[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]









   Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin

      National Estuarine Research Reserve

                          in South Carolina


                        Final Environmental Impact Statement
                                         and
                               Draft Management Plan
























          ~.~  Al,0          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                          Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management
                                Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                                   Washington, D.C. 20235
    South Carolina Wildlife and                                           S.C. Coastal Council
  Marine Resources Department                                           Ashley Corporate Center
       P.O. Box 12559                                                 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300
Charleston, South Carolina 29422-2559                                    Charleston, S.C. 29405





                           *ï¿½'i   UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                          g ~ \   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                   Washington, D.C. 20230

                                   Office of the Chief Scientist








Dear Reviewer:

In accordance with the provision of Section 102(2) (C) of the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, we are enclosing for
your review and consideration the final environmental impact
statement/draft management plan prepared by the Office of Ocean
and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce,
on the proposed Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National
Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina.

The responsible Federal official for this project is
John J. Carey, Acting Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services
and Coastal Zone Management, National Ocean Service, NOAA. Any
written comments or questions you may have should be submitted to
the contact person identified below by Monday, September 23,
1991. Also, one copy of your comments should be sent to me in
Room 6222, U.S. Department of Commerce, in Washington, DC 20230.

                          CONTACT PERSON

                    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Chief
                 Atlantic and Great Lakes Region
                Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
         office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                   National Ocean Service/NOAA
                   1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
                             Suite 714
                       Washington, DC 20235
                     Telephone: (202) 606-4122

Thank you for your cooperation in this matter.

                               Sincerely,




                          tX/David Cottingham
                               Director
                               Ecology and Environmental
                               Conservation Office





75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988













                ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN


                NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE


                              IN SOUTH CAROLINA

                                 r
                                   lProperty of CSC Library




                          Final Environmental Impact Statement

                                         and

                                Draft Management Plan


                                      July 1991
                                                     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF-COMMERCE NOAA
                                                     COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                     2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                     CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

                                     Prepared By:

                             U.S. Department of Commerce
                     National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                 National Ocean Service
                             1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
                                Washington, D.C. 20235


    S.C. Coastal Council                                S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources
      Ashley Corporate Center                           Department
      4130 Faber Place                                  217 Fort Johnson Road
    Suite 300                                           P.O. Box 12559
D_   Charleston, S.C. 29405                              Charleston, S.C. 29422-2559

 I- 
 CNrem
 64 a







DESIGNATION: Final Environmental Impact Statement

TITLE:      Designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a National
Estuarine Research Reserve and preparation of a draft management plan.

ABSTRACT:    The state of South Carolina proposes the designation of a site in the
ACE Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. The
site encompasses approximately 135,554 acres of uplands, wetlands and open
waters.

   Federal financial assistance for operations, management, and development are
requested by the state of South Carolina. These funds accompanied by the required
state match will be used for basic program activities, including research and
educational projects; construction of trails and boardwalks; expansion and
construction of research and interpretive facilities; and for the preparation of a final
management plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South
Carolina. Appropriate Memorandums of Understanding are under preparation for those
portions of the site which are on state government or private property. The reserve
will be managed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department.

   Approval of this proposal will allow for the establishment of an estuarine research
reserve in South Carolina representing the South Atlantic Subregion of the Carolinian
Biogeographic Region. The reserve will be used primarily for research and education
purposes, particularly as a tool for improving coastal decision making. No new
regulations are proposed as a result of this action. Traditional uses within the reserve
boundaries will continue under existing local and state laws and private landowner
policies. The educational programs will increase public awareness of estuarine
resources and their importance. The research plan will establish a baseline monitoring
program for the ACE Basin estuary and encourage research projects consistent with
the reserve's role as a natural field laboratory.

    Submit any written comments to the contact identified below.

Agglicant:       South Carolina Coastal Council
                 Ashley Corporate Center
                 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300
                 Charleston, S.C. 29405

Contact:         H. Steven Snyder

Agglicant:       South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Department
                 217 Fort Johnson Road
                 P.O0. Box 12559
                 Charleston, S.C. 29412

Contact:         Michael D. McKenzie, Project Manager







Lead Aaencv:   U.S. Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
               Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

Contact:        Susan Durden
               Regional Manager, Atlantic and Great Lakes
               Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
               Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
               Washington, D.C. 20235







                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
-Cover Sheet
-Abstract
-Table of Contents
-List of Figures
-List of Tables
-Abbreviations and Acronyms
-Summary
                                                              PAGE

I.   PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION .......................... 1

     A.   Introduction ...................................... 1
     B.   National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) .........  1
          1. Federal Legislative Authority ........................ 1
          2. NERRS Program ................................. 2
          3. Concept of Biogeographic Zones ..................... 3
          4. Existing NERRS ...........................              3
          5. Funding Support ...................6.....               6
          6. Federal Role in NERRS After Designation ................ 7
     C.   The ACE Basin NERR  ............................... 7
          1. Background  ...................................7
          2. Site Selection Process ............................ 9
          3. Site Selection Criteria ...................10

II.   ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION) ............ 11
     A. Preferred Alternative.
           1. Land Acquisition Plan . .    ......................... 11
                a.  General Context for Management   .   .........  11
                b.  Assessment of Boundaries    .............  12
                   (1) Key Land and Water Areas (Core)  . ........  12
                   (2) Buffer Zone ........................... 14
                c.  Acquisition Strategy  ................ 18
                   (1) Fee title Acquisition  ............... 18
                      (a). Ashe Island ......................... 18
                      (b). Beet Island .....20
                      (c). Otter Island  ....................... 20
                    (2) Memorandum of Understanding .............   20
                      (a) Bolders Island ...................  .... 20
                    (3) Donation and/or Gift ................... .. 23
                      (a) Warren and Big Island Complex ...........  23
                    (4) Conservation Easements and/or Management
                      Agreements ...........     ................ 23
                      (a) Pine Island ...................   ...... 23
                      (b) South Hutchinson Island  ............... 24






d. Schedule and Funding Mechanism ................. 24
2. Resource Protection Plan ....................... 24
     a.  Management of the NERR Site through the S.C.
         Coastal Zone Management Program . . .......... 24
         (1). Management of Critical Areas ..                    27
         (2).  Management of Upland Areas (Non-critical Areas) 27
         (3). Enforcement ......................... 28
     b. Management Policies .             ...................... 30
         (1) Traditional Uses ...................... 30
         (2) Fish and Wildlife ...................... 30
         (3)  Endangered and/or Threatened Species .       .. 30
         (4) Wetlands ...........................30
         (5) Forest .............................31
         (6) Fire ...............................31
         (7) Mining and Excavation ................. 31
         (8) Water Quality .......... 31
         (9) Air Quality ............                            32
         (10) Shorelines ..........................32
         (11) Dredging and Filling Activities ............ 32
         (12) Trash, Rubbish and Waste ............... 32
         (13) Archaeological and Historical Sites and Objects . 32
         (14) Industrial Activities .................... 33
         (15) Manipulative Research ................. 33
         (16) Right-of-Ways ........................ 33
         (17) Public Access ..................., 33
     c. General Permits and Licenses ................. ?3
         (1) Existing Permits and Licenses ............ 33
         (2) Reserve Research Permits ................ 3
     d. Surveillance and Enforcement .         .        ............... 34
     e. Public Education and Information .       .        ......... 34
3. Administrative Plan . . . ........................34
     a. Administrative Framework ..................  34
     b.  Relationship with existing administrative
         programs ............................... 37
     c. Staff Requirements ........................ 38
     d. Volunteer Program ....................,  41
     e.  Advisory Committee Roles and Responsibilities ..... 42
         (1)  Research and Monitoring Subcommittee .       .... 43
         (2) Education Subcommittee ................ 44
     f. Five Year Activities Plan ...................,. 44
     g. Staffing . . .............................. 44
4. Facilities Development Plan ... 46
     a. Education/Visitor Center ..................... 46
     b. Siting of Center .            ................... 47
     c. Space Requirements . . ..................... 47
     d. Development and Construction . . .............. 48







     e. Trails and Observation Platform ......... 50
5. Research and Monitoring Plan ......... 50
     a. General Context for Management ......... 50
        (1) Goals ............................... 51
        (2) Objectives ........................... 51
     b. National Research Priorities ......... 52
        (1) Water Management ..................... 52
        (2) Sediment Management ................... 53
        (3) Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs .           ......... 54
        (4) Coupling of Primary and Secondary
             Productivity .......................... 54
        (5) Estuarine Fishery Habitat Requirements .         ....... 55
        (6) Other Research Topics ................... 55
        (7) Initial Baseline Studies .................... 56
        (8) Environmental Monitoring ................. 56
        (9) Special Studies ........................ 57
     c. ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities ......... 57
         (1) Initial Short-term priorities ................ 61
         (2) Longer-term priorities ................... 61
         (3) Research support priorities ................. 61
         (4) Generic, longer-term needs ................ 61
     d. NOAA Funded Monitoring Program .............. 63
     e. Research Policies and Procedures ......... 63
         (1) General Policies ........................ 63
         (2) Procedures for NOAA Funded Research . ...... 65
         (3) Procedures for Research Funded by State
            or other sources ........................ 65
         (4) Research Support ...................... 66
         (5) Data Management ...................... 66
         (6) Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR
            Research Programs ...................... 67
         (7) Coordination of Research Efforts ............. 68
            (a) Coordination of ACE Basin Research ........68
            (b) Coordination with the NERRS ............ 68
         (8) Information Dissemination ................. 69
         (9) Review and Evaluation . .................. 70
6. Education/Interpretation Plan . . . . ..... 70
     a. General Context for Management ......... 70
         (1) Goals ............................... 70
         (2) Objectives ........................... 71
     b. Education Policies ......... 71
     c. Themes and Messages ......... 71
         (1) Orientation ........................... 72
         (2) Living Resources in the Reserve ............. 72
         (3) Estuarine Processes in the Reserve ........... 73
         (4) People in the Reserve ......... 73







          (5) Management of the Reserve ..................73
          (6) How Development affects an Estuarine System73
       d. On-Site Interpretive Media ...................... 74
          (1) Interpretive Exhibits and Signs ................. 74
          (2) Reserve Name and Directional Signs ............. 74
          (3) Wayside Exhibits .......................... 74
          (4) Trail Signs .............................. 74
          (5) Printed Materials ........................... 74
               (a) Brochures ........................... 74
               (b) Newsletter .......................... 75
               (c) Reserve Poster ....................... 75
               (d) School Information Packages .............. 75
               (e) Press Releases ........................ 75
          (6) Slide Shows ............................. 75
          (7) Films ..................................75
          (8) Personal Contact .......................... 75
          (9) Teacher Workshops ........................ 75
          (10) Volunteer Program ........................ 75
       e. Off-Site Programs and Media ..................... 76
          (1) Traveling Exhibits .......................... 76
          (2) Outreach ............................... 76
       f. Education/Visitor Center Services .        .         ................ 76
       g. Coordination of Education Efforts .        .         ................ 78
          (1) Coordination with Existing Programs ............. 78
          (2) Coordination with the NERRS ................. 78
          (3) Coordination with other Agencies ............... 78
     7. Public Access Plan .............................. 78
       a. Policy ..................................... 78
       b. Current and Proposed Access .            .          .................. 78
          (1) Bear Island WMA .......................... 79
          (2) Core Area ...............................79
          (3) Buffer Zone ............................. 79
     8. Objectives and Policies for Other Activities .  .     .     ........... 79
       a. Hunting, Fishing and Shellfishing .................. 79
B. Other Alternatives Considered . . . ..................... 80
     1. No Action/Status Quo . . . ......................... 80
     2. Alternate Sites . . . .............................. 80
     3. Alternate Boundaries . . . .......................... 81
     4. Alternate Management Plan Options . . . ............... 81
       a. Establishing Management of the Reserve Within
          an Agency Other than SCWMRD .................. 81
       b. Location of Reserve Headquarters and
          Visitor Center Somewhere Other Than
          Bear Island WMA . . ...........................81







Ill.  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT              .      . i...............83
    A. The Regional Setting                  ..................83
        1. Physiographic Features ...  ...........83
        2. Geology.................84
        3. Soils ................87
        4. Groundwater ................87
        5. Climate ................88
        6. Water Quality ................89
          (a) Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters  . 89
          (b) Shellfish Harvesting ..............90
    B. Socioeconomic Features................90
        1 .Early Historical Development .............90
        2. Beginning of Agriculture                   ..  ............92
        3. Archaeological and Historic Landmarks..........92
        4. Economics.................94
          a. Agriculture ................94
          b. Forestry ................94
          c. Fisheries ................96
          d. Other Marine Uses..............98
        5. Traditional Land Use/Wildlife Management and Hunting.   . .98
        S. Local Activities Affecting the Site ...........99
          a. Dredging Activities ..............99
          b. NPS Runoff..............100
    C. Biological Features...................100

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES.. . . ....... . . ..101
    A. General Impacts..................101
    B. Specific Impacts..................101
        1. Natural Environment ................101
        2. Human Environment ................101
          a. Scientific and Education .............101
          b. Public Access.................102
        c. State, Local and Federal .............102
    C.    Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic
        Impacts .................102
        1. Tax Revenue Loss.................102
        2. Traffic Impacts.................103
    D.    Relationship Between the Proposed Action on the Environ-
        ment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-term
        Productivity .................103
    E.    Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources......103
    F.    Possible Conflicts Between the Proposed Action and the
        Objectives of Federal, State, Regional and Local Land-
        Use Plans, Policies and Controls For the Areas Concerned...104






V. LIST OF PREPARERS ..............................104

VL   LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES
    OF THE FEIS AND DMP .............................. 105

VII. REFERENCES ..............................109

VIII. APPENDICES ..............................115







                               LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE                 TITLE                                            PAGE

 1               Existing and Proposed National                         5
                  Estuarine Research Reserves in the
                  U. S.

 2               Location Map for Proposed NERRS Sites                  8
                  in South Carolina.

 3               Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands proposed             13
                  for Acquisition in Core Area.

 4                Descriptive Map Showing Core Area in Relation To       15
                  Buffer Zone.

 5               View of the Old SCR Bed Intersecting Wimbee             16
                  Creek and Forming the Northern Boundary of
                  the NERR Buffer Zone.

 6               Site-Specific View of Ashe, Beet and South              19
                  Hutchinson Islands.


 7               Site-specific View of Otter and Pine Islands.           21

 8                Site-specific View of Bolders, Warren and Big          22
                  Islands.

 9               Organization Chart for Administration and
                  Management of the ACE Basin NERR.                     35

 10              Alternative Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR.         82

 11              View of a Fully Developed Tidewater Rice               93
                  Plantation of the Early Nineteenth Century.

                                  APPENDIX G
                       (Ecological Characterization Figures)

  1               The Ace Basin Is a Complex Mixture of Subsystems       G-3
                  that Interconnect By Energy Pathways to Form a
                  Regional Ecosystem.

 2               The Relationship Between Marsh Type and Average         G-6
                  Annual Salinity.







                                LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                 TITLE                                 PAGE

 I                       Designated Sites in the NERRS.                      4

 2                       Schedule of Milestones for Land                     25
                         Acquisition and Reserve Designation.

 3                       High Priority Lands Proposed for Acquisition        26
                          in Reserve Core Area.

 4                        Summary of 'Networking' Activities.                29

 5                       Five Year Activities Plan for the ACE Basin         45
                          NERR.

 6                        Physiographic Data and Development                 85
                          Status for select barrier, marsh and
                          sea islands in the ACE Basin Region.

 7                        Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications        91
                         for the ACE Basin.

 8                        Sites of Archaeological and Historic               95
                          Significant in the ACE Basin.

 9                       Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel               97
                         Value for Products Landed in the ACE
                          Basin.


                                  APPENDIX G
                                (Biological Tables)

 I Representative Ecosystems of the                                        G-2
                         ACE Basin NERR.

 2                       Generalized community structure of the             G-1 1
                          Vascular Flora of the Upland Ecosystem in
                         The ACE Basin.

 3                        Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened        G-12
                          Animals Documented to Occur in/or within
                          the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87.







Tables (Continued)

 4                       Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Nesting Activity        G-13
                         Within the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87.

 5                       Southern Bald Eagle Nesting Activity Within       G-15
                         ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90.

 6                       American Alligator Observations and               G-16
                         Relative Densities in Ashepoo, Combahee
                         and Edisto Rivers, 1978-1983.

 7                       American Alligator Nesting Densities in            G-17
                         Three Marsh Types Associated With the
                         Ashepoo, Combahee and South Edisto.

 8                       Some Amphibians and Reptiles Occurring             G-20
                         Within the ACE Basin NERR Verified by
                         Collection and Observation.

 9                       Dominant Birds of the Coastal Marine Ecosystem   G-25
                         Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

 10                       Dominant Birds of the Maritime Ecosystem          G-26
                         Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

 11                       Dominant Birds of the Estuarine Ecosystem         G-28
                         Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

 12                      Documented Colonial Wading Bird Nesting            G-30
                         Activity in the ACE Basin NERR,
                         1978-1990.

 13                      Birds of Estuarine Intertidal Impoundments         G-31
                         in the ACE Basin.

 14                       Dominant Birds of the Upland Ecosystem            G-34
                         Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

 15                       Characteristic Habitats of Some of the            G-35
                         More Important Estuarine Fishes Occurring
                         in the ACE Basin NERR.

 16                      Trophic Level of Some of the More Important        G-37
                         Estuarine Fishes Occurring in the ACE Basin
                         NERR







                                  ACRONYMS

ACE              Ashepoo - Combahee - Edisto Basin

AIWW             Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway

BMPs             Best Management Practices, established by the South Carolina
                Forestry Commission

CEC              Division of Conservation, Education & Communication, SCWMRD

CFR              The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a codification of the
                regulations of various federal agencies. The CFR is the basic
                component of the Federal Register publication system.

COLREGS          Collision Regulations, U.S. Coast Guard

CZMA             Coastal Zone Management Act

DHEC             South Carolina Department of Health & Environmental Control

DMP              Draft Management Plan

DU               Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated

DUF              Ducks Unlimited Foundation, a subsidiary of DU

EIS              Environmental Impact Statement is required by the National
                Environmental Policy Act of 1969 whenever major federal action
                may significantly affect the quality of the environment, including the
                human environment. A draft (DEIS) and a final (FEIS) environmental
                impact statement are prepared.

GIP              Geographic Information Processing

GIS              Geographic Information System

LED              Law Enforcement Division, SCWMRD

MOU              Memorandum of Understanding

MRD              Marine Resources Division, SCWMRD

NERR             National Estuarine Research Reserve (refers to one reserve, i.e. ACE
                Basin)







NERRs            National Estuarine Research Reserves

NERRS            National Estuarine Research Reserve System (refers to all Reserves
                in the U.S. program as an interacting group forming a complex
                whole)

NFWF             National Fish & Wildlife Foundation

NOAA             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department
                of Commerce

NWI              National Wetlands Inventory

ORW              Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters, DHEC water
                classifications and standards

SCCC             South Carolina Coastal Council

SCDPRT           South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism

SCFC             South Carolina Forestry Commission

SCR              Seaboard Coastline Railroad Bed, forming the upper western
                 boundary of the proposed ACE Basin NERR

SCS              Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

SCLRC            South Carolina Land Resources Commission

SCWMRD           South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

SFH              Shellfish  Harvesting  Waters,  DHEC  water  classification  and
                 standards

TNC              The Nature Conservancy

USFWS            United States Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior

WMA              Wildlife Management Area, SCWMRD

WFWF             Division of Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, SCWMRD







                             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

   Section 315 of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 established the
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), originally called the National
Estuarine Sanctuary Program, as a federal/state cooperative venture. Federal
matching grants are available to coastal states to develop and manage a national
system of estuarine research reserves which are representative of the various regions
and estuarine types in the United States. In addition, annual competitive grants for
research and education projects are available. The goal of the program is to protect
areas of representative estuaries, including valuable wetland habitat, for use as natural
field laboratories. National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRs) are established to:
1) provide opportunities for long-term estuarine research and monitoring; 2) provide
opportunities for estuarine education and interpretation; 3) provide a basis for more
informed coastal management decisions; and 4) promote public awareness,
understanding, and appreciation of estuarine ecosystems and their relationships to the
environment as a whole.

   The NERRS has adopted a classification scheme that reflects differences in
regional biogeography and estuarine typology to ensure that established sites are
representative and that a variety of ecosystem types are included. The biogeographic
classification scheme and estuarine typology system for the ACE Basin site are shown
in Appendix A.

   The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine
Resources Department (SCWMRD) in cooperation with the South Carolina Coastal
Council (SCCC), the state's lead agency in coastal zone management.

     Recently, the SCWMRD and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS), along with representatives of the Nature Conservancy (TNC), Ducks
Unlimited, Incorporated (DU), other organizations and a private sector of landowners,
have recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles
southwest of Charleston, South Carolina and encompasses approximately 350,000
acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products
industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal
islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water. The
NERRS was viewed as a compatible tool to provide for habitat protection, long-term
management and opportunities for research and education.

   Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR will encompass key land and water areas (or
"core area") and a buffer zone.  The core area includes Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet,
Boulder, Big, South Hutchinson and Warren Islands for a total of 16,040 acres (2,444
acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh). The buffer zone contains 54,801
acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open estuarine waters and 5,308 acres of upland
(a total of 135,752 acres). To date, five (5) of the eight (8) islands listed as the
reserve core area are in fee simple ownership by conservation organizations and were
acquired towards their future inclusion into the NERRS. Conservation easements,







management agreements, and other approaches to land stewardship are being
negotiated in the buffer zone.

   The purpose of the ACE Basin NERR is to establish and manage the site as a
natural field laboratory and to develop a coordinated program of research and
education for the reserve. Under the preferred alternative, a cooperative management
approach will be used, involving SCWMRD, private landowners, local and state
government agencies, private organizations and advisory committees. The SCWMRD
will continue to serve as the lead management agency.

   Reserve staff will include a reserve manager, a research coordinator, an education
coordinator and a clerical position. A volunteer coordinator may be added later.
SCWMRD will manage the reserve through a cooperative effort within its four
functional divisions: Marine Resources; Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries;
Conservation, Education and Communication and Law Enforcement.

   In addition, there will be at least one major advisory committee with appropriate
sub-committees to serve in an advisory capacity on matters concerning resource
protection, research and monitoring and education.  The reserve manager will
coordinate administrative functions and the various research and education programs
at the reserve and act as liaison with the SCCC, NOAA and other NERRs. The
research coordinator will coordinate ACE Basin NERR system-wide research and
monitoring activities. The education coordinator will coordinate educational and
interpretive activities within the reserve.

   The reserve research and education programs will gather and make available
information useful for improved understanding, appreciation, and management of the
ACE Basin estuarine system in general. Reserve activities will augment, not replace,
the on-going conservation and management activities on private lands. Facilities will
be developed as necessary to aid in research and education and to serve as a focal
point for visitors to the reserve.

   In addition to the preferred alternative, other alternatives are discussed, including
no action/status quo, alternative sites, alternative boundaries, and alternative
management strategies. Under the no action alternative, the ACE Basin NERR
designation would not be pursued and there would be no change in current
management direction or level of management intensity. Several other sites were
considered early in the site selection process. However, these were rejected in favor
of the ACE Basin NERR site because of its great ecological diversity and pristine
environmental characteristics. Alternative boundaries for the reserve are considered;
however, the preferred boundaries encompass entire ecological units and thus are the
most desirable. Alternative management plan options are considered, including
establishing management of the reserve within an agency other than SCWMRD. Since
SCWMRD has a long history of land management, estuarine research; fish and wildlife
management, and conservation education, it is a logical choice as the lead agency.
Another alternative considered was location of the education/visitor center somewhere







other than Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Other sites were eliminated
because SCWMRD already owns and operates Bear Island WMA,it is large enough to
accommodate ancillary facilities development and it is easily accessible by road.

   Valuable natural and cultural resources will be protected for long-term research and
education by designation of the reserve. Natural resources affected by the proposed
action include diverse, highly productive estuarine systems comprised of wetlands,
open waters, with salinities ranging from freshwater to sea strength and uplands.
Several species of either rare, endangered, or threatened plants and animals occur in
the general area of the proposed reserve. In addition to such rich diversity of natural
resources the region is also endowed with significant historical and archaeological
sites.

   Traditional uses in the proposed reserve include commercial and recreational
fishing and shellfishing, hunting, trapping, wildlife observation, boating, agriculture
and forestry. These activities will continue under present laws and regulations and
designation of the ACE Basin NERR will not affect traditional uses.

   The environmental consequences of the proposed action are strongly positive. The
primary impact will be long-term protection of both natural and cultural resources. No
resources will be irreversibly or irretrievably lost, On the contrary, these special
resources will be provided with long-term protection and will serve both now and in
the future as sites for important estuarine research and education.

 The proposed action is in accordance with all relevant state, local and federal
regulations and is consistent with the objectives of state, local, and federal land use
plans, policies and controls for the area under consideration.









I. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION

A.    Introduction

   The state of South Carolina is proposing to establish a site in the Ashepoo-
Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research
Reserve System (NERRS). This Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) describes
the probable impacts of implementing the management plan for the ACE Basin NERR.
The purpose of this action is to designate the site as a natural field laboratory for long-
term research, monitoring and education/interpretation.  The management plan
provides the framework and guidance for future management actions to accomplish
the stated goals, objectives and priorities.

   There is a great need for this action. Much of South Carolina's coastal zone is
experiencing rapid population growth with the attendant demands for residential,
commercial and industrial development. These changes cannot take place without
some adverse effects on our natural environment in spite of the state's strong and
effective coastal zone management program. Due to the immense complexity of the
relationships between the state's living marine and estuarine resources and their
environment, sustained study of these resources is critical to our understanding of
them and of man's activities on their future health and well-being.

   Establishment of the ACE Basin NERR will assure the management of this unique
estuarine ecosystem for the purposes of research, education, and habitat protection.
Results of scientific research and environmental monitoring can be used to further
protect and manage South Carolina's rich and diverse coastal environment. Additional
benefits of reserve designation will be increased opportunities for educational pro-
grams to expand the public's knowledge and awareness of the complex nature of our
coastal zone. Protection and management of the ACE Basin NERR is intended to
support the research mission and further a major objective of the SCWMRD,
protection of estuarine habitat and associated fish and wildlife resources.

B.    The National Estuarine Research Reserve Svstem

1.    Federal Leaislative Authority

   The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, P.L. 92-583) was signed into
law on October 27, 1972, in response to a growing national concern over intense
pressures on the coastal zone of the United States. Congress was alerted to the need
for legislation to promote a comprehensive approach to wise management of our
coastal zone through three landmark study/reports: OUR NATION AND THE SEA,
Stratton Report, January 1969; NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY,
November 1969; and NATIONAL ESTUARY STUDY, January 1970.






                                        2

   To achieve the national policy of preserving, protecting, developing, and where
possible, restoring or enhancing coastal resources, Congress selected the following
approach (Section 302(h)):

   "The key to more effective protection and use of the land and water resources
   of the coastal zone is to encourage the states to exercise their full authority
   over the lands and waters in the coastal zone by assisting the states, in
   cooperation with Federal and local governments and other vitally affected
   interests, in developing land and water use programs for the coastal zone,
   including unified policies, criteria, standards, methods, and processes for
   dealing with land use decisions of more than local significance."

   The Act authorizes a variety of grant-in-aid programs to the states for purposes of:

             *  developing coastal zone management programs (Sec. 305) -S.C.'s
                Management Act was signed into law on May 24, 1977;

             *  implementing and administering coastal management programs that
                receive Federal approval (Sec.306);

             *  avoiding or minimizing adverse environmental, social, and economic
                impacts resulting from coastal energy activities (Sec.309);

             *  coordinating, studying, planning, and implementing interstate coastal
                management activities and programs (Sec.309);

             *  conducting research, study, and training programs to provide scientific
                and technical support to state coastal zone management programs (Sec.
                31 0); and

             *  establishing national estuarine research reserves. Funds are available to
                assist in the acquisition, development, and operation of reserves, and to
                support education and interpretation activities, and research and
                monitoring (Sec. 315).

    2.    National Estuarine Research Reserve System Proaram

     Congress created NERRS under Section 315 of the CZMA (1972) to provide "to
    coastal states grants of up to fifty percent of the costs of acquisition, development,
    and operation of estuarine sanctuaries (now called research reserves) for the purpose
    of creating natural field laboratories to gather data and make studies of the natural and
    human processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone.' Congress stated
    that research reserves should be:







                                      3

     ...natural areas set aside primarily to provide scientists the opportunity to
     make baseline ecological measurements, essential to many coastal zone
     management decisions, and prediction of the impact of human intervention.
     These areas should not be chosen at random, but should reflect regional
     differentiation and a variety of ecosystems so as to cover all significant natural
     variation. These areas could be used to monitor vital changes or forecast
     possible deterioration from anticipated activities. Scientific research and
     ecological data from these areas could aid significantly in providing a rational
     basis for intelligent management of the coastal zone (Senate Report 92-753 as
     in Library of Congress, 1976).

     Following passage of the law, NOAA promulgated regulations for NERRS
     in 1974 (15 CFR Part 921). The regulations were revised in 1984, 1989 and
     again in 1990. Originally called estuarine sanctuaries, the name was changed
     to research reserves by Congress in 1985 to emphasize the primary intent of
     the program (i.e., research and education). WHILE THE PRIMARY PURPOSES
     OF RESEARCH RESERVES ARE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION, MULTIPLE USE
     OF THE AREAS BY THE PUBLIC IS ENCOURAGED. SUCH USES GENERALLY
     INCLUDE LOW-INTENSITY RECREATION SUCH AS BOATING, FISHING,
      HUNTING, SHELLFISHING AND WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY AND
      OBSERVATION. TRADITIONAL USES SUCH AS COMMERCIAL FISHING AND
      SHELLFISHING ARE ALSO ACCOMMODATED.

3.    ConceDt of Bioaeoaraohic Zones

 To ensure that the NERRS includes sites that adequately represent regional and
ecological differences, Section 921.3 of the regulation (15CFR Part 921) sets forth
a biogeographical classification scheme that reflects regional differences in
biogeography. An estuarine typology system, which presents a variety of ecosystem
types, is also included (Appendix A). Upon completion, the NERRS will contain
representation of the 27 biogeographic regions of the Nation's coastal zone. The
proposed ACE Basin NERR is representative of the Carolinian - South Atlantic region.
It contains a diverse assemblage of representative outer coastal plain natural
communities, including those typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands
and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the proposed ACE Basin site
are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest communities.

4.    Existina National Estuarine Research Reserves

  At the present time, 18 reserve sites have been designated (Table 1) across the
country (Figure 1).







                              4



Table 1. Designated Sites in the NERRS.

                RESEARCH RESERVE                 BIOGEOGRAPHIC
                                                 CLASSIFICATION
 Wells, York County, Maine                       Acadian
 Great Bay, Great Bay, New Hampshire             Acadian
 Waquoit Bay, Mashpee and Falmouth,              Virginian
 Massachusetts
 Narragansett Bay, Newport County, Rhode         Virginian
 Island
 Hudson River (4 components), Hudson River,      Virginian
 New York
 Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, (3 components) Anne  Virginian
 Arundel, Harford, Prince George's, and
 Somerset Counties
 Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, (4 components)        Virginian
 York, Gloucester, James City, and King
 William Counties
 North Carolina (4 components), Brunswick,       Virginian/
 Carteret, Curriuck and New Hanover Counties    Carolinian
 Sapelo Island, McIntosh County, Georgia         Carolinian
 Rookery Bay, Collier County, Florida            West Indian
 Jabos Bay, Puerto Rico                          West Indian
 Apalachicola River/Bay                          Louisianan
 Franklin County, Florida
 Weeks Bay, Baldwin County, Alabama              Louisianan
 Tijuana, San Diego County, California           Californian
 Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California    Californian
 South Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon                  Columbian
 Padilla Bay, Skagit County, Washington          Columbian
 Old Woman Creek, Erie County, Ohio              Great Lakes
 Waimanu Valley                                  Insular
 Island of Hawaii, Hawaii











4/9()

                  The National Estuarine Reserve


                                    Rese arch System

                                                                                  St. Lawlecnc(~-
                                          I                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~River 13asIn

                                                                                                       Bay  

                                             .~~~~~           Old~~~~~~                          Naridgun~~~~~~~~~~scil Bay E

                                              f                   (  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~k~~Delaware                     n
 San Francisco Bay      ...                                                                    Chesapeake Hay. MI) 

    Elkhoyn Slough                                                                            ChcDpck  a.V
                                              I                        ........ Northi Carolina                   C
                                                                                          North Inlet           Cc
            Tijuana Rivcij                                                                ALBai

                                                                                                                 CD

       V.IV. 14,A  a    ~urj                                                                                       CDf
                        AProposedRokr   y
                        SDesignated
                                                                                           *  Jobos Bay, PR      CD
                                                                                                       t,03      5







                                        6

   In addition, California-San Francisco Bay (San Francisco Bay), New York-St.
Lawrence River Basin (Acadian), Delaware (Virginian), East Coast of Florida, Virginia
(Virginian) and South Carolina (Carolinian) have proposed sites to be included as
National Estuarine Research Reserves and are in the process of producing
environmental impact statements and management plans.

5.        Fundina and SuoDort

   Federal funding for NERRs is described in detail below. Briefly, five categories of
federal awards are available from NOAA: predesignation awards; acquisition and
development awards; operation and management awards; research and monitoring
awards; and education and interpretation awards. The amount of federal financial
assistance provided may vary according to program areas; most of the federal funds
must be matched by the state or other entities.

    Federal funding has and will be used for initial operation and staffing of the ACE
Basin NERR. The reserve is a cooperative federal-state program. At a minimum,
long-term funds must be provided by the state to cover general operating expenses
and the salaries of the reserve manager and support staff. The reserve staff will work
,cooperatively with other agencies to pool resources. Efforts will also be made to
obtain outside grants and other sources of program revenue. These include the
creation of support groups and endowment funds for the ACE Basin. Support groups
have been successfully utilized at other NERRs and may be used as models (e.g. the
Friends of the Reserve at the Apalachicola Reserve in Florida, the Elkhorn Slough
Foundation at the Elkhorn Slough Reserve in California, and Friends of Jug Bay at
JBWS in the CBNERR Maryland).

    Predesignation awards are available for site selection and post site selection.
Acquisition and development awards are available prior to reserve designation for
acquiring interest in land and water areas, performing minor construction, preparing
plans and specifications, developing the final management plan, and hiring necessary
staff.

    After a reserve receives federal designation, a supplemental acquisition and
development award is available for acquisition of additional property interests,
construction of research and education facilities, and restoration projects. Operation
and management awards are available to manage the reserve and operate programs
detailed in the management plan. The federal portion of operation and management
awards may be used for the support of staff positions.

    Research and monitoring awards are available on a competitive basis to conduct
estuarine research and monitoring within the NERRS. Any coastal state or qualified
public or private person may compete for these awards which are available annually.
Financial assistance awards are available for conducting educational and interpretive







                                       7

activities within the NERRS. These are available annually on a competitive basis to
any coastal state entity.

   More detailed information on NOAA funding can be found in the Federal Register
15 CFR Part 921 (Appendix B ). As CZMA regulations are amended, funding limits
and types may change.

6.        Federal Role in the NERR after Desianation

   After designation, NOAA will conduct periodic performance evaluations of the
NERR at least once every four years. Evaluations may be conducted more frequently
as determined necessary by NOAA. These evaluations are required by Sections 312
and 315 of CZMA and will follow the evaluation procedures described in Section 312.

    Evaluations may assess all aspects of reserve operation and management, or they
may focus on selected issues. Evaluations may also examine whether a reserve is in
compliance with NERRS designation regulations, and particularly whether the
operations and management of the reserve are consistent with and further the mission
and goals of NERRS.

   Federal officials will conduct the performance evaluations. When necessary,
NOAA may request federal and non-federal experts to participate in the evaluation.
Performance evaluations will be conducted in accordance with procedural and public
participation provisions of CZMA regulations. The state must submit a report on
operation and management of the reserve to NOAA annually.

    If performance evaluations reveal that the operation and management of the
reserve is deficient or the research is inconsistent with NERRS research guidelines,
eligibility of the reserve for federal financial assistance may be suspended until the
situation is remedied. If major deficiencies are not remedied within a reasonable
amount of time, NOAA may initiate a process to withdraw designation of the reserve.

C.        The ACE Basin NERR

1.        Background

    The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the SCWMRD in cooperation with the
SCCC, the state's lead agency in coastal zone management.

  * Recently, the SCWMRD and the USFWS, along with representatives of TNC, DU,
other conservation organizations and a private sector of enthusiastic landowners have
recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles southwest
of Charleston, South Carolina (Figure 2) and encompasses approximately 350,000
acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products






























                                     COASTAL ZONE


                                                                   NORTH INLET SITE



                                                          CHARLESTON



                                                ASHEPOO--COMBAHEE-
                                                  EDISTO (ACE) SITE
0          40          so80

   SCALE: "-=40 MILES


    Figure 2. Location map for proposed NERRS sites in South Carolina.







                                       9
industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal
islands in the lower basin, which are accessible only by water. The NERRS was
viewed as a compatible tool to provide long-term management and opportunities for
research and education. Early in the site selection process, other areas (e.g. Port
Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound, North Edisto River and the Santee Delta) being
considered as possible NERR sites were eliminated. The Site Selection Committee felt
that the uniqueness and value of the ACE Basin site could favorably compare with any
site currently being managed in the NERRS.

2.       Site Selection Process

    On October 29, 1988, the S.C. NERRS Site Selection Advisory Committee was
appointed by Senator John C. Hayes, III, Chairman of the SCCC.

   The purpose of the committee was to consider potential NERR sites in South
Carolina and to make a recommendation to the SCCC of one or more sites for
inclusion in the national system. Staff of the SCCC served as staff to the Committee.

    At an organizational meeting on November 14, 1988, the committee appointed
two subcommittees to study two potential sites - the ACE Basin, which had been
recommended by Governor Carroll Campbell, and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site, an
area which had been considered in the past as a potential reserve site. At the next
meeting on February 6, 1989, both sub- committees gave reports on their respective
sites. The sub-committee reports indicated both sites appeared to meet criteria for
the NERRS Program and public comments should be sought. The Site Selection
Advisory Committee voted to approve the sub-committees' reports for both the ACE
Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay sites and moved to proceed with obtaining public
comment.

    A public meeting on the ACE Basin site was held on April 10, 1989, in
Walterboro, South Carolina. Reaction from the public was generally mixed. Concern
was expressed over management of the potential NERRS site to the exclusion of the
general public from gaining access to marshes and waterways. A public hearing on
the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site on May 17, 1989, in Georgetown, South Carolina,
revealed public concern about a possible impact on the shipping industry as well as
public access. On July 17, 1989, the site selection committee voted unanimously to
recommend to the SCCC that both sites be nominated for inclusion in the NERRS.
The committee also recommended that all public concerns must be thoroughly
addressed during development of a management plan. At its meeting of July 21,
1989, the SCCC, on recommendation of the site selection committee, approved the
ACE Basin site and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site for nomination to NERRS. Upon
this decision, Council staff, in conjunction with .staff from the South Carolina Wildlife
and Marine Resources Department and Belle W. Baruch Institute, began preparation
of the nomination package for submittal to NOAA under signature of Governor







                                        10

Campbell. On January 24, 1990, Governor Carroll Campbell nominated the ACE
Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay as separate NERR sites (Appendix C) because each
site is located in a different biogeographic region (Figure 2).

3. Site Selection Criteria

   Nomination of these sites was made only after a thorough review of site
evaluation criteria and the input of coastal scientists, state and local officials, affected
landowners and the general public. Site selection criteria included:

a. Bioaeoaraohical Reoresentation - whether the site represents the ecological
conditions of the biogeographic zone of the Carolinian-South Atlantic Sub-Region in
which it is found, fills a void in biogeographic representation in the state of S.C. and
does not duplicate biogeographic representation in the Region;

b. Ecosvstem Reoresentation - whether the site encompasses an entire ecological
unit, represents a significant component of the coastal ecosystem in light of the types
of geomorphic features and biotic communities which are found in the state's coastal
zone, fills a void in ecosystem representation in the state, and does not duplicate
ecosystem representation in the Region;

c. Ecoloaical Characteristics - whether the areas's ecological characteristics
contribute substantially to the quality of the estuarine environment through its
biological productivity, diversity of flora and fauna, and other demonstrated ecological
values and functions;

d. Naturalness - whether the site is relatively unaffected by past and present human
activities and approximates a natural ecological unit where ecosystem processes can
be studied in an undisturbed setting;

e. Research Potential - whether the site provides a natural field laboratory, has a
history of research use or is desirable for use as a research site, and is important for
addressing fundamental ecological questions and local coastal resource problems;

f. Educational ODDortunities - whether the site is accessible and provides
opportunities for educational and interpretive programs which are compatible with the
research reserve character as a natural field laboratory; and

g. Manaaement Considerations - whether the site is available for incorporation into
the NERRS (i.e., landowner's willingness), can be protected under some type of formal
mechanism (conservation easement, long-term management agreement, MOU, or fee
simple acquisition), is of adequate size to assure effective protection from activities
outside its boundaries, and will provide a stable environment for research and
educational activities.









   NOAA approved the site nomination on March 27, 1990 (Appendix C). This
approval moved SCCC into the next phase of the designation process for the ACE
Basin NERR: preparation of a DEIS and draft management plan (DMP). NOAA
awarded SCCC $50,000 in federal pre-designation funds to complete the DEIS/DMP,
FEIS/DMP and site characterization for the ACE Basin site. The state is providing the
required match through SCWMRD and SCCC.

II.   ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION)

   The action under consideration by NOAA is a proposal from the State of South
Carolina to establish a NERR in the ACE Basin, consisting of approximately 69,000
acres of wetlands, 59,000 acres of open water and 7,752 acres of uplands and lying
within the boundaries of Beaufort, Colleton and Charleston counties.

   This section considers a number of reasonable alternatives which were analyzed
during development of this document. The "preferred alternative" is the one
SCWMRD believes would fulfill its statutory mission and responsibilities in the ACE
Basin. It has been developed in detail as the proposed management plan, giving
consideration to economic, environmental, traditional uses and other factors. The "no
action" alternative proposes that the ACE Basin site not be designated as a NERR and
there is no change from current management direction or level of management
intensity. Other alternatives discussed include boundary modifications, additional sites
and different management options.

A.        Preferred Alternative

1.        Land Acauisition Plan

a.        General Context for Manaaement

   According to the Coastal Zone Reauthorization Act of 1985, the protection and
management of resources are not meant to be ends in themselves but rather are
intended to support the research mission. Within this context, it should be stressed
that resource protection cannot be viewed as an independent program area. All
aspects of reserve management will contribute to the protection effort. However, the
most effective mechanism for long-term protection or control is the acquisition of key
properties through fee simple ownership or conservation easements.

   The reserve contains a unique array of ownerships. Unlike many coastal areas
where the ownership pattern is diverse and highly fragmented, the ACE Basin site has
a relatively small number of owners with large undeveloped land holdings (see
Appendix D). There are about twenty five (25) key landowners with large plantations
along the rivers. Historically, these landowners have practiced good stewardship and
maintained a strong conservation ethic in management of these properties.






                                        12
    Continuing the present level of protection and land management ethics over the
long-term is dependent on fostering land protection efforts and providing adequate
public participation as a means of promoting compatible uses of the reserve. This can
be accomplished through: 1) fee title acquisition, 2) gift or donation; and 3) lease,
easement or cooperative management agreements with private landowners. Under
this action plan, all land acquisition will be performed in accordance with federal laws
and regulations for real estate acquisition, including independent appraisals. Property
will be acquired only from those private landowners willing to participate in the
program. There will be no condemnation.

b.       Assessment of Boundaries

    Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR must include "an adequate portion of the land
and water areas of the natural system to approximate an ecological unit and to ensure
effective conservation" (Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 209, Section 921.11). These
areas must be discrete enough to be effectively managed, but large enough to make
long-term research possible. To help focus management efforts, site boundaries
encompass two zones: key land and water areas (core area) and a buffer zone.

    NOAA's Guidelines for Establishino ProDosed Boundaries for National Estuarine
Research Reserves define core areas as areas which contain "critical estuarine
ecological units for research purposes, encompassing a full range of significant
physical, chemical, and biological factors contributing to the diversity of fauna, flora
and natural processes occurring within the estuary." The core area "is so vital to the
functioning of the estuarine ecosystem that it must be under state control sufficient
to ensure the long term viability of the reserve for research on natural estuarine
processes..... [These areas] should encompass resources that are representative of the
total ecosystem which, if compromised, could endanger the research objectives of the
reserve." A buffer zone is defined as an "area adjacent to or surrounding the core and
on which the integrity of the core depends. This area protects the core and provides
additional protection for estuarine dependent species." It may include an area for
research and education facilities.

(1).     Kev Land and Water Areas (Core)

   The proposed core area of the ACE Basin NERR consists of a series of remote
coastal islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water.
These are Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet, Bolders, Big, Warren and South Hutchinson islands
(Figure 3). The total core area (16,040 acres) encompasses approximately 2,444
acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh.

   The core area is bounded on the east by Otter and Pine islands, both of which
have beaches fronting on St. Helena Sound. Fish Creek separates the two islands and
drains a large expanse of salt marsh bounded to the east by the South Edisto River









                                         13

Figure 3. Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands Proposed for Acquisition In Core Area.




























                                                  --4-~~~~~~~~~-






                                  x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~              -k







                                       14

and to the west by the Ashepoo River.

   To the northwest of this easternmost marsh island complex lie the remaining
islands in the core area; South Hutchinson, Ashe and Beet, Bolders, Warren and Big.
These are also marsh islands consisting of low Pleistocene beach ridge remnants
comprising the upland portions surrounded by estuarine tidal marshes. The Ashepoo
River bounds Hutchinson Island to the east and north. Although both Hutchinson and
Ashe islands face south on St. Helena Sound, neither have beaches as do Otter and
Pine. Rock Creek separates Hutchinson Island from Ashe and Beet islands that lie in
the central portion of the core.

   Excavated portions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) bisect
Hutchinson Island and separate the marshes of Ashe Island to the South and Beet
Island to the north. Beet Island is bounded to the west by the New Chehaw River and
Rock Creek to the north and east. Bolders Island lies to the north of Beet Island
between the Ashepoo River to the east and the New Chehaw River to the west.
Warren and Big islands form the westernmost boundary of the core area. They are
both located between the New and Old Chehaw River, Big to the north and Warren
to the south.

(2).      Buffer Zone

   The buffer zone of the ACE Basin NERR occupies approximately 119,514 acres.
There are 54,801 acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open waters and 5,308 acres
of upland within the buffer zone. Generally, the buffer zone includes all state-owned
bottoms, open waters and wetlands, extending up to and including the critical':ariea
as defined in the South Carolina Coastal Management Act (Act 123 of the 1977
South Carolina General Assembly).  It excludes uolands and wetlands now held in
private ownership. unless otherwise soecified in the FEIS/DMP.

   The seaward boundary of the buffer zone is marked by an artificial line, the
"COLREGS" line, lying between the headlands of Edisto Beach and Hunting lslnhd
(Figure 4). The northeastern boundary includes the marshes of South Edisto River
draining the western side of Edisto Island and the following tidal stream systems: Big
Bay Creek, St. Pierre Creek (Fishing, Store and Bailey Creeks), North Creek and that
portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) connecting the Dawhoo River
to the South Edisto. All of Jehossee Island and further north along the South Edisto
to the abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad (SCR) bed forms the northeast corner.

 The alignment of the abandoned SCR, running approximately in a souithwestern
direction, is a persistent dominant feature, and serves as the northern boundary 'up to
the crossing at the Combahee River.  The zone includes the entire width of the
Combahee River floodplain, with Wimbee Creek as the westernmost' bound;a'ir(Figure
5).  Downstream of the former railroad alignment, the western boundary folows





                                 ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN
                                NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE








SITE BOUNDARIESs                                                           ,

S BEAR ISLAND WMA
--- NERR BUFFER AREA
;i NERR CORE AREA
      1. ASHE
     2. BEET
     3. BIG
     4. BOLDERS                                           {
     5. PINE
     6. OTTER
     7. S. HUTCHINSON                                                         North
     8. WARREN

Figure 4. Descriptive map showing core area in relation to Buffer Zone.























