroscopic algae such as sea lettuce may locally dominate flats (Sandifer et al 1980, Tiner 1984). Flats and associated oyster reefs are well represented throughout the reserve. Marshes dominate the ACE Basin intertidal zone. Although estuarine intertidal wetlands are a complex nutrient rich ecosystem, vascular plant diversity is relatively low due to limiting factors such as salinity, drainage, temperature and tidal influence (Penfound 1952, Adams 1963, Johnson et al. 1974, Baden et al. 1975, Sandifer et al. 1980). Emergent wetlands within the intertidal subsystem may be classified as two distinct units, salt and brackish marshes. Salt marsh salinities range from 10 o/oo to as high as 35 o/oo or even greater under certain environmental conditions. Saltmarshes are composed of two zones defined by elevation. The regularly flooded zone ("low marsh") is flooded at least once but usually twice daily while the irregularly flooded zone high marsh is flooded only during storm and/or astronomically high lunar tides. Plant communities associated with regularly and irregularly flooded salt marshes are distinctly different in species composition. Extensive monotypic stands of smooth G-8 cordgrass dominate the low marsh. Along creek banks, this species typically attains heights of over 6 feet while in the interior of the low marsh, plant height may vary from 3 to 6 feet. In contrast to the vegetatively homogenous low marsh, species diversity of the high marsh is quite varied. A number of halophytic grasses, rushes and forbs occur in abundance: glasswort, sea blite, salt wort, sea lavender, salt marsh aster, salt grass, sea ox-eye, black needlerush, salt meadow cordgrass, coastal dropseed, salt-marsh fimbristylis, marsh elder and short form (< 1.5 feet high) smooth cordgrass (Tiner 1979). Salt marshes dominate the entire marsh zone for the reserve core area, all of the buffer zone in the Combahee system and the buffer zone associated with the Ashepoo and South Edisto Rivers to the approximate lower boundary of Bear Island WMA. High salt marshes including "salt flats or pannes" are particularly well represented along the upland perimeters of Otter and Pine Islands. Within the reserve buffer zone, brackish marsh salinities range from 0.5 o/oo to 10 o/oo and occur primarily in the central to upper regions of the South Edisto and Ashepoo Rivers. Throughout most of this region, the marshes are influenced by mesohaline salinities and are dominated by mixed stands of black needlerush and big cordgrass. Other species occurring in this zone include saltmarsh bulrush, saltmarsh aster, marsh elder, groundsel tree, sea oxeye and seaside goldenrod. Oligohaline conditions predominate from the main Jehossee Island marsh peninsula to the abandoned SCR bed on the South Edisto and in the extreme upper portions of Ashepoo River marshes. In this zone, emergent wetlands are characterized by a diverse assemblage of plants typical of transitional brackish and freshwater communities. Representative species include: big cordgrass, cattails, salt marsh bulrush, common three-square, soft-stem bulrush, sawgrass, pickerel weed, arrow-arum, spider lily, alligator weed, water parsnip, wild rice, and giant cutgrass. A narrow zone of smooth cordgrass often occurs at lowest marsh elevations along river and creek banks (Tiner 1979). d. Palustrine Due to geographic and associated ecological features related to boundaries of the reserve, the palustrine system is the least represented in regards to areal occurrence. However, a diversity of palustrine wetland communities are represented in the buffer zone and include bay forest, bottomland hardwood, scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands, and emergent/aquatic bed wetlands. Bay Forest communities occur in the extreme northern portions adjacent to the abandoned SCR bed and tidal marshes of the South Edisto River. This community consists of the lower reaches of Snuggedy Swamp, a Holocene peat deposit up to 13.5 feet resting on a sequence of silty and clayey saltmarsh deposits (Mathews et al. 1980). These peaty swamps are characterized by poorly drained, deep organic, acid soils that are seasonally or intermittently saturated. Vegetative structure is G-9 characterized by a generally thick canopy and very tangled subcanopy layers made up of viney growth and tall shrubbery including loblolly bay, red bay, sweet bay, wax myrtle, red maple, pond pine, green brier and other broad-leaved evergreen species (Penfound 1952, Cowardin et al. 1979, Sharitz and Gibbons 1982, Nelson 1986). Bottomland hardwood communities within the reserve are found on poorly-drained lowlands not associated with river channels and are influenced by seasonal and intermittently flooded water regimes. These wetlands generally occur on minimal soils or highly decomposed organic soils (Cowardin et al. 1979). This habitat type occurs on private lands in the reserve buffer zone and is best represented by non-alluvial swamp forest communities. A diverse assemblage of canopy and subcanopy species occur including swamp chestnut oak, water oak, sweetgum, ash, red maple, swamp tupelo, and cabbage palmetto. Understory and herb components include dwarf palmetto, wax myrtle, red bay, smartweeds, lizzard's tail, various grasses and sedges (Nelson 1989, C. A. Smith, pers. comm.) Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands are represented by small (generally less 0.5 acre) ponds and depressions located on Bear Island WMA and private land within the buffer zone. These communities are composed of varying ratios of sapling trees, shrubs and persistent and non-persistent emergents including: sweetgum, red maple, willows, buttonbush, wax myrtle, water loosestrife, various panic grasses, rushes and sedges. An excellent example of this community type is the maiden cane dominated depression meadow (Nelson 1986, A.Smith, pers.commun.) Emergent/aquatic bed wetlands are best represented by a limited number of palustrine impoundments (approximately 200 acres) chiefly associated with the Ashepoo River drainage system. These wetlands are influenced by a semipermanently flooded water regime except when dewatered by extended drought or for management purposes. Typical emergents include: common cattail, soft rush, water loosestrive, smartweeds, spikerush, maiden cane, and sedges. Frogbit, pennywort, white waterlily, bladderwort and coontail are the principal floating-leaved and submerged aquatics. Scattered stands of low density trees and shrubs including: red maple, swamp tupelo, buttonbush, willows and wax myrtle also occur as minor community components (SCWMRD unpubl. 1989 data). e. Uplands For the purposes of this document uplands are considered to occur in two distinct ecosystems: Maritime - 1) maritime forest communities located in marsh/barrier islands, 2) uplands - all other upland areas within the proposed reserve. Total upland area is approximately 7,752 acres including some 900 acres of maritime forests located principally on Otter, Pine, Ashe and South Hutchinson Islands. Maritime forest communities also occur, to a more limited extent, on other core area islands and at isolated locations throughout the buffer zone. A description of maritime forests G-10 communities has been previously provided under the maritime ecosystem discussion. The remaining uplands ecosystem (approximately 6,852 acres) is divided into four major subsystems: 1) old field, 2) pine forest, 3) pine-mixed hardwood forest, and 4) mixed hardwood forests. The reserve contains many of the community types characteristically found within the ACE Basin Region (Table 2). Pine communities dominate the uplands. The original upland forests were probably mixed hardwood and pyric climax pine forests. Subsequent logging and clearing for agriculture and forest management resulted in the creation and maintenance of pine dominated upland. Pine-mixed hardwood forests also are common in the project area and range from extremely xeric to mesic sites. Mesic pine-mixed hardwood communities generally have a super canopy of pines (slash, spruce or short leaf) and hardwood xeric pine-mixed hardwood communities, generally found on ridges of coarse sand, are more complex with long leaf pines being the predominant species. The effects of fire and logging in the community determine canopy height, understory composition and height and density of both. The southern mixed hardwood forest is an extremely complex subsystem, with dominance varying among various sites. As many as 20 different community variations have been described for mixed hardwood forests in the region (Sandifer et al. 1980). 2. Fish and Wildlife Resources a. Endanaered and Threatened SDecies Habitat diversity, the absence of industrial pollution, and the undeveloped nature of the ACE Basin collectively contribute to the region's importance to endangered and threatened species. Eight species of Federally-listed endangered and/or threatened animals have been documented to occur in the vicinity of the reserve (Table 3). However, only 6 species (Atlantic loggerhead turtle, southern bald eagle, wood stork, shortnose sturgeon and peregrine falcon) are considered to be residents or regularly utilize the area during portions of their annual life cycle (S. H. Murphy and T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.) In accordance with the amended Federal Endangered Species Act of 1978, these species are managed by recovery plans developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (birds and terrestrial species) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (marine species except sea turtles). Development of recovery plans for sea turtles is a joint responsibility of these two agencies (Sandifer et al. 1980). Management of endangered species within the reserve will be coordinated by SCWMRD, Nongame and Endangered Species Section. The beaches of Hunting, Harbor, Otter, Pine and Edisto Islands provide important nesting habitat for the Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Table 4). Otter Island is considered to be the most important nesting site on the southern coast of South Carolina and is ranked among the top nesting beaches in the state. Annual nest site monitoring and surveillance is conducted by various SCWMRD permitted cooperators and volunteer Table 2. Generalized community structure of the vascular flora of the Upland Ecosystem in the ACE Basin Region. I- OLDFIELD COMMUNITY IV. MIXED HARDWMOD Upland (well drained) A. Mesic stoDe hardwoods Lowland (poorly drained) 1. ravine slope hardwoods 11. PINE FOREST COMMUNITIES 2. beech ravine 3. mixed mesophytic hardwoods Longleaf 4. bluff and slope forest Slash 5. beech-bull bay community Loblolly Mixed Pine B. UDland mesic hardwoods (or oak-hickory) III.PINE-MIXED HARDWOODS COMMUNITY 1. forest, southern mixed hardwoods A. Mesic - lobloliv dominate 2. forest or mesophytic broadleafed forest 1. loblolly - mixed hardwoods communities C. Hammock community a. white oak phase 1. Lowland broadleaf evergreen forest b. ravine slope phase 2. evergreen scrub-lichen forest c. sweet gun-tupelo phase D. Scrub forest community 2. mixed pine-mixed hardwoods communities 1. evergreen scrub forest 2. evergreen scrub-lichen forest a. shortleaf b. LobLolly E. Dwarfed oak-mixed hardwood communitv B. Xeric-lonaleaf dominate 1. turkey oak-longleaf pine association 2. turkey oak association 1. longleaf pine-turkey oak community 3. blackjack oak pine 4. mockernut hickory association a. turkey, blackjack, and shrubby post oak, b. Chapman, live, turkey, shrubby post oak, long- F. Live oak-mixed hardwood community leaf dominate 2. longleaf-shortleaf turkey oak communities a. above, plus slash pine, Chapman and laurel oak, mockernut hickory b. blackjack and turkey oak shrubby post oak, longLeaf association Table 3. Federally listed endagered and threatened animals documenmted to occur intor within the vicinity of the proposed ACE Basin HERR. SPECIES STATUS ECOSYSTEM PREFERRED HABITS OCCURRENCE American Alligator Threatened Estuarine Low salinity brackish Abundant marshes and impoundnents Atlantic loggerhead Threatened Marine Offshore waters; Common in summer turtle Estuarine St. Helena Sound; nest on beaches Finback whale Endangered Marine Open ocean Rare Peregrine Falcon Endangered Maritime Beaches of barrier Fairly common in winter islands C) Shortnose sturgeon Endangered Estuarine Estuarine Rivers Southern Bald eagle Endangered Estuarine Estuarine rivers, Common in fall and winter Palustrine impoundments and Upland associated uplands West Indian Manatee Endangered Marine Estuarine rivers Uncommon Wood Stork Endangered Estuarine Estuarine Impoundments Common in spring and summer Palustrine and intertidal flats; Forested/scrub-shrub wetlands �-- -- - - -- - --- - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - - -.- -- - . - - - - - - . . .....-..... ...... Table 4. Atlantic loggerhead turtle nesting activity within the proposed Ace Basin MERR, 1880-87. (Adapted from SCURD, Wongame and Erdangered Species Section; unpublished date) Nesting Beach/island Length of Beach (Mi) Estimated Active Nests/Season 1980-82 1985-87 Edisto Island* 11.0 403 367 Pine Island 1.4 25 8 Otter Island 2.6 310 158 X Harbor Island 1.2 55 41 Hunting Island 4.2 105 139 Totals 20.4 898 713 *Includes beaches of Eddingsville Beach and Botany Bay Island that are outside the proposed NERR site but within the overall ACE Basin Project area G-14 organizations as follows: Hunting Island - SCDPRT; Otter and Pine Islands-Chelonia Institute (a private sector marine turtle conservation organization); and Edisto Island Edisto Beach Turtle Project (Murphy and Murphy, 1982, S. H. Murphy, pers. commun.). In addition to the Atlantic loggerhead, other marine turtles potentially occurring as transient individuals within the reserve include the Kemps Ridley and Green Sea Turtle. The ACE Basin, presently supporting 40 percent of South Carolina's nesting eagles, represents the most important southern bald eagle nesting region in the state. Seven of the 24 nesting territories within the Basin currently are located in the reserve and have contributed significantly to restoration of state-wide eagle populations (Table 5). The presence of suitable nest trees and the distance to rivers and impoundments have been cited as being potentially the most important factors for eagle nest site selection (Murphy and Coker 1978, Cely and Phillips 1981). Within the reserve, the interspersion of impoundments and isolated forested islands supporting large pine trees provide excellent eagle nesting habitat. The isolated nature of the reserve and the high availability of food in rivers (fish) and impoundments (waterfowl and fish) enhance successful eagle nesting. Principal avian food remains found in eagle nests suggest high utilization of common moorhens and occasional use of coots with catfish being the primary fish species identified (Murphy and Coker 1978). The lack of industrial pollutants also contribute to eagle productivity (T. M. Murpliy, pers. commun.). Wetlands in the ACE Basin provide a diversity of habitat types important to the American alligator. Overall, alligator populations within the tri-river system have exhibited increasing trends (Table 6). In an intensive study of alligator nesting ecology in coastal South Carolina, Wilkinson (1983) characterized the ACE Basin as one of the most important nesting regions in the state (Table 7). Marsh impoundments are the preferred habitat type for nesting. Estuarine impoundments provide abundant and diverse food resources, a variety of water depths providing optimum foraging habitat for all age classes of alligators and excellent nesting sites on internal remnant dikes and berms of functional embankments (Chabreck 1960, Bara 1975, Wilkinson 1983). Since freshwater or low salinity wetlands (< 12%) are preferred by alligators for nesting, most of this activity occurs within impoundments of the proposed reserve's buffer zone. In response to extended protective status, South Carolina's alligator populations have increased significantly and the species currently is officially considered as "threatened upon similarity of appearance." The alligator's present status allows for a controlled harvest that SCWMRD initiated in 1988 through exclusive removal of "nuisance" alligators by authorized controlled agents. This program is designed to minimize problematic alligator-human interactions typically associated with expanding Table 5. Southern bald eagle nesting activity within the proposed ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90. (SCamd, ogame and Endangered Species Section, unpublished data). YEAR NO. NEST PRODUCT I ON �1973 1 nknown 1973 1 unknown 1974 1 unknown 1975 1 unknown 1976 1 unknown 1977 1 0 1978 1 0 1979 2 1 1980 2 2 1981 3 5 1982 3 5 1983 3 3 1984 4 5 1985 4 4 1986 4 6 1987 4 6 1988 6 9 1989 7 6 1990 7 6 TOTALS 55 58 �-...--.......------------..--...---........---..-------------------- �... Table 6. merican alligator observations and relative desitles in the Asheepoo, Co2ehee and Edisto Rivers, 1978 and 1983 (Maped from NKapy and Coker 1983). River 1978 1983 miles surveyed observations observations/mile miles surveyed observations observation/milE Ashepoo 23.5 32 1.36 23.5 49 2.08 Combehee 17.5 27 1.31 17.5 30 1.70 Edisto 34 51 1.5 27 134 4.96 �.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iable 7. American alligator nesting densities in three rmrsh types associated with the Ashepoo. Coambhee and South Edisto rivers (adapted from Wilkinson 1983). --------------------------------------------------------------------------""""""""---------I-----------""""' Imuozdnents Surveyed Remanent Inmoundnents Surveyed Tidelands Surveyed River No.Acres No.Nests Acres/Nest No.acres No.Nests Acres/Nest No.Acres No.Nests Acres/Nest Ashepoc 3,934 24 164 3,837 13 295 82 0 0 Conbahee 10,634 57 186 4,178 4 1,045 N/S - South Edisto 6,574 10 657 3,264 7 466 816 7 117 Totals 21,142 91 232 11,279 24 470 898 7 117 �.. . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . G-18 urban communities. Bear Island WMA serves as the headquarters for alligator hide storage and sale for animals removed through this program. The wood stork is one of the most spectacular wading birds occurring within the reserve and represents the only true stork of regular occurrence in the United States. Wood stork nesting activity was first documented in the ACE Basin in 1981 when 11 pairs nested. Nesting activity has exhibited dramatic annual increases with 536 nests currently documented in three rookery sites. An estimated minimum of 1,289 storks were fledged in 1990 (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). The ecological relationships of productive, shallowly-flooded foraging habitats to wood stork and other colonial wading bird nesting sites is well established (Kushland 1976, Custer and Osborn 1978, Custer et al. 1980, Kushland 1981). Although not located within boundaries of the reserve, the three ACE Basin rookeries are located within proximity and storks are regularly observed feeding in intertidal mud flats and estuarine impoundments throughout the reserve area. Wood storks, employing tactile feeding strategies, forage extensively on small fish and other aquatic animals concentrated in tidal marsh pools and topographic depressions characteristically found in estuarine impoundments when water levels are lowered for waterfowl habitat management. In addition to breeding storks, the reserve provides important foraging habitat for wood storks migrating from more southern breeding grounds in mid to late summer (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). Although the peregrine falcon has experienced a dramatic decline within the Continental United States, the species continues to be regularly reported in South Carolina during migration and in winter (Gauthreaux et al. 1979). During annual migration, several hundred peregrines are believed to pass through the reserve with up to six individuals regularly utilizing the beaches and associated estuarine habitat throughout the winter. Migrating peregrines are believed to feed extensively on migratory shore birds and passerines while wintering Falcons feed heavily on red- winged blackbirds (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). Little is known concerning the abundance and ecology of the shortnose sturgeon in the ACE Basin except that the species has been documented to occur in the South Edisto River and, although not currently confirmed, historically has likely inhabited the Combahee and Ashepoo Rivers. The marl hole above Givhans Ferry, located outside the project area, on the South Edisto is believed to be an important spawning area for the closely-related Atlantic Sturgeon (Sandifer, et al. 1980). The undamed nature general high water quality of the tri-river system contribute to the Basin's value as important habitat for sturgeon. During the warmer months, the West Indian manatee moves as far north as North Carolina along the Atlantic Coast and has been documented to occur on an uncommon but regular basis in summer at locations both north and south of the G-19 reserve. A cow and calf have been observed for several hours feeding on smooth cordgrass at the Parris Island Marine Depot immediately south of the project area. The size of the calf suggests that it was probably born in South Carolina waters. Other sightings of manatees feeding on smooth cordgrass have been noted in other estuarine rivers of South Carolina (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). Several species of whales, including the Atlantic right, blue, bowhead, finback, humpback, sei and sperm, occasionally occur in marine waters off South Carolina. In 1987, an adult finback whale stranded on the beach of Harbor Island, located in the extreme southeastern portion of the reserve. This stranding represents the first documented occurrence of finback whales in coastal waters of South Carolina. In general, very little is known concerning marine mammal population levels or movements along the southeastern coast of the United States (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). b. Amphibians and Reotiles Except for marine turtles that were previously discussed in the endangered species section, essentially no site-specific information is available for herpetofauna associated with the maritime ecosystem of the reserve. The reserve core area is expected to support a representative diversity of herpetofauna groups including various species of salamanders, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, and turtles typically occurring on undeveloped barrier and marsh islands. The diamondback terrapin is the only reptile truly characteristic of the estuarine subtidal region and perhaps is also the most characteristic reptile of irregularly flooded intertidal estuarine habitats. Terrapins are most abundant in the salt marsh creeks particularly over shell bottoms and near oyster bars (Sandifer et al. 1980). As discussed previously, the American alligator also is an extremely important herpetofauna component of the estuarine ecosystem but prefers low salinity habitats. Although there is a general paucity of herpetological research in saline habitats of the United States, amphibians and reptiles evidently invade intertidal salt and brackish water areas much more often than has generally been realized (Neill 1958). Within the reserve, ecotonal communities associated with intertidal emergent marshes, impoundments and a variety of terrestrial habitats support a diverse assemblage of herpetofauna (Table 8). Undoubtedly, additional species also occur but at present have not been verified c. Mammals Mammals in the project area may be classified as two distinct groups, marine mammals and semi-terrestrial and terrestrial species. Other than the previously discussed endangered species, four species of marine mammals including two Table B. Some amphibians and reptiles occurring within the proposed AE Basin NEER verified by collection end observations. (South Carolina Uildlife and Marine Resources Departnt, ron-gae and Endangered Species Section unpubtl. date.) Crocodilians Snakes Amercian alligator Banded water snake Black swamp snake. Brown snake Frogs and Toads Copperhead Corn snake Barking treefrog Eastern coral snake Bullfrog Eastern cottonmouth Eastern narrowmouth toad Eastern diamondback Eastern spadefoot toad Eastern garter snake Green frog Eastern hognose snake Green treefrog Eastern kingsnake Little grass frog Eastern ribbon snake. Ornate chorus frog Mud snake Pig frog Rainbow snake Pine woods treefrog Rat snake Southern chorus frog Redbelly snake Southern cricket frog Redbelly water snake ) Southern leopard frog Ringneck snake Southern toad Rough earth snake Spring peeper Rough green snake Squirrel treefrog Scarlet kingsnake Scarlet snake Southeastern crown snake Lizards Southern black racer Southern hognose snake Broadhead skink Worn snake Five-lined skink Green anole Ground skink Turtles Slender glass lizard Southeastern five-lined skink Chicken turtle Southern fence lizard Eastern box turtle Mud turtle Salamanders Musk turtle Snapping turtle Eastern newt Spiny softshell turtle Marbled eslamander Yellowbelly slider Mole salamander G-21 dolphins, one whale and one seal have been documented to occur in the vicinity of the reserve (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although limited information is available concerning the overall composition of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial mammalian communities within the reserve, a minimum of 19 species are believed to occur in the general ACE Basin region (Murdock 1981). Of the marine mammals, the Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin is the only resident species and is the dominant mammal of the estuarine open water system and nearshore marine habitat. In the estuarine system, the dolphin's feeding niche is essentially the same as in nearshore waters where they prey on a variety of fishes with striped mullet and Atlantic menhaden probably constituting the bulk of its diet (Sandifer et al. 1980). Bottle-nose dolphins are commonly observed in St. Helena Sound and in the estuarine zone throughout the tri-river system. The common dolphin, a pelagic species found in temperate and tropical oceans, is documented in the project area by a stranding on Edisto Island. A female goosebeaked whale measuring 15 feet, 7 inches in length also is noted to occur through a stranding at Edisto Island (Golley 1966). The harbor seal is considered to be an uncommon but regular species occurring along the South Carolina coast both north and south of the reserve (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). A young harbor seal has been collected at Hilton Head Island, immediately south of the reserve (Golley 1966, Sanders 1978). Other than marine mammals, furbearers represent the mammalian group most closely associated with estuarine habitats. The river otter is the only furbearer utilizing both subtidal and intertidal estuarine wetlands. Otters are considered to be common faunal components of the reserve and often are observed in tidal creeks