    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

       Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin

          National Estuarine Research Reserve

                              in South Carolina

                            Final Environmental Impact Statement
                                             and
                                   Draft Management Plan

              ~.~  Al,0          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                              Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management
                                    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                                       Washington, D.C. 20235
        South Carolina Wildlife and                                           S.C. Coastal Council
      Marine Resources Department                                           Ashley Corporate Center
           P.O. Box 12559                                                 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300
    Charleston, South Carolina 29422-2559                                    Charleston, S.C. 29405

                               *�'i   UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                              g ~ \   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                       Washington, D.C. 20230

                                       Office of the Chief Scientist

    Dear Reviewer:

    In accordance with the provision of Section 102(2) (C) of the
    National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, we are enclosing for
    your review and consideration the final environmental impact
    statement/draft management plan prepared by the Office of Ocean
    and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National
    Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce,
    on the proposed Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National
    Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina.

    The responsible Federal official for this project is
    John J. Carey, Acting Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services
    and Coastal Zone Management, National Ocean Service, NOAA. Any
    written comments or questions you may have should be submitted to
    the contact person identified below by Monday, September 23,
    1991. Also, one copy of your comments should be sent to me in
    Room 6222, U.S. Department of Commerce, in Washington, DC 20230.

                              CONTACT PERSON

                        Ms. Susan E. Durden, Chief
                     Atlantic and Great Lakes Region
                    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
             office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                       National Ocean Service/NOAA
                       1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
                                 Suite 714
                           Washington, DC 20235
                         Telephone: (202) 606-4122

    Thank you for your cooperation in this matter.

                                   Sincerely,

                              tX/David Cottingham
                                   Director
                                   Ecology and Environmental
                                   Conservation Office

    75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988

                    ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN

                    NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE

                                  IN SOUTH CAROLINA

                                     r
                                       lProperty of CSC Library

                              Final Environmental Impact Statement

                                             and

                                    Draft Management Plan

                                          July 1991
                                                         U.S. DEPARTMENT OF-COMMERCE NOAA
                                                         COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                         2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                         CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

                                         Prepared By:

                                 U.S. Department of Commerce
                         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                     National Ocean Service
                                 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
                                    Washington, D.C. 20235

        S.C. Coastal Council                                S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources
          Ashley Corporate Center                           Department
          4130 Faber Place                                  217 Fort Johnson Road
        Suite 300                                           P.O. Box 12559
    D_   Charleston, S.C. 29405                              Charleston, S.C. 29422-2559

     I-
     CNrem
     64 a

    DESIGNATION: Final Environmental Impact Statement

    TITLE:      Designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a National
    Estuarine Research Reserve and preparation of a draft management plan.

    ABSTRACT:    The state of South Carolina proposes the designation of a site in the
    ACE Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. The
    site encompasses approximately 135,554 acres of uplands, wetlands and open
    waters.

       Federal financial assistance for operations, management, and development are
    requested by the state of South Carolina. These funds accompanied by the required
    state match will be used for basic program activities, including research and
    educational projects; construction of trails and boardwalks; expansion and
    construction of research and interpretive facilities; and for the preparation of a final
    management plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South
    Carolina. Appropriate Memorandums of Understanding are under preparation for those
    portions of the site which are on state government or private property. The reserve
    will be managed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department.

       Approval of this proposal will allow for the establishment of an estuarine research
    reserve in South Carolina representing the South Atlantic Subregion of the Carolinian
    Biogeographic Region. The reserve will be used primarily for research and education
    purposes, particularly as a tool for improving coastal decision making. No new
    regulations are proposed as a result of this action. Traditional uses within the reserve
    boundaries will continue under existing local and state laws and private landowner
    policies. The educational programs will increase public awareness of estuarine
    resources and their importance. The research plan will establish a baseline monitoring
    program for the ACE Basin estuary and encourage research projects consistent with
    the reserve's role as a natural field laboratory.

        Submit any written comments to the contact identified below.

    Agglicant:       South Carolina Coastal Council
                     Ashley Corporate Center
                     4130 Faber Place, Suite 300
                     Charleston, S.C. 29405

    Contact:         H. Steven Snyder

    Agglicant:       South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Department
                     217 Fort Johnson Road
                     P.O0. Box 12559
                     Charleston, S.C. 29412

    Contact:         Michael D. McKenzie, Project Manager

    Lead Aaencv:   U.S. Department of Commerce
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                   Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

    Contact:        Susan Durden
                   Regional Manager, Atlantic and Great Lakes
                   Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                   Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
                   Washington, D.C. 20235

                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
    -Cover Sheet
    -Abstract
    -Table of Contents
    -List of Figures
    -List of Tables
    -Abbreviations and Acronyms
    -Summary
                                                                  PAGE

    I.   PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION .......................... 1

         A.   Introduction ...................................... 1
         B.   National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) .........  1
              1. Federal Legislative Authority ........................ 1
              2. NERRS Program ................................. 2
              3. Concept of Biogeographic Zones ..................... 3
              4. Existing NERRS ...........................              3
              5. Funding Support ...................6.....               6
              6. Federal Role in NERRS After Designation ................ 7
         C.   The ACE Basin NERR  ............................... 7
              1. Background  ...................................7
              2. Site Selection Process ............................ 9
              3. Site Selection Criteria ...................10

    II.   ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION) ............ 11
         A. Preferred Alternative.
               1. Land Acquisition Plan . .    ......................... 11
                    a.  General Context for Management   .   .........  11
                    b.  Assessment of Boundaries    .............  12
                       (1) Key Land and Water Areas (Core)  . ........  12
                       (2) Buffer Zone ........................... 14
                    c.  Acquisition Strategy  ................ 18
                       (1) Fee title Acquisition  ............... 18
                          (a). Ashe Island ......................... 18
                          (b). Beet Island .....20
                          (c). Otter Island  ....................... 20
                        (2) Memorandum of Understanding .............   20
                          (a) Bolders Island ...................  .... 20
                        (3) Donation and/or Gift ................... .. 23
                          (a) Warren and Big Island Complex ...........  23
                        (4) Conservation Easements and/or Management
                          Agreements ...........     ................ 23
                          (a) Pine Island ...................   ...... 23
                          (b) South Hutchinson Island  ............... 24

    d. Schedule and Funding Mechanism ................. 24
    2. Resource Protection Plan ....................... 24
         a.  Management of the NERR Site through the S.C.
             Coastal Zone Management Program . . .......... 24
             (1). Management of Critical Areas ..                    27
             (2).  Management of Upland Areas (Non-critical Areas) 27
             (3). Enforcement ......................... 28
         b. Management Policies .             ...................... 30
             (1) Traditional Uses ...................... 30
             (2) Fish and Wildlife ...................... 30
             (3)  Endangered and/or Threatened Species .       .. 30
             (4) Wetlands ...........................30
             (5) Forest .............................31
             (6) Fire ...............................31
             (7) Mining and Excavation ................. 31
             (8) Water Quality .......... 31
             (9) Air Quality ............                            32
             (10) Shorelines ..........................32
             (11) Dredging and Filling Activities ............ 32
             (12) Trash, Rubbish and Waste ............... 32
             (13) Archaeological and Historical Sites and Objects . 32
             (14) Industrial Activities .................... 33
             (15) Manipulative Research ................. 33
             (16) Right-of-Ways ........................ 33
             (17) Public Access ..................., 33
         c. General Permits and Licenses ................. ?3
             (1) Existing Permits and Licenses ............ 33
             (2) Reserve Research Permits ................ 3
         d. Surveillance and Enforcement .         .        ............... 34
         e. Public Education and Information .       .        ......... 34
    3. Administrative Plan . . . ........................34
         a. Administrative Framework ..................  34
         b.  Relationship with existing administrative
             programs ............................... 37
         c. Staff Requirements ........................ 38
         d. Volunteer Program ....................,  41
         e.  Advisory Committee Roles and Responsibilities ..... 42
             (1)  Research and Monitoring Subcommittee .       .... 43
             (2) Education Subcommittee ................ 44
         f. Five Year Activities Plan ...................,. 44
         g. Staffing . . .............................. 44
    4. Facilities Development Plan ... 46
         a. Education/Visitor Center ..................... 46
         b. Siting of Center .            ................... 47
         c. Space Requirements . . ..................... 47
         d. Development and Construction . . .............. 48

         e. Trails and Observation Platform ......... 50
    5. Research and Monitoring Plan ......... 50
         a. General Context for Management ......... 50
            (1) Goals ............................... 51
            (2) Objectives ........................... 51
         b. National Research Priorities ......... 52
            (1) Water Management ..................... 52
            (2) Sediment Management ................... 53
            (3) Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs .           ......... 54
            (4) Coupling of Primary and Secondary
                 Productivity .......................... 54
            (5) Estuarine Fishery Habitat Requirements .         ....... 55
            (6) Other Research Topics ................... 55
            (7) Initial Baseline Studies .................... 56
            (8) Environmental Monitoring ................. 56
            (9) Special Studies ........................ 57
         c. ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities ......... 57
             (1) Initial Short-term priorities ................ 61
             (2) Longer-term priorities ................... 61
             (3) Research support priorities ................. 61
             (4) Generic, longer-term needs ................ 61
         d. NOAA Funded Monitoring Program .............. 63
         e. Research Policies and Procedures ......... 63
             (1) General Policies ........................ 63
             (2) Procedures for NOAA Funded Research . ...... 65
             (3) Procedures for Research Funded by State
                or other sources ........................ 65
             (4) Research Support ...................... 66
             (5) Data Management ...................... 66
             (6) Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR
                Research Programs ...................... 67
             (7) Coordination of Research Efforts ............. 68
                (a) Coordination of ACE Basin Research ........68
                (b) Coordination with the NERRS ............ 68
             (8) Information Dissemination ................. 69
             (9) Review and Evaluation . .................. 70
    6. Education/Interpretation Plan . . . . ..... 70
         a. General Context for Management ......... 70
             (1) Goals ............................... 70
             (2) Objectives ........................... 71
         b. Education Policies ......... 71
         c. Themes and Messages ......... 71
             (1) Orientation ........................... 72
             (2) Living Resources in the Reserve ............. 72
             (3) Estuarine Processes in the Reserve ........... 73
             (4) People in the Reserve ......... 73

              (5) Management of the Reserve ..................73
              (6) How Development affects an Estuarine System73
           d. On-Site Interpretive Media ...................... 74
              (1) Interpretive Exhibits and Signs ................. 74
              (2) Reserve Name and Directional Signs ............. 74
              (3) Wayside Exhibits .......................... 74
              (4) Trail Signs .............................. 74
              (5) Printed Materials ........................... 74
                   (a) Brochures ........................... 74
                   (b) Newsletter .......................... 75
                   (c) Reserve Poster ....................... 75
                   (d) School Information Packages .............. 75
                   (e) Press Releases ........................ 75
              (6) Slide Shows ............................. 75
              (7) Films ..................................75
              (8) Personal Contact .......................... 75
              (9) Teacher Workshops ........................ 75
              (10) Volunteer Program ........................ 75
           e. Off-Site Programs and Media ..................... 76
              (1) Traveling Exhibits .......................... 76
              (2) Outreach ............................... 76
           f. Education/Visitor Center Services .        .         ................ 76
           g. Coordination of Education Efforts .        .         ................ 78
              (1) Coordination with Existing Programs ............. 78
              (2) Coordination with the NERRS ................. 78
              (3) Coordination with other Agencies ............... 78
         7. Public Access Plan .............................. 78
           a. Policy ..................................... 78
           b. Current and Proposed Access .            .          .................. 78
              (1) Bear Island WMA .......................... 79
              (2) Core Area ...............................79
              (3) Buffer Zone ............................. 79
         8. Objectives and Policies for Other Activities .  .     .     ........... 79
           a. Hunting, Fishing and Shellfishing .................. 79
    B. Other Alternatives Considered . . . ..................... 80
         1. No Action/Status Quo . . . ......................... 80
         2. Alternate Sites . . . .............................. 80
         3. Alternate Boundaries . . . .......................... 81
         4. Alternate Management Plan Options . . . ............... 81
           a. Establishing Management of the Reserve Within
              an Agency Other than SCWMRD .................. 81
           b. Location of Reserve Headquarters and
              Visitor Center Somewhere Other Than
              Bear Island WMA . . ...........................81

    Ill.  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT              .      . i...............83
        A. The Regional Setting                  ..................83
            1. Physiographic Features ...  ...........83
            2. Geology.................84
            3. Soils ................87
            4. Groundwater ................87
            5. Climate ................88
            6. Water Quality ................89
              (a) Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters  . 89
              (b) Shellfish Harvesting ..............90
        B. Socioeconomic Features................90
            1 .Early Historical Development .............90
            2. Beginning of Agriculture                   ..  ............92
            3. Archaeological and Historic Landmarks..........92
            4. Economics.................94
              a. Agriculture ................94
              b. Forestry ................94
              c. Fisheries ................96
              d. Other Marine Uses..............98
            5. Traditional Land Use/Wildlife Management and Hunting.   . .98
            S. Local Activities Affecting the Site ...........99
              a. Dredging Activities ..............99
              b. NPS Runoff..............100
        C. Biological Features...................100

    IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES.. . . ....... . . ..101
        A. General Impacts..................101
        B. Specific Impacts..................101
            1. Natural Environment ................101
            2. Human Environment ................101
              a. Scientific and Education .............101
              b. Public Access.................102
            c. State, Local and Federal .............102
        C.    Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic
            Impacts .................102
            1. Tax Revenue Loss.................102
            2. Traffic Impacts.................103
        D.    Relationship Between the Proposed Action on the Environ-
            ment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-term
            Productivity .................103
        E.    Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources......103
        F.    Possible Conflicts Between the Proposed Action and the
            Objectives of Federal, State, Regional and Local Land-
            Use Plans, Policies and Controls For the Areas Concerned...104

    V. LIST OF PREPARERS ..............................104

    VL   LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES
        OF THE FEIS AND DMP .............................. 105

    VII. REFERENCES ..............................109

    VIII. APPENDICES ..............................115

                                   LIST OF FIGURES
    FIGURE                 TITLE                                            PAGE

     1               Existing and Proposed National                         5
                      Estuarine Research Reserves in the
                      U. S.

     2               Location Map for Proposed NERRS Sites                  8
                      in South Carolina.

     3               Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands proposed             13
                      for Acquisition in Core Area.

     4                Descriptive Map Showing Core Area in Relation To       15
                      Buffer Zone.

     5               View of the Old SCR Bed Intersecting Wimbee             16
                      Creek and Forming the Northern Boundary of
                      the NERR Buffer Zone.

     6               Site-Specific View of Ashe, Beet and South              19
                      Hutchinson Islands.

     7               Site-specific View of Otter and Pine Islands.           21

     8                Site-specific View of Bolders, Warren and Big          22
                      Islands.

     9               Organization Chart for Administration and
                      Management of the ACE Basin NERR.                     35

     10              Alternative Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR.         82

     11              View of a Fully Developed Tidewater Rice               93
                      Plantation of the Early Nineteenth Century.

                                      APPENDIX G
                           (Ecological Characterization Figures)

      1               The Ace Basin Is a Complex Mixture of Subsystems       G-3
                      that Interconnect By Energy Pathways to Form a
                      Regional Ecosystem.

     2               The Relationship Between Marsh Type and Average         G-6
                      Annual Salinity.

                                    LIST OF TABLES

    TABLE                                 TITLE                                 PAGE

     I                       Designated Sites in the NERRS.                      4

     2                       Schedule of Milestones for Land                     25
                             Acquisition and Reserve Designation.

     3                       High Priority Lands Proposed for Acquisition        26
                              in Reserve Core Area.

     4                        Summary of 'Networking' Activities.                29

     5                       Five Year Activities Plan for the ACE Basin         45
                              NERR.

     6                        Physiographic Data and Development                 85
                              Status for select barrier, marsh and
                              sea islands in the ACE Basin Region.

     7                        Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications        91
                             for the ACE Basin.

     8                        Sites of Archaeological and Historic               95
                              Significant in the ACE Basin.

     9                       Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel               97
                             Value for Products Landed in the ACE
                              Basin.

                                      APPENDIX G
                                    (Biological Tables)

     I Representative Ecosystems of the                                        G-2
                             ACE Basin NERR.

     2                       Generalized community structure of the             G-1 1
                              Vascular Flora of the Upland Ecosystem in
                             The ACE Basin.

     3                        Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened        G-12
                              Animals Documented to Occur in/or within
                              the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87.