              ï¿½~,~        ~ -             ï¿½                       ~i~~ ....
~~~~~~~~~  i~ ~ ~~!  






































   Fiue5. Aerial view of the old SCR bed intersecting Wimbee Creek and forming the
         northern boundary of the NERR buffer zone.







                                       17

Wimbee Creek (including the Williman Islands) into Bull River and across the lower
Coosaw River into Morgan River (including Morgan Island).

   The buffer zone then follows Morgan River out into St. Helena Sound across the
mouth of Jenkins, Village and Coffin Creeks, and then southeastward along the
shore of St. Helena Island to Harbor River. The boundary crosses Harbor River at the
U.S. Highway 21 bridge to Harbor Island, including all of the marshes but excluding
the upland now held in private ownership. The boundary then continues southeast
across Johnson Creek, again following U.S. Highway 21, and onto Hunting Island.
There, the entire area of marsh and upland owned by the state of South Carolina and
managed by the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism (SCDPRT) is included.
The southern terminus of the COLREGS line ends at Hunting Island, thus closing the
boundary of the buffer zone. At the easternmost point of the buffer zone, on Edisto
Island, the marsh and upland similarly owned by the state and managed by SCDPRT
as Edisto Beach State Park is also included as are all wetlands and critical areas up to
Highway 174.

   The buffer zone boundaries were drawn, not only as a matter of convenience
based on land marks or features readily identifiable on maps, aerial photos and ground
truth observations, but also on the following:  1) the buffer is large enough to
accommodate continuation of traditional uses and to provide additional protection to
estuarine-dependent species; 2) it will ensure the long-term viability of the reserve for
research on natural processes; 3) it includes an area large enough to adequately
accommodate facilities required for research and interpretation and, if necessary, to
handle a shift of the reserve core area as a result of biological, ecological or
geomorphological changes; and 4) it represents one of the largest undeveloped
complexes of wetlands and upland habitat on the Atlantic Coast and is nationally
recognized as a unique natural resource area.

    Bear Island, an 12,055 acre SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area, is an important
component of the buffer zone. It will play a vital role in the overall function of the
reserve. Other State-owned lands within the buffer zone include the Edisto Beach
State Park and Hunting Island State Park, both managed by the SCDPRT. Other
uplands may be incorporated into the buffer zone as negotiations are made with those
private landowners wishing to participate in the ACE Basin project.

    As new data are acquired on the reserve, a better understanding will be gained on
the role and characteristics of buffer areas and the relationship between sensitive
estuarine resources and upstream habitats. Such information may indicate a need to
change the proposed NERR boundaries, either to include new land areas or remove
areas currently within the proposed boundaries. In any event, opportunities for public
comment will be provided when changes are proposed.







                                       18

C.       Acauisition Strateav

   Acquisition of the eight (8) islands in the proposed core area is top priority in
gaining adequate control over key land and water areas in the reserve. This may be
accomplished in the following approach:

          Fee title Acquisition
                Ashe Island
                Beet Island
                Otter Island

          Donation and/or Gift
                Warren island
                Big Island

          Memorandum of Understanding
                Bolders Island

          Conservation Easement and/or Management Agreement
                Pine Island
                South Hutchinson Island

   It should be stressed once again that property will be acquired only from those
private landowners willing to participate in the program.   There will be no
condemnation of land.

(1).      Fee title Acauisition

(a).      Ashe Island (Figure 6) was purchased on February 9, 1990 by TNC from
Thomas L. Peeples and Marsha Elaine Peeples Kinghorn for one hundred ten thousand
($110,000) dollars. Prior to this purchase, the property had been in the same family
since May 12, 1735. At which time the property was given a King's grant from King
George II to James Crockran.

   Ashe Island has an estimated 64.3 acres of high ground and 1,657.7 acres of
marsh for a total of 1,722 acres. The property is bounded on the north and east by
Rock Creek; on the northwest by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff; on the west by the
Coosaw River and on the south by St. Helena Sound. This island is located in the
northern portion of St. Helena Sound. Those parts of the island that front the Sound
are generally separated from the sound by mud flats, shell flats and oyster banks.

   The only access to the island is by boat. Th'e AIWW extends along the northern
and northwestern sides of the island. The channel within the AIWW at this point
varies in depth from nine (9) feet to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. Rock Creek which








                                             19












                    s                     :










          ~~Is land                               Xu  '%so








                                                                                       ,i
                                                          SoHutchtnso













Figure 6. Site-specific view of Ashe, Beet and South Hutchinson Islands.
       4 ~ ~ ~    ~     ~     ~     ~     ~                   

                                      I~~~~~






                                       20

is a short portion of the AIWW has a relatively deep channel that also varies from nine
(9) to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. The channel continues with reasonably good
depth into St. Helena Sound. The Coosaw River on the southern side of Ashe Island
has good depth and a wide channel. There are four (4) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
disposal areas located along the AIWW and along Rock Creek. These areas are
earthen impoundments into which dredge material is pumped from the AIWW. The
impoundments were constructed in the marshes of Ashe Island and have considerable
vegetation, mostly transitional shrubs.

   Access to the highland of Ashe Island is through the marsh only. There is no
direct boat access to the main island. There are no improvements on the island.

(b)      Beet Island (Figure 6) was acquired by the TNC from Ruth C. Peeples and
Catherine Prioleau Ravenel for Four Hundred Thirty Nine Thousand Six Hundred
Seventy ($439,670) dollars. Prior to that time, the last transfer of this property was
on September 19, 1956.

   Beet Island has approximately three hundred (300) acres of high ground and one
thousand three hundred eighty five (1,385) acres of marsh for a total area of one
thousand six hundred eighty five (1,685) acres. This island is bounded on the north
and east by Rock Creek, on the southeast by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff (AIWW), and
on a portion of the west by New Chehaw River which flows into the Combahee and
Coosaw rivers. The high land is scattered in several small tracts. The larger of the
tracts has direct access to deep water in Rock Creek. The larger portion of Beet
Island is surrounded by sand on the western side. On the eastern side, the land area
is predominantly marsh. This island is accessible only by boat.

(c)       Otter Island  (Figure 7) is an outstanding coastal island located on St.
Helena Sound at the eastern end of the core area. It consists of eight hundred and
six (806) acres of high land and two thousand four hundred twenty six (2,426) acres
of marsh for a total of three thousand two hundred and thirty two (3,232) acres. It
is bounded on the east by South Edisto River and on the west by Ashepoo River.
Otter Island is the most valuable of all the islands proposed in the core area of the
reserve. It is owned by Clifton Stevens of the State of New York. To date, official
negotiations are not far enough along to discuss specifics of acquisition. Every effort
will be made during the pre-designation phase for this project to acquire fee simple
ownership of this island. It has already been approved as a high priority area for
acquisition in the Heritage Trust Program of South Carolina.

(2)      Memorandum of Understandina

(a).     Bolders Island (Figure 8) was transferred to the Ducks Unlimited Foundation
(DUF) on December 11, 1989 as a gift from Gaylord Donnelley and Dorothy R.
Donnelley. This property had last been transferred by Donald J. Garlan, trustee for







                                         21












































Figure 7. Site-specific view of Otter and Pine Islands.







                                   22




                                                   ï¿½; .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

















            Island





      Figure 8. Site-specific view of Bolders, Warren and Big Island.
Figure 8, Ste-specifi view ef Bldes    areanBiIsnd







                                       23
the Gaylord Donnelley Trust established in 1966, to the Donnelley family. This deed
was recorded on November 14, 1989. The property had been held in trust for many
years. It was transferred at no consideration. Bolders Island contains six hundred and
nine (609) acres of upland and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a
total area of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this island will
be included in the reserve. It is a long and narrow tract which lies generally in a
north-south direction, bounded on the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast
by Rock Creek, on the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and
unnamed waterways.

   The title to Bolders Island will be retained by DUF, but the island will be protected
in perpetuity as part of the core area by way of a MOU (Appendix D). The island will
be cooperatively managed by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance with the ACE Basin
NERR Management Plan.

(3).      Donation and/or Gift

(a).      Warren and Bia Island Comolex - these islands (Figure 8) were gifts from
TNC to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) on November 29, 1989.
This was also property held in the Donnelley Trust and had been donated to TNC on
October 14, 1988. This property had also been held in trust for many years prior to
the gift.

   Warren Island and Big Island were deeded in one transaction to the NFWF.
Warren Island is reported to contain approximately two hundred and forty six (246)
acres of high ground and one thousand three hundred and ninety (1,390) acres of
marsh for a total of one thousand six hundred and thirty six (1,636) acres. Big Island
is reported to contain approximately three hundred and forty (340) acres of high
ground and two hundred sixty five (265) acres of marsh for a total area of six hundred
and five (605) acres.

   These islands are bounded on the west by the Chehaw River and on the east by
the New Chehaw River. The northern boundary is a portion of the New Chehaw
River. These rivers flow into the Combahee River which forms the balance of the
western and southern boundaries of this property. Both Warren Island and Big Island
have high ground which is directly accessible to the Chehaw River and a portion of
Big Island also has some frontage on the New Chehaw River.

(4).      Conservation Easements and/or Manaaement Aareements

(a).      Pine Island (Figure 7) is closely associated with Otter Island at the
easternmost boundary of the reserve core area and likewise would be a valuable core
component. Unlike the other islands, however, Pine Island has a more complex
ownership pattern. There are seven (7) parcels of land on the island owned by







                                       24

different individuals and a corporation (Appendix D). The Chelonia Institute, a private
research institution, owns two thousand seven hundred and seventy five (2,775)
acres. This organization is currently conducting sea turtle research, primarily on the
front beach of Pine Island. The other property owners enjoy the island in its natural
state. There are no improvements on Pine Island and it is accessible only by boat.
In consideration of the above, a conservation easement with the Chelonia Institute
would appear to be an appropriate course of action. Management agreements may
be negotiated with those individual owners wishing to participate in the project.

(b).      South Hutchinson Island (Figure 6) is also owned by several individuals and
would be an ideal component of the core area because of its geographic location and
ecological character. The Hutchinson Island Association controls most of the upland
portions of this island and its larger counterpart to the north. Both islands are
bounded by Ashepoo River to the east and north and Rock Creek to the south and
west. The main island to the north is used more extensively for hunting and is under
intensive wildlife management. South Hutchinson Island is not under intensive
management and contains a large expanse of undisturbed marsh. The island contains
three thousand one hundred and twenty three (3,123) acres, most of which is salt
marsh. The remaining upland on South Hutchinson would be a minor portion of the
overall area. A management agreement with the owners of these uplands would
appear to be the most feasible approach in establishing South Hutchinson Island as
a component of the core area. However, the owners have not expressed an interest
in participating in the NERR at this writing.

d.        Schedule and Fundina Mechanism

   The work schedule presented in Table 2 is based on the assumption of a land
acquisition contract award date of September 1, 1991. Following approval of this
grant application, SCWMRD will purchase Ashe and Beet Islands from TNC at an
estimated cost of $549,670 (Table 2). State match will come from the appraisal
value ($951,450) of Warren and Big Islands. Title to these unencumbered islands will
be transferred from NFWF to SCWMRD prior to any transactions with TNC (Appendix
D). Unused portions of the federal grant and state match will be used in acquisition
of the remaining islands identified as high priority lands in Table 3.

2.        Resource Protection Plan

a.        Manaaement of the NERR site throuah the South Carolina Coastal Zone
          Manaaement Proaram

    The purposes of Act 123 of the 1977 South Carolina General Assembly were to
"establish the South Carolina Coastal Council and provide for its powers and duties
for the protection and improvement of coastal tidelands and wetlands under a coastal
zone management plan; provide for enforcement of policies of the Council and








                                    25
____________________________________________________________________________
Table 2. Schedule of Milestones For Land Acquisition and Reserve Designation


 Date              Project                    Milestone
                   Month
 1 July 1991         O      Issue FEIS/DMP; submit land appraisals to
                            NOAA for review; document ownership of lands
                            to be acquired; complete environmental
                            assessment; set closing date on Ash and Beet
                            with TNC; notify NOAA in writing of closing
                            date.
 31 July 1991         O     Complete certified land survey description of
                            property to be acquired; show evidence of
                            title insurance and opinion of title for
                            Ashe, Beet, Warren and Big islands.
 1 August 1991        O     Consummate transfer of title to Warren and
                            Big islands from NFWF to SCWMRD; Donation to
                            be used as state match.
 15 August 1991       O     Draft MOU with DUF for inclusion of Bolders
                            Island into core areas; title remains with
                            DUF; submit MOU to NOAA for review and
                            finalization.
 1 September          1     Initiate contract; submit title, deeds, etc.
 1991                       to NOAA for release of federal funds
                            ($700,000) for the purchase of Ashe and Beet
                            islands.
 15 September         1     Begin negotiations with owners of South
 1991                       Hutchinson, Pine and Otter islands.
 1 October 1991       2     Draft conservation easements and/or
                            management agreements for South Hutchinson
                            and Pine island; work out details with
                            owners.
 15 October 1991      2     Submit easements and agreement to NOAA for
                            review.
 1 November 1991      3     Close on the purchase of Ashe and Beet
                            islands with TNC.
 15 November          3     Finalize easements for South Hutchinson and
 1991                       Pine Islands.
 1 December 1991      4     Continue negotiations with owner of Otter
                            Island; explore alternate funding sources.
 15 January 1992      5     Complete draft of Final Management Plan;
                            Submit to NOAA for review.
















  Table 3. High Priority Lands Proposed For Acquisition in Reserve Core Area.


 Name of Tract         Size (Acres)       ADDraised Value         Estimated Cost            TvDe Acauisition ProDosed

 Ashe Island              1,722            $296,880                  $110,000        Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD


 Beet Island              1,685            $567,750                  $439,670        Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD


 Warren Island*           1,636            $503,700                   Donation       Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD


 Big Island*                605            $447,750                   Donation      Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD


 Bolders Island           1,640            $886,800                       -         MOU between DUF and SCWMRD; title to
                                                                                   be retained by DUF

 Otter Island             3,232                  ?                        ?          Fee title from owner to SCWMRD


 Pine Island              2,394                                                     Conservation easement and management
                                                                                   agreements

 South Hutchinson         3,123                                           -         Conservation easement and management
                                                                                   agreements

*To be used as state match





South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD)
Ducks Unlimited Foundation (DUF)
The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF)







                                       27

penalties for violations; and authorize legal proceedings for the determination of
tideland properties."   Act 123, better known  as the South Carolina Coastal
Management Act, was implemented in accordance with the Federal Coastal Zone
Management Act as amended (P.L. 92-583, 94-370) and a subsequent coastal zone
management program was developed and approved by the U.S. Secretary of
Commerce in 1979 which met the requirements of 15 CFR part 923 (Federal Register,
March 1, 1978).

(1).      Manaaement of the Critical Areas

   The South Carolina Coastal Management Act defines the critical area as all coastal
waters, tidelands, beaches, and primary ocean front sand dunes within the coastal
zone of the State. A permit is required for any activity which impacts a critical area;
in order to receive a permit the activity must be evaluated in accordance with a strict
set of policies and regulations (see Appendix E). In summary the policies for wetland
areas prohibit the permanent alteration of productive salt, brackish, or freshwater
wetlands unless there is an overriding public interest, no feasible alternatives, and all
environmental impacts are minimized. Regulated activities include not only major
activities, such as dredging or filling, but also activities such as pipelines, powerlines,
docks, piers, intact structures and many others.

   With the exception of the high ground portion of the islands located in the ACE
NERR site, the entire core area is classified as critical area. Any activity which occurs
in the critical area of the NERR site will be regulated by permit through the South
Carolina Coastal Zone Management Program.

(2).      Manaaement of UDland Areas (Non-critical area)

    Both the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act and the South Carolina Coastal
Management Act require consistency of all direct and regulated State and Federal
activities which occur in the designated coastal zone of South Carolina. In South
Carolina the coastal zone includes the entirety of all eight coastal counties which
border the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, any activity which requires a state or federal
permit must undergo a coastal zone management consistency determination by the
SCCC before the permit can be issued by the issuing State or Federal agency. The
policies utilized to make a consistency determination are similar to those required for
critical areas. The Council has a memorandum of agreement with all regulatory state
agencies that establishes a consistency determination review procedure. Federal
regulations (15 CFR 930) establish a review procedure with federal agencies. Permits
which are reviewed for coastal zone management consistency include:

          Section 404 permits            Sedtion 10 permits
          Section 401 permits            Coast Guard bridge permits
          Wastewater permits             Water supply permits







                                       28

         Air quality permits             Underground tank permits
         Landfill permits                Mining permits
         State navigable water permits  Capacity use (wells) permits
         Septic tank permits             NPDES permits

   Activities associated with the above permits which result in a land disturbance
(i.e., subdivisions, malls, gas stations, etc.) must submit specific plans to address
policies and approved guidelines of the Coastal Zone Management Program. These
plans must conform to coastal zone policies before any permits can be issued. These
plans include: stormwater management plan, wetland management plan, and dock
master plan (if applicable).

   In reference to the ACE Basin NERR, the entire site falls within the coastal zone
of South Carolina; therefore, any activity which requires one of the above listed
permits must be consistent with the coastal zone management program and the
specific policies of the NERRS (Appendix E).

(3).      Enforcement

   The SCCC has an enforcement section of specially trained field biologists to
ensure enforcement of the coastal zone management program. Weekly aerial flights
and daily routine patrolling by motor vehicle represents the first level of enforcement.
The SCCC is also in alliance with the SCWMRD whose conservation officers patrol the
waters and land of the coast on a daily basis. Noted violations are reported to SCCC
enforcement staff who conduct a field inspection; State conservation officers are
available for backup if needed. Fines for violations are up to $1,000 per day.

   Enforcement of activities requiring coastal zone consistency certification generally
takes place through the agency issuing the permit. The majority of activities,
however, require a final SCCC sign-off prior to permit issuance; for example, a SCCC
staff engineer conducts a site inspection to ensure the stormwater system is
constructed according to the approved design before the applicant can operate his/her
water or wastewater system. This provides a strong incentive to comply with the
coastal zone management program.

    Additionally, the SCCC has an active Beach and Creek Watch program to provide
a forum for citizen awareness and violation reporting.

   The SCCC has implemented its full authority in the coastal zone through a system
of "networking", whereby cooperation has been developed between the SCCC and
other state agencies. Seventeen (17) state agencies exercise some of authority over:
(1) the use of coastal resources, (2) specific areas in the coastal zone, or (3) activities
in the coastal zone (Table 4). This authority is granted by the statutes of South
Carolina, most of them enacted prior to the Coastal Management Act (Appendix E).










                                                   29

       Table 4. Summary of "Networking" Activities.
 .-- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - - --- - - - -- --- - ---- - - --- - ------ - -- - - - -- ----- --- -



 AGENCIES WITH PERMITTING                                                                   's
                                      U    .*
 OR PLANNING/MANAGEMEN                                  '00
 AUTHORITY FOR ACTIVITIES                   g                -    C- C6
 WITH ADIRECT AND                 ~U~                              ~ 
 SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

         ACTIVTTY                       U           Z V                             ~U   U~ *
 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT            x           X  X                                        X               X  x
TRANSPORTATION
  Ports                            X           X                                               X               X
  Roads & Highways                 X           X       X       X                               X           XIX
  Airports                         X  X        X       X                                                   X  X
  Railways                         X           X       X                       X               X           X  X
  Parking Facilities               X           X  X                                                        X
COASTAL INDUSTRIES
  Agriculture                      X                               X                                           x
  Forestry                         x                       X
  Mineral Extraction               X           X                   X                                           X
  Manufacturing                    X               X                                                       X
  Fish &- Seafood Processing       X               X
  Aquacultire                       X           X  X                                                   X
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT             X           X  X                                                        X
RECREATION & TOURISM
  Parks                            x                   X               X  X                                X  X
  Tourist Attractions               X              x                   X  X                                X
MARINE RELATED FACILITIES
  Marnn"                                  X                                X                   X           X
  Boatramps                         X           X                          X                           X  X
  Docks and puer                    X           X                      XX
WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES MAN.        X                                                               X  X
  Artificial redis                  X           X                                                      X
  Impoundments                      X           XX
DREDGING                           X           XX
  Dredge Material Disposal          X           XX
 Underwater Salvage                X       X
PUBLIC SERVICES & FACILITIES
 Sewage treatment                  X           X  X                                                       X  X
 Solid waste disposal              X               X                                                      X
 Public/Quasi-public buildings    X               X                   X  X                                X  X
 Dams & Reservoirs                 X                                              XX
 Water supply                      X               X                                              X       X  X
EROSION CONTROL                    X                        X  X                               X           X   X
ENERGY ACTIVMES                    XX  X  X   X                                    X   X           X       x   X







                                       30

b. Manaaement Policies

   The designated ACE Basin NERR will be maintained as open space, fish and
wildlife habitat, and a natural field laboratory for research and education/interpretation.
The reserve core area will be managed according to specific policies designed to
protect the habitat integrity of the site while allowing for continuation of traditional
compatible uses. Management of formally designated and protected conservation
areas within the buffer zone such as Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA)
will be managed according to established site-specific management plans. Private
lands formally protected through conservation easements, management agreements,
etc. in the buffer zone will be managed exclusively according to guidelines established
in said agreements. Individuals not participating in the private landowner's initiative
will not be subject to policies of this plan.

(1).      Traditional Uses

   Traditional hunting, trapping, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, shellfishing,
etc. will be allowed in accordance with existing laws. Agricultural and silvicultural
activities within the proposed reserve will be conducted in accordance with
environmentally sound practices and Best Management Practices (BMPs) established
by the S.C. Forestry Commission (SCFC).

(2).      Fish and Wildlife

   Game and non-game species will be managed to preserve the overall health of the
various populations within the reserve and to maintain important fish and wildlife
habitat. SCWMRD will work cooperatively with private landowners to establish
reserve - specific wildlife management plans.

(3).      Endanaered and/or Threatened Soecies

    Areas within the reserve identified as possessing endangered or threatened species
will be managed, according to recommended guidelines, to preserve and protect the
species. The presence of an endangered or threatened species shall not necessarily
preclude continued or compatible uses of an area. Flora and fauna within boundaries
of the reserve will be surveyed and mapped by SCWMRD with assistance of TNC and
other cooperating agencies.

(4).      Wetlands

    All tidal and nontidal wetlands located within or along reserve boundaries will
be protected in a natural condition. Wetlands include bogs, swamps, isolated
freshwater wetlands and tidal vegetated marshes, tidal and non-tidal impoundments
and  unvegetated  flats.    The  functional  resource  values  of  well-managed







                                       31

impoundments are recognized in the context of manipulated wetland systems.
SCWMRD provides technical guidance to owners of private impoundments so as to
enhance related habitat values to waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species.
Construction of new impoundments and physical alteration of existing impoundments
are regulated through the SCCC. Any such alterations in the NERR will be evaluated
under existing authority with careful consideration of effects on the reserve's
integrity.

(5).      Forest

   Timber management on reserve lands should be directed toward development and
preservation of significant old growth stands. Disease, insect or exotic plant control,
and stand improvement considerations will be controlling factors behind timber
harvesting. Any harvesting of timber will be conducted in accordance with guidelines
established by SCWMRD and other project cooperators. SCWMRD will work with
appropriate state and private concerns in developing an inventory and evaluation of
standing timber in the reserve core area and recommending management procedures.
Timber management on the reserve will meet or exceed BMPs.

(6).     Fire

   A fire plan will be developed in cooperation with the SCFC. The plan will take into
consideration that fire is a natural process in forest ecology and an invaluable tool in
wildlife management practices in this region. Any prescribed burns within the reserve
core area will be under the supervision of experienced burners. Plans will also be
made to protect structures and other significant resources which are sensitive to fire
damage and to protect human safety.


(7).     Minina and Excavation

   Excavation, mining, or removal of loam, gravel, rock, sand, petroleum, or minerals
or alteration of topography shall not be permitted in the reserve core area except as
related to the collection of geological and geophysical data. This policy will not affect
the ongoing peat-mining operation in Snuggedy Swamp in the buffer zone, which is
subject to monitoring and evaluation by the S.C. Land Resources Commission
(SCLRC). Soil maps and soil suitabilities will be developed for the proposed reserve
in coordination with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS).


(8).     Water Qualitv

   There will be no human activities or uses of the reserve core area that are
detrimental or adverse to the maintenance, improvement or conservation of existing







                                        32

surface and ground water supplies and quality. All activities within the reserve must
be conducted in compliance with existing state water control quality standards in
accordance with the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC).
Water quality will be monitored at appropriate sites.

(9).      Air Quality

   No industrial activities will be permitted in the reserve that have the potential to
cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards as determined by
DHEC. Prescribed burning of impoundments and uplands within the buffer zone will
continue in accordance with existing statewide air quality standards. Air quality will
be monitored at appropriate sites in the reserve.

(10).     Shorelines

   Shorelines in the core area will be preserved in their natural state and existing
condition. Restoration of severely eroded shorelines by planting native vegetation will
be allowed as applied research. Opposition to existing and/or proposed offsite
activities will be considered if such activities may adversely affect existing shorelines
and/or water resources within reserve boundaries.

i1 1).    Dredaina and Fillina Activities

    No wetland, pond or waterway shall be filled. Stream beds and channels will be
maintained in their existing condition. This will not affect maintenance of the AIWW
which runs through a portion of the reserve and has been maintained for decades.
Dredge material disposal areas are maintained on Ashe Island by the U.S. Corps of
Engineers. Disposal easements are also located in other areas along the AIWW in the
buffer zone. Continued use of these sites will not be affected by NERRS designation.
However, appropriate public comment will be solicited during the review process.
Commercial trawling and shellfish dredging operations in the area will not be affected.

(12).     Trash. Rubbish and Waste

    No soil, trash, ashes, garbage, hazardous wastes or offensive materials shall be
dumped or deposited in the reserve core area. This will not affect the current method
of trash collection (e.g. dumpsters) at privately owned sites and state highway rights-
of-way in the buffer zone.

(13).     Archaeoloaical and Historical Sites and Obiects

    The proposed reserve will be inventoried to locate sites and objects of prehistoric
and/or historic significance as funding allows. Plans including necessary permits for
protection of these sites and objects will be prepared through the South Carolina







                                        33

Department of Archives. Such structures, where practical, will be incorporated into
the reserve's interpretive program.

(14).     Industrial Activities

   No industrial activities shall be conducted in the core area of the research reserve,
with the exception of commercial fishing. Industrial forest operations will continue
in the buffer area with a recommendation that they meet or exceed BMPs for the state
and fall within existing laws governing such practices.

(15).     Manioulative Research

    In order to preserve and protect the natural integrity of the reserve, no
manipulative research activities with a significant or long-term impact on reserve
resources will be conducted in the core area. However, habitat manipulation will
continue in the buffer area, since control of water levels has been historically used in
waterfowl management activities.

(16).     Riahts-of-Wav

    Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction and maintenance of all
rights-of-way to minimize adverse environmental impacts. All such activity shall
comply fully with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory authorities
including, but not limited to the SCCC. The use of herbicides or pesticides in
managing rights-of-way will be limited to those circumstances where it is determined
that the environmental impact will be less severe than manual or mechanical means.
All herbicides and pesticides used will be in compliance with EPA label requirements.

(17).     Public Access

    Public access to the reserve will be enhanced; allowances will be made for docking
facilities to accomodate research and educational activities.

c.        General Permits and Licenses

(1).      Existina Permits and Licenses

    Existing requirements for local, state, and federal permits and licenses will be
observed and normal application procedures will be followed.

(2).      Reserve Research Permits

    Permits will be issued by SCWMRD for research activities conducted in the
reserve. Scientific permit requests will be carefully reviewed through the system now






                                       34

in place by the Marine Resources Division. Procedures for permit application and
reporting are presented in Appendix F. Approved permits must be in possession by
permittee at all times while in the reserve and appropriate law enforcement officials
must be notified prior to conducting research.

d.        Surveillance and Enforcement

   The reserve manager will work cooperatively with the Law Enforcement and
Boating Division (LED)of SCWMRD in surveillance and enforcement activities. The
Coastal Environmental Enforcement District (District Nine) and District Four currently
work the reserve area and are responsible for enforcing commercial fishing laws,
boating laws, undercover work, enforcement of the federal Marine Mammal Protection
and Endangered Species Acts, enforcement of upland game and fish laws, search and
rescue missions, etc. USFWS special agents also patrol the area for routine law
enforcement activities related to various federal statutes, including the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act, the Endangered Species Act, etc. Law enforcement on private lands
would remain the responsibility of owners. Most managers of large plantations in the
area are trained as Deputy Wildlife Conservation Officers and carry a law enforcement
commission through the SCWMRD.

e.        Public Education and Information

   The ACE Basin NERR education program will design brochures, signs, and other
instructional materials, as necessary, to communicate information about controlled and
allowable uses in the reserve. Signs to identify the reserve as part of the national
system will be posted in strategic locations where problems might occur. Reserve
staff and volunteers will play an important role through personal contact and infoma-
tion exchange in developing a positive and preventative approach to resource
protection.

3.        Administrative Plan

   The following administrative framework for the reserve recognizes the need for
cooperation and coordination to achieve effective management. The proposed
administration for the reserve will ensure that all components of the management plan
are coordinated with the appropriate agencies, organizations, groups and individuals
presently active within the area. Figure 9 outlines the management structure for the
reserve.

a.        Administrative Framework

    Although the SCCC is the designated State agency to administer programs and
receive fiscal awards under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, the SCCC


















                                                Executive Office
                                                  SCWMRD
                                               Stale Management
                                                 and Direction





                                        ACE Basin NERR Management                                NOAA
        SCCC I*                       MRD - Program Direction                              Coonaton   rants,
                            F )1    *ï¿½ WFWF - Project coordination,
State CZMA Coordination    -               Bea r  Isand WMA/Vsito r Center    4 +-.-        Performance Evaluations.
  and Policy Direction                     Bear Island WMAVisior Center                       National Program
                                     ï¿½ CEC - EducationlInterpretation                       Policy and Direction






       |Researchand Monitorig |ACE Basin NEER                                      Educatlon
             Sub-committee      .     ..    Advisory Commitee                     Sub-commite






   -_    --Policy Direction
...... ...Advisory Capacity










     Figure 9.  Organizational  chart for administration and management of  the ACE Basin
                 NERR.







                                       36

chooses not to be involved in direct management. Therefore, the SCCC has named
the SCWMRD as the management agency for the NERR site. Under contract with the
SCCC and in cooperation with NOAA, the SCWMRD is responsible for development
and implementation of the Management Plan and day-to-day operation of the reserve
site. The SCCC will serve as the fiscal agent in acquiring funds from NOAA and will
provide increased surveillance and enforcement to ensure compliance with the Coastal
Zone Management Program and the Management Plan. The SCCC will also serve on
the reserve's advisory committee and provide input into coastal research needs.
SCWMRD is in an unique position to offer a management structure comprised of four
functional units (Figure 9) from within the department and include the: Marine
Resources Division (MRD); Division Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries (WFWF); Division
of Conservation, Education and Communication (CEC) and Law Enforcement Division
(LED).

   The overall operation and management of the ACE Basin NERR is the responsibility
of the MRD, which was designated back in the 1970's by then Governor Robert
McNair as the laboratory for coastal zone research in S.C. MRD, located in Charleston
close to the reserve, is one of the largest and most sophisticated marine and estuarine
research and management facilities on the East Coast. Staff of the MRD Research
Institute includes more than 50 marine scientists, biologists, and technicians housed
in a 50,000 sq.ft. cooperative research facility. Members of the scientific staff hold
adjunct or research appointments with state colleges and universities and cooperate
in marine science education programs at these institutions.

    MRD  will take the lead role in implementing and coordinating programs for
research, monitoring, resource protection and education at the reserve. However,
implementation of the management plan requires a cooperative effort among all
divisions. WFWF has a long and successful background in land and facilities
management.  WFWF operates and manages the 12,055 acre Bear Island WMA
located within the very heart of the ACE Basin. This Division also has a broad
spectrum of ongoing management activities within the reserve and throughout the
ACE Basin region. Most recently, WFWF has spearheaded the land acquisition and
habitat protection effort in close cooperation with TNC, DU, USFWS and a coalition
of private landowners. Four of the eight islands proposed as the reserve core area will
be dedicated as Heritage Preserves. The Heritage Trust Program is within WFWF.
Therefore, it is important that WFWF take an active role in the ACE Basin NERR and
a lead role in the management of upland game, non-game and endangered species,
and migratory bird resources.

    CEC is nationally recognized for its highly successful information and education
program. The ACE Basin NERR will build on this experience and expertise in
developing an education/interpretation program through CEC's leadership. CEC will
take the lead role in developing a strong educational component of the reserve.







                                       37

   Surveillance and enforcement of the ACE Basin NERR will come under LED which
currently has conservation officers from District Nine and District Four working in the
ACE Basin region. LED will take the lead role in developing a plan for law
enforcement activities in the ACE Basin NERR.

   Provisions will be made to accommodate the required staff from each division (see
facilities development plan). The reserve manager hired to run the ACE Basin NERR
will be a MRD employee and will work out of MRD in Charleston until an onsite facility
is constructed. Owners of private property within the ACE Basin NERR boundaries
and others interested in the project area will be invited to participate on advisory
committees and in volunteer programs. These groups will play an important role in
the overall administrative program.

b.        RelationshiD with Existina Administrative Proarams

   There are a number of existing administrative programs within the general project
area under consideration. However, the ACE Basin NERR designation will not affect
the overall structure of these programs.

   SCDPRT currently manages Edisto Beach State Park and Hunting Island State
Park. Both are located in the buffer zone. Edisto Beach State Park covers 1,225
acres of Edisto Island and has more than one-and-one-half miles of sandy beach, 160
to 200 feet wide at low tide. Throughout the park are salt water marshes and creeks.
Much of it remains natural, and among the marsh and forest are several environmental
observation areas, hiking trails, a playground, a campground, swimming and picnic
facilities and vacation cottages. About 250 parking spaces accommodate day-use
visitors. The park draws approximately 175,000 to 200,000 persons annually.
Primarily because of its isolation, the park is felt to be under-utilized. Hunting Island
State Park covers some 5,000 acres and contains approximately four miles of beach
front and similar facilities to Edisto Beach State Park. It has 400 parking spaces for
day-use visitors and draws nearly one million visitors annually. The overall theme of
both Parks fits in extremely well with the ACE Basin NERR concept. This is one of
the most successful park systems in the state and NERR designation will only enhance
their program currently in place.

    The USFWS proposes to acquire approximately 18,000 acres of managed
impoundments and valuable wetland habitats for inclusion into the National Wildlife
Refuge System. The target area is within the Edisto and Combahee River floodplain
of the ACE Basin; however, it is well outside the NERR core area and would not
impact reserve activities and vice-versa.

    The MRD, SCWMRD, currently administers a shellfish management program in the
reserve core area and buffer zone. There are six (6) commercial shellfish culture
permit holders (65 acres of intertidal bottoms and 115 acres of subtidal), four (4)







                                      38

state shellfish grounds (13 acres intertidal and 360 acres subtidal) and two (2) public
oyster grounds (1 acre intertidal). The regulation of these resources is under direct
supervision of MRD and reserve designation will not change the existing
program.

c.        Staff Reauirements

   An adequate staff is essential for meeting the mission, goals and objectives of the
ACE Basin NERR. The project will be directed by a reserve manager or program
director who would be headquartered at the proposed Bear Island WMA
Educational/Visitor Center. The reserve manager would:

          Represent the reserve program and its policies in public hearings and
          meetings where appropriate;

          Act as a liaison for state and federal agencies and other interested groups
          to improve cooperation and coordination in implementing the ACE Basin
          NERR Management Plan;

          Coordinate with NOAA staff on program management, grant preparation for
          operation, acquisition, etc. funding from federal side to SCCC;

          Develop resource protection guidelines and policies for the reserve as new
          issues arise and present them to ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee;

          Direct and coordinate with NOAA any changes in the management plan;

          Prepare required quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports for NOAA and
          other possible sources for funding;

          Act as staff support to the reserve's advisory committees;

          Serve as principal contact for the ACE Basin NERR program, represent
          SCWMRD in public relation and media contacts, and make presentations to
          local officials, environmental organizations and others;

          Monitor day-to-day operation of the reserve program and progress of
          research and education plans;

          Oversee facilities development, site selection and changes in reserve
          boundaries with advice and consent of MRD Director and Executive
          Director;







                                       39

         Assume responsibilities for other staff positions until filled;

         Oversee other staff members when hired;

         Coordinate special reserve activities with WFWF, CEC and LED; and

         Perform additional duties as required.

   Depending on funding availability, the approach to other staffing needs will be to
provide financial support for expansion of certain existing program areas within MRD
and SCWMRD. Inasmuch as MRD and CEC are already involved in estuarine
education and research (i.e. tours, field trips, seminars, workshops, and teacher
training), reserve funds will be used to support and build on this experience and
expertise rather than duplicate any of these efforts. The basic staff needs will include
a research coordinator and an education coordinator.

   A research coordinator will be appointed from within MRD to implement and
coordinate the research and monitoring program component of this management plan.
Specific responsibilities will include:

          Provide staff support for the research and monitoring advisory sub-
          committee;

          Assist the reserve manager and participating agencies in preparing and
          updating an annual list of priorities for research and monitoring at the ACE
          Basin NERR;

          Coordinate the review of priorities for research and monitoring by the
          research and monitoring advisory sub-committee;

          Issue requests for proposals for ACE Basin NERR funded research and
          monitoring projects and initiate a peer review process for proposals
          received. Assist NOAA in the review of NOAA funded proposals when
          needed;

          Evaluate the results of the peer review process for ACE Basin NERR funded
          research and make recommendations to the reserve manager and research
          and monitoring advisory sub-committee;


          Serve as liaison with the scientific community, promote data utilization, and
          act as primary contact for scientists performing research within the reserve;

          Coordinate research activities within the reserve and communicate with







                                      40

         other NERR sites and the ACE Basin NERR education and volunteer
         program;

         Assist in the training of volunteers, research assistants, and interns and
         monitor/evaluate their performance;

         Recommend locations for research and monitoring stations within the
         reserve and provide technical advice and assistance to scientists in
         conducting research and monitoring as available;

         Develop additional research guidelines and policy statements as new issues
         arise and present them to research and monitoring advisory sub-committee
         for appropriate actions;


         Visit the reserve on a regular basis and keep field journal and photographic
         records of ongoing research activities;

         Coordinate with the reserve manager in the performance  of these
         responsibilities.

   The education coordinator will be headquartered at the Bear Island WMA
Education/Visitor Center. The education coordinator is responsible for implementing
and coordinating the education program component of this management plan.
Specific responsibilities are as follows:

         Provide staff support for the education advisory subcommittee;

         Assist participating agencies in preparing and updating an annual list of
          priorities for education, interpretation, and visitor use programs to be
         developed for the reserve;

         Issue requests for ACE Basin NERR funded proposals for education,
          interpretation, and visitor use programs/projects and conduct a peer review
          process for proposals received;

          Serve as liaison with the academic community and act as primary contact
         for educators bringing groups to the research reserve;


          Coordinate approved education, interpretation, and visitor use activities
          within the reserve and communicate with other reserve management areas,
          especially research and volunteer programs;







                                       41

      *  Provide technical advice and assistance, as available, for education and
          interpretation programs;

      *  Train and supervise volunteers who assist in education programs and
          monitor/evaluate their performance;

      *  Keep a photographic record of ongoing education, interpretation, and visitor
          use activities for use in slide presentations and exhibits;

      *  Provide outreach to area schools,  colleges,  universities, and  other
          environmental education organizations;

       *  Make presentations to civic groups, professional societies, and other groups
          upon request, as available; and

       *  Coordinate with the reserve manager  in the performance  of these
          responsibilities.

d.        Volunteer Proaramn

   A properly orchestrated volunteer program could be an asset to the ACE Basin
.NERR, a valuable experience for the volunteer and an opportunity for direct
community  involvement.   The most obvious benefit would be an increase in
manpower at minimal cost. Volunteers supplement paid staff and often permit
expansion of services that would not otherwise be possible. A volunteer program can
also effectively transfer information on the value of estuaries to the general public and
elected officials. Properly trained, volunteers carry their knowledge and enthusiasm
to a portion of the general public that the scientist or education specialist cannot
reach.

   A volunteer coordinator will be responsible for organizing a volunteer program and
his/her duties will include: preparation and planning, recruitment and placement,
orientation, training and supervision, record keeping, recognition and program
evaluation. Direct supervision, however, will not usually be a part of the coordinator's
responsibility.

    Prior to initiating any volunteer program, those responsible for establishing the
program should have a thorough knowledge of the reserve's needs and priorities in
order to define objectives for volunteer services and volunteer opportunities and
requirements. Administrative support should be secured and reserve staff should be
involved in generating ideas and identifying appropriate volunteer tasks.

   Suitable program assignments should be identified for volunteers and specific job
descriptions should be prepared. Job descriptions should be written to include: job







                                       42

responsibilities, necessary qualifications, time required per week or month, name and
phone number of supervisor and training time requirements. Orientation is the
responsibility of the volunteer coordinator and includes:

      *  Information about the NERR and its structure;

      *  Information on the general purpose, objectives, and philosophy of the
         reserve;

      *  A clear explanation of the volunteer's obligation to the reserve,
         his/her supervisor, etc.;

      *  Information as to how the specific program assignment relates to
         the overall function of the reserve; and

      *  An orientation manual covering the ACE Basin NERR volunteer program
         should be prepared and issued to volunteers.

   The volunteer program needs care and periodic examination. Program objectives,
training materials, methods, and accomplishments should be critically examined. Most
importantly, the staff should frequently evaluate its goals, the'goals for the volunteer
program and its methods for attaining these goals.

e.        Advisory Committee Roles and Resoonsibilities

   In order to provide for effective coordination and cooperation among all interests
involved with the reserve, an ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee will be
established. The Committee will consist of representatives of the following agencies,
organizations and special interest groups:

       *  The S.C. Coastal Council
          The Nature Conservancy
          Ducks Unlimited, Inc.
          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
       *  S.C. Land Resources Commission
          S.C. State Development Board
          S.C. Water Resources Commission
          S.C. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism
       *  S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control
          The Commercial Fishing Industry
          The Scientific Community
          Environmental Interests Groups
          Local Landowners
          Local Colleton Co. Government







                                      43

         S.C. Marine Science Museum
         National Marine Fisheries Service

   A representative of NOAA will be included as an ex-officio, non-voting member.

The Advisory Committee will:

         Advise SCWMRD and reserve manager on matters of policy relating to
         planning for and operation of the NERR;

         Provide guidance for establishing priorities for research and education
         efforts in the ACE Basin NERR and review information and education
         materials generated by the reserve;

         Review, monitor and advise on specific program activities to be conducted
         in the reserve to ensure that they are consistent with the goals and
         objectives set forth in the management plan;

         Advise on implementation of the acquisition strategy, and review and
          provide guidance on conservation easements, management agreements,
         etc.;

          Review and advise on facilities development to ensure consistency with the
          management plan; and

          Represent the interests of users of the reserve and its neighbors.

   The ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee shall conduct regular meetings which
will be open to the public. The reserve manager and appropriate SCWMRD personnel
will serve as staff to the Committee. A Committee chairman will be named by the
Executive Director, SCWMRD and subcommittees for research and education will be
appointed by the full committee.

(1)      Research and Monitorina Subcommittee

   The Research and Monitoring Advisory Subcommittee will consist of appropriate
ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee members and other technical representatives
from the scientific and academic communities. The Subcommittee will advise the full
Committee on research and monitoring activities within the reserve and will be
responsible for the following:

          Review and approve priorities for the ACE Basin NERR research and
          monitoring projects;







                                       44

          Review ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring proposals and interim and
         final research and monitoring reports;

          Monitor and provide advice on local issues and new opportunities for
         cooperative research and monitoring; and

          Evaluate overall progress towards achieving research and monitoring
          priorities and adjust long-term direction accordingly.

(2)       Education Subcommittee

   The Education Advisory Subcommittee will be composed of appropriate ACE Basin
NERR Advisory Committee members and representatives from area institutions of
education, state agencies involved with education, the S.C. Marine Science Museum,
and others. This Subcommittee will be responsible for the following:

          Review and approve the list of annual priorities for education and
          interpretation activities for the reserve;

          Review education proposals and design proposals for all educational and
          interpretive facilities, displays, media curriculum, training programs, etc.
          and monitor progress of specific activities to ensure that they are consistent
          with the goals of the research reserve program and this management plan;
          and

          Evaluate  progress  towards  achieving  priorities for education  and
          interpretation and adjust long-term priorities accordingly.

f.        Five Year Activities Plan

   Implementation of the major program development activities, including staff hiring
and initiative of research, monitoring, education, and volunteer programs and facilities
development, will begin following reserve designation and will be phased-in over a five
year period according to a prescribed schedule of activities (Table 5).

g.        Staffing

   The staffing requirements described in the administration section will be fulfilled
according to the proposed five year staffing plan, as outlined in Table 5. Much of this
may depend on the availability of federal funds and approval for hiring personnel.
However, the state is committed to providing support personnel (i.e., reserve
manager, education coordinator and research coordinator) through existing programs
within SCWMRD.

















       Table 5. Five Year Activities Plan For the ACE Basin NERR.




 PROGRAM YEAR             STAFFING NEEDS*                       MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
       0            Reserve Manager         (1)   . Complete FEIS/DMP; apply for land acquisition funding;
(Predesignation)     Clerical Worker         (.5)  . Complete land acquisition effort for core area;
                                                  . Complete Final Management Plan;
                                                  . Form Advisory Committee; and
                                                  . Coordination of research and education planning.
                    *FTE=l
                    Reserve Manager         (1)     Establish priorities for research and education/interpretation
                    Clerical worker         (1)     program;
                    Education Coordinator  (.5)  . Refine and implement Management Plan;
                    Research Coordinator   (.5)  . Initiate facilities development plan for education/visitor
                    Conservation officer   (1)    center (architectural design, working drawings);
                                                  . Some staff participation in research and education programs;
                                                  ï¿½ Begin monitoring and baseline studies;
                                                  ï¿½ Begin education trips and training programs;
                                                  ï¿½ Install NERR signs at primary access points;
                                                  ï¿½ Plan and construct trails, interpretive signs, observation
                                                   platforms, boardwalks, etc.; and
                                                  ï¿½ Planning for 2nd year.

       2            Reserve Manager         (1)   . Develop a well-defined and coordinated outreach program;
                    Clerical worker         (1)    More extensive coordination of research and education
                    Education Coordinator  (1)      programs;
                    Research Coordinator   (1)   . Expand monitoring and baseline studies;
                    Conservation officer   (1)   . Begin construction of education/visitor center;
                    Volunteer Coordinator  (.5)  . Initiate volunteer program;
                                                   Plan and build interpretive exhibits;
                                                   Develop brochures, guides, and other educational materials;
                                                   and
                                                   Planning for 3rd year.


















continued
    PROGRAM YEAR             STAFFING NEEDS*                  MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

          3            (Fully Staffed)              . Complete construction of education/visitor center;
                       Reserve Manager        (1)   . Continue monitoring and baseline studies;
                       Clerical worker        (1)   .Build ancillary facilities as needed for education
                       Education Coordinator  (1)    program;
                       Research Coordinator   (1)   . Continue to augment research and education programs;
                       Conservation Officer   (1)   . Staff participation in research and education;
                       Volunteer Coordinator  (1)   . Management Plan should be fully implemented; and
                       Maintenance            (1)   .Planning for 4th year.

          4            Fully Staffed                  Open education/visitor center;
                                                    ï¿½ Plan, develop and install indoor education exhibits;
                                                    ï¿½ Continue monitoring and baseline studies;
                                                    . Continue to augment research and education
                                                      programs; and
                                                    ï¿½ Planning for 5th year.

          5            Fully Staffed                . Continue to manage the ACE Basin NERR, refining and
                                                      modifying operations as new experience is gained; and
                                                    ï¿½ Convene a Blue Ribbon Committee to review progress and
                                                      achievements and to make recommendations.







                                       46

4.        Facilities Development Plan

   Funding is provided by NOAA and matched by the state for the construction or
renovation of a visitor center, research facility, education center, or other
improvements associated with research, education, and access to reserve sites.
Facilities and improvements must be located within the boundaries of the designated
research reserve. Major construction projects (i.e., buildings) require the preparation
of architectural and engineering plans and state approval of capital outlay proposals.
Funding for planning and developing architectural and engineering plans for buildings
may come from initial acquisition and development grants which are awarded after
approval of the FEIS/DMP (i.e., in the predesignation phase). Funds for
constructing buildings come from acquisition and development grants which are
awarded after approval of the final management plan. Minor construction activities
that aid in implementing portions of the management plan (such as nature trails,
boardwalks, boat ramps) do not require architectural or engineering plans. Funding
for planning and constructing nature trails, boardwalks, boat ramps, and other minor
improvements can be awarded under initial acquisition and development grants as well
as under later acquisition and development grants.

    A portion of the state-owned Bear Island WMA is intended to be developed as
headquarters for the ACE Basin NERR operation. While overall direction for reserve
program administration will come from MRD in Charleston, Bear Island is administered
by WFWF. Therefore, overall reserve administration will require effective coordination
between MRD and WFWF. The facility will serve to centralize reserve activities with
those of the overall ACE Basin project involving all participants, i.e., SCWMRD,
USFWS, TNC, DU, and private landowners.

a.        Education/Visitor Center

    There are several reasons why an education/visitor center is a necessary
component of the management concept. The major reasons are:

          The center will provide a focal point for ACE Basin activities.
          Located in the heart of the ACE Basin, the center will attract
          visitors and expose them to all facets of the area, including sites
          and activities not accessible elsewhere; it will also allow
          controlled access;

          Educational and interpretive programs at the center will foster
          compatible visitor use of the Basin and enhance meaningful
          educational experiences,thereby promoting public awareness and
          understanding of ecological values associated with natural
          estuarine areas;







                                       47

          The  center  will  facilitate  programing  between  resource
          professionals and a variety of public interests, environmental and
          conservation groups.  It will rally local support and attract
          volunteers to participate in hands-on projects of local interests;

          With proper planning and design, the center will be an asset to
          the community; and


          Commitment to the long-term protection and management of the ACE
          Basin.

b.        Sitina of the Education/Visitor Center

   The NERRS Program Regulations stipulate that final selection of a site for facilities
such as the center will appear in the management plan. During preparation of this
plan, several locations were identified as alternatives for the center other than the
Bear Island site. However, no serious discussions were ever held because Bear Island
is the "perfect" site for such a facility. It is already under public ownership in the
SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area (WMA) system; you can drive to it; it is large
enough to accommodate development as needed for present and future expansion;
it offers an on-site presence for resource protection and management; it is in proximity
to a variety of habitat types, including the core area; and it is easily accessible from
U.S. Highway 17.

   Prior to construction or renovation of a visitor center, an environmental
assessment or categorical exclusion checklist will be prepared and submitted to NOAA
before any federal funds may be expended. All architectural and engineering plans,
including specificiations, must be approved by NOAA for any proposed construction.
This includes facility development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc.

   Various organized groups interested in natural resource conservation annually visit
Bear Island WMA for self-guided tours and presentations by SCWMRD personnel.
Such groups include local elementary and high school science classes, scouts, botany
and wildlife management students from various universities, waterfowl biologists,
wetland ecologists and natural history groups as well as members of other private
conservation organizations and governmental agencies. Individuals interested in bird
watching, general wildlife observation and amateur and professional photographers
frequently visit Bear Island WMA.

c.        SDace Reauirements

   The center will accommodate various program areas. The following represents a
preliminary listing of requirements:







                                       48

         Staff and Administration
         Reserve manager's Office
         Bear Island WMA Office
         Education Coordinator's Office
         Volunteer Coordinator's Office
         Reception Area
         Conference Room

         Education and lnterpretation
         Exhibit areas
         Classroom/Hands-on Discovery Room
         Auditorium providing seating area
         Outdoor classroom/amphitheater
         Wildlife observation deck
          Demonstration area
         Trailhead
          Storage for national and site specific education materials

      *  Research
         Work space for visiting scientists/research interns
          Basic laboratory facilities including wet and dry labs
          Storage

      *  Common Buildina Areas
          Visitor parking
          Staff parking

       *  Other
          Restrooms
          Kitchen
          Dormitory

d.        Develournent and Construction

   Development of the education/visitor center will entail the following general steps:

       *  Appointment of a task force by SCWMRD to oversee the design, planning
          and funding for the center;

       *  Preparation of a site plan illustrating the layout of buildings, parking lot, road
          access, and trail network;

       *  Preparation of a brief building concept plan for the center that includes
          detailed objectives for each function, general layout and architectural design







                                        49

          guidelines;

       *  Detailed site surveys and preparation of detailed landscape design and con-
          struction drawings including measures for minimizing construction impacts;
          and

       *  Agency and local review of the above through a workshop process.

   Listed below are further considerations for development of the center. These are
adapted from Manly (1977):

       *  The design should be functional and efficient.  Some caution should be
          exercised so the interpretive building will not turn out to be an impractical
          architectural oddity;

       *  Entrances, exits, and interior spaces should be correlated with an overall
          traffic flow or circulation plan. Whenever possible, unsupervised groups or
          individuals should move through the building over the grounds in one-way
          pattern;

       *  The design should permit simultaneous use of the building by several
          groups;

       *  Low-profile buildings generally are less obtrusive visually than buildings with
          a high profile;

       *  The design of the buildings should be such that the center itself will be a
          model of energy efficiency and resource conservation, incorporating such
          features as solar heating where practicable.

          All public parts of the building should be accessible to the handicapped;

          The color and texture of architectural exterior finishing materials should be
          compatible with the natural surroundings,  Natural materials such as
          weathered, rough sawn wood will be used. No teak, mahogany, rosewood
          or other rain forest woods will be used;

       *  Interior finishes may be the same as exterior finishes. Other contemporary
          materials can be used where budget and design needs dictate,

       *  All required landscaping around the center should reflect the composition
          and layout of indigenous floral communities. Buildings should be situated
          so as to minimize impact to existing trees and native plants;
          and







                                        50

          Structures surrounding the center such as signs, lighting, wastebins, all
          contribute to the total visual impact of the building. Design must be given
          careful attention to ensure that these have minimal impact on the natural
          appearance of the site.

e.       Trails and Observation Platforms

   Self-guided interpretive trails will be constructed around the education/visitor
center. Some of these will allow access for the physically handicapped. At several
locations, wildlife observation platforms and/or blinds will be installed.

   The main functions of the trail network will be as follows:

          To control pedestrian access within the complex to minimize
          impact of visitor use on sensitive areas; and

          To contribute to the education/interpretation plan as outlined.

          Interpretive services associated with the pedestrian trails are discussed
          under the education/interpretation plan.

.5.       Research and Monitorina Plan

a.        General Context For Manaaement

    Development of the research function of the ACE Basin NERR is a high priority.
The reserve, because of its relatively low level of development, has retained many of
the attributes associated with estuaries at the turn of the century. This provides a
benchmark against which to compare other coastal areas where significant human
disturbances are occurring.  Such comparisons are necessary in developing an
understanding of the impacts, both obvious and subtle, on coastal resources. It is
particularly important to make research results available in a useful form to those
responsible for resource management and coastal zone planning at individual, local,
state and federal levels.

    The large expanse of the reserve, its biological diversity and high water quality
standards provide an outstanding environment for these types of research. The core
area is well protected and will serve as an undisturbed baseline monitoring area while
the buffer zone is large and diverse enough to serve as an experimental research and
demonstration area. For example, Bear Island WMA will be a "staging" area for
demonstrating the sustainability of managed ecosystems through water level
manipulations in coastal impoundments and the study of harmonious land uses, short-
term studies for specific management needs, etc. The research plan has the following
goals and objectives:







                                       51

  (1)    Goals

      *  Establish and manage key areas of the reserve for long-term use as natural
         field laboratories;

      *  Coordinate ACE Basin research projects to streamline scientific efforts,
         maximize effi cient use of funds, and avoid unnecessary duplication of
         efforts.

      *  Enhance scientific understanding of estuarine ecosystem processes and
         functions;

      *  Gather and make available information needed by reserve managers and
         coastal decision makers for improved understanding and management of
         estuarine ecosystems;

      *  Collect important baseline data to use in monitoring differences over time
         and for making comparisons with other areas;

      *  Identify priority resources, gather baseline information on them and
         establish them as indicators of change;

      *  Monitor the impacts of human stresses on the estuarine environment and
         the effectiveness of water pollution control strategies;

      *  Establish critical habitat requirements of living aquatic resources; and

      *  Evaluate land use management strategies.

(2)       Obiectives

      *  Collecting and building a database for use in long-term and interdisciplinary
         studies;

      *  Becoming a repository for data collected on-site and at other National
          Estuarine Research Reserves;

      *  Promoting the reserve components in the research community as long-term
          field laboratories to be used by State, local and private organizations;

       *  Utilizing volunteers to achieve research and monitoring goals;

       *  Encouraging staff participation in conferences and workshops.







                                       52

      *  Developing facilities and equipment as necessary to aid in research and
          monitoring; and

      *  Seeking agreements with research organizations to facilitate and augment
          research and monitoring projects.

b.        National Research Priorities

   In 1964, the first major symposium on estuaries was held at Jekyll Island, Georgia
to exchange ideas an estuarine research, to summarize the existing state of
knowledge and to refine the direction of current research. The book ESTUARIES was
a product of that conference and has since set the standard for estuarine research
quality. Since that first meeting, many more symposia have been held.

   In 1984, a representative cross section of the nation's top estuarine scientists
again gathered to review the existing state of knowledge an the Nation's estuaries
(Copeland et al. 1 984). Based on proceedings of this conference, NOAA (I1988) has
compiled lists of national research needs and priorities for better understanding the*
following: water management, sediment management, nutrients and other chemical
inputs, coupling of primary and secondary productivity, -and fishery habitat
requirements. Proposed funding decisions for N ERRS research projects will be based
.on the relationship between proposed research and these national priorities.

(1)       Water Manaaemnent

   Water management is one of the most important problems facing the nation. In
highly developed areas the consumptive uses of water for commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and municipal activities are increasing and thus, strongly
competing with the availability of water to estuaries. Adjacent land use practices also
affect the quality, quantity and timing of freshwater inflow into estuaries.
Consequently, estuarine productivity is altered and this raises a number of research
questions. The following research topics are identified as priority areas in the NERRS
Research Plan developed by NOAA (1 988):

         Determining the volumes of inflows needed to maintain viable estuaries and
         the reliability of freshwater inflow estimates;

         Establishing the functional relationship between nutrient inflows to the
         estuary and primary and secondary productivity;

         Determining the quantitative relationship between freshwater inflow and
         fisheries production in specific estuaries and regional groups of estuaries;

         Delineating the factors that control the response and recovery of estuarine







                                       53

        biological systems to large changes in water input;

     *  Establishing  the  role of coastal  upwelling  in determining  estuarine
        productivity; and

     *  Preparing nutrient budgets on estuarine systems to clearly elucidate the roles
        freshwater inflows, marshes, benthic systems, coastal waters, precipitation,
        and other sources, and to delineate the importance of each source in
        providing nutrients and recycling them.

(2)     Sediment Manaaement

  Sediment Management studies are needed to fill information gaps pertaining to the
sedimentation process and to develop criteria for alternative management schemes.
Priority research topics include:

     *  Detailed  studies  of  sediment  dynamics  to  include  the  effects  of
        sedimentation on flushing and sedimentation rates, accumulation rates and
        changes in sediment composition between points of entry and accumulation,
        the joint impacts of reduced freshwater inflow and sediment delivery, the
        impacts of sediment delivery rates, and shallow water sedimentation
        processes;

     *  The testing and development of biological models that predict the impacts
        of sedimentation;

     *  Characterization of the processes that control absorption and desorption of
        contaminants and other dissolved substances;

     *  Assessing the impacts of sedimentation on benthos and mobile fauna;

     *  Determining the relationship of sediment to habitat types;

     *  Identifying the optimal balance between the long-term
        negative impacts of estuarine filling and the short-term positive stimulation
        of estuarine productivity; and

     *  Examining the recovery rates of ecosystems after large-scale sedimentation
        events.

(3)     Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs

  Nutrients and other chemical inputs are associated with 75 percent of the nation's
population living within 50 miles of our coasts;   consequently, estuaries are






                                       54

experiencing increased nutrient loads. Little is known about the response of estuaries
to nutrient and chemical additions. As a result, management strategies are presently
based on provisional data in many cases. Priority research should focus on:

        Testing the responses of estuarine ecosystems to combinations of nutrient
        inputs and recycling by developing ecosystem-level experiments involving
         microcosms, mesocosms, and field manipulations;

        Examining the fate of synthetic chemicals in estuaries through the chemical
         analysis of   sediments;  the  performance  of tissue-chemical,  gross
         pathological and histological analyses; evaluation of community structures;
         conducting controlled laboratory and in situ field studies to identify chemicals
         responsible for field-observed and other toxic effects and determine their
         relationships; and developing research protocols to understand the long-term
         effects of exotic materials on estuarine ecosystems.

(4)     Couolina of Primary and Secondary Productivity

  Coupling of primary and secondary productivity includes almost all food web
interactions in the estuary and how they are quantitatively and qualitatively
connected. A clear understanding of the relationship between the various producer
levels is lacking. Priority research topics should examine the following:

         The comparative trophic importance of organic matter derived from vascular
         plant versus plankton;

         The degree to which coastal fishery organisms utilize detritus as an energy
         source; and

         The impact of removing large tracts of detritus-producing salt marshes and
         seagrass beds.

   These must be accomplished through:

         The use of multiple isotopes and other techniques to indirectly identify
         sources of organic carbon for primary consumers in estuaries;

         Studies to determine the chemical composition and nutritional status of
         detritus complexes of different age and particle size;

         Laboratory feeding experiments to detail the utilization of vascular plant
         detritus by consumers;

         Growth and ecological efficiency studies in large tanks or small ponds to






                                        55

        investigate consumer diets, also, in situ experiments to examine quality and
        quantity of diets;

     *  Controlled field experiments in ponds to determine the feasibility of detritus
        aquaculture;

     *  Carefully designed "before and after" investigations an the local impact of
        marsh or seagrass removal on community structure and composition; and

     *  Field investigations and laboratory experiments to investigate the potential
        and realized importance of hypothetical reduced-sulfur food webs.

(5)      Estuarine Fishery Habitat Reauirements

  In order to determine why some estuaries are more productive than others,
scientists need to focus on habitat selection, species migration, species residence
time, food quality and quantity, and the effects of environmental variations an
survival, growth and movement of estuarine species. Priority research topics include:

     *  Delineation of the characteristics of a good nursery;

     *  Fishery yield per acre of salt marsh and species-specific relationships;

     *  Relationships between fish catch and river discharge, wetland/water ratios,
         and primary production;

     *  The roles of various sources of primary production and their relative
         abundance (importance?) among estuaries;

      *  The effects of differing primary production sources on fish production;

      *  The relative contribution of different habitats to total stock;

      *  Flow requirements for critical life stages;

      *  Hydrodynamic influences on distribution, abundance, and survival of fishery
         species;

      *  Contaminant impacts on estuarine yields; and

      *  Food as a limiting factor to estuarine fish and crustacean populations.

(6)      Other Research Toolics







                                       56

  In addition to the above research priorities, NOAA recognizes the need for site
specific baseline data and lists the following research areas as being appropriate for
national funding:
        Baseline studies to characterize the reserve's resources, environment and
        ecology;

        Environmental monitoring of selected parameters to provide a data base for
        detecting changes, predicting impacts, and identifying correlations with other
        observed phenomena; and

        Special research designed to answer specific management concerns.

  The rationale for these research priorities is described in NOAA's NERRS Research
Plan (1987). Each year NOAA issues a NERRS Research Opportunity Announcement
in which it elaborates on the latest interpretation of these priorities. Proposal funding
decisions are based on the relationship between the proposed research and these
national priorities as well as other factors.

(7)     Initial Baseline Studies

  Some baseline data for water quality parameters has already been collected at or
near the ACE Basin NERR by the SCWMRD and DHEC (Mathews and Shealy 1978,
Mathews and Shealy 1982, Shealy 1971, Shealy 1974, DHEC 1990). Water quality
parameters include salinity, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, fecal
coliform, and others. Information is also available on emergent wetlands and
impoundments (Morgan 1974, Tiner 1977), plant communities (Prevost 1987, Stalter
1972), fishes (Shealy et al. 1974), and other specialized areas. Baseline surveys will
be conducted to fill gaps and to provide a more thorough characterization of the site.
Other ecological parameters which might be explored include soil characteristics,
nutrient concentrations, weather, organic fluxes, primary production and species
composition of plant and animal communities.

   Baseline surveys will be used to: 1) yield data necessary to define or confirm
estuarine management issues of concern; 2) serve as. a reference for detection of
environmental/ecological change in the estuary; and 3) aid in planning and conducting
special studies related to the estuarine ecosystem.

(8)     Environmental Monitorina

   Environmental monitoring will entail the systematic periodic collection of selected
data using many of the same parameters and, ideally, the same sampling techniques
and locations as the initial baseline surveys. This data may be collected by staff or
volunteers, by other government agencies, or by outside researchers as part of their
research projects. Impacts of new technology, products, and management strategies






                                       57
may be observed. A policy for quick response to collect data in the event of unusual
conditions such as hurricanes, floods etc. will be established where feasible. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency approved methods for sampling and sample handling
will be adhered to in all water chemistry monitoring.

  Environmental monitoring will be designed to: 1) detect trends in estuarine
resources orecosystems; 2) provide information to aid in the management of the ACE
Basin NERR and in coastal zone management in general; and 3) provide a data base
for special studies.

(9)     Soecial Studies

  Special studies may include experimental research relating to natural resources,
cultural resources, or socio-economic topics. Special studies will be approved and
may be supported based on the research priorities of the NERRS Research Plan, the
NERR Monitoring Program, the ACE Basin Program, and site-specific management
needs. Special studies may identify and examine relationships between human
stresses and ecological effects.  Studies may include temporary manipulative
experiments appropriate to better management of estuarine systems. Major habitat
manipulation is not permitted in the core area but may be performed in the reserve
buffer zone with adequate controls and a demonstrated need. Those manipulative
activities not identified in this DMP must receive prior approval of the state and
NOAA.

c.      ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities

  Research that relates directly to the management of reserve resources will be
actively encouraged and receive highest priority. An initial task assigned to the
research coordinator will be to develop a program using inputs from: 1) questionnaires
mailed to scientists and  resource managers  throughout the region soliciting
recommendations for specific research; 2) a conference convened to review estuarine
processes in several areas relative to management efforts in the ACE Basin; and 3) a
scientific and technical committee review of detailed research needs and
recommendations.

  Groups that have a high interest in conducting research and educational programs
in the ACE Basin, including the types of studies that they are most eager to initiate
or continue, are as follows:

  Clemson University

         Development of aquaculture, particularly in
         the Edisto buffer area; and







                                     58
ï¿½     Waterfowl and wetlands research.

University of South Carolina (USCI

      Interdisciplinary studies of estuarine productivity and fluxes; and

ï¿½     Archaeological surveys to locate, identify and catalogue resources of
      historical or cultural importance.

USC at Beaufort and Coastal Zone Education Center

ï¿½     Participation in a variety of research and educational activities.

S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Deoartment (SCWMRD)

      Development of aquaculture technology and dissemination of information;

      Fishery populations assessments and habitat studies;

      Marsh ecology investigations;

      Water quality, including pollution studies;

      Fishery restoration activities;

      Estimates of recreational and commercial use of living marine resources;

      Diseases of important recreational and commercial fishery species;

      Effects of habitat alteration, e.g., renourishment
      of beaches, dredging, impounding, marina siting, etc.;

      Use by endangered and threatened species, e.g. eagles, woodstorks, sea
      turtles and shortnose sturgeon;

      Impoundment studies (management effects on water quality, species
      composition and community structure);

       Habitat manipulation and resource management studies; and

       Impacts of fish harvesting gear on the physical environment and on non-
      target species.







                                     59

S.C. Deoartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism

     Education and eco-tourism related activities; and

      Cultural, natural and historic preservation and interpretation.

Colleae of Charleston

      Broad range of ecological studies.

South Carolina State Colleae

      Ecological and water quality studies in conjunction with SCWMRD.

U.S. Forest Service. Southeastern Forest Experiment
Station

      Studies of silviculture impacts on wetlands.

NMFS. SE Fisheries Center. Charleston

      Microbiological contaminants and chemicals in organisms and sediments and
      rates of change.

The Citadel

      Shorebird and wading bird ecological studies; and

      Ecological studies of estuarine macrophytes.

U.S. Soil Conservation Service and S.C. Land Resources
Conservation Commission

      Wetlands mapping and interpretation; and

      Soil classification and identification of hydric soils.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish Hatcherv. Oranaebura Bears Bluff Lab

      Fish restoration and stock enhancement.

S.C. DeDartment of Health and Environmental Control

      Water quality analyses and classification;







                                       60


    *  Certification of shellfish growing areas; and

    *  Effects of point and non-point discharges on water quality.

 S.C. Water Resources Commission

    *  Various water resources polices on overall water quality and quantity;

    *  Conduct policy and environmental research through the use of geographic
        information systems;

     *  Floodplain zoning; and

     *  Recreational fish and wildlife opportunities.

 DU's Atlantic Flyway Reaional Office

     *  Wetland ecology studies; and

     *  Interaction of waterfowl with managed and unmanaged  estuarine habitats.

  S.C. Coastal Council

     *  Application of research findings in coastal decision making; and

     *  Demonstrating the vital role of natural areas to the local economic and
        environmental well-being of the coastal zone.

  National Shellfish Indicator Study

     *  Proposed use of the ACE Basin estuary as a pristine site for developing new
        shellfish safety standards.

  S.C. Sea Grant Consortium

        Basic research on estuarine processes; and

        Development of educational programs.

  Taking advantage of this interest, ACE Basin research priorities will be carefully
developed and evaluated as part of the management planning process. Input will be
sought from area scientists, academicians, government officials and concerned
citizens.







                                       61

  The reserve will encourage and support projects which correspond with regional
research priorities. Such projects do not necessarily have to be within the NERR
boundaries but should be within the ACE Basin framework. In order to receive reserve
approval, research must be conducted at approved sites and must fulfill one or more
of the following ACE Basin NERR research priorities (or updates thereof):

  (1)   Initial Short-Term Priorities - Research to provide management information
on sediment/water column nutrient flux; evaluation of BMP effectiveness; analysis of
living resource data sets; stock assessments; evaluation and analysis of monitoring
capabilities; and sublethal responses to toxins.

  (2)   Lonaer-Term Priorities - Fundamental research on circulation and mixing
processes; water quality, habitat, and ecosystem-level models; interaction between
various trophic levels; genetic makeup of living resources (particularly exploitable
stocks); significance of groundwater flow; and impacts of specific land uses on
aquatic, wetland, and riparian habitats.

  (3)   Research Suonort Priorities - Support related to preparedness to conduct
research, including advanced analytical chemical equipment remote sensing; and
automated data analysis technologies.

  (4)   Generic. Lonaer-Term Needs - Research related to improved understanding
of structure and function of coastal habitats (emergent saline marshes, tidal
freshwater habitats, non-vegetated wetlands, benthic habitats, oyster reefs); impacts
of modification of coastal and contiguous habitats; water column processes (related
to plankton communities, inorganic nutrient cycling, replenishment, and storage,
micro-circulation, and interactions among mainstream and adjacent water bodies);
toxins; circulation (in relation to eddies, fronts, plumes, wind anoxia, and transport of
planktonic larvae); genetic variability and structure of ACE Basin stocks; watershed
processes (including transport, fate and processing of dissolved and particulate
material; effects of land use activities; role and extent of water transport and
transformation above the saltwater intrusion line; and role of wetland and riparian
zones in controlling or modifying discharge); ground water contribution (including
spatial and temporal input and outflows; chemical characteristics, extent and
magnitude of pesticide, nutrient, and other pollutant contamination; impacts on
sediment-water column pollution interactions; and methods to reduce ground water
pollution); socio-legal economic implications of alternative restoration and preservation
strategies; impacts of population growth development; public health and the ACE
Basin ecosystem; and structure, function, and role of non-tidal wetlands.

  Research priorities will be further developed by the research coordinator working
with a technical advisory committee. These priorities will be developed and modified
based on system-wide and site-specific management needs and information gained
from initial baseline surveys and environmental monitoring. They will reflect NERRS






                                        62
national research priorities and ACE Basin priorities.

  Special studies to answer specific management questions and improve coastal
resource management will be conducted. Other research topics that address coastal
management issues identified as having a local, region or national significance may
also be considered. Example of special studies topics appropriate for the ACE Basin
include:

     *  Quantifying the effects of sea level rise on wetlands formation and
        productivity;

     *  Temporal and spatial variability in the use of marsh/tidal creek ecosystems
        as nursery areas for species of commercial and recreational importance;

     *  Studies comparing tributary systems protected within the reserve to those
        in other more developed areas,

     *  Identifying criteria and standards for mitigation by using the reserve as a
        control for offsite mitigation projects;

     *  Quantifying the effectiveness of forested and agriculItural buffer strips and
        other BMPs, including the value to water quality, flood control, sediment
        stabilization and wildlife;

     *  Succession of plant communities within the Basin,

     *  Shellfish production and diseases and enhancement of growing areas;

     *  Effects of fire on island ecology;

     *  Coastal geology - erosion problems, geological-mapping, benchmarks for
        monitoring sea level rise events;

     *  Surveys of Flora and Fauna to determine population densities, distribution,
        dynamics, conditions and habitat requirements;

     *  Visitor use surveys to determine the effects of increased public use of the
        area;

     *  Boating traffic assessments;

     *  Ecosystem modelling - a predictive, interactive model of the ACE Basin is
        needed to assist resource managers in assessing the implications of proposed
        and potential activities in the basin.








                                       63

  The above is not intended to be a complete list of research topics but only to serve
as an example of the types of special studies that will be conducted. The list will
expand in time with experience and knowledge of the area.

d.       NOAA Funded Monitorina Proaram

  In 1989, NOAA initiated a phased monitoring program to assist states in developing
a better understanding of the estuarine resources being managed under the NERRS
program. The monitoring program includes the following phases:

  (1)   Phase I, Environmental Characterization, which involves literature review
        and/or field research to acquire all available information on hydrology,
        geology, water chemistry, water quality, biological resources, and the
        problems and issues confronting the reserve environment;

  (2)   Phase II, Site Profile, which involves a synthesis of information gathered in
         Phase I to provide an overall picture of the reserve in terms of its resources,
         issues, management constraints, and research needs;

  (3)   Phase  III, Procedures  and  Requirements,  which  involves  identifying
         parameters to be measured, procedures to be used (criteria for
         measurements, quality control, and standard procedures where they already
         exist), sampling strategy for selected parameters (spatial and temporal
         intervals), storage and retrieval of data (reporting, formatting and analytical
         requirements), manpower requirements, logistics, and costs; and

  (4)   Phase IV, Implementation, which involves, first, pilot projects and, upon
         successful evaluation, full-scale monitoring of selected parameters.

  The phased monitoring programs have been incorporated into the five-year plan
under the administration plan. This program will be integrated with other monitoring
programs in the region, including fisheries survey and harvests, shellfish sanitation,
game and nongame wildlife, rare and endangered species, etc. The phased monitoring
program will be developed by NOAA guidelines. Scoping-meetings and workshops will
be convened as needed to assist in development of this program.

e.       Research Policies and Procedures

(1)     General Policies

  Research opportunities at the ACE Basin NERR are available to any qualified
scientist, academician, or student affiliated with any university, college or school; non-
profit research institution (e.g., research laboratory, independent museum,
professional society); private profit organization; or state, local, or federal government






                                        64

agency. Unaffiliated individuals who have the capability and facilities needed to
perform research may also qualify for research funds.

  Funding for national research priorities in the reserve is available through NOAA on
a competitive basis to qualified researchers and must be matched equally by the
recipient according to current NERRS regulations. An annual announcement of
research opportunities, reflecting priority needs and levels of funding, will be
distributed. This announcement will include: a) specific statements about the types
of research that will be funded including the national research priorities set by NOAA;
b) clear and specific guidelines for preparation; c) clear statements on procedures and
criteria used in proposal review; d) level of funding; and e) a schedule of the proposed
process. The distribution list will include local, state, and regional entities covering
all eligible potential applicants. Also, a research prospectus will be provided to
potential researchers, including basic information on reserve resources, unusual
features, support facilities and a listing of research reports from the ACE Basin NERR.

  Activities permitted in the core area are limited to research activities which do not
manipulate habitats. Manipulative research activities may be permitted in the buffer
zone of the reserve as long as they address identified research or management needs.
Any research activities which, in the estimation of the State and NOAA, may result
in impacts on reserve resources or habitats require prior approval of the state, NOAA
and private property owners.

  To assist new researchers at the reserve, information packets will be available from
the research coordinator. These packets will contain background information pertain-
ing to the reserve and an area map, designating reserve boundaries. New researchers
will also be given a "tour" of the reserve area to gain familiarity with the research
surroundings and general location.

  Research, monitoring and education projects will receive first priority within the
reserve boundaries. Traditional uses of public areas will continue as currently
regulated under federal, state, or local authority. The reserve manager is responsible
for carefully balancing uses of the reserve to ensure that the objectives of the reserve
program are protected and sustained. The power of the reserve manager needed to
meet other specified management responsibilities will not in any way be diminished
by the ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring plan.

   Research opportunities will be available to all applicants without regards to manner
of funding. Financial support may be available for research if the results are directly
applicable to improved coastal zone management. Support may come from NOAA,
EPA, SCWMRD, SCC, Sea Grant, and other sources of funding, including private
endowments. Researchers seeking funds from NOAA must follow NOAA's research
and monitoring time table.







                                       65
  All research proposals are evaluated by the reserve manager, the research
coordinator and selected reviewers for consistency with ACE Basin NERR goals and
to ensure that the proposed research will not interfere with other research at the
reserve. Projects are selected based on their importance to coastal zone management
issues, scientific/educational merit, and technical approach. Other project selection
criteria include: the environmental consequences of the project; immediacy of need;
and the proposed project's relationship to other available information and studies.

(2)     Procedures for NOAA Funded Research

  Proposals which target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by NOAA using
established guidelines. In order to qualify for NOAA funding, ACE Basin NERR
research proposals must address one or more of the NERRS National Research
Priorities and fulfill the requirement of the appropriate Request for Proposal. NOAA
funds are awarded on a competitive basis and proposals will be competing with other
research proposals in reserves throughout the NERRS. The Advisory Committee
should be involved in the review of NOAA-funded proposals.

  The ACE Basin NERR research coordinator is responsible for coordinating all
research and monitoring activities for the reserve. To facilitate this, NOAA will
maintain close contact with the research coordinator and will keep him or her informed
of the progress of NOAA-funded researchers. NOAA has agreed to send two courtesy
copies of quarterly progress reports, the final report and any other research
information which they receive to the ACE Basin NERR in a timely manner. One copy
will be kept at the MRD central repository and the reserve manager will keep the
second copy. The research coordinator will maintain regular communication with the
researchers themselves. He or she, will aid in coordinating research activities in the
reserve and, when possible, will aid in fulfilling the needs of the researchers.

   To achieve the NERR goals of 1) "making available information necessary for
improved understanding and management of estuarine areas" and 2) "enhancing
public awareness and understanding of the estuarine environment"; NOAA-funded
researchers will be requested to provide a presentation on their research findings at
appropriate symposia, conferences, meetings, etc.

(3)     Procedures for Research Funded By State or Other Sources

  All proposals which do not target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by the
appropriate reserve staff and selected reviewers.  Specific procedures will be
developed by the research coordinator.

  An Advisory Committee will help determine appropriate research topics and policies.
Committee members will lend expertise to specific projects and advise research
programs on such matters as quality assurance. Research proposals that focus







                                       66
primarily on site-specific topics and do not rely on NOAA funding do not need to be
approved by NOAA as long as they are consistent with identified ACE Basin research
needs, but a courtesy copy of these proposals will also be sent to NOAA.
Coordinated and streamlined procedures for the review and approval of research
proposals and permits will be established.

  Researchers will provide the research coordinator with quarterly progress reports,
a final report, and an abstract and one copy of any publications resulting from any
state-funded research at the reserve. The final report will include; an abstract; a
literature review; methods; analyses; results; and a conclusion. It will include a
summary of the gathered data and a list of the analyses completed. The raw data
should also be included with the report as data appendices. In addition to a final
report, the researcher will keep the research coordinator updated on the progress of
the project by means of quarterly written progress reports.

   Copies of these documents will also be sent to the appropriate staff members.
Records, data, reports, publications, and other relevant materials will be kept at the
MRD central repository. Research information will also be forwarded to NOAA, which
will act as a central clearinghouse and the center of the information network on the
NERRS.

   After completion of the final report, a presentation will be developed by the
researcher to provide information on the project findings. This presentation will be
given at an appropriate time and site negotiated by the research coordinator and the
researcher. These presentations will help to achieve the goal of the reserve to provide
information necessary for improved understanding and management of estuarine
systems to coastal decision makers and the public.

(4)     Research Suooort

  As manager of the ACE Basin NERR, MRD can provide on a cost reimbursable basis
much of the support required for ongoing research. This includes the MRD physical
plant, laboratories, analytical and sampling equipment, vessels and specific equipment
acquired for the reserve. Additional computer hardware and software, field equipment
and other forms of research support will be acquired as the need arises and funds are
available. Resources of the MRD library will also be available. The library currently
receives 395 serial titles through subscription, has 7,405 volumes of bound
periodicals and a collection of 25,140 reprint items. The total number of volumes in
the cataloged collection is now 17,997.

(5)     Data Manaaement

  Systematic computer storage and retrieval of raw data and bibliographic materials
have become indispensable to modern research.  The magnitude of the data







                                       67
management challenge presented by this program should be evident from the range
of research and analysis activities described previously. Fortunately, MRD has an
excellent data management capability.  "Data" include numerical, bibliographic,
graphic and narrative materials.

  Data management activities for the ACE Basin NERR, depending on level of funding,
may include:

        assistance to researchers in organizing raw data sets for efficient archival
        handling, especially computer storage, retrieval and processing;

        compilation of bibliographic materials maintained locally;

        programming consultation and service;
        assistance in gaining access to and contributing to remote data bases; and

        preparation of useful data summaries and special bibliographic search
        products.

  It is anticipated that many of the databases will use geographic information
processing (GIP) for analysis and display. GIP is an emerging technology which, when
coupled with proper data collection techniques and organizational structure, can
provide researchers and resource managers the most powerful analytical tools
available for explaining the complex spatial relationships between aquatic, human, and
terrestrial environments. The great majority of spatial data required to support
management efforts will be made available through the NOAA/SCWRC Natural
Decision Support System program. This data base construction is scheduled for
completion in 1992.

 Data management activities in the proposed ACE Basin NERR will be coordinated
through MRD's GIP program and other similar state and federal programs. This will
ensure consistency between data base development within the reserve and the coastal
zone of South Carolina.

(6)     Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR Research Proarams

  Recruitment of researchers is important to building the ACE Basin NERR data base
and to establishing the reserve as a long-term natural field laboratory. Recruitment
of researchers with an established interest and capability will be a function of the
research coordinator. Recruitment strategies include:

        Coordination through scientific/technical advisory committees;

        Participation of appropriate staff in research symposia, conferences and







                                       68

        workshops;

        Intern programs for graduate students or upper class college students;

        Providing support facilities for research in the ACE Basin NERR.

        Annual announcements of research opportunities and NOAA research funds
        through NOAA's Sanctuaries and Reserves Division; and

        Other research and monitoring funding.

(7)     Coordination of Research Efforts

  Another research benefit offered by the reserve is the potential for coordination of
research efforts. The reserve does not add another research program to a long list of
institutional research projects in the ACE Basin. Instead, the reserve offers permanent
places where various research institutions coordinate their projects and compare
results to complement one another's work in the Basin. Data will be compiled,
assembled, analyzed and made available in the appropriate form, for use by other
researchers, coastal managers and the public. For example, an appropriate form for
researchers is a journal article in the peer-reviewed literature. Appropriate forms for
decision makers and the public may include educational slide presentations, and
"glossies" along the lines of those prepared by SCWMRD. Coordination of research
in the reserve creates a model for all ACE Basin research efforts, reduces unnecessary
duplication, and effectively decreases the cost of publicly supported research.

(a)     Coordination of ACE Basin Research

  The research coordinator coordinates the research within the reserve with
assistance from the advisory committee and NOAA. Meetings will be arranged and
computer networks will be established. The MRD will receive copies of reserve
research results and will serve as a central clearinghouse.   The Bear Island
education/visitor center may also be a repository for site-specific information and
research results.

(b)     Coordination with the NERRS

  The Ace Basin NERR will work closely with NOAA staff to develop and assess
National Research Priorities. NOAA is also involved with the reserve through research
funding and proposal evaluation as already discussed. The reserve manager will
communicate with other estuarine reserve managers in other states and will work with
NOAA and other reserve managers to establish a national information exchange
network.






                                       69

   Data from the ACE Basin contributes to the national network long-term study to
monitor the status and trends of estuarine ecosystems. Data from the NERRS makes
a substantial contribution to the understanding of long-term ecological effects on
estuaries and is useful in predictive trend analysis of ecological stresses. The
coordinated research network aids greatly in understanding the theoretical and
practical aspects of conservation and coastal resources management.

  With assistance from NOAA, an electronic mail system (OMNET) will be established
at the ACE Basin NERR headquarters. The system will help link the reserve to other
NERRs, National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA, the South Carolina Sea Grant Program,
and other programs in the marine and estuarine science community.

(8)     Information Dissemination

  Information gathered in research and monitoring and the management implications
of this information will be made available to decision makers and the public in
understandable form.

  Both NOAA and the ACE Basin NERR will encourage the dissemination of research
results. Methods include:

        Journal articles in the peer-reviewed literature;

         Presentations at professional societies; and

        Special symposia arranged by NOAA or reserves, often in association with
        other meetings such as the biennial meetings of the Estuarine Research
         Federation or Coastal Zone Managers.

  In addition to NOAA information dissemination routes, the ACE Basin NERR will
utilize several State and regional avenues of information exchange including;

         Summary of research at the reserve;

         Workshops, conferences and meetings at the reserve;

         ACE Basin NERR brochure, distributed with the annual call for proposals and
         at appropriate conferences and other events;

         Press releases to local media;

         Articles in journals of local organizations;

         Direct mailings to State and Local decision makers;







                                       70

        Regular contact with representatives of other state and federal agencies,
        local government agencies and planning boards; and

        Contributions to the Technical Report Series, South Carolina Marine
        Resources Center.

(9)     Review and Evaluation

  ACE Basin NERR will submit an annual report on research activities to NOAA as
required by NERRS Regulations Section 921.34. The report will include a description
of overall program success, accomplishments, and work plans for coming years. The
first  report  will  cover   the   12-month   period   following   receipt  of
acquisition/development funds, and will be submitted within three months after the
end of that period. In addition, ACE Basin NERR will be prepared to arrange for the
periodic NOAA evaluation visits and public meetings described in Section 921.34 of
the NERRS regulations.

6.      Education/InterDretation Plan

a.      General Context For Manaaement

  Education/interpretation will serve as the integrator for all functions of the ACE
Basin NERR. As the general public becomes more aware of how an estuarine system
functions and why it is such an important natural resource, the more likely they are
to support the reserve and other estuarine protection programs. A well-planned
education/interpretation program will create a constituency for the ACE Basin NERR
and bring about positive attitudes and values in the user community.

  The program will focus on the values of the ACE Basin estuary and its wise use.