and rivers and traveling or crossing dikes of estuarine impoundments. Principal food items of otters using salt marshes include various species of minnows, striped mullet and blue crabs (Chabreck et al. 1982). In the reserve the mink is the other semi-aquatic, carnivorous mammal chiefly associated with estuarine wetlands. Minks remain mostly in dense cover but feed along shorelines and enter open water only when crossing a body of water is necessary (Chabreck 1988). In comparison with the river otter, the diet of the mink is more varied and likely includes marsh birds and rodents along with fish and crustaceans (Golley 1966; Sandifer et al. 1980). Estuarine wetlands within the reserve core area, particularly the marshes of Otter, South Hutchinson and Ashe Islands, are considered to support some of the highest mink populations along the South Carolina coast. The lack of environmental contaminants in the ACE Basin estuarine system is believed to contribute to the value of these marshes as important mink habitat (O. E. Baker, III, pers. commun.). The ACE Basin provides important habitat for a number of other furbearer species including the raccoon, bobcat and gray fox. SCWMRD furbearer census data suggest that populations of these three species in the ACE Basin contribute significantly to the statewide, coastal furbearer resource, The raccoon is the most abundant medium G-22 sized, mammalian omnivore inhabiting tidal wetlands and adjacent upland habitats. Within the project area, the raccoon successfully exploits a wide-variety of habitats including: intertidal beaches, dune systems, maritime forests, intertidal flats and marshes, impoundments and various upland community types. The bobcat represents the principal large mammalian predator inhabiting maritime forest as well as other upland habitats and is commonly observed traveling the dikes of estuarine impoundments. Although food habits of bobcats in coastal areas are poorly known, bobcats inhabiting coastal islands have been identified as a principal predator on white-tailed deer fawns (Epstein et al. 1983) and it is likely that marsh rabbits and rice rats constitute important food items (Sandifer et al. 1980). The gray fox, being more typically associated with palustrine wetlands, is most abundant in inland areas of the ACE Basin but occurs commonly in the reserve buffer zone. Small mammals also represent important faunal components of estuarine and maritime-influenced habitats and function as both predator and prey species within coastal ecosystems (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although no known inventories of small mammal populations have been conducted in the reserve, reasonable inferences can be drawn from investigations and general observations made in similar coastal habitats. In an intensive study of mammals of Kiawah Island, located slightly north of the reserve, Schacher and Pelton (1979) documented the following species as occurring in various habitat types: dunes - house mouse, cotton rat, least shrew, rice rat, cotton mouse and wood rat; woodlands - cotton mouse, least shrew, wood rat, and cotton rat; dikes and chenicks - rice rats, least shrew, cotton mouse and cotton rat; oond/marsh edoes - cotton rat, least shrew, rice rat and house mouse. In surveys of small mammals associated with rice field dikes along the Ashley River at Magnolia Gardens, Forsythe (unpubl. data) found the rice rat to be the most common species followed by the short-tailed shrew, house mouse, cotton mouse and cotton rat. Sandifer et al. (1980) also recognized the marsh rice rat as being among the most highly aquatic coastal rodents and the principal omnivorous mammal of the saltmarsh community. Dunes and high salt marshes vegetated by salt meadow cordgrass and associated transitional shrub communities have been noted as important habitat for the least shrew and cotton rat (Sanders 1978). The eastern mole has been documented to occur in several estuarine and maritime habitats including: a bare, tidal, sand flat between two "islands"; sand dunes, sandy soil within 50 feet of the tidal marsh and a sandy path through woods on Edisto Island (Golley 1966). Similar small mammal associations are expected to occur in respective habitats within the reserve. Large to intermediate-sized herbivorous mammals associated with estuarine wetlands and/or adjacent upland habitats include: white-tailed deer, marsh rabbit, eastern cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. The white-tailed deer occurs G-23 in a variety of habitat types within the reserve with its relative abundance ranging from common on cove area islands to extremely abundant on mainland areas within the buffer zone. Although typically associated with mainland forest communities, the white tail, being an excellent swimmer and quite capable of traversing coastal marshes, often is observed crossing estuarine wetlands to reach marsh and barrier islands where it utilizes a diversity of habitats including beaches, dune systems and high salt marsh communities (Johnson et al. 1974, Schacher and Pelton 1979, Sandifer et al. 1980, Chabreck 1988). A recognized taxonomic subspecies of white tail, the Hunting Island white-tailed deer, occurs on Hunting Island, within the reserve buffer zone, and likely inhabits other closely adjoining islands (Taylor 1956). The marsh rabbit represents the herbivorous mammal most closely associated with estuarine marshes. The marsh rabbit, an ecologically dominant mammal of the high marsh zone, is, along with certain small mammals, an important link in food chains of predacious mammals, a variety of raptorial birds and some reptiles (Sandifer et al. 1980). Although cottontail rabbits are found on barrier islands and mainland areas adjacent to estuarine wetlands, they typically are more abundant on inland areas dominated by old field and agricultural habitats (Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton 1979). Therefore, cottontails are considered to be less significant components of the reserve's mammalian community. Gray and fox squirrels occur in various forest types within the reserve buffer zone. The gray squirrel is the most abundant of the two species and occurs in pine-mixed hardwood and hardwood communities; whereas, the fox squirrel is most often observed in open pine forests. Other than the raccoon, the opossum represents the most abundant medium-sized, omnivorous, forest mammal associated with the reserve. Although most typically associated with woodlands and palustrine forested wetlands, opossums occur in a variety of habitat types including dune areas (Golley 1966, Schacher and Pelton 1979). Flying squirrels, together with several species of bats, represent a group of specialized arboreal mammals occurring in the project area. The flying squirrel is primarily a resident of hardwood forests where it utilizes tree cavities as den sites. Although bat populations are little studied in the reserve area, species accounts providing geographic distribution and habitat requirements suggest that at least five species (including the red bat, seminole bat, evening bat, eastern pipistrelle and Brazilian free-tailed bat) likely occur within the reserve. These bats are generally insectivorous and roost in trees or beneath tree bark except for the seminole bat that roosts in clumps of spanish moss (Golley 1966, Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton 1979). D. Birds As a taxonomic group, birds are perhaps the most studied and highly recognized class of vertebrates found in the ACE Basin NERR. The basin's complex system of diverse wetland types together with associated upland communities provide habitat for over 260 bird species (Murdock 1981). This large avian community includes G-24 permanent residents, spring and winter residents and transients that reflect the biological richness of the region through a broad array of trophic relationships. Birds of the coastal marine ecosystem are primarily piscivorous or benthic feeders but also include omnivorous species and scavengers (Johnson et al. 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980). Dominant piscivorous and scavenger species include the brown pelican, double crested cormorant and five species of gulls and terns. Three species of waterfowl (lesser scaup, surf scoter and black scoter) inhabiting coastal marine waters in winter are benthivores feeding on mollusks crustaceans and worms. Other than the gulls and terns utilizing adjacent coastal waters, the dominant birds of intertidal beaches are shore birds feeding on macrobenthic organisms. The black skimmer employs a specialized feeding behavior by taking fish while skimming the surface of shallow waters. Most of the principal birds of intertidal beaches are permanent residents except for the knot and the least tern which are winter and spring residents, respectively (Table 9). Within the maritime ecosystem, the royal tern, laughing gull, brown pelican, tricolored heron and snowy egret are the dominant birds of bird key and bank habitats (Table 10). Although bird keys and banks provide important loafing and perching sites for coastal water birds, perhaps their greatest ecological value is providing nesting sites for breeding marine birds. Egg bank, located within the Beaufort County portion of St. Helena Sound, is a relatively large sand bank that historically has served as an important rookery for brown pelicans, black skimmers and royal terns (Wilkinson 1981). Although pelican nesting habitat on Egg Bank recently has been lost due to severe erosion from coastal storms, Egg Bank continues to function as a productive rookery for black skimmers and royal terns. As bird key and banks are a highly dynamic component of the maritime ecosystem, their annual stability as productive rookery sites is expected to vary in accordance with site-specific erosion and accretion processes. Other important shore bird rookery sites located within the maritime ecosystem of the ACE Basin NERRS include several least tern colonies associated with beaches on Edisto Island (Table 10). As South Carolina least tern populations currently are classified as threatened on the state level, the SCWMRD closely monitors the Edisto Island least tern colonies. As the three remaining subsystems of the maritime ecosystem (dune, transitional shrub and maritime forest) are contiguous and grade into one another, considerable overlap of species exist among associated avian communities (Table 10). Due to harsh environmental factors and comparative lower vegetative diversity, species richness is considerably lower in dune (11 dominant species) and transitional shrub (9 dominant species) habitats as compared to the maritime forest (38 dominant species). Table 9. Dominant birds of the coastal marine ecosyste occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR. (Compiled from Sprunt and Chmaberlain 1949, 1970; Arduben Field Notes 1967-1970, Chaiberlain 1966, American Birds 1971-1977, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980). Marine Subtidal Waters Intertial Beaches Brown Pelican C PR Brown Pelican C PR Double Crested Cormorant C PR Black-bellied plover C PR Herring gull C PR Willet C PR Ring-billed gull C PR Knot FC WR Laughing gull C PR Least sandpiper C PR Royal tern C PR Dunlin C PR Forsters tern C PR Semipalmated sandpiper C PR Lesser scaup C WR Western sandpiper C PR Ln Surf scoter C WR Sanderling C PR Black scoter C WR Herring gull C PR Ring-billed gull C PR Laughing gull C PR Least tern C SR Royal tern C SR Black skimmer C PR C - comnon, seen in good numbers FC - fairly common, moderate numbers PR - permanent resident, present year around UR - winter resident SR - summer resident Table 10. Dominant birds of the maritime ecosystem occurring in the proposed AZE Basin HERR (compiled fro Sprunt and Cheaberlain 1949, 1970, Burleigh 1958, AuidbA Field Motes 1967-1970, Chaberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shanholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1971 in Sandifer et at. 1980). Bird Keys and Banks Dune SubsYstem Transition Shrub System Maritime Forest Subsvstem Royal Tern C PR Sparrow hawk C PR Ground dove C PR Red-tailed hawk C PR Northern parula C SR Laughing gull C PR Least tern C SR Eastern kingbird C SR Red-shouldered hawk C PR Yellow-rumped worbler C WR Brown pelican C PR Mourning dove C PR Tree Swallow C UR Mourning dove C PR Pine Warbler C PR Louisiana heron C PR Ground dove FC PR Mocking bird C PR Yellow-billed cuckoo C SR Yellow throat C PR Snowy Egret C PR Night hawk C SR Yellow-rumped warbler C WR Great horned owl FC PR American redstart C T Tree Swallow C WR Yellow throat C PR Chuck-will's widow C SR Red winged blackbird C PR Fish crow C PR Yellow-breasted chat C SR Chimney swift C SR Boat-tailed grackle C PR Yellow-rumped warbler C WR Red-winged blackbird C PR Ruby-throated hummingbird C PR Common grackle C PR Red-winged blackbird C PR Painted bunting C SR Cammon flicker C PR Cardinal C PR Boat-tailed grackle C PR Pileated woodpecker FC PR Painted bunting C SR Savannah sparrow C WR Red-bellied woodpecker C PR Rufous-sided towhee C PR G Downy wood pecker C PR White-throated sparrow C UR Great crested flycatcher C SR Song sparrow C UR ) Eastern phoebe C UR Swamp sparrow Tree swallow C UR Common crow C PR Fish crow C PR Carolina chickadee C PR Carolina wren C PR Catbird C PR Robin C PR Blue-gray gnatcatcher C PR Ruby-crowned kinglet C WR White-eyed vireo C PR C - Comnon, seen in good numbers FC - Fairly comnon, moderate nutbers PR - Permanent resident, present year around UR - Winter resident SR - Surmer resident T - Transient resident G-27 Birds characteristically inhabiting the dunes are principally grainivores (doves, blackbirds, sparrow) and insectivores (swallows, warblers, night hawks). The fruits of shrubs and vines such as wax myrtle, red cedar yaupon, greenbrier and Virginia creeper are important foods for many birds of the transitional shrub zone including the tree swallow, mocking bird, yellow-rumped warbler and yellow-breasted chat. The maritime forest offers a variety of vertical zones or niches for birds. The live oak forests draped with festoons of Spanish moss are particularly important in providing nesting and feeding habitat for large numbers of songbirds and woodpeckers. Although dominated by insectivorous species, trophic levels range from the diminutive, nectar feeding ruby-throated hummingbird to large avian predators such as the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl. Overall seasonal variation in the number of bird species using the maritime ecosystem is dominated by permanent residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented (Johnson et al 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980). Birds of the estuarine subtidal system are principally scavengers, piscivores, benthivores and occasional insectivores. Dominant scavengers include the herring gull, ring-billed gull and laughing gull. The laughing and ring billed gulls also occasionally employ insectivorous feeding strategies. The brown pelican, double crested cormorant, red breasted merganser, royal tern and forster's tern are the dominant piscivores. The gulls, terns, brown pelican and cormorant are considered to be the most characteristic birds of the open water estuarine system and are observed throughout the year resting and feeding in open waters of St. Helena Sound and the associated tri-river drainage basin (Sandifer et al. 1980). The red-breasted merganser is a common winter resident most often associated with the extensive saltmarsh river and creek system. During winter, large concentrations of sea and diving ducks principally lesser scaup and black scoter often are observed in St. Helena Sound resting and feeding on benthic organisms (Table 11). Estuarine emergent marshes provide a unique habitat for birds, and significant ecological relationships exist between large numbers of birds and the marsh vegetation. The vegetation itself serves as a base for feeding, reproduction and roosting activities for birds. Emergent marsh vegetation is used as roosting and resting sites for red-winged black birds, swallows and wrens. Shorebirds use wracks of dead smooth cordgrass as resting sites. Most plant-based roosting occurs in the medium to tall smooth cordgrass zone, where the grass presumably is better able to support the bird weight. Emergent marshes serve as important nesting areas for the long-billed marsh wren and red-winged blackbird. The clapper rail is one of the most dominant and perhaps the most characteristic bird of estuarine emergent marshes. It is a permanent resident that feeds, roosts, nests and raises its young within the regularly flooded salt marsh. Examples of the eight trophic levels occupied by estuarine emergent bird species are as follows: raotors - northern harrier; Table 11. Dominant birds of the estuarine ecosystem occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chmberlain 1949, iudubon Field Notes 1967-1970, Chamberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shahdoltzer 1974, Forsythe 197B in Sandifer et al. 1960). --_--........ ........... . ............-........... . ........... ..................... ............. ......... .. .. ......................................... . .. .... SUBTIDAL SYSTEM INTERTIOAL EMERGENT SUBSYSTEM INTERTIDAL FLATS SUBSYSTEM Brown Pelican C PR Great blue heron C PR Least tern C SR Great blue heron C PR Double-crested cormorant C PR Little blue heron C PR BLack skimmer C PR Little blue heron C PR Lesser scaup C UR Tricolored heron C PR Belted kingfisher C PR Tricolored heron C PR Surf scoter C UR Great egret C PR Tree swallow C UR Great egret C PR Black scoter C WR Snowy egret C PR Barn swallow C PR Snowy egret C PR Red-breasted merganser C WR White ibis C PR Fish crow C PR American oyster catcher C PR Herring gull C PR Northern harrier C PR Long-billed marsh wren C PR Semipalmated plover C PR Ring-billed gull C PR American kestrel C PR Red-winged blackbird C PR Black-bellied plover C PR Laughing gull C PR Clapper rail C PR Boat-tailted grackle C PR Ruddy turnstone C PR G) Forsters tern C PR Spotted sandpiper C PR Sharptailed sparrow C WR Willet C PR 13 Royal tern C PR Herring gull C PR Seaside sparrow C PR Least sandpiper C PR Ringbilled gull C PR Lesser scaup C UR Duntin C PR Laughing gull C PR Dowitcher C PR Forster tern C PR Semipalmated sandpiper C PR Western sandpiper C PR Herring gull C PR Ring-billed gull C PR Laughing gull C PR Forsters tern C PR Least tern C SR Royal tern C PR Black skimmer C PR Boat-tailed grackle C PR C - Common, seen in good numbers PR - Permanent resident, present year around WR - Winter resident SR - Sumner resident G-29 piscivores - great blue heron; scavengers - fish crow; insectivores - long-billed marsh wren; aquatic herbivores - lesser scaup; macrobenthivores - white ibis; microbenthivores - spotted sandpiper; and omnivores - boat-tailed grackle (Johnson et al. 1974, Shanholtzer 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980). Most of the dominant birds of the emergent marshes are common residents throughout the year. However, the Least tern is a common summer resident and the tree swallow, sharp-tailed sparrow and lesser scaup are common during winter (Table 11). At least 12 colonial wading bird rookeries occur in close proximity to estuarine emergent wetlands within the ACE Basin NERR (Table 12). Most of these sites are directly associated with isolated freshwater or low-salinity wetlands that function to provide energetically efficient foraging habitats. Although extensive foraging habitat is typically available in the nearby salt marshes, these isolated wetlands provide the required high concentration of readily available small fish essential in meeting the nutritional requirements of both adult and young colonial wading birds. Accordingly, individual nesting colony productivity may vary annually in response to available water conditions as influenced by local rainfall (T. M. Murphy, person.commun.). Intertidal flats represent a highly dynamic and productive habitat for estuarine- dependent birds. Flats support a diverse biotic community, which in turn support a large and diverse avian population. Of the 23 dominant species all but the least tern are permanent residents (Table 1.1). Most of the characteristic species using intertidal flats are either wading birds or true shore birds. Five species of egrets and herons make extensive use of intertidal flats when feeding on penaeid shrimp, fiddler crabs and small fish. The rich meiofaunal and macrofaunal benthic communities provide important food sources for large numbers of resident and migrating shorebirds. A variety of gulls and terns that feed primarily in adjacent habitats use flats as resting sites. Although generally not considered aquatic, the boat-tailed grackle forages on invertebrates and small fishes associated with intertidal flats (Sandifer et al. 1980). Estuarine impoundments are among the most dramatic and active ecological units for birds. Some 69 species of wetland dependent birds are associated with impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR (Table 13). Additionally, the impoundment dike systems provide an extensive complex of terrestrial habitats that function as productive ecotonal communities for birds. Over 140 species of birds, many of which are passerine or generally considered as non-wetland dependent, have been found using the dikes of estuarine impoundments (Bettinger and Hamilton 1985). Waterbirds associated with estuarine impoundments may ecologically be classified into 7 groups: waterfowl, wading birds, aerial divers, surface divers, shorebirds, rails and raptors (Epstein 1989). Most impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR are specifically managed to provide wintering habitat for waterfowl and are characterized by a dominance of plants providing food and cover for migratory ducks; waterfowl are probably the dominant group numerically. Table 12. Documented Colonial wading bird nesting activity in the proposed ACE Basin YERR, 1978-1990 (S.C. Uildtife and Marine Resources Department, lpubtl. data). Yearlv nmber of nests Species 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 '1987 1988 1989 1990 TOTAL Great blue heron 30 22 0 55 12 52 41 25 34 28 29 60 72 460 Great egret 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 63 5 14 63 25 112 329 Snowy egret 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 20 0 20 8 370 110 551 C) CA Anhinga 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 tittle Slue heron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 Green-backed heron 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 43 0 45 Tricotored heron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 25 67 Black-crowned night-heron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 16 6 0 22 *Initial year of comprehensive annual colonial wading bird surveys. Table 13. Birds of estuarine intertidal impmxuzxets in the ACE Basin CSprumt and Chambrlain 1949, 1970, Buirteigh 1958, Audubon Field Notes 196-7-1970, Chamerlain 1968, American Birds 1971, Slwnholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1975 In Sendifer et at. 1960; SCUMS wp~bt. records). Black-betlled plover C PR Great egret C PR Conmmon moorhen C PR Semipalmated plover C PR Snowty egret C PR American Coat C UJR Spotted sancpiper C PR White ibis C PR Mallard C WR Semiplamated sandpiper C PR ; Glossy Ibis FC PR Stock duack C WRM Least snadpiper -C PR Wood stork FC PR Mottled dick C PR Duntin C PR Herring gull C PR Pintait C WR Lesser yettowtegs FC WR Ring-bitted qull C PR Gadwall C UR Greater yettowlegs C PR Laughing gull C PR American wigeon C UR Dowitcher C PR Batted kingfisher FC ~PR shoveler C UR Black-necked stilt Fe SR Forsters tern C PR Blue-winged teat C WR Wittet C PR rGull-billed tern FC SR Wood duck FC PR American avocet U IJR Brown pelican C PR Green-winged teal C UR Great blue heron C PR Black skimmer FC PR Canvasback U WR Tricolored heron C PR Doutle-crested cormorant C PR Redhead FC WR , Little blue heron C PR Anhinga C PR Bufflehead FC WR Green-backed heron Fe PR Pled-bitted grebe C PR Ruddy duck C UR Black-crowned night heron C PR Horned grebe U WR Hooded merganser C WR Black-crowned night heron C PR s aid eagle FC WR Red breasted merganser U IJR Yellow-crowned night heron FC PR Osprey FC PR Canada goose U WR Least bittern FC SR Virginia rail FC UR Snow goose U UR American bittern FC WR King raill FC WR Tundra Swan U WR Black rail U Sora FC WR C - Common, seen in good numbiers FC - Fairly cotmmon, moderate nurber PR - Permanent resident, present year around WR - winter resident SR - Sumner resident T - Transient resident G-32 Dabbling ducks represent the principal group of waterfowl using the impound- ments and are generally characterized as seed eating herbivores (i.e. mallard, northern pintail, green-winged teal) and grazing herbivores (i.e. American widgeon, gadwall). Wading birds are perhaps the second most abundant group and forage intensively in shallow water areas associated with high marsh zones within impoundment complexes. Impoundments also receive intensive use by wading birds, particularly great egrets, snowy egrets and white ibis when the availability of prey organisms (small fish and invertebrates) is enhanced during the drawdown phase of management. Estuarine impoundments are considered to be important foraging habitats for numerous nesting colonies of wading birds both within the reserve site and in the overall ACE Basin region (T. M. Murphy, person. commun.). A wide variety of aerial divers (gulls, terns, brown pelicans, black skimmers, belted kingfishers) and surface divers (pied-billed grebe, anhinga, double-crested cormorant) rest on the water's surface and feed on fish in the impoundments. When mud flats are exposed during spring drawdown, shore birds particularly sandpipers, plovers, dunlins and dowitchers forage intensively on benthic invertebrates. A -distinctive shorebird, the black-necked stilt appears to be increasing in abundance and has been observed to successfully nest on impoundment berms in stranded emergent debris. The American coot, common winter resident, and the common moorhen, that breeds in abundance as well as winters in estuarine impoundments, feed extensively on submerged aquatics and represent the dominant species of the rail group. The black rail, generally considered to be rare and poorly understood, has been sighted in association with impoundment habitat on Bear Island WMA (D. Forsyth, person. commun.). Other than the bald eagle previously discussed, the osprey which commonly forages the impoundments, is the only other raptor directly associated with estuarine impoundments. Upland habitat within the reserve is classified as including three general community types (old field, pine forest and pine-mixed hardwood forest) each having characteristic densities of birds. Old field habitats characterized by high interspersion of vegetative types, support rich concentrations of bird life including raptors (red tailed hawk) insectivores (cardinal, wren) omnivores (eastern bobwhite), and granivores (savannah