    Tables (Continued)

     4                       Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Nesting Activity        G-13
                             Within the ACE Basin NERR, 1980-87.

     5                       Southern Bald Eagle Nesting Activity Within       G-15
                             ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90.

     6                       American Alligator Observations and               G-16
                             Relative Densities in Ashepoo, Combahee
                             and Edisto Rivers, 1978-1983.

     7                       American Alligator Nesting Densities in            G-17
                             Three Marsh Types Associated With the
                             Ashepoo, Combahee and South Edisto.

     8                       Some Amphibians and Reptiles Occurring             G-20
                             Within the ACE Basin NERR Verified by
                             Collection and Observation.

     9                       Dominant Birds of the Coastal Marine Ecosystem   G-25
                             Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

     10                       Dominant Birds of the Maritime Ecosystem          G-26
                             Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

     11                       Dominant Birds of the Estuarine Ecosystem         G-28
                             Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

     12                      Documented Colonial Wading Bird Nesting            G-30
                             Activity in the ACE Basin NERR,
                             1978-1990.

     13                      Birds of Estuarine Intertidal Impoundments         G-31
                             in the ACE Basin.

     14                       Dominant Birds of the Upland Ecosystem            G-34
                             Occurring in the ACE Basin NERR.

     15                       Characteristic Habitats of Some of the            G-35
                             More Important Estuarine Fishes Occurring
                             in the ACE Basin NERR.

     16                      Trophic Level of Some of the More Important        G-37
                             Estuarine Fishes Occurring in the ACE Basin
                             NERR

                                      ACRONYMS

    ACE              Ashepoo - Combahee - Edisto Basin

    AIWW             Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway

    BMPs             Best Management Practices, established by the South Carolina
                    Forestry Commission

    CEC              Division of Conservation, Education & Communication, SCWMRD

    CFR              The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a codification of the
                    regulations of various federal agencies. The CFR is the basic
                    component of the Federal Register publication system.

    COLREGS          Collision Regulations, U.S. Coast Guard

    CZMA             Coastal Zone Management Act

    DHEC             South Carolina Department of Health & Environmental Control

    DMP              Draft Management Plan

    DU               Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated

    DUF              Ducks Unlimited Foundation, a subsidiary of DU

    EIS              Environmental Impact Statement is required by the National
                    Environmental Policy Act of 1969 whenever major federal action
                    may significantly affect the quality of the environment, including the
                    human environment. A draft (DEIS) and a final (FEIS) environmental
                    impact statement are prepared.

    GIP              Geographic Information Processing

    GIS              Geographic Information System

    LED              Law Enforcement Division, SCWMRD

    MOU              Memorandum of Understanding

    MRD              Marine Resources Division, SCWMRD

    NERR             National Estuarine Research Reserve (refers to one reserve, i.e. ACE
                    Basin)

    NERRs            National Estuarine Research Reserves

    NERRS            National Estuarine Research Reserve System (refers to all Reserves
                    in the U.S. program as an interacting group forming a complex
                    whole)

    NFWF             National Fish & Wildlife Foundation

    NOAA             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department
                    of Commerce

    NWI              National Wetlands Inventory

    ORW              Outstanding Recreational or Ecological Resource Waters, DHEC water
                    classifications and standards

    SCCC             South Carolina Coastal Council

    SCDPRT           South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism

    SCFC             South Carolina Forestry Commission

    SCR              Seaboard Coastline Railroad Bed, forming the upper western
                     boundary of the proposed ACE Basin NERR

    SCS              Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

    SCLRC            South Carolina Land Resources Commission

    SCWMRD           South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

    SFH              Shellfish  Harvesting  Waters,  DHEC  water  classification  and
                     standards

    TNC              The Nature Conservancy

    USFWS            United States Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior

    WMA              Wildlife Management Area, SCWMRD

    WFWF             Division of Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, SCWMRD

                                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

       Section 315 of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 established the
    National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), originally called the National
    Estuarine Sanctuary Program, as a federal/state cooperative venture. Federal
    matching grants are available to coastal states to develop and manage a national
    system of estuarine research reserves which are representative of the various regions
    and estuarine types in the United States. In addition, annual competitive grants for
    research and education projects are available. The goal of the program is to protect
    areas of representative estuaries, including valuable wetland habitat, for use as natural
    field laboratories. National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRs) are established to:
    1) provide opportunities for long-term estuarine research and monitoring; 2) provide
    opportunities for estuarine education and interpretation; 3) provide a basis for more
    informed coastal management decisions; and 4) promote public awareness,
    understanding, and appreciation of estuarine ecosystems and their relationships to the
    environment as a whole.

       The NERRS has adopted a classification scheme that reflects differences in
    regional biogeography and estuarine typology to ensure that established sites are
    representative and that a variety of ecosystem types are included. The biogeographic
    classification scheme and estuarine typology system for the ACE Basin site are shown
    in Appendix A.

       The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine
    Resources Department (SCWMRD) in cooperation with the South Carolina Coastal
    Council (SCCC), the state's lead agency in coastal zone management.

         Recently, the SCWMRD and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
    (USFWS), along with representatives of the Nature Conservancy (TNC), Ducks
    Unlimited, Incorporated (DU), other organizations and a private sector of landowners,
    have recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles
    southwest of Charleston, South Carolina and encompasses approximately 350,000
    acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products
    industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal
    islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water. The
    NERRS was viewed as a compatible tool to provide for habitat protection, long-term
    management and opportunities for research and education.

       Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR will encompass key land and water areas (or
    "core area") and a buffer zone.  The core area includes Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet,
    Boulder, Big, South Hutchinson and Warren Islands for a total of 16,040 acres (2,444
    acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh). The buffer zone contains 54,801
    acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open estuarine waters and 5,308 acres of upland
    (a total of 135,752 acres). To date, five (5) of the eight (8) islands listed as the
    reserve core area are in fee simple ownership by conservation organizations and were
    acquired towards their future inclusion into the NERRS. Conservation easements,

    management agreements, and other approaches to land stewardship are being
    negotiated in the buffer zone.

       The purpose of the ACE Basin NERR is to establish and manage the site as a
    natural field laboratory and to develop a coordinated program of research and
    education for the reserve. Under the preferred alternative, a cooperative management
    approach will be used, involving SCWMRD, private landowners, local and state
    government agencies, private organizations and advisory committees. The SCWMRD
    will continue to serve as the lead management agency.

       Reserve staff will include a reserve manager, a research coordinator, an education
    coordinator and a clerical position. A volunteer coordinator may be added later.
    SCWMRD will manage the reserve through a cooperative effort within its four
    functional divisions: Marine Resources; Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries;
    Conservation, Education and Communication and Law Enforcement.

       In addition, there will be at least one major advisory committee with appropriate
    sub-committees to serve in an advisory capacity on matters concerning resource
    protection, research and monitoring and education.  The reserve manager will
    coordinate administrative functions and the various research and education programs
    at the reserve and act as liaison with the SCCC, NOAA and other NERRs. The
    research coordinator will coordinate ACE Basin NERR system-wide research and
    monitoring activities. The education coordinator will coordinate educational and
    interpretive activities within the reserve.

       The reserve research and education programs will gather and make available
    information useful for improved understanding, appreciation, and management of the
    ACE Basin estuarine system in general. Reserve activities will augment, not replace,
    the on-going conservation and management activities on private lands. Facilities will
    be developed as necessary to aid in research and education and to serve as a focal
    point for visitors to the reserve.

       In addition to the preferred alternative, other alternatives are discussed, including
    no action/status quo, alternative sites, alternative boundaries, and alternative
    management strategies. Under the no action alternative, the ACE Basin NERR
    designation would not be pursued and there would be no change in current
    management direction or level of management intensity. Several other sites were
    considered early in the site selection process. However, these were rejected in favor
    of the ACE Basin NERR site because of its great ecological diversity and pristine
    environmental characteristics. Alternative boundaries for the reserve are considered;
    however, the preferred boundaries encompass entire ecological units and thus are the
    most desirable. Alternative management plan options are considered, including
    establishing management of the reserve within an agency other than SCWMRD. Since
    SCWMRD has a long history of land management, estuarine research; fish and wildlife
    management, and conservation education, it is a logical choice as the lead agency.
    Another alternative considered was location of the education/visitor center somewhere

    other than Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Other sites were eliminated
    because SCWMRD already owns and operates Bear Island WMA,it is large enough to
    accommodate ancillary facilities development and it is easily accessible by road.

       Valuable natural and cultural resources will be protected for long-term research and
    education by designation of the reserve. Natural resources affected by the proposed
    action include diverse, highly productive estuarine systems comprised of wetlands,
    open waters, with salinities ranging from freshwater to sea strength and uplands.
    Several species of either rare, endangered, or threatened plants and animals occur in
    the general area of the proposed reserve. In addition to such rich diversity of natural
    resources the region is also endowed with significant historical and archaeological
    sites.

       Traditional uses in the proposed reserve include commercial and recreational
    fishing and shellfishing, hunting, trapping, wildlife observation, boating, agriculture
    and forestry. These activities will continue under present laws and regulations and
    designation of the ACE Basin NERR will not affect traditional uses.

       The environmental consequences of the proposed action are strongly positive. The
    primary impact will be long-term protection of both natural and cultural resources. No
    resources will be irreversibly or irretrievably lost, On the contrary, these special
    resources will be provided with long-term protection and will serve both now and in
    the future as sites for important estuarine research and education.

     The proposed action is in accordance with all relevant state, local and federal
    regulations and is consistent with the objectives of state, local, and federal land use
    plans, policies and controls for the area under consideration.

    I. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION

    A.    Introduction

       The state of South Carolina is proposing to establish a site in the Ashepoo-
    Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin as a component of the National Estuarine Research
    Reserve System (NERRS). This Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) describes
    the probable impacts of implementing the management plan for the ACE Basin NERR.
    The purpose of this action is to designate the site as a natural field laboratory for long-
    term research, monitoring and education/interpretation.  The management plan
    provides the framework and guidance for future management actions to accomplish
    the stated goals, objectives and priorities.

       There is a great need for this action. Much of South Carolina's coastal zone is
    experiencing rapid population growth with the attendant demands for residential,
    commercial and industrial development. These changes cannot take place without
    some adverse effects on our natural environment in spite of the state's strong and
    effective coastal zone management program. Due to the immense complexity of the
    relationships between the state's living marine and estuarine resources and their
    environment, sustained study of these resources is critical to our understanding of
    them and of man's activities on their future health and well-being.

       Establishment of the ACE Basin NERR will assure the management of this unique
    estuarine ecosystem for the purposes of research, education, and habitat protection.
    Results of scientific research and environmental monitoring can be used to further
    protect and manage South Carolina's rich and diverse coastal environment. Additional
    benefits of reserve designation will be increased opportunities for educational pro-
    grams to expand the public's knowledge and awareness of the complex nature of our
    coastal zone. Protection and management of the ACE Basin NERR is intended to
    support the research mission and further a major objective of the SCWMRD,
    protection of estuarine habitat and associated fish and wildlife resources.

    B.    The National Estuarine Research Reserve Svstem

    1.    Federal Leaislative Authority

       The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, P.L. 92-583) was signed into
    law on October 27, 1972, in response to a growing national concern over intense
    pressures on the coastal zone of the United States. Congress was alerted to the need
    for legislation to promote a comprehensive approach to wise management of our
    coastal zone through three landmark study/reports: OUR NATION AND THE SEA,
    Stratton Report, January 1969; NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY,
    November 1969; and NATIONAL ESTUARY STUDY, January 1970.

                                            2

       To achieve the national policy of preserving, protecting, developing, and where
    possible, restoring or enhancing coastal resources, Congress selected the following
    approach (Section 302(h)):

       "The key to more effective protection and use of the land and water resources
       of the coastal zone is to encourage the states to exercise their full authority
       over the lands and waters in the coastal zone by assisting the states, in
       cooperation with Federal and local governments and other vitally affected
       interests, in developing land and water use programs for the coastal zone,
       including unified policies, criteria, standards, methods, and processes for
       dealing with land use decisions of more than local significance."

       The Act authorizes a variety of grant-in-aid programs to the states for purposes of:

                 *  developing coastal zone management programs (Sec. 305) -S.C.'s
                    Management Act was signed into law on May 24, 1977;

                 *  implementing and administering coastal management programs that
                    receive Federal approval (Sec.306);

                 *  avoiding or minimizing adverse environmental, social, and economic
                    impacts resulting from coastal energy activities (Sec.309);

                 *  coordinating, studying, planning, and implementing interstate coastal
                    management activities and programs (Sec.309);

                 *  conducting research, study, and training programs to provide scientific
                    and technical support to state coastal zone management programs (Sec.
                    31 0); and

                 *  establishing national estuarine research reserves. Funds are available to
                    assist in the acquisition, development, and operation of reserves, and to
                    support education and interpretation activities, and research and
                    monitoring (Sec. 315).

        2.    National Estuarine Research Reserve System Proaram

         Congress created NERRS under Section 315 of the CZMA (1972) to provide "to
        coastal states grants of up to fifty percent of the costs of acquisition, development,
        and operation of estuarine sanctuaries (now called research reserves) for the purpose
        of creating natural field laboratories to gather data and make studies of the natural and
        human processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone.' Congress stated
        that research reserves should be:

                                          3

         ...natural areas set aside primarily to provide scientists the opportunity to
         make baseline ecological measurements, essential to many coastal zone
         management decisions, and prediction of the impact of human intervention.
         These areas should not be chosen at random, but should reflect regional
         differentiation and a variety of ecosystems so as to cover all significant natural
         variation. These areas could be used to monitor vital changes or forecast
         possible deterioration from anticipated activities. Scientific research and
         ecological data from these areas could aid significantly in providing a rational
         basis for intelligent management of the coastal zone (Senate Report 92-753 as
         in Library of Congress, 1976).

         Following passage of the law, NOAA promulgated regulations for NERRS
         in 1974 (15 CFR Part 921). The regulations were revised in 1984, 1989 and
         again in 1990. Originally called estuarine sanctuaries, the name was changed
         to research reserves by Congress in 1985 to emphasize the primary intent of
         the program (i.e., research and education). WHILE THE PRIMARY PURPOSES
         OF RESEARCH RESERVES ARE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION, MULTIPLE USE
         OF THE AREAS BY THE PUBLIC IS ENCOURAGED. SUCH USES GENERALLY
         INCLUDE LOW-INTENSITY RECREATION SUCH AS BOATING, FISHING,
          HUNTING, SHELLFISHING AND WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY AND
          OBSERVATION. TRADITIONAL USES SUCH AS COMMERCIAL FISHING AND
          SHELLFISHING ARE ALSO ACCOMMODATED.

    3.    ConceDt of Bioaeoaraohic Zones

     To ensure that the NERRS includes sites that adequately represent regional and
    ecological differences, Section 921.3 of the regulation (15CFR Part 921) sets forth
    a biogeographical classification scheme that reflects regional differences in
    biogeography. An estuarine typology system, which presents a variety of ecosystem
    types, is also included (Appendix A). Upon completion, the NERRS will contain
    representation of the 27 biogeographic regions of the Nation's coastal zone. The
    proposed ACE Basin NERR is representative of the Carolinian - South Atlantic region.
    It contains a diverse assemblage of representative outer coastal plain natural
    communities, including those typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands
    and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the proposed ACE Basin site
    are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest communities.

    4.    Existina National Estuarine Research Reserves

      At the present time, 18 reserve sites have been designated (Table 1) across the
    country (Figure 1).

                                  4

    Table 1. Designated Sites in the NERRS.