The reserve is an ideal setting for interpreting estuarine food webs, general biological
principals and coastal processes. Opportunities exist for focusing on the national
significance of the ACE Basin. It is also an appropriate place to learn about federal
and state endangered and threatened species. Overall, the program content will be
broad-based, dealing with general concepts and specific issues related to reserve
management.

(1)     Goals

         Enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine ecosystems,
         human effects on them, and the interrelationships of these ecosystems with
        the environment as a whole;

         Provide information and education opportunities to coastal managers and
         other decision makers, enabling them to make sound, informed decisions;







                                       71

     *  Increase awareness of the value of the ACE Basin for seafood, recreation,
        wildlife, and aesthetics;

     *  Promote greater understanding among citizens about the ACE Basin, its
        uniqueness, and policies and programs designed to help it;

     *  Foster individual responsibility and stewardship of estuarine resources and
        increase awareness of actions citizens can take to protect these important
        resources;

     *  Promote public appreciation of the Basin, it tributaries, and estuaries in
        general;

(2)     Obiectives

     *  Provide facilities, materials, and staff as necessary to aid in education and
        interpretation;

     *  Challenge people to observe nature, pose questions and seek answers, while
        positively influencing their attitudes about the environment;

     *  Educate the public about the importance of estuaries in the natural
        environment, through exposure and participation in activities that will
        develop a sense of ecological awareness, appreciation, and responsibility;


     *  Provide exhibits and displays which focus on the functions and importance
        of estuaries, with emphasis on a multisensory, interactive approach;

     *  Conduct educational activities on-site and provide outreach programs for
        schools, camps, and other organizations;

     *  Participate in regional, State and local programs such as National Estuaries
        Day, and Coastweeks events; and

     *  Utilize volunteers and community resources to implement educational
        objectives.

b.      Education Policies

     *  On-site programs will be provided in conjunction with CEC's and MVRD's
        existing educational program. The education coordinator, a CEC employee,
         will coordinate this effort to ensure that such activities do not interfere with
         established research and management projects an the reserve.







                                       72

     *  Programs will be provided in association with elementary and secondary
        school systems, civic and environmental organizations, colleges and
        universities and other educational groups and institutions to make the public
        aware of the ACE Basin NERR, its facilities and its role at the national, state,
        regional and local levels.

     *  Programs will be developed cooperatively with local user groups, organiza-
        tions, fishermen, etc., to ensure community relevance and supplying mutual
        needs. Opportunities for active involvement of local people will be given
        consideration.

     *  On-site orientation will be provided to help visitors understand and appreciate
        resource protect ion rules and safety regulations in the reserve. This will be
        developed as a "preventive" enforcement program.

        Programs will provide the public with accurate and relevant information
        about the reserve, its ecological, economic, cultural and historical values and
        the issues related to its protection and management.

     *  Dissemination of scientific information for research in the reserve will be
        encouraged through written and visual materials and presentation.

        Compatible types of recreation will be enhanced through development of
        educational/interpretive resources.

C.      Themes and Messaaes

  Interpretive messages are specific topics or ideas illustrating more general themes
for education. The most important messages are answers to questions before, during
and after a visit to the reserve. The basic categories of information to be conveyed
to visitors are:

  (1)   Orientation

        What is the NERRS (National) and its relationship to the
        ACE Basin NERR?

         How do I get there?

         What can I expect to see?

         Where are the major access points?

  (2)   Livina Resources in the Reserve






                                    73

      Vegetation - How do salt marsh communities differ from brackish and fresh
      water marshes?

      What species of fishes, birds and mammals are assoqi~ted with t;  different
      habitats?

      What species are threatened or endangered?

13)   Estuarine Processes in the Reserve

      What is the watershed of the ACE Basin?

      Sedimentation rates?

      Salinities, tidal regimes, etc.?

(4)   Peoole in the Reserve

      What archaeological artifacts have been found, their historical perspective
      and importance?

      Rice culture?

      Civil war sites?

      Agriculture, commercial fishing, etc.?

(5)   Manaaement of the Reserve

      Why do we have the ACE Basin NERR and the national program?

      How many and where are the other
      Reserves? Why are the others designated?

      How is the land protected?

(6)   How develooment affects an estuarine system

      Comparisons of primary and secondary productivity?

      Benthic communities?

      Predators?






                                       74

        Nesting activities?

  The above categories of information will form the basic content for printed materials
and exhibits at the reserve.

d.       On-Site InterDretive Media

(1)      Interoretive Exhibits and Sians

  The development of on-site outdoor signs and wayside exhibits is an important
element of this plan because it clearly establishes an identity for the reserve. Signs
for the ACE Basin NERR will include the following:

(2)      Reserve Name and Directional Sians

  It is recommended that a simple sign layout be designed whereby joint agency signs
can be produced and sited at major access points, including the exit off of U.S.
Highway 17, the Bear Island entrance and various locations in the Ashepoo,
Combahee and Edisto rivers as well as on the core area islands.

(3)     Wavside exhibits

  Different reserve resources can be interpreted through wayside exhibits located at
strategic points within the reserve. The exhibits will depict major habitat areas,
inhabitants common to each and seasonal changes. The education coordinator will
work with volunteers and professionals to' produce a "hands-on classroom" (see
Education/Visitor Center Services).

(4)     Trail Signs

  Trail signs with numbers keyed to a self-guiding brochure will be installed at
appropriate intervals along nature trails in the proposed reserve.

(5)      Printed Materials

  Printed materials will include brochures, posters, newsletters, and special
educational publications. These materials will address reserve identity and the need
for compatible visitor use. The full reserve name and a reserve logo will appear on all
printed materials.

         (a)   Brochures - a general purpose reserve brochure, with a site map, an
               introduction to the reserve concept, and a description of project
               elements, will be developed. The possibility of developing 'a joint
               brochure with the other project participants (SCWMRD, USFWS, DU,







                                       75

               TNC) will be investigated. Informational brochures will also be
              developed on various ecological concepts, identity of flora and fauna
               and natural processes taking place in the reserve.   Additional
               brochures will be developed as needed and as funds become available.

        (b)   Newsletter - a low-cost newsletter will be published to provide an
               update on reserve activities, upcoming events, schedules, etc.

        (c)   Reserve Poster - this could be developed through a local contest in the
               schools.

        (d)   School Information Packaaes - this could include a combination of
               printed materials and suggestions for school field trips and
               experiments, very similar to SCWMRD's "Project Wild" program.

  Additional curriculum materials for training programs and local media use will be
developed as funding becomes available.

        (e)   Press Releases - feature articles and periodic releases on special events
               in the reserve will be circulated to local news media.

,(6)    Slide Shows

  A valuable tool for on-site and off-site education. A special slide presentation with
audio will be developed for the reserve. This program will be made available to
interested groups throughout the region.

(7)     Films

  A film on the reserve will be produced by CEC, SCWMRD as funding allows. Also,
the reserve will obtain environmentally-oriented films as educational supplements.

(8)     Personal Contact

  Reserve staff and volunteers will participate in nature walks, on-site tours, lectures,
presentations, etc.

(9)     Teacher WorkshoDs

  Workshops will be provided to orient group users to the reserve and to develop
curricula.

(10)    Volunteer Proaram







                                        76
  Volunteers will be an integral part of the reserve program and will expand the staff
without great expenditure of funds. A volunteer training program will be developed
whereby volunteers can carry their knowledge and enthusiasm to a portion of the
general public which is out-of-reach to the scientist and environmentalist.


e.       Off-site Proaramns and Media

(1)     Travelina Exhibits

  Mobile exhibits and displays of educational/interpretive value will be designed since
the proposed reserve's education/visitor center is located in such an isolated area.
The display will be made available at schools, the S.C. Marine Science Museum,
organization and community functions, shopping malls, and other off-site locations.

(2)     Outreach

  A special outreach program will be valuable in reaching those who are unable to
travel to the reserve. Staff, scientists, and trained volunteer speakers will be available
to make audio-visual lecture presentations on the reserve and it activities. Targets for
presentations are schools, civic groups, and conferences.

f.       Education/Visitor Center Services

  One of the main functions of the visitor center recommended in the 'Facilities
Development Plan' will be to offer a variety of interpretive and educational services
to the general public. This will require careful consideration of the needs and
expectations of visitors, as well as the type of educational experience intended prior
to the full-scale design of the visitor center.  Carefully formulated educational
objectives will help direct the design of exhibits, tours, and events. In turn, if the full
scope of interpretive programs is planned at the outset, it should be possible to
anticipate and incorporate specific spatial and other physical requirements into the
architectural design of the building.

  The following are preliminary guidelines for interpretive services at the center:

         The center should convey the full scope of resources associated with the
         reserve including biological, physical, and human resources, and the value of
         estuarine management;

         Exhibits and events should emphasize the estuary as an integrated system
         and should not be limited to interpretation of separate parts of the system
         only;






                                       77

     *  The theme of multiple compatible uses of the estuary and watershed should
        be carried through to the design and selection of exhibits. There should be
        an attempt to convey the spirit of cooperation (i.e., among users and
        agencies) and  shared resources.   Incompatible uses  shoylo also be
        addressed;

     *  Exhibits and tours should be "timely."  Interpretive material should be
        updated periodically, providing an opportunity for visitors to learn about
        current events, issues, and research activities associated with the reserve;

     *  Change and 'system response' could serve as strong themes in the exhibit
        design. Exhibits should communicate the changeable dynamic nature of the
        estuary. Changes could be interpreted in an historical, seasonal, or annual
        perspective;

        Exhibits and events that are interactive and provide opportunities for visitor
        participation such as guessing games, investigations and searches, building
        scenarios, and handling equipment and objects should be incorporated.
        There is also a need to encourage interaction among visitors,

        Strong linkages should be established between center exhibits and current
        research at the reserve. The participation of research groups particularly
        through the internship program should be encouraged;

     *  Topics, design and level of detail of both exhibits and events should answer
        the needs of a variety of visitors of different interests, ages, and skills;

        Related to the above, a variety of potential visitor experiences should be
        incorporated into the exhibits, reflecting a spectrum from short and simple
        to longer and more in-depth visit scenarios; and

        A variety of opportunities should be provided for local organizations and
        schools to participate in special events at the center including seminars,
        workshops, and the development of temporary rotating exhibits.

  In accordance with these guidelines, the following specific interpretive and
educational services are to be provided at the visitor center:

        Permanent interoretive exhibits - these could include (1) a large wall map of
        the reserve for orientation; (2) a salt marsh energy f low/food web model; (3)
        a fresh- water marsh exhibit; (4) an endangered species exhibit; (5)
        waterfowl management exhibit; (6) various reserve research exhibits; (7)
        upland game management exhibit; and (8) an historical mapping/photograph
        exhibit.






                                       78

        Reaular tours and school Droarams - staff and trained volunteers will give
        regular tours out of the reserve visitor center.

        Soecial events - "Theme Days" and special outdoor activities


       Public information services - these will include such things as a small
        reference library of pertinent scientific journals, field guides, etc. Brochures,
        user guides, and other materials will be provided at the visitor center.

g.      Coordination of Education Efforts

(1)     Coordination with Existina Proarams

  The reserve manager and education coordinator will coordinate with education
programs existing in the public and private school systems, SCPRT, Coastal Zone
Education Center, S.C. Aquarium, etc. The reserve will work with these groups and
organizations in a supporting role. The ACE Basin NERR will augment not duplicate
the overall education effort in coastal S.C. For example, the reserve might work with
county school systems in expanding student environmental field trips and teacher
training at the reserve. Also, courses and field trips for adults will be encouraged.

(2)     Coordination with the NERRS

  Newsletters, special events, and other news at the ACE Basin NERR will be
distributed to other NERR staff throughout the U.S. Information will be provided on
a regular basis to NOAA for inclusion into the NERRS Status Reports. The reserve
manager will communicate directly and frequently with NOAA and attend NERR
manager meetings and the annual NERRA conference.

(3)     Coordination with other Aaencies

  Efforts will also be made to coordinate with other agencies, groups and programs
on educational projects. Examples of these groups include other state agencies, DU,
Sea Grant, the USFWS, TNC, County Chamber of Commerce, S.C. Marine Education
Association, etc.

7.       Public Access Plan

a.      Policy

  Public access to the ACE Basin NERR will be generally increased through organized
programs and field activities at Bear Island WMA.  Regulated access to the core area
will be maintained on a site-specific basis to protect the area's integrity for research







                                       79

and education. However, the major portion of the reserve is accessible only by boat
and will be open to the public for uses that are compatible with NERR goals and
objectives.

b.      Current and Prooosed Access


(1)     Bear Island WMA

  Road access to Bear Island WMA  is provided by S.C. Highway 26 off of U.S.
Highway 17. The education/visitors center will be open to the general public during
normal working hours (8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M.) and at other times as arranged through
the reserve and Bear Island WMA staff.  Hunting and fishing activities on WMA
properties will continue to be set by WFWF, SCWMRD and will not be altered due to
reserve activities. Improved public access to certain special areas on Bear Island
WMA will be accomplished through hiking trails, boardwalks, etc.

(2)     Core Area

  Access to the reserve core area is by boat only. The nearest and most convenient
public boat ramp is on Bennetts Point at the southeastern end of S.C. Highway 26.
Another public boat ramp is located up river where Highway 26 crosses the Ashepoo
River.

  Public access to the core area will not be restricted except on certain uplands and
perhaps wetlands where sensitive research is carried out. In such cases, public use
may be closely monitored. However, most of the core area is tidal marsh and open
waters currently open to the public. No major changes that would restrict this access
are anticipated.

(3)     Buffer Zone

  Public access to the reserve buffer zone is also self-limiting due to geography.
Major access routes are off of U.S. Highway 17 and include S.C. Highways 174, 38,
161, 162 and 43, going from north to south. There are about twelve (12) public boat
ramps in Charleston, Colleton and Beaufort Counties which provide convenient access
to the buffer zone. However, most of these ramps are located miles away from major
traffic flows and some off unpaved roads.

  There will not be any further restrictions on public access in the buffer zone beyond
existing regulations. Traditional public use will be encouraged to the extent it is
consistent with reserve goals and objectives.







                                       80
8.      Obiectives and Policies for Other Activities

a.      Huntina. Fishina and Shellfishina

  The ACE Basin has traditionally been used for hunting migratory game birds
(including waterfowl), white-tailed deer, wild turkey, mourning dove, bobwhite quail
and other game species. Recreational fishing in the rivers, creeks and impoundments
and commercial fishing and shellfishing in the proposed reserve waters are also
recognized traditional uses. Each of these activities is currently subject to state
regulation through required licenses, permits, boundaries, seasons, bag limits, catch
limits, and other laws. Designation of the NERRS will not change the existing laws
and regulations concerning these or any other traditional uses of the ACE Basin. The
proposed boundaries for the reserve will not have any relationship to established
commercial fishing boundaries and will not be used in the future to change or relocate
established fishing grounds.

B.      Other Alternatives Considered

1.      No Action/Status Quo

  Under this option the ACE Basin estuary would not be designated as part of the
NERRS and there would be no change in current management direction or level of
management intensity. Early in the preliminary planning stages, this option was
rejected bei=ause the proposed site is recognized nationally as one of the largest
undeveloped estuaries on the east coast. Recently, an unprecedented effort (involving
SCWMRD, USFWS, TNC, DU and private landowners) has been launched to preserve
a 350,000 acre area containing bottomland hardwoods, cypress/tupelo swamps,
former ricefield impoundments and salt, brackish and freshwater wetlands. The
proposed ACE Basin NERR is a primary component of the ACE Basin Project and will
serve as a mechanism to protect the lower estuary from future adverse development.

  Continuing development pressures on the South Carolina coastal zone demands a
better understanding of coastal resources, interrelationships within ecosystems, and
the area's capacity to withstand human disturbances. The research and education
functions built into the reserve program will make a valuable contribution to
understanding and protecting sensitive coastal resources and improve coastal zone
planning and decision-making. The "No Action" alternative runs counter to state,
federal and local goals for protecting, studying and managing the ACE Basin.

2.      Alternate Sites

  Several other sites (i.e., Port Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound and Santee Delta)
were reviewed in the initial stages, but rejected in favor of the proposed site. Overall,
the proposed ACE Basin site was the best representation of the South Atlantic






                                       81

province in the Carolinian Biogeographic Region as defined in the typology scheme of
the national program. It contains a diverse assemblage of outer coastal plains natural
communities, including the full array of communities typically associated with barrier
islands, marsh islands and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the
proposed site are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest
communities. An abundance of managed, brackish and freshwater impoundments,
the total absence of industrial pollution, and the isolated, undeveloped nature of the
ACE Basin were major considerations in the selection process.

3.      Alternative Boundaries

  Alternative boundaries for the proposed ACE Basin NERR were considered during
the early planning stages of site selection. Major consideration has been given to the
reserve consisting of only those five (5) islands which are currently protected in the
core area. Within this concept, the buffer zone would include only the surrounding
marshes, bottoms and waters (Figure 10). This is a reasonable alternative in so far
as protecting key land and water areas representative of the lower estuary. However,
the overall integrity of the ACE Basin may be dependent on the inclusion of Otter, Pine
and South Hutchinson islands and on a much larger buffer zone to accommodate a
shift of the core in case of future changes.

  The preferred buffer boundary provides an area for manipulative research and
management (impoundments) which is not allowed in the core. It also includes an
area best suited for development of facilities required for research and education (Bear
Island WMA). Since federally funded research must be conducted within reserve
boundaries, the preferred buffer zone would allow a much broader area for applied
research. This will ultimately provide for a wider range of research and educational
activities throughout the ACE Basin area.

4.      Alternative Manaaement Plan ODtions

  Various alternative management plan options have been reviewed and rejected prior
to proposing the preferred alternative. Those given major consideration are as
follows:

a.      Establishina Manaaement of the Reserve Within an Aaencv Other Than
         SCWMRD

  The S.C. Coastal Council rejected this alternative early in the preliminary planning
stages. The Council is the state's lead agency for coastal zone management and
serves as the official administrative contact point with NOAA. SCWMRD is the logical
choice for managing the reserve because of its long experience in land and facility
management, wildlife and fisheries research and management, estuarine research, and






                              ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN
                              NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE










ALTERNATE BOUNDARIES
8  BEAR ISLAND WMA
  NERR BUFFER AREA
, NERR CORE AREA
     1. ASHE               x,,..M
     2. BEET
     3. BIG                      ,
     4. BOLDERS
     5. WARREN

                                                                                       Nor th

Figure 10. Alternative boundaries would include five (5) islands  9 p
in the core area. State-owned bottoms, wetlands and open
waters around the islands would comprise the buffer zone.







                                       83

conservation education. SCWMRD also manages Bear Island WMA, the site
recommended for the proposed education/visitor center.

b.      Location of Reserve Headauarters and Education/ Visitor Center Somewhere
        Other Than Bear Island WMA

  Other sites, such as the SCDPRT lands on Edisto Beach and Hunting Island and
privately owned lands in the reserve's buffer zone, were considered and rejected.
SCWMRD owns and operates Bear Island which is easily accessible by road and
located in the heart of the ACE Basin. It is large enough for development of the
proposed education/visitor center and can accommodate ancillary facilities
development, i.e., hiking trails, observation platforms, visitor parking, etc. Also, Bear
Island can serve as a demonstration or "staging" area for experimental research and
habitat manipulation studies outside the core area.

  No other area has been identified with resources comparable to the Bear Island site
relative to road access, water access, open space and general environmental setting
in relationship to the proposed reserve.

III.    AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

A.       The Reaional Settina

1.      PhvsioaraDhic Features

  The land surrounding the ACE Basin NERR includes portions of Charleston, Colleton
and Beaufort counties. The gradient of the mainland topography consists of subtle
undulations in the landscape, characteristic of the ridge and bay topography of beach
ridge plains. Elevations in this region range from sea level to approximately 125 ft.
well inland.

  The region is drained by three river systems: the Ashepoo, Combahee and South
Edisto - thus, the name ACE Basin is derived. All three rivers have significant
freshwater discharges, with the Combahee-Salkehatchie forming the southwestern
boundary, the Ashepoo bisecting the Basin area and the Edisto forming part of its
northern boundary. Because of the low topography, many broad, low gradient interior
drains are present as either extensions of the tidal streams and rivers or flooded bays
and swales. All surface water in the ACE Basin eventually drains into the lower
estuary.

  The drainage area of the Edisto River is approximately 3,000 square miles.
Headwaters of the Edisto's two major tributaries, the North Fork and the South Fork,
are 200 river miles from the coast at an elevation of 650 feet. Average discharge of
the Edisto River as measured near Givhans is 2,596 cubic feet per second. About







                                       84

114 cubic feet per second a day, above the gaging station near Givhans, is diverted
for Charleston's water supply. Records of streamflow in the Edisto River date back
to 1931 (South Carolina Water Resources Commission 1972).

  Stream flow data for the Salkahatchie River, the major tributary of the Combahee
River, are recorded near Miley. The headwaters of the Salkehatchie River are 112
river miles from the coast at an elevation of 360 feet. The average discharge of the
Salkehatchie River near Miley is 320 cubic feet per second.

  The Coosawhatchie River has its headwaters 54 river miles from the coast at an
elevation of 190 feet. Stream flow data for the Coosawhatchie River are recorded
near Hampton. The average discharge as measured at this site is 177 cubic feet per
second.

  The Ashepoo River has its headwaters approximately 60 river miles from the coast
at elevations near 80 feet. There are no stream flow records for this river.

  The combined average freshwater flow from the Combahee and Edisto Rivers is
approximately 3,090 cubic feet per second. St. Helena Sound, which the tri-river
system empties into, is a drowned river valley/bar-built estuary that is vertically
homogenous with lateral variations in salinity. The inlet connecting the open ocean
with the estuary has a main ebb channel aligned perpendicular to the coast (class D
of Oertel 1977). The ebb-tidal delta of St. Helena is in a state of dynamic equilibrium,
changing its geometry in response to fluctuations in littoral sand supply (direction and
amount), wave climate, tidal prism, and freshwater discharge (Mathews et al. 1980).
The depth of St. Helena Sound is variable, but relatively deep (15-30 feet) except on
large banks and flats such as Egg Bank, Pelican Bank, Combahee Bank and Marsh
Spit. The mean range of the semi-diurnal tides in St. Helena Sound varies from
approximately 7.2 feet at the mouth to about 6.1 feet in the upper reaches. Salinities
range from sea strength (32-35 parts per thousand) at the mouth of the sound to
fresh water in the upper reaches of the estuary. Diverse estuarine wetlands provide
an extensive complex of wildlife and fisheries habitat types in the Basin. The region
contains approximately 91,000 acres of tidal marshes. Of this, 65,600 acres are salt
marshes, 13,600 acres are brackish marshes and 12,100 acres are freshwater
marshes (Aichele 1984, Tiner 1977). Interspersed within the three tidal marsh zones
are approximately 26,000 acres of managed wetlands or marsh impoundments. St.
Helena Sound comprises approximately 23,870 acres of open coastal marine and
estuarine waters.

  Islands in the Ace Basin region consist of: 1) sea islands, erosion remnants of much
older islands with an oceanward fringe of marsh and/or beach dune ridges constructed
since the middle Holocene ( < 5,000 yr. ago); 2) sand barrier islands with extensive
dune ridges; and 3) marsh islands with widely spaced dune ridges surrounded by
marsh. The barrier and marsh islands are Holocene in age, while the sea islands are







                                        85

Pleistocene. All three types which face the ocean have experienced erosion and
deposition, while serving as protective barriers for the mainland. Table 6 summarizes
physiographic data for select islands in the ACE Basin region.

2.      Geology

  For millions of years this area was probably a part of the ancient continent of
Appalachia whose eastern shore may have lain along the outer edge of the present
Continental Shelf. It appears that during the Triassic (185 million years ago) the land
was shattered by faults, and at the end of the Lower Cretaceous (1 25 million years
ago) a continental warping formed the Appalachian Mountains and tilted down the
land lying east, south and southwest of that area. With this downward tilting of land,
the sea level rose in the present area of our Coastal Plain and possibly reached as far
as the present Fall Line.

  A study of the geologic history of South Carolina's Coastal Plain reveals numerous
advances and retreats of the sea during which sediments were deposited and planed
off over and over again. The entire Coastal Plain area consists of sedimentary
deposits, ranging in age from Upper Cretaceous (65 million years ago) to Recent (2
million years ago), laid on top of ancient rocks such as granites, schists and other
crystalline rocks. The numerous changes in sea level were partly due to tilting of the
.land and partly to variation of world climate. During a series of "Ice ages' when
world climate was much colder than at present, the polar ice caps tied up much of
the ocean's water, thus causing a drop in sea level. When the climate gradually
became warmer, much of the ice melted and returned to the ocean, causing
substantial rises in sea level and inundating tremendous land area (Cooke 1936).

  Most of South Carolina's Coastal Plain deposits are unconsolidated and are soft or
soluble. Therefore, they are more easily eroded than the hard crystalline rocks of the
Piedmont region. As streams tumble off the more resistant rocks at the edge of the
Piedmont into the softer sediments of the Coastal Plain, a series of rapids or falls is
formed, thus the term, 'Fall Line.'

  The Coastal Plain is divided into five geographic divisions as follows:

  I1)    the marine coastal terraces or "low country,"

  2)    the Aiken Plateau,

  3)    the High Hills of Santee,

  4)    the Richland red hills, and

  5)    the Congaree sand hills.















 Table 6. Physiographic data and developent status for select barrier. arsh ard mm islarnk in the ACE Basin Region.




                         count o 0 a
                      U~~~~~ ~                     ~l .0 A  a                                                                        04 . UU   0.  p.0
                                 .64~ ~~      ~~~ O b0n    3 .. .  -                         1.3                                                  111o
                                                                =.and  D- .4 a a                     A           a                     a                     aaa 
       C~~~~~~~~~~ouIs                               0 em.                                     W      &4         0   a 0  U    a        a.6
                       Di u   M I                                             04                                       W                                                  M*




Beaufort
                                                                         St. Helena
                                             6.2-                         Sound
St. Hclena    12.0    2.0    0          20    7.3       1     P      S  B eaufort 3.          CP   21,053   13,125           *                    private   bridge   unknovn

                                             6.2-                         Johnson Creek
Hunting         4.1    1.1    4.0    20    7.3   a            11     E      Fripp Inlet       u     p 1,420      270         0    100   1,320  state         bridge   none

                                                                                                                                                                         00
 Colletom                                                                                                                                                                       0

                                              5.9-                        Jeremy Inlet                                                           private
Edisto Desch   4.4    1.5    4.0    30    6.9           I      H 0          S. Edisto R.  Kr           920        464         0    370        50   & atate  bridge   yet

                                              6.1-                         S. Edisto R.    HSS
Pine             1.7    1.0    1.6    10    7.2         H     H      8      Fish Creek        HF        40       900          0       0      40  private   boat         none

                                                                          Fish Creek,
                                                                          Jefford Creek
                                              6.2-                         & St. Helena
Otter            2.0    1.2    1.6    10    7.3         H     H      S      Sound             Mr       250    2,000           0       0      250  private   boat        none







                                       87

  The coastal zone, as defined in South Carolina's Coastal Zone Management Act of
1977, roughly comprises the same area as the marine coastal terraces. The marine
coastal terraces occupy more than two-thirds of the present Coastal Plain. For
thousands of years the area of the terraces was a level plain. With the recurrent rising
and falling of sea level, deposits were laid down; and during temporary stands of the
sea, sand bars were built across mouths of bays. As the sea withdrew, the bars
remained to mark the abandoned shoreline. The area between two successive shore
lines is treated as a separate terrace, and seven of these terraces have been identified
and named in South Carolina's Coastal Plain. They are, from the oldest to the most
recent, the Pamlico, Talbot, Penholoway, Wicomico, Sunderland, Coharie and
Brandywine.

  The present shoreline, which forms the seaward boundary of the most recent
terrace, has a total length of 1,241 miles, including 281 miles of mainland and 960
miles around islands. From Cape Fear, North Carolina, to South Carolina's Winyah
Bay, the coast forms a great arc and is distinguished by miles of fine sand beaches
broken by several inlets including Little River Inlet, Murrells Inlet and North Inlet. From
Winyah Bay to the Savannah River, the coast line trends to the southwest and is

broken by numerous barrier islands, sea islands, bays, inlets and rivers. Mathews et.
al. (1980) presents a detailed review of stratigraphy and structural geology of the
Coastal Plain. This review includes geophysics, seismicity, historic sea level changes
and economic mineral deposits for the region.

3.      Soils

  Within the ACE Basin region, the soils found are Pleistocene and Holocene in age.
Soils of the mainland and the sea islands, as well as some of the barrier islands, were
laid down during the Pleistocene period at least 25,000 to 35,000 years ago (Hoyt
1968). Other barrier island soils (such as those on Edisto, Hunting, Otter and Pine
Islands) are of more recent origin, having been laid down during the recent or
Holecene period within the last 4,000 to 5,000 years. Marshland soils are also of
Holocene origin (Hoyt 1968).

4.      Groundwater

  Groundwater may well be the most important natural economic resource of the ACE
Basin region. Abundant quantities of high quality water are available from various
aquifers (Mathews et al. 1980). Information regarding withdrawals, water quality,
number of wells, etc. is largely restricted to the deeper aquifers although the shallow
or surface aquifers are used extensively.

  Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the Ocala
Group) comprise the Floridian aquifer of southeastern South Carolina. Throughout







                                       88
much of the region the original head was so great that wells were free flowing at the
surface. However, extensive use of this aquifer has resulted in a continuous decline
in head, with marked cones of depression near major well fields at Savannah,
Brunswick and St. Marys, Georgia.

  Saline water encroachment upon the potable water - producing zones of the
Floridian aquifer has been observed just south of the ACE Basin in the Port Royal
Sound area. Back et aL. (11970) concluded that present day ocean water is entering
this aquifer under Port Royal Sound and is moving towards the cons of depression at
Savannah.

  Aquifers other than the Floridian aquifer are also exploited in the ACE Basin region.
Cretaceous age sands (in ascending order, the Middendorf Formation, the Black Creek
Formation and the Peedee Formation) serve as the primary artesian aquifers in coastal
S.C. (Siple 1975, Spigner et al. 1977, Hayes 1977). The water quality is variable
with certain aquifers suitable for municipal drinking and others only for agriculture.

5.      Climate

  The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime subtropical in which
winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is long, hot and humid. Major
features which control the climate in the region are:

        Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream)
         Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High
        Tropical cyclones
         Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect

  The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of October.
During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant climate control. On
a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the adjacent ocean waters creating warm
air at the land surface. By afternoon this warm air rises and is replaced by moist,
cooler air from over the ocean. This circulation creates an onshore 'sea breeze'. In
most instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles. During the
nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the heat gained
during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea.   Further inland, summer
temperatures are several degrees higher than those along the immediate coastline
since the sea breeze effect diminishes with landward distance.

  The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers and
thunderstorms. Showers will develop offshore during the day as warm, moist air from
the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At night, isolated showers will
develop over land. Rainfall, on the average, is highest during the summer months
throughout the region. Occasionally, severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold







                                      89

fronts which pass through the region. These severe storms sometimes generate
tornadoes or water spouts and can be accompanied by highwinds and hail.

  Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is 59. Over
the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the region. Annual
total rainfall varies from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C. to 46.9 inches along the coast.
The month with the heaviest rainfall is July (7.1 inches) and the month with the
lowest rainfall is November (2.1 inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather
systems normally account for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the
period from August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum
of 22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956.

  Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees F to an
average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees F. Average temperatures along the
immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees F cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees F warmer
in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland temperature
extremes range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees F in the summer to a low of
0 degrees F (1/21/85) in the winter.

  The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricanes during the
hurricane season which lasts from May through November. Tropical cyclones form
predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Antilles Islands, while the remainder
form offshore, in the Caribbean, or in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the
lower South Carolina coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed), 1803 (unnamed), 1911
(unnamed), 1940 (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), 1985 (Bob),
and 1989 (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of
dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastlines. In recent memory,
Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the ACE Basin.

  In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant climatic
impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of drought (1954, 1977,
1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold temperatures (1977, 1983,
1985). Long periods of drought and extensive flooding cause wide fluctuations in the
fresh water flow into estuarine systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water
temperatures to less than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a
significant impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin.

6.      Water Qualitv

  Water quality standards and classifications in the ACE Basin NERR are highly rated
by the South Carolina DHEC (1990). Two primary classes apply to these waters:

a.      Outstandina Recreational or Ecoloaical Resource Waters (ORW):  waters
which are of exceptional recreational or ecological importance or of unusual value.







                                       90

Such waters may include, but not be limited to: waters in national or state parks or
wildlife refuges; waters supporting threatened or endangered species; waters under
the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act or S.C. Scenic Rivers Act; waters known to
be significant nursery areas for commercially important species or known to contain
certain significant commercial or public shellfish resources; or waters used for or
having significant value for scientific research and study.

b.       Shellfish Harvestina (SFH): waters approved for the taking of bivalve
mollusks, specifically clams, mussels, or oysters for direct marketing or human
consumption. Table 7 summarizes the various bodies of water in the ACE Basin area
by DHEC classification. Key water sampling stations are located throughout the Basin
for monitoring water quality.

B.       Socio-Economic Features

1.      Earvy Historical Develooment

  At the time of first contact with European explorers, Indians of the coast were in
the last Mississippian Period. Indians who inhabited this area, belonged to the
Iroquoian, the Muskhogean and the Eastern Siouan tribes (Milling 1969, Rogers 1970)
Other tribes included the Timucuans, Guales, Yamassees, Cauboys and Yuchis of
South Carolina (Millings 1969, Hudson 1976).  Probably no more than 50,000
Indians, living in villages of 50 to 200 individuals, inhabited the coastal plain during
the initial period of contact with Europeans. Generally, these Indians shared certain
common  traits.  All had developed a fairly diversified agriculture; they built
increasingly substantial dwellings and lived in villages. Although varying widely with
specific tribes, their culture was based primarily upon the cultivation of food crops
with very important, but secondary, emphasis on hunting (Milling 1969).

  Although recorded prehistoric occupation spanned more than 100 centuries,
coastal Indians developed a subsistence technology that did not appreciably alter their
environment. Hunting, agriculture, and limited manufacturing practices have left little
or no readily perceptible evidence of prehistoric occupation on the landscape. Pottery,
weapon fragments (e.g., arrowheads), and shellmiddens and rings are the most
obvious evidence of the Indian's presence in the ACE Basin.

  The first Europeans to land in South Carolina were presumably the Spanish (Wallace
1951, Rogers 1970). The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were
characterized by continuous struggles between the Spanish and English for the
contested territory along the South Atlantic coast. Even during nominal peace, there
were numerous intrigues with the Indian tribes to encourage turmoil.

  Spain, realizing that the ever-expanding English settlements along the South
Atlantic coast posed a threat to her sovereignty in the area, launched several military










                                                     91

Table 7. Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications for the ACE Basin.



Waterbodv                 Counties             Class               Waterbodv Descriotion
                                                                    (Site-Soecific)



Ashepoo River             Colleton              SFH                 Salt Water Intrusion to Atlantic Ocean

Combahee-                 Colleton              SFH                 Salt Water Intrusion to St. Helena Sound
Salkehatchie              Beaufort

Coosaw River              Beaufort              SFH                 Entire River to St. Helena Sound

Dawho River               Charleston            SFH                 Entire River from S. Edisto to N. Edisto

Edisto River              Charleston            ORW                 From U.S. 17 to confluence with the Dawho and S. Edisto

Fishing Creek             Charleston            ORU                Entire creek tributary to Dawho River

ICWW                      Charleston            SFH                From S. Edisto to Dawho River

Mosquito Creek            Colleton              SFH                 From Bull Cut to S. Edisto

New Chehaw River          Colleton              SFH                 Entire stream tributary to St. Helena Sound

Old Chehaw River          Colleton              SFH                 Entire stream to Comfbahee River

Sampson Island            Colleton              ORW                 Entire Creek to S. Edisto River








                                        92

area, launched several military operations against the interlopers. A major attack was
directed at Charleston in 1704 and another at Saint Simons in 1743. Both attacks
failed, ultimately leaving the British in firm control of the area north of Florida.

2.      Beainnina of Aariculture

  The early settlers planted mostly subsistence crops, although agricultural
experiments with commercial crops were conducted almost from the beginning. Indian
trade, especially in deerskins, supplied the major export in the early years. As the
Indian trade along the coast dwindled, the emphasis changed first to naval stores
obtained from the forests, and then more to indigo and rice. Even as late as the
1720's, the production of pine pitch and tar was more profitable than growing rice
(Rogers 1970). By 1718, rice cultivation was extensive in the ACE Basin up to the
Santee area.

  After the mid-eighteenth century, rice and its attendant culture dominated along the
major tidewater rivers of S.C. and Georgia. In the SanteeVWinyah area, the insular
effects of the waterways allowed a distinct society to develop, at the center of which,
until the twentieth century, was the rice plantation (Rogers 1970).  The generally
confining topography of all South Carolina rice plantations encouraged this type of
social development.

  After the American Revolution, indigo declined in importance. Cotton, the great
staple crop of the South, did not become important until the early 1800's. For most
of the eighteenth century, rice was the major agricultural enterprise in the Sea Island
Coastal Region.

  During the early period of rice cultivation, fields were located away from the coast.
One of the more readily apparent features of the ACE Basin Region today is the
extensive system of rice field dikes, canals, and reservoirs still visible adjacent to the
coastal rivers (Figure 11). Gradually, cultivation was brought closer to the tidal
estuaries. By the end of the eighteenth century, tidal action was used to flood rice
fields (Wallace 1951). Rice was successfully grown from the St. Marys River in
southern Georgia to the Cape Fear River in North Carolina, with the greatest
production centering around the Georgetown/Santee area in South Carolina (Gray
1941).

  Although the Civil War and its aftermath did not immediately destroy the South
Atlantic rice culture, it did speed its final decline. Capital, as well as labor, was scarce
and the industry was never able to fully recover.

3.      Archaeoloaical and Historic Landmarks

  Intensive archaeological reconnaissance has been undertaken on relatively few









                                           93

Figure 11. A view of a fully developed tidewater rice plantation of the early
nineteenth century (Doar 1936).
















                                                  _;ï¿½>SU8f1
                                       00~~~~~r



                                                  20

                                                                Zs~r



                                     29                1  5 "~Ic


                                           14 is 14 IT 
                    OY rï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½29


                        1~~~ï¿½ï¿½~ï¿½U .~~II   28    B  Is   171
                   QU&A                                       5







                                       94

locations in the ACE Basin. Additional unknown sites probably exist on many of the
islands and privately owned plantations. Most site records contained in the files of
the State archaeologists have been placed there by interested laymen and are not the
products of any scholarly research. Generally, site records contain only brief
descriptions or, frequently, no description at all.

  Much more is known about historic and archaeological sites on land than those
located underwater, but additional sites are continually being discovered. Indian
occupation began about 10,000 B.C. and produced many sites. The European
development of the region also produced innumerable historic sites. Wars have added
additional important sites. Table 8 presents some of the more significant sites known
in the ACE Basin region. This is not a complete listing but only an example of what
is found in the area. A systematic survey of all known and unrecorded sites in the
ACE Basin will be undertaken as funding becomes available.

4.       Economics

  The heart of the proposed ACE Basin NERR lies almost entirely within Colleton
County, one of the eight counties comprising South Carolina's coastal zone. The
Colleton County seat at Walterboro is the most closely tied urban area to the proposed
reserve. According to statistics published by the S.C. Division of Research
and Statistical Services (1990), the population of the county is around 36,800 or
approximately 35 persons per square mile. This represents only about 23% of the
total population for the Lowcountry (Beaufort, Jasper and Colleton Counties) and 4%
for the entire coastal zone of S.C.

  In 1988, this area was estimated to have a civilian labor force of 17,590 with a
5.2% unemployment rate. Agriculture, timber production and fishing constitute the
bulk of the economic base for the lower ACE Basin.

a.      Agriculture

  In 1987, there were 481 farms employing 600 persons in Colleton County. This
accounted for about 20% of the total land area (673,024 acres). Leading income-
producing crops were soybeans, hay, corn and wheat. In terms of cash receipts from
crops, livestock and livestock products, Colleton County ranked 29th in the state (45
counties). Agriculture provides about 3% of the total labor and proprietor's income
in this area.

b.      Forestry

  As of 1989, 74% (501,274 acres) of the total Colleton County land area was
protected forest area. Ownership of this forest land is primarily divided among the
forest industry, private corporations, farmers, private landowners and the state. The










Table 8. Sites of Archaeological and Historic Significance in the ACE Basin.

Names                                               Period                   National Register/National Honunent



Green Pond                                          18th Century                             NO
Combahee Ferry                                      Prehistoric/Historic                     NO
Heyward Plantation                                  Prehistoric/Historic                     Unknown
Combahee River                                      Prehistoric                              NO
Colleton Co. Courthouse                             19th Cenï¿½ury                             YES
Walterboro Library                                  19th Century                             YES
Old Collteton Co. Jail                              19th Century                             YES
Pon Pon Chapel                                      18th Century                             YES
Issac Hayne Hall & Gave                            18th Century                              YES
Jacksonboro Bridge                                H11storic                                  NO
Ashlepoo Trestle                                    Historic                                 NO
Ashepoo                                             Unknown                                  NO
Maybank                                             Unknown                                  NO
Gun Boat Island     (Federal Vessel)                Civil War                                Unknown
Fenwick             (Confederate Fort)             Civil War                                 Unknown
Ashepoo River    (Vessel-Federal Confederate)       Civil War                                Unknown
Ashepoo River        (Fort Chapman)                 Civil War                                Unknown
Ashepoo River    (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
Bear Island Road (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
Combahee River   (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
Combahee River   (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
Otter Island     (Confederate & Federal)            Civil War                                Unknown
(Note: Hay possible now be underwater).
                    (Fort-Unnamed)
Otter Island         (Federal Signal Tower)         Civil War                                Unknown
East end Hwy 17  (Confederate Fort causeway         Civil War                                Unknown
                  at Conbahee entrenchments)
Fields Pt.       (Confederate Fort earthworks       Civil War                                Unknown
                  or fortification)
Tar Bluff        (Confederate Fort                  Civil War                                Unknown
                  earthworks or fortification)



Hutchinson Island, Bennetts Point and many other points accessable by water contain both Civil War Camps and picket posts.







                                        96

types of various timber species can be grouped as longleaf-slash, loblolly-shortleaf,
oak-pine, oak-hickory, and oak-gum-cypress. The variety of soil conditions within the
ACE Basin results in timber producing sites of varying quality. Forest acreage by
timber stand includes sawtimber, pole timber (includes pulpwood), sapling-seedling,
and non-merchantable stock.

  Commercial forestry is an important industry within the ACE Basin. There are a
number of foresters with the SCFC working in the area as well as consulting and other
foresters with private concerns. These foresters assist woodland owners in the Basin
in overall woodland management, timber harvesting, tree planting, watershed
management, fire protection, wildlife management, insect and tree disease control and
other miscellaneous matters related to forest resources.

  In the area of fire protection, the SCFC has a number of employees, including
rangers, wardens, district rangers, etc., who spend a great deal of their time in forest
fire prevention within the Basin. The fire prevention program consists of education
material for school children as well as planned contacts through individuals, groups,
civic clubs and news media.

   in 1989, the county had 251 wild fires, burning 1335 acres of forest land. This
represents less than 1/2 of one percent of the woodland in the ACE Basin.

c.      Fisheries

  The marsh/estuarine system of the ACE Basin is extremely valuable as habitat and
as spawning and nursery grounds for species of commercial and recreational
importance.

    Commercial fisheries are primarily for Penaeid shrimp, blue crabs, oysters, clams
and various species of finfish. The combined commercial fisheries harvest for this
system is approximately 1.1 million lbs. annually or about seven percent of the state's
total volume of fish and shellfish production. This catch has an annual dockside value
of approximately $1.6 million or about six percent of the statewide value going to the
commercial fishermen (Table 9).

    The shrimp fishery is conducted primarily in the lower estuary and adjacent ocean
waters. Blue crab pot fishing is confined to the inner estuarine area of the sound and
tidal rivers, streams and tributaries. The major portion of shellfish growing areas in
this river basin are intertidal and are either under permit for commercial harvesting or
designated as State and public grounds. A recent discovery of subtidal clam beds in
the Ashepoo River has added significant value to the commercial shellfish production
in this area. At present, there is no evidence of over-exploitation of any marine or
estuarine resources in this system.









Table 9.  Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel Value for Products Landed in the ACE Basin.



                     Catches from within the                  Offshore Landings within the
                            ACE Basin                                   ACE Basin
                     Volume         Value                          Volume          Value


Shrimp               180,434        $176,042                       276,225         $807,779


Crab                337,915         $158,532                            77              $35


Clams & Oyster       45,039         $186,473                             0              S 0

Inshore Fish        204,835         $156,106                         3,762           $2,540

Offshore Fish              0              SO                        33,214          $32,060



                                                                                                                                                      CD
Total               768,222         $677,152                       313,277         $842,412

                                    Volume                                         Value

Total ALL Areas                   16,640,217                                    S25,563,096

Percent of State Landings:               6.5X                                           5.9X



Docks                      9
Vessels                   32
Fishermen                104






Prepared by: Fisheries Statistics Program
             October 1990







                                       98
  Saltwater sport fishing, although a popular recreational activity in the area, is not
as intensive as in many other marine areas along the S.C. coast. Major sport fishing
activities take place in the sound, tidal rivers, and ocean waters adjacent to Edisto
Island. For the most part, this consists of small boat fishing for inshore species such
as sea trout, drums, flounder and cobia, or near shore trolling for mackerels, jacks and
bluefish. Surf and bridge fishing is also popular in the area, as are recreational
shrimping, crabbing, and shellfishing.

   SCWMRD recreational fisheries management programs currently in effect in this
area by the SCWMRD include: artificial fishing reef construction; public shellfish
areas; assistance in facilities development, such as boat launching ramps; and the
administration and enforcement of State regulations pertaining to recreational
fisheries.

d.        Other Marine Uses

   The Ace Basin is also utilized for recreational boating, swimming and other water
sports. Seventeen public boat launching ramps are located in the area east of
Walterboro in Colleton County. As is the case with recreational fishing, however,
such use of the area is comparatively light.

   Other than small pleasure craft, navigational usage of the ACE Basin estuary is not
intensive. Pleasure craft, commercial barge traffic and fishing vessels are the primary
users of the waterways in this area.

   The ACE Basin has been the location of a number of scientific research
investigations over the years. Continuous, ongoing research and monitoring programs
in this area are being conducted primarily by the SCWMRD and SCDHEC. Current
research activities by the SCWMRD are primarily related to fisheries management,
including shellfish studies, shrimp monitoring, estuarine trawl surveys, and an
inventory of coastal wetlands in the area. The SCDHEC is primarily engaged in
continuous monitoring of water quality and shellfish growing areas.

5.        Traditional Land Use - Wildlife Manaaement and Huntina

   Wildlife management is an important land use practice in the overall ACE Basin
region and represents the principal land use activity occurring on upland areas within
the proposed reserve. Accounts of hunting during the early to mid 1800's document
the rich abundance of game animals associated with extensive tidewater rice
plantations and other lands within the region (Elliott 1859). Within the reserve buffer
zone, intensive wildlife management currently is practiced on some eight major
privately-managed properties as well as the state-owned Bear Island WMA.







                                       99

   Historic emphasis relating to hunting together with the evolution of more
sophisticated wildlife management techniques largely have been responsible for
maintaining the natural character of privately-managed properties.  Interest in
bobwhite quail management beginning in the 1950's had a positive impact on white-
tailed deer populations by providing increased habitat diversity through prescribed
burning, timber management and establishment of numerous food plots. Significant
cooperation efforts between SCWMRD and private landowners have resulted in
innovative programs to effectively manage deer populations and encourage sound
stewardship of the deer resource. During the period of mid 1970's through the 1980's
wild turkeys have been restocked in appropriate habitats and huntable populations
now occur on numerous properties. Mourning doves are an abundant game bird on
agricultural lands planted annually in corn, soybeans and various small grains. As
previously described in the discussion of estuarine impoundments, considerable
emphasis is placed on managing some 3,300 acres of impoundments to provide
waterfowl habitat. In order to promote overall wildlife resource stewardship on
private lands, SCWMRD provides a comprehensive technical guidance program for
both wetland and upland game species.

   The 12,000 acre Bear Island WMA has been developed to provide management
potential for a diversity of wildlife species and consists of a complex of habitats
including: managed impoundments 5,400 acres; tidal marshes 5,000 acres, forest
lands 1,200 acres and agricultural lands 400 acres. The area provides public hunting
opportunities for a variety of game animals including waterfowl, mourning dove,
white-tailed deer and small game species. In addition to game species, Bear Island
provides important habitat for non-game and endangered species. Other than hunting,
wildlife related recreational activities (i.e. birdwatching, photography, and nature
study) compatible with habitat management and public hunting programs, also are
encouraged.

    In addition to public hunting opportunities provided on Bear Island WMA, the
surrounding creeks, rivers, marshes and open waters of St. Helena Sound provide
significant public hunting opportunities for waterfowl and rails. Although estuarine
impoundments are the principal habitats used by waterfowl, hunters are afforded
opportunities to hunt ducks in public waters when birds fly over tidal wetlands during
their normal daily movements. Regularly flooded salt marshes located in both the core
and buffer areas of the proposed reserve provide extensive habitat for clapper rails and
offer excellent rail hunting opportunities especially during periods of spring tides.

6.        Local Activities Affectina the Site

    There are two activities that may affect the ACE Basin site from an environmental
standpoint. These are dredging activities associated with maintenance of the AIWW
and nonpoint source pollution (NPS) runoff.







                                       100

a.        Dredaina Activities

   Maintenance dredging of the AIWW has a significant effect on the site not only
from the mechanical removal of sediments from the bottom, but also from the
creation of disposal areas in adjacent marshes. There are four disposal sites located
on Ashe Island in the reserve which are currently being used by-the Corps of
Engineers. Permanent easements for future use are also held along the AIWW within
the site. This activity is reviewed through the public review process required by
federal regulation.

b.        NPS Runoff

   Nonpoint source pollution is defined by the Association of State and Interstate
Water Pollution Control Administrators as those discharges that are not covered by
a site-specific discharge permit. Categories of NPS pollution include agriculture,
silviculture, construction, urban runoff, mining, land disposal of solid and hazardous
wastes and hydrologic modifications. In an area like the ACE Basin, the most likely
potential sources of NPS pollution are agriculture, and to a lesser degree silviculture
and hydrologic modifications in the form of impoundments managed for waterfowl and
mariculture activities.

   Agriculture accounts for about 20% of the total land area in Colleton County, and
farmers have requested that a high priority be given to establishing a baseline of
information on contaminant levels within the system.   Runoff from agriculture
activities typically contains high levels of suspended sediments, nutrients, pesticides,
animal wastes, and other oxygen-demanding substances. Runoff from silviculture
activities and impoundments also contains sediments and oxygen-demanding
substances and may  contain nutrients and pesticides as well.   All of these
contaminants can degrade water quality, interfere with the biological activities of
aquatic organisms, and create long-term ecological imbalances.

   The degree to which NPS runoff has affected the ACE Basin is unknown at this
time. Apparently, it has not been a serious threat to water quality standards based
on the present DHEC classifications. However, NPS runoff is an area that needs study
in the early stages of characterization.

C.        Bioloaical Features

   Detailed narrative treatment is provided for the major ecosystem components in
Appendix G. Functional relationships are discussed for 23 ecological systems,
subsystems and general community types represented in the ACE Basin NERR.
Species lists are provided for plants, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, and
fishes in Appendix H.






                                       101
IV.       ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

A.        General Imoacts

   The overall impact of establishing the ACE Basin NERR would be environmentally
beneficial. Social and economic benefits would override any adverse impacts.

   Designation of the reserve would entail minimal development or physical alteration
of present environmental conditions beyond what is proposed for Bear Island in the
facilities development plan. Reserve status will give the lower ACE Basin estuary
protection beyond what it currently has in the state's coastal management program.
The land acquisition strategy, including purchases, donations and easements, will
further discourage adverse development in the lower estuary.

   Traditional uses of the area will not be changed. Hunting, fishing and shellfishing
will continue to be administered by SCWMRD and access to the area for recreation
and education will be enhanced.

B.        Soecific Imoacts

i.        Natural Environment

   Physical impacts on the natural environment through designation of the ACE Basin
NERR would be negligible. Effects of the education and research programs outlined
in the management plan would be beneficial in the long-term through a better
understanding of estuaries and their management. Also, the research and monitoring
program will incorporate studies to determine the optimum amount of use (in terms
of varying use patterns and mixes) the area can support.

2.        Human Environment

a.        Scientific and Educational

   Research and educational activities outlined in the management plan will help to
solve coastal zone management issues through a better understanding of estuarine
processes. Thus, the proposed ACE Basin NERR is an outstanding investment
because of its societal returns in terms of practical application.

   As our society becomes more aware of and concerned with the need for
protecting our environment, we are seeing an ever increasing emphasis on the subject
in our schools and universities. To properly carry out our educational responsibilities,
these institutions will need quality representative outdoor environmental laboratories
for student field trips and research activities.







                                       102

b.        Public Access

   Development of the proposed education/visitor center will serve as a focal point
for public access to the reserve. Access points will be enhanced and areas, not
otherwise open to the public in the past, will be available for research, education and
general public use. For researchers, access to estuarine areas will be available along
with support of the ACE Basin NERR.

c.        State and Federal

   Acquisition, management and development activities within the ACE Basin NERR
will have a short-term fiscal impact on the federal government and a long-term
financial impact on the state of South Carolina. The state must make a commitment
for the long-term operation of the reserve. Alternate funding sources to supplement
the state's share will be investigated.

   Any state/federal expenditures will be offset by two un-quantifiable benefits:.

   (1)   The creation of an irreplaceable natural laboratory where long-term and
          short-term studies will be conducted and applied in coastal decision-making.

    (2)   The reserve will be part of a national program which will foster cooperation
          from scientists, institutions, educators and local, state and federal
          government.

C.        Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic ImDacts

1.       Tax Revenue Loss

   Acquisition of property in the reserve may result in an initial loss of tax revenue
to Colleton, Beaufort and Charleston counties. According to the 1989 tax records,
taxes assessed on the eight islands proposed for acquisition in the reserve core area
were $10,566.40. This will be easily offset by gains in the local economy due to
tangible and intangible benefits. Positive values are associated with providing facilities
for education and training. Direct economic benefits will be derived locally from
visiting scientists, educators, organized groups and casual visitors. More wide spread
benefits are derived from applied research which addresses major coastal zone
management issues. There are also serendipity values of basic research in natural
environments such as the ACE Basin NERR (Krutilla 1975).

   Designation of the research reserve could also enhance property values of
adjoining lands. As the amenities of the estuary and coastal wetlands are preserved,
adjacent properties may become more valuable and desirable. Also, there are







                                       103

substantial community benefits associated with conservation easements, which are
vital components of the overall ACE  Basin Project.   Easements that restrict
development and protect fish and wildlife habitat are likely to increase the market
value of adjacent lands. This principle, known as the "betterment theory" has been
recognized in the context of federal tax appraisals (Stockford, 1990).

2.       Traffic Impacts

   Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will introduce more people into the reserve.
This will result in more vehicles on U.S. 17 and South Carolina Highway 26, more
pedestrians on reserve grounds and a probable increase in boat and waterway traffic.

   Although education and research activities are encouraged, NERR sites are
"tourist" type facilities. The number of visitors will be monitored to ensure no damage
occurs to the resources being protected.

   Development of the education/visitor center at Bear Island WMA would initially
entail only the reserve staff and researchers. This would involve approximately ten
(10) vehicle trips per day during year one increasing to less than twenty (20) during
year five. As the program develops and becomes better known, these figures will
increase. Special events and other planned activities at the reserve center will
produce "pulses" of traffic entering and exiting the facility.

D.       Relationshin Between the Prooosed Action on the Environment and the
          Maintenance and Enhancement of Lona-Term Productivity

   The stated purpose of the ACE BASIN NERR is to protect the area in perpetuity
so as to guarantee long-term stability of the natural resources for research and
education. Traditional uses of these resources will continue under present regulations.
However, there will be no short-term or exploitative uses of these resources at the
expense of long-term productivity or continued public use. By implication, all short-
term uses that would reduce or eliminate long-term productivity will be prevented with
the proposed action and intended management.

    The proposed action of resource protection is consistent with maintaining natural
productivity of estuaries and ecosystem processes with little or no work or subsidy
by man. Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will serve to maintain, and possibly
enhance the ecosystem's long-term productivity.

E.       Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources

    No irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources have been identified in
the assessment or are expected to result from the proposed action. No other adverse,
unavoidable environmental impacts are known. No significant construction is







                                      104

anticipated, except for possible education facilities such as an interpretative center,
trails, signs, and small upland parking areas at controlled access points. Other than
sport and commercial fishing, shellfishing, and game harvesting, no extraction of
renewable or nonrenewable resources will occur.  Endangered, threatened, and
sensitive species and their vital habitats would be protected, as would any known or
discovered archeological or historical sites on lands owned by participants in the
program.

   Minor maintenance and energy expenditures would be incurred, as would the
expenditure of public funds. These may be regarded as a commitment of economic
resources and also as an investment in recreational, educational and environmental
amenities for the welfare of present and future generations.

F.        Possible Conflicts Between the Pronosed Action and the Obiectives of
          Federal. State. Reaional and Local Land-Use Plans. Policies and Controls For
          the Areas Concerned

    No conflicts have been noted in the assessment used to develop the ACE Basin
NERR designation. By incorporating existing local, State, and Federal regulatory, land-
use, and resource management programs, it is intended that the reserve operation will
carefully fit into its natural and institutional environment.

V.        LIST OF PREPARERS

    This document was prepared by the following project team at the South Carolina
Wildlife and Marine Resources Department:

    Michael D. McKenzie, Regional Biologist and Project Manager, MRD

    Michael B. Prevost, Wildlife Biologist, DWFF

    Paul A. Sandifer, Director, MRD

    John V. Miglarese, Assistant Director, MRD

    Robert H. Dunlap, Marine Biologist, MRD

    Dwayne Porter, Geographic Information Processing, MRD

    Emily S. Schroeder, Word Processing, MRD

    Pat Causby, Word Processing, MRD






                                     105

   Many other individuals within SCWMRD contributed information and guidance for
the development of this document. Special thanks is due to Joe Hamilton and Sally
and Tom Murphy for providing information on wildlife resources and management.
Bob Somers, S.C. Land Resources Commission, provided valuable GIS suqppor.

    Members of the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee were also actively
involved in the planning and development of this document. Special acknowledge-
ment goes to Linda Lundquist, S.C. Nature Conservancy, Dewey Wise and Hugh Lane,
Jr., local landowners in the ACE Basin for their contributions in writing the
management plan. Others who had input include: James A. Timmerman, Jr., John
Frampton, Stephen Synder, Ann Hale, Coy Johnston, Charles A. Sweat, Jr., Harris
Beach, Larry Collins, Dana Beach, Cecil M. Lachicotte, William Hackett, Ed Drane,
Keith Kinard, W. Harry Cone, Jr., Peden McLeod, Lynn McCants, Luke Erwin and
Jackson Gregory.

   The following individuals with NOAA made significant contributions to the
document:
         Susan Durden, Regional Manager, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
         National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Mgt.

         Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist, Sanctuaries and Reserves
         Division, National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal
         Resource Management

VI.       LIST OF AGENCIES. ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES
         OF THE FEIS/DMP.

   Federal Aaencies

   Advisory Council of Historic Preservation
   Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic Division
   Department of Agriculture
   Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service
   Department of Defense
   Department of Energy
    Department of Health and Human Services
    Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
    Department of Justice
    Department of Labor
    Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard and Federal Highway
   Administration
    Environmental Protection Agency, permits Branch, Region IV
    Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
    General Services Administration






                                  106

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Conaressional

Senator Ernest F. Hollings
Senator Strom Thurmond
Representative Arthur Ravenel

State Distribution

Governor
Attorney General
Archaeology Institute
South Carolina Coastal Council
South Carolina Department of Archives and History
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation
South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism
South Carolina Forestry Commission
South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commission
South Carolina Public Railways Commission
South Carolina Public Service Authority
South Carolina Public Service Commission
South Carolina State Budget & Control Board
South Carolina State Development Board
South Carolina State Ports Authority
South Carolina Water Resources Commission

Local Distribution

      Beaufort Countv

Beaufort County Development Commission
Beaufort County Joint Planning Commission
Beaufort County Administrator

      Colleton County

County Supervisor
Mayor, Edisto Beach
Mayor, Walterboro
Walterboro-Colleton Recreation Commission
Lowcountry Council of Governments
The Edisto Island Community Association







                                  107

Environmental Interest GrouDs

Center for Environmental Education
Environmental Defense Fund
The Nature Conservancy
National Wildlife Federation
Sierra Club
The Preservation Society of Charleston
South Carolina Chamber of Commerce
South Carolina Coastal Conservation League
South Carolina Environmental Coalition
South Carolina Wildlife Federation

      Libraries

Beaufort County Library
Charleston County Library
Colleton County Library
South Carolina State Library



ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee Members

James A. Timmerman
John McMillan
T. Dewey Wise
Linda Lundquist
Coy Johnston
Hugh Lane, Jr.
Ann Hale
Peden McLeod
Jackson Gregory
Harry Cone
Harris L. Beach
Cecil Lachicotte
Luke Erwin, Jr.
Dana Beach
Charlie Sweat
Keith Kinard
J. Lynn McCants
William Hackett
Larry L. Collins
Eugene F. Duncan







                                      108

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   Resources Comm. Rep. No. 129. Columbia, S.C. 52 pp.

Stackford, D.C. 1990. Conservation easements. Boston College Environ. Affairs
   Rev. 17 (4): 823-849.

Stalter, R. 1972. The flora of Otter Island, Colleton County, South Carolina.
   Castanea 37:298-300.

Stapor, F. W., Jr. and R.S. Murali. 1978. Computer modeling of littoral and transport
   (shore-parallel) for coastal South Carolina: a preliminary report. S.C. Sea Grant
   Tech. Rep. No. 4. Mar. Resour. Centr., Charleston. 79 pp.

Stephen, M.F., P.J. Brown, D.M. Fitzgerald, D.K. Hubbard, and M.O. Hayes.
    1 975.Beach erosion inventory of Charleston county, South Carolina: a preliminary
   report. S.C. Sea Grant Tech. Rep. No. 4. Mar. Resour. Centr., Charleston. 79 pp.

Tabb, D.C. 1966. The estuary as a habitat for spotted seatrout, Cynoscion
    nebulosus, pp. 59-67. In: R.F. Smith, A.H. Swartz, and W.H. Mossman, eds. A
   symposium on estuarine fisheries. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 3 Washington,
    D.C.

Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1984. Wetlands of the United States: Current status and recent
   trends. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat Resources. U.S. Govt. Printing
    Office, Washington, D.C. 59 pp.

Tiner, R.W. 1977. An inventory of South Carolina's coastal marshes. S.C. Mar
    Resour. Centr. Tech. Rep. No. 23. 33pp.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Draft environmental assessment and
    land protection plan for the proposed ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge.
    Atlanta, GA. 13 pp.






                                      114

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Draft regional wetlands concept plan,
   emergency wetland resources act, Southeast Region. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
   Atlanta, Ga. 275 pp.

Wade, C.W. 1971. Commercial anadromous fishery, Edisto River, South Carolina.
   Annu. progress rep. Project AFC-4-1. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dept., Div. Game
   Freshwater Fish. Columbia. 79 pp (Unpubl.).

Wallace, D.D. 1951. South Carolina - a short history. Univ. N.C. Press, Chapel Hill.
   753 pp. -

Warner, L. and D. Strouss. 1976. Inventory of the status of the barrier islands of the
   southeast. Open Space Inst., New York. 300 pp.

Whitaker, J.D. 1990. Pers. commun. South Carolina Wildl. and Mar. Res. Dept.

White, M.G. 1969. Anadromous fish survey of the Edisto and Coosawhatchie rivers,
   South Carolina. Job completion rep. Project AFC-2-2. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour.
   Dept., Columbia. 94 pp. (Unpubl.).

Wilkinson, P.M. 1984. Nesting ecology of the American alligator in coastal South
   Carolina. S.C. Wildl. and Mar. Resour. Dept., Study Completion Rep., Columbia.
   113 pp.







                                    115

VIII.    LIST OF APPENDICES

         Appendix                      Title

            A        Biogeographic Classification and Typology System

            B        Current NERRS Regulations

            C        ACE Basin Site Selection

               C.1   Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination
               C.2  Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce

            D        Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements

               D.1   Draft Proposed MOU Between NOAA and S.C.
               D.2   Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD
               D.3   Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF To SCWMRD
               D.4   Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region

           E         Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's
                           Coastal Management Program

               E.1   Documentation that ACE Basin NERR Is Consistent with
                           S.C.'s Coastal Management Program
               E.2   SCCC Permit Policy
               E.3   Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject
                           to Management By State Agencies

           F         NERR Research Permit

           G         Ecological Characterization of the ACE Basin NERR

           H         Species Lists

                     Groups Endorsing the ACE Basin NERR

           J         Responses to Written and Oral Comments on the ACE Basin
                     FEIS/DMP








                      APPENDIX A

              ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN SITE

     BASED ON NERRS BIOGEOGRAPHIC SCHEME/TYPOLOGY

Renresentativeness

A.   Appendix 1 - Biogeographic Classification Scheme
          Carolinian - South Atlantic (Santee River to St.
          John's River)

B.   Appendix 2 - Typology of National Estuarine Areas
          Class I - Ecosystem Types
               Group I - Shorelands

                    A.   Maritime Forest - Woodland
                         3.   Temperate   Deciduous   Forest
                              Biome

                    B.   Coast Shrublands
                         2.   Southeast Areas

                    C.   Coastal Grasslands
                         3.   Southeast/Gulf: Uniola

               Group II- Transition Areas

                    A.   Coastal Marshes
                         a.   Tidal
                               1.   Saltmarsh cordgrass
                               2.   Brackish marshes
                               3.   Freshwater marshes

                       B.   Coastal Swamps

                     D.   Intertidal Beaches

                     E.   Intertidal Mud and Sand and Flats

                Group III - Submerged Bottoms

                     A.   Subtidal HardLottoms

                     B.   Subtidal Softbottoms

           Class II - Physical Characteristics
                Group I - Geologic

                     A.   Basin Type







                         3.   Bay
                    B.   Basin Structure
                         1.   Coastal Plains Estuary

                    C.   Inlet Type
                         1.   Unrestricted

                    D.   Bottom Composition
                         1.   Sand
                         2.   Mud
                         4.   Oyster Shell

              Group II- Hydrographic

                    A.   Circulation
                         1.   Stratified

                    B.   Tides
                         2.   Semidiurnal

                    C.   Freshwater
                         1.   Surface water
                              b.   Groundwater

               Group III-Chemical

                    A.   Salinity
                         1.   Positive Estuary
                         3.   Salinity Zones
                              c.   Mixohaline

                    B.   PH Regime
                         2.   Circumneutral

Value for Research

A.   Basic Research Topics

     1.   Interdisciplinary  Studies  of  Estuarine  Produc-
          tivity
     2.   Marsh Ecology Investigations
     3.   Long-term Water Quality Studies
     4.   Nutrient Cycling
     5.   Characterization of Community Types

B.   Applied Research and Management Topic

     1.   Habitat manipulation Studies
     2.   Habitat Alteration and long-term vs. short-term
          effects
     3.   Multiple Use Studies of Impoundments
     4.   Non-game and Endangered Species Management
     5.   Traditional Use Studies
     6.   Shellfish Management and Cultivation Studies







          7.   Fisheries Use Investigation

III. Value For Education

     A.   Instructional area for undergraduate and graduate
          courses taught at the College of Charleston, U.S.C,,
          The Citadel, Clemson and S.C. State.

     B.   Proximity to Intermediate and Senior High Schools in
          the following counties:

          1.   Collection
          2.   Beaufort
          3.   Charleston
          4.   Jasper
          5.   Hampton
          6.   Dorchester
          7.   Orangeburg
          8.   Bamberg
          9.   Berkeley

     C.   Proximity To Urban Centers

          1.   Walterboro - 32 miles
          2.   Charleston - 45 miles
          3.   Beaufort - 46

     D.   Proximity to Institutions

          1.   USC (Walterboro & Beaufort)
          2.   The College of Charleston
          3.   The S.C. Marine Resources Research Institute
          4.   The Citadel
          5.   S.C. State University






















      APPENDIX B

Current NERRS Regulations





            Monday
            July 23, 1I

















            Part  El


            Department of
            Commerce
            National Oceanic and Atmospheric
            Administration

            15 CFR Part 921
            National Estuarine Reserve Research
            System Program Regulations; Interim
            Final Rule





_ 






29940         Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE                     ADDRESSES: Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch,         support-the research mission, not as
National Oceanic and Atmospheric           Chief; Marine and Estuarine                ends in themselves. Consultation by the
Administration                             Management Division; Office of Ocean       Secretary with other Federal and state
                                           and Coastal Resource Management,           agencies to promote use of one or more
15 CFR Part 921                           NOS/NOAA; 1825 Connecticut Avenue    reserves within the System by such
                                           NW.; Suite 714; Washington, DC 20235,    agencies when conducting estuarine
[Docket No. 70874-01331                    (202) 673-5126.                            research is also a clearly defined goal of
                                           FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.           the System. The regulations also
National Estuarine Reserve Research    Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch, (202) 673-5126.    emphasize the use of a reserve's natural
System Program Regulations                 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:                 resources and ecology to enhance public
AGENCY: Office of Ocean and Coastal                                                   awareness and understanding of
Resource Management (OCRM)                 I. Authority                               estuarine areas, and to provide suitable
National Ocean Service (NOS), National       This notice of interim final rulemaking   opportunities for public education and
Oceanic and Atmospheric                    is issued under the authority of section    interpretation. This education goal has
Administration (NOAA), Department of   315(a) of the Coastal Zone Management    been elevated to become one of the
Commerce.                                  Act of 1972 as amended, 18 U.S.C. 14a1    essential criteria for designation of a
ACTION: Interim final rule.                (the Act). The National Estuarine          reserve.
                                           Reserve Research System has been           IV. Revision of the Procedures for
SUMMARY: The regulations revise            operating under regulations published      Selecting, Designating and Operating
existing rules for national estuarine      June 27, 1984 (49 FR 26510).               National Estuarine Research Reserves
reserves in accordance with the Coastal   II. General Background                        (A) Revision of Designation Criteria.
Zone Management Reauthorization Act
of 1985 (title IV, subtitle D, Pub. Li99-    On October 28, 1988 (53 FR 43 816)       The Coastal Zone Management
272] and recommendations contained in   NOAA published proposed regulations    Reauthorization Act of 1985 established,
272)the U.S. Department of Commerce        for continued implementation of the        for the first time, statutory criteria for
the U.S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Inspector General Report JNo.    National Estuarine Reserve Research        designating an area as a national
F-726f5-010, "Opportunities to             System (NERRS) Program pursuant to         estuarine research reserve. An area may
Strengthen the Administration of the       section 315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461.    be designated by the Secretary of
Estuarine Sanctuary Program." Effective   Written comments were accepted until    Commerce as a national estuarine
with the signing of Public Law 99-272 on   December 30, 1988. These comments          research reserve if:
April 7,1986, the name of the Estuarine    have been considered in preparing these    (1) the Governor of the coastal state in
Sanctuary Program changed to the           final regulations. A summary of the        which the area is located nominates the area
National Estuarine Reserve Research        significant changes to the proposed        for that designation; and
System Program; estuarine sanctuary        regulations is presented below.              12) the Secretary finds that:
sites are now referred to as national        These interim final regulations       (     A) the area is a representative estuarine
estuarine research reserves. These         establish the Program's mission and        ecosystem that is suitable for long-term
regulations revise the process for         goals and revise procedures for            research and contributes to the
designation of research reserves.          selecting, designating and operating       biogeographical and typological balance of
Greater emphasis is placed on the use of   national estuarine research reserves.      the System;
                      G~~reats~er emphasis is    placed~on the  uss~e o(B) the law of the coastal State provides
reserves to address national estuarine     Ill. Changing the Name and Emphasis of   long-term protection for reserve resources to
research and management issues, and to   the Program                                  ensure a stable environment for research;

research purposes through cc rdidense a-              stal  se enresearch;r
research purposes through coordin   ation Act and its amendments established the   serve to enhance public awareness and
with NOAA          and  other Federal and state   National Estuarine Reserve Research  understanding of estuarine areas, and
agencies which ar       e spons oring  estuarine System System. The System consists of  provide suitable o pportunities for public
given to providing financial emphassis tancelso  (1) each estuarine sanctuary designated    education and interpretation; and
given to providing financial assistance prior to April 7, 1986 which is the date of    (D) the coastal State in which the area is
to states to enhance public awareness      enactment of the Coastal Zone              located has complied with the requirements
and understanding of estuarine areas by   Management Reauthorization Act  of  of any regulations issued by the Secretary to
providing opportunities for public                                                    implement this section.
education and interpretation. The 
regulations provide new guidance for       designated after the Act. The term           Some of these criteria for designation
        e ationsprovide newguidancenew   festuarine sanctuary no longer appears in  are either new or substantially more
          delineating reserve boundaries and  regulations; the term research reserve or   specific than those contained in the
procedures for arriving at the most        reserve appears in its place.              former regulations. For example, under
effcitive and least costly appr oach to      The Mission Statement for the System   these regulations the Governor of a
acquisition of land. Clarifications in the    is much the same as for the National    coastal state must nominate an
total amount of financial assistance
authorized for each national estuarine     Estuarine Sanctuary Program which          estuarine area for designation and
                                          existed prior to the 1985 amendments,      findings are required that the law of the
reserve, and criteria for withdrawing the   However, the goals for the National       coastal state provides long-term
designation of a reserve, have also been   Estuarine Reserve Research System          protection for reserve resources to
                                           stress the use of reserve sites for       ensure a stable environment for
DATES: Effective Date: These.interim       promotion and coordination of estuarine   research and that designation of the
final regulations are effective July 23,   research ona national level as the         area will serve to enhance public
1990.                                      highest priority and reason for            awareness and understanding of
  Comments: Comments are invited and   establishing the System. The protection    estuarine areas. The criteria in the
will be considered if submitted on or      and management of estuarine areas and   existing regulations have been revised
before September 21, 1990.                 resources are clearly intended to          accordingly.







              Feder   Regster I Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monda-, Iulyr 23, 199 t    Rt  es and Reguta           a         Z941

  (B) Revision of Site Criteria ond      be required to justify the use of fee     phase, funds are available for acquiring
Procedures. The criteria for selecting an   simple acquisition methods and make    interest in land, which is the primary
estuarine area for designation as a      greateruse of non-fee- simple methods to  purpose of this award; and for minor
national estuar;ne research reserve have   conserve expenditure of funds. For eachr  construction teg., nature trails and boat
been expanded to provide guidance for    parcel, both in the core area and the     rampsi, preparation of architectural and
determining boundanes for the proposed   buffer zone, states must determine, with   engineering plans and specifications,
site. The Office of inspector General    appropriate justificatio  I} the          development of the final management
Report NC. F-72M-l4 criticized the       mminiman level of controtsl required, (2   plan, and hiring a reserve manager and
lack of specific guiehnles for setting   the level of existing state control, and {(3)  other staffas necessary to implement
hmits on boundarmes around estuarne      the level of additional state contraolsJ  the NOAA approved draft management
sanntarres to ensure that wniy land      required states must also examine all     plan.
essential to the mission of the program  reasonable alternatives for attaining the   The length of time for thls initial
be included mside the sanctuary.         additional level of control required,     phase of acquisition and development
References m the exisung regulatons to   perform a cost analysis of each, and      may be up to three years. After the site
ensure that the boundanres encompass     rank, in order of cost, the alternative   receives Federal deslgnation as a
an adequate portion of the key land andt   methods of acquisition which were       national estuamne research reserve, the
water areas of the natural system to     considered. The cost-effectiveness        state may request additional financial
approximate an ecological unit are too   assessment must also compare short-       assistance to acquire additional
vague, particularly since terms are not  term and long-term costs. The state shall  property interests (e.g., for the buffer
defined. The proposed regulations        give priority consideration to the least  zone), for construction of research and
defie key land and water areas as a     costy meohod(s) of attaining the          interpretive facilities, and for restorative
"core area" within the reserve which is    minimum level of long-term control      activities in accordance with the
so vital to the functioning of the       required, which is sufficient to meet the    approved final management plan
estuarnne ecosystem that it must he      statutory requirement that te law of        The Coastal Zone Management
under a level of control sufficient to   the coastal state provides long-term      Reauthorization Act of 1985 specifies
ensure the long-term viability of the    protection for reserve resources to       that the amount of financial assistance
reserve for research on natural          ensure a stable environment fbr           provided with respect to the acquisiticn
processes. The determination of key      research. See 1&U.S.C. ï¿½ I46l(bJJL2JBJ.    of land and watrs, or interests therein,
land and water areas must be base on        (D) FinancialAssistnce wardsfr    for any one national estrarine research
scientific knowledge of the area. The    Site Selection acd Post Site Selection.   reserve maynot exceed an amount
concept of a "buffer'" zone to protect the  The first of five types of awards under  equal to 50 per centam of the costs of
core area and provide additional         the National Estianmne Reserve            the lands, waters, and interests therein
protection for estuarine-dependent       Research System is for site selection     or $4,000,00O, whichever amount is less.
species has also been defined in the     and post-site selection, which includes     The amount of Federal financial
regulations. The buffer zone may include   preparation of a draft management plan   assistance provided under the
an area necessary for facilities required   (inmcluding MOU) and the-collection of  regulations for development costs
for research and interpretation, and     information necessary for preparation of  directly associated with major faciVly
additmona.y, to accommodate a shift of    the eruviron,,entaP impact statement,    construction (i.e., other than land
tLe core area as a result of biological,  The maximum total Federal shareof        acquistfion} for any one national
etclogical or geomorphological change    these awards has been raised to           estuarine research reserve must not
which reasonably could be expected to    $100,000 as described in  9M.10. Ofthis  exceed 50 per centum of the coats of
occur. States will be required to use    amount up to $2S,000 may be used to       such construction or $1,500,0o,
sclentfic criteria to justify the        conduct the site selection process as     whichever amount is less.
boundaries selected for a proposed site.   dcacribed in ï¿½ 921.1. After NOAA's     I  (F) FinrcialAssistane Awards fr
  The information requirements for       approval of a proposed site and decision  [lOperation and Manage-ment. The
NOAA approval of a proposed site          to proceed with the designation process,   amount of Federal financial assistance
under existing regulations were           the state may expend (1) up to $40,000 of  available to a state to manage the
confusing and now have been clarified.    this amount to develop the draft         reserve and operate programs consistent
  NOA'has recognized the need to         management plan and collect               with the mission and goSal of the
conduct studies to develop a basic       information for preparation of the        National Estuarine Reserve Research
description of the physical, chemical,   environmental impact statement; and (2)  System has been raised from $510,00 to
and biological characteristics of the site.  up, to the remamder of available fund to  $70,GO0 for each twelve month period.
As a result, states may now be eligible    conduct studies to develop a basic      Up to ten per cent of the total award
for Fed.raI funding of these studies after  description of the physical, chemical,  (Federal and state] each year may be
NOAA approval of a proposed site.         and biological characteristics of the site.  used for construction-type activities.
  (C)] Management Panr Development.        (E) Financiol AssistnceAwards far         (G) Tnancial Assistawnce for
Once NOAA approves the proposed site   AcquisitcDerelelnemn, andlritil            Research. The Coastal Zone
and decides to proceed with              Moangement, The regulations divide        Management Reauthorization Act of
designation, the state must develop a     eligibility for financial assistance     1985 specifically affects the conduct of
draft management plan. The contents of   awards for acquisition and developnent   the System's research program by
the plan, including the memorandum of    into two phases. In the initial phase,    establishing the requirement for
understanding FMOU] between NOAA          states are working to meet the criteria  developing Estuarine Research
and the state, are specified in the       required for formalnresearckreaerve      Guidelines for the conduct of research
regulations. The acquisitiont portion of  designation.i.e.. eatablishing adequate    within the system and specifying what
the plan has been greatly expanded to     state control over key land and water    these guidelines shall include. The
implement recommendations in the          areas in accordance with. the draft      legislation also requires the Secretary of
Office of hnspector General Report No.   management plan. and preparing a final.   Commerce ta require that NOAA, in
F-72-5-10. It is proposed that states     management plan. In this predesignation   conducting or supporting estuarine







29942         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday, July 23, 1990 | Rules and Regulations

research, give priority consideration to    interpretive purpose. and techniques for   Specific:
research that uses reserves in the        making available or locating information
System, and that NOAA consult with        concerning reserve resources, activities,   Generac Provisions
other Federal and state agencies to       or issues);eneralovsons
promote use of one or more reserves by       (2) Development and presentation of       Proposed ï¿½ 921.1(c)-One reviewer
such agencies when conducting             curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars,  suggested the deletion of the first
estuarine research.                       and other structured programs or           sentence of this provision which states,
  The research guidelines, which are      presentations for on-site facility or field   "National estuarine research reserves
referred to in the regulations, but are not                                          shall be open to the public." This
part of them, state that NOAA will        use;
provide research grants only for             (3) Extension/outreach programs; or     reviewer noted that in multiple
proposals which address research             [4] Creative and innovative methods      component reserves some components
questions and coastal management          and technologies for implementing          may not be appropriate for general
issues that have highest national priority  interpretive or educational projects.    public access; either because of the
as determined by NOAA, in                   Interpretive and educational projects    purpose or emphasis of management at
consultation with prominent members of   may be oriented to one or more research   that site (e.g., research) or due to the
the estuarine research community.         reserves or the entire System. Those       limited interest which the managing
  One significant addition to the         projects which would benefit more than    entity has in the component (eg., a
regulations is that research awards are    one research reserve, and, if practical    conservation easement which does not
available on a competitive basis to any    the entir e National Estuarine Reserve    provide for unlimited public access].
coastal state or qualified public or      Research System, shall receive priority    This reviewer expressed concern that
private person, thus making it possible    consideration for funding                  state denial of general public access at
for public or private persons,                                                        such components of a reserve could be
organizations or institutions to compete    V. Summary of Significant Comments on   challenged on the basis of this provision.
with coastal states and coastal state     the Proposed Regulations and NOAA's           Response: Consistent with the goal of
universities for NOAA research funding   Responses                                    the National Estuarine Reserve
to work in research reserves.                NOAA received comments from l            Research System to "enhance public
Monitoring. The Coastal Zone               sources. Reviewers included Federal        awarness and understanding of the
Management Reauthorization Act of          and state agencies, academic               estuarine environment and provide
1985 authorizes the award of grants for    institutions, and the National Estuarine    suitable opportunities for public
the purposes of conducting research and   Research Reserve Association The            education and interpretation," public
monitoring. While objectives m             comments of the National Estuarine         access should be allowed to the greatest
estuarine research and estuarine          Research Reserve Association (NERRA)   extent possible permitted under State
monitoring are mutually supportive,        are a summary of comments submitted          and Federal law within national
monitoring is generally designed to        to NERRA by most of the managers of        the stua rin  e research reserves. However,
provide information over longer time       the existing and proposed national         research reserves sall be open to the
frames and in a different spatial context.   estuarine research reserves. A           research reserves s hall be o pen to the
Consequently a separate subpart            comments received are on file at the       public" does not require that all
addressing specifically the development   Marne and Estuarine Management              components of a multi-component
and implementation of monitoring          Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal       reserve or the entire area within the
projects has been included m the          Resource Management and are                 boundaries of a single component
regulations.                               available at that office for review upon    reserve be open to the general public
  (I) FminancialAssistance Awards for     request. Each of theunconditionally. The last sentence of
Interpretation and Education. The          by the reviewers has been summarizednsistent with
Coastal Zone Management                    and NOAAs responses are provded            resource protection and research
Reauuthorizes under the relevant subheadgthobjectives, public access may be
                                          Reuhrzto Act oflevant 1905ea~mg in th      restricted to certain areas within a
the award of grants for the purposes of    section.                                   restricted to certain areas w  ith    a
conducting educational and interpretive                                               research reserve." Where unconditional
activities. To stimulate the development   General.                                   public access is not consistent with

which will enhance pubfc awareness        an information network among research   would interfere with reserve research or
thand understanding of estuarine areas,    reserves and between research reserves   is likely to diminish the value of reserve
available on a competitive basi s to any    and research and educational groups      resources for future research) it must be
coastal S      tate entity. These funds  are  and institutions. Twp of these reviewers   limited accordingly. Just as cerdain areas
prcoastal State envided in addition to any othese funds are  noted the absence in the proposed  are Identified in reserve management
provided in addition to any other funds
available to a coastal state under these    regulations of a paragraph which had      plans as being more or less sensitive to
regulations.                               addressed this subject in the existing    public access Impacts in single
  Categories of potential educational     regulations (49 FR 26502, June 27, 1984).    component reserves, the same is true of
and interpretive projects include:        The deleted paragraph concerned the        components in multi-component
  (1) Design, development and             development and Federal admnistration   reserves. Frequently in management
distribution/placement of mterpretve or   of a research and education information   plans for multi-component reserves one
educational media (i e, the development   exchange network for the System.           or more components will be identified
of tangible i tems such as exhibits/         Response: NOAA agrees. The section    as those for which the relative
displays, publications, posters, signs.    referring to information exchange         management emphasis will be pubic
audio-visuals, computer software, and      between NOAA and the Reserves has          education and interpretation. Similarly,
maps, which have an educational or         been reinstated in ï¿½ 921.1(h)              other components are Identified as those






              Federal Regiter I Vol. 55  No.. 141 J Monday, July 23, UN9  I Rides anif lReguhationa                    29942!

which. emphasize research arnd resource   repreentative a hrimee'asystei tfrok          Generally, it Is NOAA's belief that,
protection,                               is suitable for'kmg-erus "March awud        given the less-than-perfect state of
  Proposed if 921.1I(d) and if 921.1I(e)-  contri butes to Abe brgoz~idamd            knowedKge regarding both the
Seven reviewers- commented on these       typolqogirirlwa        J1m~sm               functionmgpof estuarine~ecosystems and
provisions. These. comments ranged         (emphasis added)-                          the effects of natural anid anthropogenic
from one sentence requresting                The primla[Y inlstenatff M1.I(d) and     change that manipufation should be
clarificationl to approximately six pages    ï¿½9214(c) is to, restrict and allow       carefully limited within estuarine
of' commnents, dedicated to these         activities iovighbatnautou research reserves. Ontside the context
provisions alone.. These commenta also    to the degree necoessry to eansur that'    of a carefully planned, and peer
ranged from expressing concern or          reserves are, anid ccrntiWe to beg,        reviewed, research or restoration
objection regarding the proposed          TePresenla"vffeestuar~w0C0*Yaterm- It   activityz NOAA beffeves that habi tat
limitationts on. habitat manipulation~ to.    is this mission, and requiRement of the  manipulation for manageenwrt purposes
suggesting a more restrictive. approach.    statute, that the System goalv of         involves, a significant rrsk to the'
  One reviewer expressed strong           1 921.1(b are- meant to suppoirt. This     representative integrity and. character of
support for an outright prohibition onm   mission, and requirement of the statute,    a national estuarine research reserve.
habitat manipulation,- whether for        is the 1OWmdaffull upon which the Syst~em   As a. result, the phrase rin the proposed
management or research, except for         is built, tMe primary Ieals on which       regulations 'habitat manipulation for
restoration activities where such          estuarine areas arm selected and:          resource management purposes" is
restoration can avoid Tong-termn adverse   designated as reserves, arid the           intended to mean habitat management
impacts. Another reviewer commiented   underlying princtipewMwhichio  all ether  for the promotion of a particular species
extensively on Cai prov~ision. expressing   aspects of reserve de'velopmenrt and      or habitat, or for some purpose other
strong objections to a prohibition on      operation must be consistent As' one'      than research involving or restoration of
habitat manipulation activities. for       reviewer stated~ in no case should thie    a representative 'natural"' estuarine
management purposes. Thlis5 reiewr         ecological or     rersenative' fitegity of    ecosyFstem..
stated that the 'preservation"o a          a reserve be' comprised.NO Aacnlegsthtm h
       habtatreiuirs ativ maageen            Habftat manipulatimr axctifies           research involves' some degree of
involving habitat manipulation.            condirefed for a purpose' otherthan CI)    mnplto  ftersuc~)ad
  One reviewer requiested clarification    restoring the representative rintegrity of    mmuaoo  h  eorea n
of the difference betwveen restoration  a    eev  r()etaierwsae hbtf~lwhich are the subject of
activities and habitat manipulation for   no consstento with stuain resnemch,  of    study. Irk thin regard,. reserves are not
research or management purposes. One    no  ossetwt  hsr~et~                          intended to be `cantroY" habitats only,
reviewer suggested cniteria for assessing Atheasonatbte orthinrsiftfrr an the' Sytem.    and some degree of habitat
the degree of -'manipulation' a    p rpoe an exentsonabllmitat mon err the nau        manipulation is recognized as an
research Project may involve. One          actdvixtescndute aof habipartma tOf        essential aspect of much important
reviewer requested clarification of        athvte, odce  s    ato                     estuatina research.. However. research
intent of this provision and how it may    enstuare thsatrchei neresstary~ itegit     activties conducted within a. reserve
apply tot. (1) actions necessary t  o      ensrectht ofaha e    repeetve inrprtecrtey efe   should not finvolve manipulative
public health, (2) protection              of axsn  reasonabe ecpios prote ted. zsa~  activities that, because of their naturre or
species; and (3) allawance f       o       reaoal   xetost  hs                        extent%, would significantfly impair the
restorative activities for historrcal      limitations an habitat manipulation        "snataral" representative value (i.e.,
preservation. One reviewer stated that    activities are appropriate for reasons, ofreesnaiehrctlofheeeve
whatever type of habitat manipulation      public health and the protection of other   rpeettv  hrce  ftersre
determined allowable by NOAA, day-         sensitive resources (e g... endangeredt      NQAA also' acknowledges that
to-day site management decisions are       threatened wildlife and:significant        restoration efforts may involve
Last madie by the professional staff of    historical and cultural resourcesl.        etnIfehbttmnplto
cach reserve.                              habitat manipulation is determined to be   activities. Many estuarine' areas have
  One reviewerrequested clarfifcatinm    necessary in, such a case. then such         undergone' some ecological change as a
of the intent of this provision and of the    activitues should he' limited so as not to    result of human activities (e'g.,
differences between habitat                significantly impact the representative    hydrological changes, intentional,
manipulation for research, habitat         and ecological integrity of the reserve.    iunintentionl species composition
mniapulation for managPement, and.           Contrary to the assertion. of one.       changes-introduced and exotic species,
habitat mampulation for restoration.       reviewer, the intent of designating and    etc.)'. Ea those areas designated as
This same reviewer stresed the' yrimary   managing a research r-eserve is nt ta.      national estuarine research reserves,