sparrow). Characterized by relatively low habitat diversity, the upland pine forest supports only 13 species of dominant birds compared to the old field and pine- mixed hardwood communities that support 25 and 33 dominant species, respectively. The pine-mixed hardwood forest community, involving significant vegetation structure with diverse understory and subcanopy characteristics, represents an important bird habitat. Avifauna trophic relationships of pine-mixed hardwood habitats are complex and involve seven consuming groups represented as follows: raptors (screech owl), insectivores (pileated woodpecker), omnivores (robin), scavengers (black vulture), vegetarian (cedar waxwing), granivores (mourning dove), and nectivores (ruby-throated hummingbird) (Sandifer et al. 1980). Overall seasonal G-33 balance among dominant birds in upland habitats involves a preponderance of permanent residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented (Table 14). e. Fishes (1) Marine and Estuarine The ACE Basin NERR provides a diversity of habitat types for a variety of fishes. The majority of fishes found in the area are of two general categories: 1) resident species which spend their entire lives in nearshore or estuarine environments (e.g., killifishes, silversides, and bay anchovy), and 2) seasonal migrants which utilize the area during only a part of their life cycle (e.g., mullets, menhaden, and many sciaenids). The first group of fishes is restricted to nearshore and estuarine waters, while the latter (which is the predominant group in terms of numbers of species and individuals) generally spawns offshore, moving into the estuary as larvae or postlarvae. The reserve provides valuable habitat, nursery areas rich in food and refuge from predators. Vast numbers of young-of-the-year, motile species are found in the estuarine zone, moving seaward in response to physiological and environmental changes, especially during the summer and fall. Like penaeid shrimp, such fishes are "migrating subsystems" (Odum et al. 1974) linking the marine and estuarine environments. The major types of habitat supporting marine and estuarine fishes within the reserve are: subtidal marine waters; intertidal marine surf zone; subtidal estuarine waters (tidal rivers, channels, creeks); intertidal estuarine bottoms including flats, marshes, and oyster reefs; and salt or brackish water impoundments. Most common marine fish species are not confined to one habitat type and may occur in several habitats on a seasonal basis or at different stages in their life cycles (Bearden 1990). Those species which have adapted to the rigors of highly variable salinities, temperatures, and habitat types are generally the most successful in the ACE Basin. Some euryhaline species, such as several sciaenids, menhaden, mullet, and others are found up-river in fresh water at times, especially as juveniles. Although no all- inclusive list of fish species occurring in the reserve marine waters is given here, Table 15 presents the characteristic habitats of some of the more common species. Fishes of subtidal estuarine habitats (sounds, tidal rivers, and large creeks) have been investigated more intensively than those of any other environment within the ACE Basin. Bears Bluff Labs conducted trawl sampling in the ACE Basin area at regularly monthly stations from 1953-1964 (Bears Bluff Labs, 1964). Shealy (1974, 1975) and Shealy et. al. (1974, 1975) reported on bottom trawl investigations in estuaries of South Carolina. Key sampling locations were in the ACE Basin region. Table 14: Dominant birds of the upland ecosysten occurring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chamberlain 1949, 1970, Burteigh 1958, AuhdAn Field Notes 1967-1971), Chanberlain 1968. American Birds 1971-1977, Shwehottzer 1974, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980). old Field Communities Pine Forest Communities Pine-Marsh Hardwood Forest Communities Red-tailed hawk C PR Eastern bobwhite C PR Black vulture C PR Blue-gray gnatcatcher C PR American kestrel C PR Screech owl C PR Mourning dove C PR Ruby-crowned kinglet C UR Eastern bobwhite C PR Red-bellied woodpecker C PR Screech owl C PR White-eyed vireo C PR Eastern kingbird C SR Eastern wood pewee C SR Chuck-wills widow C SR Red-eyed vireo C SR Tree swallow C WR Southern crested flycatcher C SR Ruby-throated hummingbird C SR Northern warbler C SR Barn swallow C PR Canmon crow C PR Comnon Flicker C PR Yellow-rumped warbler C WR Common crow C PR Carolina chickadee C PR Pileated woodpecker FC PR Yellow-throated warbler C PR House wren C WR Brown-headed nuthatch C PR Red-bellied woodpecker C PR Hooded warbler C T Carolina wren C PR Eastern bluebird C PR Downy woodpecker C PR American redstart C PR Mockingbird C PR Yellow-throated warbler C PR Great crested flycatcher C SR Cardinal C PR Loggerhead shrike C PR Pine warbler C PR Blue Jay C PR Rufous-sided towhee C PR Yellow-rumped warbler C WR Summer tanger C SR Common crow C PR Dark-eyed Junco C WR Prairie warbler C PR Bachman's sparrow FC PR Carolina chicadee C PR White-throated sparrow C lR C) Yellowthroat C PR Tufted titmouse C PR Song sparrow C IJR C Yellow-breasted chat C SR House wren C WR Eastern meadowlark C PR Carolina wren C PR Red-winged blackbird C PR Catbird C PR Cardinal C PR Robin C WR Painted bunting C SR Hermit thrush C UR Rufous-sided towhee C PR Savannah Sparrow C WR Dark-eyed junco C UR Chipping sparrow C PR White-throated sparrow C UR Song sparrow C WR C - Comnon, seen in good numbers FC - Fairly common, moderate numbers PR - Permanent resident, present year around WR - Winter resident SR - Sunmer resident T - Transient resident Table 15. Characteristic habitats of some of the more important marine ad estuarine f ishes occurring In the ACE Basin Reserve. -Rare, 'tkncwan, **Connmn **Abundnt HABITAT TYPE SPECIES SUBTIDAL MARINE SURF ZONE SUBTIDAL ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL ESTUARINE IMPOUNDMENTS Carcharhinus spp. *** Srphyrna spp. * ** Spiny dogfish **** Clearnose skate * Atlantic stingray ** * Atlantic sturgeon *-* Longnose gar* * Ladyfish** * American eel * a** Atlantic menhiaden ****** Dorosoma spp. *-aa* Atlantic thread herring ****** Alosa spp.- * Carp-- Bay anchovy ******* Mummi chog ** * Striped killiffish ***** Sailfin Molly --** Sheepshead minnowi***** Mosqji tof ish * White catfish ** Sea catfish **** oyster toadflsh * ** Urorpiycis spp. ** Menidia spp. ***aaa* Morone spp. **a Bluefish * *a Spanish mackerel** * Atlantic buiper ***** Trachinotus; spp. * a Caranx spp. * a* Eucinostomlus spp.*** * Pigfish **** Table 15. Conrcluded Pinfish ** ** ** * Silver perch ** * ** * ** Sheepshead ** * *** *** ** Weakfish * * ** *** ** Banded drum *** *** * ** Spot ** * ** * southern kingfish *** * ** Gulf kingfish ** ** * Atlantic croaker *** * *** * * Black drum * ** ** ** ** Star drum *** * *** * Red drum ** ** ** ** ** ugi spp. ** *** *** *** *** Southern strargazer * * ** * Hypsoblennius spp. * ** * Gobionellus spp. *_ ** ** * Gobiosoma spp. * ** ** * Atlantic cutlassfish *** ** Peprilus spp. ** * ** Prionotus spp. *** * ** * Windowpane ** ** Citharichthys spp. *** *** * * Fringed flounder *** * *** * * Paralichthvs spp. ** * *** *** ** Hogchoker *** * *** * * Blackcheek tonguefish *** * *** * * Planehead filefish ** * ** Northern puffer ** * ** * Striped burrfish ** * ** ** * Table 16. Trqphic levels of sawe of the moure inportant marine and estuarine fishes occuring within the AME Basin Region. ORGANIC VASCULAR BENTHIC SPECIES DETRITIJE PLANTS ALGAE PHYTOPLANKTON ZOOPLANKTON INVERTEBRATES INSECTS FISH I. Herbivores (predominately) Striped mullet x -x x -x-- AtLantic menhaden x -x x x--- Sheepshead minnow x x x - x Salifinnmolly x -x -x x Atlantic sturgeon x x x x x Carp -x x - x x x Dorosoma app. x ---x x-- Wjhite catfish x x --x x x x III. Primary Carnivores q Bay anchovy - - - x--- Atlantic si1,verside - -- - x NOsqutof ish - - - - --x- IV. Rid Carnivores Atlantic stingray - - - - - - American eel - - - - x x x Sea catfish - - - - -x -x oyster toadflsh -----x x Drophycls spp x - x x- x M~uunlchog x -x - x x x x Striped kiltiffsh - - - - x x - x Atlantic bumper - - -- x - x Trachinotus spp; - - - . - Peprilus spp. -- - - x x - x Pinfish - x x - x Silver perch - - - - x x -x Banded drumn - - - x x - x Southern kingfish - - - X X - X Spot - - - -x x -x Table 16. ConcLuded ORGANIC VASCULAR BENTHI C SPECIES DETRITUE PLANTS ALGAE PHYTOPLANKTON ZOOPLANKTON INVERTEBRATES INSECTS FISH Atlantic croaker - - -- x x -x Star Drum - - - x x - x Goblonellus spp. - - -- x x - x Hypsoblennius; spp. - - - - x x - x Prionotus app. - - - - x x - x Bay whiff -- - - X x -X Fringed flounder - - - x x - Hogchoker - - - - -x - Blackcheek tonguefish - - - - -X -- V. Top Carnivores Carcharhinus spp. - - - - -X - IC Longnose gar - - - x - x Atlantic needtefish - - - - x - x Striped bass - - - - -x - x White perch - - - - x- x Ladyfish - - - - x x Bluefish - - - - x - x Spanish mackerel - - - - x x Cynosclon app. - - x x Red drum - - - x- x Paralichthys spp. - - - x a. Larval and Juvenile stages may function as mid carnivores. G-37 Some of these same sampling stations are currently being used by SCWMRD (David Whitaker, per. comm.). Table 16 presents a summary of trophic levels of the more important species occurring in the ACE Basin. Of the more common fish species found within the estuary, the predominant herbivores are mullets and menhaden. The predominant primary carnivores within this habitat is the bay anchovy, which feeds largely on copepods and other zooplankters (Odum 1970a). Most of the common young-of-the- year fishes found within the estuarine habitat (including star drum, Atlantic croaker, spot, silver perch, juvenile weakfish, flounders, hogchokers, blackcheek tonguefish, white catfish and spotted hake) are opportunistic mid carnivores, feeding on a wide variety of planktonic and benthic organisms (Table 16). Top carnivores in estuarine waters include various species of sharks such as carcharinids and hammerheads (Bearden 1965, Hicks 1972), as well as longnose gar, Atlantic needlefish, striped bass, white perch, bluefish, ladyfish, Spanish mackerel, weakfish, seatrout, red drum, and flounders. The young of many of these species may function as mid carnivores or even primary carnivores as postlarvae and early juveniles. These species feed largely on smaller fishes including the herbivores, primary carnivores, and mid carnivores mentioned above, as well as on penaeid shrimp, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.), crabs, squid, mollusks, and other motile and sessile invertebrates (Tabb 1966, Mahood 1974). (2) Freshwater Freshwater fish studies conducted in the lower ACE Basin have dealt primarily with anadromous species (Wade 1971, Curtis 1970, White 1969, 1970). However, limited census work (Curtis 1970, Allen 1990) and fish surveys (Anderson 1964, Bayless 1968) have been conducted in the upper riverine areas. The tri-river system is important to six species of anadromous fishes (American shad, hickory shad, blueback herring, striped bass, Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon) and one catadromous species (American eel). Anadromous species annually use the upper reaches of the riverine system as spawning grounds and nursery grounds for developing larvae and juveniles. The American eel spends most of its adult life in this and adjoining freshwater ecosystems. APPENDIX H SPECIES LISTS PLANTS Alders mmELUP Alligator-weed Alternianthera ohilozeroides Amaranth Amrnhug app. American beach Fagus grand folia American climbing fern Lystodium valmatuin American elm iMuna ameftcana American holly .1ex ovaca American hornbeain Carvions aoliniana, American three-square bulrush Se-irpus americanuma Annual salt marsh aster Aster subulatus Arrow-arum Peltandr vigilnica. Arrowhead Saxittaria, uais var. veatherbiana Arrowheads Samittaria app. Arrowwood Viburnum dentatum. Asiatic dayflower Aneilems kesak Asiatic panic grass Panicum bisulcatum Asiatic panicum Panicum bisulcatum Aster Aster laevis var concinnus As tar Aster laevis va~r laevis Aster Aster ipraealtus 'Aster Aster Punicaus Aster Aster simplex Aster Aster souarrosus Aster Aster tenuifolius Asters Astir- a"P. Autumn coral-root Corallorhiza odontorhiza Baggy-knees Sacciole~is striata Bald cypress Taxodium distichum Bald rush Psilocary'a scirvoides Baldwin's nutrush Scieria. baidnli Bamboo Smilasx laurifolia Ba--boo brier Smilax auriculata Banana water-lily NM'muhaea. mexi cAa Barbara's buttons Narshallia graminifolia Barley Hordeum app. Bay starvine Schisandra. Rlabra Beach elder Iva imbricata Beach grass Panicukamarulum Beach hogwort Craton vunctatus Beach yea Strophostyles helvola Beech pennywort Hydrocatyle bonariensis Beak rush Rycopr.Crvn Beak rush Rhynchospora corniculata. Beak rush Rbynchosimora decur~rens Beak rush Mb~choavora clomerata. Beak rush Rhynchospora, marostachva Beak rush Rbynchosuora negalocarva Beak rush Rhynchoggora. plumse Beak rushes Rhynchospora app. Bearded grass-pink Calovogon barbatus Beard grass Androroxon elliottli Beard grass Gymnoroxo brevifolius Beard grass AnzdropoMon ap. Beds traw Galium circazn Beech Xagan zrandifolia Beggar lice Desmodium app. Beggar lice Desmodium warilAndicum Beggar ticks Desmodium aIp. Beggar ticks Bidens a"p. Beggar ticks Widens 91losa Beggar weeds Deindu app. Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Big duckweed Spirodela. polyrhiza Big floating heart ilvmohoides aquatics Big pro Troue Willow LUII Pauloides var. slabrescens Big-rooted menraot Iyonaaa -macrorhiza Blxd'a eye varoflica-veraica, Biscuit-floyer Sarracenia f lava Bitter ga~lberry flex'glabra Blackberries Rubus-app. Bl Ack cherry Prunus aerotina Black Bu, Myna& -syvatica Black Sack oak (Maercus marilandica Black ueedlerush Juncua roemerianus Black oak Quercua velutina Black-root Pterocaulon 2Xecetachym, Black rush Jmncus roemer-Iilnum Black-tatmed apleenvort hAslenium resiliena Black titi. Cliftonia, mnovhylls Black willow SAUX ix ESa Bladdezvort Utricularia Inflata Bladdervort Utricularia inflata var. minor Bladdervort UtricuJlaria olivacea Bladderwort Utrianlaria Purpurea Bladdervort Utricularia aubulata Bladdezvort Utricularia vulnaris Bladderworts Utricularia app. Blazing star Liatria tenuifolia Blazing astars Liatria app. Blue beach CarinIs caralinisna Blueberries Vaccinium app. Blueberry Veccinium cacearienae Blueberry Vaccinium Emrsinites Blue cat-taU~ ~h xzlauca Bluce-eyed grass Simyrinchium zucronatum Blue flag Iris virzinica Bluegrass Poas compresaa Bluejack oak Quercus incana Blue star Ainsonia ciliate, Bluestem Androponon elliott~i Bluestem, Androvogonu merardii Bog buttons Lachnocaulon berrichianum Bottlebrush three awn grass Ariatida Amiciformis Box elder Aternend Boykin' s lobelia, loia bovkinii Bracken fern Pteridium aauilinum Brazilian elodes R densa Bristle-fruited apermolepial Spermolevasi echinata Broadleaf waterplasitain Aliaza plantago-aguatica Broom sedge Andropogton virginicus Broom&-scraw Andropogon ap. Broom-straw Androcogon elliotti Broom-straw Andropogon ternarius Brown.-top Millet Panicum ramoaum Buckwheat tree Clif tonia monolphylla Bugleweed Lycoyns americanus Bugleweed 'Lycopus aessilifoliua Bull bay Magnolia grandiflor Bullgrafis Paspalum. boacianum Bullgraxs Pasualum disaectumn Bu~lgrass Paspalum diatichum Bulrush Scru americanum Bulrush Scru Mwerinus Bulrush Scirpua etuberculatus Bulrush Scru robuatus Bulrush .Scirpu validus Bulrushes Scru app. Burmannia BAirmannia biflora Bushy braom. sedge Androvogon virginicus Bushy pondweed Salsa muadalnuensia Bushy poudweed, Naa minor Bushy pondvaeedals app. Buttercup-leaved. pannywort Rydrocoryle ranunculoides Butterfly-bush Buddleja sp. Butterfly pea CentroaemR virginianum Butterfly pea Clitoria mariana Butter-print Abutilon theophrastii, Butterweed Senecio op. Butterwort ?I~iW lutea Butterwort s Pinzcl Pp. Button bush occidentalis Buttonweed Spermacoce. glabra Cabbage palmetto Sabal pal~metto Cactus Opuntia compressa Calliopsis ~~~~~~~~Coreopsis tinctoria Calliopsis R~~~~~~~~~~~~eterothecs, gaifolia, Camphorweed Btrteasbxlai Camphorweed Heteroth aurua ie s Camphorweed, lce Huacn Canada bluegrass Poa Compressa Cancer root Conopholis ameri-na Cancer root Orobndinrle uigaltee Cane _________l~gnte Cape-weed Lippia uod11flore Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalia Carolina cherry laurel Prunus caroliin Carolina dog-hobble Laucotho ouiali Carolina grass-of-p 5larn5us Parnassia carolinianei Carolina spleenwort fern As letw exerre~siliens Carolina trillium Trilili pusal13W piisillu Carpet grass Ramrclaoiotcya Castor-bean RiUcinus cammunis Castor oil pln Ricinus comumais Catbriax. Smilax bona-nox Catbriers Sm " Cat-tail _Tnha domingenais Cat-tail _T2!a gluc ,Cat-tails TpaOp Celtpeegras Eremochloa ophuroides Centipsede rs Schwalbea maericaona Chaff-seedk Quercus clmpmanii. Chapman's sedgeCax tpni Cherrybark, oak Quercus felcata var. pagodaefloia Chrylaurel Prumus carolinians. Chin-erry Mel.ia azedarach China-b sherry Centela1 asiatice Chinqapan' shedCastanespm1- Chiqupi ok Quarcus muehlenbergil Chinquapinweed Melochia corchorifolia. Chocoatewe Cyperus esculentus vAr. sativus. Cinnamon fern Osmtmda cnaoe Cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica Cleairweed Piles. olIJ Climbing fetterbush Pieris -phillyrelfolia Climbing hempveed Miaia scandens Close-flowered triple awn grass -Aisitida condensate Clovers Tioinsp Clubmosses Lycopodiuam app. Coastal love grass Eragroatis refracta Coast bacopa, Bacope, monnieri Coast pigweed Amaranthus: P~ui Coffee-weed Sesib-1ia exaltata Colic root Aletris aurea, Colic root Aletris ainosaa Colic root ~ t" 7te Cocoon bladderwort Utricularie W TI Common cat-tail Tyha3atifolia Common lespedezas nesedzsp Coammon reed Drosra ratun commis Cammon sundew Dcrouser me roician Cannon three-square SCeraphy-Iluria du Coontail Ceretophylluft demer~at Coontail Ceratophyllum echiatu Coontails LiCeretopeyl erv app. Coral honeysuckleLoieasneirs CardgrasB Spartiun, alterniflora Cordgrass Spartina cynosuroides Cordgrasa Spartina patens Cordgrasses; Sporting Mpp. Coreopsis Coreopois app. Coreopois Coreopisai falcata Corn Zea mays Cotton roue Filago germanica Cottonweed Froelichia floridana Cottonwood Populu deltoides Cowpea, Vixna unituiculata Crab grasses 'Digitaria app. Cranberries 'Vaccinium spy. Crane-fly orchid 'Tivularia, discolor Creeping cucumber Melothria vendula Creeping fig vicus pumilus Creeping rush Juncus reipeno Creeping apikerushEeohri p Creeping spurge Meohorbis oep.n Creeping water plantain *!~~'chinodorus; cordifolius Cr-inkle amaranth Auaranthus crispus Cross Vine Anisostichuu capreolata Croton Croton punctatus Crownbeard Verbesiuna occidentalis Crow-poison Zitadenua densus Cudweed 'Guaphalium purpureum Cudweeds 2naghalium app. Curtiss' dropseed Sporobolus curtissii Cutgrass Leersia hexandra Cutgraas Leersia lenticularis CUtgraRS Leersia orvzoides Cutgrass Leersia virminica Cypreases TxoWd-ium app. Dahoon Ilex cassine, Daioon fleabn x cassine var. mYrtifolia Daisy fleabane ~~~~~~Erixeron strizoeus Damask rose Rosa damascena Dangleberry alsacafrondosa Dasheen Colocasia esculentum Dayflover Coimmelina erecta Dayflover Coimmelina virzinica Deciduous holly Ilex decidua Delta duck potato Sagittaria grazninea Dewberries Rubus app. Diodia Diodia teres Dock umex buceirhalonhorus Dodder Cuscuta ap. Dodder Cuacuta cephalanthii Dodder 'Cuscuta, indecora. Dog fennel 'EMatrum cavillifolium Dog fennel 'Euvatorium capillifolium var. leptophyllum Dog-tongue 'Eriogonum tomtentogum Dogwood 'Cornus racemosa, Dotted smartweed Polvitonum punctatum Downy rattlesnake plantain 'Goodyera, pubescens Dropseed Sporobolus teretifolius Dropseed Svorobolus Virginicus Dropwort '02wrolia rfgidior Drwmsond'sa prickly pear 'Ouni drummniui Duck potato 'Sagittaria latifolia Duckweed *Leinna minor Duckweed 'Lemna perpusilla Duckweed *Lemna, valdiviara Duckweeds LMena app. Duckweeds ISpirodela, app. Dwarf blueberry Vaccinium myrsinites Dwarf huckleberry '047lussadIA dumosa Dwarf laurel 'Kdlmia hirsuta, Dwarf palmetto Sabal minor. Dwarf pavpaw Aslimina Parvifldra Dwarf spikerush Eleocharis parvul~a Dwarf trillium Trilium piisilum Var. Pusillum Dwarf witch alder Fothergilia gardenji Eastern cottonwood PoguLus deltoides Eastern lilaeopsis Lilaeopsis chinensis Eastern red cedar Juniverus virsiniana Eastern wolf fiella Woiffiella f loridana, Eel grass Zostera.mrn Elderberry Sambus cadnis Elderberry SaimhucuS ,iusonii Elephant's footEehntuatmtos Elliott a blueberry Vaccinium.-ellioti English plantain PlnU________at Ermag E!Yflifum inltegriumit Euphorbia. Euhobipoyofoi Evening primrose Oenothera humuifusa Evening primroses Oenothera app. Everlasting 2Eaphalium obtusifolium Everlasting. G!Nanhaliun spy. Fall panic grass Panicum dichotomiflorum False asphodel Tof ioldia &Labr~a False asaptodel Tofieldia racemosa False buckthorn Buei.II~ns False indigo Amrh.fruticosa, False nettle Boehmeria. lidr False villow Baccharis Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana Feathery bamboo BaUbsa Irl Fern Polypodiuum aureuin Fescue Festuca mra Fescue Festuca. octo~ora Fesc-le Festuca vubra. Fet..er-bush Leucothoe racemsa Fetter-bush Lyonialuid Fig Ficus caries Finger grass Chloris Petraea Finger grass Dlgitarla -horizontalis Fishweed Potamogeton ilinoensis Flg Iris tridentata Fleabane Erigeron vernus Floating heart Nahiesaquatics. Floating hearts Nymphoides app. Floppy vater milfoil Mrohlu at Florida adder's mouth Xalaxis Riat Florida bladderwort Utricuaia Mflodana Florida dropseed Sporobolus floridanus Florida privet Forastieza,2!M!lo Flowering dogwood Cornus florida, Fly-catcher Sarracenia, f lava Fly-poison Amianthium muscaetoxicum Flytrap pitcher-plant Sarracei purua Foxtail. clubmoss Lycopodia-m alpc idea Foxtail grass Setaria genicu~ata Foxtail grass Setaria. macrospea Foxtail grass Setaria, mg French mulberry Calliiirp americans. Fringed looses trife Lyimach-ra lanceolTa Fringe -leaved paspalum Papailaum setaceum Frog's bit Limnobiumspna Frost aster Aster pilosus Gaillardia. Gaillardia. druzumondil Gamms grass Trip sacumdayoie ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GentiansGtia app. Georgia fever bark F~e a, p'ubens Georgia pl Ellottia racemosa Georgia's bulrush Scirpus erismanae Gerardia Againis maritima. Giant cordgrass Spartixm cynosuroides Giant Cutgrass Zizaniopsis miliacea Giant fo=tAil grass Setaria manna Giant plume grass Erianthns-zimanteus Giant read Arundo donax- Giant-seeded beak mush Rhynchosipora cegalocarpa Giant spiral-orchid Spiranthes lonarilabris Gladiolus Gladiolus hortulana. Glasswort Salicornia bigelovii Glasswort Salicornia europaea. Glasswort Salicornia virminica Glasavorts Salicornia app. Goat's rue Tephrosia virginiana Godfrey's sandwort Arenaria Rodfreyi Golden aster Heterotheca floridana Golden aster Heterotheca grazinifola Golden canna lily Canon flaccida Golden club Orontium aquaticum Goldenrod Solidano charmanii Goldenrod Solidago xymnospermoides Goldenrod Solidago sempervirens Goldenrods Solidago app. Gooseberries Vaccinium. Opp. Gopher apple Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Grain sorghum sorghum vulgare Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Grass-leaved ladies' tresses Spiranthes praecox Grans-pinks Calopogon app. Green ash Fraxinus penusylvanica Greenbrier Stuilax auriculata Greenbrier Smilax bona-ftox Greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier Smilax s-allii Greenbriers Smilax spy. Green fringed orchid Habenaria lacera Green fringeless orchid Habena-ria lacera Ground cherry Phy'salis pubeacens var. * rises Ground cherry Physalis virginiana Ground cherry Physalis viscosa var. m aritime Groundnut Avo americana GUM Nys -Tivatica, var. biflora Hackberry Celtis laevigata Hair grass Aira caryophylles, Hairy wild-indigo Raptia arachnif era Halberd-leaved marsh =allow Hibiscus militaris Hartwrightia Hartwrightia floridanva Havs Viburnum app. Hawthorn Crataegus ap. Hedge hyssop Gratiola pilosa Hercules' club Aralia spinasa Hercules' club Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Heterotheca Heterotheca subaxillaris Hickory Ca-y app. Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Hightide bushes Baccharis spy. Hollies Ilez spy. Hooded pitcher-plant Sarrace4na minor sop horubeam 2!stZya virginna Horned bladderwort Utricularia cornuta Horned-pondweed Zannichellia palustris Horawort Ceratophyllum denersum Horuwort Ceratophyllum echinatum Hornuorts Ceratophyllum spy. Horse balm Collinsonia canadensis Horse sugar Symplocos tinctoria Horseweed Erigeron canadensis Huckleberries Gayluasacia spy. Huckleberries Vaccinium apup.. Incised groovebur Agrimoiiia incisa Indian fig Opuntia ficus-indica. In d i a n g r a ss ~~~~~~~~Sorghastrumz nutans Indian grass Sorahastrum secundum Irdingas Iris tridentata Irisee Vernonia sq. Ironweed Vernonia altisufma -Ironweed Vernonia, blodgettii Ironweed Vernonia harveri. Ironweed Caryinue caroliniana Italian rye grass Llu atfou Japanese clover ~~~~~~Lesnedeza stviata Jeansaem atchoker Belianthus tuberosus Jerusl-emaicoed _TMatiens ospensis Jehnel-wgres Sorghu halepense Johntdsonkgrass Eleocharis equisetoides Joineds fspitus Lndera imeli saeafolium Joves grass Keeleria phleoides Kuawel ~~~~~~~~~~~Scleranthus snu Knatwee Polysonum lapat olium Knotweed Zolygonum persicaria Knotweeds oy sP Lacegrass ~~~~~~~~~Eragroatis eavillaris Lace-lip spiral orchid Sirmich la cirrhosa Ladies eardrops rnchacihs_ Lambkill Kamaangustifolia var. carolina Lamb's quarters Chenopodium album Large-rooted morning glary Ipoacee macrorhiza Large-seed snartweed Polygonum penTVaylvaicum Laurel greenbrier Smilaurimfolia Laurel oa Quercus laurifolia, Leafy pondweed Potamogeton foliosus Least adder's tongue Ophiogloxssumnudicaule Leather-f lower Clematia rs a Leather-leaf Cassandr SeLYculata Le-on bacopa Bacap& caroli1nilans Laspedaza leg~edean bicalor Leucothoe Leucothoe aztillaris Leucothae Leucothoe ouioi Lippia Lipi nodiflora Little blues ten AndrOP~gon scorparius Little burhead Pechinodorus )rv1_ Little floating heart Nymphoidescodt Live oak Quercus vIrginiana Lizard's tail SaurUrus Carnuus Lobelia Lobelia elonzata Labla l l y b a y ~~~~~~~~Gordonia lasianthus Lob lolly pine Piu taedar Longleaf pine nupasri Long-styled smartweed Polygonum longiamylu Loosestrife Lythrum lineare Loose water milfoil Hyiphiu issu Lotus Nelumbo lutes- Lotus Neolumboo pentapetela Love grass Eseagotia caillaris Love grass NErarostis Pilass Love grass Eragroadta ref racts, Lowu millewort Polygals, nana L~ow showy aster Aster spectabilis Lupine Liwjinus perennis Macartney rose ~~~~~~ Rosa bracteata Macsrtcneyrs Panicum hemitomon Male-berry WL Mangrove lhieohr Marsh cress Rorippa island-Ics, Marsh cress Ro~ipaC sesuiliflors Marsh daisy Deltonia asteroides Harsh elder Iva frutescena Harsh eryngo Eryngium aquaticum Marsh fleabane Pluchea ipur-purascens Marsh fleabane Pluchea. rosea Harsh fleabanes Pl~uchea app. Marsh-gentian Sabatia stellaris Marsh hemp Amaranthus cannabinus Marsh pennywort Hydtocotyle umbellata Marsh-pink Sabatia. foliosa Marsh purslane Ludwizia natans Meadow beauties Rhxi svp. Meadow beauty Rhexia aiifanns Meadow beauty Phe-ia cubensis Melonette Melothria, crassifolia Memorial rose Rasa wichuraniana. Milk pea Galactia. elliottil, Mil.k-vine CYnanchum ivalustre Milkwort POITRala grandiflora millet Pennisetum Rlaucum Millets Echinochloa spp. Milo Sornhumn vulmare Miterwort Cynoctonum sessilifolium Hock-bishopweed Ptilimnium capillaceum Mock-bishopweed Ptilimnium costatum Mockernut hickory g ~~a tomentosa Mosquito fern Azolla caroliniana. Moundlily yucca Yucca Stloriosa Muhlenberg' s amphicarpum Axhcm zmihlenbergianum Muhly grass Muhlenberzia carillaris Muhly grass Muhlenbergia expansa Mulberries Horus app. Muscadine grape Vitis rotundifolia Muscle tree CarPinus caroliniana Muskgrasses Chara app. Myrtle holly Ilex cassine var. mvrtifolia Myrtle oak Quercus myrtifolia Myrtles Myrica app. Narrow-leaved cat- tail TYPha angustifolia Narrow-leaved pondweed PotaMogeton berchtoldii Harrou--leaved rushfoil Crotonopsis linearis Needle pain Rharidophyllum hystrix Netted chain fern Woodwardia areolata Nightshade Solanum aculeatissimum Nitella Nitella Sp. Nodding smartweed Polygonu lapathif alium Nut grass Cyperus esculentus Nut rush Scleria. baldwinii Nut rush Scleria ciliata Nut rush Scleria trinolmerata Nutmeg hickory Carya myristicaefor7mis Oat grass Arrhenatherum elatius Oats Avena sativa Odorless wax myrtle HYrica inodora Ogeechee plum Nyasa ogeche Olive Olea europaea. Olney'sa three-square bulrush Scirpus oler Orach Atrixiplex patula Orchids Habenaria app. Overcup oak Qu7ercR-I-yrata Panic grass Panicum amarum Panic grass Panicum leucothrix Panic grass Panicum virgatum Panic grasses Panicum sPP. Parrot-feather HYrioiphyllum brasillense Parrot pitcher-plant -Sarracenia pasittacina Partridge berry Mitchella repenis Partridge pea Cassia fasciculata Paspalum Pasralum ap. Passion-flower Passiflora lutea Pawpaw Asiminma incana Pawpaw Asimina pygmaea Pawpav Asinina triloba Peanut Arachis hypogaea Peat mosses Sphagnum spy. I Pecan Hyaroct-1 illidensi Peimywort Hydrocotyle ra8muoie Pennyworts Hyrooylap Pepper-vine Aplpi roe Perennial glasswort Salicornia, Virginica Periwinkle ViLnca major Persal-on Diospyro virginiann, Petuni a Petunia azIll1aris Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata, Pigeon grape Vitis cineres, var. flor'Idana Pigmy-pipes Montrop-is odorata Pignut hickory C~aay glabra Pigweed Aznaranthus livIdus Pigweed Anaranthus pumilus Pigweads rm~aranthus app. Pineland agrimony Agioiincisa Pineweed Hypericu gentianoides Pin-weeds Lcheasapy. Pipewort Eriocaulon couvressum Pipewort Eriocaulon decaglr Pitcher-plancs Sarracenian spy. Plum grass Erianthus giganteus Plume grasses rappuseg. Poison ivyhu radcn Poke weed Phytolacca, rigida, Polygala Polygala cynoaa Polygala Pol1ygala lutea Polygala Polygala sanquinea Polygalas POI-Faa app. Polypremum Folypre-Mum procutabens Pond cypress Taxodium aucendens Pond pine Pinus serotina Pond spice Litsaa aeativalis Pondweed Po-tamogeton berchtoldii Pondweed Potamogeton foliosus Pondweed Potsazoeton illinojensis Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus Pondweed Potamogeton pciau Pondweeds Potamogeton spy. Poor-J oe Diodia teres Poor-mans pepper Lepidium, virginicun Popcorn tree aOLeunotheb________ Poplar-leaved fetterbush L________ pouioa Poplars Fopulus spy. Possum haw Ilex decidua Possum haw Viburnum nudum Post oak Quercus st-ellaca Potato bean AEios americans Prickly mallow Sida spinosa Prickly pear Opuntia dr~umodii Princess-feather PoIySonum Orientals Privet Ligustrum. jao Proliferating spikerush Eleocharis baldwinii Pumpkin ash Fra-i nus tomncnosa Purple bladderwort Utricularia. f Purple silkyscale Anthaenantia arui Purple top Tridens frevitvr. flavus Pussy-toes Anterinaria. spy. Queen's delight Stillingia sylvatica Rabbit tobacco Gnaphalium obtusifolium Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweeds Ambrosia spy. Railroad vine 1pomoa es --n ~-cae Rain lily Zephyranthes simpsonii Rambler rose Rasa multif lora Raspberries Rubus spy. Rattanvine Berchemia, scandens Rattlebox Crotalaria intermedia Rattlebox Crotalaria. lanceolata Rattlebox Crotalaria retusae Rattlesnake fern Batrychium virginianum RaVenel'sa button suakeroot Pa,7ngium aquaticuzm var. ravenelii Ravenna-grass Erianthus ravennae Rayless goldenrod Chondraaphora nudata Red ash Frazinus p~ermsylvamica Red basil Satureia calan4ntha Red bay Parses, barbonia Red buckeye Ascuu pavla Redbud, Cercis canadensis Red cedar Juniperus virminiana. Red chokeberry Sorbus arbutifolia var. arbutifolia Reddish anthaenautia Anthaenantia ruf a Red fescue 'Festuca, rubra Red-hot poker Polygala lutes Red maple Acer rubrum Red oak Quercus rubra Redroot. Lachnanthes caroliniana Redrooted. nutgrass Cviperns erythrorhizoo Redtop A rostis stolonif era Red-veined dock Rumex sanguineus Reed Phraxmites coummnis Reindeer lichen Cladonia app. Resurrection fern Polypodi-um iPoITPodioides Rice cutgrass Leersia hexandra Rice cutgrass LeersiaW orvzoides Riverbank sandreed Calamovilfa. brevivilis var. brevivilis River birch Betua.a nizra Rosebud orchid Cleiste~s divaricata Rose dicerandra Dicerandra, adoratissima Rose mallow flisbiscus moscheutos Rose pogonia Pozonia ovhioglossoides Roundleaf bacopa 'Eacopa rotundifolia Royal fern Osmunda regalia Punning oak Quercus 32ml Rush Jumcus biflorus Rush Tune-us 'nodatus Rush. Juncus secundus Rush Juncus subcaudatus Rushes Juncus app. Russian thistle Salsola kali Rusty lyonia Lyonia feruie Rusty Iyonia Rhynchospora. megalocarpa Rye Secale cereale Rye grass Lolium sp. Sabatia Sabatia brachiata Sabatia Sabatia dodecandra. Sabatia Sa-batia -stellaris Sacciolepis Saccioleris striata Sageretia Sageretia minutiflora. Sago pondweed Potazmoxeton Pectinatus Salt $rass Distichlis spicata. Salt marsh aster Aster tenuifolius Salt-marsh bulrush Scirpus robustus Salt marsh finbristylis Finbristylis spadicea, Salt marsh millet REhinochloa walteri Saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens Saltwort Batis maritima Salvinia, Salvinia. rotundifolia Sand grass Triolasis Purpurea Sand pine 'PInus clausa Sand spurrey Speraularia marina Sandspur Cenchrus longispinus Sandspur Cenchrna tribuloides Sarvis holly Ilex anelanchier Sassafras Sassafras albidum Saw grass Cladiumiaaies Saw grass )fariscus J amaicense Saw palmetto Serenoa repens Scarlet oak Qulercus coccines Scarlet spiderling Boerhaavia diffuse, Scrub oaks quercus app. Seabeach orach Atriplex: arenaria Seabeach panic grass PaSuaedam______ Sea-blita nea linearis Sea elder Iv a imbricata Sea lavender nium2Ei carolinianusi Sea lavender imonium unashii Sea lavenders LIOI- app. Sea myrtle Baccharis halimifolis, Sea myrtles Baccharis app. Sea oats Uniola Paniculata, Sea ox-eye, B~~~~~~~~orrichia, frutescens Sea pinky SabaCia dodecandra Sea pink Sabatia folioma Sea pirlne Sesuvium, maritimum Sea puralane Seuvu Portulacastrum Sea pursianes Sesuvium Opp. Sea ursoaket Cakile harveri Seashr mallow Koeteleskya viritinica, Seashore paspalum Pasipalum vaginatum Seaside goldenrod Solidago smipervirpns Seban Sesbania. macrocarpa Sebastian bush Sebastiania, limustrina, Sedge ~~~~~~~~~~~Carez decomvosita Sedge Carex'loorii Sedge Carex shortiana Sedge Cyperus brevifolius Sedge Cyperns odoratus Sedge Cyperus Rolystachos Sedge Cyperus rivularis Sedge Cyperus rotundus Sedge Cyperus strimosum Sedges Carex app. Sedges Cyperus app. Sedgeox Ludwigia pilosa Sensitive fern Oolasniii Sericea ~~~~~~~~~~Learedza cuneata Sericeia Sesbania exaltata Shpedsbpurse Capsella rubella Short leaf pine Pusechinata. Showy aster Aster spectabilis Shrubby post oak Quercus marzaretta Shrub oaks Quercus app. Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Silver maple ~~~~~~~Acer maccharinum Single-flowered balduina Balduina uniflora Single-flowered cancer root Orobanche uniflora Sixweeks fescue Prestuca nyuros Skullcap ScutellAria sr. Slash pine Pinus elliottii Sleepy catchfly ~~~~~~Silene antirrhina Slenepy satchfly Bleocharis aciculjaris Slippery elm ulmus rubra, Small-flowered buckthorn Saxeretia minutiflora Small pondweed Potamogetou bercbtoldii Smartweed Polynonum hirsutum Smartweeds Polyzonusm app. Smooth aster ~~~~~~~Aster laevis var. laevis Smooth cordgrass Sprtn alterniflora Smooth winterberry Ilex laeviastaa Sneeze-weed Rdlenium ver-nale Snow-on-the-mountain Euphorbia narginata Soapherry Sapindus marginatus Soft-haired cornflower Rudbeckia. mollis Soft rush Juncus effu-sus Soft-stem bulrush Sdiryus validus Sour grass '~~~~~~~~Rumex: acetosella. Sour orange ~~~~~~~~Citrus aurantium Sourwoorag _Oxdendu arboreum. Southrn de' ongu OphioglossuM vulgatum var. Vvenostichum Southern bag buttons Lachnocaulon beyrichianum Southern bulrush Scirmis calif ornitus Southern cat-tail Typha domingensis Southern elderberry Sasibucus simipsonii Southern lady fern Athyrium asplenicides Southern lepuropetalon Lepuropetalon npathulatuma Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Southern naiad Nal as guadalupensis 'Southern red cedar Juieu silicicola Southern red oak Quercus falcata Southern rein orchid Habenaria f lava Southern amartweed Polymonumn densiflorum Southern smartweed Polygonum portoricense Southern spicebush Lindera meliseaefolium Southern sugar maple Acer saccharum floridanum Southern wild rice Zizaniopsis miliacea Soybean Glycine max Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia Spanish mass Tillandsia usneoides Sparkleberries Vaccinium app. Sparkleberry Vaccinitu arboreum Spatter-dock Nuphar advena Sphagnum mosses Sphagnum app. Spider-lily Hymenocallis crassifolia Spike-grass Uniola latifolia Spike-grass Uniola laza Spike-grass Uniala sessiliflora Spikemoss Selaxinella, arenic-ola Spikerush Eleocharis sp. Spikerush Eleocharis acicularis Spikerush Eleocharis albida Spikerush Eleocharis elonstata Spikerush Eleocharis robbinjii Spleenwort Asplenium heteroresiliens Sprangletop Leptochloa sp. Sprangletop Leptochloa uninervia Spreading pogonia Cleistes divaricata Spring coral-root Corallorhiza wisteriana Spring-flowered goldenrod Solidago verna Spruce pine P'inus albr Square-stem spikerush Eleocharis quadrangulata Squaw-huckleberry Vaccinium stamineum Squaw-root Conopholis americana Stagger bush Lyonia ferrumine Stagger bush Lyonia mariana Star grass Aletris lutea Star grass Hypoxis seasilis Star-rush Dichromena colorata Starved aster Aster lateriflorus Sticky tofieldia, Tofieldia racenoea Stillingia Stillinxia sylyatica Stinging needle Cuidoscolus stimulcsus St. John's-wort Hypericum apocynifoliu-m St. John's-wort Hypericum fasciculatum St. John's-wort Hypericu pseudomaculatum St. John's-wort Hypericum tubulosum St. John' s-wort Hypericum virminicum St. John's-wort Elypericuli walteri St. John's-w;orts Hypericum app. Storax Styrax americana Storax Styrax grandifolia Strawberry bush Huonymus americanus Sugarberry Celtis laevistata Sumacg Rhus app. S-mer-farewell Petalostemura Pinnatum Sumer grape Vitis -nostivalis Suamer grape Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis Sun-bonnets Chaptalia. tomentosa Sundews Drosera app. Sunflower Helianthus angustifolius Sunflower Helianthus tuberosus Sun-petaled meadow beauty Rhwxim aristosa Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii Swamp cottonwood POPUlUR IheteroPbXllA swamp dock Rumiax verticillatus Swamp dogwood Cornus-stricta Swamp holly lar decidua. Swamp lily ii-amcnu Swamp milkweed Aselepias Anc-arnata anu aulchrh swamp privet Porestie-ra acuminata Swamp rose Rosa palustis Swamp smartweed Polygonum. hydroipiperoides Swamp smartweed Polygonum setaeetm Swamp thistle Carduus carolinianus Swamp tupelo Nysa syvaia var. hiflora Swamp wilo Saliz carolinianm Swaying bulrush ScirPus subtexpimalis Sweet bay Magnolia Sweetflag Acorus calannis Sweet gal~~~~~ ~ ~~~~lberex coriacea Sweet grassbrr Mul ergia filipes Sweet gums Ti-quidambar styraciflua Sweet leaf SYmPlocos tinctorial Sweet pepperbush Clethra, almifolia Sweet pignut hickory Carya oval-is Sweet pitcher-plant Sarracen-ia rubra Switchgrass, ~~~~~~~Panicum virmacum Swicamoras Platanus occidentalis Tag alder ~~~~~~~~~Alnus serrulata, Tagl aldera Arrhenatherum elatius Talle -matards Descura-ini pinnata. Tarflse-utrd Bef aria racemosa. Tearthumb Polygonum, arifolium Tearthumb Polygonum. sagittatum Thistle Carduua carolinisanus Thoroughiwort Eupatoriuam album Thoroughworts Eupatorium app. Three awn grass Aristida. gyrans Three awn grass Arisda paurpuascens Three awn grass Aristida spiciformle Three awn grass, Aitd tit Three awn grasses -Aristida spp. Three-birds orchid Triphore tzrienthophora Three-seeded mercury Acalypha virginica. Three-way sedge Dulichiun arundinaceum Thyme-leave speed~well Veronica serpyllifolia Tick trefoil Desmodium. up. Titi Cyrilla racemiflora, Toad-flax Linaria. canpAensis Toad rush ~~~~~~~~~Juncus bufonius Toothache grass Caplssaromaticus Toothache grass Ctenium aromaticum Toothache grasses Cueella temax Tough buckthorn Luanta.na na Trailing lantn, atana montevidensai Trianglestem spikerush Eleocharis robbiusii Trillium Trillium pusi-num Tropical carpet grass Aaonopus compressus: Trumpet-plant Sarracenia. flays Trumpet vine CainPsis radidaus Tulip tree ~~~~~~~~~Liriodendron tulipifers. Turkey footAn g erdi Turkey oa querus Inevis Turtle grass Taasatsuiu Twig-rush Cladium mariscoides Umbrella tree Magnolia macrophylla. Umbrella tree Melia azedarach Vanilla-plant ~~~~~~~Trilisa. odoratissima, Vanialla-pleavdpntw Potamozeton diversifollus Varalve-leavefonwe Abutilon theophrascii Venus, fly trap Dionaea. muscipula. Venus' looking-glass elraproit Venus' looking-glasses Specularia spp. Vervain Verbena officinalis Violet Viola CIucllata Violet Viola papilionacea Violet Viola trilaba VKirginia. cabaf fern Woodwardia. virginica. Virginia creeper Parthenocissus guinquefolia. Virginia willow Itea virginica. Walter's sedge Carex walterianak Wampee Eihonacrassipes Watches Sarrencia.fa Water ash Fraxinus caroliia Water elm Planera. aquatica Water grass Hydrochloa. caroliniensis Water hemlock Cicuta. maculata. Water hemp masranthus canna-binus Water hickory R! aquatics, Water-hoarhound Lycopu virginicus Water hyacinth Eichhornia. crassipes Water hyssop Bacopa. monnieri Water hyssop Bacopa rotundifolia. Water-lily Nypaa bombycina. Water-lily Nyphea-xicana. Water-lily NMheodorata Water locust Gleditsia aquatics, Water loosestrife Decodon verticillatus Water-meal Wolf fi. colmiana Water milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum Water milfoil Myriophyllum laxam Water milfoil Myvriophyllum pinnatum Water milfoils Myriophyllum app. Water nymph Najas gudalupengis Water oak Quercus nigra. Water parsnip Sum suave Water pimpernel Smlus parviflorus Water-primrose LuwiI peploides Water-primroses Ludwigia spp. Water purslane Ludwigia. natans Water-shield Brasenia schreberi Water spider orchid Habenaria. revens Water spikerush Eleocharis elongata Water tupelo !I! outc Water-weed Re~aiid cnaesis Water-weed Egeria densa Water-weeds Mlodes. spp. Wax myrtle W~c- cerifera Wedge grass Sphenopholis interme-dia Weeping willow Sai-1- babylonica Wheat Triticum aestiv-um White arrow-ar=~ Peltamdra sacittaefolia White ash Fraxinus americ-aa White-bracted sedge Dichromenaa latifolia White colic root Aletris obovata White-fringed arch-id Habenaria blephariglottis var. integrilabia, White mulberry Morus Sibs. White oak Querciba White water-lily Hymphaeaoadorata. White wicky Kalmia. cmat Widgeon grass Ruppia maritimia Wild azalea. Rhododendron canescens Wild grapes Vitis Opp. Wild licorice Gaimcircaezans Wild millet ex-USSRlo crsgLi Wild olive 0smanthusamrca Wild plum Punmus americana. Wild vice Ziza-n-I aquatics Wild rye villosus Wild rye grass !Amu villosus Wild rye grass Elymus virginicus Salix caroliniana Willow oakQuercus phellos Willows oPP. Willowselm Ulmus alata Winged elm ~~~~~~~~Aristida app. Wire grassesArtiaMT Wire-leaved dropseed Sporobolus teretifolis Witch alder Fothergilla gardeni. Witch grass Leptoloma cognatum Panicum capillare Witch grass Vitch-hazel mawtsvriaa Wood awn-grase Brachyelytrum erectum Wood fern Dryopteris dentaca Wood grass Sorgastrum nutans Wood greed UCima arundinaces Wood reed Sipscprlu Woolgrasa bulrush Scirpus ci erinus Wreath aster Yaupon holly -lex vomitoria Yellow asphodel Narthacium americanum Yellow chestnut oak Quercus muehlenbergii Rarippaisaic Yellow cress Ioip scrdu Yellow cress Porippa aessiliflora Yellow-eyed grass xyris carolinians Yellow-eyed grass Kyris elliottii Yellow-eyed grass Xyris smalliana Yellow-eyed grasses Xyris Spp- Yellow-eyed~~~~~~~~~libnai grasses Yellow fringeless orchid Habenaria integra rnge ass ~~~~~~~~Nelinmbo lutes Yellow nelumbo Sel1Iao lava Yellow pitcher-plant Sarracenf Yellow pond-lily Nuphar luteum Yellow poplil Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow poplar ~~~~~~~Hypoxis Ssesilis Yellow star grass Zenobia Zenobia pulverulenta BIRDS Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens American avocet Recurvirostra americans American bittern AtqE!.. I entiginosus American coat Fulica. ameri&M"aa American goldeneye -Bucep~hala. clnuaamrc American goldfinch Cardli tristis American kces trel Falcoja 77; su ergeiu a American aystercatcher -Baematopus palliatus ralliatus American redstart Setophafta ruticilla rurt-icilla American wigeon Anna americana, American woodcock Philohela minor Anhinga Anhinsta hia Arctic peregrine falcon Fac cr 9iu tundrius Audubon's shearwater Puffinu. lhermiuieri Bachman' s sparrow Almophila aestivalis Bach-an's warbler Vernivora bachmannii Bald eagle Ealiagetus leucoceephalus Baldpate Amas americana Bank swallow Rivaria riparia Barn owl Tyto alba Barn swallow Rirumdo rustica erythrogaster Barred owl Strix varia Barrow's goldeneye Buce,,hala, islandica Belted kingfisher Mexace!Xle alcyon Bewick's wren Thryomanes bevickii bevicii Black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia Black-bellied plover Pluvialis sguatarola Black-bellied whistling duck Duendrocygna atutmnalis Black-billed cuckoo CoccyZus ervthronthalmus Black-crowned night heron Mectico ax Uvcticorax Black duck Anas rubrives Black-headed gull -Laru. ridibundus Black-necked stilt Himantammu mexicanusi nexicanus Blackpoll warbler Dendroica. striata, Black rail Laterallus jiamaicensis Black seater Helanitta nir Black seater Melanittliara americans. Black skimmer Rynithors niara Black torn Chlidonias nif er Black-throated blue warbler, Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens vaynei Black vultureCraP ttu Blue goose -Chent caetrulescens Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioatila caerulea Blue grosbeak ~~~~~~~Guiraca c-aerulea- Blue grosbeak Gui1raca caerulea caerulea Blue-headed vireo -Vireo -8olitarius solitarius Blue Jay Cyantocitta, cristata. crsaa Blue-winged teal Anas disatom Blue-winged warbler Vvermivora RinusI Boat-tailed grackle Quiscalus major Bobolink Dolichonyx orizivorus Bobwhite COlinus vIrginianus Bonaparte's gull Larus Philadelphia Broad-winged hawk Buteo P'latwptemus Brown creeper ~~~~~~~Certhia faziliamis Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater Brown-headed nuthatch Sitta rusilla. Pusilla Brown pelican Pe-lecanus occidentalis Brown thrasher Toxostoms rufum ruf um Bufflehead Buceyhala albeola Cabot's tern Sterna sandvicensis acuflavidus Canada goose Branta canadensis Canvasback Aytfrva valisineria Cape May warbler Dendroica tinrina cardinal Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis Carolina chickadee Parus carolinensis Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus Caspian tern Sterna caspia Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis ibis Cedar waxving Bombycilla cedrorum Chimney, swift Chaetura pelagica Chipping sparrow Spizela passerina passerina Chuck-.dll' s-vidow Caprimulgus carolinensis Clungao teal Ans cyanoptera Clapper rail tanusz lonzirosiris Cliff swallow Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota Caommon crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Coinon eider Somateria mollissima Common flicker Colaptes auratus Caosson gallinule Gallinula chloropus Commn goldeneye Bucephala clangula Cosinon grackle Quiscalus quiscula Coumn loon Gavia inner Common merganser Mermus merganser Common snipe Capella zallinazo Comaon tern Sterna hirundo Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii Dark-eyed Junto Junco hyemalis Doubled-crested cormorant Ph-alacrocorax auritus Dowitchers Limnodronus spp. Downy woodpecker Picoides Pubescens Dunlin Calidris alpina Dusky seaside sparrow Ammospiza maritima nigrescens Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis Eastern bobwhite Colinus virginianus virginianus Eastern brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna Eastern phoebe Sayornis pob Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens Eskimo curlew Humenius borealis European wigeon Anns Penelope Field sparrow Spizella pusilla Fish crow Corvus ossifragus Florida red-shouldered hawk Euteo lineatus alleni Forsterts tern 'Sterna forsteri Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna biclo r Gadwall Ana strpera. Gannet Morus bassanus Glossy ibis Plexadis falcinellus falcinellus Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrava Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrvooptera Grasshopper sparrow Amzodraius savannarum Gray-cheeked thrush Catharus mini mus Great black-backed gull Larus marinus Great blue heron Ard~ea herodias Great crested flycatcher Mviarchus crinitus Great egret Casmerodius albus Greater scaup Aythya manila Greater shearwacer Puff inus gravis Greater yellowlegs Trinza nelanoleucus Great horned owl Bubo virminianus virginianus Green heron Eu-torides striatus Green-winged teal AMas crecca. Ground dove Columbizallina Passerina Gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nib-tica Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus Hareqinduck HiS trionicus hiS trioniCUS Harlequinsarro Passerherbulus henalovii Hermit thrush Catarus _________ Herring gull Larnearentatus Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina Horned grebe Podiceps auritus House wren TroglodyteS aedon hdoiu Iceland gull ~~~~~~~~Larus glaucoides Indigo bunting Panserius, cyanea, Ipswich sparrow Passerculus esadwichensis Priziceps Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus princivalis principalis Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus Kestrel Falco tinrmnmulus Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Kneide Somateria spectabilis King erai Rallus elegans Kirlng' wraile Dendroica. kirtl*1a.ii Kirtan'wabe Calidris can-utus ruf a Laughing gull Larus atricilla Least bittern Ixobrychus exilis Least sandpiper Calidris minutilla L~east torn Sterna albifrons La Conte's sparrow Passerharbulus caudacutus Lesser scaup Athina ffainies Lesser yellowlegs Trimus, flvi Limpkin Flrdamu cuacraule ae Little'blue heron Faisluoriidaceales.aeua Loggerhead shrike Lumnius amervicianus Long~-billed curlew Nunenius americanusaeraiu Long-billed curlew Cueisttous pa-rcustamris au Long-billed marsh wren Cistothorus valastrisgisu Long-billed marsh wren Csthodransa triclosri rs Louisi-An heron ________ ticlo Louisiana waterthrush, Seiurus notacilla Hacgillivray's seaside sparrow Axmospiza maritima. macgillivraii Magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia Mallard Anias 1lat,7rhynchos Marbled godwit Limosa, fedoa Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus Harsh hen Rallus longirostris Hasked duck Oxyura dowinica Herlin Falco columbarius Mexican duck Ana diazi Mississippi kite Ictinia mississinviensis Mockingbird Minus iPol'rglottos Mockingbird Minus Poylto oylta Mottled duck Anas fulvistula Morgdov Zenaida macroura Musco'vy duck Ciiamsht Nighthawk ~~~~~~~~~Chordeiles minor minor Niohthernorol Icterus galbula. Northern oriole Parula americana Northern pharlarp Lobipes lobatus Northern shovlerop Anas clypeata. Northern shoveertrh Seiurus noveboracensis Oldsquaw Cluus hiemais Orange crowned warbler Vermivora celata Orchard oriole Icterns spurius Osprey ~~~~~~~~~~~Pandion haliaetus Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Ospbrey Seiurus aurocapillus Painted bunting Passerina ciris ciris Palm warbler Dendroica palmarum, Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps Pigeon hawk Falco Colin- barius columbariuis Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus pileatus Pine siskin Carduelis pinus Pine warbler Dendroica piu Pine warbler Dendroica sinus sinus Pintail Anas acuta Piping plover Charadrius melodus Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor discolor Prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea Purple finch Carpodacus purpureus3 Purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica. Purple Martin Progne subis subis Quail Colinus virginianus Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus carolinus Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis Red-cockaded. woodpecker Picoides borealis borealis Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus Redhead Aythya americana Red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus lineatus Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis borealis Red-throated loon Gavia stellata Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis Ring-necked, duck Aythya collaris Rob in Turdus migratorius migratorius Rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis Royal tern Sterna maxima Ruby-crowned kidglet Regulus calendula Ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris Ruddy duck Oxvura jamaicensis Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres Ruf fed grouse Bonasa umbellus Rufous-sided towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rusty blackbird Euvhagus carolinus Sanderling Crocethia alba Sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis Savannah sparrow Pass erculus sandwichensis Screech owl Otus asio Seaside sparrow Aumos-i-za maritima Semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated. sandpiper Calidris pusillus Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter -striat-us velox Sharp-tailed sparrow Ammospiza caudacuta Short-billed dowitcher Linnodromus Zriseus Short-billed marsh wren Cistothorus platensis Short-eared owl Asia flMgeu Shoveler Z 7as clypeata. Snipe Capella gallinago Snow goose Chen caerulescens Snowy egret Egretta thula thula Solitary sandpiper Tringa solitaria Solitary vireo, Vireo solitarius Song sparrow Melospiza melodia. atlantica Sora Porzana carolina Southern bald eagle Baliaeetus leucocenhalus leucocephalus Southern crested flycatcher Mviarchus crinitus crinitus Southern crow Coryus brachyrhynchos paulus Southern downy woodpecker Picoides Pubescens pubescens Southern screech owl Otus asio asio Spotted sandpiper Aqtitis-ma~cularia Starling Sturnus vulgaris Sumer tanager Piranga rubra rubra. Surf seater Helanitta Persipicillata Swainson's thrush Catharua ustilatiis Swainson's warbler LI.mnothlvyis swainsonii Swallow-tailed kite Elanoides fortficatne Swamp sparrow Ifelospiza gearxiana Swamp sparrow )felospiza zearftiana Leorgiana, Tennessee warbler Verinivora. peern Tree swallow Tridoprocue bicolor Tufted titmouse Parns bicolor Turkey Meleagris 2allopavo Turkey vulture Catbartes aura aura Veery Catharnus' fuscescens Vesper sparrow Poosccecea gramiueus Virginia rail Rallus limicola Wayne's clapper rail Ra~lls lotigirostris waynei Western sandpiper Calidris mauri Whimbrel