                    RESEARCH RESERVE                 BIOGEOGRAPHIC
                                                     CLASSIFICATION
     Wells, York County, Maine                       Acadian
     Great Bay, Great Bay, New Hampshire             Acadian
     Waquoit Bay, Mashpee and Falmouth,              Virginian
     Massachusetts
     Narragansett Bay, Newport County, Rhode         Virginian
     Island
     Hudson River (4 components), Hudson River,      Virginian
     New York
     Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, (3 components) Anne  Virginian
     Arundel, Harford, Prince George's, and
     Somerset Counties
     Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, (4 components)        Virginian
     York, Gloucester, James City, and King
     William Counties
     North Carolina (4 components), Brunswick,       Virginian/
     Carteret, Curriuck and New Hanover Counties    Carolinian
     Sapelo Island, McIntosh County, Georgia         Carolinian
     Rookery Bay, Collier County, Florida            West Indian
     Jabos Bay, Puerto Rico                          West Indian
     Apalachicola River/Bay                          Louisianan
     Franklin County, Florida
     Weeks Bay, Baldwin County, Alabama              Louisianan
     Tijuana, San Diego County, California           Californian
     Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California    Californian
     South Slough, Coos Bay, Oregon                  Columbian
     Padilla Bay, Skagit County, Washington          Columbian
     Old Woman Creek, Erie County, Ohio              Great Lakes
     Waimanu Valley                                  Insular
     Island of Hawaii, Hawaii

    4/9()

                      The National Estuarine Reserve

                                        Rese arch System

                                                                                      St. Lawlecnc(~-
                                              I                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~River 13asIn

                                                                                                           Bay

                                                 .~~~~~           Old~~~~~~                          Naridgun~~~~~~~~~~scil Bay E

                                                  f                   (  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~k~~Delaware                     n
     San Francisco Bay      ...                                                                    Chesapeake Hay. MI)

        Elkhoyn Slough                                                                            ChcDpck  a.V
                                                  I                        ........ Northi Carolina                   C
                                                                                              North Inlet           Cc
                Tijuana Rivcij                                                                ALBai

                                                                                                                     CD

           V.IV. 14,A  a    ~urj                                                                                       CDf
                            AProposedRokr   y
                            SDesignated
                                                                                               *  Jobos Bay, PR      CD
                                                                                                           t,03      5

                                            6

       In addition, California-San Francisco Bay (San Francisco Bay), New York-St.
    Lawrence River Basin (Acadian), Delaware (Virginian), East Coast of Florida, Virginia
    (Virginian) and South Carolina (Carolinian) have proposed sites to be included as
    National Estuarine Research Reserves and are in the process of producing
    environmental impact statements and management plans.

    5.        Fundina and SuoDort

       Federal funding for NERRs is described in detail below. Briefly, five categories of
    federal awards are available from NOAA: predesignation awards; acquisition and
    development awards; operation and management awards; research and monitoring
    awards; and education and interpretation awards. The amount of federal financial
    assistance provided may vary according to program areas; most of the federal funds
    must be matched by the state or other entities.

        Federal funding has and will be used for initial operation and staffing of the ACE
    Basin NERR. The reserve is a cooperative federal-state program. At a minimum,
    long-term funds must be provided by the state to cover general operating expenses
    and the salaries of the reserve manager and support staff. The reserve staff will work
    ,cooperatively with other agencies to pool resources. Efforts will also be made to
    obtain outside grants and other sources of program revenue. These include the
    creation of support groups and endowment funds for the ACE Basin. Support groups
    have been successfully utilized at other NERRs and may be used as models (e.g. the
    Friends of the Reserve at the Apalachicola Reserve in Florida, the Elkhorn Slough
    Foundation at the Elkhorn Slough Reserve in California, and Friends of Jug Bay at
    JBWS in the CBNERR Maryland).

        Predesignation awards are available for site selection and post site selection.
    Acquisition and development awards are available prior to reserve designation for
    acquiring interest in land and water areas, performing minor construction, preparing
    plans and specifications, developing the final management plan, and hiring necessary
    staff.

        After a reserve receives federal designation, a supplemental acquisition and
    development award is available for acquisition of additional property interests,
    construction of research and education facilities, and restoration projects. Operation
    and management awards are available to manage the reserve and operate programs
    detailed in the management plan. The federal portion of operation and management
    awards may be used for the support of staff positions.

        Research and monitoring awards are available on a competitive basis to conduct
    estuarine research and monitoring within the NERRS. Any coastal state or qualified
    public or private person may compete for these awards which are available annually.
    Financial assistance awards are available for conducting educational and interpretive

                                           7

    activities within the NERRS. These are available annually on a competitive basis to
    any coastal state entity.

       More detailed information on NOAA funding can be found in the Federal Register
    15 CFR Part 921 (Appendix B ). As CZMA regulations are amended, funding limits
    and types may change.

    6.        Federal Role in the NERR after Desianation

       After designation, NOAA will conduct periodic performance evaluations of the
    NERR at least once every four years. Evaluations may be conducted more frequently
    as determined necessary by NOAA. These evaluations are required by Sections 312
    and 315 of CZMA and will follow the evaluation procedures described in Section 312.

        Evaluations may assess all aspects of reserve operation and management, or they
    may focus on selected issues. Evaluations may also examine whether a reserve is in
    compliance with NERRS designation regulations, and particularly whether the
    operations and management of the reserve are consistent with and further the mission
    and goals of NERRS.

       Federal officials will conduct the performance evaluations. When necessary,
    NOAA may request federal and non-federal experts to participate in the evaluation.
    Performance evaluations will be conducted in accordance with procedural and public
    participation provisions of CZMA regulations. The state must submit a report on
    operation and management of the reserve to NOAA annually.

        If performance evaluations reveal that the operation and management of the
    reserve is deficient or the research is inconsistent with NERRS research guidelines,
    eligibility of the reserve for federal financial assistance may be suspended until the
    situation is remedied. If major deficiencies are not remedied within a reasonable
    amount of time, NOAA may initiate a process to withdraw designation of the reserve.

    C.        The ACE Basin NERR

    1.        Background

        The ACE Basin NERR is being proposed by the SCWMRD in cooperation with the
    SCCC, the state's lead agency in coastal zone management.

      * Recently, the SCWMRD and the USFWS, along with representatives of TNC, DU,
    other conservation organizations and a private sector of enthusiastic landowners have
    recognized the uniqueness of the ACE Basin. The area is about 45 miles southwest
    of Charleston, South Carolina (Figure 2) and encompasses approximately 350,000
    acres of undeveloped land and water areas, largely devoted to the forest products

                                         COASTAL ZONE

                                                                       NORTH INLET SITE

                                                              CHARLESTON

                                                    ASHEPOO--COMBAHEE-
                                                      EDISTO (ACE) SITE
    0          40          so80

       SCALE: "-=40 MILES

        Figure 2. Location map for proposed NERRS sites in South Carolina.

                                           9
    industry and wildlife management. The heart of this area is a series of remote coastal
    islands in the lower basin, which are accessible only by water. The NERRS was
    viewed as a compatible tool to provide long-term management and opportunities for
    research and education. Early in the site selection process, other areas (e.g. Port
    Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound, North Edisto River and the Santee Delta) being
    considered as possible NERR sites were eliminated. The Site Selection Committee felt
    that the uniqueness and value of the ACE Basin site could favorably compare with any
    site currently being managed in the NERRS.

    2.       Site Selection Process

        On October 29, 1988, the S.C. NERRS Site Selection Advisory Committee was
    appointed by Senator John C. Hayes, III, Chairman of the SCCC.

       The purpose of the committee was to consider potential NERR sites in South
    Carolina and to make a recommendation to the SCCC of one or more sites for
    inclusion in the national system. Staff of the SCCC served as staff to the Committee.

        At an organizational meeting on November 14, 1988, the committee appointed
    two subcommittees to study two potential sites - the ACE Basin, which had been
    recommended by Governor Carroll Campbell, and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site, an
    area which had been considered in the past as a potential reserve site. At the next
    meeting on February 6, 1989, both sub- committees gave reports on their respective
    sites. The sub-committee reports indicated both sites appeared to meet criteria for
    the NERRS Program and public comments should be sought. The Site Selection
    Advisory Committee voted to approve the sub-committees' reports for both the ACE
    Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay sites and moved to proceed with obtaining public
    comment.

        A public meeting on the ACE Basin site was held on April 10, 1989, in
    Walterboro, South Carolina. Reaction from the public was generally mixed. Concern
    was expressed over management of the potential NERRS site to the exclusion of the
    general public from gaining access to marshes and waterways. A public hearing on
    the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site on May 17, 1989, in Georgetown, South Carolina,
    revealed public concern about a possible impact on the shipping industry as well as
    public access. On July 17, 1989, the site selection committee voted unanimously to
    recommend to the SCCC that both sites be nominated for inclusion in the NERRS.
    The committee also recommended that all public concerns must be thoroughly
    addressed during development of a management plan. At its meeting of July 21,
    1989, the SCCC, on recommendation of the site selection committee, approved the
    ACE Basin site and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay site for nomination to NERRS. Upon
    this decision, Council staff, in conjunction with .staff from the South Carolina Wildlife
    and Marine Resources Department and Belle W. Baruch Institute, began preparation
    of the nomination package for submittal to NOAA under signature of Governor

                                            10

    Campbell. On January 24, 1990, Governor Carroll Campbell nominated the ACE
    Basin and North Inlet-Winyah Bay as separate NERR sites (Appendix C) because each
    site is located in a different biogeographic region (Figure 2).

    3. Site Selection Criteria

       Nomination of these sites was made only after a thorough review of site
    evaluation criteria and the input of coastal scientists, state and local officials, affected
    landowners and the general public. Site selection criteria included:

    a. Bioaeoaraohical Reoresentation - whether the site represents the ecological
    conditions of the biogeographic zone of the Carolinian-South Atlantic Sub-Region in
    which it is found, fills a void in biogeographic representation in the state of S.C. and
    does not duplicate biogeographic representation in the Region;

    b. Ecosvstem Reoresentation - whether the site encompasses an entire ecological
    unit, represents a significant component of the coastal ecosystem in light of the types
    of geomorphic features and biotic communities which are found in the state's coastal
    zone, fills a void in ecosystem representation in the state, and does not duplicate
    ecosystem representation in the Region;

    c. Ecoloaical Characteristics - whether the areas's ecological characteristics
    contribute substantially to the quality of the estuarine environment through its
    biological productivity, diversity of flora and fauna, and other demonstrated ecological
    values and functions;

    d. Naturalness - whether the site is relatively unaffected by past and present human
    activities and approximates a natural ecological unit where ecosystem processes can
    be studied in an undisturbed setting;

    e. Research Potential - whether the site provides a natural field laboratory, has a
    history of research use or is desirable for use as a research site, and is important for
    addressing fundamental ecological questions and local coastal resource problems;

    f. Educational ODDortunities - whether the site is accessible and provides
    opportunities for educational and interpretive programs which are compatible with the
    research reserve character as a natural field laboratory; and

    g. Manaaement Considerations - whether the site is available for incorporation into
    the NERRS (i.e., landowner's willingness), can be protected under some type of formal
    mechanism (conservation easement, long-term management agreement, MOU, or fee
    simple acquisition), is of adequate size to assure effective protection from activities
    outside its boundaries, and will provide a stable environment for research and
    educational activities.

       NOAA approved the site nomination on March 27, 1990 (Appendix C). This
    approval moved SCCC into the next phase of the designation process for the ACE
    Basin NERR: preparation of a DEIS and draft management plan (DMP). NOAA
    awarded SCCC $50,000 in federal pre-designation funds to complete the DEIS/DMP,
    FEIS/DMP and site characterization for the ACE Basin site. The state is providing the
    required match through SCWMRD and SCCC.

    II.   ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION)

       The action under consideration by NOAA is a proposal from the State of South
    Carolina to establish a NERR in the ACE Basin, consisting of approximately 69,000
    acres of wetlands, 59,000 acres of open water and 7,752 acres of uplands and lying
    within the boundaries of Beaufort, Colleton and Charleston counties.

       This section considers a number of reasonable alternatives which were analyzed
    during development of this document. The "preferred alternative" is the one
    SCWMRD believes would fulfill its statutory mission and responsibilities in the ACE
    Basin. It has been developed in detail as the proposed management plan, giving
    consideration to economic, environmental, traditional uses and other factors. The "no
    action" alternative proposes that the ACE Basin site not be designated as a NERR and
    there is no change from current management direction or level of management
    intensity. Other alternatives discussed include boundary modifications, additional sites
    and different management options.

    A.        Preferred Alternative

    1.        Land Acauisition Plan

    a.        General Context for Manaaement

       According to the Coastal Zone Reauthorization Act of 1985, the protection and
    management of resources are not meant to be ends in themselves but rather are
    intended to support the research mission. Within this context, it should be stressed
    that resource protection cannot be viewed as an independent program area. All
    aspects of reserve management will contribute to the protection effort. However, the
    most effective mechanism for long-term protection or control is the acquisition of key
    properties through fee simple ownership or conservation easements.

       The reserve contains a unique array of ownerships. Unlike many coastal areas
    where the ownership pattern is diverse and highly fragmented, the ACE Basin site has
    a relatively small number of owners with large undeveloped land holdings (see
    Appendix D). There are about twenty five (25) key landowners with large plantations
    along the rivers. Historically, these landowners have practiced good stewardship and
    maintained a strong conservation ethic in management of these properties.

                                            12
        Continuing the present level of protection and land management ethics over the
    long-term is dependent on fostering land protection efforts and providing adequate
    public participation as a means of promoting compatible uses of the reserve. This can
    be accomplished through: 1) fee title acquisition, 2) gift or donation; and 3) lease,
    easement or cooperative management agreements with private landowners. Under
    this action plan, all land acquisition will be performed in accordance with federal laws
    and regulations for real estate acquisition, including independent appraisals. Property
    will be acquired only from those private landowners willing to participate in the
    program. There will be no condemnation.

    b.       Assessment of Boundaries

        Boundaries for the ACE Basin NERR must include "an adequate portion of the land
    and water areas of the natural system to approximate an ecological unit and to ensure
    effective conservation" (Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 209, Section 921.11). These
    areas must be discrete enough to be effectively managed, but large enough to make
    long-term research possible. To help focus management efforts, site boundaries
    encompass two zones: key land and water areas (core area) and a buffer zone.

        NOAA's Guidelines for Establishino ProDosed Boundaries for National Estuarine
    Research Reserves define core areas as areas which contain "critical estuarine
    ecological units for research purposes, encompassing a full range of significant
    physical, chemical, and biological factors contributing to the diversity of fauna, flora
    and natural processes occurring within the estuary." The core area "is so vital to the
    functioning of the estuarine ecosystem that it must be under state control sufficient
    to ensure the long term viability of the reserve for research on natural estuarine
    processes..... [These areas] should encompass resources that are representative of the
    total ecosystem which, if compromised, could endanger the research objectives of the
    reserve." A buffer zone is defined as an "area adjacent to or surrounding the core and
    on which the integrity of the core depends. This area protects the core and provides
    additional protection for estuarine dependent species." It may include an area for
    research and education facilities.

    (1).     Kev Land and Water Areas (Core)

       The proposed core area of the ACE Basin NERR consists of a series of remote
    coastal islands in southeastern Colleton County, which are accessible only by water.
    These are Pine, Otter, Ashe, Beet, Bolders, Big, Warren and South Hutchinson islands
    (Figure 3). The total core area (16,040 acres) encompasses approximately 2,444
    acres of highland and 13,596 acres of marsh.

       The core area is bounded on the east by Otter and Pine islands, both of which
    have beaches fronting on St. Helena Sound. Fish Creek separates the two islands and
    drains a large expanse of salt marsh bounded to the east by the South Edisto River

                                             13

    Figure 3. Area Map Showing Eight (8) Islands Proposed for Acquisition In Core Area.

                                                      --4-~~~~~~~~~-

                                      x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~              -k

                                           14

    and to the west by the Ashepoo River.

       To the northwest of this easternmost marsh island complex lie the remaining
    islands in the core area; South Hutchinson, Ashe and Beet, Bolders, Warren and Big.
    These are also marsh islands consisting of low Pleistocene beach ridge remnants
    comprising the upland portions surrounded by estuarine tidal marshes. The Ashepoo
    River bounds Hutchinson Island to the east and north. Although both Hutchinson and
    Ashe islands face south on St. Helena Sound, neither have beaches as do Otter and
    Pine. Rock Creek separates Hutchinson Island from Ashe and Beet islands that lie in
    the central portion of the core.

       Excavated portions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) bisect
    Hutchinson Island and separate the marshes of Ashe Island to the South and Beet
    Island to the north. Beet Island is bounded to the west by the New Chehaw River and
    Rock Creek to the north and east. Bolders Island lies to the north of Beet Island
    between the Ashepoo River to the east and the New Chehaw River to the west.
    Warren and Big islands form the westernmost boundary of the core area. They are
    both located between the New and Old Chehaw River, Big to the north and Warren
    to the south.

    (2).      Buffer Zone

       The buffer zone of the ACE Basin NERR occupies approximately 119,514 acres.
    There are 54,801 acres of wetlands, 59,405 acres of open waters and 5,308 acres
    of upland within the buffer zone. Generally, the buffer zone includes all state-owned
    bottoms, open waters and wetlands, extending up to and including the critical':ariea
    as defined in the South Carolina Coastal Management Act (Act 123 of the 1977
    South Carolina General Assembly).  It excludes uolands and wetlands now held in
    private ownership. unless otherwise soecified in the FEIS/DMP.