importance of the ecological and      .    .preserve' that particular habitat in. a   such changes may have diminished the
representative integrity of a reserve.     stasis condition. Estuarine ecosystemsn    representative character an3 integrity of
  Respoi-se.. The mission of the National   are naturaLly dyrnamnic habitats, wihii,  the site. Where restoration of such
Estudrine Reserve Research System, as    we have yet to fullly understand,            degraded areas is determined necessary
stated in 9 921 I(a). "is the              NOAA's intent in designating estuaru'ne    within this context, such activities must
establushinent and, management, throuh   areas as national estuarine research.        be carefully planned. Much research is
Federal-state coopera~tion, of a national    reserves is to protect thes representative    necessary to determine the 'natural"
sy~tem of estuarine. research reserves     character of each individual resrve. an   representative state of an estuarina area
-epresent ativie of the various regiors    thereby estabiush a national system of     (i~e., an estuarine ecosystem minimally
and estuarine types nz the United          estuarine areas% representative of the,   affected by human activity or influencee,
Statles " (ermphaeks added).. The first    biogeogr.aphic regorts and estuarine       Frequent'ly,. such restoration activities
Secretarial finding requiired for          types of the Umited States. These          provide excellent opportunities. for
de'signation of an estuarine area as a     representative estuarine research          management oriented research.
national estuarine reserve under section   reserves then provide opportunities. for     In response to reviewers requests for
315(h)(2)(A) of the Act, 16 U S C.         long-term research,. education, and        clarification and consistent with the
1 48 1 (h)2)(A),. is that 'the area is a  interpretation,                            response provided abiove, ï¿½ 921.1(d)' and






29944         Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 ] Monday, july 23, 1990/ Rules and Regulations

ï¿½ 921.1(e) have been revised              and education grant funds; See subparts   sentence to include a reference to the
appropriately.                             F, G, H. Site acquisition limits are       revised ï¿½ 921.1(d) and ï¿½ 921.1(e).
  Proposed ï¿½ 921.1()-{1) One reviewer   statutory. (1l U.S.C. 1461(e)(3)(A))
recommended that a formula be                Funding limits ensure that some
established that would "pre-determine      funding is available for those types of      Proposed ï¿½921.2(b)-It was noted that
the minimum level [percentage) of funds   awards which support most directly the    the Secretary of Commerce recently
that would be set aside within the total    mission and goals of the System (i.e.,    delegated authority for matters relating
[System] budget for specific categories   generally, after designation of a reserve,   to National Estuarine Research Reserves
(Research, Education. Monitoring,          the competitive awards). As                to the Under Secretary for Oceans and
Operation/Management, Acquisition,         importantly, funding limits are            Atmosphere.
and Development)." In addition, this       necessary to ensure that available funds     Response: NOAA agrees with the
same reviewer recommended that the         are awarded in a relatively fair and       recommended modification and has
allocation of acquisition/development      proportional manner among national         changed references from the Assistant
funds should be made on the basis of       estuarine research reserves. In the        Administrator to the Under Secretary
greatest need measured against             absence of such limits, one or a few       throughout.
predetermined criteria.                    research reserves could receive the bulk     Proposed ï¿½ 921.2(d)-One reviewer
  Response: NOAA acknowledges that    of available funds at the expense of all    recommended a modification to the
under certain conditions establishment    other reserves. These limits prevent        second sentence of the definition of
of predetermined percentages for           such a substantially disproportionate      estuary to include-the term measurably
allocating funds among programmatic        distribution of limited funding.           diluted with freshwater rather than
categories could provide greater             At present, some of the existing         minimally diluted.
predictability in the distribution of      research reserves in the System are          Response: NOAA agrees with the
Federal funds among reserves. However,   approaching the eligibility limits for       recommended modification the
the advantages of such an approach         acquisition and facility development       recommended term "minimal" should be
depend on a predictability in both the     awards, while most have received less      the term measurable". The definition
level of annual appropriations as well as   than 50 per cent, and a number less than    he      been changed accordingly.
major acquisition and development          25 per cent. of the eligibility limits of  has been changed accordigly.
needs for the Reserve system. The          these type of awards-a difference            Poposed ta2s.2(ec-Five reviewers
                                          . . . . ... . . . . . , . t ..... stated that some confusion has resulted
uncertainties in appropriation levels and   between these categories of
acquisition needs are sufficient enough    approximately one to three million         in the reversed order of the terms
to make an allocation formula among        dollars. These differences are justifiable   research and reserve ine name of the
the six major funding categories           on the basis of relative need, reserve     System National Estuarine Reserve
(research, education, monitoring,          size,- property values, construction costs,   Research System, and the name of each
predesignation, acquisition/               etc. A greater difference in relative      individual reserve, national estuarine
development, operations) unfeasible.       allocation of funds between reserves       research reserve.
  NOAA attaches primary importance        would favor disproportionally some            Response: NOAA acknowledges that
to long term support for the operational    reserves and, as a result, be detrimental   some confusion has arisen as a result of
needs at each reserve as described in      to the System as a whole,                  this difference. However, this is
ï¿½ 921.32 of these regulations, and to       Eligibility limits are established for    statutory language which only can be
fulfilling the research, education and     the purposes noted above and not to        changed by amending the Act.
monitoring objectives of the program.      unreasonably restrict a research reserve   Section 921.4--Relationship to Other
unlimited eligibility for these for the    from access to available Federal funds.    Provisions of the Coastal Zone
awards.                                    On the basis of NOAA's experience in       Management Act.
  (2) Four reviewers expressed concern    administering Federal financial
or objection to limiting the funding       assistance for the System and because        It was noted that the existing program
eligibility of any one reserve under any    of comments from many research            regulations describe this section as
type of award, particularly operation/     reserves, the eligibility limit for        "Relationship to other provisions of the
management awards. These reviewer's    operation/management awards was                Coastal Zone Management Act and to
comments ranged from general concern    raised to a maximum of $70,000 per site    the National Marine Sanctuary
to recommending that all funding caps      per year. In response to comments on       Program". Text describing the
be removed from all types of awards.       the proposed regulations, the eligibility    relationship between the Reserve and
These reviewers also stated their          limit for major facility construction has    Sanctuary Programs was omitted. New
general concern regarding a perceived      been raised 50 per cent in these final     marine sanctuaries and estuarine
lack of long term Federal financial        regulations (see response under            research reserves are being designated
commitment to the System.                  proposed ï¿½ 921.31 below).                  in close geographic proximity to one
  Response: Annual appropriations are        Proposed ï¿½ 921.1(g)-One reviewer         another and therefore improved
limited, not unlimited. Funding eligibility  disagreed with the requirement that land  coordination between the two programs
limits for each reserve have been          already in a protected status can be       is warranted.
established in regulations only where      included within a reserve only if the        Response: NOAA agrees. The revision
determined appropriate and necessary       managing entity commits to long-term       of the Section heading and text should
for the establishment and on-going         non-manipulative management.               be adopted and strengthened. The
support of the mission and goals of the      Response: NOAA believes this             omission of this information from the
System. These regulations establish        requirement is necessary consistent        proposed regulations was an oversight.
annual eligibility limits for operations   with the mission and goals of the          The Section heading and text have been
($70,000 per year, per reserve) and        System. Essentially this same subject is   revised appropriately.
program-life limits for site acquisition   discussed in the response to comments
($4 million per reserve). Funding          on proposed ï¿½-921.1(d) and ï¿½ 921.1[e). In       on 921.1General
eligibility limits have not been           order to clarify the intent of this          Proposedf 921.10(a)-Five reviewers
established for research, monitoring,      provision, NOAA has revised this           objected to two or more states which







             Faierd  Registe  I 'Vol. 5&, No. 141 f MonamY. JlY 23,, 1S9   / Rules and R             kemZJs(

share a biogeographic: region being      The remaiuiagreviewersecanne              Post site selection. la addition. however,
Unmited to the development of a Am&aj    extensive revisiema to the sabsection to   under the new subpart G., NCOAA may
reserve, even if it was a multicomponent   provide guidance on where habitat       provide financial assistance an a
reserve with components in each          nianipulktoim Would be allowed,           competitVe bas.a for each phase of a
respective state [e~g., Maryland and       Responer, After careful review of this   monitoring program. These grant awards
Vfrguiia in the Chesapeake Bay     ,     subsection. NOAA dorey not belleve- tiet  will be separate from those provided for
subregion of the Vulginfa biogeographic    the buffer zone comcept should be       estuarine research under subpart F.
region). These reviewvers specifically   deleted or thit substantive revisions are   Scin0.3Mngmn ln n
objected to the eligibility limit on land  appropriate. The ban          aprahenvrnetlIctio St.1-ataementPlian
acquisition firnding (see I 921.101h and    presented is sounm. A critical concept Evfnmtamac    aeet
J 9,21M20 as it applies, ta any ixdividual    and. distinction between th tw  rs   Developmen
reserve, single or multiple component.   which may have bees ovelooked is that       Proposed ï¿½g21.I(a)(7-Three
  Raquponw NQA& agrees. Same of thie   key land andt water areas, (fewe") and a   reviewers provided comment on the
System's biogeographic subregions are    bnffr zone will: likeyraquire!            acquisition plan guidance of this
represented lay more than one reserve ins  signifimantl different leveiw of control  subsection. Two, reviewers requested
more than one state. Aa a result, In the    (amee 192213 (a) (71). la addifion In the  additional guidance an what constitutes
case of a biogeographic region (see      basic principles establised in the        "adequate state control" and
Appendix 1) shared by-two or more        regulations,, NOAA has developed more   commente  that the requirement to,
states, each such state should be eligible  detailed boundary giiilence Which, ls  assess the coat effectivenessf of control
for Federal financial assistance to      available to states attempig" to'cOnduct  alternatives is excessively burdensome.
establish a national estuarine research:  the difficult process of boaredaiT       The remaining reviewer stated that
reserve within theirrespective portion   delineation of aproposed sita-            hakvingfour million dollars in funds
of the shared biogeographic region.        Proposed ï¿½ 92-1-111cJXJ'-One revie-wer  available for land acquisition is not
Section 92.10a) has been amended to    recommended amuending this site             consistent with the requirement to
reflect this revision. Because of this   selection principIe tor include "the      conduct an assessment of the cost
revision, the phrase whichi begins '7n   support of ongoing or planned             effectiveness of acquisition alternatives.
the case of a multicomponent national    management acivities In nearby              Response., What constitutes
estuarine~ '    "-in J 921.10(a). 1 921.31,   estuaries, includngtthose in. the    "nadequate State control" is dependent
and f 92Z.32(c) is no longer necessary   National Estuary Program."                on site-speciflo cfrcumastances- and
and has been deleted.                      Response.- NOAA considers               requirements. The most efficient use of
  Proposedf 92L1Oj'b-Two reviewers    I921.11(c)(51 to encompass this concern   availble acquisition funds can only be
commented that NOAA should consider   in that the State irrquiredl UP              ensure~d thrzouho thW idntifcation of
a higher eligibility limit or relative   demonstrate how the proposed afte is      reasonable cotrzol, or acquisition
greater funding for awards to muMt-      consistent with existing arid potentWa    alternatives and an assessment of their
component reserves than to single.       land and water uses. Bet% the             relative cost and  f  tmness. This.
component reserves.                      designation. by NOAA ofta reserve         does not necessarily mean that fte least
  Response: NOAA disagrees. Ftinding    under the Act and management plans          ot   pini olr og lentv
for the System Is IfinitecL A State elects    developed through the N41ional ZsftUthat    mustb eslecotien  .  dollas Iste altrat
to establish a multi-component reserve    Program of the U.S. EPA are submitted    howselecteda t aoe, reasnabecoto
or expand a single component reserve     to the States fo rt determination o  f alterntves, thoull resnble thonrougly
with fall knowledge of the Identical     consistenicy-under section 3Q7o(1)I ~      lentvssofl  etoogl
eligibility limitsf an any individual    the Coastal Zone Management Act of        examined and thir relative coste,
reserve, whether single or multiple      17,a         id.                          identified. The development of an
component. Establishing separate -    19 mecnded. NAk vnecivewmas th              i acquisition plan is an allowable cost
fuinding eligibility limits for, or  m   ecnsuring tan Reserves supp   s ort n    (Federal as matching share). Four
disproportionally funding,               advnsuin that Reservaes scport  and       million dollars, is not "available,, but is
multicomnponent reserves would be  advancerte maaemeant oasetalvend the eligibility limit for land acquasition
likely to have a significant adverse     incluaringtoe of pmete Ntonalyestur       funds for any one reserve. Regardless of
impact on single component reserves,     Program~ Therefore, I &.1()5 has          the amount. of funading available, fox
and, as, a result, the System as a whole.    been amended to make more spcfc       land acquisition a thorough assessment
Further, acquisition and development     our intent that the site support estuauine   o  custo  lentvsadtercs
funds are limited b~y the Act.           mnageoment objectives;                    effectiveness is necessaryr to ensure
                                                                                    responsible and efficient use of Federal
section 9.1J1--Site Selection            Section 021 10-Post SMt& Selection        grant funds. At a minimum the degree of
  Proposed ï¿½ 92L1a.(C)( 2-One reviewer    Proposedï¿½ 921.12(aJ-r'wo reviewers    state control must provide adequate
recommended that the last sentence be    recommended a sepate type of award    long term protection to ensure for
revised to eliminate reference to "a     for monitoririg that wee  providelap-   reserve resources a stable environrnent
nataral system."                         terrm support for these activities,       for research.
  Respanmar-NOMA  agrees that a minor      Resp anse:NOAA. agrees. A new             Proposed`ï¿½ 92.1. 15(ffiJ(J- n e
revision is necessary to clarify the intent  subpart G.-Monitorlnhau been added    reviewer stated that NOAA's
of this sentence. The sentmnc has been    to tire regulations (subparts C anid H of    responsibility tv make a consfatency
revised in a mamiar consistent with       the proposed regultions being            determination should be matede clear
correspondsn clarifyfingrevisions. tt    relettered' as subparts H and I,          early in the regulations.
 I921.1(d) and I 9=[&)J.                 respectivel~y- and the sectfin numb"r       Response.,NOAA agreesf. A rfefreicer
  Proposedjï¿½ 92L-U&N)(-Thres             being renumbered accor&Mnlyj. ruitial     to I 521.3(by has been added to. this
reviewers com-mented an. the concept of   funding for basic characterization of the   subsection to dlari  NIMAAs.
"core" and. "buffer" meas or zones. Two   physical; geolofgicaL. chemical, and     consistency determination,
of these reviewers recunmmended          biological characteritics of the site will   responsibilities early in preparation of
deleting the =cncpt oft abuzfferzone.   continue to be provided under f 921.12w-  the management plan.








29946         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

Section 921.20-General                     Section 921.30-Designation of National   Section 921.32-Operation and
  Proposed ï¿½ 921.20-Two reviewers         Estuarine Research Reserves                Management: Implementation of the
requested a clarifying revision to the       Proposed ï¿½921.30a)-Two reviewers    Management Plan
last sentence of this subsection; the      provided comments on the designation         Proposed ï¿½ 921.32(a-d)-Seven
addition of the phrase "to a coastal       criteria listed in this subsection. One    reviewers objected to the ehgibillty limit
state."                                    reviewer recommended a change in           on operations and management awards.
  Response: NOAA agrees and the            (a)(4) at variance with the Act. The      They noted that the statute contains no
section has been revised accordingly.      other reviewer recommended an             provision for withdrawal of Federal
                                          addition to the designation findings to    support for continued operation of the
Section 921.21(e)-lnitial Acquisltion      include a requirement that, in the case    reserves. The termination of Federal
and Development Awards                     of a State which contains, in whole or     support for the individual sites is viewed
  Two reviewers provided comment on    part, a national estuary program               as a lack of Federal commitment to the
this section. The first reviewer          convened pursuant to section 320 of the    long-term maintenance of a
-equested clarification that the provision   Clean Water Act, suitable consideration   representative system of estuarne
regarding de-designation of a site         has been given to integration of research   research and education sites.
applies only to properties acquired with   and public education programs of the         Response: The Reserve Program was
          Federal funds. The second reviewer  estuarine research reserve and the     designed and continues to be a State-
stated that the provision to compensate    national estuary program. It has also      Federal partnership. The key to this
the Federal government for its share of    been noted that the final management      partnership is the requirement that
the acquisition cost in the event of de-   plan as the governing document for         NOAA share with the State reserve
designation, may be contrary to overall    subsequent operations and management   program the financial needs associated
                                          of the reserve should contain the signed   with site designation. land acquisition,
coastal protection objectives because      deslgnation findings. Subpart (a) of this    research, education and operations.
the state may have to sell the property    section should also be revised to show       As discussed previously, appropriate
to development interests in order to fully  that the Under Secretary is responsible    eligibility limits ensure that funding is
compensate the Federal interest,          for designation of reserves in              available for competitive research
  Response: Regarding the first            accordance with the delegation of that     education and monitoring awards. If, as
comment, NOAA does not believe             authority from the Secretary of            some reviewers suggested, NOAA
additional clarification is necessary.     Commerce.                                  removed the annual monetary ceiling for
This subsection states specifically that     Response: The terms for designation      operations and other awards, an
these provisions apply to "any real        of a National Estuarine Research           inequitable and disproportionate
property acquired in whole or part with    Reserve are set forth in the statute.      distribution of the limited funds for the
Federal funds '  i '." The second          NOAA agrees that research and              program could result Annual
commenter acknowledges correctly that   education programs should be                  operational eligibility limits in addition
these requirements are designed to         integrated between the Environmental       to ensuring the availability of funds for
accomplish the goals of the National       Protection Agency's National Estuary       competitive projects provide a stability
Estuarine Research Reserve System and   Program and NOAA's National                   and even distribution among designated
that this provision helps ensure that      Estuarine Reserve Research System.         and developing reserves. Consequently
reserves maintain the standards            This effort has already been initiated     NOAA is retaining the eligibility limit of
established for the system and, If they    through a memorandum of                    $70,000 for operations and management
do not, that a percentage of the fair      understanding between the programs at   per site per year.
market value is available to other         the National level and is being pursued      NOAA concurs with the reviewers'
reserves. It should also be noted that     at the local level, where appropriate.     assertion that the statute does not direct
these provisions are not new and have     Therefore, NOAA believes it does not        the Federal Government to abandon its
been in place since the inception of the    require restatement in the program        support and financial commitment to
Reserve program through grant              regulations. However, NOAA agrees          reserve operations at the conclusion of a
directives contained in OMB Circular A-   that the management plan should             prescribed period of time or when an
102. The provisions in the Reserve         contain the findings of designation and    arbitrary cumulative funding ceiling for
regulations are taken directly from the    the regulations should show that the       Federal support of operations has been
A-102 Circular and apply to all real       Under Secretary is responsible for         met By imposing a fixed duration-for
property acquired in whole or part with    designation. The regulations have been    Federal support of Reserve operations
Federal funds. It should also be noted     revised accordingly.                        OA may undermine its ability to
that there are other alternatives aside                                              participate effectively with the Reserve
that there are other alternatives aside    Section 921.31-Supplemental               system to address coastal and estuarine
from sale of the property. II the event of   Acquisition and Development Awards       management issues of national
de-designation the state may retain title                                            significance. The previously proposed
or transfer title to the Federal             Proposed ï¿½921.31-Four reviewers          three year support per position allocated
government. In these instances it is       expressed concerns that the eligibility    through a $420,000 operations ceiling
likely that the resources of the reserve   limit of $1,000,000 in Federal financial   also established a complex and
could continue to be protected. While      assistance for facility construction may    burdensome administrative process
none of these alternatives are             not be adequate to meet anticipated        which is further complicated when
inexpensive they do, as noted by the      long term needs and should be              allocated among Reserves which have
commenter, help ensure that the site       increased or eliminated.                  already received operations support,
continues to be managed and                  Response: NOAA agrees. The              and the newly designated sites which
maintained in conformance with             eligibility limit for facility construction  have yet to receive such support. To
research reserve goals and objectives.    has been increased 50 percent to           simplify, streamline and improve
                                           $1,500,000.                               NOAA's effectiveness in support of






              Federl Register I VoL 55, No. 141 / Moaday   July 23, 190=  / Rues and Reglatin                        29947

Reserve operations the three year         with the program goals as specified In    on these issues. Therefore. NOAA does
restriction and otherrefeanes to          ï¿½ 921L of these regulatins. The five      not agree that additionar mechanisms
cessation of Federal support for          goals described in this section are       for dispute resolution are warranted.
operations and management at the          nearly identical to the criesi proposed     Proposed ï¿½ S921r4e]--Two reviewers
reserves have been removed throughout   by one conrmnenter, The cemmenter           recommended a ninety-day requirement
the regulations.                          added cost-effectivenesa i using          for State submittal of an annual report
          Sacgn 92.X-Boudy Changes,      Federal funds as an adtionma criteria      instead of sixty days.
Amendment&  to the Mnagement Plan,    which, while net directly stited as a           Response: NOAA agrees. Section
AndAddition of Multiple-site              program goal In the regulations is       g92.40[e has been revised accordingly.
Compoen-ite                               implicit in any evaus tiooi e ffiient     NOAA also notes that this section
                                          management of the total reserve           indicates that inadequate annual reports
  Proposedï¿½ 921.33(a)-One reviewer        program.                                  will trigger a full scale performance
recommended deletion or substantial         It is not feasible to establish a       evaluation This provision is no longer
modification of this subsection to        chedliat for any evaluation to            needed since f 9213 has been changed
recognize the State's right and ability to   predetermine what constituhes adequate   to provide long term eligibility for
appropriately plan and legislate ita legal   versus inadequate performsame Each     operations support. Evaluations
charge-the research reserve. In           reserve has very munque administrative    consequently will be conducted
summary, this reviewer objected to        structures, environmental resources, and   generly at least every 3 years. The
NOAA's approval authority/                corresponding management nee              statement has therefore been deleted.
requirement for activities discussed in   NOAA views the evaluation process to
this subsection. The reviewer suggested   be a highly collaborative effort with the   Section 921.50-General
that It should be sufficient if the State  State such that the evaluation can boe                                 reviewers
provides NOAA an opportunity for          used to focus on particu an  specific    commented on Ntis subsection. Three
review and comment on proposed            problem areas. Itis not appropriate to    reviewers recommended that research
changes.                                  attempt to construct a li1tmu  test for   funded under this subpart be allowed in
  Response. NOAA disagrees. NOAA is   inadequate or adeqnateperfrmance              an area larger than the boundaries of
responsible forFederal oversight of the    which could reasonab  anticipate the     the research reserve One of these
System and each designated research       substantial variety of isses that         reviewers also recommended that the
reserve. As long as a State wishes for a    addressed in the evaluation proces      eas.ott of the
reserve to remain a part of the System    NOAA would be  stflatity of the reserve approve
                                         andtor  woP1Td be Fstaahly cnf cizct for  all research prior to NOAA funding. One
and to retain Federal designation,        applying an artificial measure against    reviewer expressed concern that funding
NOAA will continue to require Federal    unique and ste-specific circumstances.
approval of changes in that research        NOAA agees             com              eligibility is tied to NOAA approval of a
reserve's boundaries and management       made rearding participation of other      final management plan.
General                                   officials in the evaluation process. Sch    Response: NOAA agrees that greater
                                          officials provide reco   m      meda ti to  fexibility should be provided for the
  Proposedï¿½ g21.4t ï¿½ 921.41, and          NOAA  n specific issues i the             area in which federally funded research
ï¿½921.42-Several reviewers                 evaluation. To ensue tiatlleserve         under this subpart may be conducted.
recommended clarification of the          personnel are directly involved in        The regulations have been revised to
criteria to be used dri;mg performance    selection of the evaluation team,         allow research activity in the immediate
evaluations. Performance critera should   ï¿½ 921 40(c) has been revised to indicate    watershed of the reserve vhile still
clearly state what constitutes adequate    that NOAA will consult with and          requiring the majority of funded
or madequate performance. One             request recommendations from the          activities to be conducted within the
comrnenter provided a list of items       Reserve on the appropriate non-NOAA       boundaries. NOAA also agrees that the
suggested for inclusion in an evaluation.   participants prior to the evaluation.   managing entity of the reserve should
Three reviewers made suggestions on         The recommendation that the             directly indicate approval or
the composition of the evaluation team    evaluation examine coordination           disapproval of proposed research
recommending ncnr-Federal and private    between the Reserve program and other   project. Currently each reserve is
individual partlcipation while another    coastal research efforts is fully         requested to review and assign prianry
commenter suggested the regulations       consistent with NOAA objectives for the  to research projects proposed for the
indicate criteria for choosing the        evaluation process and is currently       reserve. If a reserve does not approve of
members of the evaluation team. Finally   considered under Reserve program          a particular project that information
a recommendation was offered that the    criteria to "promote Federal, State,       should be expressed directly to NOAA.
evaluation stress integration of the      pubhc and private use of one or more        NOAA agrees that its review and
Reserve program with other state          reserves within the System when such      approval of state submitted final
coastal/research programs and that the    entities conduct estuarine research"      management plans should be as
regulations provide for other dispute     NOAA however, does not agree with the  expeditious as possible. However,
resolution mechanisms short of            comment that other dispute resolution     consistent with NOAA's responsibility
litigation,                               mechamsms should be devised short of    to ensure that reserve management is
  Response: The periodic evaluation of    litigation in the event of an unfavorable   conductedin accordance with the
a national estuarine research reserve is   evaluation that may lead to withdrawal   mission and goals of the System, the
central to NOAA's abihlity to ensure that   of designahon. The provisions contained  need for an approved final management
reserve operation and management is       in both ï¿½ 921.41 and i 921.42 provide a   plan to qualify for NOAA funded
being conducted in a manner fully         lengthy and elaborate process for         research remains.
consistent with program goals and         addressing major differences between      Section 92,5-Hstuorine Reseorch
objectives as defined in section 315 of   the NOAA and the Reserve relative t i    des      e
the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, and its          suspension of financial assistance or
implementing regulations. The criteria    withdrawal of designation. This process     Proposed ï¿½i 9251-Five reviewers
for an evaluation corresponds directly    is expressly designed to avoid litigation    recommended that NOAA provlde, at






29948         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

minimum, a more detailed and specific    that properties included within NERR         United States based enterprises to
description of the Estuarine Research      boundaries, particularly the core area,    compete with foreign based enterprises
Guidelines in the regulations. One         will be subject to restricted uses, and    in domestic or export markets.
reviewer objected to NOAA's role in        these uses will be subject to NOAA           These rules amend existing
establishing the research priorities for   approval (e.g., research, construction,    procedures for identifying, designating,
funding under this subpart.                education). Since these properties add     and managing national estuarne
  Response: NOAA disagrees. Section        real value to the NERR System, but have   research reserves in accordance with
315 of the Act requires NOAA to            diminished use for other purposes, they    the Coastal Zone Management
develop guidelines, not regulations. for    should be allowable as state match.       Reauthorization Act of 1985. They will
the conduct of research within the        These reviewers therefore                  not result in any direct economic or
System. A basic description of these       recommended elimination of a one-year   environmental effects nor will they leed
guidelines is provided in both the Act     time limit.                                to any major indirect economic or
and the regulations. Including the           Response: This provision has been        environmental impacts.
guidelines themselves, or a more           adopted in the past to ensure that lands    (B] Regulatory Flexibility Act
detailed and specific description of       included within the Reserve system are    Analysis. A Regulatory Flexibility
these guidelines, in the regulations       acquired consistent with the purposes     Analysis is not required for this
would severely limit flexibility m their   and objectives of the Resertle system      rulemaking. The regulations set forth
implementation. NOAA publishes the         and, as required by section 315(e)(3}(A)    procedures for identifying and
guidelines annually in the Federal         of the Act, to assure that the state has   designating national estuarine research
Register and intends to continue to        matched the amount of financial           reserves, and managing sites once
improve these guidelines within the        assistance provided by the Federal         designated. These rules do not directly
relatively comprehensive standards of      Government for the acquisition of land    affect "small government jurisdictions"
the Act. NOAA develops general             for a reserve. However, NOAA agrees        as defined by Public Law 98-354, the
research priorities on an annual basis in   that the Imposition of a one-year time    Regulatory Flexibility Act, and the rules
consultation with the estuarine research   limit may not be the most effective or     will have no effect on small businesses.
and resource management community.         appropriate method to achieve this           (C Paperwork Reduction Act of 198O.
The agency foresees no advantage to        purpose. We have therefore eliminated    This rule contains collection of
including more specificity or detail than   this provision from the regulations and   information requirements subject to
necessary in the Program regulations.      instead allow inclusion of land and        Public Law 98-511, the Paperwork
The financial support provided under       submerged lands already in the states'    Reduction Act PRA), which have
this subpart for Research is               possession as state match irrespective     already been approved by the Office of
administered by NOAA. As a result,         of the date obtained by the state.        Management and Budget (pproval
NOAA, in consultation with prominent    However, calculation of the amount            Management 06480121nd  Public re(apprtioval
members of the estuarine research          eligible as match for existing state      burden for the collections of information
community, will continue to determine      owned lands will be made by an             contained in this rule is estimated to
research priorities for this funding.      independent appraiser who will average 01 hours per response for
                                          consider the value for match purposes of  average 2012 hours per response for
Subpart G-Interpretation and               these lands by calculating the value of    management plans and related
                                           these lands by calti                       documentationg 125 hours for
Education                                  benefits foregone by the state, in the use   documentator, 125 hours for
Section 921.69-General                     of the land, as a result of new           performance reports, and 15 hours for
                                          restrictions that may be Imposed by        annual reports and work plans. These
  Proposed ï¿½ 921.0(a)--Two reviewers    Reserve designation.                          estimates include the time for reviewing
objected to the requirement that             Proposedï¿½ 921.71(e)(4)-One               instructions, searching existing data
interpretive and education projects be     reviewer recommended ehmination or         sources, gathering and maintaimng the
conducted within the research reserve.     sumphfication of the matching share        data needed, and completing and
  Response: NOAA did not intend to         criteria for research awards,             revlewing the collection of information.
limit funding under this Subpart to          Response: The matching share             Send comments regarding this burden
activities conducted entirely within the    requirement cannot be eliminated          estimate or any other aspect of these
boundaries of a research reserve, and      because it is required by statute.         collections of information, including
has revised the statement to clarify the    However, the matching share critena       suggestions for reducing this burden, to
intent.                                    has been simplified to be consistent      Richard Roberts, Room 1235,
  Proposed ï¿½ 921 60ob)-One reviewer        with the provisions to ï¿½ 921 50(a) of     Department of Commerce, Washington,
suggested NOAA require that all            subpart F.                                 DC 20230, and to the Office of
applications for interpretation and                                                   Information and Regulatory Affairs,
education awards be approved by the        VI. Other Actions Associated With the      Office of Management and Budget,
state.                                     Rulemaking                                 Washington, DC 20503. ATI'N- Desk
  Response: NOAA agrees that                 (A) Classification Under ELecutive      Officer for NOAA.
applications under this subpart should     Order 12291. NOAA has concluded that         (D) Executive Order 12612. These
have the support of the state managing     these regulations are not major because    interimn final rules do not contain
entity. The regulations have been          they will not result m:                    policies which have sufficient
revised accordingly.                         (1) An annual effect on the economy      Federalism muplicatIons to warrant
                  Section 92171-Aowable Costs  of $100 million or more:              preparation of a Federalism Assessment
                                             (2) A major increase m costs or prices   pursuant to Executive Order 12612.
  Proposed ï¿½ 921.71(e)(2)-Two              for consumers; individual industries;     However, the provisions of the rules
reviewers objected to a one year time      Federal, state, or local government       setting forth what a state must do or
limit prior to pre-acquislhon being        agencies; or geographic regions; or       agree to do in order to quahfy for the
imposed on the allowability for state        (3) Slgmficant adverse effects on       various types of Federal financial
match of state lands already in a fully-    competition, employment, investment,      assistance available under the rules
protected status. The commenters noted   productivlty, innovation or the ability of   have been reviewed to ensure that the








              Federl Rsgiter I Val. 55, No. 141 f Monday   July 23, 1990 /Rules and Regurlations                       29094~-


rules: grant the states the miaximum       submnitted program applications that Se
admirristrative discretfion possible in the   anticipate immediate implementation of   Subpart F,-Research
administration of the National Estuarine   these regulation& Public conmmente --'    921.50 GomraL
Reserve Research System policies           these interim final reglations      a      e92151i Estuanine research guidelines.
embodied in the qualfficatio               irwited and will be considered if          921.5Z Promotion and.coordination of
requirements., in forrmilating those       submitted on. or before September 21.         estuarine research.
pohicies.. the NOAA worked with            1990.                                      Sdar Gi-Mandring
affected states to develop thewr own       Ust of Subjects in IS CER.Part 9o1         92I.60' General.
policies with respect to the use of
National Estuarine Ressarch Reserve          Administrative practice and              Subpart H-Interpretation. and Education
To the maximum extent possible             procedure, Goastal zone, Environmental   9=.7'o C~,ener
consistent with the NOAA's                 impact statements, Grant programs--       921.71  Categories of'potential interpretive
responsibility to ensure that the          Natural resourws Reporfti  and               and educational projects; evaluation
objectives of the National Estuarina       recordkeeping requbvemente, Research.          criteria.
tResev Resarhstem Zrovise ofaeen   c      (Federal Domestic Assistance Catalog       Subpart I-General Financial Assistance
          the Casta Zon Mangeme  t         Ac areNumber T1A20 National Eatusrine Reserve  Provisions
obtained, the rules refrain fromU          Research Systeml                           921.8  Application infiormationm
establishing uniform natioana standards.    Dated- July iIA TM.O                      921.81  Allowable costs.
Extemlve consultatione With state  VriaICTpe,921 112 Amendments to financial assistance
officials and organim-ations have been   awards.  Tpp
held regarding the financial asittc        AssrstantAdmuusfatar far      O      m Seraice.
qualifications imposed. Details      M i d Coastal Zone Management,                   Appendix It Fa art 921-4hogeographic>
regarding awards of financial assistance   For the reasons set farth fu the          Caaiication Scheme
have been discussed above under the        preamhLe~, 15 CFA part 92 is revised to    Appendix IL to Fart 1n-TyPology Of
heading "REVISION OF THE                   read as followar                           National Estuarine Resarch Reserves
PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING,                                                               Authority: Sec. 315; Public Law 92-583. as
DESIGNATING AND OPERATING                  PART 921-K4ATIONAL ESTUARDWE               amended; 88 Stat. 1280(16 U-SC. 14(nJ.
NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH    RESERVE RESEARCH SYSTE."
RESERVES" and are not repeated here.    REGULATIONS                                   Subpart A-General
Likewise comments from the statee          Sec.                                       J 921.  Slission, goals ard general
regarding qualifications and responses                                                provisios.
and, changes to the regulations regarding   Subpart A-General,            Cal The mission of the National
same were set forth under the heading      9211  Miso~gasadgnrlpoiin. Estuarine Reserve Research System is
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT                    9212z Definiitions.                         the establishment and management..
COMMENTWS ON THAE PROPOSU3                921 3  National Estmanine Reserve Research    through Federal-State cooperation, of a
REGULATIONS AND NOAA'ry                        System biogeographic claalfigatmon  nt oa   ytmoetaiersac
RESPONSES. It should be noted that             scheme and                .naialsteofestuarine research.
some of the states commented in            921.4 Relationship to other pmdaiagna of the   reserves representative of the various
opposition to conditions or language          Coastal Zone Management Act.            regions  an etuaie types in the
required by law or by Office of            Subpart D-Site soed pdnSelec.tio Un   t       e Slte  Estuarine research
Management and Budget Circular A-102.  and Management Plan Developmient               reserves are established to provide
                     NOAA does not have the discretion to  921.10    ~               opportunities for long-term research.
change such language or conditions.       9211   IIsite selection,                      ()Teducasionan   ntheprogramtfor
  (E) Nation al En virojmnentcrl Policy   921.11 Post site selection         cbarThengol out this   prsog ram to:
Act. NOAA has concluded that               921.13 Management plan and environmenstal carigothimiinaeto
publication of these interim final rules      impact statement daveloiiwent.            ill Enswne a stable environment for
does not constitute a major Federal        Subpart G-cudi  Do~pet ".,                 research through long-term protection of
action significantly affecting the quality, Preparation of th 14natm~owuont phn       estuarina reserve resources;
of the human, environment. Therefore,      921.20  General.                             (2] Address coastal management
                     an  eviromenal ipactstaemen Is 21 1 haial cqusitin an deekqment Issues identified as significant through
ano reqirnmed.a imawtsarden  s.911Iilaqiito  n  eeomn                                 coorcdnae estuarine research within
                     not required.            aw&~~~~~~~~~~~~~                       the System;
   F)Ad'ninistrative, Procedure Act       Subpart D-Reserve Desigmation and            (3) Enihanc public awareness and
Thes- kntenin final regulations are        Subsequent Operation                       udrtnigo  h  surn
effective Wl'23, 1933. To the extent that            u      d      r      t      n      i     g     o h surn
these regulations relate to grants and     921 30  Designation of National Estuarine  environment and provide suitable
           cooperativ agreemens the       921Research Reserves.                      opportunities for public education and
coprequivearements   ts the Adinstatv         31  Supplemental acquisition and        interpretation;
Procedure Act 5 U.&C. 553 do not apply.   921.32 Operatforr and management.             (4) Promote Federal, state;, public and
To the extent that any substantive             Implementatiou of the'maanagement plan.   private use of one or more reserves
provision does not involve grants or       922133  Boundary chiangms amendatents, to  within the System when such entities
cooperative agreements no useful              the management plan and addition of     conduct estuarine research;, and
purpose would be served by delaying           multiple-site components.                 (5) Conduct and coordinate estuarine
the effective date for 30 days. No rights    Subpart o-pezionnance Evaluation. and    research within the Systera, gathering
of the participants in this Federal        Withidrawal of Designation                 and making available information
program will be adversely effected by      921.40 Evaluation of system performance.   necessary for improved understanding
immediate implementation. To thea          92141  Suspension of eliibilitylafr mancial   and management of estuarine areas.
contrary state recipients of financial         assistance.                              (cJ National estuarine research
assistance through. this program have      921.42 Withdrawst of designation.          reserves shall be open ta the public to







29950        Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23r 1990 I Rules and Regulations

the extent permitted under State and      representative and ecological integrity     protection of estuarine resources. The
Federal law. Multiple uses are allowed     of the reserve.                            research and monitoring awards provide
to the degree compatible with the            [e) Under the Act an area may be         funds to conduct estuarine research and
research reserve's overall purpose as      designated as an estuarine reserve only    monitoring within the System. The
provided in the management plan (see       if the area is a representative estuarine    educational and interpretive award
ï¿½ 921.13) and consistent with paragraphs   ecosystem that is suitable for long-term    provides funds to conduct estuarine
(a) and (b) of this section. Use levels are   research. Many estuarne areas have      educational and interpretive activities
set by the individual state and analyzed   undergone some ecological change as a    within the System.
in the management plan. The research       result of human activities (eg.,             (g) Lands already in protected status
reserve management plan shall describe   hydrological changes, intentional/           managed by other Federal agencies,
the uses and establish priorities among    unintentional species composition          state or local governments, or private
these uses. The plan shall identify uses    changes--introduced and exotic            organizations can be included within
requiring a state permit, as well as areas   species). In those areas proposed or     national estuarine research reserves
where uses are encouraged or               designated as national estuarme            only if the managing entity commits to
prohibited. Consistent with resource       research reserves, such changes may        long-term non-manipulative
protection and research objectives,        have dininished the representative         management consistent with paragraphs
public access may be restricted to         character and integrity of the site.       (d) and (e) of this section in the reserve
certain areas within a research reserve.    Although restoration of degraded areas    management plan. Federal lands already
  (d) Habitat manipulation for research    is not a primary purpose of the System,    in protected status cannot comprise the
purposes is allowed consistent with the    such activities may be permitted to        key land and water areas of a research
following limitations. Manipulative        improve the representative character       reserve (see ï¿½ 921.11(c](3]).
research activities must be specified in    and integrity of a reserve. Restoration     (h) To assist the states in carrying out
the management plan, be consistent         activities must be carefully planned and   the Program's goals in an effective
with the mission and goals of the          approved by NOAA through the Reserve   manner, the National Oceanic and
program (see paragraphs (a) and (b) of     Management Plan. Historical research       Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
this section) and the goals and            may be necessary to determine the          will coordinate a research and
objectives of the affected research        "natural" representative state of an       education information exchange
reserve, and be limited in nature and      estuarme area (i.e., an estuarine          throughout the national estuarne
extent to the minimum manipulative         ecosystem mmnimally affected by human-  research reserve system. As part of this
activity necessary to accomplish the       activity or influence). Frequently,        role, NOAA will ensure that information
stated research objective. Manipulative    restoration of a degraded estuarine area   and ideas from one reserve are made
research activities with a significant or    will provide an excellent opportunity for   available to others in the system. The
long-term impact on reserve resources      management oriented research.              network will enable reserves to
require the prior approval of the state      (fJ NOAA may provide financial           exchange information and research data
and the National Oceanic and               assistance to coastal states, not to       with each other, with universities
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).    exceed 50 percent of all actual costs or    engaged in estuarine research, and with
Manipulative research activities which    $4 million whichever amount is less, to    Federal and state agencies. NOAA's
can reasonably be expected to have a       assist in the acquisition of land and      objective is a system-wide program of
significant adverse impact on the          waters, or interests therem. NOAA may    research and monitoring capable of
estuarine resources and habitat of a       provide financial assistance to coastal    addressing the management issues that
reserve, such that the activities          states not to exceed 50 percent of all     affect long-term productivity of our
themselves or their resulting short- and    actual costs for the management and       Nation's estuaries.
long-term consequences compromise the   operation of, and the conduct of
representative character and integrity of   educational or interpretive activities
a reserve, are not allowed. Habitat        concerning, national estuarne research       (a) Act means the Coastal Zone
manipulation for resource management    reserves (see subpart I of this part).        Management Act of 1972, as amended,
purposes is not permitted within           NOAA may provide financial assistance   10 U.S.C. 1451 et seq. Section 315 of the
nahonal estuarine research reserves,       to any coastal state or public or private    Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, estabhshes the
except as allowed for restoration          person, not to exceed 50 percent of all    National Estuarine Reserve Research
activities consistent with paragraph (e)    actual costs, to support research and     System.
of this section. NOAA may allow an         monitoring within a national estuarine       (bJ Under Secretary means the Under
exception to this prohibition if           research reserve. Five types of awards     Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere,
manipulative activity is necessary for     are available under the National           U.S. Department of Commerce, or
the protection of public health or the     Estuarnne Reserve Research System          designee.
preservation of other sensitie resources   Program. The predesignation awards are       (c) Coastalstate means a state of the
which have been listed or are eligible     for site selection, draft management       Umnted States, in or bordering on, the
for protection under relevant Federal or    plan preparation and conduct of basic     Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean, the
state authority (e.g., threatened/         characterization studhes. Acquisition      Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, or
endangered species or significant          and development awards are intended        one or more of the Great Lakes. For the
historical or cultural resources). If      primarily for acquisithon of interests in  purposes of these regulations the term
habitat manipulation is determined to be   land and construction. The operation       also includes Puerto Rico, the Virgin
necessary for the protection of public     and management award provides funds    Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of
health or the preservation of sensitive    to assist in implementing the research,    the Northern Marianas Islands, the
resources, then these activities shall be    educational, and admimstrative           Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands,
specified in the Reserve Management        programs detailed in the research          and American Samoa (see 16 U.S.C.
Plan and limited to the reasonable         reserve management plan and is             1453(4)).
alternative which has the least adverse    reflective of the joint State-Federal        (d) Estuary means that part of a river
and shortest term Impact on the            partnership in the preservation and        or stream or other body of water having






              Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                      29951

unimpaired connection with the open       approved coastal zone management           million for which each reserve is eligible
sea, where the sea water is measurably    programs under section 306 of the Act, is  for land acquisition. In the case of a
diluted with fresh water derived from     eligible for an award under the National   biogeographic region (see Appendix I to
land drainage. The term also includes     Estuarine Reserve Research System (see   this part) shared by two or more states,
estuary-type areas with measurable        ï¿½ 921.2(c)).                               each state is eligible for Federal
freshwater influence and having              (b) For purposes of consistency         financial assistance to establish a
unimpaired connections with the open      review by states with a federally          national estuarine research reserve
sea, and estuary-type areas of the Great   approved coastal zone management          within their respective portion of the
Lakes and their connecting waters. See    program, the designation of a national     shared biogeographic region. Financial
16 U.S.C. 1453(7)).                       estuarine research reserve is deemed to   assistance application procedures are
  (e) National Estuarine Research         be a Federal activity, which, if directly    specified in subpart I of this part
Reserve means an area that is a           affecting the state's coastal zone, must      (b) In developing a research reserve
representative estuarine ecosystem        be undertaken in a manner consistent to   program, a state may choose to develop
suitable for long-term research, which    the maximum extent practicable with        a multiple-site research reserve
may include all or the key land and       the approved state coastal zone program   reflecting a diversity of habitats in a
water portion of an estuary, and          as provided by section 1456(c)[1) of the    single biogeographic region. A multiple-
adjacent transitional areas and uplands    Act, and implementing regulations at 15   site research reserve also allows the
constituting to the extent feasible a     CFR part 930, subpart C. In accordance    state to develop complementary
natural unit, and which is set aside as a    with section 1456(c)(1) of the Act and the   research and educational programs
natural field laboratory to provide long-   applicable regulations NOAA will be      within the individual components of its
term opportunities for research,          responsible for certifying that            multi-site research reserve. Multiple-site
education, and interpretaton on the       designation of the reserve is consistent    research reserves are treated as one
ecological relationships within the area    with the State approved coastal zone     reserve in terms of financial assistance
(see 16 U.S.C. 1453[8)) and meets the     management program. The State must          and development of an overall
requirements of 16 U.S.C. 1461(b). This   concur with or object to the certification.   management framework and plan. Each
includes those areas designated as        It is recommended that the lead State       individual site of a proposed multiple-
national estuarine sanctuaries under      agency for reserve designation consult      site research reserve shall be evaluated
section 315 of the Act prior to the date of  at the earliest practicable time, with the   both separately under 1 921.11(c) and
the enactment of the Coastal Zone         appropriate State officials concerning     collectively as part of the site selection
Management Reauthorization Act of         the consistency of the proposed national   process. A state may propose to
1985 and each area subsequently           estuarne research reserve.                  estabhsh a multiple-site research
designated as a national estuarine           (c) The National Estuanne Research       reserve at the time of the initial site
research reserve.                         Reserve Program will be administered in     selection, or at any point    the
                                          close coordination with the National
ï¿½ 921.3 National Estuarine Reserve        Marne Sanctuary Program (Title m of         development or operation of the
Research System biogeographic             the Marine Protection Research and          estuarne research reserve, even after
classification scheme and estuarlne       Sanctuaries Act, as amended, 16 U.S.C.    Federal funding for the single site
typologies.                               1431-1445), also administered by NOAA.  research reserve has expired. If the state
                                                      typol  also administered by NOAA.   decides to develop a multiple-site
  (a) National estuarmne research         Title III authorizes the Secretary ofonal estuare research reserve afte
reserves are chosen to reflect regional   Commerce to designate discrete areas of  the initial acquisition and development
differences and to include a variety of   the marine environment as marine            award is made for a single site, the
ecosystem types. A biogeographic          sanctuaries to protect or restore such       roposal is subect to the   uirements
classification scheme based on regional   areas for their conservation,                 t   th
variations m the nation's coastal zone    recreational, ecological, historical       set forth in ï¿½ 921.33(b). However, a state
has been developed. The biogeographic    research, educational or esthetic values.   may not propose to add one or more
classlfication scheme Is used to ensure   National marine sanctuaries and            sites to an already designated research
that the Nahonal Estuarme Reserve         estuarine research reserves may not        reserve if the operation and
Research System includes at least one     overlap, though they may be adjacent.      management of such research reserve
site from each region. The estuarine                                                 has been found deficient and
typology system is utilized to ensure     Subpart 8--Site Selection, Post Site       uncorrected or the research conducted is
that sites m the System reflect the wide    Selection and Management Plan            not consistent with the Estuarine
                        range of estuarine types within the  Development             Research Guidehnes in accordance with
Unuted States.                                                                       the provisions of subparts E and F of
  (b) The biogeographic classification    ï¿½ 921.10  GeneraL                          tins part In addition, Federal funds
scheme, presented in Appendix I to this     (a) A state may apply for Federal         acquisition of a multiple-site research
part, contains 27 regions. Figure 2       financial assistance for the purpose of    reserve remains limited to $4,000,000
graphically depicts the biogeographic      site selection, preparation of documents    (see ï¿½ 921.20). The funding for operation
regions of the United States.             specified in 1 921.13 (draft management    of a multiple-site research reserve is
  (c) The typology system is presented    plan and environmental impact              limited to $70,000 per year (see
n Appendix II to this part.                statement (EIS)) and the conduct of        ï¿½ 921.32(c)) and preacquisition funds are
                                           research necessary to complete basic       linmted to $100,000 per reserve.
ï¿½ 921.4 Relationship to other provisions of   characterization studies. The total
the Coastal Zone Management Act.           Federal share of this group of             ï¿½ 921.11  Site selection.
  (a) The National Estuarmne Reserve      predesignation awards may not exceed          (a) A state may use up to $25,000 in
Research System is intended to provide    $100,000, of which up to $25,000 may be    Federal funds to estabhsh and
information to state agencies and other    used for site selection as described in    implement a site selection process
entities involved in addressing coastal  ï¿½   921.11. Federal financial assistance for   which is approved by NOAA.
management issues. Any coastal state,    preacquisition activities under ï¿½ 921.11       (b) In addition to the requirements set
including those that do not have           and ï¿½ 921.12 is subject to the total $4    forth in subpart I of this part, a request






29952         Federal Register / VoL 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

for Federal funds for site selection must    those ecological units of a natural     being considered for selection as a.
contain the following programmatic        estuarine system which preserve, for       potential national estuarine research
information:                              research purposes, a fi  range of          reserve. Afer the local government(s)
   (1] A description of the proposed site    significant physical, chemical and       and affected landowner(s) have been
selection process and how it will be      biological factors contributing to the     contacted, at least one public meeting
implemented in conformance with the       diversity of fauna, flora and natural      shall be held in the area of the proposed
biogeographic classification scheme and   processes occurring within  e estuary.    site. Notice of such a meeting, including
typology (ï¿½ 821.3);                       The determination of which land and        the time, place, and relevant subject
  (21 An identification of the site       water areas are "key" to a particular      matter, shall be announced by the state
selection agency and the potential        reserve must be based on specific          through the area's principal news media
management agency; and                    scientific knowledge ofthe area. A basic  at least 15 days prior to the date of the
  (3) A description of how public         principle to follow when deciding upon    meeting and by NOAA in the Federal
participation will be incorporated into   key land and water areas is that they      Register.
the process (see I 921.11(d)).            should encompass-resources                   (e) A state request for NOAA
  (c) As part of the site selection       representative of the totaE ecosystem,     approval of a proposed site (or sites in
process, the state and NOAA shall         and which if compromised could             the case of a multi-site reserve] must
evaluate and select the final site(s).    endanger the research obiectves of the    contain a description of the proposed
NOAA has final authority in approving    reserve. The term "buffer zone" refers tt  site in relationship to each of the site
such sites. Site selection shall be guided   an area adjacentto o sounrdng key    selection principles ( 921.11(c)) and the
by the following principles:              land and water areas and essential to      following information:
  (1) The site's contribution to the      their integrity. Buffer zones protect the    [1) An analysis of the proposed site
biogeographical and typological balance   core area and provide additional           based on the biogeographical scheme/
of the National Estuarine Reserve         protection for estuarine-dependent         typology discussed in ï¿½ 921.3and set
Research System. NOAA will give           species, including those that are rare or    forth in appendices r and II to this part;
priority consideration to proposals to    endangered. When determined
establish reserves in biogeographic       appropriate by the state and approved            A description of the proposed site
regions or subregions that are not        by NOAA, the buffer zone may also          and its major resources, including
represented in the system (see the        include an area necessary forfaciities    location, proposed boundaries, and
biogeographic classification scheme and   required for research and interpretation    adjacent land uses. Maps, including
typology set forth in ï¿½ 921.3 and         Additionally, buffer zones should be       aerial photographs, are required;
appendices I and 11 to this part);        established sufficient to accommodate a      (3) A description of the public
  (2) The site's ecological               shift of the core area as a result of      participation process used by the state
characteristics, including its biological  biological, ecological or                 to solicit the views of interested parties,
productivity, diversity of flora and      geomorphological change which              a summary of comments, and, if
fauna, and capacity to attract a broad    reasonably could be expected to occur.    interstate issues are involved,
range of research and educational         National estuarine research reserves       documentation that the Governor(s) of
interests. The proposed site must be a    may include existing Federal or state      the other affected state(s) has been
representative estuarine ecosystem and    lands already in a protected status        contacted. Copies of all correspondence,
should, to the maximum extent possible,   where mutual benefit can be enhanced.    including contact letters to all affected
be an estuarine ecosystem minimally       However, NOAA will not approve a site   landowner must be appended;
affected by human activity or influence    for potential national estuarine research    (4) A list of all sites considered and a
(see 1 921.1(e));                         reserve status that is dependent           brief statement of the basis for not
  (3] Assurance that the site's           primarily upon the incusion of currently   selecting the non-preferred sites; and
boundaries encompass an adequate          protected Federal lands in order to meet      (5} A nomination of the proposed
portion of the key land and water areas    the requirements for research reserve     site(s) for designation as a National
of the natural system to approximate an   status (such as key land and water         Estuarine Research Reserve by the
ecological unit and to ensure effective   areas). Such lands generally will be       Governor of the coastal state in which
conservation. Boundary size will vary     included within a research reserve to      the area is located.
greatly depending on the nature of the     serve as a buffer or for other ancillary   921.12  Post site selection.
ecosystem. Research reserve boundaries   purposes;t                                    92.con.
must encor pass the area within which       (4) The site's suitability for long-terur   (a) At the time of the state's request
adequate control has or will be           estuarine research, including ecological    forNOAA approval of a proposed site,
established by the managing entity over   factors and proximity to existing          the state may submit a request for up to
human activities occurring within the     research facilities and educational        $40,000 of the total $100,000 allowed for
reserve. Generally, reserve boundaries     institutions-                             predesignation funds to develop the
will encompass two areas: key land and      (5] The site's compatibility with        draft management plan and for the
water areas for "core area" and a          existing and potential land and water     collection of the information necessary
buffer zone. Key land and water areas      uses in contiguous areas as well as       for preparation of the environmental
and a buffer zone will likely require     approved coastal and estuarine             impact statement At this time, the state
significantly different levels of control  management plans; and                     may also submit a request for the
(see ï¿½ 921.13(a)(7)). The term "key land    (6) The site's importance to education   remainder of the predesignation funds
and water areas" refers to that core area   and interpretive efforts, consistent with    for research necessary to complete a
within the reserve that is so vital to the    the need for continued protection of the    basic characterization of the physical
functioning of the estuarine ecosystem     natural system,                           chemical and biological characteristics
that it must be under a level of control     (d) Early in the site selection process    of the site approved by NOAA. The
sufficient to ensure the long-tdrm         the state must seek the views of affected  state's request for these post site
viability of the reserve for research on   landowners; local governments, other      selection finds must be accompanied by
natural processes. Key land and water      state and Federal agencies and other      the information specified in subpart I of
areas, which comprise the core area, are   parties who are interested in thearea(s)   this part and, for draft management plan







              Federal Register i Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations                      29953

development and environmental impact   establishing adequate long-term state         state shall give priority consideration to
statement information collection, the     control over these areas sufficient to     the least costly method(s) of attaining
following programmatic information:       provide protection for reserve resources   the minimum level of long-term control
  (1) A draft management plan outline     to ensure a stable environment for         required. Generally, with the possible
(see ï¿½ 921.13(a) below); and              research. This plan must include an        exception of buffer areas required for
  (2) An outline of a draft memorandum   identification of ownership within the      support facilities, the level of control(s)
of understanding (MOU) between the        proposed research reserve boundaries,    required for buffer areas will be
state and NOAA detailing the Federal-    including land already in the public        considerably less than that required for
state role in research reserve            domain: the method(s) of acquisition       key land and water areas. This
management during the initial period of   which the state proposes to use-            acquisition plan, after receiving the
Federal funding and expressing the        acquisition [including less-than-fee       approval of NOAA, shall serve as a
state's long-term commitment to operate   simple options) to establish adequate      guide for negotiations with landowners.
and manage the national estuarmnne        long-term state control; an estimate of    A final boundary for the reserve shall be
research reserve.                         the fair market value of any property      delineated as a part of the final
  (b) The state is eligible to use the    interest-which is proposed for             management plan;
funds referenced in ï¿½ 921.12(a) after the    acqmsition; a schedule estimating the      (8) A resource protection plan
proposed site is approved by NOAA          time required to complete the process of   detailing applicable authorities,
under the terms of ï¿½ 921.11.              establishing adequate state control of     including allowable uses, uses requiring
ï¿½ 921.13  Management plan and             the proposed research reserve; and a       a permit and permit requirements, any
environmental Impact statement             discussion of any anticipated problems,   restrictions on use of the research
development                               In selecting a preferred method(s) for      reserve, and a strategy for research
  (a) After NOAA approves the state's    establishing adequate state control over   reserve surveillance and enforcement of
proposed site, the state may request to   areas withm the proposed boundaries of   such use restrictions, including
use additional predesignation funds for    the reserve, the state shall perform the   appropriate government enforcement
draft management plan development         following steps for each parcel             agencies;
and the collection of information         determined to be part of the key land         (9) If applicable, a restoration plan
necessary for the preparation by NOAA    and water areas (control over which is    describing those portions of the site that
of the environmental impact statement.    necessary to protect the integrity of the    may require habitat modification to
The state shall develop a draft           reserve for research purposes), and for    restore natural conditions;
management plan, including an MOU.        those parcels required for research and       (10) A proposed memorandum of
The plan will set out in detail:          interpretive support facilities or buffer   understanding (MOU) between the state
  (1) Research reserve goals and          purposes:                                  and NOAA regarding the Federal-state
objectives, management issues, and           (i) Determine, with appropriate          relationship during the establishment
strategies or actions for meeting the     justification, the minimum level of         and development of the national
goals and objectives;                      control(s) required (e.g., management      estuarinne research reserve, and
  (2) An administrative section           agreement, regulation, less-than-fee       expressing a long-term commitment by
including staff roles in administration,   simple property interest (e.g.,            the state to maintain and manage the
research, education/interpretation, and    conservation easement), fee simple         research reserve in accordance with
surveillance and enforcement;             property acquisition, or a combination      section 315 of the Act 18 U.S.C. 1461,
  (3) A research plan, including a        of these approaches;                       and applicable regulations. In
monitornng design;                          fil) Identify the level of existing state    conjunction with the MOU and where
  (4) An education/interpretive plan;     control(s);                                possible under state law, the state will
  (5) A plan for pubhc access to the         (iil) Identify the level of additional  consider taking appropriate
research reserve;                         state control(s), if any, necessary to      administrative or legislative action to
  (6) A construction plan, including a    meet the minimnum requirements             ensure the long-term protection and
proposed construction schedule, general   identified m (a)(7)(l); of this section;    operation of the national estuarine
descriptions of proposed developments       (Iv] Examine all reasonable               research reserve. The MOU shall be
and preliminary drawings, if              alternatives for attaining the level of     signed prior to research reserve
appropriate. Information should be        control identified in (a)(7)[(ii] of this   designation. If other MOUs are
provided for proposed minor                section. and perform a cost analysis of    necessary (such as with a Federal
construction projects m sufficient detail   each: and                                 agency or another state agency), drafts
to allow these projects to begin m the       (v) Rank, in order of cost, the methods   of such MOUs also must be included in
initial phase of acquisition and           (including acquisition) identified in      the plan; and
development. If a visitor center,         paragraph (a](7)(iv) of this section.         (11) If the state has a federally
research center or any other facilities   An assessment of the relative cost-         approved coastal zone management
are proposed for construction or           effectiveness of control alternatives      program, documentation that the
renovation at the site, or restorative     shall include a reasonable estimate of     proposed national estuarine research
activities which require significant       both short-term costs (eg., acquisition of  reserve is consistent to the maximum
construction are planned. a detailed       property interests, regulatory program     extent practicable with that program.
construction plan including preliminary    development including associated           See ï¿½ 921.4(b) and ï¿½ 921.30(b).
cost estimates and architectural           enforcement costs, negotiation,              (b) Regarding the preparation of an
drawings must be prepared as a part of    adjudication, etc.) and long-term costs     environmental impact statement (EIS)
the final management plan; and             (eg., monitoring, enforcement,            under the National Environmental P6hlcy
  (7) An acquisition plan identifying the   adjudication, management and             Act on a national estuarine research
ecologically key land and water areas of   coordination). In selecting a preferred    reserve proposal, the state shall provide
the research reserve, ranking these       method(s) for establishing adequate        all necessary information to NOAA
areas according to their relative          state control over each parcel examined   concerning the socioeconomic and
importance, and including a strategy for   under the process described above, the    environmental unpacts associated with







299S          Fedral Regaste / VoL 55. No. I41 / Monday, July 23, 19  / Rles and Regulations

implementing the draft management          funds may be used in accordance with       that the construction activity will not be
plan and feasible alternatives to the      the final management plan to construct    detrimental to the environment.
plan. Based an this information, NOAA    research and educational faclities,            (d] Except as specifically provided in
will prepare the draft ElS.                complete any remaining land                paragraphs (aJ through (c} of this
  (c) Early in the development of the     acquistEm, and for restorative activties   section, construction projects, to be
draft management plan and the draft        identified in the final management plan.   fundedin whole or in part under an
EIS, the state shall hold a meeting in the   In any case, the amount of Federal       acquisition and development award(s),
area or areas most affected to solicit    financial assistance provided to a         may not be initiated until the research
public and government comments on the   coastal state with respect to the             reserve receives formal designation (see
significant issues related to the          acquisition of lands and waters, or        ï¿½ 921.30). This requirement has been
proposed action. NOAA will publish a       interests therein, for any one national    adopted to ensure that substantial
notice of the meeting in the Federal       estuarine research reserve may not         progress in establishing adequate state
Register 15 days prior to the meeting.     exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of   control over key land and waters areas
The state shall be responsible for         the costs of the lands, waters, and        has been made and that a final
publishing a similar notice m the local    interests therein or $4.000o,ooo           management plan is completed before
media.                                     whichever amount is less. The amount       major sums are spent on construction.
  (d) NOAA will publish a Federal         ofFederal assistance for development       Once substantial progress in
Register notice of intent to prepare a     and construction activities is $1,500,000.    establishing adequate state control/
draft EIS. After the draft ElS is prepared                                            acquisition has been made, as defined
and filed with the Environmental           ï¿½ 921.21  Initial acqusition and           by the state in the management plan,
Protection Agency (EPA), a Notice of       development awards.                        other activities guided by the final
Availability of the DEIS will appear in      (a) Assistance is provided to aid the    management plan may begin with
the Federal Register. Not less than 30     recipient in:                              NOAA's approval
days after publication of the notice,        (1) Acquiring a fee simple or less-        (e) For any real property acquired in
NOAA will hold at least one public         than-fee simple real property interest in   whole or part with Federal funds for the
hearing in the area or areas most          land and water areas to be included in    research reserve the state shall execute
affected by the proposed national          the research reserve boundaries (see       suitable title documents to include
estuarine research reserve. The hearing    ï¿½ 921.13(a)(7); ï¿½ 9213(t d3;               substantially the following provisions,
will be held no sooner than 15 days after    (2) Minor construction, as prvided in   or otherwise append the following
appropriate notice of the meeting has      paragraphs (b) and (c) of this sectionr    provisions in a manner acceptable under
been given in the principal news media       (3) Preparing the final management       applicable state law to the official land
and in the Federal Register by NOAA        plan; and                                  record(s):
and the state, respectively. After a 45-     (4) Up to the point of research reserve    (1) Title to the property conveyed by
day comment period, a final EIS will be    designation, initial management costs,     this deed shall vest in the [recipient of
prepared by NOAA.                          eg., for implementing the NOAA             the award granted pursuant to section
Subpart C-Acquisition, Development,   approved draft managementplan,                  315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461 or other
and Preparation of the Final               preparing the final management plan,       NOAA approved state agency] subject
Mar.agement Plan                           hiring a reserve manager and other staff   to the condition that the designation of
                                           as necessary and for other management-   the [name of National Estuarine
ï¿½ 921.20 General                           related activities. Applicaton             Reserve] is not withdrawn and the
  The acquisltion and development         procedures are specified in subpart I of    property remains part of the federally
period is separated into two major         this part.                                 designated [name of National Estuarine
phases. After NOAA approval of the           (b] The expenditure of Federal and       Research Reserve].
site, draft management plan and draft      state funds on major construction           ([2 In the event that the property is no
MOU, and completion of the final EIS, a   activities is not allowed during the        longer included as part of the research
state is eligible for an initia! acquisition    inihtial acquisition and development  reserve, or If the designation of the
and development award(s). in this initial  phase. The preparation of architectural    research reserve of which it is part is
phase, the state should work to meet the   and engineenng plans, including            withdrawn, then NOAA or Its successor
criteria required for formal research      specifications, for any proposed           agency, after full and reasonable
reserve designation; e.g, establishing     construction, or for proposed restorative   consultation with the State, may
adequate state control over the key land   activities, is permitted. In addition,     exercise the following rights regarding
and water areas as specified in the draft   mmor construction activities, consistent   the disposition of the property.
management plan and preparing the          with paragraph (c) of this section also      (i) The recipient may retain title after
final management plan. These               are allowed. The NOAA-approved draft   paying the Federal Government an
requirements are specified in ï¿½ 921.30.    management plan must, however,             amount computed by applying the
Minor construction in accordance with    include a construction plan and a public   Federal percentage of participation in
the draft management plan may also be    access plan before any award funds can   the cost of the onginal project to the
conducted during this mitial phase. The    be spent on construction activities.       current fair market value of the
Initial acquisition and development          (c) Only minor construction activities    property;
phase is expected to last no longer than    that aid in implementing portions of the    (ii) If the recipient does not elect to
three years. If necessary, a longer time   management plan (such as boat ramps       retain title, the Federal Government may
period may be negotiated between the       and nature trails) are permitted during    either direct the recipient to sell the
state and NOAA. After research reserve   the initial acquisition and development    property and pay the Federal
designation, a state is eligible for a     phase. No more than five (5) percent of    Government an amount computed by
supplemental acquisition and               the initial acquition and development    applying the Federal percentage of
development award(s) in accordance         award may be expended oan such             participation in the cost of the orisinal
with iï¿½ 21.31. In this post-designation    facilities. NOAA must make a specific      project to the proceeds from the sale
acquisition and development phase,         determination, based on the final EIS.     (after deducting actual and reasonable






              Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                     29951

selling and repair or renovation          in the management plan, are under          state may request a supplemental
expenses, if any, from the sale           adequate state control sufficient to       acquisition and/or development
proceeds), or direct the recipient to     provide long-term protection for reserve   award(s) for acquiring additional
transfer title to the Federal Government.   resources and to ensure a stable         property interests identified in the
If directed to transfer title to the Federal   environment for research:             management plan as necessary to
Government, the recipient shall be           (4) Designation of the area asaa        enhance long-term protection of the area
entitled to compensation computed by      reserve will serve to enhance public       for research and education, for facility
applying the recipient's percentage of    awareness and understanding of             construction, for restorative activities
participation in the cost of the original  estuarine areas. and provide suitable     identified in the approved management
project to the current fair market value  opportunities for pubhlc education and     plan, and for administrative purposes.
of the property;                          interpretation;                            The amount of Federal financial
  (iii) Fair market value of the property   (5) A final management plan has been   assistance provided for supplemental
must be determined by an independent    approved by NOAA and contains the            development costs directly associated
appraiser and certified by a responsible    signed copy of the designation findings:    with facility construction other than
official of the state, as provided by        (6) An MOU has been signed between   land acquisition (i.e., major construction
Department of Commerce Regulations in   the state and NOAA ensuring a long-          activities) for any one national estuarine
15 CFR part 24, and Uniform Relocation    term commitment by the state to the        research reserve may not exceed
Assistance and Real Property              effective operation and implementation    $1,500,000 and must be matched by the
Acquisition for Federal and Federally      of the national estuarine research        state on a 50/50 basis. Supplemental
assisted programs in 15 CFR part 11.      reserve: and                               acquisition awards for the acquisition of
  ([f) Upon instruction by NOAA.            (7) The coastal state in which the area   lands or waters, or interests therein, for
provisions analogous to those of          is located has complied with the           any one National Estuarine Reserve may
ï¿½ 921.21(e) shall be included in the      requirements of these regulations.         not exceed an amount equal to 50 per
documentation underlying less-than-fee-      (b) NOAA will determine whether the   centum of the cost of the lands, waters,
simple interests acquired in whole or      designation of a national estuarine       and interests therein or $4,000,000
part with Federal funds.                   research reserve in a state with a        whichever amount is less. In the case of
  (g) Federal funds or non-Federal        federally approved coastal zone            a biogeographic region (see Appendix I
matching share funds shall not be spent    management program directly affects       to this part) shared by two or more
to acquire a real property interest in    the coastal zone. If the designation is    states, each state is eligible for Federal
which the State will own the land         found to directly affect the coastal zone,   financial assistance to establish a
concurrently with another entity unless    NOAA will make a consistency              national estuarine research reserve
the property interest has been identified   determination pursuant to section        within their respective portion of the
as a part of an acquisition strategy      307(c)(1) of the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1458, and    shared biogeographic region.
pursuant to ï¿½ 921.13(7) which has been    15 CFR part 930, subpart C. See            Apphcation procedures are specified in
approved by NOAA prior to the              i 921.4(b). The results of this           subpart I of this part. Land acquisition
effective date of these regulations.      consistency determination will be          must follow the procedures specified in
  (h) Prior to submitting the final       published in the Federal Register when a     921.13(a)[7), 3 921.21 (e) and (f and
management plan to NOAA for review    notice of designation is published. See         ï¿½ 92181.
and approval the state shall hold a        ï¿½ 921.30(c).
public meeting to receive comment on         (c) NOAA will cause a notice of         ï¿½ 921.32 Operation and management:
the plan in the area affected by the       designation of a national estuarine       Implementatlon of the management plan.
estuarine research reserve. NOAA will    research reserve to be placed in the           (a) After the national estuarine
publish a notice of the meeting in the     Federal Register. The state shall be      research reserve is formally designated,
Federal Register. The state shall be       responsible for having a similar notice   the state is eligible to receive Federal
responsible for having a similar notice   published in the local media.              funds to assist the state in the operation
pubhshed in the local media.                 (d] The term "state control" in         and management of the research
                                           I 921.30(a)(3) does not necessarily       reserve. The purpose of this Federally
Subpart D-Reserve Designation and    require that key land and water areas be   funded operation and management
Subsequent Operation                       owned by the state in fee simple.         phase is to implement the approved final
           921    Designation of National  Acquisition of less-than-fee-simple       management plan and to take the
earch Reser stua                          interests (eg., conservation easements)    necessary steps to ensure the continued
                                           and utilization of existing State         effective operation of the research
  (a) The Under Secretary may             regulatory measures are encouraged         reserve.
designate an area as a national           where the state can demonstrate that
estuarine research reserve pursuant to     these interests and measures assure          (b) State operation and management
section 315 of the Act if based on        adequate long-tem State control            of national estuarine research reserves
                                          adequate long-term State control          shall be consistent with the mssion, and
written findings the state has met the     consistent with the purposes of the        shall b e onsis the goals, of the Naion, and
following requirements:                    research reserve (see also I 921.13(a)7);    s      hall further the goals, of the National
  (1) The Governor of the coastal state      92121g)) Should the state later elect    Estuarine Research Reserve System (see
in which the area is located has           to purchase an interest in such lands     1921.1).
nominated the area for designation as a    using NOAA funds, adequate                   (c) Federal funds of up to $70,000 per
national estuarine research reserve;       justification as to the need for such     year, to be matched by the state on a
  (2) The area is a representative        acquisition must be provided to NOAA.    50/50 basis, are available for the
estuarine ecosystem that is suitable for                                             operation and management of the
long-term research and contributes to      ï¿½921.31 Supplemental acquisition and      national estuarine research reserve,
the biogeographical and typological       development awards                         including the establishment and
balance of the System;                       After national estuarine research        operation of a basic environmental
  (3) Key land and water areas of the     reserve designation, and as specified in    monitoring program. In the case of a
proposed research reserve, as identified   the approved management plan, the         biogeographic region (see appendix I to






295B         FmlsrFan  Ra    w I V l. 55. NM  21        M0onday, MY 21. 29W lj          s"   XOmhAtd

this part) shared by two or more states,   accordance with section a 92.13 anm    performance evations If other
each state is eligible for Federal       shal include an dministativt             experts are t be includedia the
fmiancial assistance to establsh a      framework for the nmtiplite research   eua       onti, NOAA will fi  ask the
national estuarine research reserve     reserve and a descripioaofthe             sate to remnend  ppropiate
within their respective portion of the   complementary research ans              individual to serve In that capacity.
shared btogeographic region (see         educational program   wth    e d) P erformancs   evauations will be
 s21.10).                               research reserve, I NOAA detenmines      conducted ha maccadance with the
  [d) Operation and management funds   based on the scope of the project and      procedural and pubic participation
are subject to the following limitations:    the Issues associatecwit the additi   pravisions of the CZMA regulations on
  (1) No more than $70,000 in Federal   site, that an environmental assesment    review of performance at 15 CFR part
funds may hbe expended In a twelve       is sufficient to establish a multiple-sMe    9  ({i.a, I 928.3(b) and ï¿½ 28.4j.
month award period (Le, Federal funds   research reserve, then the state shall    Co M  ensure effective Federal
for operation and anagement may not   develop a revised management plan            versight of each research reserve
be expended at a rate greater than      which, concerning the addtional           within the National Estuarine Reserve
$70,OO0 per year)-                       component. ncorporates each of the       Research System the state is required to
  (2] No more than ten percent of the    elements described in ï¿½ s91.ia). The     submit an annual report on operation
total amount (state and Federal shares)   revised management plan shel address   and management of the research reserve
of each operation and management        goals and objectives for all components   during be imediately preceding state
award may be    used for construction-   of the multi-site research reserve a nd  fiscal year. This annual report must be
type activities (Le., $14,00 maximum    the additional component's relaionship   submitted within a ninety day period
per year).                               to the original site(s).                 following the end of the state fiscal year.
ï¿½ 9213M  BoundWy    g          d        spart E-perforM C EvUtgRs                 The report shaf detail program
to the aunageamat pLm, and addition at                                            successes and accomplishments,
mulple.et compomnts                      and Wthdr          of D   t              referencing the research reserve
  (a) Changes in research reserve       ï¿½ 921.40 Evaluation of system             management plan and. as appropriate,
boundaries and major changes to the      performance.                             the work plan for the previous year. A
final management plan, including state     (a) Following designation of a national  work plan, detailing the projects and
laws or regrdations promulgated          estuarine research reserve pursuant to    activities to be undertaken over the
specifically for the research reserve,   ï¿½ 921.30, periodic performance           coming year to meet the goals and
may be made only after written           evaluations shall be conducted           obfectivea of the research reserve as
approval by NOAA. If determined to be   concerning the operation and              described In the management plan and
necessary, NOAA may require public       management of each national estuazine   the state's role in ongoing research
notice, including notice in the Federal  research reserve, including the research   reserve programs shall also be fIncuded
Register and an opportunity for public   and monitoring being conductedwithin    ï¿½ 92t        en       g
comment. Changes in the boundaries of   the reserve and education and             fntan cald asebbo
the research reserve involving the       interpretive activities. Evaluatons may
acquisition of properties not listed in the  assess performance in all aspects of   [a) f a performance evaluation under
management plan or final EIS require     research reserve operation ad            ï¿½ 921.40 reveal etha the operation and
public notice and the opportunity for    management or may be [iIted In scope.  management of the research reserve is
comment; in certain cases, an            focusing on selected issues of           deficient or that the research being
environmental assessment and possibly,   importance. Performane evaluations i    conducted within the reserve Is not
an environmental Impact statement,       assessing research reserve opnsistent with the Estuarine Research
may be required Where public notice is   and management may also examine          Guidelines referenced in subpart F of
required, NOAA will place a notice in    whether a research reserve is i          this part the eligibility of the research
the Federal Register of any proposed     compliance with the requirements of      reserve for Federal financial assistance
changes in research reserve boundaries    these regulations, particularly whether.   as described in these regulations may be
or proposed major changes to the final     (1) The operation and management of   suspended until the deficiency or
management plan. The state shall be      the research reserve is consistent with  inconsistency is remedied.
responsible for publishing an equivalent   and furthers the mission and goals of the    (b) NOAA will provide the state with
notice in the local media. See also      National Estuarine Reserve Research      a written notice of the deficiency or
requirements of 1 921.4(b) and           System (sea  8921.1); and                inconsistency. This notice will explain
ï¿½ 921.13(a)(11).                          (2Z A basis continues to exist to       the finding, assess the Federal role in
  ab) As discussed in I 92o0(b), a state   support any one or more of the findings    contributing to the problem, propose a
may choose to develop a multiple-site    made under ï¿½ 921.30(a.                   solution or solutions, provide a schedule
national estuarine research reserve after    (b) Generally, performance willbe    by which the state should remedy the
the initial acquisition and development    evaluated at least every three years.  deficiency or inconsistency, and state
award for a single site has been made.    More frequent evaluations may be        whether thestatews eligibihty for Federal
Public notice of the proposed addition   scheduled as determined to be            financial assistance has been suspended
will be placed by NQAA in the Federal    necessary by NOAA.                       in whole or par In this notice the state
Register. The state shall be responsble    (c) Performance evahlations wil ha     shall also be advised that it may
for publishing an equivalent notice in   conducted by Federal ofEfcias. When      comment on this finding and meet with
the local media An opportunity for       determined to be necessary, Federal and   NOAA officials to discuss the results of
comment, in addition to the preparation   non-Federal experts in naral  resource   the performance evaluation and seek to
of either an environmental assessment    management, estuarine research,          remedy the deficiency or inconsistency.
or environmental impact statement on     interpretation or other aspects of         (c) Eligibility of a research reserve for
the proposal, will also be required. An  national estuarme research reserve       financial assistance under these
environmental impact statement, if       operation and management may hbe         regulations shall be restored upon
required, shall be prepared in           requested by NOAA to participate in      written notice by NOAA to the state







              Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                      29957

that the deficiency or inconsistency has    ï¿½ 921.21(e) regarding the disposition of    to any other funds available to a coastal
been remedied.                            real property acquired in whole or part    state under the Act. Federal research
  (d) If, after a reasonable time, a state    with Federal funds shall be followed.  funds provided under this subpart must
does not remedy a deficiency in the         (f] NOAA may not withdraw                be matched equally by the recipient,
operation and management of a national   designation of a national estuarine         consistent with ï¿½ 921.81(e)(4)
estuarine research reserve which has      research reserve if the performance        ("allowable costs"].
been identified pursuant to a             evaluation reveals that the deficiencies
performance evaluation under              in management of the site are a result of   ï¿½ 921.51  Estarneresearch guidelines.
ï¿½ 921.40(a), such outstanding deficiency    inadequate Federal financial support.      (a) Research within the National
shall be considered a basis for                                                      Estuarine Reserve Research System
withdrawal of designation (see ï¿½ 921 42).   Subpart F-Research                       shall be conducted m a manner
                                                                                     consistent with Estuarine Research
ï¿½ 921A2  Withdrawal of designation.       ï¿½921.50  General.                          Guidelmines developed by NOAA.
  (a) Designation of an estuarine area      (a) To stimulate high quality research     (b) A summary of the Estuarine
as a national estuarine research reserve   within designated national estuarme       Research Guidelmes is pubhshed m the
may be withdrawn if a performance         research reserves, NOAA may provide                Research Guidelies is a part of thed in the
evaluation conducted pursuant to          financial support for research which is    of available funds discussed in
ï¿½ 921.40 reveals that:                    consistent with the Estuanne Research    of available funds discussed in
  (1) The basis for any one or more of    Guidelines referenced in ï¿½ 921.51.               The Estuarine Research Guide921.50(c.
the findings made under ï¿½ 921.30(a) m     Research awards may be awarded             are reviewed annually by NOAA. This
designating the research reserve no       under this subpart to only those           review will iclude an  opportumty for
longer exists;                            designated research reserves with          reew wll nclude an opportunity for
  (2) A substantial portion of the        approved final management plans withe estuarie research
research conducted within the research    the following exception: NOAA may          commumty.
reserve, over a period of years, has not    award research awards under this          ï¿½ 921.52 Promotion and coordination of
been consistent with the Estuarine        subpart to reserves without final           estuarine research.
Research Guidelines referenced in         management plans that have been               (a) NOAA will promote and
subpart F of this part; or                designated prior to the effective date of    coordinate the use of the National
  (3) A state, after a reasonable time,   these regulations; in the absence of an    Estuarine Reserve Research System for
has not remedied a deficiency m the       approved final management plan,             research purposes.
operation and management of a             however these reserves will be eligible      (b) NOAA will, in conducting or
research reserve identified pursuant to    for research awards during only the first  supporting estuarine research other than
an earlier performance evaluation         two years after the effective date of      that authorized under section 315 of the
conducted under ï¿½ 921.40.                 these regulations. Although this research   Act, give priority consideration to
  lb) If a basis is found under           may be conducted within the immediate   research that uses the National
ï¿½ 921.42(a) for withdrawal of             watershed of the research reserve, the     Estuarine Reserve Research System.
designation. NOAA will provide the        majority of research activities of any        (c) NOAA will consult with other
state with a written notice of this       single research project funded under this  Federal and state agencies to promote
finding. This notice will explain the     subpart must be conducted within            use of one or more research reserves
basis for the finding, propose a solution    reserve boundaries. Research funds are    wlthm the National Estuarine Reserve
or solutions and provide a schedule by    primarily used to support management-    Research System when such agencies
which the state should correct the        related research that will enhance          conduct estuarine research.
deficiency. In this notice, the state shall   scientific understanding of the research
also be advised that it may comment on   reserve ecosystem, provide information    Subpart G-Monitoring
the finding and meet with NOAA            needed by reserve managers and coastal
officials to discuss the finding and seek    management decision-makers, and          ï¿½ 921.60 General.
to correct the deficiency.                improve public awareness and                  (a) To provide a systematic basis for
  (c) If, within a reasonable period of   understanding of estuarine ecosystems      developing a high quahty estuarine
time, the deficiency is not corrected in a   and estuarine management issues.        resource and ecosystem information
manner acceptable to NOAA, a notice       Research projects may be oriented to        base for national estuarine research
of intent to withdraw designation, with    specific research reserves; however,      reserves and, as a result, for the System,
an opportunity for comment, will be       research projects that would benefit       NOAA may provide financial support
placed m the Federal Register.            more than one research reserve in the      for momntoring programs. Monitoring
  (d) The state shall be provided the     National Estuarine Reserve Research        funds are used to support three major
opportunity for an informal hearing       System are encouraged.                     phases of a monitoring program; studies
before the Under Secretary to consider       [b] Federal research funds under this    necessary for comprehensive site
NOAA's finding of deficiency and intent   subpart are not intended as a source of    description/characterization,
to withdraw designation, as well as the    continuous funding for a particular       development of a site profile, and
state's comments on and response to       project over time. Research funds may      implementation of a monitoring
NOAA's written notice pursuant to         be used to support start-up costs for       program.
ï¿½ 921.42(b) and Federal Register notice   long-term projects if an applicant can        (b) Monitoring funds are available on
pursuant to ï¿½ 921.42(c).                  identify an alternative source of long-     a competitive basis to the state agency
  (e) Within 30 days after the informal   term research support.                     responsible for reserve management or
hearing, the Under Secretary shall issue    (c) Research funds are available on a    qualified public or private person or
a written decision regarding the          competitive basis to any coastal state or   entity designated by the Reserve.
designation status of the national        qualified public or private person. A       However, if the applicant is other than
estuarnne research reserve. If a decision   notice of available funds will be         the managing entity of a reserve
is made to withdraw research reserve      published in the Federal Register.          research (coastal state), that applicant
designation, the procedures specified in   Research funds are provided in addition   must submit as a part of the application








29958        Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monday, July 23, 199g  I Rules arid  eguIations

a letter from the reserve manager         recipient, consistenr with ï¿½ 9ZI.g(e)(4)    public or private person may apply for
indicating formal support of the          ("allowable costs").                       Federal financial assistance awards for
application by the managing entity of                                                estuarine research or monitoring. The
the reserve. Monitoring awards will be     I 921.71  Cat ndoreus of potentali        annomcement ofopportmuities to
made an the basis of a five-year            ereti      nd educalt  pI 5               conduct research in the reserve system
                                          evaluation criteria.
performance period; and with initial                  fo    r interpree or            appears on an annual basis in the
funding for a twelve (12] month period;      [a) Proposals for interpretive or        Federal Register. If a state is
and with annual supplemental funding           ao    proects ill be consideed    participating in the national Coastal
contingent on performance and              under the following categories             Zone Management Program, the
appropriations under the Act.               (1) Design, development and               applicant for an award under section
Monitoring funds are provided in           distribution/placement of interpretive or   315 of the Act shall notfy the state
addition to any other funds available to   educational media (i.e., the development   coastal management agency regarding
a coastal state under the Act. Federal     of tangible items, such as exhibitat      the application.
monitoring funds must be matched           displays, publications, posters, signs,      Cb An original and two copies of the
equally by the recipient, consistent with   audio/visuals, computer software and      formal application must be submitted at
ï¿½ 921.81(e)(4) ("allowable costs").       maps which have an educational or          least 120 working days prior to the
  (c} Monitonng projects funded under    interpretive purpose; and techniques for   proposed begnning of the project to the
this Subpart must focus on the resources   making available or locating information  following address: Office of Ocean and
within the boundaries of the research      concerning research reserve resources,    Coastal Resource Management.
reserve and must be consistent vnth the   activities, or issues);                     National Ocean Service, National
applicable sections of the Estuanne          (2) Development and presentation of    Oceamc and Atmospheric
Research Guidelnes referenced in           curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars,  Administration Universal Building
ï¿½ 921.51. Portions of the project may     and other structured programs or           South 1825 Connecticut Avenue. NW,
occur within the immediate watershed      presentations for facility or field use:    Suite 714 Washington. DC 20235. The
of the Reserve beyond the site              (3) Extension/outreach programs; or      Application for Federal Assistance
boundaries. However, the monitoring          (4) Creative and innovative methods      Standard Form 424 (Non-construction
proposal must demonstrate why this is    and technologies for implementing            Program) constitutes the farmal
necessary for the success of the project.   interpretive or educational projects.     applicaton for site selection, post-site
                                             Subpart    ntrprtato and  (b) Interpretive and educational  selection, operation and management,
Subpart 1--Interpretation and              projects may be oriented to one or more   research, and education and interpretive
Education                                  research reserves or to the entire         award The Application for Federal
ï¿½ 921.70  GeneraL                          system. Those projects which would         Financeal Assistance Standard Form 424
  (a) To stimulate the development of      directl benefit more than one research    [Construction Program) constitutes the
innovative or creatie i    nterpretive and  reserve, and if practicable, the entire   formal application for land acquisition
eddcati onal projects and materals  N             ationa est     al risreie p Reseich  and development awards. The
e nhance  public awareness and             System, shall receive priority             applicationmust be accompanied by the
understanding of estuarine areas,             c Proposals for intermation requred in subpart  B
NOAA may fund interpretive and. Ccaooals et  n                                        (predesignation) of this part, subpart C
educational  ativities. Interpretive and   educational proje cts    in national       of this part and s  921.31 (acquisition and
educational awards may be  awarded         estuarine research reserves will be        development), and ï¿½ 921.32 (operation
der thica     s                            evaluated in accordance with  criteria    and management) as applicable.
degnathised researchose                   listed belowth                              Applications for development awards
apprdesinaed research reserves  th          -11 Educational or interpretive meritsh   for construction projects, or restorative
pproved final management plans with           2) Relevance or importance to reserve   activities involving construction, must
the following exception: NOAA may         management or coastal decisionsking;   inciude
award research awards under this                Edu       taincal quality de          All  a preli minary engineering report.
s       ubpa rt to reserves without final    A 3ldeel aonf att e         A               applications must contain back up