Nxu~meniua phaeopus Whip-poor-will Caprimulzus vociferus Whistling swan Olor columabianus White-breasted nuthatch Sitta. carolinenais White-eyed vireo ~~~~~Vireo wrieus White-eyoned gooseo Anser albifrons White-rne ibise Eudocimus albus White-tre ibspro Zonotrichia albicollis White-whroaed seatrro Melanitta dealandi Whilteind sctrCatoptrophorus seaiyalrnatus Wilso'letre Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's ploetre Charadrius wilsonia Wilson's sniper Caeflla gjalno delicata Winter wren Tromlodyes troxlodytes Woodcock Philohela minor Wood duck Aix sponsa Wood ibis Myeteria azericana Wood stark Mycteria americana Wood thrush Rylocichla mustelina Worn-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus Yellow-bellied sapsuckerShraiuvrusaiu Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus americanus Yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens Yellow-crowned night heron Wyetanassa violacea Yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata Yellow-shafted flicker Colaptes auratus auratus Yellowchroat Geothivris trichas Yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica. doninica dominica Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia MAM MALS Antillean beaked whiale Mesoplodon eurovaeus Atlantic beaked whale Nesoplodon densiros tris Atlantic battle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truneatua Atlantic right whale Eubalaena slacialis Beaver Cantor canadensis Big brown bat EiJtesicus fascus fucu Black bear Ursus americanus Blue whale Sibbaldus musculus Bobcat Ln uu Bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus Bowhead whale Balaena mysticecus Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis cyncceDhala Bridled dolphin Stemella frontalis Bryde' s whale Baaeaters edeui. California sea lion Zalophus californianus Colonial pocket gopher Geamys colontus Common dolphin Delphinus deiphis Common porpoise Phocoena phccn Cotton mouse Peramvacus SossXpinus/?erorivscus RossvDonus anas tasae Cotton rat Sigmpdon hispidus Cow Boo taurus Cumberland Island pocket gopher wa cumberlandius Dolphin Coryphaena hippurus Domestic hog Sus scrofa domneticus Dwarf sperm whale Kogia simus Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cougar Felis concolor cougar Eastern male Scalopus aquaticus/Scaiopus acuaticus howelli Eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus Eastern wood rat Neotoma, floridan~a/Neotoma floridana floridana European 'fallow, deer Damsa dama European wild hog Sus scrofa cristatus Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis humeralis False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens Feral hog Sus scrof a Finback whale Balaenorters physalus Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris Florida panther Felis concolor S2r Flying squirrel Glaucomys volans saturatus Fox squirrel Sciurus Niter/Sciurus niger rufiventer Coat Capra hircus Goose-beaked whale Ziphius caviTrostria Grampus Grampus griseus Gray fo Uracyon cinrercarstenteus Gray squirrel Scuu carolinensis Gray wolf Canis 3-upus Harbor p o r p o i s e ~~~~~~Phocoema phocoena Harbor prosea Phoca vitulina concolor Harvest mouse Reithrodontomys hunulis Haybat Lasiurus cinereus cinereus Horse Eciuus caballus House mouse Mus muaculus Humpback whale Negaptera. novaeangliae Killer whale Orcinus area Least shrew Cryptotis parv 'Little brown myotis mvatis 1tucifugus luc-fugus Long-beaked dolphin Stanea gpstris Long-beaked porpoise Stenlla- foirost~ris Long-tailed weasel Mustel frenata. olivcea Man Homo sapiens Marsh rabbit Sflvilagus ralustris Marsh rice rat OrVzoy palustris Meadow vale Mirtus pennsvivanicus pennsvlvan icus Mink Hustela- vison Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Muskrat B~-ar zibethicus Nine-banded armadillo Dasyrus novemcinctus/Dasypus novemcinc tus sexicanus Northern yellow bat Lasiurus intermedius floridanus Norway rat Rattus norvemicus Nutria Nvcso coypus Old-field mouse Peromyscus polionotus OpossumI Ddelphis inarsupialis Pine mouse Pitymy pinetorum Pygym sperm whale Moxia breviceps Raccoon Prco lotor Raf inesque's big-eared bat Plecotus rafinesquii macroris Red bat Lasiurus borealis borealis Red deer Cervus elarhus Red fox Vulpea fulva River otter Lutra canadensis Roof rat Rattus rattum Rough-toothed dolphin Sten-obr~edanensis Rough-tooth porpoise Steno bredanensis Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis Seminole bat Lasiurus semnolus Sheep Ovis aries Sherman's pocker gopher Geouva fontanelus Short-finned blackfish Globicephala macrorhvneha Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhvncha Short-tailed shrew BMarina brevicauda Silver-haired bat Lasionvateris nortivaeans Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius Southeastern packet gopher Geormvs vinetis Southeastern shrew Sorex: lonairostris/Sorex loneirostris loneiros tris Southern flying squirrel 'flaucoui 'valans saturatus Sperm whale Fhvsete; catodon Spotted dolphin Stenella planiodon Spotted porpoise Stenella plagiodon Star-nosed mole Condylura cristata/Condylura cristata parva Striped dolphin Stenella, coteruleoalba Striped skunk Mehtsmephitis Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus True' s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus Virginia opossums DldeLphls virginiana West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer Odocoileus virminianus hiltonensis White-tailed deer Odocoileus virminianus nigribarbis White-tailed deer Odocoileus3 vIrginianus taurinsulae White-tailed deer Odocoileus viritinianus virginianus REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS American alligator Alligator mississinviensis American crocodile Crocodylus acutus Atlantic green turtle Cheoia, mvdas mu'as Atlantic hawkubill turtle Eretmochelvs imbricata imbricsta Atlantic leatherback turtle Dermochelyo coriacea coriacea Atlantic loggerhead turtle Caet carerra caretta Atlantic ridley turtle Levidochelys kemi Atlantic salt marsh snake Herodia fasci~ata taeniata Banded water snake Nerodia fasciata fasciata Barking traefrog HylaAsi-tiosa Black swamp snake Seminatrix pygaea, Box turtle Terrapene carolina sop. Brimley's chorus frog Pseudacris brimleyi Broad-banded water snake Nerodia fasciata confluens Broadhead skink Euneces laticeps Broad-striped dwarf siren Pseudobranchus striatus striatus Broken-striped newt Notouhthalnmus viridescens dorsalis Bronze frog Rana clamitans clamitans Brown snake Storeria, dekavi Brown water snake Nerodia ta-xisvilota Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Canebrake rattlesnake Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Carolina crawfish frog Rana agreolata capito Carolina diamondback terrapin Knallaclemys terrapin centrata Carolina pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Carolina salt marsh snake Neradia sipedon williamengelsi Carolina swamp snake Seminatrix gpygaesa paludis Carpenter frog Rana virgatipes Central newt Notophthaimus viridescen. louisijanens is Chicken turtle Deirochells reticularia sap. Common garter snake Thannophis sirtalis sap. Common snapping turtle Chelydra seri~entina serpentina Cope's gray treefrog Hvla hrSos~elis Copperhead Askistrodon contortrix sap. Corn snake Elaphe Murtata sap. Corn snake Elaphe lattata cuttata Cottonmouth Axkistrodon piscivorus sap. Crawfish frog Rana areclata sap. Dwarf salamander Euryeea quadridicitata Dwarf waterdog Nect!Lrus. punctatus Earth snakes Virginia app. Eastern bird-voiced treefrog Kyla avivoca onechiensis Eastern box turtle Terravene carolina carolina Eastern chicken turtle Deirochely reticularia reticularia Eastern coachwhip Hasticophis flagellum flagellum Eastern coral snake HiLcrurua fulvius fulvius Eastern cottonmouth Askistrodoni piscivorus viscivorus Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalua adamanteus Eastern earth snake Virginia valeriae valeriac -Eastern garter snake Thamnoghis sirtalis sirtalis Eastern glass lizard Ophisaurus Centralia Eastern hognose snake Reterodon platyrhinas Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi Eastern kinganake, Lamoropeltia getulus getulus Eastern lesser siren Siren intermedia intermedia, Eastern mud snakce Faranciabc abacura Eastern tend turtle !1inesternon subrabrum subrubrrum Eastern narrommouth toad, Gastropznryne carollnensis Eastern ribbon snake Thannophis sauritua sauritus Eastern river cooter Chrvsemys concinna concinna- Eastern slander glass lizard phausatenuatus loniticaudus Eastern spadefoot toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Eastern spadefoot toad Scanhiopus holbrooki holbrooki Eastern tiger salamander Ambvstomal ti num tigrinum Eastern worm snake Carvho~his amoenus amoenus Five-lined skink Eumeces fasciatus Flatwoods salamander Anbystoma cingulatum Florida cooter Chrysenivs floridana floridana Florida cottonmouth Attkistrodon piscivorus conanti Florida crawfish frog Rana areolata aesopus Florida cricket frog Acris gryllus dorsalis .Florida green water snake Nerodia cyclopion floridana Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Florida softshell Trionyx ferox Garter snakes Thamnophis spp. Glossy crayfish snake Riin rigida rigida Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus Gray treefrog Hyla versicolor Greater siren Siren lacertina Green anole Anolis carolinensis Green sea turtle Chelonia mvdas Green treefrog Hyla cinerea Green turtle Chelonia nydas Green water snake Nerodia cyclopion sap. Ground skink Scincella lateralis Gulf Coast spiny softshell Trionyx spiniferus asperus Gulf salt marsh snake Nerodia fasciata clarki Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Indigo snake Drymarchon corais Island glass lizard Ophisaurus comrs sus Kemp's ridley turtle Lepidochelys kemvi Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea Lesser siren Siren intermedia Little grass frog Limnaoedus ocularis Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta Longtail salamander Ercmlongicauda longicauda Mabee's salamander Anbvstom mabeei Many-lined salamander Stereochilus marginatus marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum Mole kingsriake Lamprope tis calligaster rhombomaculata Male salamander Amysoma talpoideum Mole skink Eumeces egregius Mud salamander P -seudotriton montanus sap. Mud salamander Pseudotriton inontanus Mud snake Farancia abacura sop. Mud turtle Kinosternon suboruburum sop. Newts Notophthalmus spp. North Florida swamp snake Sem-Inatrix pygaee pygaea Northern cricket frog Acris --repitans; crenitans Northern diamondback terrapin Malacl=9y terrapin terranin Northern leopard frog Haappens; Northern mole skink Eumeces exremius similis Northern redbellv snake Storeria occivitomaculata occipi tomaculata Northern scarlet snake Cemophora coccinea copei Northern spring peeper ME1 crucifer crucifer Oak toad Bufo quercicus Ornate chorus frog Pseudacris ornata Peninsula ribbon snake Thamnophis sauritus sackeni Pickerel frog Rana palustris Pig frog Rana grylio Pine snake Pituophis inelanoleucus sap. Pine woods snake Rhadinaea flavilata Pine woods treefrog Hyl femoralis Pigmy rattlesnake Siatrurus miliarius sup. Rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma sasp. Rainbow snake Frarancia erytrogramm e~rytro rawma Ranid frogs Rana app. Rat snake Elahe obsolete say. Redbellv snake Storeria occivitomaculat~a Redbelly water snake Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster Red salamander Poeudotriton ruber Red-spotted newt Notophthalmu- viridescens viridescens 'Ribbon snake ThaznnoPhis sauritus 8139. Ringneck snakeDidhsputau River caoter CrSeiscoinasp. River frog Rana hecikacheri Rough earth snake Virginia striatula Rough green snake Gedv asiu Scarlet kdngsnake Lampropeltis trianswulmr elapsoides Six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus segliueatus sexlineatus Slender glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus Slimy salamander Plethodon alutincouus glutinosus Smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae Southeastern crowned snake Tantilla coronata Southeastern five-lined skink Eumeces inexvectatus Southern black racer Coluber constrictor Priajpus Southern chorus frog Pseudacris nigrita Southern chorus frog Pseudacris uigrita nigrita Southern copperhead AMkistrodon contortrix contortrix Southern cricket frog Acris gryllus Southern cricket frog Acris gryllus gRyllus Southern dusky salamander Desnogathus auriculatus Southern fence lizard SceloDorus uudulatus undulatus Southern hognose snake Reterodon simus Southern leopard frog Rana sphencocechala Southern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Southern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus punctatus Southern toad Bufo terrestris Southern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata cirrigera Spiny poftshell Trionyx spiniferus ';up. Spotted salamander AsibYstoma, maculatum Spotted turtle Clesvsft uttata Spring peeper ijyla crqucife-er Squirrel treefrog Sternothrerulooatu StinkpotStrthusdoau Striped crayfish snake Regina alleni - Striped mud turtle IKinosternon bauri palmarum Striped newt Notophthalmus perstriatus Texas horned lizards Phrvnosoma cor-nutum Three-lined sal-aander Eurycea longicauda, guttollineata Tiger salamander Aphys toma, tiarinum Treefrogs Ryla spp. Two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata Two-toed amphilma LmRphiuma means Upland chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata feriarum Worm snake Carphophis amoenus sap. Yellowbelly slider Chrysemys scripts scripta, Yellow rat snake Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata FISHES Alewife Alas& PoeudobarenMus Almac o J a c k ~~~~~~~~Seriol rivoliana American eel Angu:Ulla rostrata American shad Alosa sapidissima Angelfiahes Holacanthus app. Atlantic bonito Sarda. sard~a Atlantic bumper Chloroacombrus chrsurus A~tlantic croaker Ificropogonias und-ulatus Atlantic cutlassfish Trichiurua lepturus Atlantic guitarfish Rhtinobatos lentiginosus Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia.trlu Atlantic midshipman Po-richthys porosissimu.. A~tlantic moonfish Vomer setapinnis Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodo ereoa Atlantic silvers ide Menidia. menidia, Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterais faber A~tlantic stingray Dazyatis sabina Atlantic sturgeon Acipeuser o~Ixyrh1!eh. Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum Balao HemiaMphus balao Banded darter Etheostoma zonale Banded drum Larimus fasciatus Banded pygmy sunfish Elassoma. zonatum Banded sunfish Enneacanthus obesus Banded topminxiow Fundulus cingulacus Bandtail puffer Sphoeroides Spenglera Barracudas Sphyraena app. Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli Bay whiff Citharichthys spiLlopterus Bighead searobin Prionotus tribulus Blackbanded darter Percina nigrofasciata Blackbanded sunfish Enneacanthus chaetodon Black bullhead Ictalurus melas Blackcheek tonguefisF SyMphurux plagiusa Black crappie Pomxse~ niaromaculatus Black drum Pogonias cromis Blackf in snapper Luti anus buccanella Blackline tilefish Caulolatilus cyanors Black junprock Maxostoma. cervinum Black'madtom Noturus funebris Black sea bass Centropristis striata Blacktip, shark Carcharhinux limbatus Blackwing searobiu Prionotus salmonicolor Blennies Chasmodes app. B.eachern Alosa aestivalis Bluebc herring lctalurus furcatus Bluefi catlfish Lucania zoodel. BluefishPnaou salltatii Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus; Blueheadchu Noconia leutocevhalus Bluehmarli chbakaira nixricans Bluespotted. sunfish Enneacanthus aloriosus Bluntnose stingray Dasyatis sayil Bonnethead Sph Mna tiburo Bowf in MAri calve Broad flounder ParalichthyS squa-4lentus Brook silverside 'Labideothes sicculus Brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus Burrfishes Chilomycterus app. Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus Butterfishes Pepiu Opp- Carolina bake Uohcserl Carp Cyriu carpio Chain pickerel Rsoxc niger Chain pipefish Syn~nathua louisinnae Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Christmas darter Etheostoma hopkinsi Clearnose skat~e Raja eglanteria Clown goby Microstobius stulosus Coastal shiner Notrovis petersoni Cobia Rachycentron canadum lCombtooth blennies Hyposoblennius spp. Conger eel Couxer oceanicus Cownose .ray Rhinoptera bonasus Crappies Pomoxis spp. Creek chubsucker Erizvzon oblongus Crested blenny Biypleurochilus zeminatus Crevalle Jack Caranx hippos Cypress minnow Hvboxn thus havi Darter goby Gobionellus boleosoma Darters Etheostoma app. Darters Percina app. DOblar: sunfish Lepomis marginatus Dolphins Coryphaena spp. Dusky anchovy AnChoa lyoleris Dusky pipefish Syngnathus floridae Dusky shark Carcharhinus obscures Dusky shiner Notropis cumingiae Eastern mudminnow Umbra pygmaea Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Fat sleeper Dormitator maculatus Feather blenny Hypsoblennius hentzi Finetooth shark Aprionodon isodon Flat bullhead Ictalurus platycephalus Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris Flier Centrarchus macrop terus Florida blenny Chasmodes saburrae Florida gar Lepisosteus platyrhincus Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus Flounders Paralighthys app. Freshwater dinm Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater goh Gobionellus shufeldti Fringed flounder Etropus crossotus ,Gafftopsail catfish 3Agre !nariuus Gag grouper Ilycteroperca microlepis Cars Lepiaosteus spp. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum Glassy darter Etheostoma vitreum Gobies Gobionellus app. Gobies Gobiosoma app. Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden topminnow Fundulus chrysotus Goldfish Carassiu uau Gold tilefish LoP~holatilus chamaceleonticeps Gray snapper Luti anus gri seus Great barracuda Sphyraena ~barrac~uda Greater amberjack Seriol& dumerili Green goby Microgobius thalassinus Greenhead shiner Notropis chlorocephalus Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Groupers Mycteroperca app. Guaguanche Sphyraena guachancho Gulf flounder Paralichthys albizutta -Gulf kingfish Menticirrhus Tittoralis sakes Urophycis app. .Ralfbeak Hyporhamphus unifas ciatus Ea-ierhead sharks S hra app. Harvestfish Peprilus alepidotus Herrings Alosa app. Hickory shad Alosa mediocris Highf in carpsucker Carpiodes velifer *Highf in goby Gobionellus oceanicus Highf in shiner Ntrinecte aclatupns HogchokerTrntsmcuas Horse-eye Jack Caranxu latua Inshore lizardfish Synodus foetens Irish pompano Diapterns olisthoatomus Troncolor shiner Notropis chalybaeus Jacka ~~~~~~~~~~~~Caranx sipp. Killifishes Fundulus spp. Kingfishes Menticirrhus app. King mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla King whitinga Menticirrhus sov. Ladyfish Elops saurus Lake chubaucker Erimyzon sucetta Lancer stargazer Kathetosona albigutta Largetouchbaish Heterandria formosa Leathrn akt klishOligoplites saurns Lefhere flouners Citharichthys Spp. Lefteye flounders Paralichthya app. Letycfoundehrk me aprion brevixostris Lemona sharkbi Prionotus scitulus Lieoad seahrobi Hippocampus erectus Lined seaorseno Fundulus lineolatus Linpedropino Percina, Caprodes Lngpearcsnih Lepomis menalocis Longoe. ar unihLepiasoteus osseus Lookdown eee oe7 Lyre goby Evorthodus l1yricus Madtona ~~~~~~~~~~Noturus app. Margndmdtom Noturus insignis Margied gadby Gobionellus stienaticus Marshd killfi Fundulus confluentus Menshae kifh re'voortia app. Menharda Eu-cinostomus app. Mudsquntfish Acantharchus romotis Mullesufs Musil ap Mullets Fundulus heteroclitus Naked goby Gobiosoma bosci Naked sole Gymnachirus neias Niangua darter Etheostoma. nianguse Northern kingfish M~~~~~enticirrhua saxatilis Northern pipefish ~~~~~S~ynnathus fuscus Northern puffefrs Sphoeroides maculatus Northern pufearb Prifonotus carolinus Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus .]o2ximanus Ocellated flounder Ancylopsaetta. quadvocellata Ocmulsee shiner "Notropia callisema, Ohoopee shiner Notropis leedsi Okefenokee pygmy sunfish Elasuoma okefenokee Orange filet ish Aluterus schoeyfi Oyster toadfish Oveanus tan Palespotted eel Opic1~hthu ocellatus Palometa Trachinotus godi Permit Trachinotus falcatua Piedmont darter Percina crassa Pigfish Orthopristis chrysortera Pikes Eso~~~~~~~~mx app. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides; Pirate parch hphredoderus savanua Planehead filefish Vmnacanthus higidus Pompano Trachinotus; app. Porgies Calamus spp. Porgies Stenotonus spp. Pu ffers Sphoeraides spp. Pugnose minnow Notropis emiliae Pumpkinseed Lepomis Ribbomus Pygmy filefish Monacanthus setifer Pygmy killifish Leptolucauia ommata, Pygmy sunfishes Elassoma spp. Rainwater kidlifish Lucania parva Redbreast sunfish lepomis auritus Red drum Sciaenaps.ocellata Red porgy Pagrus sedecim Red snapper LEuti anus caupechanus Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus Redfin pickerel Esox americanus americanus Requiem sharks Carcharhinus spp. River carpsucker Carpiodes cirpio Rock sea bass Centropristis philadelphica Rosefin, shiner go-tropis ardens Rosyface chub Hybopsis rubrifrons Rough silverside Membras martinica Sailf in molly Poecilia latipinna. Sailf in shiner Notropis hypselopterus Sailfish Ts-tiophoru-s platvpterus Sandbar shark Carcharhinus milberti. Sand perch Diplectrum. formosum Savannah darter Etheostoma fricksium Savcheek darter Etheostoma serriferum Scaled sardine Harengula pensacolae Scalloped haummerhead Sphyrna lewini Scamp grouper Mycteraperca phenax Seaboard goby Gobiosoma Rinsburzi Sea catfish An-us felis Searobins Prionotus spp. Seatrout Cyrioscion spp. Sharksucker Echeneis naucrates Sharptail goby Gobionellus hastatus Sheepshead Ar-chosarmus probatocephalus Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variettatus Shield darter Percina peltata. Shiners Vaotropis spp. Shorthead redhorse Moxostoma, macrolepidotum Shartnose, sturgeon Acipenser breviros trum Shrimp eel Opitu Roes Silk snapper Lutlanus vivanus Silver jenny Eucinostomusgul Silver perch Brairdiella chrysura Silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum Silver seatrout Cynoscion nothus Silversides Menidia spp. Silvery minnow Hybognathus nuchalis Skilletfish Gobiesox strumosus Smallmouth bass Micropteruis dolomieui Smooth butterfly ray Gymnura micrura Smooth dogfish Mustelus Canis Smooth hammerhead Sphyrna. zygaena Smooth puffer Laxacephalus laevigatus Snail bullhead Ictalurus brumneus Snappers Lutlanus spp. Snook Centropomus undecimalis Snowy grouper Epinerhelus niveatus Southern flounder Para icht l'hs t iga Southern hake hcs on danus Southern kingfish Menticirrhus americanus Southern stargazer Astroscopus Y-graecu Southern stingray Dasyatis americana Spadefishes Chaetodipterus spp. Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus Spanish sardine Sardinella anchovia Speckled hind Epinephelus drummondbayi Speckled madtom Noturus leptacanthus Speckled worm eel Myrophis iplmctatus Spinycheek sleeper Eleotris pisonis Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias Spot Leiostomus xanthurus Spotfin killifish Fu-ndulus luciae Spotfin mojarra Esucinostomus argenteus Spottail shiner Noroiahuunius Spotted eagle ray Aetobatus uarinari Spotted hake IUrOPhycis regius Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulous~ Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops Spotted sunfish LepoImis pctatus Spotted whiff Citharichthys macraps Star drum Stellifer lancealatus Starhead topainnow Fumdulue notti Stingrays Dasyatis app. Striped anchovy AnchEOa hepsetus Striped bass Mo on saatilis Striped blenny Chastdis ~bosquianus Striped burrfish Chl.0meterixs schoepf i Striped cusk-eel Rissola. marginata Striped killifish Fundulus majalis Striped mullet Hugil cephau Striped searobin PmrooiQ-evolans Suckermouth redhorse Maxostm pa-ppillosum Summer flounder P~aralichth~ys dentatus Sunfishes Enneacanthus spp. Swallowtail shiner Nroiprene Swamp darter Etheostoal -fusiforne Swanpfish Chologaster cornuca Tadpole madtom Noturus gyrinus Taillight shiner Notropis maculatus Tarpon iegalops atlantica Temperate basses Moreain spp. Tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi Threadfin shad Dorosoama petenense Thread herrings OPI-sthonmea spp. Tidewater silverside Menidia be 1lina Tilefish Lopholatilus chamaeleonticevs Tomtate Haemulon aurolimeatum Tripletail Lobotea-surinsamsmis Vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens Wahoo Acanthocybium solanderi Walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Warmnouth Lpisulsus Warsaw grouper Epinephel~Usigritus Weakfish CynoscioR7--areiIls Whiffs Citharichithy-s app. Whiff Erps p White bass Iichyops White catfish __________ catus White crappie Pomoxis annularis Whitef in shiner No-tropis niveus White hake LUroph'ycis tenuis White marlin Tetapt~iialbidus White mullet Mglcrm White perch Morons americana Windowpane Scophthalmus aguosus Yellow bullhead Ictalurus natalis Yellowedge grouper'avlmtu Yellowf in menhaden Brevoortia suithi Yellowf in shiner Notropis lutivinnis Yellow perch Perca flavescens APPENDIX I Groups Endorsing the ACE Basom NERR ORGANIZATIONS ENDORSING THE Aft BASIN PROI.ECT Atlantic Coast Conservation Association of S. C. Beaufort County Council Beaufort County Open Land Trust Carolina Bird Club Coastal Zone Education Center Colleton County Council * Ducks Unlimited, Inc. * Ducks Unlilmited Foundation Edisto Beach Property Owners Association Edisto Beach Sport Fishing Association Edisto Island Community Association Edisto River Canoe & Kayak Trail Committee Garden Club of S. C., Inc. Georgia Conservancy Greater Charleston Garden Club Council Hilton Head Island FRishing Club Jasper County Forestry and Wildlife Management Association Kiawah Island Natural History Club Lowcountry Paddlers Lowcountry Open Land Trust Lowcountry Saltwater Sports Fisherman' s Club Merck Family Fund National Audubon Society National Wild Turkey Federation National Wildlife Federation Palmetto Shell Club Quail Unlimited (National) Quality Deer Management Association (S.C. Chapter) S. C. Aauarium (Charleston) * S. C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Departament S. C. State Development Board S. C. Chapter of the Sierra Club S. C. Plantation Managers Association S. C. Coastal Conservation League S. C. Outdoor Press Association S. C. Waterfowl Association S. C. Shrimpers Associatin S. C. Wildlife Federation S. C. Wildlife Heritage Sport Fishing Institute The National Fish & Wildlife Foundatin * The Nature Conservancy * The S. C. Nature Conservancy The Trust for Public Land * U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Warm Water Streams Committee of the American Fisheries Society Wildlife Action, Inc. The Wildlife Society (S. C. Chapter) City of Walterboro Walterboro-colleton Chamber of Commerce APPENDIX J WRITTEN AND ORAL COMMENTS received on the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve DEIS/DMP A' e UNitED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration e NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE tesoSoutheast Regional Office So uth east Regional office Response to the U.S. DeDartment of Commerce 9450 Koger B oulevard 372NationaI Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration St. Petersburg, Florida 33702 April 3, 1991 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 714 Washington, D.C. 