       The seaward boundary of the buffer zone is marked by an artificial line, the
    "COLREGS" line, lying between the headlands of Edisto Beach and Hunting lslnhd
    (Figure 4). The northeastern boundary includes the marshes of South Edisto River
    draining the western side of Edisto Island and the following tidal stream systems: Big
    Bay Creek, St. Pierre Creek (Fishing, Store and Bailey Creeks), North Creek and that
    portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) connecting the Dawhoo River
    to the South Edisto. All of Jehossee Island and further north along the South Edisto
    to the abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad (SCR) bed forms the northeast corner.

     The alignment of the abandoned SCR, running approximately in a souithwestern
    direction, is a persistent dominant feature, and serves as the northern boundary 'up to
    the crossing at the Combahee River.  The zone includes the entire width of the
    Combahee River floodplain, with Wimbee Creek as the westernmost' bound;a'ir(Figure
    5).  Downstream of the former railroad alignment, the western boundary folows

                                     ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN
                                    NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE

    SITE BOUNDARIESs                                                           ,

    S BEAR ISLAND WMA
    --- NERR BUFFER AREA
    ;i NERR CORE AREA
          1. ASHE
         2. BEET
         3. BIG
         4. BOLDERS                                           {
         5. PINE
         6. OTTER
         7. S. HUTCHINSON                                                         North
         8. WARREN

    Figure 4. Descriptive map showing core area in relation to Buffer Zone.

                  �~,~        ~ -             �                       ~i~~ ....
    ~~~~~~~~~  i~ ~ ~~!

       Fiue5. Aerial view of the old SCR bed intersecting Wimbee Creek and forming the
             northern boundary of the NERR buffer zone.

                                           17

    Wimbee Creek (including the Williman Islands) into Bull River and across the lower
    Coosaw River into Morgan River (including Morgan Island).

       The buffer zone then follows Morgan River out into St. Helena Sound across the
    mouth of Jenkins, Village and Coffin Creeks, and then southeastward along the
    shore of St. Helena Island to Harbor River. The boundary crosses Harbor River at the
    U.S. Highway 21 bridge to Harbor Island, including all of the marshes but excluding
    the upland now held in private ownership. The boundary then continues southeast
    across Johnson Creek, again following U.S. Highway 21, and onto Hunting Island.
    There, the entire area of marsh and upland owned by the state of South Carolina and
    managed by the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism (SCDPRT) is included.
    The southern terminus of the COLREGS line ends at Hunting Island, thus closing the
    boundary of the buffer zone. At the easternmost point of the buffer zone, on Edisto
    Island, the marsh and upland similarly owned by the state and managed by SCDPRT
    as Edisto Beach State Park is also included as are all wetlands and critical areas up to
    Highway 174.

       The buffer zone boundaries were drawn, not only as a matter of convenience
    based on land marks or features readily identifiable on maps, aerial photos and ground
    truth observations, but also on the following:  1) the buffer is large enough to
    accommodate continuation of traditional uses and to provide additional protection to
    estuarine-dependent species; 2) it will ensure the long-term viability of the reserve for
    research on natural processes; 3) it includes an area large enough to adequately
    accommodate facilities required for research and interpretation and, if necessary, to
    handle a shift of the reserve core area as a result of biological, ecological or
    geomorphological changes; and 4) it represents one of the largest undeveloped
    complexes of wetlands and upland habitat on the Atlantic Coast and is nationally
    recognized as a unique natural resource area.

        Bear Island, an 12,055 acre SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area, is an important
    component of the buffer zone. It will play a vital role in the overall function of the
    reserve. Other State-owned lands within the buffer zone include the Edisto Beach
    State Park and Hunting Island State Park, both managed by the SCDPRT. Other
    uplands may be incorporated into the buffer zone as negotiations are made with those
    private landowners wishing to participate in the ACE Basin project.

        As new data are acquired on the reserve, a better understanding will be gained on
    the role and characteristics of buffer areas and the relationship between sensitive
    estuarine resources and upstream habitats. Such information may indicate a need to
    change the proposed NERR boundaries, either to include new land areas or remove
    areas currently within the proposed boundaries. In any event, opportunities for public
    comment will be provided when changes are proposed.

                                           18

    C.       Acauisition Strateav

       Acquisition of the eight (8) islands in the proposed core area is top priority in
    gaining adequate control over key land and water areas in the reserve. This may be
    accomplished in the following approach:

              Fee title Acquisition
                    Ashe Island
                    Beet Island
                    Otter Island

              Donation and/or Gift
                    Warren island
                    Big Island

              Memorandum of Understanding
                    Bolders Island

              Conservation Easement and/or Management Agreement
                    Pine Island
                    South Hutchinson Island

       It should be stressed once again that property will be acquired only from those
    private landowners willing to participate in the program.   There will be no
    condemnation of land.

    (1).      Fee title Acauisition

    (a).      Ashe Island (Figure 6) was purchased on February 9, 1990 by TNC from
    Thomas L. Peeples and Marsha Elaine Peeples Kinghorn for one hundred ten thousand
    ($110,000) dollars. Prior to this purchase, the property had been in the same family
    since May 12, 1735. At which time the property was given a King's grant from King
    George II to James Crockran.

       Ashe Island has an estimated 64.3 acres of high ground and 1,657.7 acres of
    marsh for a total of 1,722 acres. The property is bounded on the north and east by
    Rock Creek; on the northwest by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff; on the west by the
    Coosaw River and on the south by St. Helena Sound. This island is located in the
    northern portion of St. Helena Sound. Those parts of the island that front the Sound
    are generally separated from the sound by mud flats, shell flats and oyster banks.

       The only access to the island is by boat. Th'e AIWW extends along the northern
    and northwestern sides of the island. The channel within the AIWW at this point
    varies in depth from nine (9) feet to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. Rock Creek which

                                                 19

                        s                     :

              ~~Is land                               Xu  '%so

                                                                                           ,i
                                                              SoHutchtnso

    Figure 6. Site-specific view of Ashe, Beet and South Hutchinson Islands.
           4 ~ ~ ~    ~     ~     ~     ~     ~

                                          I~~~~~

                                           20

    is a short portion of the AIWW has a relatively deep channel that also varies from nine
    (9) to thirty eight (38) feet in depth. The channel continues with reasonably good
    depth into St. Helena Sound. The Coosaw River on the southern side of Ashe Island
    has good depth and a wide channel. There are four (4) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    disposal areas located along the AIWW and along Rock Creek. These areas are
    earthen impoundments into which dredge material is pumped from the AIWW. The
    impoundments were constructed in the marshes of Ashe Island and have considerable
    vegetation, mostly transitional shrubs.

       Access to the highland of Ashe Island is through the marsh only. There is no
    direct boat access to the main island. There are no improvements on the island.

    (b)      Beet Island (Figure 6) was acquired by the TNC from Ruth C. Peeples and
    Catherine Prioleau Ravenel for Four Hundred Thirty Nine Thousand Six Hundred
    Seventy ($439,670) dollars. Prior to that time, the last transfer of this property was
    on September 19, 1956.

       Beet Island has approximately three hundred (300) acres of high ground and one
    thousand three hundred eighty five (1,385) acres of marsh for a total area of one
    thousand six hundred eighty five (1,685) acres. This island is bounded on the north
    and east by Rock Creek, on the southeast by Ashepoo/Coosaw Cutoff (AIWW), and
    on a portion of the west by New Chehaw River which flows into the Combahee and
    Coosaw rivers. The high land is scattered in several small tracts. The larger of the
    tracts has direct access to deep water in Rock Creek. The larger portion of Beet
    Island is surrounded by sand on the western side. On the eastern side, the land area
    is predominantly marsh. This island is accessible only by boat.

    (c)       Otter Island  (Figure 7) is an outstanding coastal island located on St.
    Helena Sound at the eastern end of the core area. It consists of eight hundred and
    six (806) acres of high land and two thousand four hundred twenty six (2,426) acres
    of marsh for a total of three thousand two hundred and thirty two (3,232) acres. It
    is bounded on the east by South Edisto River and on the west by Ashepoo River.
    Otter Island is the most valuable of all the islands proposed in the core area of the
    reserve. It is owned by Clifton Stevens of the State of New York. To date, official
    negotiations are not far enough along to discuss specifics of acquisition. Every effort
    will be made during the pre-designation phase for this project to acquire fee simple
    ownership of this island. It has already been approved as a high priority area for
    acquisition in the Heritage Trust Program of South Carolina.

    (2)      Memorandum of Understandina

    (a).     Bolders Island (Figure 8) was transferred to the Ducks Unlimited Foundation
    (DUF) on December 11, 1989 as a gift from Gaylord Donnelley and Dorothy R.
    Donnelley. This property had last been transferred by Donald J. Garlan, trustee for

                                             21

    Figure 7. Site-specific view of Otter and Pine Islands.

                                       22

                                                       �; .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                Island

          Figure 8. Site-specific view of Bolders, Warren and Big Island.
    Figure 8, Ste-specifi view ef Bldes    areanBiIsnd

                                           23
    the Gaylord Donnelley Trust established in 1966, to the Donnelley family. This deed
    was recorded on November 14, 1989. The property had been held in trust for many
    years. It was transferred at no consideration. Bolders Island contains six hundred and
    nine (609) acres of upland and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a
    total area of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this island will
    be included in the reserve. It is a long and narrow tract which lies generally in a
    north-south direction, bounded on the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast
    by Rock Creek, on the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and
    unnamed waterways.

       The title to Bolders Island will be retained by DUF, but the island will be protected
    in perpetuity as part of the core area by way of a MOU (Appendix D). The island will
    be cooperatively managed by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance with the ACE Basin
    NERR Management Plan.

    (3).      Donation and/or Gift

    (a).      Warren and Bia Island Comolex - these islands (Figure 8) were gifts from
    TNC to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) on November 29, 1989.
    This was also property held in the Donnelley Trust and had been donated to TNC on
    October 14, 1988. This property had also been held in trust for many years prior to
    the gift.

       Warren Island and Big Island were deeded in one transaction to the NFWF.
    Warren Island is reported to contain approximately two hundred and forty six (246)
    acres of high ground and one thousand three hundred and ninety (1,390) acres of
    marsh for a total of one thousand six hundred and thirty six (1,636) acres. Big Island
    is reported to contain approximately three hundred and forty (340) acres of high
    ground and two hundred sixty five (265) acres of marsh for a total area of six hundred
    and five (605) acres.

       These islands are bounded on the west by the Chehaw River and on the east by
    the New Chehaw River. The northern boundary is a portion of the New Chehaw
    River. These rivers flow into the Combahee River which forms the balance of the
    western and southern boundaries of this property. Both Warren Island and Big Island
    have high ground which is directly accessible to the Chehaw River and a portion of
    Big Island also has some frontage on the New Chehaw River.

    (4).      Conservation Easements and/or Manaaement Aareements

    (a).      Pine Island (Figure 7) is closely associated with Otter Island at the
    easternmost boundary of the reserve core area and likewise would be a valuable core
    component. Unlike the other islands, however, Pine Island has a more complex
    ownership pattern. There are seven (7) parcels of land on the island owned by

                                           24

    different individuals and a corporation (Appendix D). The Chelonia Institute, a private
    research institution, owns two thousand seven hundred and seventy five (2,775)
    acres. This organization is currently conducting sea turtle research, primarily on the
    front beach of Pine Island. The other property owners enjoy the island in its natural
    state. There are no improvements on Pine Island and it is accessible only by boat.
    In consideration of the above, a conservation easement with the Chelonia Institute
    would appear to be an appropriate course of action. Management agreements may
    be negotiated with those individual owners wishing to participate in the project.

    (b).      South Hutchinson Island (Figure 6) is also owned by several individuals and
    would be an ideal component of the core area because of its geographic location and
    ecological character. The Hutchinson Island Association controls most of the upland
    portions of this island and its larger counterpart to the north. Both islands are
    bounded by Ashepoo River to the east and north and Rock Creek to the south and
    west. The main island to the north is used more extensively for hunting and is under
    intensive wildlife management. South Hutchinson Island is not under intensive
    management and contains a large expanse of undisturbed marsh. The island contains
    three thousand one hundred and twenty three (3,123) acres, most of which is salt
    marsh. The remaining upland on South Hutchinson would be a minor portion of the
    overall area. A management agreement with the owners of these uplands would
    appear to be the most feasible approach in establishing South Hutchinson Island as
    a component of the core area. However, the owners have not expressed an interest
    in participating in the NERR at this writing.

    d.        Schedule and Fundina Mechanism

       The work schedule presented in Table 2 is based on the assumption of a land
    acquisition contract award date of September 1, 1991. Following approval of this
    grant application, SCWMRD will purchase Ashe and Beet Islands from TNC at an
    estimated cost of $549,670 (Table 2). State match will come from the appraisal
    value ($951,450) of Warren and Big Islands. Title to these unencumbered islands will
    be transferred from NFWF to SCWMRD prior to any transactions with TNC (Appendix
    D). Unused portions of the federal grant and state match will be used in acquisition
    of the remaining islands identified as high priority lands in Table 3.

    2.        Resource Protection Plan

    a.        Manaaement of the NERR site throuah the South Carolina Coastal Zone
              Manaaement Proaram

        The purposes of Act 123 of the 1977 South Carolina General Assembly were to
    "establish the South Carolina Coastal Council and provide for its powers and duties
    for the protection and improvement of coastal tidelands and wetlands under a coastal
    zone management plan; provide for enforcement of policies of the Council and

                                        25
    ____________________________________________________________________________
    Table 2. Schedule of Milestones For Land Acquisition and Reserve Designation

     Date              Project                    Milestone
                       Month
     1 July 1991         O      Issue FEIS/DMP; submit land appraisals to
                                NOAA for review; document ownership of lands
                                to be acquired; complete environmental
                                assessment; set closing date on Ash and Beet
                                with TNC; notify NOAA in writing of closing
                                date.
     31 July 1991         O     Complete certified land survey description of
                                property to be acquired; show evidence of
                                title insurance and opinion of title for
                                Ashe, Beet, Warren and Big islands.
     1 August 1991        O     Consummate transfer of title to Warren and
                                Big islands from NFWF to SCWMRD; Donation to
                                be used as state match.
     15 August 1991       O     Draft MOU with DUF for inclusion of Bolders
                                Island into core areas; title remains with
                                DUF; submit MOU to NOAA for review and
                                finalization.
     1 September          1     Initiate contract; submit title, deeds, etc.
     1991                       to NOAA for release of federal funds
                                ($700,000) for the purchase of Ashe and Beet
                                islands.
     15 September         1     Begin negotiations with owners of South
     1991                       Hutchinson, Pine and Otter islands.
     1 October 1991       2     Draft conservation easements and/or
                                management agreements for South Hutchinson
                                and Pine island; work out details with
                                owners.
     15 October 1991      2     Submit easements and agreement to NOAA for
                                review.
     1 November 1991      3     Close on the purchase of Ashe and Beet
                                islands with TNC.
     15 November          3     Finalize easements for South Hutchinson and
     1991                       Pine Islands.
     1 December 1991      4     Continue negotiations with owner of Otter
                                Island; explore alternate funding sources.
     15 January 1992      5     Complete draft of Final Management Plan;
                                Submit to NOAA for review.

      Table 3. High Priority Lands Proposed For Acquisition in Reserve Core Area.

     Name of Tract         Size (Acres)       ADDraised Value         Estimated Cost            TvDe Acauisition ProDosed

     Ashe Island              1,722            $296,880                  $110,000        Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD

     Beet Island              1,685            $567,750                  $439,670        Fee title from TNC to SCWMRD

     Warren Island*           1,636            $503,700                   Donation       Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD

     Big Island*                605            $447,750                   Donation      Title transfer from NFWF to SCWMRD

     Bolders Island           1,640            $886,800                       -         MOU between DUF and SCWMRD; title to
                                                                                       be retained by DUF

     Otter Island             3,232                  ?                        ?          Fee title from owner to SCWMRD

     Pine Island              2,394                                                     Conservation easement and management
                                                                                       agreements

     South Hutchinson         3,123                                           -         Conservation easement and management
                                                                                       agreements

    *To be used as state match

    South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD)
    Ducks Unlimited Foundation (DUF)
    The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
    National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF)

                                           27

    penalties for violations; and authorize legal proceedings for the determination of
    tideland properties."   Act 123, better known  as the South Carolina Coastal
    Management Act, was implemented in accordance with the Federal Coastal Zone
    Management Act as amended (P.L. 92-583, 94-370) and a subsequent coastal zone
    management program was developed and approved by the U.S. Secretary of
    Commerce in 1979 which met the requirements of 15 CFR part 923 (Federal Register,
    March 1, 1978).