management  plans that h ave beensoundness ofapproach, experience                     data for budget estimates (Federal and
designated prior to the effecdve  d    ate ofd to methodol ogie s]                    non-Federal shares), and evidence that
these regulations; in the absenc e of an        Importance to the National            the application complies with the
approve     d final          management plan  Estuarine Reserve Research System       Executive Order 12372,
however           thes e      reserves wil be eligible           sttutional           "Intevernmental Review of Federal
for   research a  wards during only the first  Capabilities eg, reasonableness of     Programs." In addition, applications for
                                           budget, sufficiency of logishcal support);   acquisition and development awards
two years after the effective date of   aand                                                         development awards
these regulations.                                                                   must contain:
  e(b) Educationaanineptiefds                (6) In addition in the case of long-1) State Historic reservation Office
           (b) Educational and interpretive funds   term projects, the ability of the state or
are available on a competitive basis    t he grant recipient to support the project   comments,
any coastal state entity. However, if the   beyond this initial funding.                (2] Written approval from NOAA of
applicant is other than the managing                                                  the draft management plan for initial
entity of a research reserve, that         Subpart I-General Financial                acquisition and development award(s);
applicant must submit as a part of the     Assistance Provisions                      and
application a letter from the reserve                                                   (3) A preliminary engineering report
manager indicating formal support of the   ï¿½ 921.80  Application Information,         for construction projects, or restorative
 pplication by the managing entity of        (a) Only a coastal state may apply for   activities involving construction.
the reserve. These funds are provided in   Federal financial assistance awards for
addition to any other funds available to   preacquisition, acquisition and              921.81  Allowable cost
a coastal state under the Act. Federal     development. operation and                   (a) Allowable costs will be
interpretation and educational funds       management, and education and              determined in accordance with
must be matched equally by the             interpretation. Any coastal state or       applicable OMB Circulars and guidance







              Federal Register | Vol. 55. No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                         29959

for Federal financial assistance, the       determining the value of the benefits         10. West Florida (FL Jefferson to Cedar
financial assistance agreement, these       foregone by the state, in the use of the        Key).
regulations, and other Department of        land, as a result of new restrictions that   LouIsianian
Commerce and NOAA directives. The           may be imposed by Reserve designation.    11. Panhandle Coast (Cedar Key to Mobile
term "costs" applies to both the Federal   The appraisal of the benefits foregone           Bay).
and non-Federal shares.                     must be made by an independent                12. Mississlppi Delta (Moblde Bay to
  (b) Costs clamed as charges to the        appraiser in accordance with Federal            Galveston).
award must be reasonable, beneficial        appraisal standards pursuant to 15 CFR        13. Western Gulf (Galveston to Mexican
and necessary for the proper and            part 24 and 15 CFR part 11. A state may         border).
efficient administration of the financial    initially use as match land valued at      Calfornian
assistance award and must be incurred    greater than the Fedcral share of the
during the award period.                    acquisition and development award.            14 Southern Cahforua (Mexlcan Border to
  (c) Costs must not be allocable to or    The value in excess of the amount                 Central CalConcepcion             to
included as a cost of any other             required as match for the initial award             Cape Me ndo               cino).
Federally-financed program in either the   may be used to match subsequent                18 San Francisco Bay
current or a prior award period.            supplemental acquisition and
  (d) General guidelines for the non-      development awards for the national          Columban
Federal share are contained in              estuarnne research reserve (see also          17. Middle Pacific (Cape Mendocio to the
Department of Commerce Regulations at   ï¿½ 921.20). Costs related to land                    Columbia RPaver).
15 CFR part 24 and OMB Circular A-110.   acquisition, such as appraisals, legal           18. Washington Coast (Columbia River to
Copies of Circular A-110 can be             fees and surveys, may also be used as           Vancouve r Island.
obtained from the Marine and Estuarine   match.
Management Division; 1825 Connecticut         (3) Operation and Management              Great Lakes
Avenue, NW., Suite 714; Washmgton           Awards. Generally, cash and in kind           20. Western Lakes (Superior. Michigan,
DC 20235. The following may be used in   contributions (directly benefiting and             Huron).
satsfying the matching requirement:         specifically identifiable to operations       21. Eastern Lakes (Ontario, Erie).
  (1) Site Selection and Post Site          and management), except land, are           Fjord
Selection Awards. Cash and n-kind           allowable.                                    22. Southern Alaska (Prince of Wales
contributions (value of goods and             (4) Research, Monitoring, Education           Island to Cook Inlet).
services directly benefiting and            and Interpretive Awards. Cash and in-         23. Aleutian Islands (Cook Inlet to Bristol
specifically identifiable to thns part of   land contributions (directly benefiting         Bay).
the project) are allowable. Land may tnot  and specifically identifiable to the scope   Sub-Actic
be used as match.
                                             of work), except land, are allowable.
  (2) Acquisition and Development                                                         24 Northern Alaska (Bristol Bay to
Awards. Cash and in-kind contributions   ï¿½ 921.82  Amendments to financial                  Demarcation Point).
are allowable. In general, the fair market   assistance awards.                         Insulr
value of lands to be included within the      Actions requiring an amendment to           25 Hawaiian Islands.
research reserve boundaries and             the financial assistance award, such as       26 Western Pacific Island.
acquired pursuant to the Act, with other   a request for additional Federal funds,        27. Eastern Pacific Island.
than Federal funds, may be used as          revisions of the approved project budget
match. However, the fair market value       or original scope of work, or extension     Appendix 11 to Part 921-Typology of
of real property allowable as match is      of the performance period must be           National Estuarine Research Reserves
hmited to the fair market value of a real    submitted to NOAA on Standard Form           Thls typology system reflects significant
property interest equivalent to, or         424 and approved in writing.                differences m estuarne charactenstics that
required to attain, the level of control                                                are not necessarily related to regional
over such land(s) identified by the state    Appendix I to Part 921-Biogeographic       location. The purpose of this type of
and approved by the Federal                 Classification Scheme                       classlfication is to maximize ecosystem
Government as that necessary for the        Acadian                                     variety m the selection of national estuarne
protection and management of the                                                        research reserves. Priority will be given to
                                               1. Northern Gulf of Maine (Eastport to the    important ecosystem types as yet
national estuarmne research reserve.            Sheepscot River)                        unrepresented n the reserve system It
Appraisals must be performed accordin         2 Southern Gulf of Maine (Sheepscot River   should be noted that any one site may
to Federal appraisal standards as               to Cape Cod)                            represent several ecosystem types or
detailed in Department of Commerce          Virgian                                     physical charactercstcs.
regulations at 15 CFR part 24 and the
Urnform Relocation Assistance and Real        3 Southern New England (Cape Cod to       Class I-Ecosystem Types
Property Acquisitihon for Federal and           Sandy Hook)                             Group I-Shorelands
Federally Assisted Programs in 15 CFR         4. Middle Atlantic (Sandy Hook to Cape      A Maritime Forest- Woodland Ths type of
                                                 Hatteras)
part 11. The fair market value of             5. Chesapeake Bay,                        ecosystem consists of single-stemmed species
privately donated land, at the time of                                                  that have developed under the influence of
donation, as established by an              Carolnman                                   salt spray It can be found on coastal uplands
independent appraiser and certified by a      6 Northern Carolinas (Cape Hatteras to    or recent features, such as barrier islands and
responsible official of the state               Santee River).                          beaches, and may be divided into the
(pursuant to 15 CFR part 24), may also        7 South Atlantic (Santee River to St. John's  following biomes:
be used as match. Land, including              iPaver).                                   1 Northern Coniferous Forest BWome' This
submerged lands already in the state's        8 East Florida (St John's River to Cape   is an area of predominantly evergreens such
                                                 Canaveral).                             as the sitka spruce (Picea), grand fir (Ables),
possession, may be used as match to                                                     and white cedar (Thula). with poor
establish a national estuarine research     West Indian                                 development of the shrub and herb layers,
reserve. The value of match for these         9 Caribbean (Cape Canaveral to Ft.        but high annual productivity and pronounced
state lands will be calculated by               Jefferson and south).                   seasonal periodicity.







PM60           FedeI Registe  I Vol 55, No. 141 f Monday, Iuly 23. 190 L Rules andi Regulatons

  2. Moist Temperate (Mesothermal)             heath, shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, and      E. litertidal MudandSandFlats: These
Coniferous Forest Biome: Found along the       herbaceous and dwarf woody plants.             areas are composed ofunconsolidated, high
west coast of North America from California    Common species incluade arc/ialpine plants   organic content sediments that function as a
to Alaska, this area is dominated by conifers,   such as Empetrum ngrum and Betula nana,      short-term storage area for nutrients and
has a relatively small seasonal range, high    the lichens Cetrarta and Cladonat, and         organic carbons. Maacrophytes are nearly
humidity with rainfall ranging from 30 to 150    herbaceous plants such as Potentill,         absent in this ecosystem, although it may be
inches, and a well-developed understory of     tnridentata and Rubus chamaemorus. Common   heavily colonized by benthic datom,
vegetation with an abundance of mosses and    species on the coastal beach ridges of the      dinoflageilates, filamentous blue-green and
other moisture-tolerant plants.                high arctic desert include Dryas intergrifolia    green algae, and chemosynthetic purple
  3. Temperate Deciduous Forest Bome: This   and Saxifrage oppositifolla. This area can be    sulfur hacteria. This system may support a
biome is characterized by abundant, evenly     divided into two main subdivisionsr            considerable population of gastropods,
distnributed rainfall, moderate temperatures     1. Low Tundra: characterized by a thick,     bivalves, and polychaetes, and may serve as
which exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern,     spongy mat of living and undecayed             a feeding area for a variety offish and
well-developed sol biota and herb and shrub   vegetation often with water and dottedwith    wading birds. In sand, the dominant fauna
layers, and numerous plants winch produce      ponds when not frozen; and                     include the wedge shell Donax, the scallop
pulpy fruits and nuts. A distant subdivision of    2. High Tundra: a bare area except for a   Pecten, tellin shells Tellins, the heart urchin
this biome is the pine edaphic forest of the   scanty growth of lichens and grasses, with     Echinocardium, the nlug worm Arenicola, sand
southeastern coastal plaint, in winch only a   underlying ice wedges forming raised           dollar Dendraster, and the sea pansy Remlla.
small portion of the area is occupied by       polygonal areas.                               In mud, faunal dominants adapted to low
climax vegetation, although it has large areas   E. Coastal Cliffs: This ecosystem is an      oxygen levels include the terebellhd
covered by edaphic clunax pines.               important nesting site for many sea and shore   Amphitrite, the boring clam Playdon, the
  4. Broad-leoved Evergreen Subtmropical       birds. It consists of communitries of          deep sea scallop Placopecten, the quahog
Forest Biomoes. The main charactenristic of this  herbaceaous, graminoid, or low woody plants   Mercenaria. the echiunrid worm Urechis, the
biome is high moisture with less pronounced    (shrubs, heath, etc.) on the top or along rocky    mud snail Nassarius, and the sea cucumber
differences between winter and summer.         faces exposed to salt spray. There is a        Thyorre.
Examples are the hammocks of Florida and       diversity of plant species mincluding mosses,    F. JntertidalAgaloBeds:These are hard
the live oak forests of the Gulf and South    hlichens, liverworts, and "higher" plant        substrates along the marine edge that are
Atlantic coasts. Floral dominants include      representatives.                               dominated by macroscopic algae, usually
pines, magnolias    f,    bays, hollies, wild                                                 thalloid, bat also fiamentous or unicellular in
tamannd, strangler fig, gumbo limbo, and       Go   I-Tastn  rsgrowth form. This also includes the rocky
palms.                                           A. CoastalMarshes: These are wetland         coast tidepools that fall within the mitertidal
  1. Coast Shrublands. This is a transiLonal    areas dominated by grasses Poaceas, sedges    zone. Dominant fauna of these areas are
area between the coastal grasslands and        (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncaceae, cattils       barnacles, mussels, penwinkle, anemones,
woodlands and is characterized by woody        (Typhaceae), and other graminoid species       and chitons. Three regions are apparent:
species with multiple stems a few centimeters   and is subject to periodic flooding by either   t. Northern Latitude Rocky Shores: It is it.
to several meters above the ground             salt or freshwater. This ecosystem may be      this region that the community structure is
developing under the influence of salt spray   subdivided into: (a) Tidal, which is           best developed. The dominant algal species
and occasional sand burial. This includes      periodically flooded by either salt or brackish   include Chodrus at the low tide level, Fucus
thickets, scrub, scrub savanna, heathlands,    water, (b) non-tidal (freshwater), or (c] tidal  and Ascophyllum at the mid-tidal level, and
and coastal chaparral. There is a great        freshwater. These are essential habitats for   Lninanr and other keIplika algae just
variety of shrubland vegetation exhibiting     many important estuarine species offish and    beyond the intertidal, although they can be
regional specificity:. invertebrates as well as shorebirds and                                exposed at extremely low tides or found in
1. Northern Areas: Characterized by            waterfowl and serves unim rtani roles min      very deep tidepools.
  Hudsoma, various ermaceous species, and    shore stabilizattion, flood control. water         2. Souhen Latitudes The         munities in
                                                                                                2. Sou3arn Latitudes: The commumlties mn
  thickets of Mynrca, Prmnus, and Rosa        purification, and nutrient transport and        this region are reduced in comparison to
2. Southeast Areas- Floral dornnanms include    storage.                                      those of the northern latitudes and possesses
  Mynca, Banccharins. and lex. B. Coastal Swamps These are wet lowland   algae consisting mostly of single-celled or
3. Western Areas' Adenoston-a,                 areas that support mosses and shrubs           filamentous green blue-green, and red algae,
  Arcotyphylos, and Eucalypt is are the       together with large trees such as cypress or    and small thaloid brown algae.
  dominant floral species.           m                                                          3. Tropical and Subtropicol Latitudes: The
  C. Coastal Grasslands Thia area, which         C. COastal Aangroves: This ecosystem        intertidal min this region is very reduced and
possesses sand dunes end coastal flats, has     xper'ences egunar flooding on either a daily,   contains numerous calcareous algae such as
            pos sain     d s ad    coasta pe  ear han  monthly, or seasonal basis, has low wave  Porolithon and Lthothanion, as well as
low rainfall ~1o to 30 inches per yearl and                 PrhhaadItohmea ela
lacvrge amounts o hu0   inchesii er year  l adaction, and is dominamted by a variety of salt-   green algae with calcareous particles such as
large amounts sof humus  in   the  sesl. Eclgical   tolerant trees, such as the red mantgrove  Hahmeda, and numerous other green, red,
succession is slow, resulting m the presence   (Rhizaphora mangle). back mangrove             and brown algae.
of a number of serial stages of commumhzpor   age)  lcymnrv                                   and brown algae.
        of a number of seal stages of commuty  (Avlcennia nitida], and the white mangrove
development. Dominant vegetation includes      (Lagunculanria racemosa). It is also an       Group Ill-Submerged Bottoms
mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall}. such as
            mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall) such as  important habitat for large populations of  A. Subtidal Hardbottoms: This system is
Ammophila. Agropyron, and Calamovilfa. tall
                   to   andfeet tall), schfish, invertebrates, and birds. This type of       characterized by a consolidated layer of solid
grasses (5 to 8 feet tall), such a Spartina, and   ecosystem can be found from central Florida    rock or large pieces of rock [neither of biotic
trees such as the willow (Salix api. cherry    to extreme south Texas to the islands of the  oringin) and is found min association with
[Prunus sp ). and cottonwood (Populus
e(Prunus .p ), ane usdvideod   to (Populur     Western Pacific                                geomorphologicaI features such as submarine
deltaides}. This area is divided into four
                                                 D intertidal Beaches: This ecosystem has    canyons and fiords and is usually covered
regions with the following typical strand      a cdistinct biota of microscopic animals,      with assemblages of sponges, sea fans.
vegetation:                                    bacteria, and unicellular algae along with     bivalves, hard corals, tfunamcates, and other
1. Arctic/Boreal. Elymus;                      microscopic crustaceans, mollusks, and         attached orgamnisms. A significant feature of
2. Northeast/West: Ammophila:                  worms with a detritus-based nutrient cycle. estuanries in many parts of the world is the
3. Southeast/Gulf. Umola; and                  This area also mincludes the driftine          oyster reef a type of subtidal hardbottom.
4. Mid-Atlantic/Gulf: Spartina patens.         communities found at high tide levels on the    Composed of assemblages oforganisms
  11 Coastal Tudraw This ecosystem. winch    beach. The dominant organisms min this           (usually bivalves), it is usually found near an
is found along the Arctic and Boreal coasts of   ecosystem include crustaceans such as the    estuary's mouth in a zone of moderate wave
North America, is charactermzed by low         mole crab (Emerita), amplupods                 action, salt content and turbidity. If light
temperatures, a short growing season, and      (Gammondae), ghost crabs (Ocypode), and       levels are sufficient a covering of
some permafrost producing a low, treeless      bivalve molluscs such as the coquina (Doniax)   microscopic and attached macroscopic algae,
mat community made up of mosses, lichens,    and surf clams (Spisula and Mactra).             such as kelp, may also be found.








               Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday,  July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                               29961

  B. Subtidal Softbottoms: Major              sea and without significant freshwater         barnrier islands, broken at intervals by minlets.
characteristics of this ecosystem are an      inflow. Water circulation is lilmited, resulting    These bars may be either deposited offshore
unconsohdated layer of fine particles of silt. min a poorly flushed, relahtively stagnant body  or may be coastal dunes that have become
sand, clay, and gravel, high hydrogen sulfide    of water. Sedunmentation is rapid with a great    isolated by recent sea level rises.
levels, and anaerobic concditions often       potential for basin shoaling Shores are often     4. Tectonic Estuary' These are coastal
existing below the surface Macrophytes are    gently sloping and marshy.                      indentures that have formed through tectonic
either sparse or absent, although a layer of     7. Perched Coastal Wetlands: Umnique to      processes such as slippage along a fault line
benthic mnucroalgae may be present dif light   Pacific islands, this wetland type, found    [  San Francisco Bay), folding, or movement of
levels are sufficient, The faunal comnmunity is   above sea level in volcanic crater remnants,  the earth's bedrock, often with a large inflow
dominated by a diverse population of deposit   forms as a result of poor drainage             of freshwater.
feeders including polychaetes, bivalves, and    characterishtics of the crater rather than from  5 Volcanic Estuary: These coastal bodies
burrowing crustaceans                          sedimunentation. Floral assemblages exhibit    of open water, a result of volcanic processes.
  C. Subtidal Plants. This system is found in    distinct zonation while the faunal           are depressions or craters that have direct
relatively shallow water (less than 8 to 10    constituents may minclude freshwater,          and/or subsurface connections with the
meters) below mean low tide. It is an area of    brackish, and/or maine species. Example'     ocean and may or may not have surface
extremely high primary production that         Aunu'u Island, American Samoa.                 continuty with streams. These formations
provides food and refuge for a divi.rmity of     8 Anchialhne Systems: These small coastal   are unique to island areas of volcanic origin.
faunal groups, especially juvenile and adult   exposures of bracklish water form min lava       C. Inlet Type Inlets in various forms are an
fish, and in some regions, manatees and sea    depressions or elevated fossil reefs, have     integral part of the estuae environment, as
                        turtles Along the North Atlant~~~~~~~~~ic n aii ntegral part of the estuarine enwironment, as
turtles Along the North Atlantic and Pacific    only a subsurface connection to the ocean,    they regulate, to a certain extent the velocity
coasts, the seagrass Zostera manrina          but show tidal fluctuations Diffenring from       d magtude of tdal exchange, the degree
predominates. In the South Atlantic and Gulf    true estuaries in having no surface continuity    of mng, and volume of dscharge to the sea.gree
coast areas, Thalassia and Dlplanthera        with streams or ocean, this system is           There are four maor types of inlets:      a.
predominate. The grasses min both areas        characterized by a distinct ioc commuonity        .    T h    An estuary of ml ets:
support a number of eplphytic organisms.    dominated by benthic algae such as                  Uest wnledAnsu         y w tawi
Class II--Physical Characteristics             Rinzoclonium, the mmineral encrusting          unrestricted nlet typically has slow currents,
                                               GopI iSchizothnx, and the vascular plant Ruppia  no significant turbulence, and receive the full
Group I--Geologtic                                                    fauna, which exhibit   effect of ocean waves and local disturbances
                                               mantuna. Characterlate fauna. which exhibit
  A. Basin Type: Coastal water basins occur    a high degree of endemicity, include the       which serve to modify the shoreline. These
in a variety of shapes, sizes, depths, and     mollusks Theodoxus neglectus and T             estuaries are partially mixed. as the open
appearances. The eight basic types discussed   canosus, the small red shrmp Metabetaeus       mouth permits the incursion of marine waters
below will cover most of the cases:            lohena and Halocaridina rubra. and the fish    to considerable distances upstream,
  1. Exposed Coast' Sohlid rock formations or    Eleotrs sandwicensis and Kuhlia              depending on the tidal amphlitude and stream
heavy sand deposits characterize exposed       sandvicensus. Although found throughout the   gradient
ocean shore fronts, which are subject to the   world, the high Islands of the Pacific are the      Restricted: Restrictions of estuaries can
                                               world, the hioh islands of the Pacfco eae the
full force of ocean storms. The sand beaches    only areas within the U.S. where this system    exist in many forms. bars, barrier islands,
are very resilient, although the dunes lyming  can be found.                                  spits, sills, and more. Restricted mlets result
just behind the beaches are fragile and easily   B. Basin Structure: Estuary Basins may       in decreased circulation, more pronounced
damaged. The dunes serve as a sand storage    result from the drowning of a river valley      longitudinal and vertical salinity gradients,
area, making them chief stabilizers of the     (coastal plains estuary), The drowning of a    and more rapid sedimentation. However, if
ocean shorefront.                              glacial valley (fjord), the occurrence of an   the estuary mouth is restricted by
  2. Sheltered Coast  Sand orcoal barri ers,   offshore  barrie r  (bar-bounded estuary), some    depositional features or land closures, the
buat up by natural forces provide sheltered    tectonic process (tectonic estuary), or        incoming tide may be held back until it
a             reas inside a bar or reef whe re the  volcanic activity (volcanic estuary].     suddenly breaks forth into the basin as a
eco system takes on many char       acteristics of  1. Coastalplains estuary. Where a         tidal wave, or bore. Such currents exert
conFreed waters--abandant marie grasses,         1  osopan   ~oj   hr 
shellfish, and uvele fish. Water movement    drowned valley consists mainly of a single       profound effects on the nature of the
is reduced, with the consequent effects of     channel, the form of the basin is fairly       substrate, turbidity, and biota of the estuary.
            is redu~~~~~~~~~ced.nnelh the cneuteffort of Praet.hermanen ines fairesaly
polluhtion being more severe in this area than    regular, forming a simple coastal plains      3. Peanent Permanent  lets are usually
in exposed coastal areas.                      estuary. When a channel is flooded with        opposite the mouths of major rivers and
  3. Bay Bays are larger confined bodies of    numerous tributaries, an irregular estuary     permit river water to flow into the sea.
water that are open to the sea and receive     results. Many estuaries of the eastern United    Sedmentation and deposition are minimal
strong tidal flow. When stratification is      States are of this type.                         4 Temporary (IntermttentP Temporary
pronounced, the flushing action is augmented     2. Fjord' Estuanries that form min elongated  inlets are formed by storms and frequently
by river discharge. Bays vary in size and m    steep headlands that alternate with deep U-    shift position, depending on tidal flow, the
type of shorefront.                            shaped valleys resulting from glacial scourring   depth of the sea and sound waters, the
  4 Emboyment' A confined coastal water        are called fjords. They generally possess      frequency of storms, and the amount of
body with narrow, restricted minlets and with    rocky floors or very thin veneers of sedimunent,  hlitoral transport
a significant freshwater inflow can be         with deposition generally beming restricted to   D. Bottom Composition The bottom
classified as an embayment These areas         the head where the main river enters           composition of estuaries attests to the
have more restricted inlets than bays, are     Compared to total fjord volume, river          vigorous, rapid. and complex sedimentation
usually smaller and shallower, have low tidal   discharge is small, But many fjords have      processes characteristic of most coastal
action, and are subject to sedinentation.      restricted htidal ranges at their mouths, due to   regions with low relief. Sediments are
  5 Tidal River: The lower reach of a coastal   sills, or upreachming sections of the bottom  derived through the hydrologic processes of
river is referred to as a tidal river. The     which limit free movement of water, often      erosion, transport, and deposition carnried on
coastal water segment extends from the sea     making river flow large with respect to the    by the sea and the stream.
or estuary into which the river discharges to    tidal prism The deepest portions are min the   1. Sand. Near estuary mouths, where the
a point as far upstream as there is significant    upstream reaches, where maximum depths     predomminating forces of the sea build spits or
salt content in the water, forming a salt front.   can range from 800 m to 1200 m, while sill  other depositional features, the shores and
A combination of tidal action and freshwater    depths usually range from 40 m to 150 m.      substrates of the estuary are sandy. The
outflow makes tidal rivers well-flushed. The     3 Bar-bounded Estuary' These result from    bottom sediments in this area are usually
tidal river basin may be a sunple channel or a   the development of an offshore barrier, such    coarse, with a graduation toward finer
complex of tributaries, small associated       as a beach strand, a line of barrier islands,  particles min the head of the estuary. In the
embayments marshfronts, tidal flats, and a     reef formations, a line of morame debris, or   head region and other zones of reduced flow,
variety of others                              the subsiding remnants of a deltaic lobe. The    fine silty sands are deposited. Sand
  6 Lagoon: Lagoons are confined coastal       basin is often partially exposed at low tide   deposition occurs only min wider or deeper
bodies of water with restricted inlets to the  and is enclosed by a chain of offshore bars or   regions where velocity is reduced.








29962          Federal Register f Vol. 55, No. 141 f Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations

  2. Afud  At the base level of a stream near  freshwater influx end a lack of strong tidal   respect to the soil, is subject to considerable
its mouth, the bottom is typically composed    exchane  because of the typically narrow       fluctuation.
of loose muds, silt, and Mrganic detritus as a  inlet connecting the lagoon to the see.         b. Gronmdwater This is water contained in
result of erosion and transport from the upper   Circulation, whose major drrving force is    the rocks below the water table, is usually of
stream reaches and organic decomposition.      wind, Is the major liMiting factor in biological   more uniform volume than vadose water, and
Just inside the estuary entrance, the bottom   productivity within lagoons.                   generally follows the topographic relef of the
contains considerable quantities of sand and     B. ides: This is the most important          land, being high below ills and slopig into
mud, which support a rich fama.i Mud flats,    ecological factor m an estuary, as it affects  valeys.
commonly built up in estuarne basins, are      water exchange and its vertical range
composed of loose, coarse, and fine mud and    determines the extent of tidal flats which     Group II-Chemical
sand, often dividing the original channel      may be exposed and submerged with each           A. Sairmty: This reflects a complex mixture
  a. .ock- Rocks usually occur m areas         tidal cycle. Tidal action agamst the vohine of   of salts, the most abundant being sodium
where the stream runs rapidly over a steep     river water discharged into an estuary results   chloride, and is a very critical factor in the
gradient with its coarse materials being       in a complex system whose properties vary      distrbution and maintenance of many
derived from the higher elevations where the    according to estuary structure as well as the    estuarine organisms. Rased on salinity, there
stream slope is greater. The larger fragments    magmtude of river flow and tidal range. Tides   are two basc estuarne types and eight
are usually found in shallow areas near the    are usually described in terms of their cycle  different salinity zones (expressed in parts
stream mouth.                                  and their relative heights. In the United      per thousand-pptl.
  4. Oyster aheO.. Throughout a major portion   States, tide height is reckoned on the basis of   2. P[be estums This is an estuary in
of the world, the oyster reef is one of the    average lowtide, which is referred to as       which the freswater influx is sufficient to
most significant features of estuaries, usually    datum. The tides, although complex, falls into   maintam mtxdng resulting in a pattern of
being found near the mouth of the estuary in    three main categories                         increasing salinity toward the e:tuary mout
a zone of moderate wave action, salt content,    1. Dumar. This refers to a daily change in    It is characteried by low oxygen
and turbidity. It is often a major factor in   water level that can be observed along the     concentra      n te deeer aters and
modifying estuarine current systems and        shoreline. There is one high tide and one low    considerabl  in the organic content n bottom
sedimentaton, and may occur as an               ide per day.                                  considerable organic content in bottom
elongated island or pemnsula oriented across     2. Semidiurnma  This refers to a twice daily    sediments.
the main current, or may develop parallel to    rise and fall in water that can be observed       Negative estuar  This s found n
the direction of the current.                  along the shoreline.                           particularly arid regions, where estuary
Group lI-Hydrographic                            3. Wind/Storm Tidesr This refers to          evaporation may exceed freshwater inflow,

freshwater flow, tidal action,  wind and       is less.                                       mouth is restricted so that tidal flow is
oceamc forces, and serve many functions          C. Freshnwater According to nearly a  the    inhrbited. These are typically very salty
nutrient transport, plankton dispersal.        definitions advanced. it Is inherent that al   (hyperhaline) moderately oxygenated at
ecosystem flushing salinuuty control. water    estuaries need freshwater, which is drained    depth and possess bottom sediments that are
mixing, and more                               from the land and measurably dilutes           poor in organic content
  1. Stratfied This is typical of estuaries    seawater to create a brackish condition          3 Sainity zones lexpressed in pp.tf
with astrong freshwater influx and is          Freshwater enters an estuary as runoff from      a Hyperhaline-greater than 40 ppt.
commonly found in bays formed from             the land either from a surface andfor            b. Euhalne-40 ppt to 30 ppL
"drowned" river valleys, fjords, and other     subsurface source.                               c. Mixohaine: 30A ppt to 0S ppt.
deep basins. There is a net movement of          1. Surface water-This is water flowng over     (1) Mixoeuhalni-geater than 30 ppt but
freshwater outward at the top layer and        the ground in the form of streams. Local       less than the adjacent euhalme sea
saltwater at the bottom layer, resulting in a  variation    runoffs dependent upon the            ) Polyhaline-3 ppt to 18 ppt.
net outward transport of surface orgamsms      nature of the soil (poroety and solubility),     [3) Mohale-I  ppt to 5 ppt
and net Inward transport of bottom             degree of surface slope, vegetational type and   (4 Oligohaline-5 ppt to 0 5 ppt.
orgamisms.                                     development, local climatic conditions, and      d. inmetic Less than 0.5 ppt.
  2. Non-stratified Estuaries of this type are    volume and intensity of precipitation         B. pH Regime: This is indicative of the
found where water movement is sluggish and       2. Subsurfacer wate This refer to the        mineral richness of estuarine waters and fall
flushing rate is low, although there may be    precipitation that has been absorbed by the    into three mam categories;
sufficient circulation to provide the basis for    soil and stored below the surface. The       1. Acad Waters with a pH of less than 5.5
a high carring capacity. Tlus is common to     dstribution of subsurface water depends on       Z Circumoeutral A condition where the pH
shallow embayments and bays lacking a          local clmate, topography, and the porosity     ranges from 5  to 7 4.
good supply of freshwater fom land             and permeabihty of the underlying soils and      3. Alkahlne Waters with a pH greater than
drainage.                                      rocks. There are two maw subtypes of           7.4.
  3. LAgoonol. An estuary of this type is      surface water:
characterized by low rates of water              a. Vadose water This is water i n the soil   [FR Doc. 90-16511 iled 7-20-0 845 am)
movement resulting from a lack of significant    above the water table. Its voume with        BlLNO COos  s10ts-






















     APPENDIX C

ACE Basin Site Selection
























               APPENDIX C. 1

Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination















                        QOff irr of t~t (60Vrtar
CARROLL A CAMPBELL, JR                                    POST OFFICE BOX 11369
     GOVERNOR                                             COLUMBIA 29211






 January 24, 1990

Mr. John Knauss
 Jnder Secretary of Oceans and
    Atmosphere
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Administration
 Herbert C. Hoover Building, Room 5128
 14th and Constitution Ave., NW
 Washington, D. C. 20230

 Dear Secretary Knauss:

 On behalf of the State of South Carolina, I am pleased to submit
 the attached site nominations and applications for preacquisition
 assistance for the North Inlet - Winyah Bay National Estuarine
 Reserve Research System (NERRS) and the Ashepoo - Combahee-
 Edisto (ACE) Basin National Reserve Research System.

 Because  these   two  sites   represent  different  biogeographic
 classification  categories,  the  State  of  South   Carolina  is
 recommending  the  sites  be  managed  independently.    It is my
 understanding the State of South Carolina is eligible for up to
 $50,000 in matching funds for each of the two sites based on
 proposed changes to your funding regulations.

 This effort is the result of a large number of dedicated
 individuals and organizations from both the private and public
 sector working together toward common goals.   I  have personally
 visited both the North Inlet - Winyah Bay site and ACE site and
 find them to be of unequaled value due to their pristine quality
 and diverse and abundant assemblage of natural habitat. The
 sites should make a significant contribution to the National
 Estuarine Reserve Research System.





                              - 11 -






I look forward to your favorable review of this application.
With best regards, I am
    rer

Ca                     r.
Governor
CACjr/tad
Attachment


























                              - 12 -























                   APPENCIX C.2

Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce





lP  J 3 0  '90    09:01  1lltAR  UIJI1VL'L:    IJL LLLI-j,  1111':f.  Li.  r.


                     .I-;> UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                               The Under Secretary for
                               Oceans and Atmosphere
                               Weshington, DC 20230


                                 MAR 27 1990




Honorable Carroll A. Campbell, Jr.
Governor of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina 29211

Dear Governor Campbell:

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has
reviewed and approves the proposal to nominate the North Inlet-
Winyah Bay and the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin for
inclusion in the National Estuarine Reserve Research System
(NERRS). We commend the South Carolina Coastal Council, South
Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the
Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal
Resources for developing an excellent nomination report that
responds accurately and substantially to each of the review
criteria established in the National Estuarine Reserve Research
System regulations.

NOAA and South Carolina agree that because the two sites
represent different biogeographical classification categories, as
identified in the NERRS regulations (Section 921.3), each site
will be managed independently. Therefore, each site will be
eligible for full Federal funding identified in the regulations.

Included within the site nomination package is an application for
Federal assistance to prepare a draft management plan and draft
environmental impact statement. NOAA's Marine and Estuarine
Management Division is reviewing the application and will work
closely with the South Carolina Coastal Council to ensure that
the review is conducted in an expeditious and through manner.

I look forward to continued progress in the development of the
ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve and the North
Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.

                              Sincerely,




                              John A. Knauss


 cc: ES - GC - AS - N - N/ORM - N/0RM2
     Steve Snyder, South Carolina Coastal Council
 N/ORM2: CGraham: 673-5122 sp: 3/6/90


                                                THE ADMINISTRATOR























                     APPENDIX D

Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements







                             DRAFT PROPOSED
                    MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

                                 BETWEEN
                      THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                                    AND
       THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
                             CONCERNING THE
                  ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
                                  OF THE
      ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                            RESEARCH RESERVE

         This Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") is made this day of
               , 1990 by and between the State of South Carolina to the benefit
of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department ("SCWMRD"), having
an address at the Marine Resources Division, 217 Fort Johnson Road, P. O. Box
12559, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Department of Commerce ("NOAA"), having an address at Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service/NOAA, 1825
Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714, Washington, D. C. 20235 and concerns the
establishment and administration of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto ("ACE") Basin
National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina ("the Reserve").

   WHEREAS, the SCWMRD has determined that the waters and related coast
habitats of the ACE Basin provide representative opportunities to studynatural and
human processes occurring within an estuarine ecosystem; and

   WHEREAS, it is the finding of the SCWMRD that the resources of the ACE Basin
and the values they represent to the citizens of South Carolina and the United States
will benefit from the management of this site as a National Estuarine Research
Reserve; and

   WHEREAS, NOAA has concurred with that finding and pursuant to its authority
under Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 ("CZMA"), as
amended, P. L. 92-593, 16 U.S.C. 1461, and in accordance with implementing
regulations at 15 CFR 921.30, may designate the ACE Basin site as a reserve in the
National Estuarine Research Reserve System; and

   WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, as the State agency designated in the management
plan for the Reserve (the "Plan") and by the State of South Carolina as being
responsible for managing the Reserve, acknowledges the need and requirement for
continuing State-Federal cooperation in the long-term management of the ACE Basin
site in a manner consistent with the purposes sought through their designation.







   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein it
is agreed by and between the SCWMRD and NOAA, effective on the date of
designation of the ACE Basin site as the Reserve, as follows:

ARTICLE I: State-Federal Roles in Reserve Manaaement

A. The SCWMRD, as the principal contact for the State of South Carolina in all
   matters concerning the Reserve, will serve to ensure that the Reserve is managed
   in a manner consistent with the goals of the National Estuarine Research Reserve
   System ("NERRS") and the management objectives of the Plan. Its responsibilities
   for Plan implementation will include the following:

   1.    Effect and maintain a process for coordinating and facilitating the roles and
         responsibilities of all State and county agencies involved in the management
         of the Reserve, including but not limited to:
         a.    Enforcement programs regulating water quality, fish and wildlife
                habitat protection, sport and commercial fisheries, and non-
                consumptive recreational activities;
          b.    The administration of facilities, programs, and tasks related to
                Reserve management;
         c.    Activities and programs conducted pursuant to the State's Federally-
                approved coastal management program authorized under the CZMA,
                as amended; and
          d.    Research and education agenda developed and implemented in
                accordance with corresponding elements of the Plan;

   2.    As the Governor's designee under 15 CFR 921.50 and the recipient State
          entity in matters concerning all financial assistance awards authorized under
          Section 315 of the CZMA, the SCWMRD will apply for, budget, and
          allocate such funds received for acquisition and development, operation and
          management, and research, monitoring and education;

   3.    Serve as principal negotiator on issues involving proposed boundary
          changes and/or amendments to the Plan;

   4.    Submit annual reports to NOAA on the Reserve describing, in accordance
          with 15 CFR 921.34, program performance in implementing the Plan and
          a detailed work program for the following year of Reserve operations,
          including budget projections and research efforts;

    5.    Respond to NOAA's requests for information and to evaluation findings
          made pursuant to Section 312 of the CZMA; and

    6.    In the event that it should become necessary, based on findings of program







         deficiency, serve as the point-of-contact for the State of South Carolina in
         actions involving the possible withdrawal of Reserve designation, as
         provided at 15 CFR 921.35.

B. Within NOAA, the Santuaries and Reserves Division ("SRD"), the Office of Ocean
   and Coastal Resource Management ("OCRM") will serve to administer the
   provisions of Section 315 of the CZMA to ensure that the Reserve is managed in
   accordance with the goals of NERRS  and the Plan.  In carrying out its
   responsibilities, the SRD will:

   1.    Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD,
         consistent with 1 5 CFR 921 for acquisition, development, management and
         operation of the Reserve;

   2.    Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD and
         other eligible entities on a competitive basis for research and monitoring and
         education programs at the Reserve;

   3.    Serve as the point-of-contact for NOAA In discussion regarding
         applications for and any financial assistance received by the SCWMRD
         under Section 315 of the CZMA, including any and all performance
         standards, compliance schedules, or Special Award Conditions deemed
         appropriate by NOAA to ensure the timely and proper execution of the
         proposed work program;

   4.    Participate in periodic evaluations scheduled by OCRM in accordance with
         Section 312 of the CZMA to measure the SCWMRD's performance in Plan
         implementation and its compliance with the terms and conditions prescribed
         in financial assistance awards granted by NOAA for the purposes of the
         Reserve and advise appropriate OCRM staff of existing or emerging issues
         which might affect the State's coastal management program; and

   5.    Regarding, SRD-funded research conducted within the Reserve, maintain
         communication with the SCWMRD and, in a timely manner, supply the
         SCWMRD with copies of all progress reports, final reports, and data sets
         received by SRD.

   6.    Establish an information exchange network cataloging all available research
         data and educational material developed on each site            included
          within NERRS.







ARTICLE II. Real ProDertv Acouired for the Puroose of the Reserve

   The SCWMRD agrees that deeds for any real property acquired for the Reserve by
the SCWMRD with federal funds under Section 315 of the CZMA will contain the
language set forth in 15 CFR 921.21 (e.)

ARTICLE Ill. Proaram Evaluation

   During the period that federal financial assistance is available for Reserve
operations and management, OCRM will schedule, pursuant to 15 CFR 921.34,
periodic evaluations of the SCWMRD's performance in meeting the conditions of such
awards and progress in implementing the Plan and the provisions of this MOU. Where
findings of deficiency occur, NOAA may initiate action in accordance with the
procedures established at 15 CFR 921.35.

IN WITNESS THEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum to be
executed

Timothy R. E. Keeney                     James A. Timmerman, Jr.
Director                                 Executive Director
Office of Oceans and Coastal             South Carolina Wildlife and
 Resource Management                    Marine Resources Department
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
 Administration
U. S. Dept. of Commerce


Date                                     Date




Joseph A. Uravitch                 H. Wayne Beam
Chief                              Executive Director
Marine and Estuarine Management South Carolina Coastal Council
 Division
 Administration
U. S. Department of Commerce























              APPENDIX D.2

Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD







                             DRAFT


                  MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

    This  is a Memorandum of Understanding  ("MOU") made this
           day of              , 1991 by and between the South
Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources  Department  ("SCWMRD"),
acting through the South Carolina Coastal Council ("SCCC") and
having an address at P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina
29412 and the Ducks Unlimited Foundation ("DUF"), a subsidiary of
Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated, headquartered in Long Grove,
Illinois and having an address at P.O. Box 3067, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27515-3067.

                            RECITALS

    WHEREAS, DUF owns and administers the property known as
Bolders Island, located in Colleton County, South Carolina; and

    WHEREAS, Bolders Island has been recognized as a natural area
of mutual interest to all parties; and

    WHEREAS, DUF is willing to have Bolders Island included in the
core area of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve (the
"Reserve") for the purposes and in the manner set forth below and
in the Management Plan for the ACE Basin NERR; and

    WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, the DUF, SCCC and the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recognize that inclusion of
Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR is an acknowledgement that
the island is a natural field laboratory to be used, in consonance
with current uses, to study and gather data on natural and human
processes occurring within the ACE Basin and further to provide a
basis for increased public awareness and understanding of the
complex nature of estuarine systems, their values and benefits to
man and nature, and the problems that confront them, all of which
are reflective of the goals of the National Estuarine Research
Reserve System, ie., preservation, research, education and
interpretation; and

     WHEREAS, Bolders Island will be cooperatively managed and
operated by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance to the ACE Basin NERR
Management Plan; and

     WHEREAS, SCWMRD and DUF agree that long-range plans for
Bolders Island are compatible with the National Estuarine Research
Reserve program and all parties can benefit from its inclusion into
the system and desire to enter into this MOU to govern the
incorporation of Bolders Island into the Reserve;

     NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of mutual covenants
contained herein, SCWMRD and the DUF do hereby agree as follows:







ARTICLE I: RESERVE BOUNDARY

Bolders Island contains six hundred and nine (609) acres of upland
and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a total area
of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this
island will be included in the Reserve. It is a long and narrow
tract which lies generally in a north-south direction, bounded on
the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast by Rock Creek, on
the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and unnamed
waterways.  The only access to Bolders Island is by boat?. However,
access is relatively easy by way of either the Ashepoo or New
Chehaw Rivers. There are no improvements on Bolders Island. The
boundaries are designated on the map which is appended to this MOU.

It is understood and agreed that the Reserve shall be identified at
its boundaries and main access points on the Ashepoo and New Chehaw
Rivers by the placement of signs which will be in keeping with the
natural appearance of Bolders Island and the Reserve. The design
will be agreed to by the DUF project director or other DUF
representatives, SCWMRD, SCCC and approved by NOAA.

ARTICLE II: MANAGEMENT PLAN

There shall be a management plan ("Management Plan") for the
Reserve which shall describe a framework for conducting research
and educational programs.   Resource protection and enforcement
policies will be described in the Management Plan. The Management
Plan shall be developed by SCWMRD in cooperation with the SCCC and
NOAA. It will be reviewed and adopted by the DUF and the ACE Basin
NERR Advisory Committee. The Management Plan will not take effect
for Bolders Island without the approval of the DUF, SCWMRD, SCCC
and NOAA. The Management Plan shall be reviewed and revised, if
appropriate, on an "as needed" basis. Any changes must follow the
same review procedures as stated above.

ARTICLE III: Title and Use of the Bolders Island ProDertv

Title to Bolders Island will remain with the DUF. Bolders Island
will be protected in perpetuity as a part of the Reserve core area,
and will be used as described in the Management Plan, i.e.
research, monitoring, education and interpretation with the
ultimate goal of improved management of estuarine systems in South
Carolina and throughout the United States.

Multiple uses of Bolders Island will be encouraged to the extent
that such uses are compatible with the goals of the Reserve and
NERRS.  Uses and/or levels of use which result in significant,
long-term damage to the natural processes or resources will be
prohibited.

Incorporation of Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR will not
obstruct existing hunting leases and/or agreements. However, it
will be incumbent upon the DUF to administer said leases and hold
those responsible for keeping the area in accordance with







established NERR policies.

Execution of this MOU between SCWMRD and the DUF will allow
authorized personnel of the ACE Basin NERR program freedom of
access to Bolders Island in carrying out the research and education
mission.   Permittees shall carry and display an official permit
issued by SCWMRD. This agreement shall not limit the DUF authority
to carry out its activities and programs on the island except as
agreed to in this MOU.

The parties agree to coordinate fully their programs and activities
conducted on Bolders Island.

ARTICLE IV: PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES

     The following activities will be prohibited within the
boundaries of Bolders island:

    A.   Industrial or commercial activities, except for
          commercial fishing in State waters as regulated by the
          SCWMRD.

     B.   Display of signs shall be restricted to those identifying
          the Reserve and to those needed for educational,
          interpretive, research, or monitoring programs.

     C.   Dumping of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, abandoned
          vehicles, appliances, machinery, or other materials on
          the  Reserve.     DUF  will  not  be  responsible  for
          unauthorized dumping.

     D.   Excavation, dredging, mining and removal of loam, gravel,
          soil, rock, sand, coal, and other materials, except as
          related to the collection of geological data.

     E.   Diking, draining, filling or alternation of wetlands.

     F.    No building,  facility or other structure,  shall be
          constructed on the Reserve after the date of this MOU
          without express written approval from SCWMRD and NOAA,
          except (1) temporary structures designed, constructed and
          utilized in connection with the scientific, naturalistic,
          and educational uses of the Reserve may be constructed
          with SCWMRD approval and (2) permanant boardwalks,
          observation decks, etc. may be constructed with SCWMRD
          approval. All construction must comply with applicable
          county, state and federal regulations.

     G.   Bolders Island shall not be partitioned or subdivided.

     H.   The operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes, or all-
          terrain vehicles, except those used for authorized
          research or hunting activities, shall be prohibited
ARTICLE V: OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT







SCWMRD will serve as the on-site manager for research on Bolders
Island and will be responsible for seeing that research on the
property is conducted in a manner consistent with the goals of the
ACE Basin NERR, the objectives of the Management Plan, and the
wishes of DUF and SCWMRD.

SCWMRD will have the primary responsibility for funding, operating
and maintaining Bolders Island as a component of the Reserve core
area.

SCWMRD has an existing facility and well-known technical staff at
Bear Island Wildlife Management Area located just across the
Ashepoo River from Bolders Island.   Plans are to expand this
facility in conjunction with the ACE Basin NERR. SCWMRD will allow
DUF shared use of these facilities and technical staff in carrying
out the terms of this MOU.

ARTICLE VI: TERMINATION OF THE MOU

This MOU shall be in effect for the life of the ACE Basin NERR
program from the date of its approval.

If SCWMRD ceases to operate the Reserve at BoJders Island as a
designated Reserve, or Reserve designation is withdrawn or
otherwise terminated, this MOU and the SCWMRD's interest shall be
terminated and the DUF shall again have the full and exclusive
control of the property.

For purposes of this Article, the parties agree that a decision to
terminate this Agreement shall be made jointly by the parties, with
one year's advance notice given.

     IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this
Memorandum of Understanding to be executed this              day of
               1991.




WITNESS                                  COY JOHNSTON, ACE Basin
                                       Project Director, Ducks
                                       'Unlimited Foundation



WITNESS                                  James A. Timmerman, Jr.
                                       Executive Director, S.C
                                       Wildlife & Marine Resources
                                       Department
























                   APPENDIX D.3

Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF to SCWMRD














             NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION
                             ROOM 2556
                         18TH AND C STREETS. N WA'
                         'ASHINGTON. D.C. 20240
                      (202 208-3040 FAX (202) 2084051

May 31, 1990

Linda Lundquist
Land Programs Coordinator
South Carolina Nature Conservancy
P.O. Box 5475
Columbia, South Carolina 29250


Dear Linda:

Further to our telephone conversation, here is the clarification
of the Big and Warren Islands issue.   The National Fish and
Wildlife Foundation received both islands from The Nature
Conservancy as a non-Federal match, valued at $951,000, for a grant
of $150,000 in Federal funds.

It has always been our intent to transfer the islands to the South
Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources for inclusion
into a National Estuarine Research Reserve as a functional part of
the A.C.E. River Basin Project. Title transfer to the State will
take place on completion of a toxic-waste survey by the State.

Enclosed also is the original transfer of title from TNC to the
Foundation.   As we discussed, would you please assist us by
recording the title transfer in the name of the National Fish and
Wildlife  Foundation.   If possible,  could you please pay the
recording cost and call Lewis Nash (202-208-3040) for an immediate
and full reimbursement. If that is not possible, give Lew a call
to arrange for our check to be issued in advance.

Our headquarter's address is on our letterhead, and we are an IRS-
certified 501 (c)(3), not-for-profit organization.

Thanks Linda.

ï¿½o    t   y,



      A .   Geer
,AWMP Coordinat
Enclosures
BGLundq.ltr
























                             APPENDIX D.4

               Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region




                              (Note)

The acreage shown in the following table is based on figures
obtained from the County tax rolls and do not necessarily agree
with registered survey acreage depicted in land appraisals. Also,
this is a list of major landowners in the entire ACE Basin (350,000
acres), much of which is outside proposed NERR boundaries. A base
map showing each tract is on file at SCWMRD.






                                                                              ACE RIVER BASIN


                                                                         (YIMERSHIP INFORlMATION IND)EX




 TRACTS              TRACT NECOMETV                                       (VAiER                         ACREAGE              ACE CO2NTACT'                  ACTION COMMENTS



 I Otter Island                                      cotteton             Clifton Stevens                1,89                    TINC          VWA


 24                  Pine Island                     Cotleton             Chetonia Institute                99                   TUC                              NCM


2b                  Pine Island                     Cal tetan            Chetania institute              2,676                  TIC                              NORA


3                    Pine Island                    Cotleton             Letitia Frank                     102                                                   Nmm


4                   Pine Island                     Colleton             Ikilisted                          53.3                                                 NWM


5                   Pine Islani                     Colleton             Letitia Frank                     138                                                   NEM


6                   Pine Island                     Colleton             J. L. Moore                         15.5                                                 NOAA


7                   Pine Island                     Caltleton            Fruik E. James                     27                                                   N(YA


                                                                   Pine Istlnd total acreag: 3,112.8

     8             ~~~~~Hutchinson                  Colteton             Forfeited Land Commission       2,687                  D.U.                        NIM


9                    lutdiinsam                     Caltleton      H      utchinson Istand AssocIation 3,050                    0.U.                        NOAA:Conservation Easauc


10                 Hnalla                           Caltleton            Duist ILucas Mnahan               237                                                   NEM


11                  Ashe Istand                     CoLletan             S.C. mature Conserwanc          1,722                   INC                        M(MA:Purchamed


12                  Beet Island                     Cotleton             S.C. Mature Conservancy         1,824                  TIC                         Puircased, NMAA


13                  South Femiick                   Catleton             Dewey Vise                        305                  TUC                         Ccmservation Easement


14a                 Fenuuick Islund                 Cotteton             Gaylord Donnetly                4,094               TUC & D.U.


14b                 Ashepoo Plantation              Cotletai             Gaylord Damnetty                8,920                  D.U.                        Conservation Easement


15a                 Nussleboro Island               Cotteton             Gaylord Donnetty                  953               TINC & D.U.                    Easemnt













l5b                 Dodge                          Cal leton           DonaLd D. Dodge                 3.42            Charles, D..U..                   Easelmint/purchase

16                  Bear Island                    Caltleton           S.C.UV.N.R.D..                  7,681              scumI                          secure

                    TMe cut                       CaltLeton            D..U. Foundation                 966                  D.U.                       Secure

                    Samp~son Islandl              Colleton             S.C.V.N.E.D.                   2,713                  TMC                        Secure


                    Springf ietd                  Colleton             S.C.U.N.R.D.                     695                  D.U.                       secure

                                                        Total Acres for Rear Island G-N.A.    12,055


17                  Cheehau Combeee                Colketon            Sumner Pinegree                11,874               TIC & D.U.U                   Easemnt

la Airy Hatt Plantation                            Cotteton            Buck Limehouse                  1,561               D.U. a TINC                   Easemnit

19a                 Ti - Ti (snuggedy Siip)        Caltleton           Ruth Cutings                      875                 TINC                       Easemet/Puirchse


19b3                Ti - TI Caruuged  Smzffp)      Caltleton           Ruth comings                    2,613                 TUC                        Easevent/PurChase

20                  Beer Island Clii)              Cotteton            Beer Island Iunt Cliib            500                 D.IJ.                       Easemnt


21                  Boulder Islandl                Catleton            D.U. Foundation                 1,640               D.U. It Slew=                 Secure


22                  Block Island                   Calleton            Block Island Hunt Clii)           300                 D.U.                       Easement/Purchase

23a                 Fee Far.                       Calleton            Norris Lights"y                 6,305                 fl.U.                      Easement - Re: Vlestvaco

23b                 Nzunter                        Colleton            Norris Lightsey                 6.887                 D.U.                        Easemmint - RE: Mestvaco

24a                 StuMgedY                       Caltleton           Louise Lightsey                 7,73       T      M     C                         Easemet/Purchisse

24b     S " L age*                                 Cal tetan           Louise Lightsey                 2,732                 TNC                         Easement/Purchase












 24c                 Folly Creek                    Caltteton            Louise Lightser                 1.856                  TIC                        Easment/Purchase


 24d                 Tupeto,                        Colletan             Louise Lights"y                 1.148                 TIC                         Easement/Purchase


 24.                 Lauret Springs Plantation      Coltletan            Norris & Louise Lightsey        4,436               TNC a 0.0.                    Easement


      25            ~~~Co~ahee Harsh                CaltLetan            State of S.C.                     406                scum

26                  Pout wid Dalton Plantation    Colletan              Theodore Naybw*                 1.915                Charles                      Easemnt

27                  Loem Brou                      Col letan            Santee Portlwd Cement             731                 D.U.                        Easement


28a                 Nary's IslanE Plantation       Cotleton       N      . Smith Richardson Est.        8,059                 TNC                         Easement

28b         M        ary's Islard Plantation       Calletan       N      . Smith Richardson Est.   an8                        TMC                         Easement


29                  Powo Sab~o Plantation          Cotleton             Whilim Allen Spaulding          1.615                 THC                         Easemnt


30                  Lavinieton Plantation          Caltteton            Ben Haygood                       794               TUC a 0.0.                    Easemet

31                  Lavlngton Plantation           Calleton             David Naybank                   2,324               TIC a D.U.                    Easentt

32                  Lavington Plantation           Cal letan            Johm Naybank                    3,276               TIC & D.U.                    Easemnt

33         Hope Plantation                         Calttetan            Ted Turner                      5,232                 TNC                         Easement - Secure


34a                 Liestvaco                      Colleton             Vestvaco                       12,241                 0.0.                        Esmn


34b                 Vestvaco                       Caltleton            westvaco                        1,752                 D.0.                        Easement

34c:               kMestvacol                      Calttetan            westvaco                          995                 0-.0.Esmn












34d                 westvaco                       Cal leton            Ulestvaco                       4,308                  D-U.                       Eflsement

                                                                   Total Vestvaco acres:        19,2%
35a                 Georgia Pacific                Colleton             Georgia Pacific                  3,363                 TUC                        Easement


35b                 Georgia Pacific                Caltleton            Georgia Pacific                    99                  TUC                        Easement


35c                 Georgia Pacifice               Colleton             Georgia Pacifice                 7,920                 TIC                        Easemet

                                                                   Total Georgia Pacific areas: 12,275


36                  Cherokee Plantation            Caltleton            Randy Updike                     3,727                D.U.                        Easemet


37         Herndon                                 Cot teton            flerndon Stockyard                 213


38                  TMe Bluff Plantation           Caltleton            Bluff Fames                      3,063            Charles, D..U.                  Easemnt


39a                 Cdebeee Plantation             Cotlleton            Alexander Moore                    527                 TNC                        Easement


39b                 Co~baee Plantation             Caltleton            Alexander Moore                    675                 TIC                        Easeett


40                  Marvin                         Caltteton            Robert Marvin                      627                TUC                         Easement


41                  Marvin                         Colleton       M      . V. Marvin                       389                D..U.                       Easemet

42                  Myrle Grove Plantation         Cotteton             Gebitt Tucker                    2,264                D-U.                        Easement


43                  C~ombaee Duck Ctub             Cotteton             Cowbaee Fldsc  Partnership      1,819                D.U.                        Easement


     44            ~~~~Calf Pen                    Cotteton             Dr. L. L. Ervin                    588                                            Easemet


45      W      h      uite Hatt Plantation         Cotteton             Trois Bois Ltd.                    964










63                  Old Dominion Plantation       Charleston

64                  Little Edisto Island          Charleston

65                  Edisto Shrimp Co.             Charleston

66                  Jehassee Island               Charleston

67                  Grove Plantation              Charleston

6                   Mhilltaow  Bluff Plantation   Charleston

69                   hlRtUMM                      Charleston

70         Button Plantation                      Charleston


71                  Prospect AM111 Plantation     Charleston

72                  KoCisad Property              Charleston

73                  Knox Prperty                  Charleston

74                  Hermitage Plantation          Charleston

75                  Flahbwnm Prcperty             Charleston

76                  Oak Lam  Plantation           Charleston

77                  Auld Brans Plantation         Beaufort

18                  Duck Paod Plantation          Beaufort

79                  Old Coeahdee Plantation       Beaufort












46         White Hoaue Piantation                  CoLLeton             ALbert SimwK1                      448                Charles                     Easement

47                  Bomie Daoe                     Colleton             Harold Rabirnso                    940                 D.U.                       Easement

48                  ban Plantation                 Cltleton             florae Kocznskl                  1,739                                            Easement


49                  Bootle                         Calleton             Freddie footle                      498                                           Eament


50                  Padgett                        Cloleton             Elizabeth Pagett                    438                D.U.                       Easint

51                  Grboat Island                  Cltleton             Fripp and Harrelson                  26.4                                         Easement

52                  tIze  Hoe                      Callton              Worthrop Knox                      365             D.U., Charleston               Easement

53                  O uakth Prospe.t 3111 Isluid Calleton               Dr. Jams Martin                    301                 Charles                    Easement

54                  Edisto Island Marsh            Charleston

55         R     a ccoon Island                    Charleston

56                  Racoon Island                  Charleston


57                  Halley Island                  Charleston

58                  Bailey Island                  Charleston

59                  Scanmid  Island                Charleston

60                  Scasnish Istlan                Charleston

61                  Burbage Property               Charleston

62                  Orvln Property                 Charleston













so Tiitdwjwaw Plintation                           Beaufort

81                  Hoboy Plantation               Beaufort

82                  BrmWy Hall Ctb                 Beaufort

53                  BmWy Mall Plantation           Beaufort

54                  Porkers                        Beaufort

85                  *emport Ptantation             Beaufort

86                  Newours Pltntatian             Beaufort

S T                 Coosoa  Plantation             Beaufort

as Keea  Neck Plantation                           Beaufort

89                  Ehisolm Plantation             Beaufort

90         N o         rth Williamon  sltd         Beaufort

91                  South vIlitt    a Island       Beaufort























                    APPENDIX E

Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's
             Coastal Management Program























                  APPENDIX E. 1

Documentation that ACE Basin NERR is Consistent with
        S.C.'s Coastal Management Program









                                                      May 22, 1991



SOUTH            Ms. Cheryl A. Graham
                Marine and Estuarine Management Division
CAROLINA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
COASTAL          u.s. Department of Commerce, NOAA
COUNCIL          1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
                Washington, DC 20235
Ashley Corporate Center                                  Re:  Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto
4130 Faber Place
Suite 300                                                     (ACE) National Estuarine
Charleston, S C 29405                                         Research Reserve in South
(803) 744-5838Carolina
FAX 744-5847
John C Hayes. III  Dear Ms. Graham:
Chairman
H Wayne Beam, PhD      The staff  of  the S.C.  Coastal Council  certifies  chat the
Executive Director  Environmental Impact Statement and draft management plan for the
                Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) National Estuarine Research Reserve in
                 South Carolina is consistent with the South Carolina Coastal Zone
                 Management program.

                     The  Coastal  Council,  with  the  aid  of  a  site  seection
                 committee, recommended to the Governor in July of 1989 that the ACE
                 Basin site be nominated as a component of the National Estuarine
                 Research Reserve System. Since that time the Council has worked
                 closely  with  NOAA  and  the  South  Carolina Wildlife  and  Marine
                 Resources Department to achieve  that goal.   We  look forward to
                 seeing a final designation in the near future.



                                                      Sincerely,


                                                      H. Syder
                                                      Director of Planning
                                                        and Certification
                 HSS:0076C

                 cc: Dr. H. Wayne Beam
                     Mr. Christopher L. Brooks
                     Dr. James A. Timmerman, Jr.
                     Mr. Mike McKenzie
                     Mr. Mike Nussman






      Prmteed on Rrcycleu  Paper























  APPENDIX E.2

SCCC Permit Policy










           On February 28, 1978, the following were proposed to the 1978 General                                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

Assembly for promulgation as Final Rules and Regulations for permitting m critical areas                                                                                               Page
                                                                                                         30-1     STATEMENT OF POLICY                                                 I
of the coastal zone.  During the 90-day period of review m the General Assembly, no
                                                                                                         30-2     APPLYING FOR A PERMIT                                               4
action was taken on the Proposed Rules and Regulations, and as a result, these Rules and

Regulations became finaL  On June 7, 1978, they were publshed as Final Rules and                                          B.    Permit application requrem                               4
                                                                                                                        B.   Permit application (requirements)
Regulations in the State Register, VoL 2, No. 15, June 7, 1978.                                                           D    Permit processing                                         6

          The Council's principal office of business is the Office of Coastal Planng; 4                                  E.    Comments on applicaon
                                                                                                                        F.    Public information                                      7
Carriage Lane, Suite 205; Charleston, South Carolina  29407.  Permit applications are                                     G.   Minor development activities                              7
                                                                                                                        H.   State comment                                            7
available at thie office, and all correspondence with the Council concerning the permit                                   1.    Water quality certificate                                7

process shall be through this office, unless otherwise directed.  The Council encourages                   30-3     PUBLIC HEARINGS a

those wishing to receive general information on permits and alterations in critical areas to               30-4     DECISIONS ON A PERMIT                                                8

contact this office.                                                                                                      A.   Permit approval                                           8
                                                                                                                        B.    Permit denial                                           8
                                                                                                                        C.   Action upon a permit                                     B
                                                                                                                        D.   Licensmg of equipment                                    9
                                                                                                                        E.    Completion of work                                      9
                                                                                                                        F.    Property rights, liability, other permit
                                                                                                                              requirements                                            9
                                                                                                                        G.   Legally commeneed a use                                  9

                                                                                                         30-5     EXCEPTIONS                                                         10

                                                                                                                        A.   L.st of exceptions                                      10
                                                                                                                        B.    Notification to Council, emergency orders              11
                                                                                                                        C.   Emergency repairs to banks and dikes                    12
                                                                                                                        D.   Definition, normal maintenance and repair               12

                                                                                                         30-      COUNCIL A?PEALS                                                    12

                                                                                                                        A.   Not:ce of Intention to Appeal                           12
                                                                                                                        B.    Filing of Appeal                                       12
                                                                                                                        C.   Public Notice                                           13
                                                                                                                        D.   In tervenors                                            13
                                                                                                                        E.   Comments                                                13
                                                                                                                        F      otifcation of Hearing                                13
                                                                                                                       G.    Rearsrg of .opeal                                      13
                                                                                                                        H.   Recor! of lopesal                                       1
                                                                                                                       I.    Dec'son on  oaoeal                                    14











           The saline marshes are highly productive components of the marine food web                               These same unique natural resource areas face Increasing land development

of coastal waters and estuarie   Decaying plant materials, called detritus, serve as the                 pressure and negative Impacts from man's activities i and around them.  The marshes

basis of the food web and are the major biological contribution of the saline marshes                    constitute  a  fragile ecosystem;  consequently,   ndiscrimnate  dredging  and filling,

Mlany commercially and rerteationally  mportant fish and shellfish species depend on the                 degradation of water quality or unsound buildng practices can have long-term detrimental

marshlands and estuaries for all or part of their life cycle. In addition, many birds and                effects   Al  development need not be prohibited; rather, the range of favorable and

other forms of wildllfe utilize wetlands as habitat as well as a source of food. Tdelands                unfavorable results needs to be realized, and analogies made to determine piorities,

and coastal waters also have become increasingly Important in recent years for tlhe                      evaluate alternatives, anticipate Impacts, and suggest the best methods and designs to

                                                                                                       carry out wise development of these resources.
purpoes of aquaculture.
                                                                                                                  B. The Value of Beaches and Dunes. The Atlantic Ocean shoreUline of South
           Among the more important functions of the salt and brackish marshes is their
                                                                                                       Carolina, ncluding Its barrier islands, Is an extremely dynamic system composed of the
role m protectmg adjacent highlands from erosion and storm damage.  Maarsh vegetation
                                                                                                       sands of the beaches and dunes. The beach Is the gently sloping shore washed by Naves,
absor-bs and dissipates wave energy and establishes a root system which stabilizes the
                                                                                                       extending from below the low tide lne to the pomt above high tide, at which non-littoral
soils. Its effectiveness as a buffer depends on the surface area available which, combined
                                                                                                       vegetation is established. Above this beach area is the dune system, the ridges of vmind-
with the composition of the underlying substrate, allows tidelands to act as "sporges" in
                                                                                                       blown sand which are normally vegetated.  These comp-ise a very dynamic system,
absorbing and releasing waters during storms or times of heavy riverne disclyarge.
                                                                                                       constantly shifting-eroding and accretlng--.lth the effects of waves and wind.  These
           Marshes also perform a valuable waste treatment function since the derse
                                                                                                       fragile resources are Incorporated m the 1977 South Carolina Coastal Management Act as
vegetat:on acts as a filter, trapp.og sediments and pollutants which enter as -n--off from
                                                                                                       "crltical areas".
upland areas. The trappirg of sediments helps maintam mater clarity, a factor ,rmportant
                                                                                                                  Each year mllons of South Carolina citizens and visitors enjoy the natural
to clam, oyster, and phytoplankton productiny. Mhe marshes also assr.nila:e pllutants
                                                                                                       setting of the State's shoreline.  Aesthetically, the beaches are a unique experience; and
ard recycle nutruants through various biochemical processes.
                                                                                                       recreationally, these areas are increasingly needed for boating, swimmmig, sunning, and
           Coastal waters and the adjacent marshes are also significant as aesthetic,
                                                                                                       fshwig, as leisure time and mobility contmue to ruerease.
rcreat:onal and educational resources.  Much of the e.xenditure for recreation and
                                                                                                                  Beaches and dunes are nesting rounds  for sea turtles and nume--us bird
toursm in the Scuth Carolina  oestal zone is for purcses of enqclrrg -utdccr aet;': t'es
                                                                                                       speeces. several of vhich are endangered.  The beac"es and adjacent coastal waters are
and 'he aesthetic pleasures of undisturbed tideland areas. These nat.ral areas 'erd :den-
                                                                                                       also habitat for many ,narme species.
selves to meaningfui and  mportznt academic pursuits rch as oird-watchmg and nidL                                   Proob   the most iitally important aspect of ate beach and dure  st nem is its

caupat:cn and nutRent Ractycing studies.                                                                 contriout.cn to storage of sand and shorelie stability.  it serves as a bar-e  which











                                                                                                                  E- Comments on application: Section 14(C) of the Act allows all interested

                                                                                                       federal and state agencies, all adjoining landowners, local government units and other
           by the South CaroUlna Coastal Council, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205,
           Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date, 10 days after date                        interested persons to have thirty days after the receipt of Public Notice of permit appU-
           of this newspaper notice).
                                                                                                       eation from the Council to file written comments pertaining to the application.  Only
                    b) Other activities: In the case of appihcations for other than minor
                                                                                                       those comments received withmi the thirty day period must be considered In the Council's
development permits, the applicant shall publish notice at least once m both a newspaper
                                                                                                       decision on a permit appbeation.  Any persons wishing to receive notice of the initial
of general statewide circulation (The State, News and Courier, or The Greenville News)
                                                                                                       decision on a permit application shall notify the Council within this comment period.
and a newspaper of local circulation in the county of the proposed activity.   The
                                                                                                       Exception: Comments on permit applications for minor development activities, as defined
newspaper notices should be published within 15 days of the date of Public Notice (see
                                                                                                       in Section 3(N) of the Act, must be received within fifteen days after receipt of Public
.30-2(C)). No permit shall be issued by the Council until at least 15 days following the
                                                                                                       Notice of permit application.
date of the last-published newspaper publication.  The following form shall be used for
                                                                                                                  F. PubUlic information: The complete file on each permit application,
newspaper pubhicahton:
                                                                                                       including all comments received, will be available for inspection by any member of the
                                   PUBLIC NOTICE
                                                                                                       general public during regular business hours at the principal Council offices.
                       SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL COUNCIL
                                                                                                                  G. Ilinor development activities: In determining whether a partloular project
           (Name of alphcant) will apply (has applied) to the South Carolina
           Coastal Councld for a permit to (descrtion of wok) for Jfubilc/orivate)                        is a minor development, as defned in Section 3(N) of the Act, a private pier shall be de-
          use, atfn floeaton and name of waterway). Comments wtil be received
           by the South Carolina Coastal Councill, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205,                            fined as a non-commercial, strictly private recreational facility that Is not used for, or In
           Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date. 15 days after date
           of this newsoaoer notice)-                                                                     support of, any Industry or commercial operation. Any charge to members of the public or

                (8) When considered appropriate by the Council or its staff, additlonal                  any person for use of the facility is prohibited for a structure qualifying as a minor

informat:on may be required, such as Impoundment management plans, and maintenance                        development.

dredging schedules.                                                                                                   Minor dock or pier developments  shall have  the same  specifications as

           C. Notification: The Council is directed In Section 14 (C) of the Act and shall                furnished under the general permitting provisions  tilth the Army Corps of Engineers.

within thirty days of receiving either a Joint Public Notice or South Carolma Coastal                     Erosion control structures means, in the case of minor developments. those structures

Council permit application, notify, in writing, interested agencies, all admmjonng land-                  commonly known as bulkheads xhich follow the existing shorehne, not fronting on the

owners, local government units in which the lan-l is located and other inteo-sted persons.                Atlantic Ocean and the construction of which involves no direct effects on wetlands.

This notice shae  ndicste the nature and extent of the applicant's proposal.                                          H. State comment:  Issuance or denial of the cermit by the Coastal Council

           D. Permit processing-  Permit processing shall commence  m.nmediately uoon                     shall be the State comment on the corresponcing federal permit aDolication.

receipt of eltner a Joint Public Notiee or a South Carolina Coastal Ccunc-l permit aooii-                            L Water quality certificate: If a mater quality certifcate. is required ande

cation and shall oroceed concurrently but separately from any ?ederal author.zat:on.                      i401 of P L  92-500, is not seouired oy a Federal ~er'nitnmg agency, the Coastal Ccuncl









                                                                                                         been erected in accordance with federal and State laws, including fishing piers which are

applicable, may continue such use without obtaining a permit.  Any person may request                      provided for by general law or acts passed by the General Assembly of South Carolina;

the Council to review any project or activity to determine if he is exempt under this                      provided, however, that notice shall be given to the Council wi. in seventy-two hours

section from the provisions of this act.  The Council shall make such determinations                       from the onset of needed repairs (see R.30-5(B)).

withm forty-five days from the receipt of any such request.                                                                 (7) Maintenance and repair of drainage and sewer facilities constructed

                                                                                                         in accordance with federal or State laws, and normal mamtenance and repair of any utility

                                                                                                         or railroad.

30-5  Exceptions.                                                                                                           (8) Normal maintenance or repair to any pier or walkway, provided that

           A. List of excepttons: Section 13(D) of the Act lists several exceptions which                 such maintenance or repair shall not involve dredge or fill.

do not require a permit. These are as follows:                                                                              (9) Construction or maintenance of a major utility facility where the

                (1) The accomplshment of emergency orders of any duly appointed                           utility has obtained a certificate for such facility under "The Utlihty Facility Siting and

official of a county, municipality or of the State, acting to protect the public health and                Environmental Protection Act," Sections 58-1301 through 58-1332 of the 1962 Code

safety, upon notification to the Council (see R.30-5(8)).                                                  (Sections 58-33-10 through 58-33-430 of the 1976 Code).  Provided, however, that the

                (2) Hunting, erecting duckblinds, fishing, shellUfshmg and trapping when                  South Carolina Public Service Commission shal make the Council a party to certification

and where otherwise permitted by law; the conservation, repletion and research activities                  proceedings for utility facilities within the coastal zone.

of State agencies and educational institutions; or boating or other recreation provided that                          B. Notification to Council, emergency orders:

such activities cause no material harm to the flora, fauna, physical, or aesthetic resources                                (1) As in A(l) above, notification to the Council of emergency orders that

of the area.                                                                                               normally mould require a Council permit shall consist of telephoning, telegramming, or

                (3) The discharge of treated effluent as permitted by law; provided,                      radioing at the earlest possible time to the Council:

however, that the Council shall have the authority to review and comment on all proposed                                        (a) the nature of the emergency;

permits that would affect critical areas.                                                                                      (b) the substance of the emergency order;

                (4) Dredge and fill performed by the United States Corps of Engineers                                          () the time the order will be issued, or if circumstances preclude

for the maintenance of harbor channels and the collect.on and disposal of the tnater'als so               prior notice, when the order aas issued;

dredged, pro, 'ed, however, that the Council shall have authorty to review ard certify all                                     (d) the location of the activity ordered;

such proposed dredge and fill activities.                                                                                      (e) the estimate of when such order shall be withdra vn.

                 (5) Constrution of  alkws over sard dunes in accordance vith Sect.on                                       (2) If the Council  Is not notified  v:t'in seventiy-t.o hours of ohe

12 of the Act (see R.30-13(3)).                                                                            ssauance of the emergency action 'aken, the offic-al ,ssuing such order or ordereng such

                 (6) Zmesgency refDairs to any ertsting bank, dike or st;rcture vhicl h2as                emergency action shall be m vlolatLcn of the tct and these -ules and regulations. Within










                                                                                                                     B. Cease and desist directive: When any paerson is found altering a critical
           H. Record of Appeal:  A Record of Appeal shall be kept and filed in the                          area without a permit and such activity is not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has

Council's office. Oral proceedings or any part thereof shall be transcribed upon request of                 not been authorized by a perm.' is in violation of the terms of a Council permit or Is

any party.  The Council may, in its discretion, require persons requesting a transcript to                  violating provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council, or Its

pay reasonable printing costs.                                                                               duly appointed agent, may issue a ceas. and desist directive. This directive shall inform

           L Decision on Appeal: A decision on the Appeal may be made by the Council                        the person that he is in violation of the Act and that such person should cease unautho-

immediately after the presentation of oral arguments but, in any case, no later than 35-                    rized activity. The Council may then request the person to remove or restore the area to

days after the presentation. Each party shall be notified in writing of the decision.                       its original condition.  If the person responsible for the unauthorized activity refuses to

                                                                                                         comply with the Council directive, the Council may then file suit in the appropriate

                                                                                                         circuit court as outlined m Section 16 of the Act.
30-7   Judicial Appeal:  Section 18 of the Act allows Judicial review of Council action.                                C. Arrest narrants: When a person is found altering a critical area without a

Before seecing judicial relief from a Council permit application decision, a person must                    pe'mit and such activity ts not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has not been

seek relief through the Council appeal process In 30-6 above.                                               authorized by a permit, is In violation of the terms of a Council permit or LS violating

                                                                                                         provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council may cause to be

                                                                                                         issued a 'varrant for the arrest of the violator.
30-8   Enforcement.                                                                                                     D. Penalties:  As stated in Section 17 of the Act, any person found guilty of

           A. Permit revocation and modification- One of the needs in administering a                       violation of the Act shall be punished by imprisonment of not more than six months, or by

permit system to manage coastal resources is the enforcement of the provisions of the                        a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or both, for the first offense; and by

system and the identification of unpermitted and unauthorized activities. The Courcil has                    imprisonment of not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than ten thousand

initiated a routine aerial surveillance program for the coastal counties which idettifies                   dollars, or both, for each subsequent offense.

and reports illegal dredgung, filling or other alterations in the critical areas.                                       E. Judicial Enforcement:  Section 16 of the Act provides the Council, the

           As the state agency responsible for managing the critical areas, the Council is                  Attorney General or any person adversely affected, a remedy to restrain nolations of the

adamant In its enforcement of terms of an accproved permit.  Section l$(E) of the Act                       Act.

empowers the C.uncil to revoke a permit for noncomoliance Mith or v:olat:on of Its terms

afte- written notice of intention to do so has been gven the holder, and the holde-, in

return, has been gven an  poortunimt  to present an eplanation :o the Counc'l. Financtal                     30-9   Otser P-ov:siors.

hardship on the part of a holder shall not be a defense to the revqcat;on LF a De-mit. The                               ,. Savings Clause-  If any provisions of the 'Lct or of these :u/es and Reg-

Courcil may also revoke a  er-nmit if it finds  hat the holder or n.s agent suomlt-ed false                  ulat ons are adjudged nvelid or uncons: :ttional, he -emamder ot 'he Act and '"ese Rules

information to bte Councel.
























                   APPENDIX E.3

Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject
           Management By State Agencies














          Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C  Code of Laws) for                                            South Carolina Coastal Council

               Activities Subject to Management bv State Agencv                                              Residential developments - Sections 48-39-80 tB)(11). 130,R30-11 **R3t-12

                                                                                                                  Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130
South Carolina Aeronautics Commission
                                                                                                                  Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (BI(1I), 130, R30-11, R30-12
Airports - Section 55-5-120
                                                                                                                  Airports - Section   --10  rports - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11. R30-12
South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology                                                      R    a       ections  8-39-80  B         1    3        3
                                                                                                                  Rallwa~s  - Sections 48-59-80 (B)f11), l;n, R30-11, R30-17
Residential developments - Sections 1-11-70.80,90
                                                                                                                  Parking facilitles - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11  R30-1i
Ports - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11
Roads and Highways - Section  1-                                                              11-9t
                                                                                                                  Forestr) - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30- 11
Alrports - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                  Railaysg - Sections 48-3-80  anufact(B)(11ng - Sections), 130, R-1R30-11. R0-l1
Railways - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                                  Ilanufacturing - Sections 48-19-80(B)11), 130. RPO-ll1 R30-12
Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70                                                                        Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12

Mining - Sections 1039 io, 1S0                                                                               Fish and seafood processing - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130,R30-11, R        2O-I:

lanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                  aculercial             - Sct ions  s -39- Seti11  18-9-30, R0-11),  130, R30-11  P.n-1l
quiaculture - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                  Parks - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-ll. RO3-12
Conmerclal - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                  ;4armas - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130. R;0-11, Rx0-12
Marinas - Section 111--0                                                                                     Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-S0 (B)(11), 130,R30-11, R30-12

Boat Ratts - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Tourist Attractions - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12
Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(I1), 130,R30-11,R30-12
Lrtlflclal reets - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  tificia   - Section 1-11-70  ldlife and Fisheries management - Sections  *1-39-0Sl(B)(11), 130,R30-11,R30-12
Docks and Piers   Section 1-11--0
                                                                                                                  Docks and Piers - Sections 4S-39-80(B1(11), 130.R30-11, R30-12
Dredgmg - Sectio 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Dredging - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 13n, R30-11, RT0-12
Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Dredge rhterzal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(B) (11), llO,R30-llR30-12
Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30
                                                                                                                  Underwater salsage - Sections 18-59-80 (B)(11),130, R30-11. R;0-12
Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                  Sewage treatment - Sections 48-39-Y0(B)(11, lt0, R30-11, R31-12
Energy - Section 1-11-80                                                                                    Pubhlc/Qlasl-PtIblc Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- (B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12

                                                                                                                  Damns and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; RT0-11,R30-12











                                                                                         Smith Carolina lftartment of Iealth mid rivloramental Control
South Carolina Coastal Council ... continued                                                Residential developoents - Section 44-1-too; Sectigm 44-1-140 (11); Section
Water supply - Sections 48-39-80(3)(11), 130; R30-li; R30-12
                                                                                              44-55-630 thmrogh 700; Sections 44-55-620, 335; 361-9; 361-40;
Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-l1, R30-13
                                                                                              361-56; N61-57
Jetties and Groins - Sections 18-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-t1, R30-13

Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-l1; R30-13

Renourishment - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130;R30-11; R30-13                   P                    faclitics   Section 48-1-40; Section 43-1-90 (a);  t61-9

Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; M3A-11; R30-l1, R30-13                 Ilnufactioring - Section 4S-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 161-62; R61-62.1;
                                                                                              161-6Z.6; U61-66
*(South Carolina Coastal Council Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules               Aquacultifre - Section 44-1-140(5 R; 361-47
 and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areas of the Coastal :one",
 MaN 29, 1978).                                                                             pish old Seefood processing - Section 44-1-340(5); 361-47

                                                                                         CAmercial - Sections 44-1-340(2), (11); Section 40-1-40; Section 48-1-140;,

                                                                                              361-25; R63-41; 361-62

                                                                                         Tourist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 46-1-140(7); 361-9; R61-62

                                                                                         Sewage treatment - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1430; Sections 40-1-90(a),

                                                                                              111. 110; SectIons 48-3-60, 140; Sections 48-5-20; R61-9; R61-56;

                                                                                              161-57

                                                                                         Solid waste disposal - Section 44-1-140(ll); M61-59; R61-60; 161-61;

                                                                                              R61-70

                                                                                         I'udaIrc/q4vsi-Ihblic Buildings - Section 44-1-140(1i); Sections 48-1-300,

                                                                                              110; R61-9; R61-62

                                                                                         Water suqpply - Sectitn 44-55-40


                                                                                        Srnetu  DCPI in  ievel o!mU1M.t Board

                                                                                        Ro.ads find Iligiways - Sottito  13-3-20(1); Section 11-1-1100 (4) (d)

                                                                                        Airlorts - Sc-tion 11-3-2011); SeLtion 11-3-100(4) (d)

                                                                                        Railways - Smttlon 11-3-20(1); Sections 13-3-100(4) (c). (d), (e)








         Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C. Code of Laws) for                                            South Carolina Coastal Cocil
              Activities Subject to Management b% State Agency                                              Residential developments - Sections 43-39-80 (B)(11). 1lOR30-11 **R3n-l:

                                                                                                           Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130
South Carolina Aeronautics Comuisslon
                                                                                                           Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-11, R30-12
Airports - Section 55-5-120
                                                                                                           Airports - Sections 48-39-80 ({B)(11). 130, R30-11. R30-12
South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropoloey
                                                                                                           Rallways - Sections 48-39-80 (B)f111, 130; R30-11, R30-12
Residential developents - Sections 1-11-0,80,S90
                                                                                                          Parking facilities - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11. R30-12
Ports - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                           Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 1l0. R30-11
Roads and Highwavs - Section 1-11-90                                                                         Forestry - Sectins 48-39-80()(), 130  R30-11

Airports - Section 1-11-*0
                                                                                                          Ants  mSection    nng - Sections 48-39-80 (8)(11), 130, R30-ll,R30-12