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: Please reference your February 20, 1991, letter requesting comments on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), and Draft Management Plan (DMP). The DEIS and DHP adequately address National Marine Fisheries1. The- DEI S and DMP adequat ely address National Mareine Fisheries 1.1 1.1 The National Marine Fisheries Service has been added to the Service's (NMFS) trust resources. However, we recommend that the NMFS be added to the Advisory Committee list found on page 39 f Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested. the document. This recommendation is based on our extensive involvement in both estuarine research and estuarine habitat management activities in the southeast. Thank you for the opportunity to provide these comments. Sincerely, Andreas Magr, Assistant Regional Director Habitat Conservation Division cc: CS/EC - Cottingham 75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988 ; United States Department of the Interior OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY ResDonse to the U.S. DeDartment of the Interior WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 Office of Environmental Affairs APR 15 199I In Reply Refer To: ER 91/230 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714 Washington, D.C. 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: The Department of the Interior has reviewed the Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plan for the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research 2.1 2.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. Reserve in South Carolina. We have no comments to offer. Thank you for the opportunity to review the document. Sincerely, Alnathan P. Deason rector / ffice of Environmental Affairs l l NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WASHINGTON. D.C 20550 WASHINGTON. DC20550 Response to the National Science Foundation OFFICE OF TH- ASSISTANT ClIR~C]OR FOR GEOSCIENCES Ms. Susan E. Durden Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserve Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 174 Washington, DC 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: Thank you for providing us the opportunity to review the Draft 3.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan for the 3.1 "Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina." We have no comments to offer at this time. Sincerely, Julian Shedlovsky Staff Associate for Budget and Environmental Policy M8 AR 1991 l 4a urrl~l~n -} WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES State and Local Organizations p~~~~~~~ ARoe tSouth Carolina Water Resources Commission Resnonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission ?A w~ ~ 1201 MainStreet,Suite 1100 [ Columbia, S.C.29201 0 Telephone(803)737-0800 Executive Director's Office Alfred H Vang Executive Director April 9, 1991 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 714 Washington, D.C. 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: This letter is in reference to the Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine 4.1 Comment noted; The South Carolina Water Resources Commission Research Reserve in South Carolina. We would respectfully ask that you 4.1 has been added to the list of organizations endorsing the include the South Carolina Water Resources Commission as one of the ACE Basin Project in Appendix I. organizations endorsing the ACE Basin Project. My staff will forward additional comments to you on the DEIS and Draft Management Plan. If you have any questions concerning this request, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you for your assistance in this matter. Sincerely, Au d H. Vang Ex utive Director AHV/kah cc: Mr. David Cottingham, Director Ecology & Environmental Conservation Office CA% South Carolina Water Resources Commission Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission 1201 Main Street, Suite 1100 ' Columbia, S.C. 29201 1_ Telephone (803) 737-0800 Alfred H Vang Executive Director April 8. 1991 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW Suite 714 Washington, DC 20235 RE: Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan for ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve Dear Ms. Durden: This letter responds to your request for comments on this draft environmental impact statement relevant to the interests of this agency. We are very pleased to support the inclusion of this area in the National Estuarine Research Reserve and endorse the concepts of this document. Our geographic information section is providing very significant support for the project and the section director, Anne Marie Hale, has submitted some comments on the EIS directly to Michael McKenzie in a letter dated March 27, 1991. Additionally, we would like to submit the following comments: Groundwater. On page 87, the second paragraph under the ground-water section states that "Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the Ocala Group) comprise the Principal Artesian Aquifer of southeastern South Carolina". Historically, this aquifer has been referred to as the Tertiary Limestone Aquifer, Principal Artesian Aquifer, and simply the Santee. The currently accepted nomenclature is the Floridan aquifer. The Santee Limestone has been given formation status and is included in the Orangeburg Group of middle Eocene age. The Ocala is not a group but a formation within the Cooper Group of upper Eocene age. These two 5.1 5. 1 Corrections have been made to pages 87-88. formations collectively comprise the Floridan aquifer. The last paragraph refers to sandstones within the Cretaceous Tuscaloosa and Black Creek Formations. Early investigators used the term Tuscaloosa because of the similarity of the sediments to sands that occurred near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. These sediments have since been determined to be of a younger age and are not in fact part of the Tuscaloosa Formation. The correct terminology for Cretaceous age sands in Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources commission Ms. Susan E. Durden (Page 2) April. 8, 1991. Page 2 South Carolina, in ascending order, is the Middendorf Formation, Black Creek Formation and the Peedee Formation. These comments were provided by Robert Logan of our Groundwater Division. Climate, We suggest this section on p. 87 be replaced with the following: "The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime subtropical in which winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is long, hot and humid. Major features which control the climate in the region are: --Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream) --Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High. --Tropical cyclones --Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect. The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of October. During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant climate control. On a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the adjacent ocean waters creating warm air at the land surface. By afternoon this warm air rises and is replaced by moist, cooler air from over the ocean. This circulation creates An onshore "sea breeze". In most 5.2 The Climate section, on pages 88-89, has been revised with instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles. During the 5 .2 the recommended text. nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the beat gained during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea. Further inland, summer temperatures are several degrees higher than those along the immediate coastline since the sea breeze effect diminishes with landward distance. The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers and thunderstorms. Shovers will develop offshore during the day as warm, moist air from the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At night, isolated showers will develop over land. Rainfall, on the average, is highest during the summer months throughout the region. Occasionally, severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold fronts which pass through the region. These severe storms sometimes generate tornadoes or water spouts and can be accompanied by high winds and hail. Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is 59. Over the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the region. Annual total rainfall variea from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C. to 46.9 inches along the coast. The month with the heaviest rainfall la July (7.1 inches) and the month with the lowest rainfall is November (2.1 inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather systems normally accounts for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the period from August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum of 22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956. Ms. Susan E. 199rden Response to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission April 8, 1991 (Page 3) Page 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Page 3) Page 3 Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees to an average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees. Average temperatures along the immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees warmer in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland temperature eatrere range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees in the summer to a low of 0 degrees (1/21/85) in the winter. The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricane during the hurricane Season which lasts from May through November. Tropical cyclones form predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Antilles Islands, while the remainder form offshore, in the Caribbean, or in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the lower South Carolina coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed); 1803 (unnamed), 1911 (unnamed), 1940 (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), X985 (Bob), and 1989 (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastline. In recent memory, Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the Ace Basin. In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant climatic impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of drought (1954, 1977, 1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold temperatures (1977, 1983, 1985). Long periods of drought and extensive flooding cause wide fluctuations in the fresh water flow into estuarine systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water temperatures to less than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a significant impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin." These comments were provided by David J. Smith, State Climatologist. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this EIS. Sincerely Bar ra J. Postles Environmental Planner BJP:cw cc: Danny Johnson Anne Hale Robert Logan D.J. Smith P m mF m ( FredP. Brnilnman. Exsecutive Director ResDonse to the South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation Division of Engineenng & Planning and Tourism (SCPRT) William R. Jennings. Director (803) 734-0173 FAX: 803 734 1409 April 3, 1991 Ms. Susan Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan. The South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism supports the establishment of the AUE .Basic NERR in order to ensure the management of this unique estuarine ecosystem Ifor the purposes of research, education, interpretation, passi've 'recreatitan. anrid pretection. This was evidenced by the 6.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. unanimous vote taken at the May 10, 1990 SOPRT Commission meeting to endorse the plan to protect the ACE Basin. SCPRT believes that the "preferred alternative," '6.1 as described in the Managemqnt Plan, would best fulfill the objectives of the National Estuarine Research Reserve. The inclusion of Edisto Beach State ,Paik and Hunting Island State Park in the Buffer Zone is consistent and compatib'ilie with the current uses and preservation practices of these btwe parks. We also welcome the opportunity to participate on the ACE Basin NERR Advisory 'Committee as outlined in the Management Plan. As a more specific comment, I would like to request that SCPRT be added to the list of groups that have a high interest in conducting "research and educational programs" in the ACE Basin (page 59). With Edisto Beach and Hunting Island State 6.2 6.2 Comment noted; The SCPRT has been added to the list of Parks in the reserve, we feel that this would greatly enhance our efforts in 1) groups interested in conducting research and educational expanding educational programs and eco-tourism related activities and 2) programs in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research cultural, natural, and historic preservation and interpretation. Reserve on pages 57-60. Thank you again for the opportunity to comment on this very important effort. Sincerely, Fred P. Brinkman Executive Director cc: Dr. James A. Timmerman South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation & Tourism 1205 Pendleton Street Columbia. South Carolina 29201 ;/--. ? \ The South Carolina Wildlife Federation Liz }Mailingudd~ SIet Add~es~s~: ResDonse to the South Carolina Wildlife Federation w(y gis~) ~PO Box 61159 - 5219 Trenholm Road Columbia, SC 29260-1159 Colurn1s, SC 29206 Phone (803) 782-8626 Ethelul..o,,co April 1, 1991 BETTY SVENCE South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources PO Box 12559 Charleston, SC 29412 Dear Sirs: I have reviewed the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft management Plan dated February, 1991 on behalf of the South Carolina Wildlife Federation. The Federation commends the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on this document. We support the concepts of the plan and recognize the importance of the Estuarine Research Reserve Program in expanding our 7.1 Comment noted; NOAA and the South Carolina Coastal Council knowledge of natural areas and in-protectiqgexisting uses 7.1 . look forward to the coordination with the South Carolina while conserving significant natural resources. Wildlife and Marine Resources Department in the management of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve. The plan will demand careful coordination of programs within various divisions of the Wildlife Department. We encourage utilization of existing programs and facilities to the extent it is feasible in order to prevent duplication both in capital and manpower expenditures. The meshing of different ownerships and the variety of resource activities and usage are strengths in the plan. The agencies and organizations involved have demonstrated cooperation and a creative approach to accomplishing a conservation objective. Kindest regards, Betty Spence Executive Director EHS/erm AN AFFILIATE OF NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION South Carolina Resnonse to the South CarqJina Coastal Zone Education Center Coastal Zone Education Center April 3, 1991 Dlar Sirs: My name is Bruce C. Lampright, and I serve as tile Prolect Administrator 'ani Coordinator of Public Education for USC-Beaufort's Coastal Zone Education Center in Bluffton, SC. I believe the ACE Basin's value as an outdoor classroom cannot be overated. There is a great need states and nation-wide to increase public awareness and understanding of the estuarine environment and ro provide opportunities fAo public education and 8.1 Comnent noted: no response necessary. interpretation The four emnsng coastal'education facilities found along SC's coast cannot now meet the demand for programs placed upon them. The proposed visitor/interpretive center at Bear Island WMA has the potential to help meet these needs and demands for educating the public of South Carolina, the Nation and beyond The USC-Beaufort Coastal Zone Education Center supports Qt ��$vt43 7To A.:--I:rn: l i tt w e t.tM the lower ACE Basin Ji designated-- as a National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR). V'O_ Bo\ fx22524 512 TEtC6 T II iler l I lFad C',d. South ( arolinIi 2)'1255 UICB 1S 1) 8 7-484 . - Response to the Universitv of South Carolina at Beaufort UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AT BEAUFORT 800 Carteret Sreel Sulle 300. Kiawah Bldg 9eauforl. SC 29902 10 Offlice Park Road (803) 524- 7112 Hillon Head islarnd. SC 29928 (803) 785-3995 April 3, 1991 TO: ACE Basin Committee FROM: Ed Caine Af. (?& Director of Coastal Zone Education Center and Professor of Marine Science, USCB RE: Support of the ACE Basin Project USC Beaufort supports the concept of environmental sanctuaries. Environmental sanctuaries provide refuges for plants and animals. Sanctuaries also provide refuges for people: a place to escape from the confines of work, cities, and suburbia; a place to explore.and experience; a place to become acquainted and reacquainted with nature. USC Beaufor~teecially supports the unique educational opportunities that can be provided by the ACE Basin .. Interpretive centers, guided tours, and programs can be generated to support both formalind informal education. We believe that formal education programs incorporating use of ACE Basinadc' ities represent a special opportunity for students in the lowcountry of South Carolina. Proper development and coordination are essential during the planning stages of development in order 9.1 Comment noted; The University of South Carolina at Beaufort to maximize the utility and diversity of learning experiences, but this should pose no problem. If USC 9.1 and the Coastal Zone Education Center have been added to the Beaufort's involvement is solicited then USC Beaufort and the Coastal Zone Education Center stand list of groups with an interest in conducting research and ready to assist in any manner that we are able to provide. educational programs on pages 57-60. The Universtyof South Carolina: USC AIken; USC Salkehalchie. Allendale. USC Beaufort. USC Columbia; Coastal Carolina College. Conway; USC Lancsterr. USC Spartanburg; USC Sumter:; USC Uon. and the Military Campus National Audubon Society Resnonse to the National Audubon FRANCIS BEIDLER FOREST (FOUR HOLES SWAMP), RT. 1, BOX 600, HARLEYVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29448 (803) 462,2150 FAX (803) 462-2150 4/3/91 Walterboro, South Carolina Statement - The National Audubon Society--ACE Basin Natural Estuarine Research Reserve I am Norman L. Brunswig, Assistant Director of Sanctuaries for the National Audubon Society, and Manager of the Francis Beidler Forest, a 6,000 acre sanctuary-in Four Holes Swamp, located near Harleyville, SC. My statement this evening is on behalf of the 548,000 members of The National Audubon Society, which includes 6,000 South Carolina residents in eight SC chapters). Four Holes Swamp, in which our Beidler Forest Sanctuary is located, is a tributary of the Edisto River. Audubon also owns two salt marsh sanctuaries on Edisto Island, and we patrol The Alexander Sprunt Sanctuary, a shore and wading bird nesting colony located in the mouth of the North Edisto River. In support of these land based programs, 10.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. but also because Audubon believes that the ACE Basin is one of the 10.1 finest, if not the finest, large undeveloped wildlife and wildland areas on the East Coast, our organization and its members strongly supports the comphrehensive protection of the ACE. Almost since its birth in 1903, Audubon has championed wetlands protection. Today, one of its four, only four, high priority campaigns is nationwide wetlands protection! In line with the goals of that campaign, tonight, we specifically support the establishment of The ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve. Further, we endorse the draft management plan and environmental impact statement. In closing, we believe that only by dramatic and broadly supported conservation action such as the establishment of this reserve, can the magnificent natural values and important traditional uses of the ACE be maintained. One need only visit the Chesapeake Bay or Long Island Sound to observe what no action, or to little action to late, can produce. Thank you for this opportunity to speak. Norman L. Brunswig SCE&G ':a"' April 12, 1991 Response to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv Ms. Cheryl Graham Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Room 714 Washington, DC 20235 Re: ACE Basin NERR Dear Ms. Graham: On behalf of South Carolina Electric & Gas Company, I am pleased to have the opportunity to submit comments on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Reserve draft Environmental Impact Statement and draft Management Plan (the "Plan".) South Carolina Electric & Gas Company ("SCE&G") supports the development and management of the ACE Basin Reserve. The achievement of the goals of establishing the Reserve are important goals. However, as a member of South Carolina's Industrial Community and as a Company concerned with the economic well-being of our citizens, we must express some reservations about the Plan. We believe these reservations can be addressed in a way that will not diminish the probability of achieving the goals of the Reserve, while at the same time not causing undue constraints upon the potential for economic development. Recognizing that South Carolina Electric & Gas Company is only one voice in the economic community, we strongly suggest that the ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee include industrial and economic development representation. The absence of any commercial, industrial, or economic representation on that Board other than 11.1 The South Carolina State Development Board has been added to the commercial fishing industry is glaring. This is particularly significant since the 11.1 the Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested. Plan contains a number of absolute prohibitions which are certain, if not softened, to impair economic development of an area of our State already economically depressed. We suggest also possibly adding another governmental entity: The South Carolina State Development Board. There are a number of provisions in the Management Policies section of the Plan which, as currently worded, have the potential for causing significant problems. I shall list and discuss each seriatim: 11.2 Comment noted; Paragraph (e)7, on page 31, has been changed i. Paragraph (e)7 (Soils) is too broad. As presently worded, it could 11.2 11.2 Comment noted; Paragraph (e), on page 31, has been changed interfere with even normal agricultural operations. The provision may be intended to Minina and Excavation to clearly define the intent of the to address commercial activities, i.e., commercial mining etc. It should be made policy. clear. 2. Paragraph (e)9 (Air Quality) prohibits industrial activities which have the "potential" to cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards . . . (underlining added) Virtually any industrial activity has the "potential" to 11.3 Comment noted; This policy statement does not establish cause such air pollution, at least in a limited area. The Department of Health and 11.3 additional air quality standards, instead it endorses those Environmental Control addresses this through the permitting process. If it is not standards determined by the S.C. Department of Health and possible for an industrial activity to occur without causing exceedances of air quality Environmental Control. standards, then the Department of Health and Environmental Control will not issue Ms. Cheryl Graham Sanctuaries and Reserves Division ResDonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas ComDanv Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management (Page 2) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 12, 1991 Page 2 a permit. If it is the intent of this Section to prohibit any industrial activity whatsoever, then it should be clearly stated. If it is the intent of this Section to establish more stringent standards for industrial sources in this area, then those standards should be clearly stated. 3. Paragraph (e) 10. (Shorelines). The prohibition against using "manmade structures" to control erosion in the proposed Reserve core area is overly broad. If there are roadways or dikes suffering from erosion, those responsible must have the option of controlling the erosion by whatever reasonable means available. If there is a particular type of structure which is to be avoided, i.e., seawalls or 11.4 11.4 Comment noted; This paragraph has been rewritten to more bulkheads, then the prohibition should be aimed at those structures, and not every clearly define its purpose. imaginable manmade structure. An earthen dike is a manmade structure. Is it to be absolutely prohibited? 