    (1).      Manaaement of the Critical Areas

       The South Carolina Coastal Management Act defines the critical area as all coastal
    waters, tidelands, beaches, and primary ocean front sand dunes within the coastal
    zone of the State. A permit is required for any activity which impacts a critical area;
    in order to receive a permit the activity must be evaluated in accordance with a strict
    set of policies and regulations (see Appendix E). In summary the policies for wetland
    areas prohibit the permanent alteration of productive salt, brackish, or freshwater
    wetlands unless there is an overriding public interest, no feasible alternatives, and all
    environmental impacts are minimized. Regulated activities include not only major
    activities, such as dredging or filling, but also activities such as pipelines, powerlines,
    docks, piers, intact structures and many others.

       With the exception of the high ground portion of the islands located in the ACE
    NERR site, the entire core area is classified as critical area. Any activity which occurs
    in the critical area of the NERR site will be regulated by permit through the South
    Carolina Coastal Zone Management Program.

    (2).      Manaaement of UDland Areas (Non-critical area)

        Both the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act and the South Carolina Coastal
    Management Act require consistency of all direct and regulated State and Federal
    activities which occur in the designated coastal zone of South Carolina. In South
    Carolina the coastal zone includes the entirety of all eight coastal counties which
    border the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, any activity which requires a state or federal
    permit must undergo a coastal zone management consistency determination by the
    SCCC before the permit can be issued by the issuing State or Federal agency. The
    policies utilized to make a consistency determination are similar to those required for
    critical areas. The Council has a memorandum of agreement with all regulatory state
    agencies that establishes a consistency determination review procedure. Federal
    regulations (15 CFR 930) establish a review procedure with federal agencies. Permits
    which are reviewed for coastal zone management consistency include:

              Section 404 permits            Sedtion 10 permits
              Section 401 permits            Coast Guard bridge permits
              Wastewater permits             Water supply permits

                                           28

             Air quality permits             Underground tank permits
             Landfill permits                Mining permits
             State navigable water permits  Capacity use (wells) permits
             Septic tank permits             NPDES permits

       Activities associated with the above permits which result in a land disturbance
    (i.e., subdivisions, malls, gas stations, etc.) must submit specific plans to address
    policies and approved guidelines of the Coastal Zone Management Program. These
    plans must conform to coastal zone policies before any permits can be issued. These
    plans include: stormwater management plan, wetland management plan, and dock
    master plan (if applicable).

       In reference to the ACE Basin NERR, the entire site falls within the coastal zone
    of South Carolina; therefore, any activity which requires one of the above listed
    permits must be consistent with the coastal zone management program and the
    specific policies of the NERRS (Appendix E).

    (3).      Enforcement

       The SCCC has an enforcement section of specially trained field biologists to
    ensure enforcement of the coastal zone management program. Weekly aerial flights
    and daily routine patrolling by motor vehicle represents the first level of enforcement.
    The SCCC is also in alliance with the SCWMRD whose conservation officers patrol the
    waters and land of the coast on a daily basis. Noted violations are reported to SCCC
    enforcement staff who conduct a field inspection; State conservation officers are
    available for backup if needed. Fines for violations are up to $1,000 per day.

       Enforcement of activities requiring coastal zone consistency certification generally
    takes place through the agency issuing the permit. The majority of activities,
    however, require a final SCCC sign-off prior to permit issuance; for example, a SCCC
    staff engineer conducts a site inspection to ensure the stormwater system is
    constructed according to the approved design before the applicant can operate his/her
    water or wastewater system. This provides a strong incentive to comply with the
    coastal zone management program.

        Additionally, the SCCC has an active Beach and Creek Watch program to provide
    a forum for citizen awareness and violation reporting.

       The SCCC has implemented its full authority in the coastal zone through a system
    of "networking", whereby cooperation has been developed between the SCCC and
    other state agencies. Seventeen (17) state agencies exercise some of authority over:
    (1) the use of coastal resources, (2) specific areas in the coastal zone, or (3) activities
    in the coastal zone (Table 4). This authority is granted by the statutes of South
    Carolina, most of them enacted prior to the Coastal Management Act (Appendix E).

                                                       29

           Table 4. Summary of "Networking" Activities.
     .-- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - - --- - - - -- --- - ---- - - --- - ------ - -- - - - -- ----- --- -

     AGENCIES WITH PERMITTING                                                                   's
                                          U    .*
     OR PLANNING/MANAGEMEN                                  '00
     AUTHORITY FOR ACTIVITIES                   g                -    C- C6
     WITH ADIRECT AND                 ~U~                              ~
     SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

             ACTIVTTY                       U           Z V                             ~U   U~ *
     RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT            x           X  X                                        X               X  x
    TRANSPORTATION
      Ports                            X           X                                               X               X
      Roads & Highways                 X           X       X       X                               X           XIX
      Airports                         X  X        X       X                                                   X  X
      Railways                         X           X       X                       X               X           X  X
      Parking Facilities               X           X  X                                                        X
    COASTAL INDUSTRIES
      Agriculture                      X                               X                                           x
      Forestry                         x                       X
      Mineral Extraction               X           X                   X                                           X
      Manufacturing                    X               X                                                       X
      Fish &- Seafood Processing       X               X
      Aquacultire                       X           X  X                                                   X
    COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT             X           X  X                                                        X
    RECREATION & TOURISM
      Parks                            x                   X               X  X                                X  X
      Tourist Attractions               X              x                   X  X                                X
    MARINE RELATED FACILITIES
      Marnn"                                  X                                X                   X           X
      Boatramps                         X           X                          X                           X  X
      Docks and puer                    X           X                      XX
    WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES MAN.        X                                                               X  X
      Artificial redis                  X           X                                                      X
      Impoundments                      X           XX
    DREDGING                           X           XX
      Dredge Material Disposal          X           XX
     Underwater Salvage                X       X
    PUBLIC SERVICES & FACILITIES
     Sewage treatment                  X           X  X                                                       X  X
     Solid waste disposal              X               X                                                      X
     Public/Quasi-public buildings    X               X                   X  X                                X  X
     Dams & Reservoirs                 X                                              XX
     Water supply                      X               X                                              X       X  X
    EROSION CONTROL                    X                        X  X                               X           X   X
    ENERGY ACTIVMES                    XX  X  X   X                                    X   X           X       x   X

                                           30

    b. Manaaement Policies

       The designated ACE Basin NERR will be maintained as open space, fish and
    wildlife habitat, and a natural field laboratory for research and education/interpretation.
    The reserve core area will be managed according to specific policies designed to
    protect the habitat integrity of the site while allowing for continuation of traditional
    compatible uses. Management of formally designated and protected conservation
    areas within the buffer zone such as Bear Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA)
    will be managed according to established site-specific management plans. Private
    lands formally protected through conservation easements, management agreements,
    etc. in the buffer zone will be managed exclusively according to guidelines established
    in said agreements. Individuals not participating in the private landowner's initiative
    will not be subject to policies of this plan.

    (1).      Traditional Uses

       Traditional hunting, trapping, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, shellfishing,
    etc. will be allowed in accordance with existing laws. Agricultural and silvicultural
    activities within the proposed reserve will be conducted in accordance with
    environmentally sound practices and Best Management Practices (BMPs) established
    by the S.C. Forestry Commission (SCFC).

    (2).      Fish and Wildlife

       Game and non-game species will be managed to preserve the overall health of the
    various populations within the reserve and to maintain important fish and wildlife
    habitat. SCWMRD will work cooperatively with private landowners to establish
    reserve - specific wildlife management plans.

    (3).      Endanaered and/or Threatened Soecies

        Areas within the reserve identified as possessing endangered or threatened species
    will be managed, according to recommended guidelines, to preserve and protect the
    species. The presence of an endangered or threatened species shall not necessarily
    preclude continued or compatible uses of an area. Flora and fauna within boundaries
    of the reserve will be surveyed and mapped by SCWMRD with assistance of TNC and
    other cooperating agencies.

    (4).      Wetlands

        All tidal and nontidal wetlands located within or along reserve boundaries will
    be protected in a natural condition. Wetlands include bogs, swamps, isolated
    freshwater wetlands and tidal vegetated marshes, tidal and non-tidal impoundments
    and  unvegetated  flats.    The  functional  resource  values  of  well-managed

                                           31

    impoundments are recognized in the context of manipulated wetland systems.
    SCWMRD provides technical guidance to owners of private impoundments so as to
    enhance related habitat values to waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species.
    Construction of new impoundments and physical alteration of existing impoundments
    are regulated through the SCCC. Any such alterations in the NERR will be evaluated
    under existing authority with careful consideration of effects on the reserve's
    integrity.

    (5).      Forest

       Timber management on reserve lands should be directed toward development and
    preservation of significant old growth stands. Disease, insect or exotic plant control,
    and stand improvement considerations will be controlling factors behind timber
    harvesting. Any harvesting of timber will be conducted in accordance with guidelines
    established by SCWMRD and other project cooperators. SCWMRD will work with
    appropriate state and private concerns in developing an inventory and evaluation of
    standing timber in the reserve core area and recommending management procedures.
    Timber management on the reserve will meet or exceed BMPs.

    (6).     Fire

       A fire plan will be developed in cooperation with the SCFC. The plan will take into
    consideration that fire is a natural process in forest ecology and an invaluable tool in
    wildlife management practices in this region. Any prescribed burns within the reserve
    core area will be under the supervision of experienced burners. Plans will also be
    made to protect structures and other significant resources which are sensitive to fire
    damage and to protect human safety.

    (7).     Minina and Excavation

       Excavation, mining, or removal of loam, gravel, rock, sand, petroleum, or minerals
    or alteration of topography shall not be permitted in the reserve core area except as
    related to the collection of geological and geophysical data. This policy will not affect
    the ongoing peat-mining operation in Snuggedy Swamp in the buffer zone, which is
    subject to monitoring and evaluation by the S.C. Land Resources Commission
    (SCLRC). Soil maps and soil suitabilities will be developed for the proposed reserve
    in coordination with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS).

    (8).     Water Qualitv

       There will be no human activities or uses of the reserve core area that are
    detrimental or adverse to the maintenance, improvement or conservation of existing

                                            32

    surface and ground water supplies and quality. All activities within the reserve must
    be conducted in compliance with existing state water control quality standards in
    accordance with the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC).
    Water quality will be monitored at appropriate sites.

    (9).      Air Quality

       No industrial activities will be permitted in the reserve that have the potential to
    cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards as determined by
    DHEC. Prescribed burning of impoundments and uplands within the buffer zone will
    continue in accordance with existing statewide air quality standards. Air quality will
    be monitored at appropriate sites in the reserve.

    (10).     Shorelines

       Shorelines in the core area will be preserved in their natural state and existing
    condition. Restoration of severely eroded shorelines by planting native vegetation will
    be allowed as applied research. Opposition to existing and/or proposed offsite
    activities will be considered if such activities may adversely affect existing shorelines
    and/or water resources within reserve boundaries.

    i1 1).    Dredaina and Fillina Activities

        No wetland, pond or waterway shall be filled. Stream beds and channels will be
    maintained in their existing condition. This will not affect maintenance of the AIWW
    which runs through a portion of the reserve and has been maintained for decades.
    Dredge material disposal areas are maintained on Ashe Island by the U.S. Corps of
    Engineers. Disposal easements are also located in other areas along the AIWW in the
    buffer zone. Continued use of these sites will not be affected by NERRS designation.
    However, appropriate public comment will be solicited during the review process.
    Commercial trawling and shellfish dredging operations in the area will not be affected.

    (12).     Trash. Rubbish and Waste

        No soil, trash, ashes, garbage, hazardous wastes or offensive materials shall be
    dumped or deposited in the reserve core area. This will not affect the current method
    of trash collection (e.g. dumpsters) at privately owned sites and state highway rights-
    of-way in the buffer zone.

    (13).     Archaeoloaical and Historical Sites and Obiects

        The proposed reserve will be inventoried to locate sites and objects of prehistoric
    and/or historic significance as funding allows. Plans including necessary permits for
    protection of these sites and objects will be prepared through the South Carolina

                                            33

    Department of Archives. Such structures, where practical, will be incorporated into
    the reserve's interpretive program.

    (14).     Industrial Activities

       No industrial activities shall be conducted in the core area of the research reserve,
    with the exception of commercial fishing. Industrial forest operations will continue
    in the buffer area with a recommendation that they meet or exceed BMPs for the state
    and fall within existing laws governing such practices.

    (15).     Manioulative Research

        In order to preserve and protect the natural integrity of the reserve, no
    manipulative research activities with a significant or long-term impact on reserve
    resources will be conducted in the core area. However, habitat manipulation will
    continue in the buffer area, since control of water levels has been historically used in
    waterfowl management activities.

    (16).     Riahts-of-Wav

        Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction and maintenance of all
    rights-of-way to minimize adverse environmental impacts. All such activity shall
    comply fully with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory authorities
    including, but not limited to the SCCC. The use of herbicides or pesticides in
    managing rights-of-way will be limited to those circumstances where it is determined
    that the environmental impact will be less severe than manual or mechanical means.
    All herbicides and pesticides used will be in compliance with EPA label requirements.

    (17).     Public Access

        Public access to the reserve will be enhanced; allowances will be made for docking
    facilities to accomodate research and educational activities.

    c.        General Permits and Licenses

    (1).      Existina Permits and Licenses

        Existing requirements for local, state, and federal permits and licenses will be
    observed and normal application procedures will be followed.

    (2).      Reserve Research Permits

        Permits will be issued by SCWMRD for research activities conducted in the
    reserve. Scientific permit requests will be carefully reviewed through the system now

                                           34

    in place by the Marine Resources Division. Procedures for permit application and
    reporting are presented in Appendix F. Approved permits must be in possession by
    permittee at all times while in the reserve and appropriate law enforcement officials
    must be notified prior to conducting research.

    d.        Surveillance and Enforcement

       The reserve manager will work cooperatively with the Law Enforcement and
    Boating Division (LED)of SCWMRD in surveillance and enforcement activities. The
    Coastal Environmental Enforcement District (District Nine) and District Four currently
    work the reserve area and are responsible for enforcing commercial fishing laws,
    boating laws, undercover work, enforcement of the federal Marine Mammal Protection
    and Endangered Species Acts, enforcement of upland game and fish laws, search and
    rescue missions, etc. USFWS special agents also patrol the area for routine law
    enforcement activities related to various federal statutes, including the Migratory Bird
    Treaty Act, the Endangered Species Act, etc. Law enforcement on private lands
    would remain the responsibility of owners. Most managers of large plantations in the
    area are trained as Deputy Wildlife Conservation Officers and carry a law enforcement
    commission through the SCWMRD.

    e.        Public Education and Information

       The ACE Basin NERR education program will design brochures, signs, and other
    instructional materials, as necessary, to communicate information about controlled and
    allowable uses in the reserve. Signs to identify the reserve as part of the national
    system will be posted in strategic locations where problems might occur. Reserve
    staff and volunteers will play an important role through personal contact and infoma-
    tion exchange in developing a positive and preventative approach to resource
    protection.

    3.        Administrative Plan

       The following administrative framework for the reserve recognizes the need for
    cooperation and coordination to achieve effective management. The proposed
    administration for the reserve will ensure that all components of the management plan
    are coordinated with the appropriate agencies, organizations, groups and individuals
    presently active within the area. Figure 9 outlines the management structure for the
    reserve.

    a.        Administrative Framework

        Although the SCCC is the designated State agency to administer programs and
    receive fiscal awards under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, the SCCC

                                                    Executive Office
                                                      SCWMRD
                                                   Stale Management
                                                     and Direction

                                            ACE Basin NERR Management                                NOAA
            SCCC I*                       MRD - Program Direction                              Coonaton   rants,
                                F )1    *� WFWF - Project coordination,
    State CZMA Coordination    -               Bea r  Isand WMA/Vsito r Center    4 +-.-        Performance Evaluations.
      and Policy Direction                     Bear Island WMAVisior Center                       National Program
                                         � CEC - EducationlInterpretation                       Policy and Direction

           |Researchand Monitorig |ACE Basin NEER                                      Educatlon
                 Sub-committee      .     ..    Advisory Commitee                     Sub-commite

       -_    --Policy Direction
    ...... ...Advisory Capacity

         Figure 9.  Organizational  chart for administration and management of  the ACE Basin
                     NERR.