Railways - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                          Manufacturing - Sections 48-39-SO(B)f111, 130, PR0-I2. R30-12
Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                          Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12
Minmng - Sections 10-9-10, lS0
                                                                                                          Fish and seafood processing - Sections  8-39-80(B)(11) ,130,R3      .   0-'11,    -I
Nqanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                          Commercial Activitles - Sections JS-39-301B)l11), 130, R30-11. P3n-12
4quaculture - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                          Parks - Sections 18-39-80(B)(111, 130, R30-11. R30-12
Commerclal - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                          ;Marmas - Sections 48-39-80fB)(11), 130. R30-11, RP0-IZ
armnas - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                          Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-30 (B)(11), 130,R30-11; R30-12
Boat Ramps - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                          Tourist Attractions - Sections  8-39-SO0(B)(11),130, R30-11  P30-12
Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                          Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)111, 130,R30-ll,R30-12
,rtlflclal ree's - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                          hlldlife and Fisheries management - Sections J$-39-SOfB)(11). 130,R30-llR30-1l
Docks and Piers - Section 1-11--0
                                                                                                          Doks and Piers   Section    Docks and Piers - Sections IS-39-BO(B1(111, 130,R30-11, R30-1Z
Dredging - Sectlo 1-11-70
                                                                                                          Dredging - Sections 18-39-80(B1(11), 13n, R30-11, R30-12
Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-20
                                                                                                          Dredge Materlal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(18)111, 130,R30-11,R30-12
Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30
                                                                                                          Underwater salvage - Sections 18-39-80 (B)(11),,130 RSO-ll RiO-12
Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                          Sewage treatment - Sections I8-;9-O0(B)(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12
Energy - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                          PEnerg  - Section 1-11-blic/Quasi-Public Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- ({)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12

                                                                                                          Dams and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-ll,R30-12










                                                                                        Soteth Carolina liqurtunt of le-alth and F~avloroemniutal Control

South Carolina Coastal Caimcil ... continued                                                 Itesidential developments - Section 44-1-100; Sectims 44-1-140 (11); Section
                       Water supply - Sections   1 3 0 , R30-11; R30-12                         ~44-55-610 through 700; Sections 44-55-1320. 330; R61-9; R61-40;
Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-11, R30-13
                                                                                              P61-S6; U61-57
Jetties and Groins - Sections 483-0B(l)130; P30-1l; R30-13

Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111, 130, P30-li; R30-13
                      Renourishment    -    Sections 130.R30-11; R30 - 1      3             Parking facilities - section 48-1-40;, Section 413-1-90 ED); P61i-9

Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(ll), 130, R30-lI; R30-12; R30-13                Mauatuig   - Section 431-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 1161-62; R61-62.1;
                                                                                             961-62.6; R61-66
*(South Carolina Coastal Coumcil Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules                 Aqautee- Section 44110()   61-47
 and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areaes of the Coastal -one",
     ~1v2,1978).                                                                            Plsh aid Sesfood processing - Section 44-1-140(S). R61-47

                                                                                        C~meorcial - Sections 441302,(11); Section 48-1-40; Section 49-1-140;

                                                                                             1161-25; P61-41; P61-62

                                                                                        Itorist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 43110()   61-9; B61-62

                                                                                        Sewage treat~met - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1410; SectIons 461-1-90(a),

                                                                                             1110, 130; Sections 46-3-60. 140; Sections 43-5-20; 1R61-9; R61-56;

                                                                                             R61- 57

                                                                                        Solid waste disposal - Section 44R101)   61-59; 1161-60; 1161-61;

                                                                                             R61-70

                                                                                        I'idhllc/Qjasi-Plehllc Ihaildings - Section 4-10();Sections 43-1-100,

                                                                                             130; R61-9; Rf61-62
                                                                                        Water supply - Section 44-SS-40


                                                                                        Si"Itl qXRUjy Buve!opuect Boar

                                                                                        RoAds and Ilighways - Semtimau i3-3-20(i); SectIon 11-1-300f (4) (d)

                                                                                        Aierports - Sectimi l1-3-20111); Section i13-1-00(4) (d)

                                                                                        Railways - Smctiou 13-3-20(1); Se-tions 13-3-10(1(4) (c), (d), (e)










Parks - Section 13-3-100(4) fh)
                                                                                          South Carolina Pdublic Service Authority
D~redging - Sections 13-3-40.50; Sections 13-3-320,330
                                                                                          11ims and Reservoirs - Section S8-31-30(5)
Imergy - Sections 13-3-100 (4) (c), id)
                                                                                          Svergy - Sections 58-31-30(7),(B)
South Carolina 11OrestrY CAomSSi~o,
                                                                                          South Carolina Pubilic Service CoMMisalon
l-orebtry - Sections 48-23-80,90.120.200
                                                                                          litergy - Section S1-27-1230; Section 58-11-110
South Carolina Department of hilhways Auld Pubilic Transportation
                                                                                          South Carolina State Ihbusing: Authority
Roads and Ifighwrays - Sections 57-3-10, 610, Section 57-S-1330
                                                                                          Residential developiments - Seetion 31-3-140
flulkheadt,, seaw~alls, rcvetiots - Section 57-3-40 
                                                                                          South Carolina State Ports Authority
Jetties and grains - Section S7-3-40
                                                                                          Parts - Sections 54-3-110. 130. 140
breakwaters - Sextion, 57-3-40
                                                                                          Dlocks and Piers - Section S4-3-620
Renuurisliment - Section S7-3-40
                                                                                          Bulkheads. Seawalls. Revetments - Section 54-3-610
South Carolilna Land Resoures Conservat ion Commission                                      Breakwaters - Section 54-3-150(9)

Agricultuwe - SeLtion, 48-9-1210(9); Sections 48-9-ISIO. 1S70
                                                                                          South Crolina water Resources Commission
M~inaing - Section 48-19-40
                                                                                          Wildlife andl fisheries mmnagement. - Sections 51-5-60, 100
lIjam and Reservoirs - Sections 49-11-200. 210, 240
                                                                                          Water supply - Sections 49-S-40,SO.60.70
South Lairolina liepartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism
                                                                                          South Carolina Wildlife and Ibrine Resources Department
P~arkb, - NeLtions 5-6(),(f); Sections 51-3-10,80
                                                                                          Aguaculture -Sections 50-5-20,50; Sections 50-15-50; Section 50-17-710
tourist Attractioni, - Section 51-1-60(c)
                                                                                          Boat ramls -Section 57-5-870
     I'ubil/QiasiPidicBuildings - Section S1-1-60(b)
                                                                                          Artificial reefs - Section SO-3-90
I'dtrIF-10   POn   eelJD    AUthGr1It                                                       Wildlife and fisheries mnanagement - Section 50-3-100, Section 50-11-26101;

ilie dutIVorILy's JlUFrIJdIAtio LOVems Ilog Island irn Chailo.tuo Harbor.  Set                   Section 51-5-140

   SCtLItwi St 13-710 through 850

Soueth Carolina I'edilic Railway:, COUNaihslon

Railways - bet-timN 58-lU-3D























    APPENDIX F

NERR Research Permit













                   South ItCbatoaluga                                                  James A Timmerman, Jr, Ph.D
                   A7 ,i/,c           Maf                                                           Executive Director
                               \   l~ild~i e eii Marme                                          Paul A Sandifer, Ph D
                   Resouffes Deprwet                                                                       Director of
                   Resources  Departneit                                                     Marine Resources Division
FrA W PFQQTNM AIENCLV





                                                    REVISED NOVEMBER 1988

             Under authorization of Section 50-17-50, S. C. Code of Laws as amended, you are hereby
      granted permission to collect specimens of marine life in the coastal waters of this State for scientific
      purposes.

             This permit is subject to the following conditions:

      a)      No specimens of fish, shellfish. crustaceans, or other marine life collected may be used for
             personal consumption, sold or used for commercial purposes.

      b)     All scientific permit holders are required to notify the Law Enforcement Office at Fort Johnson
             (Phone 803-795-6350. Extension 501815019) or this office (803-795-6350. Extension
              506115010), at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of their collecting schedule and to
             provide certain information including (Date(s) of sampling; locationis) where collecting will take
              place; boat description; type of gear to be utilized; and purpose of sampling.

      c)     Any collecting done by otter trawl or try net will be confined to the legal trawling areas
             specified under Section 50-17-610 and 50-17-615, only during the open season, unless
             otherwise specifically approved in writing by the Division of Marine Resources.

      dl     This permit or a legible copy thereof must be in possession of the person to whom issued or
              a staff member of the institution to which it is issued, at all times during scientific collecting
              operations.

      e)     This'permit is subject to the rules and regulations of the S. C. Department of Health and
              Environmental 'Control and any other governmental agency having jurisdiction in the coastal
              area.

             Any person violating the provisions of Section 50-17-50 is subject to the penalties prescribed
      therein. This permit may be revised, suspended, or revoked upon notification in the event of violation
      of the conditions set forth herein, or at any time that the Marine Resources Division deems it advisable
      in the best interest of conservation.

                                                     Sincerely,



                                                     Charles M. Bearden. Director
                                                     Office of Fisheries Management

      CMB/pgc




















 No. 345                                   No.  345

                                           S.C.WTILDL!EANDMARINE
                                           RESOURCES DU'ARM.ENT
                                        SCIENTIFIC PERMIT
  Issued by authorization of Sec-
tion-50-I7-50. S.C. Code of Laws
as amended. This permit is for the
collection of specimens from
marine waters for scientific pur-
poses only.

  Failure to comply with the at.       Evftdam. DAM
tached conditions will result in the        DWISIONOTMARINERESOURCES
revocation of this permit.                        OIjRLFSTON.s.C.


                                             NON-TRANSFERRABLE























                   APPENDIX G

            Analysis of ACE Basin Site

 Based on NERR Biogeographic Scheme/Typology

           (Ecological Characterization)

NOTE: Literature Cited In this Section Is Included In
            VII. References, page 108







                                      G-1


               ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN NERR SITE

   An analysis of the site based on the NERRS classification scheme illustrates a
complex of subsystems and habitat types. The region contains a diverse assemblage
of representative outer coastal plain communities including the full array of
communities typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands and major
estuarine rivers. Especially well represented are salt and brackish marshes and
maritime forest communities. An abundance of managed estuarine impoundments,
the total absence of industrial pollution and the isolated, undeveloped character of the
area add considerably to the ecological significance of the region (Murdock 1981).
These exceptional habitat characteristics and associated wetland functions have
resulted in national designation of the ACE Basin region as a priority conservation area
(U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 1990).

1. Reoresentative Ecosvstems

   The ACE Basin NERR is characterized by tremendous spatial heterogenity. From
northeast to southwest, the area is divided by the Edisto, Ashepoo and Combahee
rivers and associated tributaries flowing through extensive wetland acreage into St.
Helena Sound. Wetland diversity is high and includes palustrine, estuarine (oligohaline
to polyhaline types) and marine ecosystems.   Over 30 percent of the natural
communities as described by Nelson (1986) for South Carolina are encompassed
within the reserve. A total of 23 ecological systems and subsystems/general
community types are represented (Table 1). It is emphasized that these habitats are
interacting components of a tremendously larger system (ACE Basin regional
ecosystem - ca 350,000 acres) that is an extremely dynamic, open system through
which organisms and materials constantly move (Figure 1). Therefore, the reserve is
not easily delineated by artificial boundaries.

a. Coastal Marine

   The coastal marine ecosystem is well represented and occurs where lands and
water have unobstructed access to the open ocean. As such, it consists of two
components; the intertidal and the subtidal. The intertidal subsystem includes tidal
ocean beaches of Edisto Beach, Harbor, Hunting, Otter and Pine Islands as well as
other islands with bars contiguous to coastal waters. The intertidal zone is a high
energy, highly turbid environment with a continually shifting substrate of sand. These
factors coupled with regular and frequent exposure to the air provide a harsh
environment. Intertidal beach communities such as Otter Island may include relic
forests where erosion of the beach and dune systems has encroached upon maritime
forest communities. The subtidal subsystem consists of coastal waters extending








Table 1. Representative ecosystems of the proposed ACE Basin HERR.

    ECOSYSTEM                SUBSYSTEM/CCMHMUNITY TYPE                         EXAMPLE

    Coastal Marine                Subtidal                                Offshore-waters to St.
                                                                          Helena Sound COLREGS

                                                                          Colregs line
                                   Intertidal                             Otter Island - beaches
                                                                          and bars


     Maritime                      Bird Key and Bank                       Pelican and Egg Banks
                                   Dune                                    Otter and Edisto Isis.
                                                                           - dune fields


                                   Transitional Shrub                      Otter and Pine Ist.
                                                                           - shrub thickets


                                   Maritime Forest                         Otter and Pine IsL.
                                                                           - woodlands


     Estuarine                     Subtidal                                St. Helena Sound
                                                                           Estuary - submerged substrate to continuously
                                                                           - unconsolidated mud and sands


                                   Intertidal - Flats                     St Helena Sound Estuary Flats
                                                                           - salt and brackish marshes


                                   Intertidal - Emergent wetlands         St. Helena Sound Estuary


                                   Intertidal - Impoundments              Bear Island W4A and private plantations
                                                                           - divided marshes


     Palustrine                    Bay Forest                              Snuggedy Swamp - southern portions
                                   Bottom land Hardwood                    Private plantations
                                   Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands           Bear Island WMA and
                                   Emergent/Aquatic Bed wetlands           private plantations


     Upland                        Old Field                               Core area islands
                                   Pine Forest                             and/or buffer lands
                                   Pine-mixed hardwood                     zone including Bear
                                   Hardwood                                Island WMA and private lands










            AGRICULTURAL


                               Farm~~~~~~~~~~~Fe   Manulac-
     as Plantations~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ofar                                                      lured


                                                                  ~~~~~Good










                               astal   M a r i n e                        macmnary ~URBAN
                            Waters ~~~~~~~~~Buildings.   SYSTEMS




                  Forsle  Welade          fee SetvicS FihCt                                                                ,

                  I  Uplands

                      aUNDEVELOPED
                       ___ SYSTEM


                       EXPLANATION


Organic Producers                    Water                                  Energy Flow

                                                     a * W a *~ Land Conversion
Consumers                       Energy Source                         ngyLs



 Figure I The Ace Basin is a compleX mixture Of subsystems that interconnect by
              enerciv pathwavs to form a renional ecosystem






                                       G-4

seaward of extreme low spring tide level and with salinities consistently exceeding 30
o/oo. Unconsolidated coastal bottom communities are composed of loose sand and
associated sediments or mud with shells and shell fragments (Sandifer et al, 1980,
Nelson 1986).

b. Maritime

   The maritime ecosystem is principally represented by Edisto Beach, Hunting,
Harbor, Pine and Otter islands. It includes all upland and isolated wetland areas
located on those islands and others bordered on one side by tidal marshes, rivers
and/or creeks and on another side by an active ocean-formed beach. Four subsystems
are recognized: Bird key and bank, dune, transition shrub and maritime forest. The
bird key and bank subsystem is a special ecological unit physically separated from the
others by water (Sandifer et al, 1980).

   The bird key and bank subsystem consists of small isolated islands typically found
in tidal inlets and broad bays. These islands are characterized by erratic, annual
fluctuations in size, shape and vegetative cover as the sand shifts in response to
storms and other physical forces (Sandifer et al, 1980). Within the reserve, this
subsystem is best represented by Egg Bank in St. Helena Sound. This sand island
exhibits low topographic profile and is frequently overwashed by storms and
astronomically influenced high tides.

   The dune subsystem consists of a variety of types ranging from low, relatively
narrow dune fields found on Otter and Pine Islands to higher, more well-developed
dunes found on the southwest portion of Edisto Beach. Dune or maritime grassland
communities exhibit a variety of floristic zones relative to species tolerance of salt
spray, saltwater immersion and wind blown sand. Due to their ability to tolerate salt
spray and other harsh environmental conditions, the robust perennials, grasses, sea
oats and sea beach panic grass dominate the front slope and crest of foredunes.

    Fleshy herbs including sea rocket, beach elder, Russian thistle, beach pennywort
and sea purslane occur in the foredune zone and assist in the early stages of dune
development.   Back slopes of foredunes, backdunes and interdune areas are
dominated by a variety of grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs including: saltmeadow
cordgrass, salt marsh fimbristylis, camphor weed, prickly pear, frog fruit, sand grass,
finger grass, beach hogwort, beach sandspur, seaside goldenrod, yucca, groundsel
tree and wax myrtle. (Johnson et al, 1974, Hillestad et al, 1975, Sandifer et al,
1980, Nelson 1986).

    Interdune ponds occur between beach dunes and maritime forest ridges and for
the purposes of this document are considered to be a component of the dune
subsystem. These isolated wetlands are seasonally flooded by rainfall or periodically
inundated by exceptionally high and/or lunar tides. Numerous interdune ponds are







                                       G-5

characterized by freshwater emergents including cattail, false nettle, giant plume
grass, fall panic grass, flat sedges and dotted smartweed. Depending on frequency
and depth of inundation, ponds flooded by tidal action are more brackish and are
vegetated to varying degrees by tropical cattail, saltmarsh bulrush, salt grass, smooth
cordgrass, black needlerush, sea purslane and giant foxtail millet. Fresh and brackish
interdune ponds are well represented on Otter Island.

   The transitional shrub subsystem or maritime shrub thicket is a dense but generally
narrow ecotonal band between dune and maritime forest communities.   This
subsystem with its characteristic sheared canopy functions to further protect less salt-
spray tolerant maritime forest vegetation (Sandifer et al, 1980). Maritime shrub
thickets occurring within the proposed reserve site generally are dominated by wax
myrtle.  Other relatively salt-tolerant species represented are yaupon, cabbage
palmetto, southern red cedar, red bay, green brier and pepper vine.

   The maritime forest ecosystem is represented by the zone of forest vegetation
between transitional shrub communities on the seaward side and salt shrub thicket
communities on the marsh side of islands. Within the proposed site, principal canopy
species include live oak, loblolly pine, and slash pine. Midstory and understory
species include cabbage palmetto, southern magnolia, southern red cedar, red bay,
wax myrtle, yaupon, beauty-berry and coral bean. Virginia creeper, rattan vine, green
brier, poison ivy, braken fern, nut rush and prickly pear also occur as understory
components. In addition to the above general community description, several distinct
forest community types based on various degrees of dominance by palmetto, oaks,
other hardwoods and pines have been recognized for the maritime forest ecosystem
(Sandifer et al, 1980). Such distinct types are exemplified by four maritime forest
communities identified by Gaddy (1982) for Hunting Island located within the reserve
buffer zone.

c. Estuarine

   The estuarine ecosystem extends upstream in the tri-river system and landward
to where ocean-derived salts measure less than 0.5 o/oo during the period of average
annual flow. The seaward limit is an imaginary line across the mouth of St. Helena
Sound.

   The ACE Basin estuarine ecosystem is a deepwater habitat with adjacent tidal
wetlands that are semi-enclosed by land but having access to the open ocean. This
system is diluted by freshwater flows of the tri-river drainage basin and from upland
runoff.    The estuary is influenced more by terrestrial processes than is the
contiguous coastal marine ecosystem. As defined by Cowardin et al (1979), the ACE
Basin estuary contains a complete array of salinty zones as follows: Oligohaline (0.5
o/oo - 5 o/oo), mesohaline (5 o/oo - 18 o/oo), Polyhaline (18 o/oo - 30 o/oo), and
Euhaline(30 o/oo - 40 o/oo) (Figure 2).










                                       G-6







AVERAGE ANNUAL
    SAUNMTYOW                                            M  TYM

                                                            NON-TMDAL




                                          ~~~~~~TAL!                      FLOW
          LUWT OF                                          FRHWATER ICONDITIONS)
          TODAL INFLUENCE                                  I



                r~~a-------,                             i Ot100~~~~~~OICINALNE
  ï¿½ 0.5 pPt - -      - - -                          - - - 







                __                                       3Ml~bPOWHALNE A



  < 310 ppt --ll-    a         -- -            - - a a a a

                                OCEAN
                                                        EUVIALME



     Figure 2. The relationship between marsh type and average annual salinity (values are
                 approximately only). Terminology is based on Cowardin et al. (1979).






                                       G-7

   In accordance with Cowardin et al (1979), the Basin's estuarine ecosystem is
divided into two subsystems, the subtidal and the intertidal. St. Helena Sound and
the waters of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Rivers, where salinities are greater
than 0.5 o/oo, comprise the subtidal sub-system. The intertidal subsystem includes
those areas where the substrate is exposed and flooded by tides (e.g., marshes, bars,
flats, oyster rocks, etc.) and includes the associated splash zone. The following
habitat types are included in the reserve: subtidal bottom and intertidal flats and bars,
59,400 acres, tidal marshes, 60,100 acres and estuarine impoundments, 8,300 acres
(SCWMRD, unpubl. data).

   The estuarine subtidal subsystem provides a rich and varied environment for
phytoplankton populations but macrophyte production generally is limited. Due to
environmental factors, estuarine phytoplankton populations tend to be larger and more
productive than populations in adjacent systems. However, general absence of solid,
permanent substrates, as well as turbidity, and the scouring action of tides severely
limit the growth of macroscopic algae. The continuously immersed parts of seawalls,
pilings, oyster reefs and subtidal substrates such as shell, man-discarded objects and
invertebrates provide sites for algae attachment (Sandifer et al. 1980).

    Estuarine intertidal flats, level land forms composed of unconsolidated sediments,
occur in areas sheltered from strong currents and wave action. Flats may be
irregularly shaped or elongated and continuous with the shore, whereas bars generally
are elongate, parallel to the shoreline and separated from the shore by water. Water
regimes are restricted to irregularly exposed, regularly flooded and irregularly flooded
flats, (Cowardin et al. 1979). Although flats are rich in mud algae, no vascular plants
are typically found. On occasion, macroscopic algae such as sea lettuce may locally
dominate flats (Sandifer et al 1980, Tiner 1984). Flats and associated oyster reefs
are well represented throughout the reserve.

    Marshes dominate the ACE Basin intertidal zone. Although estuarine intertidal
wetlands are a complex nutrient rich ecosystem, vascular plant diversity is relatively
low due to limiting factors such as salinity, drainage, temperature and tidal influence
(Penfound 1952, Adams 1963, Johnson et al. 1974, Baden et al. 1975, Sandifer et
al. 1980). Emergent wetlands within the intertidal subsystem may be classified as
two distinct units, salt and brackish marshes.

    Salt marsh salinities range from 10 o/oo to as high as 35 o/oo or even greater
under certain environmental conditions. Saltmarshes are composed of two zones
defined by elevation. The regularly flooded zone ("low marsh") is flooded at least
once but usually twice daily while the irregularly flooded zone high marsh is flooded
only during storm and/or astronomically high lunar tides.

    Plant communities associated with regularly and irregularly flooded salt marshes
are distinctly different in species composition. Extensive monotypic stands of smooth






                                      G-8

cordgrass dominate the low marsh. Along creek banks, this species typically attains
heights of over 6 feet while in the interior of the low marsh, plant height may vary
from 3 to 6 feet. In contrast to the vegetatively homogenous low marsh, species
diversity of the high marsh is quite varied. A number of halophytic grasses, rushes
and forbs occur in abundance: glasswort, sea blite, salt wort, sea lavender, salt marsh
aster, salt grass, sea ox-eye, black needlerush, salt meadow cordgrass, coastal
dropseed, salt-marsh fimbristylis, marsh elder and short form (< 1.5 feet high)
smooth cordgrass (Tiner 1979). Salt marshes dominate the entire marsh zone for the
reserve core area, all of the buffer zone in the Combahee system and the buffer zone
associated with the Ashepoo and South Edisto Rivers to the approximate lower
boundary of Bear Island WMA. High salt marshes including "salt flats or pannes" are
particularly well represented along the upland perimeters of Otter and Pine Islands.

   Within the reserve buffer zone, brackish marsh salinities range from 0.5 o/oo to
10 o/oo and occur primarily in the central to upper regions of the South Edisto and
Ashepoo Rivers. Throughout most of this region, the marshes are influenced by
mesohaline salinities and are dominated by mixed stands of black needlerush and big
cordgrass. Other species occurring in this zone include saltmarsh bulrush, saltmarsh
aster, marsh elder, groundsel tree, sea oxeye and seaside goldenrod. Oligohaline
conditions predominate from the main Jehossee Island marsh peninsula to the
abandoned SCR bed on the South Edisto and in the extreme upper portions of
Ashepoo River marshes. In this zone, emergent wetlands are characterized by a
diverse assemblage of plants typical of transitional brackish and freshwater
communities.

    Representative species include: big cordgrass, cattails, salt marsh bulrush,
common three-square, soft-stem bulrush, sawgrass, pickerel weed, arrow-arum, spider
lily, alligator weed, water parsnip, wild rice, and giant cutgrass. A narrow zone of
smooth cordgrass often occurs at lowest marsh elevations along river and creek banks
(Tiner 1979).

d. Palustrine

    Due to geographic and associated ecological features related to boundaries of the
reserve, the palustrine system is the least represented in regards to areal occurrence.
However, a diversity of palustrine wetland communities are represented in the buffer
zone and include bay forest, bottomland hardwood, scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands,
and emergent/aquatic bed wetlands.
    Bay Forest communities occur in the extreme northern portions adjacent to the
abandoned SCR bed and tidal marshes of the South Edisto River. This community
consists of the lower reaches of Snuggedy Swamp, a Holocene peat deposit up to
13.5 feet resting on a sequence of silty and clayey saltmarsh deposits (Mathews et
al. 1980). These peaty swamps are characterized by poorly drained, deep organic,
acid soils that are seasonally or intermittently saturated. Vegetative structure is






                                      G-9

characterized by a generally thick canopy and very tangled subcanopy layers made up
of viney growth and tall shrubbery including loblolly bay, red bay, sweet bay, wax
myrtle, red maple, pond pine, green brier and other broad-leaved evergreen species
(Penfound 1952, Cowardin et al. 1979, Sharitz and Gibbons 1982, Nelson 1986).

   Bottomland hardwood communities within the reserve are found on poorly-drained
lowlands not associated with river channels and are influenced by seasonal and
intermittently flooded water regimes. These wetlands generally occur on minimal soils
or highly decomposed organic soils (Cowardin et al. 1979). This habitat type occurs
on private lands in the reserve buffer zone and is best represented by non-alluvial
swamp forest communities. A diverse assemblage of canopy and subcanopy species
occur including swamp chestnut oak, water oak, sweetgum, ash, red maple, swamp
tupelo, and cabbage palmetto. Understory and herb components include dwarf
palmetto, wax myrtle, red bay, smartweeds, lizzard's tail, various grasses and sedges
(Nelson 1989, C. A. Smith, pers. comm.)

   Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands are represented by small (generally less 0.5 acre)
ponds and depressions located on Bear Island WMA and private land within the buffer
zone. These communities are composed of varying ratios of sapling trees, shrubs and
persistent and non-persistent emergents including: sweetgum, red maple, willows,
buttonbush, wax myrtle, water loosestrife, various panic grasses, rushes and sedges.
An excellent example of this community type is the maiden cane dominated
depression meadow (Nelson 1986, A.Smith, pers.commun.)

   Emergent/aquatic bed wetlands are best represented by a limited number of
palustrine impoundments (approximately 200 acres) chiefly associated with the
Ashepoo River drainage system. These wetlands are influenced by a semipermanently
flooded water regime except when dewatered by extended drought or for
management purposes. Typical emergents include: common cattail, soft rush, water
loosestrive, smartweeds, spikerush, maiden cane, and sedges. Frogbit, pennywort,
white waterlily, bladderwort and coontail are the principal floating-leaved and
submerged aquatics. Scattered stands of low density trees and shrubs including: red
maple, swamp tupelo, buttonbush, willows and wax myrtle also occur as minor
community components (SCWMRD unpubl. 1989 data).

e. Uplands

    For the purposes of this document uplands are considered to occur in two distinct
ecosystems: Maritime - 1) maritime forest communities located in marsh/barrier
islands, 2) uplands - all other upland areas within the proposed reserve. Total upland
area is approximately 7,752 acres including some 900 acres of maritime forests
located principally on Otter, Pine, Ashe and South Hutchinson Islands. Maritime forest
communities also occur, to a more limited extent, on other core area islands and at
isolated locations throughout the buffer zone.  A description of maritime forests






                                      G-10

communities has been previously provided under the maritime ecosystem discussion.

    The remaining uplands ecosystem (approximately 6,852 acres) is divided into four
major subsystems: 1) old field, 2) pine forest, 3) pine-mixed hardwood forest, and 4)
mixed hardwood forests. The reserve contains many of the community types
characteristically found within the ACE Basin Region (Table 2). Pine communities
dominate the uplands. The original upland forests were probably mixed
hardwood and pyric climax pine forests. Subsequent logging and clearing for
agriculture and forest management resulted in the creation and maintenance of pine
dominated upland. Pine-mixed hardwood forests also are common in the project area
and range from extremely xeric to mesic sites.  Mesic pine-mixed hardwood
communities generally have a super canopy of pines (slash, spruce or short leaf) and
hardwood xeric pine-mixed hardwood communities, generally found on ridges of
coarse sand, are more complex with long leaf pines being the predominant species.
The effects of fire and logging in the community determine canopy height, understory
composition and height and density of both. The southern mixed hardwood forest is
an extremely complex subsystem, with dominance varying among various sites. As
many as 20 different community variations have been described for mixed hardwood
forests in the region (Sandifer et al. 1980).

2. Fish and Wildlife Resources

a. Endanaered and Threatened SDecies

   Habitat diversity, the absence of industrial pollution, and the undeveloped nature
of the ACE Basin collectively contribute to the region's importance to endangered and
threatened species. Eight species of Federally-listed endangered and/or threatened
animals have been documented to occur in the vicinity of the reserve (Table 3).
However, only 6 species (Atlantic loggerhead turtle, southern bald eagle, wood stork,
shortnose sturgeon and peregrine falcon) are considered to be residents or regularly
utilize the area during portions of their annual life cycle (S. H. Murphy and T. M.
Murphy, pers. commun.) In accordance with the amended Federal Endangered
Species Act of 1978, these species are managed by recovery plans developed by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (birds and terrestrial species) and the National Marine
Fisheries Service (marine species except sea turtles). Development of recovery plans
for sea turtles is a joint responsibility of these two agencies (Sandifer et al. 1980).
Management of endangered species within the reserve will be coordinated by
SCWMRD, Nongame and Endangered Species Section.

   The beaches of Hunting, Harbor, Otter, Pine and Edisto Islands provide important
nesting habitat for the Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Table 4). Otter Island is considered
to be the most important nesting site on the southern coast of South Carolina and is
ranked among the top nesting beaches in the state. Annual nest site monitoring and
surveillance is conducted by various SCWMRD permitted cooperators and volunteer









Table 2.  Generalized community structure of the vascular flora of the Upland Ecosystem in the ACE Basin Region.



I-   OLDFIELD COMMUNITY                                                   IV.  MIXED HARDWMOD

    Upland (well drained)                                                     A.   Mesic stoDe hardwoods
    Lowland (poorly drained)
                                                                                  1.   ravine slope hardwoods
11.  PINE FOREST COMMUNITIES                                                         2.   beech ravine
                                                                                  3.   mixed mesophytic hardwoods
     Longleaf                                                                       4.   bluff and slope forest
     Slash                                                                          5.   beech-bull bay community
     Loblolly
    Mixed Pine                                                                B.   UDland mesic hardwoods
                                                                                  (or oak-hickory)
III.PINE-MIXED HARDWOODS COMMUNITY
                                                                                  1.   forest, southern mixed hardwoods
   A.    Mesic - lobloliv dominate                                                  2.   forest or mesophytic broadleafed forest

          1.   loblolly - mixed hardwoods communities                          C.   Hammock community

               a.   white oak phase                                                 1.   Lowland broadleaf evergreen forest
              b.   ravine slope phase                                              2.   evergreen scrub-lichen forest
              c.   sweet gun-tupelo phase
                                                                            D.    Scrub forest community
         2.   mixed pine-mixed hardwoods communities                               1.   evergreen scrub forest
                                                                                 2.   evergreen scrub-lichen forest
              a.    shortleaf
              b.    LobLolly                                                  E.   Dwarfed oak-mixed hardwood communitv

    B.   Xeric-lonaleaf dominate                                                    1.   turkey oak-longleaf pine association
                                                                                 2.   turkey oak association
         1.   longleaf pine-turkey oak community                                   3.   blackjack oak pine
                                                                                 4.   mockernut hickory association
              a. turkey, blackjack, and shrubby post oak,
              b.   Chapman, live, turkey, shrubby post oak, long-             F.   Live oak-mixed hardwood community
                    leaf dominate
         2.   longleaf-shortleaf turkey oak communities

              a.   above, plus slash pine, Chapman and laurel oak,
                   mockernut hickory
              b.   blackjack and turkey oak shrubby post oak,
                   longLeaf association







Table 3. Federally listed endagered and threatened animals documenmted to occur intor within the vicinity of the proposed ACE Basin HERR.

     SPECIES            STATUS                   ECOSYSTEM               PREFERRED HABITS                   OCCURRENCE



American Alligator      Threatened               Estuarine               Low salinity brackish              Abundant
                                                                         marshes and impoundnents



Atlantic loggerhead     Threatened               Marine                  Offshore waters;                   Common in summer
 turtle                                          Estuarine               St. Helena Sound;
                                                                         nest on beaches


Finback whale           Endangered               Marine                  Open ocean                         Rare



Peregrine Falcon        Endangered               Maritime                Beaches of barrier                 Fairly common in winter
                                                                         islands

                                                                                                                                                  C)


Shortnose sturgeon      Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine
                                                                         Rivers


Southern Bald eagle     Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine rivers,                  Common in fall and winter
                                                 Palustrine              impoundments and
                                                 Upland                  associated uplands


West Indian Manatee     Endangered               Marine                  Estuarine rivers                   Uncommon



Wood Stork              Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine Impoundments             Common in spring and summer
                                                 Palustrine              and intertidal flats;
                                                                         Forested/scrub-shrub
                                                                         wetlands



ï¿½-- -- - - -- - --- - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - - -.- -- - . - - - - - - . . .....-.....  ......


















Table 4. Atlantic loggerhead turtle nesting activity within the proposed Ace Basin MERR, 1880-87.
            (Adapted from SCURD, Wongame and Erdangered Species Section; unpublished date)



     Nesting Beach/island                Length of Beach (Mi)                Estimated Active Nests/Season
                                                                               1980-82         1985-87

     Edisto Island*                           11.0                                 403             367

     Pine Island                               1.4                                  25               8

     Otter Island                              2.6                                 310             158                                                     X

     Harbor Island                             1.2                                  55              41

     Hunting Island                            4.2                                 105             139



                              Totals         20.4                                 898             713




*Includes beaches of Eddingsville Beach and Botany Bay Island that are outside the proposed NERR site but within the overall ACE Basin Project area







                                       G-14

organizations as follows: Hunting Island - SCDPRT; Otter and Pine Islands-Chelonia
Institute (a private sector marine turtle conservation organization); and Edisto Island
Edisto Beach Turtle Project (Murphy and Murphy, 1982, S. H. Murphy, pers.
commun.).

   In addition to the Atlantic loggerhead, other marine turtles potentially occurring as
transient individuals within the reserve include the Kemps Ridley and Green Sea
Turtle.

   The ACE Basin, presently supporting 40 percent of South Carolina's nesting
eagles, represents the most important southern bald eagle nesting region in the state.
Seven of the 24 nesting territories within the Basin currently are located in the reserve
and have contributed significantly to restoration of state-wide eagle populations (Table
5). The presence of suitable nest trees and the distance to rivers and impoundments
have been cited as being potentially the most important factors for eagle nest site
selection (Murphy and Coker 1978, Cely and Phillips 1981). Within the reserve, the
interspersion of impoundments and isolated forested islands supporting large pine
trees provide excellent eagle nesting habitat. The isolated nature of the reserve and
the high availability of food in rivers (fish) and impoundments (waterfowl and fish)
enhance successful eagle nesting. Principal avian food remains found in eagle nests
suggest high utilization of common moorhens and occasional use of coots with catfish
being the primary fish species identified (Murphy and Coker 1978). The lack of
industrial pollutants also contribute to eagle productivity (T. M. Murpliy, pers.
commun.).

    Wetlands in the ACE Basin provide a diversity of habitat types important to the
American alligator. Overall, alligator populations within the tri-river system have
exhibited increasing trends (Table 6). In an intensive study of alligator nesting ecology
in coastal South Carolina, Wilkinson (1983) characterized the ACE Basin as one of the
most important nesting regions in the state (Table 7). Marsh impoundments are the
preferred habitat type for nesting. Estuarine impoundments provide abundant and
diverse food resources, a variety of water depths providing optimum foraging habitat
for all age classes of alligators and excellent nesting sites on internal remnant dikes
and berms of functional embankments (Chabreck 1960, Bara 1975, Wilkinson 1983).
Since freshwater or low salinity wetlands (< 12%) are preferred by alligators for
nesting, most of this activity occurs within impoundments of the proposed reserve's
buffer zone.

    In response to extended protective status, South Carolina's alligator populations
have increased significantly and the species currently is officially considered as
"threatened upon similarity of appearance." The alligator's present status allows for
a controlled harvest that SCWMRD initiated in 1988 through exclusive removal of
"nuisance" alligators by authorized controlled agents. This program is designed to
minimize problematic alligator-human interactions typically associated with expanding











Table 5. Southern bald eagle nesting activity within the proposed ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90.
          (SCamd,  ogame and Endangered Species Section, unpublished data).



    YEAR               NO. NEST               PRODUCT I ON
    ï¿½1973                  1                     nknown


    1973                   1                    unknown
    1974                   1                    unknown
    1975                   1                    unknown
    1976                   1                    unknown
    1977                   1                       0
    1978                   1                       0
    1979                  2                         1
    1980                  2                        2
    1981                  3                        5
    1982                  3                        5
    1983                  3                        3
    1984                  4                        5
    1985                  4                        4
    1986                  4                        6
    1987                  4                        6
    1988                  6                        9
    1989                  7                        6
    1990                  7                        6



         TOTALS           55                      58
ï¿½-...--.......------------..--...---........---..--------------------         ï¿½...























Table 6. merican alligator observations and relative desitles in the Asheepoo, Co2ehee and Edisto Rivers, 1978 and 1983
          (Maped from NKapy and Coker 1983).




    River                                         1978                                                      1983
                             miles surveyed    observations    observations/mile      miles surveyed    observations    observation/milE


    Ashepoo                     23.5               32                 1.36                   23.5            49                2.08

    Combehee                    17.5               27                 1.31                   17.5           30                 1.70

    Edisto                      34                 51                 1.5                    27             134               4.96

ï¿½.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



















Iable 7. American alligator nesting densities in three rmrsh types associated with the Ashepoo. Coambhee and South Edisto rivers
                   (adapted from Wilkinson 1983).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------""""""""---------I-----------""""'


                         Imuozdnents   Surveyed               Remanent Inmoundnents Surveyed                    Tidelands   Surveyed



      River        No.Acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest     No.acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest            No.Acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest



    Ashepoc         3,934          24          164          3,837        13            295                  82          0            0


    Conbahee       10,634          57          186          4,178         4          1,045                 N/S          -


    South Edisto    6,574          10          657          3,264         7            466                816           7           117


         Totals    21,142          91          232         11,279        24            470                 898          7           117


ï¿½.. . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .







                                      G-18

urban communities. Bear Island WMA serves as the headquarters for alligator hide
storage and sale for animals removed through this program.

   The wood stork is one of the most spectacular wading birds occurring within the
reserve and represents the only true stork of regular occurrence in the United States.
Wood stork nesting activity was first documented in the ACE Basin in 1981 when 11
pairs nested. Nesting activity has exhibited dramatic annual increases with 536 nests
currently documented in three rookery sites. An estimated minimum of 1,289 storks
were fledged in 1990 (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

   The ecological relationships of productive, shallowly-flooded foraging habitats to
wood stork and other colonial wading bird nesting sites is well established (Kushland
1976, Custer and Osborn 1978, Custer et al. 1980, Kushland 1981). Although not
located within boundaries of the reserve, the three ACE Basin rookeries are located
within proximity and storks are regularly observed feeding in intertidal mud flats and
estuarine impoundments throughout the reserve area. Wood storks, employing tactile
feeding strategies, forage extensively on small fish and other aquatic animals
concentrated in tidal marsh pools and topographic depressions characteristically found
in estuarine impoundments when water levels are lowered for waterfowl habitat
management. In addition to breeding storks, the reserve provides important foraging
habitat for wood storks migrating from more southern breeding grounds in mid to late
summer (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

   Although the peregrine falcon has experienced a dramatic decline within the
Continental United States, the species continues to be regularly reported in South
Carolina during migration and in winter (Gauthreaux et al. 1979). During annual
migration, several hundred peregrines are believed to pass through the reserve with
up to six individuals regularly utilizing the beaches and associated estuarine habitat
throughout the winter. Migrating peregrines are believed to feed extensively on
migratory shore birds and passerines while wintering Falcons feed heavily on red-
winged blackbirds (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

   Little is known concerning the abundance and ecology of the shortnose sturgeon
in the ACE Basin except that the species has been documented to occur in the South
Edisto River and, although not currently confirmed, historically has likely inhabited the
Combahee and Ashepoo Rivers. The marl hole above Givhans Ferry, located outside
the project area, on the South Edisto is believed to be an important spawning area for
the closely-related Atlantic Sturgeon (Sandifer, et al. 1980). The undamed nature
general high water quality of the tri-river system contribute to the Basin's value as
important habitat for sturgeon.

    During the warmer months, the West Indian manatee moves as far north as North
Carolina along the Atlantic Coast and has been documented to occur on an
uncommon but regular basis in summer at locations both north and south of the







                                      G-19

reserve. A cow and calf have been observed for several hours feeding on smooth
cordgrass at the Parris Island Marine Depot immediately south of the project area.
The size of the calf suggests that it was probably born in South Carolina waters.
Other sightings of manatees feeding on smooth cordgrass have been noted in other
estuarine rivers of South Carolina (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers.
commun.). Several species of whales, including the Atlantic right, blue, bowhead,
finback, humpback, sei and sperm, occasionally occur in marine waters off South
Carolina. In 1987, an adult finback whale stranded on the beach of Harbor Island,
located in the extreme southeastern portion of the reserve. This stranding represents
the first documented occurrence of finback whales in coastal waters of South
Carolina. In general, very little is known concerning marine mammal population levels
or movements along the southeastern coast of the United States (Sandifer et al.
1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).


b. Amphibians and Reotiles

   Except for marine turtles that were previously discussed in the endangered species
section, essentially no site-specific information is available for herpetofauna associated
with the maritime ecosystem of the reserve.  The reserve core area is expected to
support a representative diversity of herpetofauna groups including various species of
salamanders, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, and turtles typically occurring on
undeveloped barrier and marsh islands.

   The diamondback terrapin is the only reptile truly characteristic of the estuarine
subtidal region and perhaps is also the most characteristic reptile of irregularly flooded
intertidal estuarine habitats. Terrapins are most abundant in the salt marsh creeks
particularly over shell bottoms and near oyster bars (Sandifer et al. 1980). As
discussed previously, the American alligator also is an extremely important
herpetofauna component of the estuarine ecosystem but prefers low salinity habitats.

    Although there is a general paucity of herpetological research in saline habitats of
the United States, amphibians and reptiles evidently invade intertidal salt and brackish
water areas much more often than has generally been realized (Neill 1958). Within
the reserve, ecotonal communities associated with intertidal emergent marshes,
impoundments and a variety of terrestrial habitats support a diverse assemblage of
herpetofauna (Table 8). Undoubtedly, additional species also occur but at present
have not been verified

c. Mammals

    Mammals in the project area may be classified as two distinct groups, marine
mammals and semi-terrestrial and terrestrial species. Other than the previously
discussed endangered species, four species of marine mammals including two





Table B.    Some amphibians and reptiles occurring within the proposed AE Basin NEER  verified by collection end observations.
           (South Carolina Uildlife and Marine Resources Departnt,  ron-gae and Endangered Species Section  unpubtl. date.)

    Crocodilians                       Snakes

    Amercian alligator                 Banded water snake
                                       Black swamp snake.
                                       Brown snake
    Frogs and Toads                    Copperhead
                                       Corn snake
    Barking treefrog                   Eastern coral snake
     Bullfrog                           Eastern cottonmouth
     Eastern narrowmouth toad           Eastern diamondback
     Eastern spadefoot toad             Eastern garter snake
     Green frog                         Eastern hognose snake
     Green treefrog                     Eastern kingsnake
     Little grass frog                  Eastern ribbon snake.
    Ornate chorus frog                 Mud snake
     Pig frog                           Rainbow snake
     Pine woods treefrog                Rat snake
     Southern chorus frog               Redbelly snake
     Southern cricket frog              Redbelly water snake                                                                      )
     Southern leopard frog              Ringneck snake
     Southern toad                      Rough earth snake
     Spring peeper                      Rough green snake
     Squirrel treefrog                  Scarlet kingsnake
                                        Scarlet snake
                                        Southeastern crown snake
     Lizards                            Southern black racer
                                        Southern hognose snake
     Broadhead skink                    Worn snake
     Five-lined skink
     Green anole
     Ground skink                        Turtles
     Slender glass lizard
     Southeastern five-lined skink      Chicken turtle
     Southern fence lizard              Eastern box turtle
                                        Mud turtle
     Salamanders                        Musk turtle
                                        Snapping turtle
     Eastern newt                       Spiny softshell turtle
     Marbled eslamander                  Yellowbelly slider
     Mole salamander







                                      G-21

dolphins, one whale and one seal have been documented to occur in the vicinity of
the reserve (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although limited information is
available concerning the overall composition of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial
mammalian communities within the reserve, a minimum of 19 species are believed to
occur in the general ACE Basin region (Murdock 1981).

   Of the marine mammals, the Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin is the only resident
species and is the dominant mammal of the estuarine open water system and
nearshore marine habitat. In the estuarine system, the dolphin's feeding niche is
essentially the same as in nearshore waters where they prey on a variety of fishes
with striped mullet and Atlantic menhaden probably constituting the bulk of its diet
(Sandifer et al. 1980). Bottle-nose dolphins are commonly observed in St. Helena
Sound and in the estuarine zone throughout the tri-river system. The common
dolphin, a pelagic species found in temperate and tropical oceans, is documented in
the project area by a stranding on Edisto Island. A female goosebeaked whale
measuring 15 feet, 7 inches in length also is noted to occur through a stranding at
Edisto Island (Golley 1966). The harbor seal is considered to be an uncommon but
regular species occurring along the South Carolina coast both north and south of the
reserve (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). A young harbor seal
has been collected at Hilton Head Island, immediately south of the reserve (Golley
1966, Sanders 1978).

   Other than marine mammals, furbearers represent the mammalian group most
closely associated with estuarine habitats. The river otter is the only furbearer
utilizing both subtidal and intertidal estuarine wetlands. Otters are considered to be
common faunal components of the reserve and often are observed in tidal creeks and
rivers and traveling or crossing dikes of estuarine impoundments. Principal food items
of otters using salt marshes include various species of minnows, striped mullet and
blue crabs (Chabreck et al. 1982). In the reserve the mink is the other semi-aquatic,
carnivorous mammal chiefly associated with estuarine wetlands. Minks remain mostly
in dense cover but feed along shorelines and enter open water only when crossing a
body of water is necessary (Chabreck 1988). In comparison with the river otter, the
diet of the mink is more varied and likely includes marsh birds and rodents along with
fish and crustaceans (Golley 1966; Sandifer et al. 1980). Estuarine wetlands within
the reserve core area, particularly the marshes of Otter, South Hutchinson and Ashe
Islands, are considered to support some of the highest mink populations along the
South Carolina coast. The lack of environmental contaminants in the ACE Basin
estuarine system is believed to contribute to the value of these marshes as important
mink habitat (O. E. Baker, III, pers. commun.).

   The ACE Basin provides important habitat for a number of other furbearer species
including the raccoon, bobcat and gray fox. SCWMRD furbearer census data suggest
that populations of these three species in the ACE Basin contribute significantly to the
statewide, coastal furbearer resource, The raccoon is the most abundant medium







                                      G-22

sized, mammalian omnivore inhabiting tidal wetlands and adjacent upland habitats.
Within the project area, the raccoon successfully exploits a wide-variety of habitats
including: intertidal beaches, dune systems, maritime forests, intertidal flats and
marshes, impoundments and various upland community types. The bobcat represents
the principal large mammalian predator inhabiting maritime forest as well as other
upland habitats and is commonly observed traveling the dikes of estuarine
impoundments. Although food habits of bobcats in coastal areas are poorly known,
bobcats inhabiting coastal islands have been identified as a principal predator on
white-tailed deer fawns (Epstein et al. 1983) and it is likely that marsh rabbits and rice
rats constitute important food items (Sandifer et al. 1980).

   The gray fox, being more typically associated with palustrine wetlands, is most
abundant in inland areas of the ACE Basin but occurs commonly in the reserve buffer
zone.

   Small mammals also represent important faunal components of estuarine and
maritime-influenced habitats and function as both predator and prey species within
coastal ecosystems (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although no known
inventories of small mammal populations have been conducted in the reserve,
reasonable inferences can be drawn from investigations and general observations
made in similar coastal habitats. In an intensive study of mammals of Kiawah Island,
located slightly north of the reserve, Schacher and Pelton (1979) documented the
following species as occurring in various habitat types: dunes - house mouse, cotton
rat, least shrew, rice rat, cotton mouse and wood rat; woodlands - cotton mouse,
least shrew, wood rat, and cotton rat; dikes and chenicks - rice rats, least shrew,
cotton mouse and cotton rat; oond/marsh edoes - cotton rat, least shrew, rice rat and
house mouse. In surveys of small mammals associated with rice field dikes along the
Ashley River at Magnolia Gardens, Forsythe (unpubl. data) found the rice rat to be the
most common species followed by the short-tailed shrew, house mouse, cotton
mouse and cotton rat. Sandifer et al. (1980) also recognized the marsh rice rat as
being among the most highly aquatic coastal rodents and the principal omnivorous
mammal of the saltmarsh community. Dunes and high salt marshes vegetated by salt
meadow cordgrass and associated transitional shrub communities have been noted
as important habitat for the least shrew and cotton rat (Sanders 1978). The eastern
mole has been documented to occur in several estuarine and maritime habitats
including: a bare, tidal, sand flat between two "islands"; sand dunes, sandy soil within
50 feet of the tidal marsh and a sandy path through woods on Edisto Island (Golley
1966). Similar small mammal associations are expected to occur in respective
habitats within the reserve.


    Large to intermediate-sized herbivorous mammals associated with estuarine
wetlands and/or adjacent upland habitats include: white-tailed deer, marsh rabbit,
eastern cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. The white-tailed deer occurs







                                      G-23

in a variety of habitat types within the reserve with its relative abundance ranging
from common on cove area islands to extremely abundant on mainland areas within
the buffer zone. Although typically associated with mainland forest communities, the
white tail, being an excellent swimmer and quite capable of traversing coastal
marshes, often is observed crossing estuarine wetlands to reach marsh and barrier
islands where it utilizes a diversity of habitats including beaches, dune systems and
high salt marsh communities (Johnson et al. 1974, Schacher and Pelton 1979,
Sandifer et al. 1980, Chabreck 1988). A recognized taxonomic subspecies of white
tail, the Hunting Island white-tailed deer, occurs on Hunting Island, within the reserve
buffer zone, and likely inhabits other closely adjoining islands (Taylor 1956). The
marsh rabbit represents the herbivorous mammal most closely associated with
estuarine marshes. The marsh rabbit, an ecologically dominant mammal of the high
marsh zone, is, along with certain small mammals, an important link in food chains of
predacious mammals, a variety of raptorial birds and some reptiles (Sandifer et al.
1980). Although cottontail rabbits are found on barrier islands and mainland areas
adjacent to estuarine wetlands, they typically are more abundant on inland areas
dominated by old field and agricultural habitats (Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton
1979). Therefore, cottontails are considered to be less significant components of the
reserve's mammalian community. Gray and fox squirrels occur in various forest types
within the reserve buffer zone. The gray squirrel is the most abundant of the two
species and occurs in pine-mixed hardwood and hardwood communities; whereas, the
fox squirrel is most often observed in open pine forests. Other than the raccoon, the
opossum represents the most abundant medium-sized, omnivorous, forest mammal
associated with the reserve. Although most typically associated with woodlands and
palustrine forested wetlands, opossums occur in a variety of habitat types including
dune areas (Golley 1966, Schacher and Pelton 1979).

   Flying squirrels, together with several species of bats, represent a group of
specialized arboreal mammals occurring in the project area. The flying squirrel is
primarily a resident of hardwood forests where it utilizes tree cavities as den sites.
Although bat populations are little studied in the reserve area, species accounts
providing geographic distribution and habitat requirements suggest that at least five
species (including the red bat, seminole bat, evening bat, eastern pipistrelle and
Brazilian free-tailed bat) likely occur within the reserve. These bats are generally
insectivorous and roost in trees or beneath tree bark except for the seminole bat that
roosts in clumps of spanish moss (Golley 1966, Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton
1979).

D. Birds

   As a taxonomic group, birds are perhaps the most studied and highly recognized
class of vertebrates found in the ACE Basin NERR. The basin's complex system of
diverse wetland types together with associated upland communities provide habitat
for over 260 bird species (Murdock 1981).  This large avian community includes







                                      G-24

permanent residents, spring and winter residents and transients that reflect the
biological richness of the region through a broad array of trophic relationships.

   Birds of the coastal marine ecosystem are primarily piscivorous or benthic feeders
but also include omnivorous species and scavengers (Johnson et al. 1974, Sandifer
et al. 1980). Dominant piscivorous and scavenger species include the brown pelican,
double crested cormorant and five species of gulls and terns. Three species of
waterfowl (lesser scaup, surf scoter and black scoter) inhabiting coastal marine waters
in winter are benthivores feeding on mollusks crustaceans and worms. Other than the
gulls and terns utilizing adjacent coastal waters, the dominant birds of intertidal
beaches are shore birds feeding on macrobenthic organisms. The black skimmer
employs a specialized feeding behavior by taking fish while skimming the surface of
shallow waters. Most of the principal birds of intertidal beaches are permanent
residents except for the knot and the least tern which are winter and spring residents,
respectively (Table 9).

   Within the maritime ecosystem, the royal tern, laughing gull, brown pelican,
tricolored heron and snowy egret are the dominant birds of bird key and bank habitats
(Table 10). Although bird keys and banks provide important loafing and perching sites
for coastal water birds, perhaps their greatest ecological value is providing nesting
sites for breeding marine birds. Egg bank, located within the Beaufort County portion
of St. Helena Sound, is a relatively large sand bank that historically has served as an
important rookery for brown pelicans, black skimmers and royal terns (Wilkinson
1981). Although pelican nesting habitat on Egg Bank recently has been lost due to
severe erosion from coastal storms, Egg Bank continues to function as a productive
rookery for black skimmers and royal terns. As bird key and banks are a highly
dynamic component of the maritime ecosystem, their annual stability as productive
rookery sites is expected to vary in accordance with site-specific erosion and accretion
processes.

    Other important shore bird rookery sites located within the maritime ecosystem
of the ACE Basin NERRS include several least tern colonies associated with beaches
on Edisto Island (Table 10). As South Carolina least tern populations currently are
classified as threatened on the state level, the SCWMRD closely monitors the Edisto
Island least tern colonies.

   As the three remaining subsystems of the maritime ecosystem (dune, transitional
shrub and maritime forest) are contiguous and grade into one another, considerable
overlap of species exist among associated avian communities (Table 10). Due to
harsh environmental factors and comparative lower vegetative diversity, species
richness is considerably lower in dune (11 dominant species) and transitional shrub
(9 dominant species) habitats as compared to the maritime forest (38 dominant
species).








          Table  9.      Dominant birds of the coastal marine ecosyste  occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR.
                         (Compiled from Sprunt and Chmaberlain 1949, 1970; Arduben Field Notes 1967-1970, Chaiberlain
                         1966, American Birds 1971-1977, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980).

                         Marine Subtidal Waters                                             Intertial Beaches


               Brown Pelican                  C    PR                              Brown Pelican            C    PR

               Double Crested Cormorant       C    PR                              Black-bellied plover    C    PR

               Herring gull                   C    PR                              Willet                   C    PR

               Ring-billed gull               C    PR                              Knot                     FC  WR

               Laughing gull                  C    PR                              Least sandpiper          C    PR

               Royal tern                     C    PR                              Dunlin                   C    PR

               Forsters tern                 C    PR                               Semipalmated sandpiper  C    PR

               Lesser scaup                   C    WR                              Western sandpiper        C    PR                                                 Ln

               Surf scoter                    C    WR                              Sanderling               C    PR

               Black scoter                   C    WR                              Herring gull             C    PR

                                                                                  Ring-billed gull        C    PR

                                                                                  Laughing gull           C    PR

                                                                                 Least tern               C    SR

                                                                                  Royal tern              C    SR

                                                                                  Black skimmer           C    PR



C - comnon, seen in good numbers
FC - fairly common, moderate numbers
PR - permanent resident, present year around
UR - winter resident
SR - summer resident








Table 10. Dominant birds of the maritime ecosystem occurring in the proposed AZE Basin HERR (compiled fro Sprunt and Cheaberlain 1949, 1970, Burleigh 1958,
           AuidbA   Field Motes 1967-1970, Chaberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shanholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1971 in Sandifer et at. 1980).



   Bird Keys and Banks        Dune SubsYstem                       Transition Shrub System                                 Maritime Forest Subsvstem

Royal Tern          C    PR   Sparrow hawk              C    PR   Ground dove               C    PR   Red-tailed hawk             C   PR   Northern parula          C    SR
Laughing gull       C    PR   Least tern                C    SR   Eastern kingbird          C    SR   Red-shouldered hawk         C   PR   Yellow-rumped worbler    C    WR
Brown pelican       C    PR   Mourning dove             C    PR   Tree Swallow              C    UR   Mourning dove               C   PR   Pine Warbler             C    PR
Louisiana heron     C    PR   Ground dove              FC    PR   Mocking bird              C    PR   Yellow-billed cuckoo        C   SR   Yellow throat            C    PR
Snowy Egret         C    PR   Night hawk                C    SR   Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR   Great horned owl            FC   PR   American redstart        C    T
                              Tree Swallow             C    WR   Yellow throat             C    PR   Chuck-will's widow          C   SR   Red winged blackbird      C    PR
                              Fish crow                C    PR   Yellow-breasted chat      C    SR   Chimney swift               C   SR   Boat-tailed grackle      C    PR
                              Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR   Red-winged blackbird      C    PR   Ruby-throated hummingbird C   PR   Common grackle              C    PR
                              Red-winged blackbird     C    PR   Painted bunting           C    SR   Cammon flicker              C   PR   Cardinal                  C    PR
                              Boat-tailed grackle      C    PR                                        Pileated woodpecker       FC   PR   Painted bunting           C    SR
                              Savannah sparrow         C    WR                                        Red-bellied woodpecker    C   PR   Rufous-sided towhee        C    PR      G
                                                                                                     Downy wood pecker          C   PR White-throated sparrow   C   UR
                                                                                                     Great crested flycatcher  C   SR   Song sparrow              C    UR        )
                                                                                                     Eastern phoebe            C   UR   Swamp sparrow
                                                                                                     Tree swallow              C   UR
                                                                                                     Common crow               C   PR
                                                                                                     Fish crow                 C   PR
                                                                                                     Carolina chickadee        C   PR
                                                                                                     Carolina wren             C   PR
                                                                                                     Catbird                   C   PR
                                                                                                     Robin                      C   PR
                                                                                                     Blue-gray gnatcatcher     C   PR
                                                                                                     Ruby-crowned kinglet       C   WR
                                                                                                     White-eyed vireo           C   PR

C - Comnon, seen in good numbers
FC - Fairly comnon, moderate nutbers
PR - Permanent resident, present year around
UR - Winter resident
SR - Surmer resident
T - Transient resident






                                      G-27

   Birds characteristically inhabiting the dunes are principally grainivores (doves,
blackbirds, sparrow) and insectivores (swallows, warblers, night hawks). The fruits
of shrubs and vines such as wax myrtle, red cedar yaupon, greenbrier and Virginia
creeper are important foods for many birds of the transitional shrub zone including the
tree swallow, mocking bird, yellow-rumped warbler and yellow-breasted chat. The
maritime forest offers a variety of vertical zones or niches for birds.

   The live oak forests draped with festoons of Spanish moss are particularly
important in providing nesting and feeding habitat for large numbers of songbirds and
woodpeckers. Although dominated by insectivorous species, trophic levels range from
the diminutive, nectar feeding ruby-throated hummingbird to large avian predators
such as the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl. Overall seasonal variation in the
number of bird species using the maritime ecosystem is dominated by permanent
residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented (Johnson
et al 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980).

   Birds of the estuarine subtidal system are principally scavengers, piscivores,
benthivores and occasional insectivores. Dominant scavengers include the herring
gull, ring-billed gull and laughing gull. The laughing and ring billed gulls also
occasionally employ insectivorous feeding strategies. The brown pelican, double
crested cormorant, red breasted merganser, royal tern and forster's tern are the
dominant piscivores. The gulls, terns, brown pelican and cormorant are considered
to be the most characteristic birds of the open water estuarine system and are
observed throughout the year resting and feeding in open waters of St. Helena Sound
and the associated tri-river drainage basin (Sandifer et al. 1980). The red-breasted
merganser is a common winter resident most often associated with the extensive
saltmarsh river and creek system. During winter, large concentrations of sea and
diving ducks principally lesser scaup and black scoter often are observed in St. Helena
Sound resting and feeding on benthic organisms (Table 11).

   Estuarine emergent marshes provide a unique habitat for birds, and significant
ecological relationships exist between large numbers of birds and the marsh
vegetation. The vegetation itself serves as a base for feeding, reproduction and
roosting activities for birds. Emergent marsh vegetation is used as roosting and
resting sites for red-winged black birds, swallows and wrens. Shorebirds use wracks
of dead smooth cordgrass as resting sites. Most plant-based roosting occurs in the
medium to tall smooth cordgrass zone, where the grass presumably is better able to
support the bird weight. Emergent marshes serve as important nesting areas for the
long-billed marsh wren and red-winged blackbird. The clapper rail is one of the most
dominant and perhaps the most characteristic bird of estuarine emergent marshes.
It is a permanent resident that feeds, roosts, nests and raises its young within the
regularly flooded salt marsh. Examples of the eight trophic levels occupied by
estuarine emergent bird species are as follows: raotors - northern harrier;









Table 11. Dominant birds of the estuarine ecosystem occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chmberlain 1949,
           iudubon Field Notes 1967-1970, Chamberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shahdoltzer 1974, Forsythe 197B in Sandifer et al. 1960).
--_--........ ........... . ............-........... . ........... ..................... ............. ......... .. .. ......................................... . .. ....
SUBTIDAL SYSTEM                                                   INTERTIOAL EMERGENT SUBSYSTEM                                INTERTIDAL FLATS SUBSYSTEM

Brown Pelican                 C    PR       Great blue heron         C     PR       Least tern                C   SR        Great blue heron          C  PR
Double-crested cormorant      C    PR        Little blue heron       C     PR        BLack skimmer            C   PR        Little blue heron         C   PR
Lesser scaup                  C   UR        Tricolored heron         C     PR       Belted kingfisher         C   PR        Tricolored heron          C  PR
Surf scoter                  C   UR         Great egret              C     PR       Tree swallow             C   UR         Great egret               C  PR
Black scoter                  C   WR        Snowy egret              C     PR       Barn swallow             C   PR         Snowy egret               C  PR
Red-breasted merganser       C   WR         White ibis               C     PR       Fish crow                C   PR         American oyster catcher  C  PR
Herring gull                 C    PR        Northern harrier         C     PR       Long-billed marsh wren  C   PR          Semipalmated plover       C  PR
Ring-billed gull             C    PR        American kestrel         C     PR       Red-winged blackbird    C   PR          Black-bellied plover      C  PR
Laughing gull                C    PR        Clapper rail             C     PR       Boat-tailted grackle     C   PR         Ruddy turnstone           C  PR            G)
Forsters tern                C    PR        Spotted sandpiper        C     PR       Sharptailed sparrow      C   WR         Willet                    C  PR            13
Royal tern                   C    PR        Herring gull             C     PR       Seaside sparrow           C   PR        Least sandpiper           C   PR
                                            Ringbilled gull         C     PR        Lesser scaup             C   UR        Duntin                    C  PR
                                            Laughing gull           C     PR                                               Dowitcher                 C  PR
                                            Forster tern            C     PR                                               Semipalmated sandpiper    C  PR
                                                                                                                           Western sandpiper        C  PR
                                                                                                                           Herring gull             C  PR
                                                                                                                           Ring-billed gull         C  PR
                                                                                                                           Laughing gull            C  PR
                                                                                                                           Forsters tern            C   PR
                                                                                                                           Least tern               C  SR
                                                                                                                           Royal tern               C  PR
                                                                                                                           Black skimmer            C  PR
                                                                                                                           Boat-tailed grackle      C  PR



C - Common, seen in good numbers
PR - Permanent resident, present year around
WR - Winter resident
SR - Sumner resident






                                      G-29

piscivores - great blue heron; scavengers - fish crow; insectivores - long-billed marsh
wren; aquatic herbivores - lesser scaup; macrobenthivores - white ibis;
microbenthivores - spotted sandpiper; and omnivores - boat-tailed grackle (Johnson
et al. 1974, Shanholtzer 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980). Most of the dominant birds of
the emergent marshes are common residents throughout the year. However, the
Least tern is a common summer resident and the tree swallow, sharp-tailed sparrow
and lesser scaup are common during winter (Table 11).

   At least 12 colonial wading bird rookeries occur in close proximity to estuarine
emergent wetlands within the ACE Basin NERR (Table 12). Most of these sites are
directly associated with isolated freshwater or low-salinity wetlands that function to
provide energetically efficient foraging habitats. Although extensive foraging habitat
is typically available in the nearby salt marshes, these isolated wetlands provide the
required high concentration of readily available small fish essential in meeting the
nutritional requirements of both adult and young colonial wading birds. Accordingly,
individual nesting colony productivity may vary annually in response to available water
conditions as influenced by local rainfall (T. M. Murphy, person.commun.).

    Intertidal flats represent a highly dynamic and productive habitat for estuarine-
dependent birds. Flats support a diverse biotic community, which in turn support a
large and diverse avian population. Of the 23 dominant species all but the least tern
are permanent residents (Table 1.1). Most of the characteristic species using intertidal
flats are either wading birds or true shore birds. Five species of egrets and herons
make extensive use of intertidal flats when feeding on penaeid shrimp, fiddler crabs
and small fish. The rich meiofaunal and macrofaunal benthic communities provide
important food sources for large numbers of resident and migrating shorebirds. A
variety of gulls and terns that feed primarily in adjacent habitats use flats as resting
sites. Although generally not considered aquatic, the boat-tailed grackle forages on
invertebrates and small fishes associated with intertidal flats (Sandifer et al. 1980).

    Estuarine impoundments are among the most dramatic and active ecological units
for birds.  Some 69 species of wetland dependent birds are associated with
impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR (Table 13). Additionally, the impoundment dike
systems provide an extensive complex of terrestrial habitats that function as
productive ecotonal communities for birds. Over 140 species of birds,
many of which are passerine or generally considered as non-wetland dependent, have
been found using the dikes of estuarine impoundments (Bettinger and Hamilton 1985).

    Waterbirds associated with estuarine impoundments may ecologically be classified
into 7 groups: waterfowl, wading birds, aerial divers, surface divers, shorebirds, rails
and raptors (Epstein 1989). Most impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR are
specifically managed to provide wintering habitat for waterfowl and are characterized
by a dominance of plants providing food and cover for migratory ducks; waterfowl are
probably the dominant group numerically.



















Table 12.     Documented Colonial wading bird nesting activity in the proposed ACE Basin YERR, 1978-1990
                (S.C. Uildtife and Marine Resources Department, lpubtl. data).

                                                                   Yearlv nmber of nests
Species                    1978        1979       1980       1981       1982        1983       1984      1985        1986     '1987       1988      1989      1990      TOTAL



Great blue heron             30          22          0         55         12          52         41        25         34         28         29        60        72       460

Great egret                   0           0          0          0          0           0         47        63           5        14         63        25       112       329

Snowy egret                   0           0          0          0          0          0          23        20           0        20          8       370       110       551    C)
                                                                                                                                                                                CA
Anhinga                             0          0                0          0           0          6         0           0         0          0         0         0         6    0

tittle Slue heron              0          0          0          0           0          0          0          0          0         0          0        24         0         24

Green-backed heron            0           0          0          0          0          0           2         0           0         0          0        43         0        45

Tricotored heron              0           0          0                0         0                 0         0           0         0          0        42        25        67

Black-crowned night-heron     0           0          0          0          0           0          0         0           O         0         16         6         0        22




*Initial year of comprehensive annual colonial wading bird surveys.














Table 13. Birds of estuarine intertidal impmxuzxets in the ACE Basin CSprumt and Chambrlain 1949, 1970, Buirteigh 1958, Audubon Field Notes 196-7-1970,
             Chamerlain 1968, American Birds 1971, Slwnholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1975 In Sendifer et at. 1960; SCUMS wp~bt. records).





Black-betlled plover                 C         PR         Great egret                     C      PR            Conmmon moorhen                C       PR
Semipalmated plover                  C         PR         Snowty egret                    C      PR            American Coat                  C   UJR
Spotted sancpiper                    C         PR         White ibis                      C      PR            Mallard                        C       WR
Semiplamated sandpiper               C         PR ;    Glossy Ibis                        FC     PR      Stock duack                          C      WRM
Least snadpiper -C                             PR         Wood stork                      FC     PR           Mottled dick                    C       PR
Duntin                               C         PR         Herring gull                    C      PR            Pintait                        C       WR
Lesser yettowtegs                    FC        WR         Ring-bitted qull                C      PR            Gadwall                        C       UR
Greater yettowlegs                  C          PR         Laughing gull                   C      PR           American wigeon                 C       UR
Dowitcher                            C         PR         Batted kingfisher               FC  ~PR              shoveler                       C       UR
Black-necked stilt                   Fe        SR         Forsters tern                   C      PR            Blue-winged teat               C       WR
Wittet                               C         PR        rGull-billed tern                FC     SR            Wood duck                      FC      PR
American avocet                      U         IJR        Brown pelican                   C      PR            Green-winged teal              C   UR
Great blue heron                    C          PR         Black skimmer                   FC     PR             Canvasback                    U       WR
Tricolored heron                    C          PR         Doutle-crested cormorant        C      PR            Redhead                        FC      WR                 ,
Little blue heron                   C          PR         Anhinga                         C      PR            Bufflehead                     FC      WR
Green-backed heron                   Fe        PR         Pled-bitted grebe               C      PR            Ruddy duck                     C       UR
Black-crowned night heron            C         PR         Horned grebe                    U      WR            Hooded merganser               C       WR
Black-crowned night heron            C         PR    s     aid eagle                      FC     WR            Red breasted merganser         U       IJR
Yellow-crowned night heron           FC        PR         Osprey                          FC     PR            Canada goose                   U       WR
Least bittern                        FC        SR         Virginia rail                   FC     UR            Snow goose                     U      UR
American bittern                     FC        WR         King raill                      FC     WR            Tundra Swan                    U       WR
                                                         Black rail                     U
                                                         Sora                           FC      WR






C - Common, seen in good numbiers
FC - Fairly cotmmon, moderate nurber
PR - Permanent resident, present year around
WR - winter resident
SR - Sumner resident
T - Transient resident






                                     G-32

   Dabbling ducks represent the principal group of waterfowl using the impound-
ments and are generally characterized as seed eating herbivores (i.e. mallard,
northern pintail, green-winged teal) and grazing herbivores (i.e. American widgeon,
gadwall). Wading birds are perhaps the second most abundant group and forage
intensively in shallow water areas associated with high marsh zones within
impoundment complexes. Impoundments also receive intensive use by wading birds,
particularly great egrets, snowy egrets and white ibis when the availability of prey
organisms (small fish and invertebrates) is enhanced during the drawdown phase of
management. Estuarine impoundments are considered to be important foraging
habitats for numerous nesting colonies of wading birds both within the reserve site
and in the overall ACE Basin region (T. M. Murphy, person. commun.). A wide variety
of aerial divers (gulls, terns, brown pelicans, black skimmers, belted kingfishers) and
surface divers (pied-billed grebe, anhinga, double-crested cormorant) rest on the
water's surface and feed on fish in the impoundments. When mud flats are exposed
during spring drawdown, shore birds particularly sandpipers, plovers, dunlins and
dowitchers forage intensively on benthic invertebrates. A -distinctive shorebird, the
black-necked stilt appears to be increasing in abundance and has been observed to
successfully nest on impoundment berms in stranded emergent debris. The American
coot, common winter resident, and the common moorhen, that breeds in abundance
as well as winters in estuarine impoundments, feed extensively on submerged
aquatics and represent the dominant species of the rail group. The black rail,
generally considered to be rare and poorly understood, has been sighted in association
with impoundment habitat on Bear Island WMA (D. Forsyth, person. commun.). Other
than the bald eagle previously discussed, the osprey which commonly forages the
impoundments, is the only other raptor directly associated with estuarine
impoundments.

   Upland habitat within the reserve is classified as including three general
community types (old field, pine forest and pine-mixed hardwood forest) each having
characteristic densities of birds. Old field habitats characterized by high interspersion
of vegetative types, support rich concentrations of bird life including raptors (red tailed
hawk) insectivores (cardinal, wren) omnivores (eastern bobwhite), and granivores
(savannah sparrow). Characterized by relatively low habitat diversity, the upland pine
forest supports only 13 species of dominant birds compared to the old field and pine-
mixed hardwood communities that support 25 and 33 dominant species, respectively.

   The pine-mixed hardwood forest community, involving significant vegetation
structure with diverse understory and subcanopy characteristics, represents an
important bird habitat.  Avifauna trophic relationships of pine-mixed hardwood
habitats are complex and involve seven consuming groups represented as follows:
raptors (screech owl), insectivores (pileated woodpecker), omnivores (robin),
scavengers (black vulture), vegetarian (cedar waxwing), granivores (mourning dove),
and nectivores (ruby-throated hummingbird) (Sandifer et al. 1980). Overall seasonal






                                      G-33

balance among dominant birds in upland habitats involves a preponderance of
permanent residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented
(Table 14).

e. Fishes

   (1)   Marine and Estuarine

   The ACE Basin NERR provides a diversity of habitat types for a variety of fishes.
The majority of fishes found in the area are of two general categories: 1) resident
species which spend their entire lives in nearshore or estuarine environments (e.g.,
killifishes, silversides, and bay anchovy), and 2) seasonal migrants which utilize the
area during only a part of their life cycle (e.g., mullets, menhaden, and many
sciaenids). The first group of fishes is restricted to nearshore and estuarine waters,
while the latter (which is the predominant group in terms of numbers of species and
individuals) generally spawns offshore, moving into the estuary as larvae or
postlarvae.

   The reserve provides valuable habitat, nursery areas rich in food and refuge from
predators. Vast numbers of young-of-the-year, motile species are found in the
estuarine zone, moving seaward in response to physiological and environmental
changes, especially during the summer and fall. Like penaeid shrimp, such fishes are
"migrating subsystems" (Odum et al. 1974) linking the marine and estuarine
environments. The major types of habitat supporting marine and estuarine fishes
within the reserve are: subtidal marine waters; intertidal marine surf zone; subtidal
estuarine waters (tidal rivers, channels, creeks); intertidal estuarine bottoms including
flats, marshes, and oyster reefs; and salt or brackish water impoundments. Most
common marine fish species are not confined to one habitat type and may occur in
several habitats on a seasonal basis or at different stages in their life cycles (Bearden
1990).

   Those species which have adapted to the rigors of highly variable salinities,
temperatures, and habitat types are generally the most successful in the ACE Basin.
Some euryhaline species, such as several sciaenids, menhaden, mullet, and others are
found up-river in fresh water at times, especially as juveniles. Although no all-
inclusive list of fish species occurring in the reserve marine waters is given here, Table
15 presents the characteristic habitats of some of the more common species.

    Fishes of subtidal estuarine habitats (sounds, tidal rivers, and large creeks) have
been investigated more intensively than those of any other environment within the
ACE Basin. Bears Bluff Labs conducted trawl sampling in the ACE Basin area at
regularly monthly stations from 1953-1964 (Bears Bluff Labs, 1964). Shealy (1974,
1975) and Shealy et. al. (1974, 1975) reported on bottom trawl investigations in
estuaries of South Carolina. Key sampling locations were in the ACE Basin region.







Table  14: Dominant birds of the upland ecosysten occurring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chamberlain 1949, 1970,
            Burteigh 1958, AuhdAn Field Notes 1967-1971), Chanberlain 1968. American Birds 1971-1977, Shwehottzer 1974, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980).

     old Field Communities                    Pine Forest Communities                                      Pine-Marsh Hardwood Forest Communities

Red-tailed hawk          C    PR         Eastern bobwhite               C    PR        Black vulture                  C     PR   Blue-gray gnatcatcher          C    PR
American kestrel         C    PR         Screech owl                    C    PR        Mourning dove                  C     PR   Ruby-crowned kinglet           C    UR
Eastern bobwhite         C    PR         Red-bellied woodpecker         C    PR        Screech owl                    C     PR  White-eyed vireo                C    PR
Eastern kingbird         C    SR         Eastern wood pewee             C    SR        Chuck-wills widow              C     SR   Red-eyed vireo                 C    SR
Tree swallow             C    WR         Southern crested flycatcher   C    SR         Ruby-throated hummingbird      C     SR   Northern warbler               C    SR
Barn swallow             C    PR         Canmon crow                    C    PR        Comnon Flicker                 C     PR   Yellow-rumped warbler          C    WR
Common crow              C    PR         Carolina chickadee             C    PR        Pileated woodpecker           FC     PR   Yellow-throated warbler        C    PR
House wren               C    WR         Brown-headed nuthatch          C    PR        Red-bellied woodpecker         C     PR   Hooded warbler                 C     T
Carolina wren            C    PR         Eastern bluebird               C    PR        Downy woodpecker               C     PR   American redstart              C    PR
Mockingbird              C    PR         Yellow-throated warbler        C    PR        Great crested flycatcher       C     SR   Cardinal                       C    PR
Loggerhead shrike        C    PR         Pine warbler                   C    PR        Blue Jay                       C     PR   Rufous-sided towhee            C    PR
Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR         Summer tanger                  C    SR        Common crow                    C     PR   Dark-eyed Junco                C    WR
Prairie warbler          C    PR         Bachman's sparrow             FC    PR        Carolina chicadee              C     PR   White-throated sparrow         C    lR           C)
Yellowthroat             C    PR                                                       Tufted titmouse                C     PR   Song sparrow                   C    IJR          C
Yellow-breasted chat     C    SR                                                       House wren                     C     WR
Eastern meadowlark       C    PR                                                       Carolina wren                  C     PR
Red-winged  blackbird    C    PR                                                       Catbird                        C     PR
Cardinal                 C    PR                                                       Robin                          C     WR
Painted bunting          C    SR                                                       Hermit thrush                  C     UR
Rufous-sided towhee      C    PR
Savannah Sparrow         C    WR
Dark-eyed junco          C    UR
Chipping sparrow         C    PR
White-throated sparrow   C    UR
Song sparrow             C    WR




C - Comnon, seen in good numbers
FC - Fairly common, moderate numbers
PR - Permanent resident, present year around
WR - Winter resident
SR - Sunmer resident
T - Transient resident









Table 15. Characteristic habitats of some of the more important marine ad estuarine f ishes occurring In the ACE
            Basin Reserve. -Rare, 'tkncwan, **Connmn **Abundnt



                                                                     HABITAT TYPE



     SPECIES             SUBTIDAL MARINE      SURF ZONE      SUBTIDAL ESTUARINE        INTERTIDAL ESTUARINE      IMPOUNDMENTS


Carcharhinus spp.                                   ***
Srphyrna spp.                  *                                    **
Spiny dogfish                 ****
Clearnose skate               * 
Atlantic stingray                                  **                                              *
Atlantic sturgeon              *-* 
Longnose gar*                                                                                      *
Ladyfish**                                                                                         *
American eel                  *                                     a**
Atlantic menhiaden            ******
Dorosoma spp.                  *-aa* 
Atlantic thread herring        ******
Alosa spp.-                                                        *                                
Carp--
Bay anchovy                                        *******
Mummi chog                                         **                                              *
Striped killiffish            ***** 
Sailfin Molly                  --**
Sheepshead minnowi*****
Mosqji tof ish                                                                                    *
White catfish                                                        **
Sea catfish                    ****
oyster toadflsh                *                                    **
Urorpiycis spp.                **
Menidia spp.                  ***aaa*
Morone spp.                                                         **a
Bluefish                      *                                     *a
Spanish mackerel**                                                                                *
Atlantic buiper                *****
Trachinotus; spp.             *                     a                                               
Caranx spp.                   *                     a*                                              
Eucinostomlus spp.***                                                                                                  *
Pigfish                        ****







Table 15. Conrcluded



Pinfish                        **                                   **                             **        *
Silver perch                   **                   *              **                              *                   **
Sheepshead                     **                   *              ***                            ***                  **
Weakfish                       *                    *              **                              ***                 **
Banded drum                    ***                                 ***                            *                    **
Spot                           **                   *              **                             *
southern kingfish              ***                                   *                            **
Gulf kingfish                  **                   **             *
Atlantic croaker               ***                  *               ***                            *                   *
Black drum                     *                    **             **                              **                  **
Star drum                      ***                  *              ***                            *
Red drum                       **                   **             **                             **                   **
ugi spp.                       **                   ***            ***                             ***                  ***
Southern strargazer            *                    *              **                             *
Hypsoblennius spp.             *                                   **                             *
Gobionellus spp.               *_                                  **                              **                  *
Gobiosoma spp.                 *                                   **                              **                  *
Atlantic cutlassfish           ***                                 **
Peprilus spp.                  **                   *              **
Prionotus spp.                 ***                  *              **                             *
Windowpane                     **                                  **
Citharichthys spp.             ***                                 ***                            *                    *
Fringed flounder              ***                  *               ***                            *                    *
Paralichthvs spp.              **                   *              ***                             ***                 **
Hogchoker                      ***                  *              ***                            *                    *
Blackcheek tonguefish          ***                  *              ***                            *                    *
Planehead filefish             **  *                               **
Northern puffer               **                   *               **                             *
Striped burrfish              **                   *               **                             **                   *






Table 16. Trqphic levels of sawe of the moure inportant marine and estuarine fishes occuring within the AME Basin Region.


                                  ORGANIC       VASCULAR                                                        BENTHIC
    SPECIES                       DETRITIJE      PLANTS         ALGAE     PHYTOPLANKTON       ZOOPLANKTON    INVERTEBRATES       INSECTS        FISH


I.  Herbivores (predominately)

    Striped mullet                     x           -x                          x                   -x--
    AtLantic menhaden                  x           -x                          x                   x---
     Sheepshead minnow                  x           x              x            -                                                    x
     Salifinnmolly                      x           -x                          -x                                                   x




    Atlantic sturgeon                              x              x                                               x                 x            x
    Carp                               -x                         x            -                                  x                 x            x
    Dorosoma app.                      x           ---x                                                           x--
    Wjhite catfish                     x           x              --x                                             x                 x            x

III. Primary Carnivores                                                                                                                                        q

    Bay anchovy                        -           -              -                                x---
    Atlantic si1,verside               -           --                          -                   x
    NOsqutof ish                       -           -              -            -                   --x-


IV. Rid Carnivores

    Atlantic stingray                  -           -              -            -                   -                                -
    American eel                       -           -                    -                -                        x                 x           x
    Sea catfish                        -           -              -            -                   -x                               -x
    oyster toadflsh                    -----x                                                                                                   x
    Drophycls spp                      x                                -                          x              x-                            x
    M~uunlchog                         x           -x                          -                   x              x                 x           x
    Striped kiltiffsh                  -           -              -            -                   x              x                 -           x
    Atlantic bumper                    -           -              --                               x                                -           x
    Trachinotus spp;                   -                  -          -         .                                                    -      
    Peprilus spp.                      --                         -            -                   x              x                 -           x
    Pinfish                            -                                                                            x  x            -           x
    Silver perch                       -           -              -            -                   x              x                  -x
    Banded drumn                             -                    -            -                   x              x                 -           x
    Southern kingfish                  -           -              -                                X              X                 -           X
    Spot                               -           -              -            -x                                 x                 -x











Table 16. ConcLuded



                                  ORGANIC       VASCULAR                                                         BENTHI C
     SPECIES                       DETRITUE       PLANTS          ALGAE     PHYTOPLANKTON       ZOOPLANKTON    INVERTEBRATES        INSECTS        FISH


     Atlantic croaker                   -            -              --                               x               x                 -x
     Star Drum                                      -       -                    -                   x               x                 -           x
     Goblonellus spp.                   -            -              --                               x               x                 -           x


     Hypsoblennius; spp.                -           -               -            -                   x               x                 -           x
     Prionotus app.                     -            -              -            -                   x               x                 -           x
     Bay whiff                          --                          -            -                   X               x                 -X
     Fringed flounder                   -           -                            -                   x              x                  - 
     Hogchoker                          -           -               -            -                    -x                               - 
     Blackcheek tonguefish              -            -              -            -                    -X                               --



V.   Top Carnivores

     Carcharhinus spp.                  -           -               -            -                    -X                               -           IC
     Longnose gar                       -                           -                      -                         x                 -           x
    Atlantic needtefish                -            -              -                      -                         x                 -           x
    Striped bass                       -            -              -            -                    -x                               -           x
    White perch                        -            -              -            -                                  x-             x 
    Ladyfish                           -            -                     -               -                        x                             x
    Bluefish                           -           -               -            -                                   x                 -           x
     Spanish mackerel                         -             -             -                -                       x                              x
     Cynosclon app.                                          -               -                                     x                              x
     Red drum                                               -             -                -                       x-                             x
     Paralichthys spp.                                      -             -                                           - x 





a. Larval and Juvenile stages may function as mid carnivores.






                                     G-37

Some of these same sampling stations are currently being used by SCWMRD (David
Whitaker, per. comm.).

   Table 16 presents a summary of trophic levels of the more important species
occurring in the ACE Basin. Of the more common fish species found within the
estuary, the predominant herbivores are mullets and menhaden. The predominant
primary carnivores within this habitat is the bay anchovy, which feeds largely on
copepods and other zooplankters (Odum 1970a). Most of the common young-of-the-
year fishes found within the estuarine habitat (including star drum, Atlantic croaker,
spot, silver perch, juvenile weakfish, flounders, hogchokers, blackcheek tonguefish,
white catfish and spotted hake) are opportunistic mid carnivores, feeding on a wide
variety of planktonic and benthic organisms (Table 16). Top carnivores in estuarine
waters include various species of sharks such as carcharinids and hammerheads
(Bearden 1965, Hicks 1972), as well as longnose gar, Atlantic needlefish, striped
bass, white perch, bluefish, ladyfish, Spanish mackerel, weakfish, seatrout, red drum,
and flounders. The young of many of these species may function as mid carnivores
or even primary carnivores as postlarvae and early juveniles. These species feed
largely on smaller fishes including the herbivores, primary carnivores, and mid
carnivores mentioned above, as well as on penaeid shrimp, grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes spp.), crabs, squid, mollusks, and other motile and sessile invertebrates
(Tabb 1966, Mahood 1974).

(2) Freshwater

   Freshwater fish studies conducted in the lower ACE Basin have dealt primarily
with anadromous species (Wade 1971, Curtis 1970, White 1969, 1970). However,