4. Paragraph (e) 11. (Dredging and Filling Activities). The absolute prohibition against filling "wetland, pond or waterway" is overly broad. Normal agricultural and silvacultural activity may involve some incidental filling or of wetlands in the core area except for existing dredge manipulation of wetlands. Construction of public roads, if permitted, likely will disposal areas maintained by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. require some incidental filling of wetlands. Again, the intent of this Section is not Un der present rules and regulations of the Co astal clear. Under present rules and regulations of the Coastal Management Act, incidental filling of wetlands is not 5. Paragraph (e) 14. (Industrial Activities.) The prohibition against permitted without a permit. "industrial activities" should be better defined. What is an "industrial activity"? Is a roadside convenience store an industrial activity? Would it make a difference if 1111.6 This statement has clarified that both commercial fishing this store has gas pumps? Care should be taken not to make the prohibition overly and timber management are "industrial activities" that will broad. continue in accordance with BMPs and existing laws governing such practices. Facilities, such as roadside convenience 6. Paragraph (e) 16. (Rights of Way). This is a provision which SCE&G has stores, are not located withinth core as roadsid ve not been particular interest in. This Section would be more acceptable if it were to read as proposed. Additionally, the core is only accessible by follows: boat. "Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction and maintenance of all rights-of-way to minimize adverse environmental impacts. All such activity shall comply fully with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory 11.7 Paragraph (e)16, Rights-of-Way , has been revised with the authorities including, but not limited to the SCCC. The 11.7 recommended text on page 33. use of herbicides or pesticides in managing rights-of-way in the proposed cores area will be limited to those circumstances where it is determined that the environmental impact will be less severe than mariual or mechanical means." The absolute prohibition against the use of herbicides or pesticides could actually result in an increase in physical damage to the environment since there are only a limited number of alternatives, all of which require the use of some type of Ms. Cheryl Graham Resnonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv Sanctuaries and Reserves Division (Page 3) Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 12, 1991 Page 3 mechanical equipment. Of course, any herbicides or pesticides used would have to be used strictly in accordance with EPA label requirements. The total ban on use of regulated pesticides and herbicides reflects a philosophy that all such substances are bad for the environment in all circumstances. This is not a responsible position. SCE&G encourages adding language which recognizes that construction of homes, businesses and even environmental research facilities, requires a degree of disturbance in order to allow the necessary infrastructure to be put in place. They all require electricity, transportation avenues, telephone, sewer and water, and 11.8 sometimes gas. Those public and private entities responsible for providing these services and facilities must not be put in a position where they cannot meet their statutory, public service obligations. The preservation of ecological purity should not be at the expense of the preservation of economic depression. There can be and should be a balance, even in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Reserve. SCE&G agrees that there should be a higher standard of care, but we suggest that there are ways to implement a reasonable program without absolute, inflexible prohibitions which have the real potential to do harm to the human environment. Should you or any member of your staff desire additional information, please call. Very truly yours, AitA a t6/>&4~/ Deborah C. Blanks DCB/msd Charleston Natural History Society NATIONAL AUDUBON CHAPTER P.C. Box 504 Charleston, SC 29402 ~ Resnonse to the Charleston Natural History Society Founded 1905 �OfficIal Bulletin: The Lesser Squawk 1718 Afton Ave. Charleston, SC 29487 12 May, 1991 Cheryl A. Graham NOAA National Ocean Service Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Coastal and Resource Management Room 714 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington DC 20235 Dear Ms Graham, The Charleston Natural History Society (CNHS) is the local chapter of the National Audubon Society with a membership of approximately 1300 in the Charleston area. Our society would very much like to see the establishment of a National Estuarine Research Reserve in the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin. Intense development pressure on the South Carolina coastline has created a definite need both for public education on the value of these estuarine areas and a control estuary region against which the impact of this development can be measured. South Carolina, by its' 1977 Coastal Zone Management Act, has established a system that relies heavily on informed public input for the management of its' estuaries. An Estuarine Research Reserve could provide a standard by which development choices in other areas could be judged. Proposed educational functions of the reserve could 12.1 12.1 Comments noted; no response necessary. contribute greatly to well informed public input in this process. The recognized pristine condition of the ACE basin make it uniquely suited to this purpose. Extensive damage and habitat alteration by hurricane Hugo to coastal areas north of Charleston have greatly increased the significance of the ACE basin to wintering waterfowl. It is used by a number of listed endangered and threatened species. CNHS strongly supports the establishment of this reserve via public acquisition of significant core properties within the ACE basin. We also support the preferred management alternative that places responsibility for the management of this reserve with the South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources. This agency has the experience and means to properly manage the reserve and is well respected for its public education programs. The environmental impact of this reserve appears to be overwhelmingly positive with no negative impacts. Respectfully, Hales H. Patterson Jr. Vice-President and Conservation Chairperson,-CNHS South Carolina Aquarium April 4, 1991 Resnonse to the South Carolina Aauarium statement in Support of the ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto River Basin National Eatuarine Research Reserve Designation and Management Plan as proposed in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement dated February, 1991 by the S. C. Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. Submitted at the public hearing held in the Collaton County Courthouse on April 4, 1991 by Rhet Wilson, SCA Project Coordinator. Thank you for the opportunity to speak here this evening on behalf of the South Carolina Aquarium which is currently being developed in Charleston, SC. The efforts of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the South Carolina Coastal council as well as those of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited, numerous individual landowners and the efforts of others are hereby recognized and those organizations and individuals are heartily commended and respected for their vision, planning and foresight in seeking the designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto Basin as part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. The primary goal of the South Carolina Aquarium is to educate the citizens of South Carolina to understand and appreciate the importance and beauty of the aquatic environments of our state. Therefore, on behalf of the South Carolina Aquarium, I speak with particular interest in the designation of the ACE Basin Reserve. This designation is more than the simple act of establishing for research and monitoring some of the most significant estuarine ecosystem left in the Southeast, it is the continued commitment of state and federal agencies to the importance of this estuarine system to the future of our state. That is a commitment to continued stewardship of our natural resources, and more importantly, to the education of the people of our state. Despite immense strides in recent years, education of the students and the citizens of South Carolina is still lacking, particularly in science education. The programs 13.1 13.1 Comment noted; The SCWMRD, SCCC and NOAA look forward to proposed as part of the Wildlife Department's Management Plan for the ACE Basin developing a working relationship with the new South address this need. Carolina Aquarium and its staff. Under the auspices of key state agencies involved in coastal research, management and education, the ACE Basin Reserve promises to be one of the most important steps in science and environmental education for the people of South Carolina. The area now known only by the most informed groups and teachers will become a resource for many, particularly for school and education groups.' By emphasizing the link between research and management decisions, by telling the public about the methodology, the rational and the applied results of research and by introducing them to the wonder of this environment, the ACE Basin education programs will help address the goals of science education in our schools. This designation is a major step for South Carolina, a commitment to our future, to the understanding by our citizens of the importance of scientific research, natural resources management and environmental awareness and stewardship. On behalf of the South Carolina Aquarium, the designation of the ACE basin and a National Estuarine Research Reserve is wholeheartedly endorsed. SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL I SOUTHPARK CIRCLE,SUITE 306 Te lephon e(803)571-4366 CHARLESTON, SC 29407-4699 ResDonse to the South Atlantic Fishery Manaaement Council Fax (803) 769-4520 Roy O. Williams, Chairman Robert K. Mahood, Executive Director Susan Shipman, Vicc Chairman March 14, 1991 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management NOS/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 714 Washington,.D.C. 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC), one of eight Regional Councils established by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, is charged with developing and monitoring management plans for fisheries from the territorial waters of North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida's east coast offshore to the 200-mile limit. In this regard, the SAFMC ensures that the United States obtains the best use of the fishery resources in its geographical area of responsibility. Any loss or degradation of estuarine habitat is of concern to the Council because most offshore fishery resources are directly or indirectly dependant upon these habitats. Recognizing that all species are dependent on the quantity and environmental quality of their essential habitats, it is the policy of the SAFMC to protect, restore and develop habitats upon which all species fisheries depend, to increase their extent and to improve their productive capacity for the benefit of present and future generations. For purposes of this policy, habitat is defined to include all those things physical, chemical and biological that are necessary to the productivity of the species being managed. Objectives of the SAFMC policy are to protect the current quantity, environmental quality and productive capacity of habitats supporting all species fisheries along the Atlantic coast. This objective will be accomplished through the recommendation of no net loss or significant environmental degradation of existing habitat. The SAFMC pursues, through state, federal and local levels, the restoration and rehabilitation of the productive capacity of habitats which have already been degraded, in addition to recommending the creation and development of productive habitats where increased fishery production will benefit society. The Council assumes an aggressive role in the protection and enhancement of habitats important to all species. It actively enters Federal decision-making processes where proposed actions may otherwise compromise the productivity of fishery resources of concern to the Council. The SAFMC is directed by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA) to consider protection of habitat essential to fisheries under Council jurisdiction. The MFCMA allows the SAFMC to address habitat concerns in two fashions: through the expansion of habitat sections of fishery management plans; and through commenting directly to agencies regarding ongoing or proposed activities affecting essential habitat. To address habitat concerns, the SAFMC has established a Habitat and Environmental Protection Committee composed of Council members who meet to review and comment on specific proposals or projects that may affect critical habitat. On March 1, 1991 on a recommendation from 14 1 14.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. the Habitat Committee, the SAFMC voted to go on record as endorsing the Ashepoo-Combahee- Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina. The SAFMC feels that the preservation of essential estuarine nursery habitat through the reserve program is not only supported by the habitat policies of the Council but will also positively impact the goals and Page 2 Susan Durden March 14, 1991 Response to the South Atlantic Fishery Manaaement Council objectives of management actions presented in fishery management plans and amendments to those (Page 2) plans. This program will encourage needed research and increase public awareness of the vital role estuaries play in supporting inshore, nearshore and offshore fishery resources. Included in this parcel are copies of fishery management plans and amendments prepared by the SAFMC that include sections identifying important fishery and habitat research needs. Conservation and management of our nations fishery resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone is the mandate of the Council. Without wise stewardship of habitat that supports these fisheries, the goals and objectives of Fishery Management Plans approved by the Secretary of Commerce cannot be achieved. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Sincerely, 0. Williams Chairman cc: SAFMC Memoirs SAFMC Habitat AP Kemmirer/Mager SERO Hall NMFS/NOAA Graham DOC/NOAA WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES Private Individuals THE EDISTO ISLAND CO0MUNITY ASSOCIATION Post Office Box 269 Regnonse to the Edisto Island CommunitV Association Edisto Island, South r A jlina 29438 NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE HEARING APRIL 3, 1991 WALTERBORO The Edisto Island Community Association, representing 130 members fully endorses the proposal to establish the reserve in the Ace River Basin. The Association further approves of the 15.1 15.1 comment noted; no response necessary. plan to purchase eight islands in Colleton County, thereby fulfilling the well conceived concept of a research reserve nucleus. Our members have rigorously pursued the clean water classification for the waters surrounding Edisto Island and the development of the Ace Basin Reserve system is seen as broadly enhancing this vital clean water resource. We are also pleased to see the well coordinated interaction between state, federal and private organizations. This cooperation stands as a guarantee for the checks and balances which will result in an outstanding research and conservation project that will widely benefit the general public. Please count the citizens of Edisto Island as strong backers of the proposed research reserve. resly, L at S PreSid "ad * l(ao aAl ResDonde to Dan Johnson. Manamino Editor. The Press and Standard POST OFFICE BOX 1248 113 WASHINGTON STREET WALTERBORO, S.C. 29488-1248 Pinten And Publishes Since 1877 PHONE (803) 549-2586 April 5, 1991 Cheryl Graham Saatudries and Reserves Division Officp of Ocean and Coactal Resource Manaqement NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Room 714 Washington, D.C. 20235 Dear Cheryl Graham: The public hearing on the proposed ACE Basin NERR was informative and well-conducted. I was surpised at how much public sentiment had changed since the ACE Basin NERR was first proposed. Please send me a copy of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan. I picked up a copy of the 16.1 16.1 Copy of the document was forwarded on April 22, 1991. executive summary, but I would be interested in seeing the complete document. I noticed two typographical errors in the list of members of the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee. If the list is part of a permanent document, it can be corrected for the final printing. 16.2 16.2 Corrections have been made. l)Charlie Sweat of Walterboro spells his name with one "t." I think there is an environmentalist at Sullivans Island who spells his name Charles Sweatt. 2) Another member from Walterboro is Dr. Luke Erwin., not Edwin. He is a landowner in the. ACE Basin as well as a prominent member of the Colleton County community. Thank you for sending me the draft documents. Sincerely, Dan Johnson Managing Editor NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE POST OFFICE BOX 81 HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924 Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina April 5, 1991 Cheryl Graham Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Oceans and Coastal Resources Management, NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Room 714 Washington, D.C. 20235 RE: 04-03-91 ACE BASIN PUBLIC HEARING Dear Ms. Graham: 17.1 The National Estuarine Research Reserve program is a state and Federal cooperative program where the state is the managing agency of the reserve and the Federal role is one While the panel did much to address the positive, no one mentioned of coordination, evaluation and national program policy and the negative. What is the negative side? Or is this one of direction. Federal matching awards area available to those "win-win" situations where the I'll scratch your back If coastal states to develop and manage a national system of you scratch mine mentality prevails. What is it going to cost? estuarine research reserves. Existing regulations for the What are the disadvantages? program require a 30% state match for basic program activities, including research and educational projects. A What are the cost? How many tax dollars from the federal and the a te inchuIs reqearch and educations a state tax treasury are going to try to support this project? Is 17.1 fatelmat. As rev ent duplicationstang facility development. As to prevent duplication, staffing it worth it? How much more bureaucracy is it going to take to needs have been presented in the "Administration Plan", make it work? In how many offices? How much duplication will pages 34-42 and 44-47. Many of the proposed positions will take place with so many offices involved? be filled with existing state personnel. What are the disadvantages of this proposed project? How much effect will the NERR status on the proposed project have on the tax base of Colleton County? How many present tax dollars are affected and how does this equate to future property tax revenue? 17.2 17.2 pages lof this et ad the Roads, parking lots, buildings, walkways, etc. around the Where is the difference going to come from? Does not the idea of dune and in the marsh are not proposed. promoting a pristine, unique area by building roads, parking lots, building, walkways around the dunes and in the marsh seem counter-productive? While the hearing was "public," it did not appear that way. Of the sixteen to twenty people who chose to speak in the public forum, the vast majority were from a state or federal bureaucracy promoting more bureaucracy, e.g., PRT, S.C. Aquarium, S.C. Marine Educators Association, etc.; two individuals on USC-B payroll; two members from the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee who were asked to speak by the chairman of SCWMRD who also is on the advisory committee. Most individuals are reluctant to speak in public. I am not sure we are managing what we have created in the past as well as we should be before we create more. Are the commercial 17.3 The shrimp by-catch issue is a legitimate concern which may shrimpers behind this so more shrimp can be raised and therefore 17.3 be addressed through the research program of the ACE Basin harvested at the expense of raping the ocean floor and the ocean NERR. As indicated at the public hearing, the Edisto of ten times as much by-catch. Are the property owners of Edisto Community Association endorses the proposed ACE Basin NERR desirous of the project so there will not be any more development as a valuable resource for research. near them? TELEPHONE 803-943-3334 FAX 803-943-5779 NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE POST OFFICE BOX 81 HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924 With this proposed NERRS project and the Idea of a large-scale ACE Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina Basin wildlife sanctuary, are Colleton County, the Low Country (Page 2) Council of Governments and the multi-county industrial park located on the edge of the proposed ACE Basin, supposed to quit looking for industrial development? Would an industry even think of locating close to this project? This project appears to dictate that Beaufort, Jasper, Hampton, Charleston and Colleton counties not bring in industry which will help the tax base 17.4 17.4 Designation of the ACE Basin NERR does not dictate the because pollution is created by man. And one the other side, location of industrial development. However, any while one DHEC regulated industry by itself may not pollute enough development would have to comply with required SCCC and to notice, an industrial park located near the edge of the basin SCDHEC permits and procedures, including public input. with many facilities may. Depending upon the potential impact of the proposed development on the resources, the ACE Basin NERR would be The county is growing ever so slow. The area has not yet been represented at any public meetings or hearings. disturbed. The landowners appear willing to allow researchers the opportunity to do their work without governmental expense. Few people were aware of its beauty before all the-fuss started. Leave it alone so it can stay wild. Cordi y, No ri L. La tte TELEPHONE 803-943-3334 FAX 803-943-5779 THOMAS DEWEY WISE P.O. DRAWER 0 Resnonse to Mr. Thomas Dewey Wise. Charleston. South Carolina CHARLESTON, $.C. 29402 HOME ADDRESS: OFFICE: 803-577-7032 82 RUTLEDGE AVE. HOME: 803-722-7770 CHARLESTON. S.C. 29401 April 11, 1991 Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries & Reserves Division Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 714 Washington, DC 20235 In Re: Ace Basin - Environuentai Impact Statement & Management Plan : Draft Dear Ms. Durden: I am responding to your request regarding review of the above- 18.1 18.1 Comments from the public hearing have been incorporated in captioned document. I spoke at the public hearing held last week the next section with appropriate responses. in Walterboro, South Carolina. I would appreciate you incorporating the comments that I made at that public hearing into your considerations. In addition, I have only one suggested amendment to the Management Plan at this point. On page 19, under paragraph 2 entitled "Buffer 18.2 18.2 Corrections with regards to the use of "uplands" versus zone", the last sentence should be changed to read "It excludes the "mainland". The recommend text has been added to the first uplands and wetlands now held in private ownership unless specified paragraph of Buffer Zone, on page 14. in the Management Plan". The word "mainland" should be changed to "uplands" to be consistent with earlier references. I have passed along that suggested change to Mike McKenzie and he has agreed to put it in the next draft. Thank you for allowing me to comment on this matter. Very sincerely, Dewey Wise TDW:Sea cc: Mr. Mike McKenzie S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept. PO Box 12559 Charleston, SC 29412 . � . ve;;i x luu ; 4-:-S1i : 3:03PM: 8037956350- 202 :# 2 ResDonse to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis April 15, 1991 Me. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management National Ocean Service/NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. suite 714 Washington, DC 20235 Dear Ms. Durden: I believe that you have already received comments from Ms. Rhet Wilson, Project Manger for the South Carolina Aquarium, regarding the South Carolina Marine Educators' Association's endorsement of the proposed designation of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto River Basin (ACE Basin) as a National Estuarine Research Reserve System. As president of that organization, as a marine education specialist and as a private citizen, I would like to comment further in favor of this fragile ecosystem being set aside and protected under the proposed designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve System. Prior to my professional involvement in marine education, I was a marine biologist working on a federally-funded offshore research project geared toward monitoring and assessment of South Carolina's commercially-important fish populations. Although I loved the research and being out at sea, I also wanted to share some of the more fascinating aspects of marine biology with members of the general public, teachers and students. After being able to accomplish this desire for the past two and a half years, it has become increasingly evident to me why the need for environmental education needs to be one of the top priorities in education today. This decade will be one in which we, as individuals, will be required to alter our behavior patterns in an effort to minimize the all too often negative impact that our actions have upon our environment. Environmental education creates public awareness and prompts responsible public involvement in environmental issues. This public awareness is most effectively developed through education programs that should, ideally, begin in pre-school and continue into adulthood. The outer coastal plain ecosystem of the ACE Basin provides a perfect setting for environmental education programs not only because of its pristine environment, but also ....... ..r... oQwNO;3ao~v 2i92 3 Response to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis because it is an outdoor classroom in which one can teach the (Page 2) public about the connections between inland ald coastal habitats and how our actions inland directly affect what takes place in our coastal and offshore waters. Couple this with the massive influx of people into residential coastal communities throughout the country and you have the underlying, fundamental reason for doing all that we can to protect the very few remaining pristine fragile ecosystems like the ACE Basin. I strongly urge all who are involved to establish the ACE Basin as a National Estuarine Research Reserve System so that we can have the opportunity to share this very precious coastal environment 1. comment noted; no response necessary with our children. At the same time, there are those of us who are 19.1 committed to increasing the awareness of and appreciation for this fragile coastal environment among our young future leaders so that they may have the insight to protect an environment that all too many of us have taken for granted. For your information, I have enclosed a copy of an article that I wrote for the most recent issue of the newsletter for the South Carolina Marine Educators' Association which you may find of interest. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the proposed ACE Basin project. Sincerely, 2A2 A- '114-V1 Paula Keener-Chavis Marine Education Specialist (article in files) Resnonse to Mr. Lafayette Lvle. Walterboro. South Carolina Rt. 4, Box 663, Ialterboro, S. C. 29488 Pbone: (803) 844-8600 April 15, 1991 Cheryl Graham Sanctuaries and Reserves Division Office of Oceans & Coastal Res. Mgt., NOAA 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. Room 714 Washington, D. C. 20235 Dear Ms Graham: The following comments were presented by Lafayette Lyle at the ACE Public Hearing in Walterboro, S. C., on April 3, 1991. The basic thrust of the National Environmental Policy Act is that it is a "full disclosure law," implying that both positive and negative ramifications of a given proposed action should be ex- plored in complete detail. This EIS has dealt with the National Estuarine Research Reserve on 20.1 The USFWS has determined that an EIS for the proposed a core area and buffer zone basis. The Executive Summary says 20.1 National wildlife Refuge is not required under NEPA. the core area is 16,040 acres of highland and marsh. The buffer However, an Enyironfental Assessment wag issued in March zone is a total of 135,554 acres. All this area is east of the 1990. The Refuge is outside the proposed HERR boundaries abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad. Nothing in this EIS should and is a separate project altogether and should not be negate the responsibility of the U. S. Fish and Wildlfie Service considered a part of this document. from a full disclosure EIS on the proposed refuge up Combahee River. However, the Affected Environment section of this EIS includes all The Coosawhatchie River was included as a dominant of the ACE Basin Watershed, to an elevation of 650 feet, and for physiographic feature which influences the ecology of the some reason includes the Coosawhatchie River. lower ACE Basin through freshwater drainage. It is well outside the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary- According to NEPA, this lays the ground work for expounding juris- diction throughout the entire-watershed. To truly be a full disclosure document, expanding jurisdiction should be addressed. For example, The Fish and Wildlife Refuge would touch Hampton County - since the Coosawhatchie River is in- 20.2 property will be acquired only from those landowners willing cluded in this EIS. Therefore, Hampton County would come under the 20.2 to participate in the program. Hampton County is outside Coastal Zone Management Act, which is overseen by the South the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary. Carolina Coastal Council. This means that you would need a Coastal Council Permit to fill a highway ditch for a driveway, if the ditch is in wetland. Then, by the system of networktng explained in the EIS - there is nothing to protect the landowner from having to sign a conservation easement in order to get the "network" to agree for the Coastal Council to issue a permit. Current regulations are found in the Clean Water Act. 33CFR 320.4 (h) & (i) "Activities in Marine Sanctuaries" says, No permit may be (Pag e 2S issued until the Sec. of Comm. provides certification. (Page 2) Section 323.4 is the Ag. and Silvicultural Exemptions. 20.3 Activities on privately owned lands in the ACE Basin are not The draft EIS does discuss these exemptions on lands with a conser- under Jurisdiction of the ACE Basin NERR unless so stated in vation easement; but, it does not give any assurance that the a con activities could be continued except by instrument of a conserva- cases, these lands would be managed exclusively according to said agreement. Other landowners will be encouraged to 20.3 manage according to BMPs. However, no "leverage" will be Some asurance must be addressed that conservation easement acquisi- used against them. Again, the management plan stresses tion will not be used as leverage against landowners carrying on cooperation among willing participants only. "normal activities" under best management practices. Under definition of terms - #(I) Wetland - is not correct. Wet- 20.4 20.4 Comment noted; The Definition of Terms has been deleted from land should be defined according to the singular federal defini- the document. tion and delineated according to the Federal MAnual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands. The EIS did not addequately describe the Management Plan and E I Statement development found in the Federal Register dated Monday, July 23, 1990, sec. 921.13. (6) says construction plan including cost schedule, general description of proposed developments, and proposed drawings. Information should be provided for proposed minor construction projects in sufficient detail to allow evaluation lof these projects. Also, the proposed plan must include an identi- fication of ownership within the proposed research reserve boundaries. 20.5 20.5 The Facilities DeVelODment Plan, pages 46-50, has been amended to include the following statement: The plan has not included a list of ownership and did not include drawings of construction activities. With regard to the preferred " P r iro ntion or categofia vi sior cen t site being Bear Island, it is doubtfull that the facilities, park- wirepal andesmit o categorexan Feckl ing lots, access roads, etc., could be situated to avoid filling jurisdictional wetlands. It is doubtful that the facilities could funds may be expended. All architectural and engineering be supported by a suitable sewerage effluent system to avoid adverse plans, including specifications, must be approved by NOAA impacts on the aquatic environment. 'Therefore, under B, other for any proposed construction. This includes facility alternatives considered; 4, the perferred alternative is not con- development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc." clusive. A list of major land owners in the ACE Basin NERR region has Under the same regulations, it states: The methods of aquisition been added as Appendix D.4. in which the state proposes to use acquisition including less than fee simple imput, interest, conservation easement, fee simple pro- perty acquisition or a conbination of these approaches. Number (5) ranks in order of the cost effectiveness in selecting a preferred method for establishing State control over each parcel examined. The State shall give consideration to the least costly methods of obtaining the minimum level of long term control required. to indicate on pes thas be revised There is no such economic alternative analaysis in the Draft EIS. The islands proposed for aquisition are land locked, regulated, adeqate state control over key land and water areas in the inaccessible, regulated and likely won't perc., regulated, 20.6 proposed core area of the reserve. Without adeigate state permits form Coastal Guard COE-SCCC and EHEC. Therefore, the control sufficient to provide long-term protection for Purpose and Need for Action section of this EIS is questionable. reserve resources and ensuring a stable environmental for research and education, the reserve would not be eligible for funds for operations, research or education. PUBLIC HEARING - APRIL 3, 1991 Walterboro, South Carolina Place: Colleton County Courthouse Walterboro, South Carolina Time: 7:00 pm Hearing held by: Dr. Paul Sandifer, Director SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department H. Stephen Snyder South Carolina Coastal Council Michael D. McKenzie SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, NOAA Hearing attended by: 1. Norris L. Laffitte 30. Ray Barso 2. Everett D. Crosby 31. Lee Baughman 3. Paul Wise 32. *James E. Frank 4. Mark Tucker 33.**Beth McClure 5. Ted Kinard 34. *Dana Beach 6. William H. Shouse 35.**Lafayette Lyle 7. Harold Rhoades 36.**Edsel Caine 8. Eugene F. Duncan 37.**Bruce C. Lampright 9. Ellis Brown 38. *Becky Lee 10. Jim Cope 39. *Linda Rackley 11. Dan Johnson 40. *Mary Ann Burtt 12. Les Zielke 41. *James P. Harrelson 13. Joe Grigg 42. *Gordon Locatis 14. Tony L. Bebber 43.**Rhet Wilson 15. Boris Hurlbutt 44. Robert Lee Frank II 16. Keith A. McGraw 45. *Dewey Wise 17. Robert E. Breland 46. Eugene duPont, III 18. Cindy Tucker 47.**Sally Murphy 19. Dwayne E. Porter 48. Robert E. Marvin 20. Mel Marvin 49. *Richard P. Baldwin 21. John W. Evans 50. *W.S. Baldwin, Jr. 22. J. Lin Houck 51. Genevieve G. Smith 23. H.B. Limehouse 52.**Norman L. Brunswig 24. Melvin M. Stroble 53. Earle R. Marvin 25. Bobby Harrell 54. James A. Timmerman 26. Candace Cummings 55. Linda Linquist 27. Johnny Hiers 56. Mike Prevost 28. Claude E. McLeod, Jr. 57. Buford S. Mabry, Jr. 29. H.B. "Chip" Limehouse 58. Joe Henderson COMMENTS AND RESPONSES Public Hearing Mr. James E. Frank. orivate landowner Resnonse to Mr. James E. Frank My main concern is as a private landowner. We own some land on Pine Island and apparently they are not. going to condemn or take your land from you, as I understand. That was my main concern. But now is there going to be any further restrictions placed on use a private landowners? We are willing to help and cooperate, I am and my family is, but are there going to be further A.1 A.l The proposed ACE Basin NERR is not a regulatory program, but restrictions on, say like, if you want to build a done on your moreover a program to protect pristine areas for use as land or add to a house or building that you may already have natural field laboratories for research and education. there, not to develop or anything but just for your own personal Therefore, existing requirements for local, state and use? Federal constructions permits would be observed and normal application procedures would be followed. You have answered most of the things I had in mind. I think it looks good. Thank you. Ms. Beth McClure. South Carolina Denartment of Park. Recreation and Tourism (SCPRT) I represent the SCPRT. Not only are we a state agency but we are a landowner as well. Our executive director could not be here this evening. I would like to read a brief statement that he has sent. [For the record, this letter is included in the previous section with appropriate responses.] Mr. Dana Beach. South Carolina Coastal Conservation Leaaue I am the Executive Director of the S.C. Coastal Conservation League. We are based in Charleston and we have over 1,000 members primarily in Charleston County, Colleton, Beaufort, Dorchester and Berkeley. I was also an Advisory Board member or am an Advisory Board member on the NERR's program and have been extensively involved with commenting on earlier drafts. There is not really much more I can say because this draft to me represents a very complete document describing the important of protecting this area and I think it was done painstakingly by the department and the details are very accurate and well placed. What I did want to comment on tonight, though, is rather than what is in the ACE Basin, I would like to comment on what is not in the ACE Basin and why this absence in this case, population, represents an extraordinary opportunity- for Colletbn County and the public. South Carolina is growing at a breathtaking rate as everyone knows. Every two and one half years, the State adds the equivalent of another City of Charleston to its population, about 80,000 people, and the bulk of that growth is here along the coast. Berkeley County, just a little north, is the fifth fastest growing coastal county in the southeast. By the year Resnonse to Mr. Dana Beach 2010, Charleston County is projected to be the 12th most densely populated coastal county in the southeast. Squeezing up from the northern boundary of the ACE Basin is Beaufort which is growing at a rate that is one of the highest in the State and is expected to double its population in the next twenty years - more than double. our only competitors in the population field are counties in Florida. These figures, incidently, come from NOAA's most recent publication on population growth an the nation's coast. The increased population has created a number of problems and in South Carolina we have not done a very good job of dealing with those problems. More that 40% of the state's shellfish beds are closed because of human pollution from sewage discharges and runoffs. Wildlife is increasingly crowded out of important habitats and fisheries face a variety of growth related stresses. As I mentioned earlier, the ACE Basin does not have those problems because it does not have the population pressures yet sprawling up and down its rivers and roads. As a result, it harbors an estuarine system that is virtually pristine. It is an B1BlComnnte;orspseecsay important natural system today but in the future, as populations .B1Comnnte;orspseecsay increase, it is going to be priceless because the public is increasingly losing the opportunity to visit these types of complete estuaries. The relative value of the ACE will increase exponentially over the next twenty years and this is going to be a good thing for Colleton County. Because, beside protecting the ACE for people who live in Colleton, it is bound to bring increased attention from the rest of the country from people who are interested in nature-based tourism, hunting, fishing and boating. Aldo Leopold, who was one to the founders of the modern conservation movement, called protection of wilderness "humanity exercising self-control". The ACE Basin is the closest thing we have in South Carolina to wilderness. The future generations will look back on what we are doing here tonight and what the groups who have been involved with this project to date have done, and I think, will admire the self-control that we have had to leave this area in its pristine condition, for having the foresight to protect the system today that probably would not offer us that opportunity much longer in the future. I would like to tht~nk the Department and NOAA for doing a very good job of putting this program together and I think on behalf B.B2Comnnte;orspseecsay of the public who is interested in nature, this is one of theB 2B2Comnnte;orspseecsay most exciting projects that I am aware of in the country. Thank you very much. Mr. Lafavette Lvle. local resident [For the record, Mr. Lyle submitted his comments in writing and these comments are included in the previous section with appropriate responses.] Mr. Ed Caine. Director. Coastal Zone Educational Center [For the record, Mr. Caine submitted his comments in writing and these comments are included in the written comments section with appropriate responses.] Mr. Bruce Lamnriaht. Proiect and Education Coordinator. Coastal Zone Educational Center [For the record, Mr. Lampright submitted his comments in writing and these comments are included in the previous section with appropriate responses.] Ms. Becky Lee. nrivate landowner Resnonse to Ms. Becky Lee I'm Becky Lee. I am a private landowner in the ACE Basin. I have a very simple interest: a personal interest in wild flowers of the area and there seems to be no one that is making any C.1 C.1 Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of particular effort to protect the wild flowers. As a matter of the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your fact, at about this time last year - April or May - all the roads: concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of and ditches in the ACE Basin were sprayed with herbicides and I Highways and Public Transportation. would like to see that no longer happen. Ms. Linda Racklev. Sierra Club Resnonse to Ms. Linda Racklev Good evening. I am here representing the Sierra Club. The Sierra Club would like to thank the SCWRMD, the SCCC and NOAA for this opportunity to publicly express our support of the acquisition of the eight islands located in the ACE Basin for designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve. D.1 D.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. The unspoiled beauty of the ACE Basin will provide an ideal research area and educational center. The research will increase understanding of the fragile fresh and saltwater wetlands. The addition of the environmental education center within the reach of area schools will greatly enhance the opportunity for introducing tomorrow's voters to the value of the estuarine habitat. Thank you. Ms. Mary Ann Burtt. local resident Resnonse to Ms. Mary Ann Burtt Mr. Chairman, members of the panel, I am Mary Ann Burtt. I am a native of Walterboro and now a resident again of Walterboro and although tonight I speak as an individual, I think the views I express reflect a prevalent opinion in this community of Colleton County about the ACE Basin. In the years I have spent away from South Carolina, I have worked as a professional on land use preservation, mainly the reservation of million of acres in Alaska in the National Park and Wilderness System; also the addition of the Channel Island and Mineral King, and Santa Monica Mountains to the National Parks System, as well as other wilderness areas. I have also served as an environmental consultant to big business and to government and it is from that point of view that I commend you tonight on this plan. I wholeheartedly agree with the conclusion that the environmental impact of this proposal will be entirely positive. I think it E.1 will be positive for the protection of this particular area and I E.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. think that the research and education, which will take place in this area, will be essential to protecting other resources in South Carolina. Thank you. Mr. James P. Harrelson. nrivate landowner Response to Mr. James P. Harrelson I'm James P. Harrelson. I am like Will Rogers, the only thing that I know is what I read in the papers. I saved some maps that you drew a line around me and a few hundred acres of mine. I've F.1 F.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. got some wetlands of which I want to keep so I just checked that thing [DEIS/DMP] because I didn't want to be left out, in case I did have something to say. But I speak out of an abundance of ignorance. The concept is good, I still don't know all the answers. Mr. Gordon Locatis. Edisto Island Community Association Response to Mr. Gordon Locatis My name is Gordon Locatis. I represent the Edisto Island Community Association and we have 120 members - a very diverse group of people from retired farmers, who have lived on the island all their life, to retired school teachers, active citizens of the island who care about mother nature. We have a lot of retirement people there and our group supports the idea of the research reserve wholeheartedly. Our group sought to upgrade the water in this area to the highest classification and we cannot think of a better way to preserve the clean water surrounding Edisto Island than to establish this reserve. As you can see from the map, Edisto will be a neighbor of this reserve and the ACE Basin and I would like you to know that many of the residents, especially in our group, want to see this area remain undeveloped. We applaud your efforts and we think you have done an outstanding job. in fact, we are very happy that all of these agencies are G.1 G.l Comment noted; no response necessary. interacting together because we think with so many people looking over each other's shoulders, would be a good checks and balance situation. We will also have an outstanding educational resource for the general public. Thank you very much again. Ms. Rhet Wilson. South Carolina Acouarium. South Carolina Marine Educators Association Response to Ms. _het Wilson My name is Rhet Wilson. I am speaking for two groups tonight, so I will read the statements one after another, if I may. [For the record, Ms. Wilson submitted her comments, as the South Carolina Aquarium Project Coordinator, in writing and these comments are included in the previous section with appropriate responses. On behalf of the South Carolina Marine Educators Association: The South Carolina Marine Educators Association acknowledges and fully supports the SCWMRD, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited Foundation, and USFWS and private landowners in theirH1comnnte;orspseecsay efforts regarding the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a HH.omn1otd orsonencsay NERR site. The South Carolina Marine Educators Association further recognizes the continued efforts of the South Carolina Coastal Council in the management of South Carolina's coastal resources and in the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a NERR site. As the State Chapter of the National Marine Educators Association, the primary goal of the South Carolina marine Educators Association is to establish a communications network for those interested in aquatic education throughout South Carolina. This group of innovative educators and naturalists fully recognizes the importance of estuarine education and the vital role that it plays in linking together scientists and educators and members of the public in an effort to increase public awareness and appreciation of our coastal environment. It is our collective responsibility to educate our youth about the vitally important roles that these fragile estuarine systems play. After all, these young people are our future leaders and protectors of the environment that all too may of us have unfortunately taken for granted. Therefore, be it known the South Carolina Marine Educators Association hereby endorses the proposed National Estuarine Research Reserve system plan for the ACE Basin and through its statewide and national network of educators and naturalists, the association will promote the establishment of this irreplaceable ecosystem as a KERR site. Thank you. Mr. Dewey Wise. nrivate landowner Resnonse to Mr. Dewey Wise Thank you, Mr. chairman. My name is Dewey Wise. I am an affected landowner in the ACE Basin, but I am here tonight not only as an individual, but also because Mr. Timmerman asked Dana Beach and I to speak on behalf of the Advisory committee. I suppose that he thought if ne asked Mr. Beach and myself he would cover the waterfront in the spectrum of philosophies about this. I don't think there is any difference between Mr. Beach and 'I in our respective comments to environmental protection and conservation. it probably is a significant difference between our respective philosophies in how it should be accomplished. I am a skeptic of governmental intervention and governmental programs. Two years ago in this very same room, before a similar committee, most of you were here, I said the same thing then. I am honored to be an the Advisory Committee. A lot of work went on in that committee. A great deal of credit goes to Mike McKenzie and other of the staff for integrating the various comment and drafts that were passed around. I think I attended every meeting during the last two years that the committee met, and I think the document we came out with is a document that I can support, both as an individual and as a committee member. The reason that I can support it is because there are seven commitments that were made on behalf of the individuals and agencies who are promoting the NERR system. I believe those seven commitments are included in this document. The first commitment is that there would be no condemnation. Land purchased would be purchased from willing sellers only and 1.1 1.1 Comment noted; no response necessary. that has been referred to earlier and isB in the document. The second is that there would be on private land, neither in the core area or the buffer zone without the owner's consent and that is in the document. Third is that there would be no interference with traditional uses such as hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and that is in the document. The fourth is a personal sticking point that there would be no additional licenses or permits needed except for research in the reserve. In other words, if someone owns property in the ACE 1.2 Basin, he should not have to jump through five extra hoops to get 1.2 Comment noted; no response necessary. a dock permit, or a fishing license, 'or a hunting license; and that concept is in this document. The fifth is that the reserve itself and the lands in the reserve and the management of the reserve be concentrated with State of South Carolina rather than the Federal government. I think the wildlife department is an excellent run department. Dr. 1.3 1.3 Comment noted; no response necessary. Timmerman is doing a fine job and if there is one person who's word you can take to the bank and deposit it, it is his and he is committed to these concepts and these things. I believe that having the islands that are already bought transferred to the Wildlife and Marine Resources Department is an excellent idea. Sixth is that the management plan, the final management plan that comes out, cannot be changed by Washington or some other agency but that rather if there are changes that are needed, that public i. 1.4 Comment noted; no response necessary. hearings and public input would take place prior to those changes being put in place. Finally, that an Advisory Committee of local folks, be it me or some locals from here in Walterboro and other places, will continue to serve in an advisory capacity and monitor the compliance with the management plan. Now those are the seven things that I think were made in the way of a commitment by the agencies to those of us that had concerns and I believe they are in the plan. if they are not in the plan, as the preacher says "its time to speak now or forever hold your peace". I think they are in the plan. Two years ago I stood here very skeptical about this project. I think it obviously has some very positive things about it and I think it will be a very successful project. I think the people who are behind it, have the very beat intentions and with these protections for those of use who are landowners and the local folks down here; who are either agriculture or forestry. if you have concerns about it, I think they are concerns, hopefully for the most part, that have been allayed by this document. So on behalf of the committee and on behalf of myself as an individual, I want to endorse the draft management plan. I am sure that out of this hearing tonight, there will come other suggestions for improving the document to a final form and I hope to participate in that. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr.. orivate landowner Resnonse to Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr. I'm representing Hutchinson Island. At this point we do not want to be included int he core area or the buffer zone. we do not J.1 J.1 Comment noted; Boundaries for the reserve have not been oppose it. We just would like to see how the estuarine project finalized, but will be as part of the Final Management Plan. goes. Thank you. Ms. Sally Murnhv. South Carolina Wildlife Federation I am Sally Murphy. As a member of the Board of Directors of the South Carolina Wildlife Federation, I am here to present a statement on behalf of Betty Spence, the Executive Director. [For the record, this letter is included in the previous section with appropriate responses.] Mr. Norman Brunswia. National Audubon Society [For the record, Mr. Brunswig submitted his comments in writing and these comments are included in the previous section with appropriate responses.] Mr. Richard P. Baldwin. nrivate landowner Resoonse to Mr. Richard P. Baldwin I am Richard P. Baldwin. I am like Dewey Wise was a few years ago, I was skeptical about this whole idea. But when the Department finally came up with the plan, I read the plan and if they stick with the plan, I think it sounds like a good idea. I am going to endorse it. There are a couple of things I am going to suggest or ask. I am a commercial fisherman and I think we should have some K.1 K.1 Comment noted; Commercial fishermen will be represented on representation on some of these committees. I the Advisory Committee and the membership has been revised on pages 42-23, as requested. I also think maybe they ought to put an extra lane on the highways for the bird watchers, because. more and more every year, K.2 K.2 Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of they stop in the middle of the road. When you come around those the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your curves you have to dodge them. You need to keep that in mind, concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of Highways and Public Transportation. ?