                                           36

    chooses not to be involved in direct management. Therefore, the SCCC has named
    the SCWMRD as the management agency for the NERR site. Under contract with the
    SCCC and in cooperation with NOAA, the SCWMRD is responsible for development
    and implementation of the Management Plan and day-to-day operation of the reserve
    site. The SCCC will serve as the fiscal agent in acquiring funds from NOAA and will
    provide increased surveillance and enforcement to ensure compliance with the Coastal
    Zone Management Program and the Management Plan. The SCCC will also serve on
    the reserve's advisory committee and provide input into coastal research needs.
    SCWMRD is in an unique position to offer a management structure comprised of four
    functional units (Figure 9) from within the department and include the: Marine
    Resources Division (MRD); Division Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries (WFWF); Division
    of Conservation, Education and Communication (CEC) and Law Enforcement Division
    (LED).

       The overall operation and management of the ACE Basin NERR is the responsibility
    of the MRD, which was designated back in the 1970's by then Governor Robert
    McNair as the laboratory for coastal zone research in S.C. MRD, located in Charleston
    close to the reserve, is one of the largest and most sophisticated marine and estuarine
    research and management facilities on the East Coast. Staff of the MRD Research
    Institute includes more than 50 marine scientists, biologists, and technicians housed
    in a 50,000 sq.ft. cooperative research facility. Members of the scientific staff hold
    adjunct or research appointments with state colleges and universities and cooperate
    in marine science education programs at these institutions.

        MRD  will take the lead role in implementing and coordinating programs for
    research, monitoring, resource protection and education at the reserve. However,
    implementation of the management plan requires a cooperative effort among all
    divisions. WFWF has a long and successful background in land and facilities
    management.  WFWF operates and manages the 12,055 acre Bear Island WMA
    located within the very heart of the ACE Basin. This Division also has a broad
    spectrum of ongoing management activities within the reserve and throughout the
    ACE Basin region. Most recently, WFWF has spearheaded the land acquisition and
    habitat protection effort in close cooperation with TNC, DU, USFWS and a coalition
    of private landowners. Four of the eight islands proposed as the reserve core area will
    be dedicated as Heritage Preserves. The Heritage Trust Program is within WFWF.
    Therefore, it is important that WFWF take an active role in the ACE Basin NERR and
    a lead role in the management of upland game, non-game and endangered species,
    and migratory bird resources.

        CEC is nationally recognized for its highly successful information and education
    program. The ACE Basin NERR will build on this experience and expertise in
    developing an education/interpretation program through CEC's leadership. CEC will
    take the lead role in developing a strong educational component of the reserve.

                                           37

       Surveillance and enforcement of the ACE Basin NERR will come under LED which
    currently has conservation officers from District Nine and District Four working in the
    ACE Basin region. LED will take the lead role in developing a plan for law
    enforcement activities in the ACE Basin NERR.

       Provisions will be made to accommodate the required staff from each division (see
    facilities development plan). The reserve manager hired to run the ACE Basin NERR
    will be a MRD employee and will work out of MRD in Charleston until an onsite facility
    is constructed. Owners of private property within the ACE Basin NERR boundaries
    and others interested in the project area will be invited to participate on advisory
    committees and in volunteer programs. These groups will play an important role in
    the overall administrative program.

    b.        RelationshiD with Existina Administrative Proarams

       There are a number of existing administrative programs within the general project
    area under consideration. However, the ACE Basin NERR designation will not affect
    the overall structure of these programs.

       SCDPRT currently manages Edisto Beach State Park and Hunting Island State
    Park. Both are located in the buffer zone. Edisto Beach State Park covers 1,225
    acres of Edisto Island and has more than one-and-one-half miles of sandy beach, 160
    to 200 feet wide at low tide. Throughout the park are salt water marshes and creeks.
    Much of it remains natural, and among the marsh and forest are several environmental
    observation areas, hiking trails, a playground, a campground, swimming and picnic
    facilities and vacation cottages. About 250 parking spaces accommodate day-use
    visitors. The park draws approximately 175,000 to 200,000 persons annually.
    Primarily because of its isolation, the park is felt to be under-utilized. Hunting Island
    State Park covers some 5,000 acres and contains approximately four miles of beach
    front and similar facilities to Edisto Beach State Park. It has 400 parking spaces for
    day-use visitors and draws nearly one million visitors annually. The overall theme of
    both Parks fits in extremely well with the ACE Basin NERR concept. This is one of
    the most successful park systems in the state and NERR designation will only enhance
    their program currently in place.

        The USFWS proposes to acquire approximately 18,000 acres of managed
    impoundments and valuable wetland habitats for inclusion into the National Wildlife
    Refuge System. The target area is within the Edisto and Combahee River floodplain
    of the ACE Basin; however, it is well outside the NERR core area and would not
    impact reserve activities and vice-versa.

        The MRD, SCWMRD, currently administers a shellfish management program in the
    reserve core area and buffer zone. There are six (6) commercial shellfish culture
    permit holders (65 acres of intertidal bottoms and 115 acres of subtidal), four (4)

                                          38

    state shellfish grounds (13 acres intertidal and 360 acres subtidal) and two (2) public
    oyster grounds (1 acre intertidal). The regulation of these resources is under direct
    supervision of MRD and reserve designation will not change the existing
    program.

    c.        Staff Reauirements

       An adequate staff is essential for meeting the mission, goals and objectives of the
    ACE Basin NERR. The project will be directed by a reserve manager or program
    director who would be headquartered at the proposed Bear Island WMA
    Educational/Visitor Center. The reserve manager would:

              Represent the reserve program and its policies in public hearings and
              meetings where appropriate;

              Act as a liaison for state and federal agencies and other interested groups
              to improve cooperation and coordination in implementing the ACE Basin
              NERR Management Plan;

              Coordinate with NOAA staff on program management, grant preparation for
              operation, acquisition, etc. funding from federal side to SCCC;

              Develop resource protection guidelines and policies for the reserve as new
              issues arise and present them to ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee;

              Direct and coordinate with NOAA any changes in the management plan;

              Prepare required quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports for NOAA and
              other possible sources for funding;

              Act as staff support to the reserve's advisory committees;

              Serve as principal contact for the ACE Basin NERR program, represent
              SCWMRD in public relation and media contacts, and make presentations to
              local officials, environmental organizations and others;

              Monitor day-to-day operation of the reserve program and progress of
              research and education plans;

              Oversee facilities development, site selection and changes in reserve
              boundaries with advice and consent of MRD Director and Executive
              Director;

                                           39

             Assume responsibilities for other staff positions until filled;

             Oversee other staff members when hired;

             Coordinate special reserve activities with WFWF, CEC and LED; and

             Perform additional duties as required.

       Depending on funding availability, the approach to other staffing needs will be to
    provide financial support for expansion of certain existing program areas within MRD
    and SCWMRD. Inasmuch as MRD and CEC are already involved in estuarine
    education and research (i.e. tours, field trips, seminars, workshops, and teacher
    training), reserve funds will be used to support and build on this experience and
    expertise rather than duplicate any of these efforts. The basic staff needs will include
    a research coordinator and an education coordinator.

       A research coordinator will be appointed from within MRD to implement and
    coordinate the research and monitoring program component of this management plan.
    Specific responsibilities will include:

              Provide staff support for the research and monitoring advisory sub-
              committee;

              Assist the reserve manager and participating agencies in preparing and
              updating an annual list of priorities for research and monitoring at the ACE
              Basin NERR;

              Coordinate the review of priorities for research and monitoring by the
              research and monitoring advisory sub-committee;

              Issue requests for proposals for ACE Basin NERR funded research and
              monitoring projects and initiate a peer review process for proposals
              received. Assist NOAA in the review of NOAA funded proposals when
              needed;

              Evaluate the results of the peer review process for ACE Basin NERR funded
              research and make recommendations to the reserve manager and research
              and monitoring advisory sub-committee;

              Serve as liaison with the scientific community, promote data utilization, and
              act as primary contact for scientists performing research within the reserve;

              Coordinate research activities within the reserve and communicate with

                                          40

             other NERR sites and the ACE Basin NERR education and volunteer
             program;

             Assist in the training of volunteers, research assistants, and interns and
             monitor/evaluate their performance;

             Recommend locations for research and monitoring stations within the
             reserve and provide technical advice and assistance to scientists in
             conducting research and monitoring as available;

             Develop additional research guidelines and policy statements as new issues
             arise and present them to research and monitoring advisory sub-committee
             for appropriate actions;

             Visit the reserve on a regular basis and keep field journal and photographic
             records of ongoing research activities;

             Coordinate with the reserve manager in the performance  of these
             responsibilities.

       The education coordinator will be headquartered at the Bear Island WMA
    Education/Visitor Center. The education coordinator is responsible for implementing
    and coordinating the education program component of this management plan.
    Specific responsibilities are as follows:

             Provide staff support for the education advisory subcommittee;

             Assist participating agencies in preparing and updating an annual list of
              priorities for education, interpretation, and visitor use programs to be
             developed for the reserve;

             Issue requests for ACE Basin NERR funded proposals for education,
              interpretation, and visitor use programs/projects and conduct a peer review
              process for proposals received;

              Serve as liaison with the academic community and act as primary contact
             for educators bringing groups to the research reserve;

              Coordinate approved education, interpretation, and visitor use activities
              within the reserve and communicate with other reserve management areas,
              especially research and volunteer programs;

                                           41

          *  Provide technical advice and assistance, as available, for education and
              interpretation programs;

          *  Train and supervise volunteers who assist in education programs and
              monitor/evaluate their performance;

          *  Keep a photographic record of ongoing education, interpretation, and visitor
              use activities for use in slide presentations and exhibits;

          *  Provide outreach to area schools,  colleges,  universities, and  other
              environmental education organizations;

           *  Make presentations to civic groups, professional societies, and other groups
              upon request, as available; and

           *  Coordinate with the reserve manager  in the performance  of these
              responsibilities.

    d.        Volunteer Proaramn

       A properly orchestrated volunteer program could be an asset to the ACE Basin
    .NERR, a valuable experience for the volunteer and an opportunity for direct
    community  involvement.   The most obvious benefit would be an increase in
    manpower at minimal cost. Volunteers supplement paid staff and often permit
    expansion of services that would not otherwise be possible. A volunteer program can
    also effectively transfer information on the value of estuaries to the general public and
    elected officials. Properly trained, volunteers carry their knowledge and enthusiasm
    to a portion of the general public that the scientist or education specialist cannot
    reach.

       A volunteer coordinator will be responsible for organizing a volunteer program and
    his/her duties will include: preparation and planning, recruitment and placement,
    orientation, training and supervision, record keeping, recognition and program
    evaluation. Direct supervision, however, will not usually be a part of the coordinator's
    responsibility.

        Prior to initiating any volunteer program, those responsible for establishing the
    program should have a thorough knowledge of the reserve's needs and priorities in
    order to define objectives for volunteer services and volunteer opportunities and
    requirements. Administrative support should be secured and reserve staff should be
    involved in generating ideas and identifying appropriate volunteer tasks.

       Suitable program assignments should be identified for volunteers and specific job
    descriptions should be prepared. Job descriptions should be written to include: job

                                           42

    responsibilities, necessary qualifications, time required per week or month, name and
    phone number of supervisor and training time requirements. Orientation is the
    responsibility of the volunteer coordinator and includes:

          *  Information about the NERR and its structure;

          *  Information on the general purpose, objectives, and philosophy of the
             reserve;

          *  A clear explanation of the volunteer's obligation to the reserve,
             his/her supervisor, etc.;

          *  Information as to how the specific program assignment relates to
             the overall function of the reserve; and

          *  An orientation manual covering the ACE Basin NERR volunteer program
             should be prepared and issued to volunteers.

       The volunteer program needs care and periodic examination. Program objectives,
    training materials, methods, and accomplishments should be critically examined. Most
    importantly, the staff should frequently evaluate its goals, the'goals for the volunteer
    program and its methods for attaining these goals.

    e.        Advisory Committee Roles and Resoonsibilities

       In order to provide for effective coordination and cooperation among all interests
    involved with the reserve, an ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee will be
    established. The Committee will consist of representatives of the following agencies,
    organizations and special interest groups:

           *  The S.C. Coastal Council
              The Nature Conservancy
              Ducks Unlimited, Inc.
              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
           *  S.C. Land Resources Commission
              S.C. State Development Board
              S.C. Water Resources Commission
              S.C. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism
           *  S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control
              The Commercial Fishing Industry
              The Scientific Community
              Environmental Interests Groups
              Local Landowners
              Local Colleton Co. Government

                                          43

             S.C. Marine Science Museum
             National Marine Fisheries Service

       A representative of NOAA will be included as an ex-officio, non-voting member.

    The Advisory Committee will:

             Advise SCWMRD and reserve manager on matters of policy relating to
             planning for and operation of the NERR;

             Provide guidance for establishing priorities for research and education
             efforts in the ACE Basin NERR and review information and education
             materials generated by the reserve;

             Review, monitor and advise on specific program activities to be conducted
             in the reserve to ensure that they are consistent with the goals and
             objectives set forth in the management plan;

             Advise on implementation of the acquisition strategy, and review and
              provide guidance on conservation easements, management agreements,
             etc.;

              Review and advise on facilities development to ensure consistency with the
              management plan; and

              Represent the interests of users of the reserve and its neighbors.

       The ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee shall conduct regular meetings which
    will be open to the public. The reserve manager and appropriate SCWMRD personnel
    will serve as staff to the Committee. A Committee chairman will be named by the
    Executive Director, SCWMRD and subcommittees for research and education will be
    appointed by the full committee.

    (1)      Research and Monitorina Subcommittee

       The Research and Monitoring Advisory Subcommittee will consist of appropriate
    ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee members and other technical representatives
    from the scientific and academic communities. The Subcommittee will advise the full
    Committee on research and monitoring activities within the reserve and will be
    responsible for the following:

              Review and approve priorities for the ACE Basin NERR research and
              monitoring projects;

                                           44

              Review ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring proposals and interim and
             final research and monitoring reports;

              Monitor and provide advice on local issues and new opportunities for
             cooperative research and monitoring; and

              Evaluate overall progress towards achieving research and monitoring
              priorities and adjust long-term direction accordingly.

    (2)       Education Subcommittee

       The Education Advisory Subcommittee will be composed of appropriate ACE Basin
    NERR Advisory Committee members and representatives from area institutions of
    education, state agencies involved with education, the S.C. Marine Science Museum,
    and others. This Subcommittee will be responsible for the following:

              Review and approve the list of annual priorities for education and
              interpretation activities for the reserve;

              Review education proposals and design proposals for all educational and
              interpretive facilities, displays, media curriculum, training programs, etc.
              and monitor progress of specific activities to ensure that they are consistent
              with the goals of the research reserve program and this management plan;
              and

              Evaluate  progress  towards  achieving  priorities for education  and
              interpretation and adjust long-term priorities accordingly.

    f.        Five Year Activities Plan

       Implementation of the major program development activities, including staff hiring
    and initiative of research, monitoring, education, and volunteer programs and facilities
    development, will begin following reserve designation and will be phased-in over a five
    year period according to a prescribed schedule of activities (Table 5).

    g.        Staffing

       The staffing requirements described in the administration section will be fulfilled
    according to the proposed five year staffing plan, as outlined in Table 5. Much of this
    may depend on the availability of federal funds and approval for hiring personnel.
    However, the state is committed to providing support personnel (i.e., reserve
    manager, education coordinator and research coordinator) through existing programs
    within SCWMRD.

           Table 5. Five Year Activities Plan For the ACE Basin NERR.