limited census work (Curtis 1970, Allen 1990) and fish surveys (Anderson 1964,
Bayless 1968) have been conducted in the upper riverine areas.

   The tri-river system is important to six species of anadromous fishes (American
shad, hickory shad, blueback herring, striped bass, Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose
sturgeon) and one catadromous species (American eel). Anadromous species annually
use the upper reaches of the riverine system as spawning grounds and nursery
grounds for developing larvae and juveniles. The American eel spends most of its
adult life in this and adjoining freshwater ecosystems.





























APPENDIX H

SPECIES LISTS








                                     PLANTS







Alders                 mmELUP
Alligator-weed                                          Alternianthera ohilozeroides
Amaranth                                                Amrnhug app.
American beach                                          Fagus grand folia
American climbing fern                                  Lystodium valmatuin
American elm                                            iMuna ameftcana
American holly                                          .1ex ovaca
American hornbeain                                      Carvions aoliniana,
American three-square bulrush                           Se-irpus americanuma
Annual salt marsh aster                                 Aster subulatus
Arrow-arum                                              Peltandr  vigilnica.
Arrowhead                                               Saxittaria, uais var. veatherbiana
Arrowheads                                              Samittaria app.
Arrowwood                                               Viburnum dentatum.
Asiatic dayflower                                       Aneilems kesak
Asiatic panic grass                                     Panicum bisulcatum
Asiatic panicum                                         Panicum bisulcatum
Aster                                                   Aster laevis var  concinnus
As tar                                                  Aster laevis va~r  laevis
Aster                                                   Aster ipraealtus
'Aster                                                  Aster Punicaus
Aster                                                   Aster simplex
Aster                                                   Aster souarrosus
Aster                                                   Aster tenuifolius
Asters                                                  Astir- a"P.
Autumn coral-root                                       Corallorhiza odontorhiza

Baggy-knees                                             Sacciole~is striata
Bald cypress                                            Taxodium distichum
Bald rush                                               Psilocary'a scirvoides
Baldwin's nutrush                                       Scieria. baidnli
Bamboo                                                  Smilasx laurifolia
Ba--boo brier                                           Smilax auriculata
Banana water-lily                                      NM'muhaea. mexi cAa
Barbara's buttons                                       Narshallia graminifolia
Barley                                                  Hordeum app.
Bay starvine                                            Schisandra. Rlabra
Beach elder                                             Iva imbricata 
Beach grass                                             Panicukamarulum
Beach hogwort                                            Craton vunctatus
Beach yea                                                Strophostyles helvola
Beech pennywort                                         Hydrocatyle bonariensis
Beak rush                                               Rycopr.Crvn
Beak rush                                                Rhynchospora corniculata.
Beak rush                                                Rbynchosimora decur~rens
Beak rush                                                Mb~choavora clomerata.
Beak rush                                                Rhynchospora, marostachva
Beak rush                                                Rbynchosuora negalocarva
Beak rush                                                Rhynchoggora. plumse
Beak rushes                                              Rhynchospora app.
Bearded grass-pink                                       Calovogon barbatus
Beard grass                                              Androroxon elliottli
Beard grass                                              Gymnoroxo  brevifolius
Beard grass                                              AnzdropoMon ap.
Beds traw                                                Galium circazn
Beech                                                    Xagan zrandifolia
Beggar lice                                              Desmodium app.
Beggar lice                                              Desmodium warilAndicum
Beggar ticks                                             Desmodium aIp.
Beggar ticks                                             Bidens a"p.
Beggar ticks                       Widens 91losa
Beggar weeds                                             Deindu  app.
Bermuda grass                                            Cynodon dactylon
Big duckweed                                             Spirodela. polyrhiza
Big floating heart                                       ilvmohoides aquatics









Big pro Troue Willow                                  LUII Pauloides var. slabrescens
Big-rooted menraot                                    Iyonaaa -macrorhiza
Blxd'a eye                                            varoflica-veraica,
Biscuit-floyer                                        Sarracenia f lava
Bitter ga~lberry                                      flex'glabra
Blackberries                                          Rubus-app.
Bl Ack cherry                                         Prunus aerotina
Black Bu, Myna& -syvatica
Black Sack oak                    (Maercus marilandica
Black ueedlerush                                      Juncua roemerianus
Black oak                                             Quercua velutina
Black-root                                            Pterocaulon 2Xecetachym,
Black rush                                            Jmncus roemer-Iilnum
Black-tatmed apleenvort                               hAslenium resiliena
Black titi.                                           Cliftonia, mnovhylls
Black willow                                          SAUX ix ESa
Bladdezvort                                           Utricularia Inflata
Bladdervort                                           Utricularia inflata var. minor
Bladdervort                                           UtricuJlaria olivacea
Bladderwort                                           Utrianlaria Purpurea
Bladdervort                                           Utricularia aubulata
Bladdezvort                                           Utricularia vulnaris
Bladderworts                                          Utricularia app.
Blazing star                                          Liatria tenuifolia
Blazing astars                                        Liatria app.
Blue beach                                             CarinIs caralinisna
Blueberries                                           Vaccinium app.
Blueberry                                             Veccinium cacearienae
Blueberry                                             Vaccinium Emrsinites
Blue cat-taU~                      ~h  xzlauca
Bluce-eyed grass                                       Simyrinchium  zucronatum
Blue flag                                              Iris virzinica
Bluegrass                                              Poas compresaa
Bluejack oak                                           Quercus incana
Blue star                                             Ainsonia ciliate,
Bluestem                                              Androponon elliott~i
Bluestem,                                              Androvogonu merardii
Bog buttons                                            Lachnocaulon berrichianum
Bottlebrush three awn grass                            Ariatida Amiciformis
Box elder                                              Aternend
Boykin' s lobelia,                                     loia bovkinii
Bracken fern                                          Pteridium aauilinum
Brazilian elodes                                       R       densa
Bristle-fruited apermolepial                           Spermolevasi  echinata
Broadleaf waterplasitain                               Aliaza plantago-aguatica
Broom sedge                                            Andropogton virginicus
Broom&-scraw                                           Andropogon ap.
Broom-straw                                           Androcogon elliotti
Broom-straw                                            Andropogon ternarius
Brown.-top Millet                                     Panicum ramoaum
Buckwheat tree                                         Clif tonia monolphylla
Bugleweed                                              Lycoyns americanus
Bugleweed                                             'Lycopus aessilifoliua
Bull bay                                               Magnolia grandiflor
Bullgrafis                                             Paspalum. boacianum
Bullgraxs                                              Pasualum disaectumn
Bu~lgrass                                              Paspalum diatichum
Bulrush                                                Scru americanum
Bulrush                                                Scru      Mwerinus
Bulrush                                                Scirpua etuberculatus
Bulrush                                                Scru   robuatus
Bulrush                                               .Scirpu validus
Bulrushes                                              Scru  app.
Burmannia                                              BAirmannia biflora
Bushy braom. sedge                                     Androvogon virginicus
Bushy pondweed                                         Salsa muadalnuensia
Bushy poudweed,                                        Naa  minor
Bushy pondvaeedals                                           app.
Buttercup-leaved. pannywort                            Rydrocoryle ranunculoides
Butterfly-bush                                         Buddleja sp.

Butterfly pea                                          CentroaemR virginianum










Butterfly pea                                           Clitoria mariana
Butter-print                                           Abutilon theophrastii,
Butterweed                                              Senecio op.
Butterwort                                              ?I~iW   lutea
Butterwort s                                            Pinzcl   Pp.
Button bush                                                          occidentalis
Buttonweed                                              Spermacoce. glabra

Cabbage palmetto                                        Sabal pal~metto
Cactus                                                  Opuntia compressa
              Calliopsis                              ~~~~~~~~Coreopsis tinctoria
              Calliopsis                                R~~~~~~~~~~~~eterothecs, gaifolia,
Camphorweed                                             Btrteasbxlai
Camphorweed                                             Heteroth aurua  ie s
Camphorweed,                                             lce   Huacn
Canada bluegrass                                        Poa Compressa
Cancer root                                             Conopholis ameri-na
Cancer root                                             Orobndinrle uigaltee
Cane                                                                _________l~gnte
Cape-weed                                               Lippia uod11flore
Cardinal flower                                         Lobelia cardinalia
Carolina cherry laurel                                  Prunus caroliin
Carolina dog-hobble                                     Laucotho  ouiali
Carolina grass-of-p 5larn5us                            Parnassia carolinianei
Carolina spleenwort fern                                As  letw exerre~siliens
Carolina trillium                                       Trilili pusal13W    piisillu
Carpet grass                                            Ramrclaoiotcya
Castor-bean                                            RiUcinus cammunis
Castor oil  pln Ricinus comumais
Catbriax.                                               Smilax bona-nox
Catbriers                                               Sm "
Cat-tail                                               _Tnha domingenais
Cat-tail                                               _T2!a gluc
,Cat-tails                                              TpaOp
Celtpeegras                                             Eremochloa ophuroides
Centipsede  rs                                          Schwalbea  maericaona
Chaff-seedk                                             Quercus clmpmanii.
Chapman's sedgeCax  tpni
Cherrybark, oak                                         Quercus felcata var. pagodaefloia
    Chrylaurel                                          Prumus carolinians.
 Chin-erry                                              Mel.ia azedarach
 China-b sherry                                          Centela1 asiatice
 Chinqapan'  shedCastanespm1-
    Chiqupi ok                                          Quarcus muehlenbergil
 Chinquapinweed                                          Melochia corchorifolia.
 Chocoatewe                                              Cyperus esculentus vAr. sativus.
 Cinnamon fern                                           Osmtmda cnaoe
 Cinquefoil                                              Potentilla norvegica
 Cleairweed                                              Piles. olIJ
 Climbing fetterbush                                     Pieris -phillyrelfolia
 Climbing hempveed                                       Miaia scandens
 Close-flowered triple awn grass                        -Aisitida condensate
 Clovers                                                 Tioinsp
 Clubmosses                                              Lycopodiuam app.
 Coastal love grass                                      Eragroatis refracta
 Coast bacopa,                                           Bacope, monnieri
 Coast pigweed                                           Amaranthus: P~ui
 Coffee-weed                                             Sesib-1ia exaltata
 Colic root                                              Aletris aurea,
 Colic root                                              Aletris  ainosaa
 Colic root                ~                                 t"  7te
 Cocoon bladderwort                                      Utricularie W TI
 Common cat-tail                                         Tyha3atifolia
 Common lespedezas                                       nesedzsp
 Coammon reed                                            Drosra  ratun commis
 Cammon sundew                                           Dcrouser me roician
 Cannon three-square                                     SCeraphy-Iluria du
 Coontail                                                Ceretophylluft demer~at
 Coontail                                                Ceratophyllum echiatu
 Coontails                                               LiCeretopeyl erv app.
 Coral honeysuckleLoieasneirs










CardgrasB                                             Spartiun, alterniflora
Cordgrass                                             Spartina cynosuroides
Cordgrasa                                             Spartina patens
Cordgrasses;                                          Sporting Mpp.
Coreopsis                                             Coreopois app.
Coreopois                                             Coreopisai  falcata
Corn                                                  Zea mays
Cotton roue                                           Filago germanica
Cottonweed                                            Froelichia floridana
Cottonwood                                            Populu  deltoides
Cowpea,                                               Vixna unituiculata
Crab grasses                                         'Digitaria app.
Cranberries                                          'Vaccinium spy.
Crane-fly orchid                                     'Tivularia, discolor
Creeping cucumber                                     Melothria vendula
Creeping fig                                          vicus pumilus
Creeping rush                                         Juncus reipeno
Creeping apikerushEeohri   p
Creeping spurge                                       Meohorbis oep.n
             Creeping water plantain                 *!~~'chinodorus; cordifolius
Cr-inkle  amaranth                                    Auaranthus crispus
Cross Vine                                            Anisostichuu capreolata
Croton                                                Croton punctatus
Crownbeard                                            Verbesiuna occidentalis
Crow-poison                                           Zitadenua densus
Cudweed                                              'Guaphalium purpureum
Cudweeds                       2naghalium app.
Curtiss' dropseed                                     Sporobolus curtissii
Cutgrass                                              Leersia hexandra
Cutgraas                                              Leersia lenticularis
CUtgraRS                                              Leersia orvzoides
Cutgrass                                              Leersia virminica
Cypreases                                             TxoWd-ium app.

Dahoon                                                Ilex cassine,
Daioon                        fleabn x cassine var. mYrtifolia
             Daisy fleabane                          ~~~~~~Erixeron strizoeus
Damask rose                                           Rosa damascena
Dangleberry                                            alsacafrondosa
Dasheen                                               Colocasia esculentum
Dayflover                                             Coimmelina erecta
Dayflover                                             Coimmelina virzinica
Deciduous holly                                       Ilex decidua
Delta duck potato                                     Sagittaria grazninea
Dewberries                                            Rubus app.
Diodia                                                Diodia teres
Dock                                                  umex buceirhalonhorus
Dodder                                                Cuscuta ap.
Dodder                                                Cuacuta cephalanthii
Dodder                                               'Cuscuta, indecora.
Dog fennel                                           'EMatrum cavillifolium
Dog fennel                                           'Euvatorium capillifolium var. leptophyllum
Dog-tongue                                           'Eriogonum tomtentogum
Dogwood                                              'Cornus racemosa,
Dotted smartweed                                      Polvitonum punctatum
Downy rattlesnake plantain                           'Goodyera, pubescens
Dropseed                                              Sporobolus teretifolius
Dropseed                                              Svorobolus Virginicus
Dropwort                                             '02wrolia rfgidior
Drwmsond'sa prickly pear                             'Ouni drummniui
Duck potato                                          'Sagittaria latifolia
Duckweed                                             *Leinna minor
Duckweed                       'Lemna perpusilla
Duckweed                                             *Lemna, valdiviara
Duckweeds                                            LMena app.
Duckweeds                       ISpirodela, app.
Dwarf blueberry                                       Vaccinium myrsinites
Dwarf huckleberry                                    '047lussadIA dumosa
Dwarf laurel                                         'Kdlmia hirsuta,
Dwarf palmetto                                        Sabal minor.
Dwarf pavpaw                                          Aslimina Parvifldra










Dwarf spikerush                                         Eleocharis parvul~a
Dwarf trillium                                          Trilium piisilum Var. Pusillum
Dwarf witch alder                                       Fothergilia gardenji

Eastern cottonwood                                      PoguLus deltoides
Eastern lilaeopsis                                      Lilaeopsis chinensis
Eastern red cedar                                       Juniverus virsiniana
Eastern wolf fiella                                     Woiffiella f loridana,
Eel grass                                               Zostera.mrn
Elderberry                                              Sambus cadnis
Elderberry                                              SaimhucuS ,iusonii
Elephant's footEehntuatmtos
Elliott a blueberry                                     Vaccinium.-ellioti
English plantain                                        PlnU________at
Ermag                                                   E!Yflifum inltegriumit
Euphorbia.                                              Euhobipoyofoi
Evening primrose                                        Oenothera humuifusa
Evening primroses                                       Oenothera app.
Everlasting                                             2Eaphalium obtusifolium
Everlasting.                                            G!Nanhaliun spy.

Fall panic grass                                        Panicum dichotomiflorum
False asphodel                                          Tof ioldia &Labr~a
False asaptodel                                         Tofieldia racemosa
False buckthorn                                         Buei.II~ns
False indigo                                            Amrh.fruticosa,
False nettle                                            Boehmeria.  lidr
False villow                                            Baccharis
Fanwort                                                 Cabomba caroliniana
Feathery bamboo                                         BaUbsa     Irl
Fern                                                    Polypodiuum aureuin
Fescue                                                  Festuca mra
Fescue                                                  Festuca. octo~ora
Fesc-le                                                 Festuca vubra.
Fet..er-bush                                            Leucothoe racemsa
Fetter-bush                                             Lyonialuid
Fig                                                     Ficus caries
Finger grass                                            Chloris Petraea
Finger grass                                            Dlgitarla -horizontalis
Fishweed                                                Potamogeton ilinoensis
 Flg                                                      Iris tridentata
 Fleabane                                                Erigeron vernus
 Floating heart                                          Nahiesaquatics.
 Floating hearts                                         Nymphoides app.
 Floppy vater milfoil                                    Mrohlu  at
 Florida adder's mouth                                   Xalaxis Riat
 Florida bladderwort                                     Utricuaia Mflodana
 Florida dropseed                                         Sporobolus floridanus
 Florida privet                                          Forastieza,2!M!lo
 Flowering dogwood                                       Cornus florida,
 Fly-catcher                                              Sarracenia, f lava
 Fly-poison                                              Amianthium muscaetoxicum
 Flytrap pitcher-plant                                   Sarracei  purua
 Foxtail. clubmoss                                       Lycopodia-m alpc idea
 Foxtail grass                                            Setaria genicu~ata
 Foxtail grass                                            Setaria. macrospea
 Foxtail grass                                            Setaria, mg
 French mulberry                                          Calliiirp  americans.
 Fringed looses trife                                    Lyimach-ra lanceolTa
 Fringe -leaved paspalum                                 Papailaum setaceum
 Frog's bit                                              Limnobiumspna
 Frost aster                                             Aster pilosus

 Gaillardia.                                             Gaillardia. druzumondil
 Gamms grass                                             Trip sacumdayoie
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GentiansGtia app.
 Georgia fever bark                                      F~e    a, p'ubens
 Georgia pl                                               Ellottia racemosa
 Georgia's bulrush                                        Scirpus erismanae
 Gerardia                                                Againis maritima.
 Giant cordgrass                                          Spartixm cynosuroides
 Giant Cutgrass                                           Zizaniopsis miliacea









Giant fo=tAil grass                                     Setaria manna
Giant plume grass                                       Erianthns-zimanteus
Giant read                                              Arundo donax-
Giant-seeded beak mush                                  Rhynchosipora cegalocarpa
Giant spiral-orchid                                     Spiranthes lonarilabris
Gladiolus                                               Gladiolus hortulana.
Glasswort                                               Salicornia bigelovii
Glasswort                                               Salicornia europaea.
Glasswort                                               Salicornia virminica
Glasavorts                                              Salicornia app.
Goat's rue                                              Tephrosia virginiana
Godfrey's sandwort                                      Arenaria Rodfreyi
Golden aster                                            Heterotheca floridana
Golden aster                                            Heterotheca grazinifola
Golden canna lily                                       Canon flaccida
Golden club                                             Orontium aquaticum
Goldenrod                                               Solidano charmanii
Goldenrod                                               Solidago xymnospermoides
Goldenrod                                               Solidago sempervirens
Goldenrods                                              Solidago app.
Gooseberries                                            Vaccinium. Opp.
Gopher apple                                            Chrysobalanus oblongifolius
Grain sorghum                                           sorghum vulgare
Grapefruit                                              Citrus paradisi
Grass-leaved ladies' tresses                            Spiranthes praecox
Grans-pinks                                             Calopogon app.
Green ash                                               Fraxinus penusylvanica
Greenbrier                                              Stuilax auriculata
Greenbrier                                              Smilax bona-ftox
Greenbrier                                              Smilax rotundifolia
Greenbrier                                              Smilax s-allii
Greenbriers                                             Smilax spy.
Green fringed orchid                                    Habenaria lacera
Green fringeless orchid                                 Habena-ria lacera
Ground cherry                                           Phy'salis pubeacens var. *  rises
Ground cherry                                           Physalis virginiana
Ground cherry                                           Physalis viscosa var. m aritime
Groundnut                                               Avo  americana
GUM                             Nys -Tivatica, var. biflora

Hackberry                                               Celtis laevigata
Hair grass                                              Aira caryophylles,
Hairy wild-indigo                                       Raptia  arachnif era
Halberd-leaved marsh =allow                             Hibiscus militaris
Hartwrightia                                            Hartwrightia floridanva
Havs                                                    Viburnum app.
Hawthorn                                                Crataegus ap.
Hedge hyssop                                            Gratiola pilosa
Hercules' club                                          Aralia spinasa
Hercules' club                                          Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
Heterotheca                                             Heterotheca subaxillaris
Hickory                                                 Ca-y  app.
Highbush blueberry                                      Vaccinium corymbosum
Hightide bushes                                         Baccharis spy.
Hollies                                                 Ilez spy.
Hooded pitcher-plant                                    Sarrace4na minor
sop horubeam                                            2!stZya virginna
Horned bladderwort                                      Utricularia cornuta
Horned-pondweed                                         Zannichellia palustris
Horawort                                                Ceratophyllum denersum
Horuwort                                                Ceratophyllum echinatum
Hornuorts                                               Ceratophyllum spy.
Horse balm                                               Collinsonia canadensis
Horse sugar                                              Symplocos tinctoria
Horseweed                                                Erigeron canadensis
Huckleberries                                           Gayluasacia spy.
Huckleberries                                           Vaccinium apup..

Incised groovebur                                       Agrimoiiia incisa
Indian fig                                              Opuntia ficus-indica.









              In d i a n        g r a ss    ~~~~~~~~Sorghastrumz nutans
Indian grass                                            Sorahastrum secundum
Irdingas                                                Iris tridentata
Irisee                                                  Vernonia sq.
Ironweed                                                Vernonia altisufma
-Ironweed                                               Vernonia, blodgettii
Ironweed                                                Vernonia harveri.
Ironweed                                                Caryinue caroliniana
Italian rye grass                                       Llu   atfou
              Japanese clover ~~~~~~Lesnedeza stviata
Jeansaem atchoker                                       Belianthus tuberosus
Jerusl-emaicoed                                         _TMatiens ospensis
Jehnel-wgres                                            Sorghu  halepense
Johntdsonkgrass                                         Eleocharis equisetoides
Joineds fspitus                                         Lndera imeli saeafolium
Joves grass                                             Keeleria phleoides

              Kuawel                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~Scleranthus snu
Knatwee                                                 Polysonum lapat   olium
Knotweed                                                Zolygonum persicaria
Knotweeds                                                oy        sP
               Lacegrass                                ~~~~~~~~~Eragroatis eavillaris
Lace-lip spiral orchid                                  Sirmich     la cirrhosa
Ladies eardrops                                          rnchacihs_
Lambkill                                                Kamaangustifolia var. carolina
Lamb's quarters                                         Chenopodium album
 Large-rooted morning glary                              Ipoacee macrorhiza
 Large-seed snartweed                                    Polygonum penTVaylvaicum
 Laurel greenbrier                                       Smilaurimfolia
 Laurel  oa                                              Quercus laurifolia,
 Leafy pondweed                                          Potamogeton foliosus
 Least adder's tongue                                    Ophiogloxssumnudicaule
 Leather-f lower                                         Clematia rs    a
 Leather-leaf                                            Cassandr  SeLYculata
 Le-on bacopa                                            Bacap& caroli1nilans
 Laspedaza                                               leg~edean bicalor
 Leucothoe                                               Leucothoe aztillaris
 Leucothae                                               Leucothoe ouioi
 Lippia                                                  Lipi  nodiflora
 Little blues ten                                        AndrOP~gon scorparius
 Little burhead                                          Pechinodorus )rv1_
 Little floating heart                                   Nymphoidescodt
 Live oak                                                 Quercus vIrginiana
 Lizard's tail                                            SaurUrus Carnuus
 Lobelia                                                 Lobelia elonzata
               Labla l l y          b     a    y        ~~~~~~~~Gordonia lasianthus
 Lob lolly pine                                          Piu  taedar
 Longleaf pine                              nupasri
 Long-styled smartweed                                   Polygonum longiamylu
 Loosestrife                                              Lythrum lineare
 Loose water milfoil                                     Hyiphiu    issu
 Lotus                                                   Nelumbo lutes-
 Lotus                                                   Neolumboo pentapetela
 Love grass                                               Eseagotia caillaris
 Love grass                                               NErarostis Pilass
 Love grass                                               Eragroadta ref racts,
  Lowu millewort                                           Polygals, nana
  L~ow showy aster                                         Aster spectabilis
  Lupine                                                   Liwjinus perennis

                Macartney  rose   ~~~~~~                  Rosa bracteata
  Macsrtcneyrs                                             Panicum hemitomon
  Male-berry                                               WL
  Mangrove                         lhieohr 
  Marsh cress                                              Rorippa island-Ics,
  Marsh cress                                              Ro~ipaC sesuiliflors
  Marsh daisy                                              Deltonia asteroides
  Harsh elder                                              Iva frutescena
  Harsh eryngo                                             Eryngium aquaticum










Marsh fleabane                                          Pluchea ipur-purascens
Marsh fleabane                                          Pluchea. rosea
Harsh fleabanes                                         Pl~uchea app.
Marsh-gentian                                           Sabatia stellaris
Marsh hemp                                              Amaranthus cannabinus
Marsh pennywort                                         Hydtocotyle umbellata
Marsh-pink                                              Sabatia. foliosa
Marsh purslane                                          Ludwizia natans
Meadow beauties                                         Rhxi  svp.
Meadow beauty                                           Rhexia aiifanns
Meadow beauty                                           Phe-ia cubensis
Melonette                                               Melothria, crassifolia
Memorial rose                                           Rasa wichuraniana.
Milk pea                                                Galactia. elliottil,
Mil.k-vine                                              CYnanchum ivalustre
Milkwort                                                POITRala grandiflora
millet                                                  Pennisetum Rlaucum
Millets                                                 Echinochloa spp.
Milo                                                    Sornhumn vulmare
Miterwort                                               Cynoctonum sessilifolium
Hock-bishopweed                                         Ptilimnium capillaceum
Mock-bishopweed                                         Ptilimnium costatum
Mockernut hickory                                       g ~~a tomentosa
Mosquito fern                                           Azolla caroliniana.
Moundlily yucca                                         Yucca Stloriosa
Muhlenberg' s amphicarpum                               Axhcm  zmihlenbergianum
Muhly grass                                             Muhlenberzia carillaris
Muhly grass                                             Muhlenbergia expansa
Mulberries                                              Horus app.
Muscadine grape                                         Vitis rotundifolia
Muscle tree                                             CarPinus caroliniana
Muskgrasses                                             Chara app.
Myrtle holly                                            Ilex cassine var. mvrtifolia
Myrtle oak                                              Quercus myrtifolia
Myrtles                                                 Myrica app.

Narrow-leaved cat- tail                                 TYPha angustifolia
Narrow-leaved pondweed                                  PotaMogeton berchtoldii
Harrou--leaved rushfoil                                 Crotonopsis linearis
Needle pain                                             Rharidophyllum hystrix
Netted chain fern                                       Woodwardia areolata
Nightshade                                              Solanum aculeatissimum
Nitella                                                 Nitella Sp.
Nodding smartweed                                       Polygonu  lapathif alium
Nut grass                                               Cyperus esculentus
Nut rush                                                Scleria. baldwinii
Nut rush                                                Scleria ciliata
Nut rush                                                Scleria trinolmerata
Nutmeg hickory                                          Carya myristicaefor7mis

Oat grass                                               Arrhenatherum elatius
Oats                                                    Avena sativa
Odorless wax myrtle                                     HYrica inodora
Ogeechee plum                                           Nyasa ogeche
Olive                                                   Olea europaea.
Olney'sa three-square bulrush                           Scirpus oler
Orach                                                   Atrixiplex patula
Orchids                                                 Habenaria app.
Overcup oak                                             Qu7ercR-I-yrata

Panic grass                                             Panicum amarum
Panic grass                                             Panicum leucothrix
Panic grass                                             Panicum virgatum
Panic grasses                                           Panicum sPP.
Parrot-feather                                          HYrioiphyllum brasillense
Parrot pitcher-plant                                   -Sarracenia pasittacina
Partridge berry                                         Mitchella repenis
Partridge pea                                           Cassia fasciculata
Paspalum                                                Pasralum ap.
Passion-flower                                          Passiflora lutea
Pawpaw                                                  Asiminma incana
Pawpaw                                                  Asimina pygmaea
Pawpav                                                  Asinina triloba
Peanut                                                  Arachis hypogaea










Peat mosses                                             Sphagnum spy. I
Pecan                                                   Hyaroct-1 illidensi
Peimywort                                               Hydrocotyle ra8muoie
Pennyworts                                              Hyrooylap
Pepper-vine                                             Aplpi   roe
Perennial glasswort                                     Salicornia, Virginica
Periwinkle                                              ViLnca major
Persal-on                                               Diospyro  virginiann,
Petuni a                                                Petunia azIll1aris
Pickerelweed                                            Pontederia cordata,
Pigeon grape                                            Vitis cineres, var. flor'Idana
Pigmy-pipes                                             Montrop-is odorata
Pignut hickory                                          C~aay glabra
Pigweed                                                 Aznaranthus livIdus
Pigweed                                                 Anaranthus pumilus
Pigweads                                                 rm~aranthus app.
Pineland agrimony                                       Agioiincisa
Pineweed                                                Hypericu  gentianoides
Pin-weeds                                               Lcheasapy.
Pipewort                                                Eriocaulon couvressum
Pipewort                                                Eriocaulon decaglr
Pitcher-plancs                                          Sarracenian spy.
Plum  grass                                             Erianthus giganteus
Plume grasses                                            rappuseg.
Poison             ivyhu  radcn
Poke weed                                               Phytolacca, rigida,
Polygala                                                Polygala cynoaa
Polygala                                                Pol1ygala lutea
Polygala                                                Polygala sanquinea
Polygalas                                               POI-Faa app.
Polypremum                                              Folypre-Mum procutabens
Pond cypress                                            Taxodium aucendens
Pond pine                                               Pinus serotina
Pond spice                                              Litsaa aeativalis
Pondweed                                                Po-tamogeton berchtoldii
Pondweed                                                Potamogeton foliosus
Pondweed                                                Potsazoeton illinojensis
 Pondweed                                                Potamogeton nodosus
 Pondweed                                                Potamogeton pciau
 Pondweeds                                               Potamogeton spy.
 Poor-J oe                                               Diodia teres
 Poor-mans pepper                                        Lepidium, virginicun
 Popcorn tree                                             aOLeunotheb________
 Poplar-leaved fetterbush                                L________ pouioa
 Poplars                                                 Fopulus spy.
 Possum haw                                              Ilex decidua
 Possum haw                                              Viburnum nudum
 Post oak                                                Quercus st-ellaca
 Potato bean                                             AEios americans
 Prickly mallow                                          Sida spinosa
 Prickly pear                                            Opuntia dr~umodii
 Princess-feather                                        PoIySonum Orientals
 Privet                                                  Ligustrum. jao
 Proliferating spikerush                                 Eleocharis baldwinii
 Pumpkin ash                                             Fra-i nus tomncnosa
 Purple bladderwort                                      Utricularia.       f
 Purple silkyscale                                       Anthaenantia  arui
 Purple top                                              Tridens frevitvr. flavus
 Pussy-toes                                              Anterinaria. spy.

 Queen's delight                                         Stillingia sylvatica

 Rabbit tobacco                                          Gnaphalium obtusifolium
 Ragweed                                                 Ambrosia artemisiifolia
 Ragweeds                                                Ambrosia spy.
 Railroad vine                                           1pomoa es --n ~-cae
 Rain lily                                               Zephyranthes simpsonii
 Rambler rose                                            Rasa multif lora
 Raspberries                                             Rubus spy.
 Rattanvine                                              Berchemia, scandens
 Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria intermedia










Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria. lanceolata
Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria retusae
Rattlesnake fern                                        Batrychium virginianum
RaVenel'sa button suakeroot                             Pa,7ngium aquaticuzm var. ravenelii
Ravenna-grass                                           Erianthus ravennae
Rayless goldenrod                                       Chondraaphora nudata
Red ash                                                 Frazinus p~ermsylvamica
Red basil                                               Satureia calan4ntha
Red bay                                                 Parses, barbonia
Red buckeye                                             Ascuu    pavla
Redbud,                                                 Cercis canadensis
Red cedar                                               Juniperus virminiana.
Red chokeberry                                          Sorbus arbutifolia var. arbutifolia
Reddish anthaenautia                                    Anthaenantia ruf a
Red fescue                                             'Festuca, rubra
Red-hot poker                                           Polygala lutes
Red maple                                               Acer rubrum
Red oak                                                 Quercus rubra
Redroot.                                                Lachnanthes caroliniana
Redrooted. nutgrass                                     Cviperns erythrorhizoo
Redtop                                                  A rostis stolonif era
Red-veined dock                                         Rumex sanguineus
Reed                                                    Phraxmites coummnis
Reindeer lichen                                         Cladonia app.
Resurrection fern                                       Polypodi-um iPoITPodioides
Rice cutgrass                                           Leersia hexandra
Rice cutgrass                                           LeersiaW orvzoides
Riverbank sandreed                                      Calamovilfa. brevivilis var. brevivilis
River birch                                             Betua.a nizra
Rosebud orchid                                          Cleiste~s divaricata
Rose dicerandra                                         Dicerandra, adoratissima
Rose mallow                                             flisbiscus moscheutos
Rose pogonia                                            Pozonia ovhioglossoides
Roundleaf bacopa                                       'Eacopa rotundifolia
Royal fern                                              Osmunda regalia
Punning oak                                             Quercus 32ml
Rush                                                    Jumcus biflorus
Rush                          Tune-us 'nodatus
Rush.                                                   Juncus secundus
Rush                                                    Juncus subcaudatus
Rushes                                                  Juncus app.
Russian thistle                                         Salsola kali
Rusty lyonia                                            Lyonia feruie
Rusty Iyonia                                            Rhynchospora. megalocarpa
Rye                                                     Secale cereale
Rye grass                                               Lolium sp.

Sabatia                                                 Sabatia brachiata
Sabatia                                                 Sabatia dodecandra.
Sabatia                                                 Sa-batia -stellaris
Sacciolepis                                             Saccioleris striata
Sageretia                                              Sageretia minutiflora.
Sago pondweed                                           Potazmoxeton Pectinatus
Salt $rass                                              Distichlis spicata.
Salt marsh aster                                        Aster tenuifolius
Salt-marsh bulrush                                      Scirpus robustus
Salt marsh finbristylis                                 Finbristylis spadicea,
Salt marsh millet                                       REhinochloa walteri
Saltmeadow cordgrass                                    Spartina patens
Saltwort                                                Batis maritima
Salvinia,                                               Salvinia. rotundifolia
Sand grass                                              Triolasis Purpurea
Sand pine                                              'PInus clausa
Sand spurrey                                            Speraularia marina
Sandspur                                                Cenchrus longispinus
Sandspur                                                Cenchrna tribuloides
Sarvis holly                                            Ilex anelanchier
Sassafras                                               Sassafras albidum
Saw grass                                               Cladiumiaaies
Saw grass                                               )fariscus J amaicense
Saw palmetto                                            Serenoa repens











Scarlet oak                                            Qulercus coccines
Scarlet spiderling                                     Boerhaavia diffuse,
Scrub oaks                                             quercus app.
Seabeach orach                                         Atriplex: arenaria
Seabeach panic grass                                   PaSuaedam______
Sea-blita nea linearis
Sea elder                       Iv                 a        imbricata
Sea lavender                                          nium2Ei carolinianusi
Sea lavender                                           imonium unashii
Sea lavenders                                          LIOI- app.
Sea myrtle                                             Baccharis halimifolis,
Sea myrtles                                            Baccharis app.
Sea oats                                               Uniola Paniculata,
             Sea ox-eye,                              B~~~~~~~~orrichia, frutescens
Sea pinky                                              SabaCia dodecandra
Sea pink                                               Sabatia folioma
Sea pirlne                                             Sesuvium, maritimum
Sea puralane                                           Seuvu      Portulacastrum
Sea pursianes                                          Sesuvium Opp.
Sea  ursoaket                                          Cakile harveri
Seashr mallow                                          Koeteleskya viritinica,

Seashore paspalum                                      Pasipalum vaginatum
Seaside goldenrod                                      Solidago smipervirpns
Seban                                                  Sesbania. macrocarpa
Sebastian bush                                         Sebastiania, limustrina,
             Sedge ~~~~~~~~~~~Carez decomvosita
Sedge                                                  Carex'loorii
Sedge                                                  Carex shortiana
Sedge                                                  Cyperus brevifolius
Sedge                                                  Cyperns odoratus
Sedge                                                  Cyperus Rolystachos
Sedge                                                  Cyperus rivularis
Sedge                                                  Cyperus rotundus
Sedge                                                  Cyperus strimosum
Sedges                                                 Carex app.
Sedges                                                 Cyperus app.
Sedgeox                                                Ludwigia pilosa

Sensitive fern                                         Oolasniii
              Sericea                                 ~~~~~~~~~~Learedza cuneata
Sericeia                                               Sesbania exaltata
Shpedsbpurse                                           Capsella rubella

Short leaf pine                                        Pusechinata.
Showy aster                                            Aster spectabilis
Shrubby post oak                                       Quercus marzaretta
Shrub oaks                                             Quercus app.
Shumard oak                                            Quercus shumardii
              Silver maple ~~~~~~~Acer maccharinum
Single-flowered balduina                               Balduina uniflora
Single-flowered cancer root                            Orobanche uniflora
Sixweeks fescue                                       Prestuca nyuros
 Skullcap                                               ScutellAria sr.
Slash pine                                             Pinus elliottii
              Sleepy catchfly                         ~~~~~~Silene antirrhina
 Slenepy  satchfly                                      Bleocharis aciculjaris

 Slippery elm                                           ulmus rubra,
 Small-flowered buckthorn                               Saxeretia minutiflora
 Small pondweed                                         Potamogetou bercbtoldii
 Smartweed                                              Polynonum hirsutum
 Smartweeds                                             Polyzonusm app.
              Smooth aster ~~~~~~~Aster laevis var. laevis
 Smooth cordgrass                                       Sprtn  alterniflora
 Smooth winterberry                                      Ilex laeviastaa
 Sneeze-weed                                            Rdlenium ver-nale
 Snow-on-the-mountain                                   Euphorbia narginata
 Soapherry                                              Sapindus marginatus
 Soft-haired cornflower                                 Rudbeckia. mollis
 Soft rush                                              Juncus effu-sus
 Soft-stem bulrush                                      Sdiryus validus
              Sour grass '~~~~~~~~Rumex: acetosella.
              Sour orange ~~~~~~~~Citrus aurantium
 Sourwoorag                                             _Oxdendu arboreum.
 Southrn de' ongu                                       OphioglossuM vulgatum var. Vvenostichum










Southern bag buttons                                    Lachnocaulon beyrichianum
Southern bulrush                                        Scirmis calif ornitus
Southern cat-tail                                       Typha domingensis
Southern elderberry                                     Sasibucus simipsonii
Southern lady fern                                      Athyrium asplenicides
Southern lepuropetalon                                  Lepuropetalon npathulatuma
Southern magnolia                                       Magnolia grandiflora
Southern naiad                                          Nal as guadalupensis
'Southern red cedar                                     Juieu  silicicola
Southern red oak                                        Quercus falcata
Southern rein orchid                                    Habenaria f lava
Southern amartweed                                      Polymonumn densiflorum
Southern smartweed                                      Polygonum portoricense
Southern spicebush                                      Lindera meliseaefolium
Southern sugar maple                                    Acer saccharum floridanum
Southern wild rice                                      Zizaniopsis miliacea
Soybean                                                 Glycine max
Spanish bayonet                                         Yucca aloifolia
Spanish mass                                            Tillandsia usneoides
Sparkleberries                                          Vaccinium app.
Sparkleberry                                            Vaccinitu arboreum
Spatter-dock                                            Nuphar advena
Sphagnum mosses                                         Sphagnum app.
Spider-lily                                             Hymenocallis crassifolia
Spike-grass                                             Uniola latifolia
Spike-grass                                             Uniola laza
Spike-grass                                             Uniala sessiliflora
Spikemoss                                               Selaxinella, arenic-ola
Spikerush                                               Eleocharis sp.
Spikerush                                               Eleocharis acicularis
Spikerush                                               Eleocharis albida
Spikerush                                               Eleocharis elonstata
Spikerush                                               Eleocharis robbinjii
Spleenwort                                              Asplenium heteroresiliens
Sprangletop                                             Leptochloa sp.
Sprangletop                                             Leptochloa uninervia
Spreading pogonia                                       Cleistes divaricata
Spring coral-root                                       Corallorhiza wisteriana
Spring-flowered goldenrod                               Solidago verna
Spruce pine                                             P'inus albr
Square-stem spikerush                                   Eleocharis quadrangulata
Squaw-huckleberry                                       Vaccinium stamineum
Squaw-root                                              Conopholis americana
Stagger bush                                            Lyonia ferrumine
Stagger bush                                            Lyonia mariana
Star grass                                              Aletris lutea
Star grass                                              Hypoxis seasilis
Star-rush                                               Dichromena colorata
Starved aster                                           Aster lateriflorus
Sticky tofieldia,                                       Tofieldia racenoea
Stillingia                                              Stillinxia sylyatica
Stinging needle                                         Cuidoscolus stimulcsus
St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum apocynifoliu-m
St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum fasciculatum
St. John's-wort                                         Hypericu  pseudomaculatum
St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum tubulosum
St. John' s-wort                                        Hypericum virminicum
St. John's-wort                                         Elypericuli walteri
St. John's-w;orts                                       Hypericum app.
Storax                                                  Styrax americana
Storax                                                  Styrax grandifolia
Strawberry bush                                         Huonymus americanus
Sugarberry                                              Celtis laevistata
Sumacg                                                  Rhus app.
S-mer-farewell                                          Petalostemura Pinnatum
Sumer grape                                             Vitis -nostivalis
Suamer grape                                            Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis
Sun-bonnets                                             Chaptalia. tomentosa
Sundews                                                 Drosera app.
Sunflower                                               Helianthus angustifolius
Sunflower                                               Helianthus tuberosus
Sun-petaled meadow beauty                               Rhwxim aristosa
Swamp chestnut oak                                      Quercus michauxii










Swamp cottonwood                                       POPUlUR IheteroPbXllA
swamp dock                                             Rumiax verticillatus
Swamp dogwood                                          Cornus-stricta
Swamp holly                                             lar decidua.
Swamp lily                                              ii-amcnu
Swamp milkweed                                         Aselepias Anc-arnata anu aulchrh
swamp privet                                           Porestie-ra acuminata
Swamp rose                       Rosa palustis
Swamp smartweed                                        Polygonum. hydroipiperoides
Swamp smartweed                                        Polygonum setaeetm
Swamp thistle                                          Carduus carolinianus
Swamp tupelo                                           Nysa syvaia var. hiflora
Swamp  wilo Saliz carolinianm
Swaying bulrush                                        ScirPus subtexpimalis
Sweet bay                                              Magnolia 
Sweetflag                                              Acorus calannis
             Sweet gal~~~~~ ~ ~~~~lberex coriacea
Sweet grassbrr                                         Mul ergia filipes
Sweet gums                                             Ti-quidambar styraciflua
Sweet leaf                                             SYmPlocos tinctorial
Sweet pepperbush                                       Clethra, almifolia
Sweet pignut hickory                                   Carya oval-is
Sweet pitcher-plant                                     Sarracen-ia rubra
              Switchgrass,                             ~~~~~~~Panicum virmacum
Swicamoras                                              Platanus occidentalis

              Tag alder ~~~~~~~~~Alnus serrulata,
Tagl aldera                                             Arrhenatherum elatius
Talle -matards                                          Descura-ini pinnata.
Tarflse-utrd                                            Bef aria racemosa.
Tearthumb                                               Polygonum, arifolium
Tearthumb                                               Polygonum. sagittatum
Thistle                                                 Carduua carolinisanus
Thoroughiwort                                           Eupatoriuam album
Thoroughworts                                           Eupatorium app.
Three awn grass                                         Aristida. gyrans
Three awn grass                                         Arisda paurpuascens
Three awn grass                                         Aristida spiciformle
Three awn grass,                                        Aitd   tit
Three awn grasses                                      -Aristida spp.
Three-birds orchid                                      Triphore tzrienthophora
Three-seeded mercury                                    Acalypha virginica.
Three-way sedge                                         Dulichiun arundinaceum
Thyme-leave speed~well                                  Veronica serpyllifolia
Tick trefoil                                            Desmodium. up.
Titi                                                    Cyrilla racemiflora,
Toad-flax                                               Linaria. canpAensis
              Toad rush ~~~~~~~~~Juncus bufonius
Toothache grass                                         Caplssaromaticus
Toothache grass                                         Ctenium aromaticum
Toothache grasses                                       Cueella temax
Tough buckthorn                                         Luanta.na na
Trailing lantn, atana                                           montevidensai
Trianglestem spikerush                                  Eleocharis robbiusii
Trillium                                                Trillium pusi-num
 Tropical carpet grass                                   Aaonopus compressus:
 Trumpet-plant                                           Sarracenia. flays
 Trumpet vine                                            CainPsis radidaus
              Tulip tree ~~~~~~~~~Liriodendron tulipifers.
 Turkey footAn                                                  g    erdi
 Turkey  oa                                              querus Inevis
 Turtle grass                                            Taasatsuiu
 Twig-rush                                               Cladium mariscoides

 Umbrella tree                                           Magnolia macrophylla.
 Umbrella tree                      Melia azedarach

               Vanilla-plant ~~~~~~~Trilisa. odoratissima,
 Vanialla-pleavdpntw                                     Potamozeton diversifollus
 Varalve-leavefonwe                                      Abutilon theophrascii










Venus, fly trap                                        Dionaea. muscipula.
Venus' looking-glass                                     elraproit
Venus' looking-glasses                                 Specularia spp.
Vervain                                                Verbena officinalis
Violet                                                 Viola CIucllata
Violet                                                 Viola papilionacea
Violet                                                 Viola trilaba
VKirginia. cabaf fern                                  Woodwardia. virginica.
Virginia creeper                                       Parthenocissus guinquefolia.
Virginia willow                                        Itea virginica.

Walter's sedge                                         Carex walterianak
Wampee                                                 Eihonacrassipes
Watches                                                Sarrencia.fa
Water ash                                              Fraxinus caroliia
Water elm                                              Planera. aquatica
Water grass                                            Hydrochloa. caroliniensis
Water hemlock                                          Cicuta. maculata.
Water hemp                                             masranthus canna-binus
Water hickory                                          R!   aquatics,
Water-hoarhound                                        Lycopu virginicus
Water hyacinth                                         Eichhornia. crassipes
Water hyssop                                           Bacopa. monnieri
Water hyssop                                           Bacopa rotundifolia.
Water-lily                                             Nypaa      bombycina.
Water-lily                                             Nyphea-xicana.
Water-lily                                             NMheodorata
Water locust                                           Gleditsia aquatics,
Water loosestrife                                      Decodon verticillatus
Water-meal                                             Wolf fi. colmiana
Water milfoil                                          Myriophyllum heterophyllum
Water milfoil                                          Myriophyllum laxam
Water milfoil                                          Myvriophyllum pinnatum
Water milfoils                                         Myriophyllum app.
Water nymph                                            Najas gudalupengis
Water oak                                              Quercus nigra.
Water parsnip                                          Sum  suave
Water pimpernel                                        Smlus parviflorus
Water-primrose                                         LuwiI peploides
Water-primroses                                        Ludwigia spp.
Water purslane                                         Ludwigia. natans
Water-shield                                           Brasenia schreberi
Water spider orchid                                    Habenaria. revens
Water spikerush                                        Eleocharis elongata
Water tupelo                                            !I!  outc
Water-weed                                             Re~aiid cnaesis
Water-weed                                             Egeria densa
Water-weeds                      Mlodes. spp.
Wax myrtle                                             W~c- cerifera
Wedge grass                                            Sphenopholis interme-dia
Weeping willow                                         Sai-1- babylonica
Wheat                                                  Triticum aestiv-um
White arrow-ar=~                                       Peltamdra sacittaefolia
White ash                                              Fraxinus americ-aa
White-bracted sedge                                    Dichromenaa latifolia
White colic root                                       Aletris obovata
White-fringed arch-id                                  Habenaria blephariglottis var.
                                                         integrilabia,
White mulberry                                         Morus Sibs.
White oak                                              Querciba
White water-lily                                       Hymphaeaoadorata.
White wicky                                            Kalmia. cmat
Widgeon grass                                          Ruppia maritimia
Wild azalea.                                           Rhododendron canescens
Wild grapes                                            Vitis Opp.
Wild licorice                                          Gaimcircaezans
Wild millet                                            ex-USSRlo  crsgLi
Wild olive                                             0smanthusamrca
Wild plum                                              Punmus americana.
Wild vice                                              Ziza-n-I aquatics











Wild rye                                                         villosus
Wild rye grass                                           !Amu  villosus
Wild rye grass                                           Elymus virginicus
                                                       Salix caroliniana
Willow oakQuercus phellos
Willows oPP.
Willowselm                                               Ulmus   alata
              Winged elm                                ~~~~~~~~Aristida app.
Wire grassesArtiaMT
Wire-leaved dropseed                                     Sporobolus teretifolis
Witch alder                                              Fothergilla gardeni.
Witch grass                                              Leptoloma cognatum
                                                       Panicum capillare
Witch grass
Vitch-hazel                         mawtsvriaa
Wood  awn-grase                                          Brachyelytrum erectum
Wood fern                                                Dryopteris dentaca
Wood grass                                               Sorgastrum nutans
Wood greed                                               UCima arundinaces
Wood reed                                                 Sipscprlu
Woolgrasa bulrush                                        Scirpus ci erinus
Wreath aster

Yaupon holly                                             -lex vomitoria
Yellow asphodel                                          Narthacium americanum
Yellow chestnut oak                                      Quercus muehlenbergii
                                                        Rarippaisaic
Yellow cress                                             Ioip   scrdu
Yellow cress                                              Porippa aessiliflora
Yellow-eyed grass                                         xyris carolinians
Yellow-eyed grass                                        Kyris elliottii
Yellow-eyed grass                                        Xyris smalliana
Yellow-eyed grasses                                      Xyris Spp-
              Yellow-eyed~~~~~~~~~libnai grasses
 Yellow fringeless orchid                                 Habenaria integra
                    rnge ass                            ~~~~~~~~Nelinmbo lutes
 Yellow nelumbo                                            Sel1Iao lava
 Yellow pitcher-plant                                      Sarracenf
 Yellow pond-lily                                         Nuphar luteum
 Yellow poplil                                            Liriodendron tulipifera
               Yellow poplar                             ~~~~~~~Hypoxis Ssesilis
 Yellow star grass

 Zenobia                                                  Zenobia pulverulenta






                             BIRDS





Acadian flycatcher                                      Empidonax virescens
American avocet                                         Recurvirostra americans
American bittern                                           AtqE!.. I entiginosus
American coat                                           Fulica. ameri&M"aa
American goldeneye                                     -Bucep~hala. clnuaamrc
American goldfinch                                      Cardli  tristis
American kces trel                   Falcoja 77; su ergeiu a
American aystercatcher                                 -Baematopus palliatus ralliatus
American redstart                                       Setophafta ruticilla rurt-icilla
American wigeon                                         Anna americana,
American woodcock                                       Philohela minor
Anhinga                                                 Anhinsta  hia
Arctic peregrine falcon                                 Fac   cr    9iu  tundrius
Audubon's shearwater                                    Puffinu. lhermiuieri

Bachman' s sparrow                                      Almophila aestivalis
Bach-an's warbler                                       Vernivora bachmannii
Bald eagle                                              Ealiagetus leucoceephalus
Baldpate                                                Amas americana
Bank swallow                                            Rivaria riparia
Barn owl                                                Tyto alba
Barn swallow                                            Rirumdo rustica erythrogaster
Barred owl                                              Strix varia
Barrow's goldeneye                                      Buce,,hala, islandica
Belted kingfisher                                       Mexace!Xle alcyon
Bewick's wren                                           Thryomanes bevickii bevicii
Black-and-white warbler                                 Mniotilta varia
Black-bellied plover                                    Pluvialis sguatarola
Black-bellied whistling duck                           Duendrocygna atutmnalis
Black-billed cuckoo                                     CoccyZus ervthronthalmus
Black-crowned night heron                               Mectico ax Uvcticorax
Black duck                                              Anas rubrives
Black-headed gull                                       -Laru. ridibundus
Black-necked stilt                                      Himantammu mexicanusi nexicanus
Blackpoll warbler                                       Dendroica. striata,
Black rail                                              Laterallus jiamaicensis
Black seater                                            Helanitta nir
Black seater                                            Melanittliara americans.
Black skimmer                                           Rynithors niara
Black torn                                              Chlidonias nif er
Black-throated blue warbler,                            Dendroica caerulescens
Black-throated green warbler                            Dendroica virens vaynei
Black vultureCraP   ttu
Blue goose                                              -Chent caetrulescens
Blue-gray gnatcatcher                                   Polioatila caerulea
              Blue grosbeak ~~~~~~~Guiraca c-aerulea-
 Blue grosbeak                                           Gui1raca caerulea caerulea
 Blue-headed vireo                                      -Vireo -8olitarius solitarius
 Blue Jay                                                 Cyantocitta, cristata. crsaa
 Blue-winged teal                                        Anas disatom
 Blue-winged warbler                                     Vvermivora RinusI
 Boat-tailed grackle                                     Quiscalus major
 Bobolink                                                Dolichonyx orizivorus
 Bobwhite                                                COlinus vIrginianus
 Bonaparte's gull                                        Larus Philadelphia
 Broad-winged hawk                                        Buteo P'latwptemus
               Brown creeper ~~~~~~~Certhia faziliamis
 Brown-headed cowbird                                    Molothrus ater
 Brown-headed nuthatch                                   Sitta rusilla. Pusilla
 Brown pelican                                           Pe-lecanus occidentalis
 Brown thrasher                                          Toxostoms rufum ruf um
 Bufflehead                                              Buceyhala albeola

 Cabot's tern                                             Sterna sandvicensis acuflavidus
 Canada goose                                             Branta canadensis
 Canvasback                                               Aytfrva valisineria
 Cape May warbler                                         Dendroica tinrina











cardinal                                                Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis
Carolina chickadee                                      Parus carolinensis
Carolina parakeet                                       Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis
Carolina wren                                           Thryothorus ludovicianus
Caspian tern                                            Sterna caspia
Catbird                                                 Dumetella carolinensis
Cattle egret                                            Bubulcus ibis ibis
Cedar waxving                                           Bombycilla cedrorum
Chimney, swift                                          Chaetura pelagica
Chipping sparrow                                         Spizela passerina passerina
Chuck-.dll' s-vidow                                     Caprimulgus carolinensis
Clungao  teal                      Ans cyanoptera
Clapper rail                                            tanusz lonzirosiris
Cliff swallow                                           Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota
Caommon crow                                             Corvus brachyrhynchos
Coinon eider                                            Somateria mollissima
Common flicker                                           Colaptes auratus
Caosson gallinule                                       Gallinula chloropus
Commn goldeneye                                         Bucephala clangula
Cosinon grackle                                         Quiscalus quiscula
Coumn loon                                              Gavia inner
Common merganser                                        Mermus merganser
Common snipe                                            Capella zallinazo
Comaon tern                                             Sterna hirundo
Cooper's hawk                                           Accipiter cooperii

Dark-eyed Junto                                          Junco hyemalis
Doubled-crested cormorant                                Ph-alacrocorax auritus
Dowitchers                                               Limnodronus spp.
Downy woodpecker                                         Picoides Pubescens
Dunlin                                                   Calidris alpina
Dusky seaside sparrow                                    Ammospiza maritima nigrescens

Eastern bluebird                                         Sialia sialis
Eastern bobwhite                                        Colinus virginianus virginianus
Eastern brown pelican                                   Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis
Eastern kingbird                                        Tyrannus tyrannus
Eastern meadowlark                                       Sturnella magna
Eastern phoebe                                          Sayornis pob
Eastern wood pewee                                       Contopus virens
Eskimo curlew                                           Humenius borealis
European wigeon                                         Anns Penelope

Field sparrow                                            Spizella pusilla
Fish crow                                                Corvus ossifragus
Florida red-shouldered hawk                             Euteo lineatus alleni
Forsterts tern                                          'Sterna forsteri
Fox sparrow                                             Passerella iliaca
Fulvous whistling duck                                   Dendrocygna biclo r

Gadwall                                                 Ana  strpera.
Gannet                                                  Morus bassanus
Glossy ibis                                              Plexadis falcinellus falcinellus
Golden-crowned kinglet                                   Regulus satrava
Golden eagle                                            Aquila chrysaetos
Golden-winged warbler                                   Vermivora chrvooptera
Grasshopper sparrow                                      Amzodraius savannarum
Gray-cheeked thrush                                      Catharus mini mus
Great black-backed gull                                  Larus marinus
Great blue heron                                         Ard~ea herodias
Great crested flycatcher                                Mviarchus crinitus
Great egret                                              Casmerodius albus
Greater scaup                                           Aythya manila
Greater shearwacer                                      Puff inus gravis
Greater yellowlegs                                       Trinza nelanoleucus
Great horned owl                                         Bubo virminianus virginianus
Green heron                                              Eu-torides striatus
Green-winged teal                    AMas crecca.
Ground dove                                              Columbizallina Passerina
Gull-billed tern                                         Gelochelidon nib-tica












Hairy woodpecker                                        Picoides villosus
  Hareqinduck                                          HiS trionicus hiS trioniCUS
Harlequinsarro Passerherbulus henalovii
Hermit thrush                                           Catarus _________
Herring gull                         Larnearentatus
Hooded merganser                                        Lophodytes cucullatus
Hooded warbler                                          Wilsonia citrina
Horned grebe                                            Podiceps auritus
House wren                                              TroglodyteS aedon hdoiu


             Iceland gull                             ~~~~~~~~Larus glaucoides
Indigo bunting                                          Panserius, cyanea,
Ipswich sparrow                                         Passerculus esadwichensis Priziceps
Ivory-billed woodpecker                                 Campephilus princivalis principalis

Kentucky warbler                                        Oporornis formosus
Kestrel                                                 Falco tinrmnmulus
Killdeer                                                Charadrius vociferus
   Kneide                                               Somateria spectabilis
King  erai Rallus elegans
Kirlng' wraile                                          Dendroica. kirtl*1a.ii
Kirtan'wabe                                             Calidris can-utus ruf a


Laughing gull                                           Larus atricilla
Least bittern                                           Ixobrychus exilis
Least sandpiper                                         Calidris minutilla
L~east torn                                             Sterna albifrons
La Conte's sparrow                                      Passerharbulus caudacutus
Lesser scaup                                           Athina  ffainies
Lesser yellowlegs                                       Trimus, flvi
Limpkin                                                 Flrdamu  cuacraule   ae
 Little'blue heron                    Faisluoriidaceales.aeua
 Loggerhead shrike                                       Lumnius amervicianus
 Long~-billed curlew                                     Nunenius americanusaeraiu
 Long-billed curlew                                      Cueisttous pa-rcustamris  au
 Long-billed marsh wren                                  Cistothorus valastrisgisu
 Long-billed marsh wren                                  Csthodransa triclosri   rs
 Louisi-An  heron                                                   ________ ticlo
 Louisiana waterthrush,                                  Seiurus notacilla

 Hacgillivray's seaside sparrow                          Axmospiza maritima. macgillivraii
 Magnolia warbler                                        Dendroica magnolia
 Mallard                                                 Anias 1lat,7rhynchos
 Marbled godwit                                          Limosa, fedoa
 Marsh hawk                                              Circus cyaneus
 Harsh hen                                               Rallus longirostris
 Hasked duck                                             Oxyura dowinica
 Herlin                                                  Falco columbarius
 Mexican duck                                            Ana diazi
 Mississippi kite                                        Ictinia mississinviensis
 Mockingbird                                             Minus iPol'rglottos
 Mockingbird                                             Minus Poylto  oylta
 Mottled duck                                            Anas fulvistula
      Morgdov Zenaida macroura
 Musco'vy duck                                           Ciiamsht

               Nighthawk ~~~~~~~~~Chordeiles minor minor
 Niohthernorol Icterus galbula.
 Northern oriole                                         Parula americana
 Northern pharlarp Lobipes lobatus
 Northern shovlerop                                      Anas clypeata.
 Northern shoveertrh                                     Seiurus noveboracensis


  Oldsquaw                                                Cluus hiemais
  Orange crowned warbler                                  Vermivora celata
  Orchard oriole                                          Icterns spurius
               Osprey ~~~~~~~~~~~Pandion haliaetus
  Osprey                                                  Pandion haliaetus carolinensis
  Ospbrey                                                 Seiurus aurocapillus










Painted bunting                                          Passerina ciris ciris
Palm warbler                                            Dendroica palmarum,
Peregrine falcon                     Falco peregrinus anatum
Pied-billed grebe                                        Podilymbus podiceps
Pigeon hawk                                              Falco Colin- barius columbariuis
Pileated woodpecker                                      Dryocopus pileatus pileatus
Pine siskin                                              Carduelis pinus
Pine warbler                                             Dendroica piu
Pine warbler                                             Dendroica sinus sinus
Pintail                                                  Anas acuta
Piping plover                                            Charadrius melodus
Prairie warbler                                          Dendroica discolor discolor
Prothonotary warbler                                     Protonotaria citrea
Purple finch                                             Carpodacus purpureus3
Purple gallinule                                        Porphyrula martinica.
Purple Martin                                            Progne subis subis

Quail                                                    Colinus virginianus

Red-bellied woodpecker                                   Melanerpes carolinus carolinus
Red-breasted merganser                                  Mergus serrator
Red-breasted nuthatch                                    Sitta canadensis
Red-cockaded woodpecker                                  Picoides borealis
Red-cockaded. woodpecker                                 Picoides borealis borealis
Red-eyed vireo                                           Vireo olivaceus
Redhead                                                  Aythya americana
Red-headed woodpecker                                    Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus
Red-shouldered hawk                                      Buteo lineatus lineatus
Red-tailed hawk                                          Buteo jamaicensis borealis
Red-throated loon                                        Gavia stellata
Red-winged blackbird                                     Agelaius phoeniceus
Ring-billed gull                                         Larus delawarensis
Ring-necked, duck                                        Aythya collaris
Rob in                                                   Turdus migratorius migratorius
Rough-winged swallow                                     Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis
Royal tern                                               Sterna maxima
Ruby-crowned kidglet                                     Regulus calendula
Ruby-throated hummingbird                                Archilochus colubris
Ruddy duck                                               Oxvura jamaicensis
Ruddy turnstone                                          Arenaria interpres
Ruf fed grouse                                           Bonasa umbellus
Rufous-sided towhee                                      Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Rusty blackbird                                          Euvhagus carolinus

Sanderling                                               Crocethia alba
Sandwich tern                                            Sterna sandvicensis
Savannah sparrow                                         Pass erculus sandwichensis
Screech owl                                              Otus asio
Seaside sparrow                                          Aumos-i-za maritima
Semipalmated plover                                      Charadrius semipalmatus
Semipalmated. sandpiper                                  Calidris pusillus
Sharp-shinned hawk                                       Accipiter -striat-us velox
Sharp-tailed sparrow                                     Ammospiza caudacuta
Short-billed dowitcher                                   Linnodromus Zriseus
Short-billed marsh wren                                  Cistothorus platensis
Short-eared owl                                          Asia flMgeu
Shoveler                                                Z 7as clypeata.
Snipe                                                    Capella gallinago
Snow goose                                               Chen caerulescens
Snowy egret                                              Egretta thula thula
Solitary sandpiper                                       Tringa solitaria
Solitary vireo,                                          Vireo solitarius
Song sparrow                                             Melospiza melodia. atlantica
Sora                                                     Porzana carolina
Southern bald eagle                                      Baliaeetus leucocenhalus leucocephalus
Southern crested flycatcher                              Mviarchus crinitus crinitus
Southern crow                                            Coryus brachyrhynchos paulus
Southern downy woodpecker                                Picoides Pubescens pubescens
Southern screech owl                                     Otus asio asio
Spotted sandpiper                                        Aqtitis-ma~cularia
Starling                                                 Sturnus vulgaris
Sumer tanager                                            Piranga rubra rubra.










Surf seater                                             Helanitta Persipicillata
Swainson's thrush                                       Catharua ustilatiis
Swainson's warbler                                      LI.mnothlvyis swainsonii
Swallow-tailed kite                                     Elanoides fortficatne
Swamp sparrow                                           Ifelospiza gearxiana
Swamp sparrow                                           )felospiza zearftiana Leorgiana,

Tennessee warbler                                        Verinivora. peern
Tree swallow                                             Tridoprocue bicolor
Tufted titmouse                                          Parns bicolor
Turkey                                                  Meleagris 2allopavo
Turkey vulture                                           Catbartes aura aura

Veery                                                    Catharnus' fuscescens
Vesper sparrow                                           Poosccecea gramiueus
Virginia rail                                            Rallus limicola

Wayne's clapper rail                                     Ra~lls lotigirostris waynei
Western sandpiper                                        Calidris mauri
Whimbrel                                                 Nxu~meniua phaeopus
Whip-poor-will                                           Caprimulzus vociferus
Whistling swan                                           Olor columabianus
White-breasted nuthatch                                  Sitta. carolinenais
              White-eyed vireo                         ~~~~~Vireo wrieus
White-eyoned gooseo                                      Anser albifrons
White-rne  ibise                                         Eudocimus albus
White-tre ibspro Zonotrichia albicollis
White-whroaed seatrro                                    Melanitta dealandi
Whilteind sctrCatoptrophorus seaiyalrnatus
Wilso'letre Oceanites oceanicus
Wilson's ploetre                                         Charadrius wilsonia
Wilson's sniper                      Caeflla gjalno  delicata
Winter wren                                              Tromlodyes troxlodytes
Woodcock                                                 Philohela minor
Wood duck                                                Aix sponsa
 Wood ibis                                                Myeteria azericana
 Wood stark                                               Mycteria americana
 Wood thrush                                              Rylocichla mustelina
 Worn-eating warbler                                      Helmitheros vermivorus

 Yellow-bellied sapsuckerShraiuvrusaiu
 Yellow-billed cuckoo                                     Coccyzus americanus americanus
 Yellow-breasted chat                                     Icteria virens
 Yellow-crowned night heron                               Wyetanassa violacea
 Yellow rail                                              Coturnicops noveboracensis
 Yellow-rumped warbler                                    Dendroica coronata
 Yellow-shafted flicker                                   Colaptes auratus auratus
 Yellowchroat                                             Geothivris trichas
 Yellow-throated vireo                                    Vireo flavifrons
 Yellow-throated warbler                                  Dendroica. doninica dominica
 Yellow warbler                                           Dendroica petechia








                                 MAM MALS








Antillean beaked whiale                                  Mesoplodon eurovaeus
Atlantic beaked whale                                    Nesoplodon densiros tris
Atlantic battle-nosed dolphin                            Tursiops truneatua
Atlantic right whale                                     Eubalaena slacialis

Beaver                                                   Cantor canadensis
Big brown bat                                            EiJtesicus fascus fucu
Black bear                                               Ursus americanus
Blue whale                                               Sibbaldus  musculus
Bobcat                      Ln                                 uu
Bottle-nosed dolphin                                     Tursiops truncatus
Bowhead whale                                            Balaena mysticecus
Brazilian free-tailed bat                                Tadarida brasiliensis cyncceDhala
Bridled dolphin                                          Stemella frontalis
Bryde' s whale                                           Baaeaters edeui.

California sea lion                                      Zalophus californianus
Colonial pocket gopher                                   Geamys colontus
Common dolphin                                           Delphinus deiphis
Common porpoise                                          Phocoena phccn
Cotton mouse                                             Peramvacus SossXpinus/?erorivscus RossvDonus
                                                                                 anas tasae
Cotton rat                                               Sigmpdon hispidus
Cow                                                      Boo taurus
Cumberland Island pocket gopher                            wa  cumberlandius

Dolphin                                                  Coryphaena hippurus
Domestic hog                                             Sus scrofa domneticus
Dwarf sperm whale                                        Kogia simus

Eastern cottontail                                       Sylvilagus floridanus
Eastern cougar                                           Felis concolor cougar
Eastern male                                             Scalopus aquaticus/Scaiopus acuaticus howelli
Eastern pipistrelle                                      Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus
Eastern wood rat                                         Neotoma, floridan~a/Neotoma floridana floridana
 European 'fallow, deer                                   Damsa dama
 European wild hog                                        Sus scrofa cristatus
 Evening bat                                              Nycticeius humeralis humeralis

 False killer whale                                       Pseudorca crassidens
 Feral hog                                                Sus scrof a
 Finback whale                                            Balaenorters physalus
 Florida manatee                                          Trichechus manatus latirostris
 Florida panther                                          Felis concolor S2r 
 Flying squirrel                                          Glaucomys volans saturatus
 Fox squirrel                                             Sciurus Niter/Sciurus niger rufiventer

 Coat                                                     Capra hircus
 Goose-beaked whale                                       Ziphius caviTrostria
 Grampus                                                  Grampus griseus
 Gray  fo                                                 Uracyon cinrercarstenteus
 Gray squirrel                                            Scuu       carolinensis
 Gray wolf                                                Canis 3-upus
               Harbor   p o r   p    o i s e    ~~~~~~Phocoema phocoena
 Harbor prosea                                            Phoca vitulina concolor
 Harvest mouse                                            Reithrodontomys hunulis
    Haybat                                                Lasiurus cinereus cinereus
 Horse                                                    Eciuus caballus
 House mouse                                              Mus muaculus
 Humpback whale                                           Negaptera. novaeangliae

 Killer whale                                             Orcinus area

 Least shrew                                              Cryptotis parv
 'Little brown myotis                                     mvatis 1tucifugus luc-fugus









Long-beaked dolphin                                     Stanea   gpstris
Long-beaked porpoise                                    Stenlla- foirost~ris
Long-tailed weasel                                      Mustel  frenata. olivcea

Man                                                     Homo sapiens
Marsh rabbit                                            Sflvilagus ralustris
Marsh rice rat                                          OrVzoy  palustris
Meadow vale                                             Mirtus pennsvivanicus pennsvlvan icus
Mink                                                    Hustela- vison
Minke whale                                             Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Muskrat                                                 B~-ar   zibethicus

Nine-banded armadillo                                   Dasyrus novemcinctus/Dasypus novemcinc tus
                                                                             sexicanus
Northern yellow bat                                     Lasiurus intermedius floridanus
Norway rat                                              Rattus norvemicus
Nutria                                                  Nvcso  coypus

Old-field mouse                                         Peromyscus polionotus
OpossumI                                                Ddelphis inarsupialis

Pine mouse                                              Pitymy pinetorum
Pygym sperm whale                                       Moxia breviceps

Raccoon                            Prco lotor
Raf inesque's big-eared bat                             Plecotus rafinesquii macroris
Red bat                                                 Lasiurus borealis borealis
Red deer                                                Cervus elarhus
Red fox                                                 Vulpea fulva
River otter                                             Lutra canadensis
Roof rat                                                Rattus rattum
Rough-toothed dolphin                                   Sten-obr~edanensis
Rough-tooth porpoise                                    Steno bredanensis

Sei whale                                               Balaenoptera borealis
Seminole bat                                            Lasiurus semnolus
Sheep                                                   Ovis aries
Sherman's pocker gopher                                 Geouva fontanelus
Short-finned blackfish                                  Globicephala macrorhvneha
Short-finned pilot whale                                Globicephala macrorhvncha
Short-tailed shrew                                     BMarina brevicauda
Silver-haired bat                                       Lasionvateris nortivaeans
Southeastern myotis                                     Myotis austroriparius
Southeastern packet gopher                              Geormvs vinetis
Southeastern shrew                                      Sorex: lonairostris/Sorex loneirostris
                                                                            loneiros tris
Southern flying squirrel                                'flaucoui 'valans saturatus
Sperm whale                                             Fhvsete; catodon
Spotted dolphin                                         Stenella planiodon
Spotted porpoise                                        Stenella plagiodon
Star-nosed mole                                         Condylura cristata/Condylura cristata parva
Striped dolphin                                         Stenella, coteruleoalba
Striped skunk                                           Mehtsmephitis
Swamp rabbit                                            Sylvilagus aquaticus

True' s beaked whale                                    Mesoplodon mirus

Virginia opossums                                       DldeLphls virginiana

West Indian manatee                                     Trichechus manatus latirostris
White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virginianus
White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virminianus hiltonensis
White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virminianus nigribarbis
White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus3 vIrginianus taurinsulae
White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus viritinianus virginianus








                    REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS





American alligator                                      Alligator mississinviensis
American crocodile                                      Crocodylus acutus
Atlantic green turtle                                   Cheoia, mvdas mu'as
Atlantic hawkubill turtle                               Eretmochelvs imbricata imbricsta
Atlantic leatherback turtle                             Dermochelyo coriacea coriacea
Atlantic loggerhead turtle                              Caet  carerra caretta
Atlantic ridley turtle                                  Levidochelys kemi
Atlantic salt marsh snake                               Herodia fasci~ata taeniata

Banded water snake                                      Nerodia fasciata fasciata
Barking traefrog                                        HylaAsi-tiosa
Black swamp snake                                        Seminatrix pygaea,
Box turtle                                              Terrapene carolina sop.
Brimley's chorus frog                                   Pseudacris brimleyi
Broad-banded water snake                                Nerodia fasciata confluens
Broadhead skink                                         Euneces laticeps
Broad-striped dwarf siren                               Pseudobranchus striatus striatus
Broken-striped newt                                     Notouhthalnmus viridescens dorsalis
Bronze frog                       Rana clamitans clamitans
Brown snake                                              Storeria, dekavi
Brown water snake                                       Nerodia ta-xisvilota
Bullfrog                        Rana catesbeiana

Canebrake rattlesnake                                    Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
Carolina crawfish frog                  Rana agreolata capito
Carolina diamondback terrapin                          Knallaclemys terrapin centrata
Carolina pigmy rattlesnake                               Sistrurus miliarius miliarius
Carolina salt marsh snake                               Neradia sipedon williamengelsi
Carolina swamp snake                                     Seminatrix gpygaesa paludis
Carpenter frog                                           Rana virgatipes
Central newt                                            Notophthaimus viridescen. louisijanens is
Chicken turtle                                           Deirochells reticularia sap.
Common garter snake                                      Thannophis sirtalis sap.
Common snapping turtle                                   Chelydra seri~entina serpentina
Cope's gray treefrog                                     Hvla hrSos~elis
Copperhead                                               Askistrodon contortrix sap.
Corn snake                                               Elaphe Murtata sap.
Corn snake                                               Elaphe lattata cuttata
Cottonmouth                                              Axkistrodon piscivorus sap.
Crawfish frog                      Rana areclata sap.

Dwarf salamander                                         Euryeea quadridicitata
Dwarf waterdog                                           Nect!Lrus. punctatus

Earth snakes                                             Virginia app.
Eastern bird-voiced treefrog                             Kyla avivoca onechiensis
Eastern box turtle                                       Terravene carolina carolina
Eastern chicken turtle                                   Deirochely reticularia reticularia
Eastern coachwhip                                        Hasticophis flagellum flagellum
Eastern coral snake                                      HiLcrurua fulvius fulvius
Eastern cottonmouth                                      Askistrodoni piscivorus viscivorus
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake                          Crotalua adamanteus
Eastern earth snake                                      Virginia valeriae valeriac
-Eastern garter snake                                    Thamnoghis sirtalis sirtalis
Eastern glass lizard                                     Ophisaurus Centralia
Eastern hognose snake                                    Reterodon platyrhinas
Eastern indigo snake                                     Drymarchon corais couperi
Eastern kinganake,                                       Lamoropeltia getulus getulus
Eastern lesser siren                                     Siren intermedia intermedia,
Eastern mud snakce                                       Faranciabc   abacura
Eastern tend turtle                                      !1inesternon subrabrum subrubrrum
Eastern narrommouth toad,                                Gastropznryne carollnensis
Eastern ribbon snake                                     Thannophis sauritua sauritus
Eastern river cooter                                     Chrvsemys concinna concinna-
Eastern slander glass lizard                              phausatenuatus loniticaudus
Eastern spadefoot toad                                   Scaphiopus holbrooki
Eastern spadefoot toad                                   Scanhiopus holbrooki holbrooki
Eastern tiger salamander                                 Ambvstomal ti num tigrinum
Eastern worm snake                                       Carvho~his amoenus amoenus










Five-lined skink                                        Eumeces fasciatus
Flatwoods salamander                                    Anbystoma cingulatum
Florida cooter                                          Chrysenivs floridana floridana
Florida cottonmouth                                     Attkistrodon piscivorus conanti
Florida crawfish frog                  Rana areolata aesopus
Florida cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus dorsalis
.Florida green water snake                               Nerodia cyclopion floridana
Florida pine snake                                      Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus
Florida softshell                                       Trionyx ferox

Garter snakes                                           Thamnophis spp.
Glossy crayfish snake                                   Riin   rigida rigida
Gopher tortoise                                         Gopherus polyphemus
Gray treefrog                                           Hyla versicolor
Greater siren                                           Siren lacertina
Green anole                                             Anolis carolinensis
Green sea turtle                                        Chelonia mvdas
Green treefrog                                          Hyla cinerea
Green turtle                                            Chelonia nydas
Green water snake                                       Nerodia cyclopion sap.
Ground skink                                            Scincella lateralis
Gulf Coast spiny softshell                              Trionyx spiniferus asperus
Gulf salt marsh snake                                   Nerodia fasciata clarki

Hawksbill turtle                                        Eretmochelys imbricata

Indigo snake                                            Drymarchon corais
Island glass lizard                                     Ophisaurus comrs sus

Kemp's ridley turtle                                    Lepidochelys kemvi

Leatherback turtle                                      Dermochelys coriacea
Lesser siren                                             Siren intermedia
Little grass frog                                       Limnaoedus ocularis
Loggerhead turtle                                       Caretta caretta
Longtail salamander                                     Ercmlongicauda longicauda

Mabee's salamander                                      Anbvstom  mabeei
Many-lined salamander                                    Stereochilus marginatus
marbled salamander                                      Ambystoma opacum
Mole kingsriake                                          Lamprope tis calligaster rhombomaculata
Male salamander                                         Amysoma talpoideum
Mole skink                                              Eumeces egregius
Mud salamander                                           P -seudotriton montanus sap.
Mud salamander                                           Pseudotriton inontanus
Mud snake                                                Farancia abacura sop.
Mud turtle                                              Kinosternon suboruburum  sop.

Newts                                                   Notophthalmus spp.
North Florida swamp snake                                Sem-Inatrix pygaee  pygaea
Northern cricket frog                                    Acris --repitans; crenitans
Northern diamondback terrapin                            Malacl=9y terrapin terranin
Northern leopard frog                                    Haappens;
Northern mole skink                                      Eumeces exremius similis
Northern redbellv snake                                  Storeria occivitomaculata occipi tomaculata
Northern scarlet snake                                   Cemophora coccinea copei
Northern spring peeper                                  ME1  crucifer crucifer

Oak toad                                                 Bufo quercicus
Ornate chorus frog                                       Pseudacris ornata

Peninsula ribbon snake                                   Thamnophis sauritus sackeni
Pickerel frog                                            Rana palustris
Pig frog                         Rana grylio
Pine snake                                               Pituophis inelanoleucus sap.
Pine woods snake                                         Rhadinaea flavilata
Pine woods treefrog                                      Hyl  femoralis
Pigmy rattlesnake                                        Siatrurus miliarius sup.

Rainbow snake                                            Farancia erytrogramma sasp.
Rainbow snake                                           Frarancia erytrogramm e~rytro rawma
Ranid frogs                                              Rana app.
Rat snake                                                Elahe obsolete say.











Redbellv snake                                           Storeria occivitomaculat~a
Redbelly water snake                                    Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster
Red salamander                                          Poeudotriton ruber
Red-spotted newt                                         Notophthalmu- viridescens viridescens
'Ribbon snake                                            ThaznnoPhis sauritus 8139.
Ringneck snakeDidhsputau
River caoter                                             CrSeiscoinasp.
River frog                        Rana hecikacheri
Rough earth snake                                       Virginia striatula
Rough green snake                                                        Gedv  asiu

Scarlet kdngsnake                                       Lampropeltis trianswulmr elapsoides
Six-lined racerunner                                     Cnemidophorus segliueatus sexlineatus
Slender glass lizard                                    Ophisaurus attenuatus
Slimy salamander                                         Plethodon alutincouus glutinosus
Smooth earth snake                                      Virginia valeriae
Southeastern crowned snake                               Tantilla coronata
Southeastern five-lined skink                           Eumeces inexvectatus
Southern black racer                                     Coluber constrictor Priajpus
Southern chorus frog                                    Pseudacris nigrita
Southern chorus frog                                     Pseudacris uigrita nigrita
Southern copperhead                                     AMkistrodon contortrix contortrix
 Southern cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus
 Southern cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus gRyllus
 Southern dusky salamander                                Desnogathus auriculatus
 Southern fence lizard                                    SceloDorus uudulatus undulatus
 Southern hognose snake                                   Reterodon simus
 Southern leopard frog                                    Rana sphencocechala
 Southern red salamander                                  Pseudotriton ruber vioscai
 Southern ringneck snake                                  Diadophis punctatus punctatus
 Southern toad                                            Bufo terrestris
 Southern two-lined salamander                            Eurycea bislineata cirrigera
 Spiny poftshell                                          Trionyx spiniferus ';up.
 Spotted salamander                                       AsibYstoma, maculatum
 Spotted turtle                                           Clesvsft uttata
 Spring peeper                                            ijyla crqucife-er
 Squirrel treefrog                                        Sternothrerulooatu
 StinkpotStrthusdoau
 Striped crayfish snake                                   Regina alleni   -
 Striped mud turtle                                      IKinosternon bauri palmarum
 Striped newt                                             Notophthalmus perstriatus

 Texas horned lizards                                     Phrvnosoma cor-nutum
 Three-lined sal-aander                                   Eurycea longicauda, guttollineata
 Tiger salamander                                         Aphys toma, tiarinum
 Treefrogs                                                Ryla spp.
 Two-lined salamander                                     Eurycea bislineata
 Two-toed amphilma                                        LmRphiuma means

 Upland chorus frog                                       Pseudacris triseriata feriarum

 Worm snake                                               Carphophis amoenus sap.

 Yellowbelly slider                                       Chrysemys scripts scripta,
 Yellow rat snake                                         Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata








                             FISHES


Alewife                                                 Alas& PoeudobarenMus

             Almac o   J      a      c     k          ~~~~~~~~Seriol  rivoliana
American eel                                            Angu:Ulla rostrata
American shad                                           Alosa sapidissima
Angelfiahes                                             Holacanthus app.
Atlantic bonito                                         Sarda. sard~a
Atlantic bumper                                         Chloroacombrus chrsurus
A~tlantic croaker                                       Ificropogonias und-ulatus
Atlantic cutlassfish                                    Trichiurua lepturus
Atlantic guitarfish                                     Rhtinobatos lentiginosus
Atlantic mackerel                                       Scomber scombrus
Atlantic menhaden                                       Brevoortia.trlu
Atlantic midshipman                                     Po-richthys porosissimu..
A~tlantic moonfish                                      Vomer setapinnis
Atlantic needlefish                                      Strongylura marina
Atlantic sharpnose shark                                Rhizoprionodo   ereoa
Atlantic silvers ide                                    Menidia. menidia,
Atlantic spadefish                                      Chaetodipterais faber
A~tlantic stingray                                      Dazyatis sabina
Atlantic sturgeon                                       Acipeuser o~Ixyrh1!eh.
Atlantic thread herring                                  Opisthonema oglinum

Balao                                                   HemiaMphus balao
Banded darter                                           Etheostoma zonale
Banded drum                                             Larimus fasciatus
Banded pygmy sunfish                                    Elassoma. zonatum
Banded sunfish                                          Enneacanthus obesus
Banded topminxiow                                       Fundulus cingulacus
Bandtail puffer                                          Sphoeroides Spenglera
Barracudas                                              Sphyraena app.
Bay anchovy                                             Anchoa mitchilli
Bay whiff                                               Citharichthys spiLlopterus
Bighead searobin                                        Prionotus tribulus
Blackbanded darter                                      Percina nigrofasciata
Blackbanded sunfish                                     Enneacanthus chaetodon
Black bullhead                                          Ictalurus melas
Blackcheek tonguefisF                                    SyMphurux plagiusa
Black crappie                                            Pomxse~   niaromaculatus
Black drum                                               Pogonias cromis