     PROGRAM YEAR             STAFFING NEEDS*                       MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
           0            Reserve Manager         (1)   . Complete FEIS/DMP; apply for land acquisition funding;
    (Predesignation)     Clerical Worker         (.5)  . Complete land acquisition effort for core area;
                                                      . Complete Final Management Plan;
                                                      . Form Advisory Committee; and
                                                      . Coordination of research and education planning.
                        *FTE=l
                        Reserve Manager         (1)     Establish priorities for research and education/interpretation
                        Clerical worker         (1)     program;
                        Education Coordinator  (.5)  . Refine and implement Management Plan;
                        Research Coordinator   (.5)  . Initiate facilities development plan for education/visitor
                        Conservation officer   (1)    center (architectural design, working drawings);
                                                      . Some staff participation in research and education programs;
                                                      � Begin monitoring and baseline studies;
                                                      � Begin education trips and training programs;
                                                      � Install NERR signs at primary access points;
                                                      � Plan and construct trails, interpretive signs, observation
                                                       platforms, boardwalks, etc.; and
                                                      � Planning for 2nd year.

           2            Reserve Manager         (1)   . Develop a well-defined and coordinated outreach program;
                        Clerical worker         (1)    More extensive coordination of research and education
                        Education Coordinator  (1)      programs;
                        Research Coordinator   (1)   . Expand monitoring and baseline studies;
                        Conservation officer   (1)   . Begin construction of education/visitor center;
                        Volunteer Coordinator  (.5)  . Initiate volunteer program;
                                                       Plan and build interpretive exhibits;
                                                       Develop brochures, guides, and other educational materials;
                                                       and
                                                       Planning for 3rd year.

    continued
        PROGRAM YEAR             STAFFING NEEDS*                  MAJOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

              3            (Fully Staffed)              . Complete construction of education/visitor center;
                           Reserve Manager        (1)   . Continue monitoring and baseline studies;
                           Clerical worker        (1)   .Build ancillary facilities as needed for education
                           Education Coordinator  (1)    program;
                           Research Coordinator   (1)   . Continue to augment research and education programs;
                           Conservation Officer   (1)   . Staff participation in research and education;
                           Volunteer Coordinator  (1)   . Management Plan should be fully implemented; and
                           Maintenance            (1)   .Planning for 4th year.

              4            Fully Staffed                  Open education/visitor center;
                                                        � Plan, develop and install indoor education exhibits;
                                                        � Continue monitoring and baseline studies;
                                                        . Continue to augment research and education
                                                          programs; and
                                                        � Planning for 5th year.

              5            Fully Staffed                . Continue to manage the ACE Basin NERR, refining and
                                                          modifying operations as new experience is gained; and
                                                        � Convene a Blue Ribbon Committee to review progress and
                                                          achievements and to make recommendations.

                                           46

    4.        Facilities Development Plan

       Funding is provided by NOAA and matched by the state for the construction or
    renovation of a visitor center, research facility, education center, or other
    improvements associated with research, education, and access to reserve sites.
    Facilities and improvements must be located within the boundaries of the designated
    research reserve. Major construction projects (i.e., buildings) require the preparation
    of architectural and engineering plans and state approval of capital outlay proposals.
    Funding for planning and developing architectural and engineering plans for buildings
    may come from initial acquisition and development grants which are awarded after
    approval of the FEIS/DMP (i.e., in the predesignation phase). Funds for
    constructing buildings come from acquisition and development grants which are
    awarded after approval of the final management plan. Minor construction activities
    that aid in implementing portions of the management plan (such as nature trails,
    boardwalks, boat ramps) do not require architectural or engineering plans. Funding
    for planning and constructing nature trails, boardwalks, boat ramps, and other minor
    improvements can be awarded under initial acquisition and development grants as well
    as under later acquisition and development grants.

        A portion of the state-owned Bear Island WMA is intended to be developed as
    headquarters for the ACE Basin NERR operation. While overall direction for reserve
    program administration will come from MRD in Charleston, Bear Island is administered
    by WFWF. Therefore, overall reserve administration will require effective coordination
    between MRD and WFWF. The facility will serve to centralize reserve activities with
    those of the overall ACE Basin project involving all participants, i.e., SCWMRD,
    USFWS, TNC, DU, and private landowners.

    a.        Education/Visitor Center

        There are several reasons why an education/visitor center is a necessary
    component of the management concept. The major reasons are:

              The center will provide a focal point for ACE Basin activities.
              Located in the heart of the ACE Basin, the center will attract
              visitors and expose them to all facets of the area, including sites
              and activities not accessible elsewhere; it will also allow
              controlled access;

              Educational and interpretive programs at the center will foster
              compatible visitor use of the Basin and enhance meaningful
              educational experiences,thereby promoting public awareness and
              understanding of ecological values associated with natural
              estuarine areas;

                                           47

              The  center  will  facilitate  programing  between  resource
              professionals and a variety of public interests, environmental and
              conservation groups.  It will rally local support and attract
              volunteers to participate in hands-on projects of local interests;

              With proper planning and design, the center will be an asset to
              the community; and

              Commitment to the long-term protection and management of the ACE
              Basin.

    b.        Sitina of the Education/Visitor Center

       The NERRS Program Regulations stipulate that final selection of a site for facilities
    such as the center will appear in the management plan. During preparation of this
    plan, several locations were identified as alternatives for the center other than the
    Bear Island site. However, no serious discussions were ever held because Bear Island
    is the "perfect" site for such a facility. It is already under public ownership in the
    SCWMRD Wildlife Management Area (WMA) system; you can drive to it; it is large
    enough to accommodate development as needed for present and future expansion;
    it offers an on-site presence for resource protection and management; it is in proximity
    to a variety of habitat types, including the core area; and it is easily accessible from
    U.S. Highway 17.

       Prior to construction or renovation of a visitor center, an environmental
    assessment or categorical exclusion checklist will be prepared and submitted to NOAA
    before any federal funds may be expended. All architectural and engineering plans,
    including specificiations, must be approved by NOAA for any proposed construction.
    This includes facility development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc.

       Various organized groups interested in natural resource conservation annually visit
    Bear Island WMA for self-guided tours and presentations by SCWMRD personnel.
    Such groups include local elementary and high school science classes, scouts, botany
    and wildlife management students from various universities, waterfowl biologists,
    wetland ecologists and natural history groups as well as members of other private
    conservation organizations and governmental agencies. Individuals interested in bird
    watching, general wildlife observation and amateur and professional photographers
    frequently visit Bear Island WMA.

    c.        SDace Reauirements

       The center will accommodate various program areas. The following represents a
    preliminary listing of requirements:

                                           48

             Staff and Administration
             Reserve manager's Office
             Bear Island WMA Office
             Education Coordinator's Office
             Volunteer Coordinator's Office
             Reception Area
             Conference Room

             Education and lnterpretation
             Exhibit areas
             Classroom/Hands-on Discovery Room
             Auditorium providing seating area
             Outdoor classroom/amphitheater
             Wildlife observation deck
              Demonstration area
             Trailhead
              Storage for national and site specific education materials

          *  Research
             Work space for visiting scientists/research interns
              Basic laboratory facilities including wet and dry labs
              Storage

          *  Common Buildina Areas
              Visitor parking
              Staff parking

           *  Other
              Restrooms
              Kitchen
              Dormitory

    d.        Develournent and Construction

       Development of the education/visitor center will entail the following general steps:

           *  Appointment of a task force by SCWMRD to oversee the design, planning
              and funding for the center;

           *  Preparation of a site plan illustrating the layout of buildings, parking lot, road
              access, and trail network;

           *  Preparation of a brief building concept plan for the center that includes
              detailed objectives for each function, general layout and architectural design

                                            49

              guidelines;

           *  Detailed site surveys and preparation of detailed landscape design and con-
              struction drawings including measures for minimizing construction impacts;
              and

           *  Agency and local review of the above through a workshop process.

       Listed below are further considerations for development of the center. These are
    adapted from Manly (1977):

           *  The design should be functional and efficient.  Some caution should be
              exercised so the interpretive building will not turn out to be an impractical
              architectural oddity;

           *  Entrances, exits, and interior spaces should be correlated with an overall
              traffic flow or circulation plan. Whenever possible, unsupervised groups or
              individuals should move through the building over the grounds in one-way
              pattern;

           *  The design should permit simultaneous use of the building by several
              groups;

           *  Low-profile buildings generally are less obtrusive visually than buildings with
              a high profile;

           *  The design of the buildings should be such that the center itself will be a
              model of energy efficiency and resource conservation, incorporating such
              features as solar heating where practicable.

              All public parts of the building should be accessible to the handicapped;

              The color and texture of architectural exterior finishing materials should be
              compatible with the natural surroundings,  Natural materials such as
              weathered, rough sawn wood will be used. No teak, mahogany, rosewood
              or other rain forest woods will be used;

           *  Interior finishes may be the same as exterior finishes. Other contemporary
              materials can be used where budget and design needs dictate,

           *  All required landscaping around the center should reflect the composition
              and layout of indigenous floral communities. Buildings should be situated
              so as to minimize impact to existing trees and native plants;
              and

                                            50

              Structures surrounding the center such as signs, lighting, wastebins, all
              contribute to the total visual impact of the building. Design must be given
              careful attention to ensure that these have minimal impact on the natural
              appearance of the site.

    e.       Trails and Observation Platforms

       Self-guided interpretive trails will be constructed around the education/visitor
    center. Some of these will allow access for the physically handicapped. At several
    locations, wildlife observation platforms and/or blinds will be installed.

       The main functions of the trail network will be as follows:

              To control pedestrian access within the complex to minimize
              impact of visitor use on sensitive areas; and

              To contribute to the education/interpretation plan as outlined.

              Interpretive services associated with the pedestrian trails are discussed
              under the education/interpretation plan.

    .5.       Research and Monitorina Plan

    a.        General Context For Manaaement

        Development of the research function of the ACE Basin NERR is a high priority.
    The reserve, because of its relatively low level of development, has retained many of
    the attributes associated with estuaries at the turn of the century. This provides a
    benchmark against which to compare other coastal areas where significant human
    disturbances are occurring.  Such comparisons are necessary in developing an
    understanding of the impacts, both obvious and subtle, on coastal resources. It is
    particularly important to make research results available in a useful form to those
    responsible for resource management and coastal zone planning at individual, local,
    state and federal levels.

        The large expanse of the reserve, its biological diversity and high water quality
    standards provide an outstanding environment for these types of research. The core
    area is well protected and will serve as an undisturbed baseline monitoring area while
    the buffer zone is large and diverse enough to serve as an experimental research and
    demonstration area. For example, Bear Island WMA will be a "staging" area for
    demonstrating the sustainability of managed ecosystems through water level
    manipulations in coastal impoundments and the study of harmonious land uses, short-
    term studies for specific management needs, etc. The research plan has the following
    goals and objectives:

                                           51

      (1)    Goals

          *  Establish and manage key areas of the reserve for long-term use as natural
             field laboratories;

          *  Coordinate ACE Basin research projects to streamline scientific efforts,
             maximize effi cient use of funds, and avoid unnecessary duplication of
             efforts.

          *  Enhance scientific understanding of estuarine ecosystem processes and
             functions;

          *  Gather and make available information needed by reserve managers and
             coastal decision makers for improved understanding and management of
             estuarine ecosystems;

          *  Collect important baseline data to use in monitoring differences over time
             and for making comparisons with other areas;

          *  Identify priority resources, gather baseline information on them and
             establish them as indicators of change;

          *  Monitor the impacts of human stresses on the estuarine environment and
             the effectiveness of water pollution control strategies;

          *  Establish critical habitat requirements of living aquatic resources; and

          *  Evaluate land use management strategies.

    (2)       Obiectives

          *  Collecting and building a database for use in long-term and interdisciplinary
             studies;

          *  Becoming a repository for data collected on-site and at other National
              Estuarine Research Reserves;

          *  Promoting the reserve components in the research community as long-term
              field laboratories to be used by State, local and private organizations;

           *  Utilizing volunteers to achieve research and monitoring goals;

           *  Encouraging staff participation in conferences and workshops.

                                           52

          *  Developing facilities and equipment as necessary to aid in research and
              monitoring; and

          *  Seeking agreements with research organizations to facilitate and augment
              research and monitoring projects.

    b.        National Research Priorities

       In 1964, the first major symposium on estuaries was held at Jekyll Island, Georgia
    to exchange ideas an estuarine research, to summarize the existing state of
    knowledge and to refine the direction of current research. The book ESTUARIES was
    a product of that conference and has since set the standard for estuarine research
    quality. Since that first meeting, many more symposia have been held.

       In 1984, a representative cross section of the nation's top estuarine scientists
    again gathered to review the existing state of knowledge an the Nation's estuaries
    (Copeland et al. 1 984). Based on proceedings of this conference, NOAA (I1988) has
    compiled lists of national research needs and priorities for better understanding the*
    following: water management, sediment management, nutrients and other chemical
    inputs, coupling of primary and secondary productivity, -and fishery habitat
    requirements. Proposed funding decisions for N ERRS research projects will be based
    .on the relationship between proposed research and these national priorities.

    (1)       Water Manaaemnent

       Water management is one of the most important problems facing the nation. In
    highly developed areas the consumptive uses of water for commercial, industrial,
    agricultural, recreational and municipal activities are increasing and thus, strongly
    competing with the availability of water to estuaries. Adjacent land use practices also
    affect the quality, quantity and timing of freshwater inflow into estuaries.
    Consequently, estuarine productivity is altered and this raises a number of research
    questions. The following research topics are identified as priority areas in the NERRS
    Research Plan developed by NOAA (1 988):

             Determining the volumes of inflows needed to maintain viable estuaries and
             the reliability of freshwater inflow estimates;

             Establishing the functional relationship between nutrient inflows to the
             estuary and primary and secondary productivity;

             Determining the quantitative relationship between freshwater inflow and
             fisheries production in specific estuaries and regional groups of estuaries;

             Delineating the factors that control the response and recovery of estuarine

                                           53

            biological systems to large changes in water input;

         *  Establishing  the  role of coastal  upwelling  in determining  estuarine
            productivity; and

         *  Preparing nutrient budgets on estuarine systems to clearly elucidate the roles
            freshwater inflows, marshes, benthic systems, coastal waters, precipitation,
            and other sources, and to delineate the importance of each source in
            providing nutrients and recycling them.

    (2)     Sediment Manaaement

      Sediment Management studies are needed to fill information gaps pertaining to the
    sedimentation process and to develop criteria for alternative management schemes.
    Priority research topics include:

         *  Detailed  studies  of  sediment  dynamics  to  include  the  effects  of
            sedimentation on flushing and sedimentation rates, accumulation rates and
            changes in sediment composition between points of entry and accumulation,
            the joint impacts of reduced freshwater inflow and sediment delivery, the
            impacts of sediment delivery rates, and shallow water sedimentation
            processes;

         *  The testing and development of biological models that predict the impacts
            of sedimentation;

         *  Characterization of the processes that control absorption and desorption of
            contaminants and other dissolved substances;

         *  Assessing the impacts of sedimentation on benthos and mobile fauna;

         *  Determining the relationship of sediment to habitat types;

         *  Identifying the optimal balance between the long-term
            negative impacts of estuarine filling and the short-term positive stimulation
            of estuarine productivity; and

         *  Examining the recovery rates of ecosystems after large-scale sedimentation
            events.

    (3)     Nutrients and other Chemical Inputs

      Nutrients and other chemical inputs are associated with 75 percent of the nation's
    population living within 50 miles of our coasts;   consequently, estuaries are

                                           54

    experiencing increased nutrient loads. Little is known about the response of estuaries
    to nutrient and chemical additions. As a result, management strategies are presently
    based on provisional data in many cases. Priority research should focus on:

            Testing the responses of estuarine ecosystems to combinations of nutrient
            inputs and recycling by developing ecosystem-level experiments involving
             microcosms, mesocosms, and field manipulations;

            Examining the fate of synthetic chemicals in estuaries through the chemical
             analysis of   sediments;  the  performance  of tissue-chemical,  gross
             pathological and histological analyses; evaluation of community structures;
             conducting controlled laboratory and in situ field studies to identify chemicals
             responsible for field-observed and other toxic effects and determine their
             relationships; and developing research protocols to understand the long-term
             effects of exotic materials on estuarine ecosystems.

    (4)     Couolina of Primary and Secondary Productivity

      Coupling of primary and secondary productivity includes almost all food web
    interactions in the estuary and how they are quantitatively and qualitatively
    connected. A clear understanding of the relationship between the various producer
    levels is lacking. Priority research topics should examine the following:

             The comparative trophic importance of organic matter derived from vascular
             plant versus plankton;

             The degree to which coastal fishery organisms utilize detritus as an energy
             source; and

             The impact of removing large tracts of detritus-producing salt marshes and
             seagrass beds.