Blackf in snapper                                        Luti anus buccanella
 Blackline tilefish                                       Caulolatilus cyanors
 Black junprock                                           Maxostoma. cervinum
 Black'madtom                                             Noturus funebris
 Black sea bass                                           Centropristis striata
 Blacktip, shark                                          Carcharhinux limbatus
 Blackwing searobiu                                       Prionotus salmonicolor
 Blennies                                                 Chasmodes app.
    B.eachern                                            Alosa aestivalis
 Bluebc herring                                           lctalurus furcatus
 Bluefi  catlfish                                         Lucania zoodel.
 BluefishPnaou  salltatii
 Bluegill                                                 Lepomis macrochirus;
 Blueheadchu                                              Noconia leutocevhalus
 Bluehmarli             chbakaira nixricans
 Bluespotted. sunfish                                     Enneacanthus aloriosus
 Bluntnose stingray                                       Dasyatis sayil
 Bonnethead                                               Sph Mna tiburo
 Bowf in                                                  MAri calve
 Broad flounder                                           ParalichthyS squa-4lentus
 Brook silverside                                        'Labideothes sicculus
 Brown bullhead                                           Ictalurus nebulosus
 Burrfishes                                               Chilomycterus app.
 Butterfish                                               Peprilus triacanthus
 Butterfishes                                             Pepiu  Opp-

 Carolina bake                                            Uohcserl
 Carp                                                     Cyriu  carpio
 Chain pickerel                                           Rsoxc niger









Chain pipefish                                          Syn~nathua louisinnae
Channel catfish                                         Ictalurus punctatus
Christmas darter                                        Etheostoma hopkinsi
Clearnose skat~e                    Raja eglanteria
Clown goby                                              Microstobius stulosus
Coastal shiner                                          Notrovis petersoni
Cobia                                                   Rachycentron canadum
lCombtooth blennies                                     Hyposoblennius spp.
Conger eel                                              Couxer oceanicus
Cownose .ray                                            Rhinoptera bonasus
Crappies                                                Pomoxis spp.
Creek chubsucker                                        Erizvzon oblongus
Crested blenny                                          Biypleurochilus zeminatus
Crevalle Jack                                           Caranx hippos
Cypress minnow                                          Hvboxn thus havi

Darter goby                                             Gobionellus boleosoma
Darters                                                 Etheostoma app.
Darters                                                 Percina app.
DOblar: sunfish                                         Lepomis marginatus
Dolphins                                                Coryphaena spp.
Dusky anchovy                                           AnChoa lyoleris
Dusky pipefish                                          Syngnathus floridae
Dusky shark                                             Carcharhinus obscures
Dusky shiner                                            Notropis cumingiae

Eastern mudminnow                                       Umbra pygmaea
Everglades pygmy sunfish                                Elassoma evergladei

Fathead minnow                                          Pimephales promelas
Fat sleeper                                             Dormitator maculatus
Feather blenny                                          Hypsoblennius hentzi
Finetooth shark                                         Aprionodon isodon
Flat bullhead                                           Ictalurus platycephalus
Flathead catfish                                        Pylodictis olivaris
Flier                                                   Centrarchus macrop terus
Florida blenny                                          Chasmodes saburrae
Florida gar                                             Lepisosteus platyrhincus
Florida pompano                                         Trachinotus carolinus
Flounders                                               Paralighthys app.
Freshwater dinm                                         Aplodinotus grunniens
Freshwater goh                                          Gobionellus shufeldti
Fringed flounder                                        Etropus crossotus

,Gafftopsail catfish                                    3Agre !nariuus
Gag grouper                                             Ilycteroperca microlepis
Cars                                                    Lepiaosteus spp.
Gizzard shad                                            Dorosoma cepedianum
Glassy darter                                           Etheostoma vitreum
Gobies                                                  Gobionellus app.
Gobies                                                  Gobiosoma app.
Golden shiner                                           Notemigonus crysoleucas
Golden topminnow                                        Fundulus chrysotus
Goldfish                                                Carassiu   uau
Gold tilefish                                           LoP~holatilus chamaceleonticeps
Gray snapper                                            Luti anus gri seus
Great barracuda                                         Sphyraena ~barrac~uda
Greater amberjack                                       Seriol& dumerili
Green goby                                              Microgobius thalassinus
Greenhead shiner                                        Notropis chlorocephalus
Green sunfish                                           Lepomis cyanellus
Groupers                                                Mycteroperca app.
Guaguanche                                              Sphyraena guachancho
Gulf flounder                                           Paralichthys albizutta
-Gulf kingfish                                          Menticirrhus Tittoralis

sakes                                                   Urophycis app.
.Ralfbeak                                               Hyporhamphus unifas ciatus
Ea-ierhead sharks                                       S hra app.
Harvestfish                                             Peprilus alepidotus
Herrings                                                Alosa app.
Hickory shad                                            Alosa mediocris
Highf in carpsucker                                     Carpiodes velifer
*Highf in goby                                          Gobionellus oceanicus









Highf in shiner                                         Ntrinecte aclatupns
HogchokerTrntsmcuas
Horse-eye Jack                                           Caranxu latua

Inshore lizardfish                                       Synodus foetens
Irish pompano                                            Diapterns olisthoatomus
Troncolor shiner                                         Notropis chalybaeus

             Jacka                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~Caranx sipp.

Killifishes                                              Fundulus spp.
Kingfishes                                               Menticirrhus app.
King mackerel                                            Scomberomorus cavalla
King whitinga                                            Menticirrhus sov.

Ladyfish                                                 Elops saurus
Lake chubaucker                                          Erimyzon sucetta
Lancer stargazer                                         Kathetosona albigutta
Largetouchbaish                                          Heterandria formosa
Leathrn akt klishOligoplites saurns
Lefhere flouners                                         Citharichthys Spp.
Lefteye flounders                                        Paralichthya app.
Letycfoundehrk                        me                     aprion brevixostris
Lemona sharkbi                                           Prionotus scitulus
Lieoad seahrobi                                          Hippocampus erectus
Lined seaorseno                                          Fundulus lineolatus
Linpedropino                                             Percina, Caprodes
Lngpearcsnih Lepomis menalocis
Longoe. ar  unihLepiasoteus osseus
Lookdown                                                   eee  oe7
Lyre goby                                                Evorthodus l1yricus

              Madtona                                   ~~~~~~~~~~Noturus app.
Margndmdtom                                              Noturus insignis
 Margied gadby                                            Gobionellus stienaticus
 Marshd killfi                                            Fundulus confluentus
 Menshae kifh                                             re'voortia app.
 Menharda                                                 Eu-cinostomus app.

 Mudsquntfish                                             Acantharchus romotis
 Mullesufs Musil ap
 Mullets                                                   Fundulus heteroclitus

 Naked goby                                               Gobiosoma bosci
 Naked sole                                               Gymnachirus neias
 Niangua darter                                           Etheostoma. nianguse
               Northern kingfish                          M~~~~~enticirrhua saxatilis
               Northern pipefish                         ~~~~~S~ynnathus fuscus
 Northern puffefrs                                        Sphoeroides maculatus
 Northern pufearb                                         Prifonotus carolinus

 Oceanic whitetip shark                                   Carcharhinus .]o2ximanus
 Ocellated flounder                                       Ancylopsaetta. quadvocellata
 Ocmulsee shiner                                         "Notropia callisema,
 Ohoopee shiner                                           Notropis leedsi
 Okefenokee pygmy sunfish                                 Elasuoma okefenokee
 Orange filet ish                                         Aluterus schoeyfi
  Oyster toadfish                                          Oveanus tan

  Palespotted eel                                          Opic1~hthu ocellatus
  Palometa                                                 Trachinotus godi
  Permit                                                   Trachinotus falcatua
  Piedmont darter                                          Percina crassa
  Pigfish                                                  Orthopristis chrysortera
               Pikes Eso~~~~~~~~mx app.
  Pinfish                                                  Lagodon rhomboides;
  Pirate parch                                             hphredoderus savanua
  Planehead filefish                                       Vmnacanthus higidus
  Pompano                                                  Trachinotus; app.
  Porgies                                                  Calamus spp.
  Porgies                                                  Stenotonus spp.
  Pu ffers                                                 Sphoeraides spp.








Pugnose minnow                                          Notropis emiliae
Pumpkinseed                                              Lepomis Ribbomus
Pygmy filefish                                          Monacanthus setifer
Pygmy killifish                                         Leptolucauia ommata,
Pygmy sunfishes                                         Elassoma spp.

Rainwater kidlifish                                      Lucania parva
Redbreast sunfish                                       lepomis auritus
Red drum                                                Sciaenaps.ocellata
Red porgy                                               Pagrus sedecim
Red snapper                                            LEuti anus caupechanus
Redear sunfish                                          Lepomis microlophus
Redfin pickerel                                         Esox americanus americanus
Requiem sharks                                           Carcharhinus spp.
River carpsucker                                         Carpiodes cirpio
Rock sea bass                                           Centropristis philadelphica
Rosefin, shiner                                         go-tropis ardens
Rosyface chub                                           Hybopsis rubrifrons
Rough silverside                                        Membras martinica

Sailf in molly                                          Poecilia latipinna.
Sailf in shiner                                         Notropis hypselopterus
Sailfish                                                Ts-tiophoru-s platvpterus
Sandbar shark                                           Carcharhinus milberti.
Sand perch                                              Diplectrum. formosum
Savannah darter                                          Etheostoma fricksium
Savcheek darter                                          Etheostoma serriferum
Scaled sardine                                          Harengula pensacolae
Scalloped haummerhead                                    Sphyrna lewini
Scamp grouper                                           Mycteraperca phenax
Seaboard goby                                           Gobiosoma Rinsburzi
Sea catfish                                             An-us felis
Searobins                                               Prionotus spp.
Seatrout                                                 Cyrioscion spp.
Sharksucker                                              Echeneis naucrates
Sharptail goby                                           Gobionellus hastatus
Sheepshead                                              Ar-chosarmus probatocephalus
Sheepshead minnow                                        Cyprinodon variettatus
Shield darter                                            Percina peltata.
Shiners                                                 Vaotropis spp.
Shorthead redhorse                                       Moxostoma, macrolepidotum
Shartnose, sturgeon                                      Acipenser breviros trum
Shrimp eel                                               Opitu  Roes
Silk snapper                                             Lutlanus vivanus
Silver jenny                                             Eucinostomusgul
Silver perch                                            Brairdiella chrysura
Silver redhorse                                         Moxostoma anisurum
Silver seatrout                                          Cynoscion nothus
Silversides                                              Menidia spp.
Silvery minnow                                           Hybognathus nuchalis
Skilletfish                                              Gobiesox strumosus
Smallmouth bass                                         Micropteruis dolomieui
Smooth butterfly ray                                    Gymnura micrura
Smooth dogfish                                          Mustelus Canis
Smooth hammerhead                                        Sphyrna. zygaena
Smooth puffer                                            Laxacephalus laevigatus
Snail bullhead                                           Ictalurus brumneus
Snappers                                                 Lutlanus spp.
Snook                                                    Centropomus undecimalis
Snowy grouper                                            Epinerhelus niveatus
Southern flounder                    Para icht    l'hs t iga
Southern hake                                                hcs on danus
Southern kingfish                                        Menticirrhus americanus
Southern stargazer                                       Astroscopus Y-graecu
Southern stingray                                        Dasyatis americana
Spadefishes                                              Chaetodipterus spp.
Spanish mackerel                                         Scomberomorus maculatus
Spanish sardine                                          Sardinella anchovia
Speckled hind                                            Epinephelus drummondbayi
Speckled madtom                                          Noturus leptacanthus
Speckled worm eel                                        Myrophis iplmctatus
Spinycheek sleeper                                       Eleotris pisonis
Spiny dogfish                                            Squalus acanthias








Spot                                                    Leiostomus xanthurus
Spotfin killifish                                       Fu-ndulus luciae
Spotfin mojarra                                         Esucinostomus argenteus
Spottail shiner                                         Noroiahuunius
Spotted eagle ray                                       Aetobatus uarinari
Spotted hake                                           IUrOPhycis regius
Spotted seatrout                                        Cynoscion nebulous~
Spotted sucker                                          Minytrema melanops
Spotted sunfish                                         LepoImis pctatus
Spotted whiff                                           Citharichthys macraps
Star drum                                               Stellifer lancealatus
Starhead topainnow                                      Fumdulue notti
Stingrays                                               Dasyatis app.
Striped anchovy                                         AnchEOa hepsetus
Striped bass                                            Mo    on saatilis
Striped blenny                                          Chastdis ~bosquianus
Striped burrfish                                        Chl.0meterixs schoepf i
Striped cusk-eel                                        Rissola. marginata
Striped killifish                                       Fundulus majalis
Striped mullet                                          Hugil cephau
Striped searobin                                        PmrooiQ-evolans
Suckermouth redhorse                                    Maxostm  pa-ppillosum
Summer flounder                                         P~aralichth~ys dentatus
Sunfishes                                               Enneacanthus spp.
Swallowtail shiner                                      Nroiprene
Swamp darter                                            Etheostoal -fusiforne
Swanpfish                                               Chologaster cornuca

Tadpole madtom                                          Noturus gyrinus
Taillight shiner                                        Notropis maculatus
Tarpon                                                  iegalops atlantica
Temperate basses                                        Moreain  spp.
Tessellated darter                                      Etheostoma olmstedi
Threadfin shad                                          Dorosoama petenense
Thread herrings                                          OPI-sthonmea spp.
Tidewater silverside                                    Menidia be 1lina
Tilefish                                                Lopholatilus chamaeleonticevs
Tomtate                                                  Haemulon aurolimeatum
Tripletail                                              Lobotea-surinsamsmis

Vermilion snapper                                        Rhomboplites aurorubens

Wahoo                                                    Acanthocybium solanderi
Walleye                                                  Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
Warmnouth                                                Lpisulsus
Warsaw grouper                                           Epinephel~Usigritus
Weakfish                                                 CynoscioR7--areiIls
Whiffs                                                   Citharichithy-s app.
Whiff                                                    Erps   p
White bass                                                Iichyops
White catfish                                            __________ catus
White crappie                                            Pomoxis annularis
Whitef in shiner                                         No-tropis niveus
White hake                                              LUroph'ycis tenuis
White marlin                                             Tetapt~iialbidus
White mullet                                             Mglcrm
White perch                                              Morons americana
Windowpane                                               Scophthalmus aguosus

Yellow bullhead                                          Ictalurus natalis
Yellowedge grouper'avlmtu
Yellowf in menhaden                                      Brevoortia suithi
Yellowf in shiner                                        Notropis lutivinnis
Yellow perch                                             Perca flavescens































            APPENDIX I

Groups Endorsing the ACE Basom NERR







       ORGANIZATIONS ENDORSING THE Aft BASIN PROI.ECT


Atlantic Coast Conservation Association of S. C.
Beaufort County Council
Beaufort County Open Land Trust
Carolina Bird Club
Coastal Zone Education Center
Colleton County Council
* Ducks Unlimited, Inc.
* Ducks Unlilmited Foundation
Edisto Beach Property Owners Association
Edisto Beach Sport Fishing Association
Edisto Island Community Association
Edisto River Canoe & Kayak Trail Committee
Garden Club of S. C., Inc.
Georgia Conservancy
Greater Charleston Garden Club Council
Hilton Head Island FRishing Club
Jasper County Forestry and Wildlife Management Association
Kiawah Island Natural History Club
Lowcountry Paddlers
Lowcountry Open Land Trust
Lowcountry Saltwater Sports Fisherman' s Club
Merck Family Fund
National Audubon Society
National Wild Turkey Federation
National Wildlife Federation
Palmetto Shell Club
Quail Unlimited (National)
Quality Deer Management Association (S.C. Chapter)
S. C. Aauarium (Charleston)
* S. C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Departament
S. C. State Development Board
S. C. Chapter of the Sierra Club
S. C. Plantation Managers Association
S. C. Coastal Conservation League
S. C. Outdoor Press Association
S. C. Waterfowl Association
S. C. Shrimpers Associatin
S. C. Wildlife Federation
S. C. Wildlife Heritage
Sport Fishing Institute
The National Fish & Wildlife Foundatin
* The Nature Conservancy
* The S. C. Nature Conservancy
The Trust for Public Land
* U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Warm Water Streams Committee of the American Fisheries Society
Wildlife Action, Inc.
The Wildlife Society (S. C. Chapter)
City of Walterboro
Walterboro-colleton Chamber of Commerce




































                      APPENDIX J


              WRITTEN AND ORAL COMMENTS

                   received on the

ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve DEIS/DMP





                         A'     e  UNitED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                              e   NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                               tesoSoutheast Regional Office
                                   So uth    east Regional office                       Response to the U.S. DeDartment of Commerce
                                   9450 Koger B oulevard    372NationaI Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                   St. Petersburg, Florida 33702

                                   April 3, 1991




Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
National Ocean Service/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 714
Washington, D.C. 20235

Dear Ms. Durden:

Please reference your February 20, 1991, letter requesting comments
on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine
Research Reserve in South Carolina, Draft Environmental Impact
Statement (DEIS), and Draft Management Plan (DMP).

The DEIS and DHP adequately address National Marine Fisheries1.
The-  DEI S  and DMP adequat ely address National Mareine Fisheries 1.1                 1.1  The National Marine Fisheries Service has been added to the
Service's (NMFS) trust resources. However, we recommend that the
NMFS be added to the Advisory Committee list found on page 39  f                              Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested.
the document.   This recommendation is based on  our extensive
involvement in both estuarine research and estuarine habitat
management activities in the southeast.

Thank you for the opportunity to provide these comments.

                                  Sincerely,




                                  Andreas Magr,
                                  Assistant Regional Director
                                  Habitat Conservation Division

cc:
CS/EC - Cottingham















75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988                   ;










            United States Department of the Interior 

                      OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY  ResDonse to the U.S. DeDartment of the Interior
                         WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240                                        Office of Environmental Affairs


                                         APR 15 199I
In Reply Refer To:
ER 91/230



Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
National Ocean Service/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714
Washington, D.C. 20235

Dear Ms. Durden:

The Department of the Interior has reviewed the Draft
Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plan for the
Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research 2.1                       2.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
Reserve in South Carolina. We have no comments to offer.

Thank you for the opportunity to review the document.

                             Sincerely,





                            Alnathan P. Deason
                              rector
                           /  ffice of Environmental Affairs

                          l l




                   NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
                        WASHINGTON. D.C 20550
          WASHINGTON. DC20550 Response to the National Science Foundation




    OFFICE OF TH-
   ASSISTANT ClIR~C]OR
   FOR GEOSCIENCES






Ms. Susan E. Durden
Regional Manager
Sanctuaries and Reserve Division
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
National Ocean Service/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 174
Washington, DC 20235

Dear Ms. Durden:

Thank you for providing us the opportunity to review the Draft                          3.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan for the 3.1
"Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research
Reserve in South Carolina."

We have no comments to offer at this time.

                             Sincerely,




                             Julian Shedlovsky
                             Staff Associate for Budget
                               and Environmental Policy










                                                 M8    AR 1991 

                                                     l 4a urrl~l~n  -}







WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
State and Local Organizations






































































                 p~~~~~~~








           ARoe  tSouth Carolina Water Resources Commission
                                                                                                     Resnonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
       ?A w~  ~      1201 MainStreet,Suite 1100 [ Columbia, S.C.29201 0  Telephone(803)737-0800              Executive Director's Office





Alfred H Vang
 Executive Director
                                        April 9, 1991




      Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
      Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
      Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
      National Ocean Service/NOAA
      1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
      Suite 714
      Washington, D.C. 20235

      Dear Ms. Durden:

          This letter is in reference to the Draft Environmental Impact
      Statement and Draft Management Plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine                               4.1  Comment noted; The South Carolina Water Resources Commission
      Research Reserve in South Carolina.  We would respectfully ask that you         4.1                          has been added to the list of organizations endorsing the
      include the South Carolina Water Resources Commission as one of the                                          ACE Basin Project in Appendix I.
      organizations endorsing the ACE Basin Project. My staff will forward
      additional comments to you on the DEIS and Draft Management Plan.

          If you have any questions concerning this request, please do not
      hesitate to contact me. Thank you for your assistance in this matter.

                                         Sincerely,




                                        Au   d H. Vang
                                         Ex utive Director

      AHV/kah

      cc: Mr. David Cottingham, Director
           Ecology & Environmental Conservation Office











      CA%           South Carolina Water Resources Commission

                                                                                                         Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
                   1201 Main Street, Suite 1100 ' Columbia, S.C. 29201  1_ Telephone (803) 737-0800




Alfred H Vang
 Executive Director

                                                         April 8. 1991


    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
     Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
     Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
     National Ocean Service/NOAA
     1825 Connecticut Avenue NW
     Suite 714
    Washington, DC 20235

    RE:  Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan for ACE Basin
         National Estuarine Research Reserve

     Dear Ms. Durden:

        This letter responds to your request for comments on this draft
     environmental impact statement relevant to the interests of this agency.
    We are very pleased to support the inclusion of this area in the National
     Estuarine Research Reserve and endorse the concepts of this document. Our
     geographic information section is providing very significant support for
     the project and the section director, Anne Marie Hale, has submitted some
     comments on the EIS directly to Michael McKenzie in a letter dated March
     27, 1991.

        Additionally, we would like to submit the following comments:

     Groundwater.

         On page 87, the second paragraph under the ground-water section states
     that "Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the
     Ocala Group) comprise the Principal Artesian Aquifer of southeastern South
     Carolina". Historically, this aquifer has been referred to as the
     Tertiary Limestone Aquifer, Principal Artesian Aquifer, and simply the
     Santee. The currently accepted nomenclature is the Floridan aquifer. The
     Santee Limestone has been given formation status and is included in the
     Orangeburg Group of middle Eocene age. The Ocala is not a group but a
     formation within the Cooper Group of upper Eocene age.  These two                   5.1                      5. 1  Corrections have been made to pages 87-88.
     formations collectively comprise the Floridan aquifer.

         The last paragraph refers to sandstones within the Cretaceous
     Tuscaloosa and Black Creek Formations. Early investigators used the term
     Tuscaloosa because of the similarity of the sediments to sands that
     occurred near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. These sediments have since been
     determined to be of a younger age and are not in fact part of the
     Tuscaloosa Formation. The correct terminology for Cretaceous age sands in











                                                                                                     Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources commission
Ms. Susan E. Durden                                                                                           (Page 2)
April. 8, 1991.
Page 2



South Carolina, in ascending order, is the Middendorf Formation, Black
Creek Formation and the Peedee Formation.

    These comments were provided by Robert Logan of our Groundwater
Division.

Climate, We suggest this section on p. 87 be replaced with the following:

    "The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime
subtropical in which winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is
long, hot and humid. Major features which control the climate in the
region are:

     --Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream)
     --Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High.
     --Tropical cyclones
     --Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect.

    The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of
October.  During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant
climate control.  On a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the
adjacent ocean waters creating warm air at the land surface.  By afternoon
this warm air rises and is replaced by moist, cooler air from over the
ocean.  This circulation creates An onshore "sea breeze".  In most                                            5.2   The Climate section,  on pages 88-89, has been revised with
instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles.  During the             5 .2                           the recommended text.
nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the
beat gained during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea.  Further
inland, summer temperatures are several degrees higher than those along
the immediate coastline since the sea breeze effect diminishes with
landward distance.

    The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers
and thunderstorms. Shovers will develop offshore during the day as warm,
moist air from the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At
night, isolated showers will develop over land. Rainfall, on the average,
is highest during the summer months throughout the region. Occasionally,
severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold fronts which pass through
the region. These severe storms sometimes generate tornadoes or water
spouts and can be accompanied by high winds and hail.

    Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is
59. Over the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the
region. Annual total rainfall variea from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C.
to 46.9 inches along the coast. The month with the heaviest rainfall la
July (7.1 inches) and the month with the lowest rainfall is November (2.1
inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather systems normally accounts
for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the period from
August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum of
22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956.











 Ms. Susan E.  199rden                                                                                          Response to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
 April 8, 1991                                                                                                   (Page 3)
                           Page 3   ~        ~             ~            ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Page 3)
 Page 3



     Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees
 to an average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees. Average temperatures along
 the immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees
 warmer in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland
 temperature eatrere  range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees in the
 summer to a low of 0 degrees (1/21/85) in the winter.

     The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricane
 during the hurricane Season which lasts from May through November.
 Tropical cyclones form predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the
 Antilles Islands, while the remainder form offshore, in the Caribbean, or
 in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the lower South Carolina
 coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed); 1803 (unnamed), 1911 (unnamed), 1940
 (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), X985 (Bob), and 1989
 (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of
 dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastline. In recent
memory, Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the Ace Basin.

     In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant
climatic impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of
drought (1954, 1977, 1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold
temperatures (1977, 1983, 1985). Long periods of drought and extensive
flooding cause wide fluctuations in the fresh water flow into estuarine
systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water temperatures to less
than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a significant
impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin."

    These comments were provided by David J. Smith, State Climatologist.

    Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this EIS.



                                  Sincerely


                                  Bar ra J. Postles
                                  Environmental Planner

BJP:cw
cc: Danny Johnson
    Anne Hale
    Robert Logan
    D.J. Smith










P    m mF    m    (     FredP. Brnilnman. Exsecutive Director                                                      ResDonse to the South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation
Division of Engineenng & Planning                                                                                  and Tourism  (SCPRT)
William R. Jennings. Director
(803) 734-0173
FAX: 803 734 1409

   April 3, 1991



   Ms. Susan Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
   Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
   Washington, D.C. 20235

   Dear Ms. Durden:

   Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE)
   Basin  National   Estuarine  Research  Reserve  (NERR)  Draft  Environmental   Impact
   Statement and Draft Management Plan.

   The  South  Carolina  Department  of  Parks,  Recreation  and  Tourism  supports  the
   establishment  of the AUE .Basic NERR in order to ensure the management of this
   unique   estuarine   ecosystem  Ifor   the   purposes   of   research,   education,
   interpretation, passi've 'recreatitan. anrid  pretection.   This was evidenced by the                         6.1   Comment noted;  no response necessary.
   unanimous vote taken at the May 10, 1990 SOPRT Commission meeting to endorse the
   plan to protect the ACE Basin.   SCPRT believes that the "preferred alternative," '6.1
   as described  in the Managemqnt  Plan, would best fulfill  the objectives of the
   National  Estuarine  Research  Reserve.    The inclusion of Edisto Beach State ,Paik
   and Hunting Island State Park in the Buffer Zone is consistent and compatib'ilie with
   the current uses and preservation practices of these btwe parks.   We also welcome
   the opportunity to participate on the ACE Basin NERR Advisory 'Committee as
   outlined in the Management Plan.

   As a more specific comment, I would like to request that SCPRT be added to the
   list of groups that have a high interest in conducting "research and educational
   programs" in the ACE Basin (page 59).  With Edisto Beach and Hunting Island State 6.2                          6.2   Comment noted;  The SCPRT has been added to the list of
   Parks in the reserve, we feel that this would greatly enhance our efforts in 1)                                      groups interested in conducting research and educational
   expanding   educational  programs   and  eco-tourism  related  activities   and  2)                                  programs in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research
   cultural, natural, and historic preservation and interpretation.                                                     Reserve on pages 57-60.

   Thank you again for the opportunity to comment on this very important effort.

   Sincerely,



   Fred P. Brinkman
   Executive Director

   cc: Dr. James A. Timmerman




   South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation & Tourism  1205 Pendleton Street  Columbia. South Carolina 29201










        ;/--. ? \    The South Carolina Wildlife Federation
                                           Liz }Mailingudd~ SIet Add~es~s~:                     ResDonse to the South Carolina Wildlife Federation
        w(y gis~)   ~PO Box 61159 - 5219 Trenholm Road
                          Columbia, SC 29260-1159   Colurn1s, SC 29206
                                   Phone (803) 782-8626

Ethelul..o,,co April 1, 1991
BETTY SVENCE


           South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources
           PO Box 12559
           Charleston, SC 29412

           Dear Sirs:

           I have reviewed the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin
           National Estuarine Research Reserve Draft Environmental
           Impact Statement and Draft management Plan dated February,
           1991 on behalf of the South Carolina Wildlife Federation.

           The Federation commends the South Carolina Wildlife and
           Marine Resources Department and the National Oceanic and
           Atmospheric Administration on this document. We support
           the concepts of the plan and recognize the importance of
           the Estuarine Research Reserve Program in expanding our                                7.1  Comment noted; NOAA and the South Carolina Coastal Council
           knowledge of natural areas and in-protectiqgexisting uses        7.1                    . look forward to the coordination with the South Carolina
           while conserving significant natural resources.                                             Wildlife and Marine Resources Department in the management

                                                                                                   of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve.
           The plan will demand careful coordination of programs within
           various divisions of the Wildlife Department. We encourage
           utilization of existing programs and facilities to the extent
           it is feasible in order to prevent duplication both in
           capital and manpower expenditures.

           The meshing of different ownerships and the variety of
           resource activities and usage are strengths in the plan.
           The agencies and organizations involved have demonstrated
           cooperation and a creative approach to accomplishing a
           conservation objective.

                                            Kindest regards,


                                            Betty Spence
                                           Executive Director


          EHS/erm








                                 AN AFFILIATE OF
                         NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION







                                South Carolina                                                               Resnonse to the South CarqJina Coastal Zone Education Center
                    Coastal Zone Education Center
    April 3, 1991



    Dlar Sirs:

    My name is Bruce C. Lampright, and I serve as tile Prolect Administrator 'ani

   Coordinator of Public Education for USC-Beaufort's Coastal Zone Education

   Center in Bluffton, SC. I believe the ACE Basin's value as an outdoor

   classroom cannot be overated. There is a great need states and nation-wide

   to increase public awareness and understanding of the estuarine

   environment and ro provide opportunities fAo public education and                                         8.1   Comnent noted: no response necessary.

   interpretation The four emnsng coastal'education facilities found along SC's

   coast cannot now meet the demand for programs placed upon them.

   The proposed visitor/interpretive center at Bear Island WMA has the

   potential to help meet these needs and demands for educating the public of

   South Carolina, the Nation and beyond


  The USC-Beaufort Coastal Zone Education Center supports             Qt

                                                                  ï¿½ï¿½$vt43 7To
  A.:--I:rn: l       i tt w  e   t.tM the lower ACE Basin Ji designated--

  as a National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR).









                                   V'O_ Bo\ fx22524                          512
TEtC6     T  II iler l I          lFad C',d. South ( arolinIi 2)'1255        UICB
                                   1S   1)  8  7-484                         . -










                                                                                                                                          Response to the Universitv of South Carolina at Beaufort

                                        UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                                                  AT BEAUFORT


800 Carteret Sreel                                                                             Sulle 300. Kiawah Bldg
9eauforl. SC 29902                                                                             10 Offlice Park Road
(803) 524- 7112                                                                                Hillon Head islarnd. SC 29928
                                                                                        (803) 785-3995



                                                 April 3, 1991





      TO:              ACE Basin Committee

      FROM:           Ed Caine  Af. (?&
                      Director of Coastal Zone Education Center and
                      Professor of Marine Science, USCB


      RE:              Support of the ACE Basin Project




     USC Beaufort supports the concept of environmental sanctuaries. Environmental sanctuaries provide
     refuges for plants and animals. Sanctuaries also provide refuges for people: a place to escape from
     the confines of work, cities, and suburbia; a place to explore.and experience; a place to become
     acquainted and reacquainted with nature.

     USC Beaufor~teecially supports the unique educational opportunities that can be provided by the
     ACE Basin  .. Interpretive centers, guided tours, and programs can be generated to support both
     formalind informal education. We believe that formal education programs incorporating use of ACE
     Basinadc' ities represent a special opportunity for students in the lowcountry of South Carolina.
     Proper development and coordination are essential during the planning stages of development in order                                           9.1    Comment  noted;  The  University  of  South  Carolina  at  Beaufort
     to maximize the utility and diversity of learning experiences, but this should pose no problem. If USC         9.1                                     and  the  Coastal  Zone  Education  Center  have  been  added  to  the
     Beaufort's involvement is solicited then USC Beaufort and the Coastal Zone Education Center stand                                                      list  of  groups  with  an  interest  in  conducting  research  and
     ready to assist in any manner that we are able to provide.                                                                                             educational  programs  on  pages  57-60.
















               The Universtyof South Carolina: USC AIken; USC Salkehalchie. Allendale. USC Beaufort. USC Columbia; Coastal
               Carolina College. Conway; USC Lancsterr. USC Spartanburg; USC Sumter:; USC Uon. and the Military Campus













National Audubon Society                                                                           Resnonse to the National Audubon
FRANCIS BEIDLER FOREST
(FOUR HOLES SWAMP), RT. 1, BOX 600, HARLEYVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29448
(803) 462,2150  FAX (803) 462-2150



   4/3/91          Walterboro, South Carolina


   Statement - The National Audubon Society--ACE Basin Natural Estuarine
               Research Reserve



   I am Norman L. Brunswig, Assistant Director of Sanctuaries for the
   National Audubon Society, and Manager of the Francis Beidler Forest,
   a 6,000 acre sanctuary-in Four Holes Swamp, located near Harleyville,
   SC. My statement this evening is on behalf of the 548,000 members of
   The National Audubon Society, which includes 6,000 South Carolina
   residents in eight SC chapters).


   Four Holes Swamp, in which our Beidler Forest Sanctuary is located, is
   a tributary of the Edisto River. Audubon also owns two salt marsh
   sanctuaries on Edisto Island, and we patrol The Alexander Sprunt
   Sanctuary, a shore and wading bird nesting colony located in the mouth
   of the North Edisto River.  In support of these land based programs,                            10.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
   but also because Audubon believes that the ACE Basin is one of the           10.1
   finest, if not the finest, large undeveloped wildlife and wildland
   areas on the East Coast, our organization and its members strongly
   supports the comphrehensive protection of the ACE.


  Almost since its birth in 1903, Audubon has championed wetlands
   protection. Today, one of its four, only four, high priority campaigns
   is nationwide wetlands protection! In line with the goals of that
  campaign, tonight, we specifically support the establishment of The
  ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve. Further, we endorse
   the draft management plan and environmental impact statement.


   In closing, we believe that only by dramatic and broadly supported
  conservation action such as the establishment of this reserve, can the
  magnificent natural values and important traditional uses of the ACE
  be maintained. One need only visit the Chesapeake Bay or Long Island
  Sound to observe what no action, or to little action to late, can
  produce.


  Thank you for this opportunity to speak.


  Norman L. Brunswig









     SCE&G
       ':a"'                              April 12, 1991                                            Response to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv


 Ms. Cheryl Graham
 Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
 Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
 Room 714
Washington, DC 20235

       Re:   ACE Basin NERR

Dear Ms. Graham:

      On behalf of South Carolina Electric & Gas Company, I am pleased to have the
opportunity to submit comments on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin
National Estuarine Reserve draft Environmental Impact Statement and draft
Management Plan (the "Plan".) South Carolina Electric & Gas Company ("SCE&G")
supports the development and management of the ACE Basin Reserve.   The
achievement of the goals of establishing the Reserve are important goals. However,
as a member of South Carolina's Industrial Community and as a Company concerned
with the economic well-being of our citizens, we must express some reservations
about the Plan. We believe these reservations can be addressed in a way that will
not diminish the probability of achieving the goals of the Reserve, while at the same
time not causing undue constraints upon the potential for economic development.

      Recognizing that South Carolina Electric & Gas Company is only one voice in
the economic community, we strongly suggest that the ACE Basin NERR Advisory
Committee include industrial and economic development representation. The absence
of any commercial, industrial, or economic representation on that Board other than                  11.1 The South Carolina State Development Board has been added to
the commercial fishing industry is glaring. This is particularly significant since the 11.1              the Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested.
Plan contains a number of absolute prohibitions which are certain, if not softened,
to impair economic development of an area of our State already economically
depressed. We suggest also possibly adding another governmental entity: The
South Carolina State Development Board.

      There are a number of provisions in the Management Policies section of the
Plan which, as currently worded, have the potential for causing significant
problems. I shall list and discuss each seriatim:
                                                                                                   11.2 Comment noted; Paragraph (e)7, on page 31, has been changed
      i.  Paragraph (e)7 (Soils) is too broad.  As presently worded, it could 11.2                 11.2  Comment noted; Paragraph (e), on page  31, has been changed
interfere with even normal agricultural operations. The provision may be intended                        to Minina and Excavation to clearly define the intent of the
to address commercial activities, i.e., commercial mining etc.  It should be made                        policy.
clear.

      2. Paragraph (e)9 (Air Quality) prohibits industrial activities which have the
"potential" to cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards .
 . .  (underlining added) Virtually any industrial activity has the "potential" to                 11.3 Comment noted; This policy statement does not establish
cause such air pollution, at least in a limited area. The Department of Health and 11.3                   additional air quality standards,  instead it endorses those
Environmental Control addresses this through the permitting process. If it is not                         standards determined by the S.C. Department of Health and
possible for an industrial activity to occur without causing exceedances of air quality                   Environmental Control.
standards, then the Department of Health and Environmental Control will not issue












Ms. Cheryl Graham
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division                                                                  ResDonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas ComDanv
Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management                                                    (Page 2)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
April 12, 1991
Page 2



a permit. If it is the intent of this Section to prohibit any industrial activity
whatsoever, then it should be clearly stated. If it is the intent of this Section to
establish more stringent standards for industrial sources in this area, then those
standards should be clearly stated.

      3. Paragraph (e) 10. (Shorelines). The prohibition against using "manmade
structures" to control erosion in the proposed Reserve core area is overly broad.
If there are roadways or dikes suffering from erosion, those responsible must have
the option of controlling the erosion by whatever reasonable means available. If
there is a particular type of structure which is to be avoided, i.e., seawalls or 11.4              11.4 Comment noted; This paragraph has been rewritten to more
bulkheads, then the prohibition should be aimed at those structures, and not every                        clearly define its purpose.
imaginable manmade structure. An earthen dike is a manmade structure. Is it to be
absolutely prohibited?

     4. Paragraph (e) 11. (Dredging and Filling Activities). The absolute
prohibition against filling "wetland, pond or waterway" is overly broad.  Normal 
agricultural and silvacultural activity may involve some incidental filling or                            of wetlands in the core area except for existing dredge
manipulation of wetlands.  Construction of public roads, if permitted, likely will                        disposal areas maintained by the U.S. Corps of Engineers.
require some incidental filling of wetlands. Again, the intent of this Section is not                     Un der present rules and regulations of the    Co astal
clear.                                                                                                    Under present rules and regulations of the Coastal
                                                                                                       Management Act, incidental filling of wetlands is not
      5.  Paragraph (e) 14.  (Industrial Activities.)  The prohibition against                            permitted without a permit.
"industrial activities" should be better defined. What is an "industrial activity"?
Is a roadside convenience store an industrial activity? Would it make a difference if 1111.6  This statement has clarified that both commercial fishing
this store has gas pumps? Care should be taken not to make the prohibition overly                         and timber management are "industrial activities" that will
broad.                                                                                                    continue in accordance with BMPs and existing laws governing
                                                                                                       such practices. Facilities, such as roadside convenience
      6. Paragraph (e) 16. (Rights of Way). This is a provision which SCE&G has                           stores, are not located withinth core as roadsid         ve not been
particular interest in. This Section would be more acceptable if it were to read as                       proposed.   Additionally,  the core is only accessible by
follows:                                                                                                  boat.

           "Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction
           and maintenance of all rights-of-way to minimize adverse
           environmental impacts. All such activity shall comply fully
           with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory                        11.7 Paragraph (e)16, Rights-of-Way , has been revised with the
           authorities including, but not limited to the SCCC.  The           11.7                       recommended text on page 33.
           use of herbicides or pesticides in managing rights-of-way
           in the proposed cores area will be limited to those
           circumstances  where  it  is  determined  that  the
           environmental impact will be less severe than mariual or
           mechanical means."

The absolute prohibition against the use of herbicides or pesticides could actually
result in an increase in physical damage to the environment since there are only a
limited number of alternatives, all of which require the use of some type of










Ms. Cheryl Graham                                                                                        Resnonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division                                                                        (Page 3)
Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
April 12, 1991
Page 3



mechanical equipment. Of course, any herbicides or pesticides used would have to
be used strictly in accordance with EPA label requirements. The total ban on use
of regulated pesticides and herbicides reflects a philosophy that all such substances
are bad for the environment in all circumstances. This is not a responsible position.

      SCE&G encourages adding language which recognizes that construction of
homes, businesses and even environmental research facilities, requires a degree of
disturbance in order to allow the necessary infrastructure to be put in place. They
all require electricity, transportation avenues, telephone, sewer and water, and  11.8
sometimes gas. Those public and private entities responsible for providing these
services and facilities must not be put in a position where they cannot meet their
statutory, public service obligations. The preservation of ecological purity should
not be at the expense of the preservation of economic depression. There can be and
should be a balance, even in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Reserve. SCE&G
agrees that there should be a higher standard of care, but we suggest that there are
ways to implement a reasonable program without absolute, inflexible prohibitions
which have the real potential to do harm to the human environment.

      Should you or any member of your staff desire additional information, please
call.

                                           Very truly yours,

                                           AitA a t6/>&4~/
                                           Deborah C. Blanks

DCB/msd












Charleston Natural History Society
                 NATIONAL AUDUBON CHAPTER
          P.C. Box 504 Charleston, SC 29402                          ~                                          Resnonse to the Charleston Natural History Society
        Founded 1905 ï¿½OfficIal Bulletin: The Lesser Squawk




                                                1718 Afton Ave.
                                                Charleston, SC 29487
                                                12 May, 1991

Cheryl A. Graham
NOAA National Ocean Service
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Coastal and Resource Management
Room 714
1825 Connecticut Avenue NW
Washington DC 20235

Dear Ms Graham,
      The Charleston Natural History Society (CNHS) is the local chapter of
the National Audubon Society with a membership of approximately 1300 in the
Charleston area. Our society would very much like to see the establishment of
a National Estuarine Research Reserve in the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE)
Basin. Intense development pressure on the South Carolina coastline has
created a definite need both for public education on the value of these
estuarine areas and a control estuary region against which the impact of this
development can be measured. South Carolina, by its' 1977 Coastal Zone
Management Act, has established a system that relies heavily on informed
public input for the management of its' estuaries. An Estuarine Research
Reserve could provide a standard by which development choices in other areas
could  be  judged.  Proposed  educational   functions  of  the  reserve  could   12.1                              12.1 Comments noted;  no response  necessary.
contribute greatly to well informed public input in this process. The
recognized pristine condition of the ACE basin make it uniquely suited to this
purpose. Extensive damage and habitat alteration by hurricane Hugo to coastal
areas north of Charleston have greatly increased the significance of the ACE
basin to wintering waterfowl. It is used by a number of listed endangered and
threatened species.
     CNHS  strongly supports  the  establishment of  this reserve  via public
acquisition  of significant  core properties  within  the ACE  basin. We  also
support the preferred management alternative that places responsibility for
the management of this reserve with the South Carolina Department of Wildlife
and Marine Resources. This agency has the experience and means to properly
manage the reserve and is well respected for its public education programs.
The environmental impact of this reserve appears to be overwhelmingly positive
with no negative impacts.

                                         Respectfully,

                                         Hales  H. Patterson Jr.
                                         Vice-President and Conservation
                                         Chairperson,-CNHS










South Carolina Aquarium
April 4, 1991                                                                                            Resnonse to the South Carolina Aauarium

statement in Support of the ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto River Basin National
Eatuarine Research Reserve Designation and Management Plan as proposed in the
Draft Environmental Impact Statement dated February, 1991 by the S. C. Wildlife
and Marine Resources Department.

Submitted at the public hearing held in the Collaton County Courthouse on April
4, 1991 by Rhet Wilson, SCA Project Coordinator.



Thank you for the opportunity to speak here this evening on behalf of the South
Carolina Aquarium which is currently being developed in Charleston, SC. The
efforts of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the
South Carolina Coastal council as well as those of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited, numerous individual landowners
and the efforts of others are hereby recognized and those organizations and
individuals are heartily commended and respected for their vision, planning and
foresight in seeking the designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto Basin as part
of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

The primary goal of the South Carolina Aquarium is to educate the citizens of
South Carolina to understand and appreciate the importance and beauty of the
aquatic environments of our state. Therefore, on behalf of the South Carolina
Aquarium, I speak with particular interest in the designation of the ACE Basin
Reserve.   This designation is more than the simple act of establishing for
research and monitoring some of the most significant estuarine ecosystem left
in the Southeast, it is the continued commitment of state and federal agencies
to the importance of this estuarine system to the future of our state. That is
a commitment to continued stewardship of our natural resources, and more
importantly, to the education of the people of our state.  Despite immense
strides in recent years, education of the students and the citizens of South
Carolina is still lacking, particularly in science education.   The programs   13.1                      13.1 Comment noted; The SCWMRD, SCCC and NOAA look forward to
proposed as part of the Wildlife Department's Management Plan for the ACE Basin                                 developing a working relationship with the new South
address this need.                                                                                              Carolina Aquarium and its staff.

Under the auspices of key state agencies involved in coastal research, management
and education, the ACE Basin Reserve promises to be one of the most important
steps in science and environmental education for the people of South Carolina.
The area now known only by the most informed groups and teachers will become a
resource for many, particularly for school and education groups.' By emphasizing
the link between research and management decisions, by telling the public about
the methodology, the rational and the applied results of research and by
introducing them to the wonder of this environment, the ACE Basin education
programs will help address the goals of science education in our schools.

This designation is a major step for South Carolina, a commitment to our future,
to the understanding by our citizens of the importance of scientific research,
natural resources management and environmental awareness and stewardship. On
behalf of the South Carolina Aquarium, the designation of the ACE basin and a
National Estuarine Research Reserve is wholeheartedly endorsed.










       SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

I SOUTHPARK CIRCLE,SUITE 306         Te lephon e(803)571-4366       CHARLESTON, SC 29407-4699                                    ResDonse  to  the  South  Atlantic  Fishery  Manaaement  Council
                                      Fax (803) 769-4520

Roy O. Williams, Chairman                                      Robert K. Mahood, Executive Director
Susan Shipman, Vicc Chairman

                                      March 14, 1991



Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management
NOS/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Suite 714
Washington,.D.C. 20235

Dear Ms. Durden:

   The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC), one of eight Regional Councils
established by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, is charged with
developing and monitoring management plans for fisheries from the territorial waters of North and
South Carolina, Georgia and Florida's east coast offshore to the 200-mile limit. In this regard, the
SAFMC ensures that the United States obtains the best use of the fishery resources in its
geographical area of responsibility. Any loss or degradation of estuarine habitat is of concern to
the Council because most offshore fishery resources are directly or indirectly dependant upon these
habitats.
   Recognizing that all species are dependent on the quantity and environmental quality of their
essential habitats, it is the policy of the SAFMC to protect, restore and develop habitats upon
which all species fisheries depend, to increase their extent and to improve their productive capacity
for the benefit of present and future generations. For purposes of this policy, habitat is defined to
include all those things physical, chemical and biological that are necessary to the productivity of
the species being managed. Objectives of the SAFMC policy are to protect the current quantity,
environmental quality and productive capacity of habitats supporting all species fisheries along the
Atlantic coast. This objective will be accomplished through the recommendation of no net loss or
significant environmental degradation of existing habitat. The SAFMC pursues, through state,
federal and local levels, the restoration and rehabilitation of the productive capacity of habitats
which have already been degraded, in addition to recommending the creation and development of
productive habitats where increased fishery production will benefit society. The Council assumes
an aggressive role in the protection and enhancement of habitats important to all species. It actively
enters Federal decision-making processes where proposed actions may otherwise compromise the
productivity of fishery resources of concern to the Council.
   The SAFMC is directed by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act
(MFCMA) to consider protection of habitat essential to fisheries under Council jurisdiction. The
MFCMA allows the SAFMC to address habitat concerns in two fashions: through the expansion
of habitat sections of fishery management plans; and through commenting directly to agencies
regarding ongoing or proposed activities affecting essential habitat.
   To address habitat concerns, the SAFMC has established a Habitat and Environmental
Protection Committee composed of Council members who meet to review and comment on specific
proposals or projects that may affect critical habitat. On March 1, 1991 on a recommendation from    14  1                        14.1  Comment  noted;  no  response  necessary.
the Habitat Committee, the SAFMC voted to go on record as endorsing the Ashepoo-Combahee-
Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina. The SAFMC feels
that the preservation of essential estuarine nursery habitat through the reserve program is not only
supported by the habitat policies of the Council but will also positively impact the goals and






                                         Page 2
                                      Susan Durden
                                     March 14, 1991
                                                                                                                      Response to the South Atlantic Fishery Manaaement Council
objectives of management actions presented in fishery management plans and amendments to those                                   (Page  2)
plans. This program will encourage needed research and increase public awareness of the vital role
estuaries play in supporting inshore, nearshore and offshore fishery resources. Included in this
parcel are copies of fishery management plans and amendments prepared by the SAFMC that
include sections identifying important fishery and habitat research needs.
   Conservation and management of our nations fishery resources in the Exclusive Economic
Zone is the mandate of the Council. Without wise stewardship of habitat that supports these
fisheries, the goals and objectives of Fishery Management Plans approved by the Secretary of
Commerce cannot be achieved. Thank you for the opportunity to comment.

                                            Sincerely,


                                                 0. Williams
                                            Chairman


cc: SAFMC Memoirs
   SAFMC Habitat AP
   Kemmirer/Mager SERO
   Hall NMFS/NOAA
   Graham DOC/NOAA







WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
     Private Individuals








   THE EDISTO ISLAND CO0MUNITY ASSOCIATION
                          Post Office Box 269                                                Regnonse to the Edisto Island CommunitV Association
                 Edisto Island, South r A jlina 29438







                NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE
                            HEARING
                         APRIL 3, 1991
                           WALTERBORO



     The Edisto Island Community Association, representing
130 members fully endorses the proposal to establish the reserve
in the Ace River Basin. The Association further approves of the             15.1                15.1 comment noted; no response necessary.
plan to purchase eight islands in Colleton County, thereby
fulfilling the well conceived concept of a research reserve
nucleus. Our members have rigorously pursued the clean water
classification for the waters surrounding Edisto Island and the
development of the Ace Basin Reserve system is seen as broadly
enhancing this vital clean water resource.

     We are also pleased to see the well coordinated interaction
between state, federal and private organizations. This cooperation
stands as a guarantee for the checks and balances which will result
in an outstanding research and conservation project that will
widely benefit the general public.

     Please count the citizens of Edisto Island as strong backers
of the proposed research reserve.


                                         resly,



                                                  L at S
                                         PreSid 













                       "ad  *  l(ao     aAl                                                    ResDonde to Dan Johnson. Manamino Editor. The Press and Standard



                          POST OFFICE BOX 1248
                           113 WASHINGTON STREET
                          WALTERBORO, S.C. 29488-1248
 Pinten And Publishes
    Since 1877            PHONE (803) 549-2586



                                    April 5, 1991

Cheryl Graham
Saatudries and Reserves Division
Officp of Ocean and Coactal Resource Manaqement
NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Room 714
Washington, D.C. 20235


Dear Cheryl Graham:

     The public hearing on the proposed ACE Basin NERR was
informative and well-conducted. I was surpised at how much public
sentiment had changed since the ACE Basin NERR was first proposed.

     Please send me a copy of the Draft Environmental Impact
Statement and Draft Management Plan. I picked up a copy of the             16.1                16.1 Copy of the document was forwarded on April 22, 1991.
executive summary, but I would be interested in seeing the complete
document.

     I noticed two typographical errors in the list of members of
the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee. If the list is part of a
permanent document, it can be corrected for the final printing.            16.2                16.2 Corrections have been made.
l)Charlie Sweat of Walterboro spells his name with one "t." I think
there is an environmentalist at Sullivans Island who spells his
name Charles Sweatt. 2) Another member from Walterboro is Dr. Luke
Erwin., not Edwin. He is a landowner in the. ACE Basin as well as a
prominent member of the Colleton County community.

     Thank you for sending me the draft documents.

                    Sincerely,




                    Dan Johnson
                    Managing Editor






                      NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE
        POST OFFICE BOX 81   HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924


                                                                                      Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina

                                    April 5, 1991


Cheryl Graham
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Oceans and Coastal Resources Management, NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Room 714
Washington, D.C. 20235

RE: 04-03-91 ACE BASIN PUBLIC HEARING

Dear Ms. Graham:                                                                          17.1 The National Estuarine Research Reserve program is a state
                                                                                            and Federal cooperative program where the state is the
                                                                                           managing agency of the reserve and the Federal role is one
While the panel did much to address the positive, no one mentioned                              of coordination, evaluation and national program policy and
the negative.  What is the negative side?  Or is this one of                                   direction.  Federal matching awards  area available to
those "win-win" situations where the I'll scratch your back If                                 coastal states to develop and manage a national system of
you scratch mine mentality prevails.  What is it going to cost?                                 estuarine research reserves.  Existing regulations for the
What are the disadvantages?                                                                     program require a 30% state match for basic program
                                                                                           activities, including research and educational projects. A
What are the cost?  How many tax dollars from the federal and the                               a     te   inchuIs  reqearch and educations   a
state tax treasury are going to try to support this project?  Is   17.1                             fatelmat.  As rev ent            duplicationstang
                                                                                            facility development. As to prevent duplication, staffing
it worth it?  How much more bureaucracy is it going to take to                                  needs have been presented in the "Administration Plan",
make it work?  In how many offices?  How much duplication will                                  pages 34-42 and 44-47.  Many of the proposed positions will
take place with so many offices involved?                                                       be filled with existing state personnel.

What are the disadvantages of this proposed project?  How much
effect will the NERR status on the proposed project have on the
tax base of Colleton County?  How many present tax dollars are
affected and how does this equate to future property tax revenue?   17.2                  17.2 pages lof this               et ad          the
                                                                                           Roads, parking lots, buildings, walkways, etc. around the
Where is the difference going to come from?  Does not the idea of                               dune and in the marsh are not proposed.
promoting a pristine, unique area by building roads, parking lots,
building, walkways around the dunes and in the marsh seem
counter-productive?

While the hearing was "public," it did not appear that way.  Of
the sixteen to twenty people who chose to speak in the public
forum, the vast majority were from a state or federal bureaucracy
promoting more bureaucracy, e.g., PRT, S.C. Aquarium, S.C. Marine
Educators Association, etc.; two individuals on USC-B payroll; two
members from the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee who were asked
to speak by the chairman of SCWMRD who also is on the advisory
committee.  Most individuals are reluctant to speak in public.

I am not sure we are managing what we have created in the past as
well as we should be before we create more.  Are the commercial                            17.3 The shrimp by-catch issue is a legitimate concern which may
shrimpers behind this so more shrimp can be raised and therefore    17.3                        be addressed through the research program of the ACE Basin
harvested at the expense of raping the ocean floor and the ocean                                NERR.  As indicated at the public hearing, the Edisto
of ten times as much by-catch.  Are the property owners of Edisto                               Community Association endorses the proposed ACE Basin NERR
desirous of the project so there will not be any more development                               as a valuable resource for research.
near them?



                      TELEPHONE 803-943-3334
                         FAX 803-943-5779









                     NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE
        POST OFFICE BOX 81   HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924


With this proposed NERRS project and the Idea of a large-scale ACE                         Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina
Basin wildlife sanctuary, are Colleton County, the Low Country                             (Page 2)
Council of Governments and the multi-county industrial park
located on the edge of the proposed ACE Basin, supposed to quit
looking for industrial development? Would an industry even
think of locating close to this project? This project appears to
dictate that Beaufort, Jasper, Hampton, Charleston and Colleton
counties not bring in industry which will help the tax base              17.4              17.4 Designation of the ACE Basin NERR does not dictate the
because pollution is created by man.  And one the other side,                                   location of industrial development.  However, any
while one DHEC regulated industry by itself may not pollute enough                              development would have to comply with required SCCC and
to notice, an industrial park located near the edge of the basin                                SCDHEC permits and procedures, including public input.
with many facilities may.                                                                       Depending upon the potential impact of the proposed
                                                                                            development on the resources, the ACE Basin NERR would be
The county is growing ever so slow.  The area has not yet been                                  represented at any public meetings or hearings.
disturbed.  The landowners appear willing to allow researchers the
opportunity to do their work without governmental expense.  Few
people were aware of its beauty before all the-fuss started.

Leave it alone so it can stay wild.

Cordi  y,



No ri  L. La   tte


































                     TELEPHONE 803-943-3334
                        FAX 803-943-5779











                        THOMAS DEWEY WISE
                            P.O. DRAWER 0                                               Resnonse to Mr. Thomas Dewey Wise. Charleston. South Carolina
                         CHARLESTON, $.C. 29402
HOME ADDRESS:                                         OFFICE: 803-577-7032
82 RUTLEDGE AVE.                                       HOME: 803-722-7770
CHARLESTON. S.C. 29401



April 11, 1991

Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
Sanctuaries & Reserves Division
Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management
National Ocean Service/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Suite 714
Washington, DC 20235

In Re:    Ace Basin - Environuentai Impact Statement &
          Management Plan : Draft

Dear Ms. Durden:

I am responding to your request regarding review of the above-   18.1                   18.1 Comments from the public hearing have been incorporated in
captioned document.  I spoke at the public hearing held last week                            the next section with appropriate responses.
in  Walterboro,  South  Carolina.      I  would  appreciate  you
incorporating the comments that I made at that public hearing into
your considerations.

In addition, I have only one suggested amendment to the Management
Plan at this point.  On page 19, under paragraph 2 entitled "Buffer   18.2              18.2 Corrections with regards to the use of "uplands" versus
zone", the last sentence should be changed to read "It excludes the                          "mainland".  The recommend text has been added to the first
uplands and wetlands now held in private ownership unless specified                          paragraph of Buffer Zone, on page 14.
in the Management Plan". The word "mainland" should be changed to
"uplands" to be consistent with earlier references.  I have passed
along that suggested change to Mike McKenzie and he has agreed to
put it in the next draft.

Thank you for allowing me to comment on this matter.

Very sincerely,



Dewey Wise
TDW:Sea

cc:
Mr. Mike McKenzie
S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept.
PO Box 12559
Charleston, SC 29412








. ï¿½  . ve;;i  x luu  ; 4-:-S1i : 3:03PM:   8037956350-          202 :# 2



                                                                                  ResDonse to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis



April 15, 1991



Me. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management
National Ocean Service/NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
suite 714
Washington, DC 20235


Dear Ms. Durden:


I believe that you have already received comments from Ms. Rhet
Wilson, Project Manger for the South Carolina Aquarium, regarding
the South Carolina Marine Educators' Association's endorsement of
the proposed designation of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto River
Basin (ACE Basin) as a National Estuarine Research Reserve System.
As president of that organization, as a marine education specialist
and as a private citizen, I would like to comment further in favor
of this fragile ecosystem being set aside and protected under the
proposed designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve
System.


Prior to my professional involvement in marine education, I was a
marine biologist working on a federally-funded offshore research
project geared toward monitoring and assessment of South Carolina's
commercially-important fish populations.   Although I loved the
 research and being out at sea, I also wanted to share some of the
more fascinating aspects of marine biology with members of the
 general public,  teachers and students.   After being able to
 accomplish this desire for the past two and a half years, it has
 become increasingly evident to me why the need for environmental
 education needs to be one of the top priorities in education today.


 This decade will be one in which we, as individuals, will be
 required to alter our behavior patterns in an effort to minimize
 the all too often negative impact that our actions have upon our
 environment. Environmental education creates public awareness and
 prompts responsible public involvement in environmental issues.
 This public awareness is most effectively developed through
 education programs that should, ideally, begin in pre-school and
 continue into adulthood. The outer coastal plain ecosystem of the
 ACE Basin provides a perfect setting for environmental education
 programs not only because of its pristine environment, but also








                 ....... ..r...          oQwNO;3ao~v            2i92   3



                                                                                 Response to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis
because it is an outdoor classroom in which one can teach the                         (Page 2)
public about the connections between inland ald coastal habitats
and how our actions inland directly affect what takes place in our
coastal and offshore waters. Couple this with the massive influx
of people into residential coastal communities throughout the
country and you have the underlying, fundamental reason for doing
all that we can to protect the very few remaining pristine fragile
ecosystems like the ACE Basin.

I strongly urge all who are involved to establish the ACE Basin as
a National Estuarine Research Reserve System so that we can have
the opportunity to share this very precious coastal environment 1. comment noted; no response necessary
with our children.  At the same time, there are those of us who are 19.1
committed to increasing the awareness of and appreciation for this
fragile coastal environment among our young future leaders so that
they may have the insight to protect an environment that all too
many of us have taken for granted.

For your information, I have enclosed a copy of an article that I
wrote for the most recent issue of the newsletter for the South
Carolina Marine Educators' Association which you may find of
interest. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the proposed
ACE Basin project.

Sincerely,


 2A2 A- '114-V1
Paula Keener-Chavis
Marine Education Specialist




      (article in files)







                                                                                      Resnonse to Mr. Lafayette Lvle. Walterboro. South Carolina


Rt. 4, Box 663,  Ialterboro, S. C.   29488      Pbone:   (803) 844-8600


April 15, 1991



Cheryl Graham
Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
Office of Oceans & Coastal Res. Mgt., NOAA
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N. W.
Room 714
Washington, D. C.   20235

Dear Ms Graham:

The following comments were presented by Lafayette Lyle at the ACE
Public Hearing in Walterboro, S. C., on April 3, 1991.

The basic thrust of the National Environmental Policy Act is that
it is a "full disclosure law," implying that both positive and
negative ramifications of a given proposed action should be ex-
plored in complete detail.

This EIS has dealt with the National Estuarine Research Reserve on                       20.1 The USFWS has determined that an EIS for the proposed
a core area and buffer zone basis.  The Executive  Summary  says       20.1                   National wildlife Refuge is not required under NEPA.
the core area is 16,040 acres of highland and marsh.   The buffer                             However, an Enyironfental Assessment wag issued in March
zone is a total of 135,554 acres.  All this area is east of the                               1990.  The Refuge is outside the proposed HERR boundaries
abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad.  Nothing in this EIS should                            and is a separate project altogether and should not be
negate the responsibility of the U. S. Fish and Wildlfie  Service                             considered a part of this document.
from a full disclosure EIS on the proposed refuge up Combahee River.
However, the Affected Environment section of this EIS includes all                            The Coosawhatchie River was included as a dominant
of the ACE Basin Watershed, to an elevation of 650 feet,  and  for                            physiographic feature which influences the ecology of the
some reason includes the Coosawhatchie River.                                                  lower ACE Basin through freshwater drainage.  It is well
                                                                                            outside the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary-
According to NEPA, this lays the ground work for expounding juris-
diction throughout the entire-watershed.

To truly be a full disclosure document, expanding jurisdiction
should be addressed. For example, The Fish and Wildlife Refuge
would touch Hampton County - since the Coosawhatchie River is in-                         20.2 property will be acquired only from those landowners willing
cluded in this EIS.  Therefore, Hampton County would come under the  20.2                      to participate in the program.  Hampton County is outside
Coastal Zone Management Act,  which is overseen by the  South                                  the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary.
Carolina Coastal Council. This means that you would need a Coastal
Council Permit to fill a highway ditch for a driveway, if the ditch
is in wetland. Then, by the system of networktng explained in the
EIS - there is nothing to protect the landowner from having to sign
a conservation easement in order to get the "network" to agree for
the Coastal Council to issue a permit.











 Current regulations are found in the Clean Water Act.  33CFR 320.4
 (h) & (i) "Activities in Marine Sanctuaries" says, No permit may be             (Pag                               e           2S
 issued until the Sec. of Comm.  provides certification.                                   (Page 2)

 Section 323.4 is the Ag. and Silvicultural Exemptions.                                    20.3 Activities on privately owned lands in the ACE Basin are not
 The draft EIS does discuss these exemptions on lands with a conser-                             under Jurisdiction of the ACE Basin NERR unless so stated in
 vation easement; but, it does not give any assurance  that the                                  a con
 activities could be continued except by instrument  of a conserva-                              cases, these lands would be managed exclusively according to
                                                                                            said agreement.  Other landowners will be encouraged to
                                                                       20.3                  manage according to BMPs.  However, no "leverage" will be
 Some asurance must be addressed that conservation easement acquisi-                            used against them.  Again, the management plan stresses
 tion will not be used as leverage against landowners carrying on                                cooperation among willing participants only.
 "normal activities" under best management practices.

 Under definition of terms - #(I) Wetland - is not correct.  Wet-          20.4            20.4 Comment noted; The Definition of Terms has been deleted from
 land should be defined according to the singular federal defini-                                the document.
 tion and delineated according to the Federal MAnual for Identifying
 and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands.

 The EIS did not addequately describe the Management Plan and E I
 Statement development found in the Federal Register dated Monday,
 July 23, 1990, sec. 921.13.  (6) says construction plan including
 cost schedule, general description of proposed developments, and
 proposed drawings. Information should be provided for proposed
 minor construction projects in sufficient detail to allow evaluation
 lof these projects. Also, the proposed plan must include an identi-
 fication of ownership within the proposed research reserve boundaries. 20.5               20.5 The Facilities DeVelODment Plan, pages 46-50, has been
                                                                                            amended to include the following statement:
 The plan has not included a list of ownership and did not include
 drawings of construction activities.  With regard to the preferred                 "       P r iro ntion  or categofia  vi sior cen                           t
 site being Bear Island, it is doubtfull that the facilities, park-                              wirepal   andesmit                o categorexan  Feckl
 ing lots, access roads, etc., could be situated to avoid filling
 jurisdictional wetlands.  It is doubtful that the facilities could                              funds may be expended.  All architectural and engineering
 be supported by a suitable sewerage effluent system to avoid adverse                            plans, including specifications, must be approved by NOAA
 impacts on the aquatic environment.  'Therefore,  under  B,  other                              for any proposed construction.  This includes facility
 alternatives considered;  4, the perferred alternative is not con-                              development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc."
clusive.
                                                                                            A list of major land owners in the ACE Basin NERR region has
Under the same regulations, it states:  The methods of aquisition                               been added as Appendix D.4.
in which the state proposes to use acquisition including less than
fee simple imput, interest, conservation easement, fee simple pro-
perty acquisition or a conbination of these approaches.

Number (5) ranks in order of the cost effectiveness in selecting
a preferred method for establishing State control over each parcel
examined.  The State shall give consideration to the least costly
methods of obtaining the minimum level of long term control required.                           to indicate on   pes thas be  revised
There is no such economic alternative  analaysis in the Draft EIS.
The islands proposed for aquisition are land locked, regulated,                                 adeqate state control over key land and water areas in the
inaccessible, regulated and likely won't perc., regulated,                 20.6                 proposed core area of the reserve.  Without adeigate state
permits form Coastal Guard COE-SCCC and EHEC.  Therefore, the control sufficient to provide long-term protection for
Purpose and Need for Action section of this EIS is questionable. reserve resources and ensuring a stable environmental for
                                                                                             research and education, the reserve would not be eligible
                                                                                             for funds for operations, research or education.






                 PUBLIC HEARING - APRIL 3, 1991
                   Walterboro, South Carolina


Place:    Colleton County Courthouse
          Walterboro, South Carolina

Time:     7:00 pm

Hearing held by:

          Dr. Paul Sandifer, Director
          SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

          H. Stephen Snyder
          South Carolina Coastal Council

          Michael D. McKenzie
          SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

          Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist
          Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, NOAA

Hearing attended by:

1.   Norris L. Laffitte             30.  Ray Barso
2.   Everett D. Crosby               31.  Lee Baughman
3.   Paul Wise                      32. *James E. Frank
4.   Mark Tucker                     33.**Beth McClure
5.   Ted Kinard                      34. *Dana Beach
6.   William H. Shouse              35.**Lafayette Lyle
7.   Harold Rhoades                  36.**Edsel Caine
8.   Eugene F. Duncan                37.**Bruce C. Lampright
9.   Ellis Brown                     38. *Becky Lee
10.  Jim Cope                       39. *Linda Rackley
11.  Dan Johnson                    40. *Mary Ann Burtt
12.  Les Zielke                     41. *James P. Harrelson
13.  Joe Grigg                      42. *Gordon Locatis
14.  Tony L. Bebber                 43.**Rhet Wilson
15.  Boris Hurlbutt                 44.  Robert Lee Frank II
16.  Keith A. McGraw                45. *Dewey Wise
17.  Robert E. Breland              46.  Eugene duPont, III
18.  Cindy Tucker                   47.**Sally Murphy
19.  Dwayne E. Porter               48.  Robert E. Marvin
20.  Mel Marvin                      49. *Richard P. Baldwin
21.  John W. Evans                   50. *W.S. Baldwin, Jr.
22.  J. Lin Houck                    51.  Genevieve G. Smith
23.  H.B. Limehouse                  52.**Norman L. Brunswig
24.  Melvin M. Stroble               53.  Earle R. Marvin
25.  Bobby Harrell                   54.  James A. Timmerman
26.  Candace Cummings               55.  Linda Linquist
27.  Johnny Hiers                    56.  Mike Prevost
28.  Claude E. McLeod, Jr.           57.  Buford S. Mabry, Jr.
29.  H.B. "Chip" Limehouse           58.  Joe Henderson






COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
    Public Hearing












Mr. James E. Frank. orivate landowner                                                    Resnonse to Mr. James E. Frank

My main concern is as a private landowner. We own some land on
Pine Island and apparently they are not. going to condemn or take
your land from you, as I understand. That was my main concern.

But now is there going to be any further restrictions placed on
use a private landowners? We are willing to help and cooperate,
I am and my family is, but are there going to be further               A.1               A.l  The proposed ACE Basin NERR is not a regulatory program, but
restrictions on, say like, if you want to build a done on your                                 moreover a program to protect pristine areas for use as
land or add to a house or building that you may already have                                   natural field laboratories for research and education.
there, not to develop or anything but just for your own personal                               Therefore, existing requirements for local, state and
use?                                                                                           Federal constructions permits would be observed and normal
                                                                                          application procedures would be followed.
You have answered most of the things I had in mind. I think it
looks good. Thank you.


Ms. Beth McClure. South Carolina Denartment of Park. Recreation
and Tourism (SCPRT)

I represent the SCPRT. Not only are we a state agency but we are
a landowner as well. Our executive director could not be here
this evening. I would like to read a brief statement that he has
sent.

[For the record, this letter is included in the previous section
with appropriate responses.]


Mr. Dana Beach. South Carolina Coastal Conservation Leaaue

I am the Executive Director of the S.C. Coastal Conservation
League. We are based in Charleston and we have over 1,000
members primarily in Charleston County, Colleton, Beaufort,
Dorchester and Berkeley.

I was also an Advisory Board member or am an Advisory Board
member on the NERR's program and have been extensively involved
with commenting on earlier drafts. There is not really much more
I can say because this draft to me represents a very complete
document describing the important of protecting this area and I
think it was done painstakingly by the department and the details
are very accurate and well placed.

What I did want to comment on tonight, though, is rather than
what is in the ACE Basin, I would like to comment on what is not
in the ACE Basin and why this absence in this case, population,
represents an extraordinary opportunity- for Colletbn County and
the public. South Carolina is growing at a breathtaking rate as
everyone knows. Every two and one half years, the State adds the
equivalent of another City of Charleston to its population, about
80,000 people, and the bulk of that growth is here along the
coast. Berkeley County, just a little north, is the fifth














fastest growing coastal county in the southeast.  By the year                          Resnonse to Mr. Dana Beach
2010, Charleston County is projected to be the 12th most densely
populated coastal county in the southeast. Squeezing up from the
northern boundary of the ACE Basin is Beaufort which is growing
at a rate that is one of the highest in the State and is expected
to double its population in the next twenty years - more than
double. our only competitors in the population field are
counties in Florida. These figures, incidently, come from NOAA's
most recent publication on population growth an the nation's
coast.

The increased population has created a number of problems and in
South Carolina we have not done a very good job of dealing with
those problems. More that 40% of the state's shellfish beds are
closed because of human pollution from sewage discharges and
runoffs. Wildlife is increasingly crowded out of important
habitats and fisheries face a variety of growth related stresses.
As I mentioned earlier, the ACE Basin does not have those
problems because it does not have the population pressures yet
sprawling up and down its rivers and roads. As a result, it
harbors an estuarine system that is virtually pristine.  It is an B1BlComnnte;orspseecsay
important natural system today but in the future, as populations        .B1Comnnte;orspseecsay
increase, it is going to be priceless because the public is
increasingly losing the opportunity to visit these types of
complete estuaries. The relative value of the ACE will increase
exponentially over the next twenty years and this is going to be
a good thing for Colleton County. Because, beside protecting the
ACE for people who live in Colleton, it is bound to bring
increased attention from the rest of the country from people who
are interested in nature-based tourism, hunting, fishing and
boating.

Aldo Leopold, who was one to the founders of the modern
conservation movement, called protection of wilderness "humanity
exercising self-control". The ACE Basin is the closest thing we
have in South Carolina to wilderness. The future generations
will look back on what we are doing here tonight and what the
groups who have been involved with this project to date have
done, and I think, will admire the self-control that we have had
to leave this area in its pristine condition, for having the
foresight to protect the system today that probably would not
offer us that opportunity much longer in the future.

I would like to tht~nk the Department and NOAA for doing a very
good job of putting this program together and I think on behalf        B.B2Comnnte;orspseecsay
of the public who is interested in nature, this is one of theB                 2B2Comnnte;orspseecsay
most exciting projects that I am aware of in the country. Thank
you very much.









Mr. Lafavette Lvle. local resident

[For the record, Mr. Lyle submitted his comments in writing and
these comments are included in the previous section with
appropriate responses.]


Mr. Ed Caine. Director. Coastal Zone Educational Center

[For the record, Mr. Caine submitted his comments in writing and
these comments are included in the written comments section with
appropriate responses.]


Mr. Bruce Lamnriaht. Proiect and Education Coordinator. Coastal
Zone Educational Center

[For the record, Mr. Lampright submitted his comments in writing
and these comments are included in the previous section with
appropriate responses.]


Ms. Becky Lee. nrivate landowner                                                        Resnonse to Ms. Becky Lee

I'm Becky Lee. I am a private landowner in the ACE Basin. I
have a very simple interest: a personal interest in wild flowers
of the area and there seems to be no one that is making any            C.1              C.1 Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of
particular effort to protect the wild flowers.  As a matter of                               the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your
fact, at about this time last year - April or May - all the roads:                           concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of
and ditches in the ACE Basin were sprayed with herbicides and I                              Highways and Public Transportation.
would like to see that no longer happen.


Ms. Linda Racklev. Sierra Club                                                          Resnonse to Ms. Linda Racklev

Good evening. I am here representing the Sierra Club. The
Sierra Club would like to thank the SCWRMD, the SCCC and NOAA for
this opportunity to publicly express our support of the
acquisition of the eight islands located in the ACE Basin for
designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve.                  D.1
                                                                                     D.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
The unspoiled beauty of the ACE Basin will provide an ideal
research area and educational center. The research will increase
understanding of the fragile fresh and saltwater wetlands. The
addition of the environmental education center within the reach
of area schools will greatly enhance the opportunity for
introducing tomorrow's voters to the value of the estuarine
habitat.

Thank you.













Ms. Mary Ann Burtt. local resident                                                        Resnonse to Ms. Mary Ann Burtt

Mr. Chairman, members of the panel, I am Mary Ann Burtt. I am a
native of Walterboro and now a resident again of Walterboro and
although tonight I speak as an individual, I think the views I
express reflect a prevalent opinion in this community of Colleton
County about the ACE Basin.

In the years I have spent away from South Carolina, I have worked
as a professional on land use preservation, mainly the
reservation of million of acres in Alaska in the National Park
and Wilderness System; also the addition of the Channel Island
and Mineral King, and Santa Monica Mountains to the National
Parks System, as well as other wilderness areas. I have also
served as an environmental consultant to big business and to
government and it is from that point of view that I commend you
tonight on this plan.

I wholeheartedly agree with the conclusion that the environmental
impact of this proposal will be entirely positive.  I think it        E.1
will be positive for the protection of this particular area and I                          E.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
think that the research and education, which will take place in
this area, will be essential to protecting other resources in
South Carolina. Thank you.


Mr. James P. Harrelson. nrivate landowner                                                  Response to Mr. James P. Harrelson

I'm James P. Harrelson. I am like Will Rogers, the only thing
that I know is what I read in the papers. I saved some maps that
you drew a line around me and a few hundred acres of mine.  I've   F.1                     F.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
got some wetlands of which I want to keep so I just checked that
thing [DEIS/DMP] because I didn't want to be left out, in case I
did have something to say. But I speak out of an abundance of
ignorance. The concept is good, I still don't know all the
answers.


Mr. Gordon Locatis. Edisto Island Community Association                                    Response to Mr. Gordon Locatis

My name is Gordon Locatis. I represent the Edisto Island
Community Association and we have 120 members - a very diverse
group of people from retired farmers, who have lived on the
island all their life, to retired school teachers, active
citizens of the island who care about mother nature.

We have a lot of retirement people there and our group supports
the idea of the research reserve wholeheartedly. Our group
sought to upgrade the water in this area to the highest
classification and we cannot think of a better way to preserve
the clean water surrounding Edisto Island than to establish this
reserve.








As you can see from the map, Edisto will be a neighbor of this
reserve and the ACE Basin and I would like you to know that many
of the residents, especially in our group, want to see this area
remain undeveloped.

We applaud your efforts and we think you have done an outstanding
job.  in fact, we are very happy that all of these agencies are    G.1                  G.l  Comment noted; no response necessary.
interacting together because we think with so many people looking
over each other's shoulders, would be a good checks and balance
situation. We will also have an outstanding educational resource
for the general public.

Thank you very much again.


Ms. Rhet Wilson. South Carolina Acouarium. South Carolina Marine
Educators Association                                                                  Response to Ms. _het Wilson

My name is Rhet Wilson. I am speaking for two groups tonight, so
I will read the statements one after another, if I may.

[For the record, Ms. Wilson submitted her comments, as the South
Carolina Aquarium Project Coordinator, in writing and these
comments are included in the previous section with appropriate
responses.

On behalf of the South Carolina Marine Educators Association:
The South Carolina Marine Educators Association acknowledges and
fully supports the SCWMRD, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks
Unlimited Foundation, and USFWS and private landowners in theirH1comnnte;orspseecsay
efforts regarding the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a                        HH.omn1otd   orsonencsay
NERR site.

The South Carolina Marine Educators Association further
recognizes the continued efforts of the South Carolina Coastal
Council in the management of South Carolina's coastal resources
and in the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a NERR site.

As the State Chapter of the National Marine Educators
Association, the primary goal of the South Carolina marine
Educators Association is to establish a communications network
for those interested in aquatic education throughout South
Carolina. This group of innovative educators and naturalists
fully recognizes the importance of estuarine education and the
vital role that it plays in linking together scientists and
educators and members of the public in an effort to increase
public awareness and appreciation of our coastal environment. It
is our collective responsibility to educate our youth about the
vitally important roles that these fragile estuarine systems
play. After all, these young people are our future leaders and
protectors of the environment that all too may of us have
unfortunately taken for granted.










Therefore, be it known the South Carolina Marine Educators
Association hereby endorses the proposed National Estuarine
Research Reserve system plan for the ACE Basin and through its
statewide and national network of educators and naturalists, the
association will promote the establishment of this irreplaceable
ecosystem as a KERR site. Thank you.


Mr. Dewey Wise. nrivate landowner                                                       Resnonse to Mr. Dewey Wise

Thank you, Mr. chairman. My name is Dewey Wise. I am an
affected landowner in the ACE Basin, but I am here tonight not
only as an individual, but also because Mr. Timmerman asked Dana
Beach and I to speak on behalf of the Advisory committee. I
suppose that he thought if ne asked Mr. Beach and myself he would
cover the waterfront in the spectrum of philosophies about this.
I don't think there is any difference between Mr. Beach and 'I in
our respective comments to environmental protection and
conservation.  it probably is a significant difference between
our respective philosophies in how it should be accomplished.

I am a skeptic of governmental intervention and governmental
programs.  Two years ago in this very same room, before a similar
committee, most of you were here, I said the same thing then. I
am honored to be an the Advisory Committee. A lot of work went
on in that committee. A great deal of credit goes to Mike
McKenzie and other of the staff for integrating the various
comment and drafts that were passed around. I think I attended
every meeting during the last two years that the committee met,
and I think the document we came out with is a document that I
can support, both as an individual and as a committee member.

The reason that I can support it is because there are seven
commitments that were made on behalf of the individuals and
agencies who are promoting the NERR system. I believe those
seven commitments are included in this document.

The first commitment is that there would be no condemnation.
Land purchased would be purchased from willing sellers only and    1.1                  1.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
that has been referred to earlier and isB in the document.

The second is that there would be on private land, neither in the
core area or the buffer zone without the owner's consent and that
is in the document.

Third is that there would be no interference with traditional
uses such as hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and that
is in the document.

The fourth is a personal sticking point that there would be no
additional licenses or permits needed except for research in the
reserve.  In other words, if someone owns property in the ACE         1.2
Basin, he should not have to jump through five extra hoops to get                       1.2  Comment noted; no response necessary.
a dock permit, or a fishing license, 'or a hunting license; and 







that concept is in this document.

The fifth is that the reserve itself and the lands in the reserve
and the management of the reserve be concentrated with State of
South Carolina rather than the Federal government. I think the
wildlife department is an excellent run department.  Dr.               1.3                1.3  Comment noted; no response necessary.
Timmerman is doing a fine job and if there is one person who's
word you can take to the bank and deposit it, it is his and he is
committed to these concepts and these things. I believe that
having the islands that are already bought transferred to the
Wildlife and Marine Resources Department is an excellent idea.

Sixth is that the management plan, the final management plan that
comes out, cannot be changed by Washington or some other agency
but that rather if there are changes that are needed, that public  i.                     1.4  Comment noted; no response necessary.
hearings and public input would take place prior to those changes
being put in place.

Finally, that an Advisory Committee of local folks, be it me or
some locals from here in Walterboro and other places, will
continue to serve in an advisory capacity and monitor the
compliance with the management plan.

Now those are the seven things that I think were made in the way
of a commitment by the agencies to those of us that had concerns
and I believe they are in the plan. if they are not in the plan,
as the preacher says "its time to speak now or forever hold your
peace". I think they are in the plan.

Two years ago I stood here very skeptical about this project. I
think it obviously has some very positive things about it and I
think it will be a very successful project. I think the people
who are behind it, have the very beat intentions and with these
protections for those of use who are landowners and the local
folks down here; who are either agriculture or forestry. if you
have concerns about it, I think they are concerns, hopefully for
the most part, that have been allayed by this document.

So on behalf of the committee and on behalf of myself as an
individual, I want to endorse the draft management plan. I am
sure that out of this hearing tonight, there will come other
suggestions for improving the document to a final form and I hope
to participate in that. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.


Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr.. orivate landowner                                                   Resnonse to Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr.

I'm representing Hutchinson Island. At this point we do not want
to be included int he core area or the buffer zone.  we do not         J.1                J.1  Comment noted; Boundaries for the reserve have not been
oppose it.  We just would like to see how the estuarine project                                 finalized, but will be as part of the Final Management Plan.
goes. Thank you.







Ms. Sally Murnhv. South Carolina Wildlife Federation

I am Sally Murphy. As a member of the Board of Directors of the
South Carolina Wildlife Federation, I am here to present a
statement on behalf of Betty Spence, the Executive Director.

[For the record, this letter is included in the previous section
with appropriate responses.]


Mr. Norman Brunswia. National Audubon Society

[For the record, Mr. Brunswig submitted his comments in writing
and these comments are included in the previous section with
appropriate responses.]


Mr. Richard P. Baldwin. nrivate landowner                                              Resoonse to Mr. Richard P. Baldwin

I am Richard P. Baldwin. I am like Dewey Wise was a few years
ago, I was skeptical about this whole idea. But when the
Department finally came up with the plan, I read the plan and if
they stick with the plan, I think it sounds like a good idea. I
am going to endorse it.

There are a couple of things I am going to suggest or ask. I am
a commercial fisherman and I think we should have some               K.1 K.1 Comment noted; Commercial fishermen will be represented on
representation on some of these committees.                         I                       the Advisory Committee and the membership has been revised
                                                                                         on pages 42-23, as requested.
I also think maybe they ought to put an extra lane on the
highways for the bird watchers, because. more and more every year,  K.2                K.2  Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of
they stop in the middle of the road.  When you come around those                            the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your
curves you have to dodge them.  You need to keep that in mind,                              concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of
                                                                                         Highways and Public Transportation.








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