       These must be accomplished through:

             The use of multiple isotopes and other techniques to indirectly identify
             sources of organic carbon for primary consumers in estuaries;

             Studies to determine the chemical composition and nutritional status of
             detritus complexes of different age and particle size;

             Laboratory feeding experiments to detail the utilization of vascular plant
             detritus by consumers;

             Growth and ecological efficiency studies in large tanks or small ponds to

                                            55

            investigate consumer diets, also, in situ experiments to examine quality and
            quantity of diets;

         *  Controlled field experiments in ponds to determine the feasibility of detritus
            aquaculture;

         *  Carefully designed "before and after" investigations an the local impact of
            marsh or seagrass removal on community structure and composition; and

         *  Field investigations and laboratory experiments to investigate the potential
            and realized importance of hypothetical reduced-sulfur food webs.

    (5)      Estuarine Fishery Habitat Reauirements

      In order to determine why some estuaries are more productive than others,
    scientists need to focus on habitat selection, species migration, species residence
    time, food quality and quantity, and the effects of environmental variations an
    survival, growth and movement of estuarine species. Priority research topics include:

         *  Delineation of the characteristics of a good nursery;

         *  Fishery yield per acre of salt marsh and species-specific relationships;

         *  Relationships between fish catch and river discharge, wetland/water ratios,
             and primary production;

         *  The roles of various sources of primary production and their relative
             abundance (importance?) among estuaries;

          *  The effects of differing primary production sources on fish production;

          *  The relative contribution of different habitats to total stock;

          *  Flow requirements for critical life stages;

          *  Hydrodynamic influences on distribution, abundance, and survival of fishery
             species;

          *  Contaminant impacts on estuarine yields; and

          *  Food as a limiting factor to estuarine fish and crustacean populations.

    (6)      Other Research Toolics

                                           56

      In addition to the above research priorities, NOAA recognizes the need for site
    specific baseline data and lists the following research areas as being appropriate for
    national funding:
            Baseline studies to characterize the reserve's resources, environment and
            ecology;

            Environmental monitoring of selected parameters to provide a data base for
            detecting changes, predicting impacts, and identifying correlations with other
            observed phenomena; and

            Special research designed to answer specific management concerns.

      The rationale for these research priorities is described in NOAA's NERRS Research
    Plan (1987). Each year NOAA issues a NERRS Research Opportunity Announcement
    in which it elaborates on the latest interpretation of these priorities. Proposal funding
    decisions are based on the relationship between the proposed research and these
    national priorities as well as other factors.

    (7)     Initial Baseline Studies

      Some baseline data for water quality parameters has already been collected at or
    near the ACE Basin NERR by the SCWMRD and DHEC (Mathews and Shealy 1978,
    Mathews and Shealy 1982, Shealy 1971, Shealy 1974, DHEC 1990). Water quality
    parameters include salinity, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, fecal
    coliform, and others. Information is also available on emergent wetlands and
    impoundments (Morgan 1974, Tiner 1977), plant communities (Prevost 1987, Stalter
    1972), fishes (Shealy et al. 1974), and other specialized areas. Baseline surveys will
    be conducted to fill gaps and to provide a more thorough characterization of the site.
    Other ecological parameters which might be explored include soil characteristics,
    nutrient concentrations, weather, organic fluxes, primary production and species
    composition of plant and animal communities.

       Baseline surveys will be used to: 1) yield data necessary to define or confirm
    estuarine management issues of concern; 2) serve as. a reference for detection of
    environmental/ecological change in the estuary; and 3) aid in planning and conducting
    special studies related to the estuarine ecosystem.

    (8)     Environmental Monitorina

       Environmental monitoring will entail the systematic periodic collection of selected
    data using many of the same parameters and, ideally, the same sampling techniques
    and locations as the initial baseline surveys. This data may be collected by staff or
    volunteers, by other government agencies, or by outside researchers as part of their
    research projects. Impacts of new technology, products, and management strategies

                                           57
    may be observed. A policy for quick response to collect data in the event of unusual
    conditions such as hurricanes, floods etc. will be established where feasible. U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency approved methods for sampling and sample handling
    will be adhered to in all water chemistry monitoring.

      Environmental monitoring will be designed to: 1) detect trends in estuarine
    resources orecosystems; 2) provide information to aid in the management of the ACE
    Basin NERR and in coastal zone management in general; and 3) provide a data base
    for special studies.

    (9)     Soecial Studies

      Special studies may include experimental research relating to natural resources,
    cultural resources, or socio-economic topics. Special studies will be approved and
    may be supported based on the research priorities of the NERRS Research Plan, the
    NERR Monitoring Program, the ACE Basin Program, and site-specific management
    needs. Special studies may identify and examine relationships between human
    stresses and ecological effects.  Studies may include temporary manipulative
    experiments appropriate to better management of estuarine systems. Major habitat
    manipulation is not permitted in the core area but may be performed in the reserve
    buffer zone with adequate controls and a demonstrated need. Those manipulative
    activities not identified in this DMP must receive prior approval of the state and
    NOAA.

    c.      ACE Basin NERR Research Priorities

      Research that relates directly to the management of reserve resources will be
    actively encouraged and receive highest priority. An initial task assigned to the
    research coordinator will be to develop a program using inputs from: 1) questionnaires
    mailed to scientists and  resource managers  throughout the region soliciting
    recommendations for specific research; 2) a conference convened to review estuarine
    processes in several areas relative to management efforts in the ACE Basin; and 3) a
    scientific and technical committee review of detailed research needs and
    recommendations.

      Groups that have a high interest in conducting research and educational programs
    in the ACE Basin, including the types of studies that they are most eager to initiate
    or continue, are as follows:

      Clemson University

             Development of aquaculture, particularly in
             the Edisto buffer area; and

                                         58
    �     Waterfowl and wetlands research.

    University of South Carolina (USCI

          Interdisciplinary studies of estuarine productivity and fluxes; and

    �     Archaeological surveys to locate, identify and catalogue resources of
          historical or cultural importance.

    USC at Beaufort and Coastal Zone Education Center

    �     Participation in a variety of research and educational activities.

    S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Deoartment (SCWMRD)

          Development of aquaculture technology and dissemination of information;

          Fishery populations assessments and habitat studies;

          Marsh ecology investigations;

          Water quality, including pollution studies;

          Fishery restoration activities;

          Estimates of recreational and commercial use of living marine resources;

          Diseases of important recreational and commercial fishery species;

          Effects of habitat alteration, e.g., renourishment
          of beaches, dredging, impounding, marina siting, etc.;

          Use by endangered and threatened species, e.g. eagles, woodstorks, sea
          turtles and shortnose sturgeon;

          Impoundment studies (management effects on water quality, species
          composition and community structure);

           Habitat manipulation and resource management studies; and

           Impacts of fish harvesting gear on the physical environment and on non-
          target species.

                                         59

    S.C. Deoartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism

         Education and eco-tourism related activities; and

          Cultural, natural and historic preservation and interpretation.

    Colleae of Charleston

          Broad range of ecological studies.

    South Carolina State Colleae

          Ecological and water quality studies in conjunction with SCWMRD.

    U.S. Forest Service. Southeastern Forest Experiment
    Station

          Studies of silviculture impacts on wetlands.

    NMFS. SE Fisheries Center. Charleston

          Microbiological contaminants and chemicals in organisms and sediments and
          rates of change.

    The Citadel

          Shorebird and wading bird ecological studies; and

          Ecological studies of estuarine macrophytes.

    U.S. Soil Conservation Service and S.C. Land Resources
    Conservation Commission

          Wetlands mapping and interpretation; and

          Soil classification and identification of hydric soils.

    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish Hatcherv. Oranaebura Bears Bluff Lab

          Fish restoration and stock enhancement.

    S.C. DeDartment of Health and Environmental Control

          Water quality analyses and classification;

                                           60

        *  Certification of shellfish growing areas; and

        *  Effects of point and non-point discharges on water quality.

     S.C. Water Resources Commission

        *  Various water resources polices on overall water quality and quantity;

        *  Conduct policy and environmental research through the use of geographic
            information systems;

         *  Floodplain zoning; and

         *  Recreational fish and wildlife opportunities.

     DU's Atlantic Flyway Reaional Office

         *  Wetland ecology studies; and

         *  Interaction of waterfowl with managed and unmanaged  estuarine habitats.

      S.C. Coastal Council

         *  Application of research findings in coastal decision making; and

         *  Demonstrating the vital role of natural areas to the local economic and
            environmental well-being of the coastal zone.

      National Shellfish Indicator Study

         *  Proposed use of the ACE Basin estuary as a pristine site for developing new
            shellfish safety standards.

      S.C. Sea Grant Consortium

            Basic research on estuarine processes; and

            Development of educational programs.

      Taking advantage of this interest, ACE Basin research priorities will be carefully
    developed and evaluated as part of the management planning process. Input will be
    sought from area scientists, academicians, government officials and concerned
    citizens.

                                           61

      The reserve will encourage and support projects which correspond with regional
    research priorities. Such projects do not necessarily have to be within the NERR
    boundaries but should be within the ACE Basin framework. In order to receive reserve
    approval, research must be conducted at approved sites and must fulfill one or more
    of the following ACE Basin NERR research priorities (or updates thereof):

      (1)   Initial Short-Term Priorities - Research to provide management information
    on sediment/water column nutrient flux; evaluation of BMP effectiveness; analysis of
    living resource data sets; stock assessments; evaluation and analysis of monitoring
    capabilities; and sublethal responses to toxins.

      (2)   Lonaer-Term Priorities - Fundamental research on circulation and mixing
    processes; water quality, habitat, and ecosystem-level models; interaction between
    various trophic levels; genetic makeup of living resources (particularly exploitable
    stocks); significance of groundwater flow; and impacts of specific land uses on
    aquatic, wetland, and riparian habitats.

      (3)   Research Suonort Priorities - Support related to preparedness to conduct
    research, including advanced analytical chemical equipment remote sensing; and
    automated data analysis technologies.

      (4)   Generic. Lonaer-Term Needs - Research related to improved understanding
    of structure and function of coastal habitats (emergent saline marshes, tidal
    freshwater habitats, non-vegetated wetlands, benthic habitats, oyster reefs); impacts
    of modification of coastal and contiguous habitats; water column processes (related
    to plankton communities, inorganic nutrient cycling, replenishment, and storage,
    micro-circulation, and interactions among mainstream and adjacent water bodies);
    toxins; circulation (in relation to eddies, fronts, plumes, wind anoxia, and transport of
    planktonic larvae); genetic variability and structure of ACE Basin stocks; watershed
    processes (including transport, fate and processing of dissolved and particulate
    material; effects of land use activities; role and extent of water transport and
    transformation above the saltwater intrusion line; and role of wetland and riparian
    zones in controlling or modifying discharge); ground water contribution (including
    spatial and temporal input and outflows; chemical characteristics, extent and
    magnitude of pesticide, nutrient, and other pollutant contamination; impacts on
    sediment-water column pollution interactions; and methods to reduce ground water
    pollution); socio-legal economic implications of alternative restoration and preservation
    strategies; impacts of population growth development; public health and the ACE
    Basin ecosystem; and structure, function, and role of non-tidal wetlands.

      Research priorities will be further developed by the research coordinator working
    with a technical advisory committee. These priorities will be developed and modified
    based on system-wide and site-specific management needs and information gained
    from initial baseline surveys and environmental monitoring. They will reflect NERRS

                                            62
    national research priorities and ACE Basin priorities.

      Special studies to answer specific management questions and improve coastal
    resource management will be conducted. Other research topics that address coastal
    management issues identified as having a local, region or national significance may
    also be considered. Example of special studies topics appropriate for the ACE Basin
    include:

         *  Quantifying the effects of sea level rise on wetlands formation and
            productivity;

         *  Temporal and spatial variability in the use of marsh/tidal creek ecosystems
            as nursery areas for species of commercial and recreational importance;

         *  Studies comparing tributary systems protected within the reserve to those
            in other more developed areas,

         *  Identifying criteria and standards for mitigation by using the reserve as a
            control for offsite mitigation projects;

         *  Quantifying the effectiveness of forested and agriculItural buffer strips and
            other BMPs, including the value to water quality, flood control, sediment
            stabilization and wildlife;

         *  Succession of plant communities within the Basin,

         *  Shellfish production and diseases and enhancement of growing areas;

         *  Effects of fire on island ecology;

         *  Coastal geology - erosion problems, geological-mapping, benchmarks for
            monitoring sea level rise events;

         *  Surveys of Flora and Fauna to determine population densities, distribution,
            dynamics, conditions and habitat requirements;

         *  Visitor use surveys to determine the effects of increased public use of the
            area;

         *  Boating traffic assessments;

         *  Ecosystem modelling - a predictive, interactive model of the ACE Basin is
            needed to assist resource managers in assessing the implications of proposed
            and potential activities in the basin.

                                           63

      The above is not intended to be a complete list of research topics but only to serve
    as an example of the types of special studies that will be conducted. The list will
    expand in time with experience and knowledge of the area.

    d.       NOAA Funded Monitorina Proaram

      In 1989, NOAA initiated a phased monitoring program to assist states in developing
    a better understanding of the estuarine resources being managed under the NERRS
    program. The monitoring program includes the following phases:

      (1)   Phase I, Environmental Characterization, which involves literature review
            and/or field research to acquire all available information on hydrology,
            geology, water chemistry, water quality, biological resources, and the
            problems and issues confronting the reserve environment;

      (2)   Phase II, Site Profile, which involves a synthesis of information gathered in
             Phase I to provide an overall picture of the reserve in terms of its resources,
             issues, management constraints, and research needs;

      (3)   Phase  III, Procedures  and  Requirements,  which  involves  identifying
             parameters to be measured, procedures to be used (criteria for
             measurements, quality control, and standard procedures where they already
             exist), sampling strategy for selected parameters (spatial and temporal
             intervals), storage and retrieval of data (reporting, formatting and analytical
             requirements), manpower requirements, logistics, and costs; and

      (4)   Phase IV, Implementation, which involves, first, pilot projects and, upon
             successful evaluation, full-scale monitoring of selected parameters.

      The phased monitoring programs have been incorporated into the five-year plan
    under the administration plan. This program will be integrated with other monitoring
    programs in the region, including fisheries survey and harvests, shellfish sanitation,
    game and nongame wildlife, rare and endangered species, etc. The phased monitoring
    program will be developed by NOAA guidelines. Scoping-meetings and workshops will
    be convened as needed to assist in development of this program.

    e.       Research Policies and Procedures

    (1)     General Policies

      Research opportunities at the ACE Basin NERR are available to any qualified
    scientist, academician, or student affiliated with any university, college or school; non-
    profit research institution (e.g., research laboratory, independent museum,
    professional society); private profit organization; or state, local, or federal government

                                            64

    agency. Unaffiliated individuals who have the capability and facilities needed to
    perform research may also qualify for research funds.

      Funding for national research priorities in the reserve is available through NOAA on
    a competitive basis to qualified researchers and must be matched equally by the
    recipient according to current NERRS regulations. An annual announcement of
    research opportunities, reflecting priority needs and levels of funding, will be
    distributed. This announcement will include: a) specific statements about the types
    of research that will be funded including the national research priorities set by NOAA;
    b) clear and specific guidelines for preparation; c) clear statements on procedures and
    criteria used in proposal review; d) level of funding; and e) a schedule of the proposed
    process. The distribution list will include local, state, and regional entities covering
    all eligible potential applicants. Also, a research prospectus will be provided to
    potential researchers, including basic information on reserve resources, unusual
    features, support facilities and a listing of research reports from the ACE Basin NERR.

      Activities permitted in the core area are limited to research activities which do not
    manipulate habitats. Manipulative research activities may be permitted in the buffer
    zone of the reserve as long as they address identified research or management needs.
    Any research activities which, in the estimation of the State and NOAA, may result
    in impacts on reserve resources or habitats require prior approval of the state, NOAA
    and private property owners.

      To assist new researchers at the reserve, information packets will be available from
    the research coordinator. These packets will contain background information pertain-
    ing to the reserve and an area map, designating reserve boundaries. New researchers
    will also be given a "tour" of the reserve area to gain familiarity with the research
    surroundings and general location.

      Research, monitoring and education projects will receive first priority within the
    reserve boundaries. Traditional uses of public areas will continue as currently
    regulated under federal, state, or local authority. The reserve manager is responsible
    for carefully balancing uses of the reserve to ensure that the objectives of the reserve
    program are protected and sustained. The power of the reserve manager needed to
    meet other specified management responsibilities will not in any way be diminished
    by the ACE Basin NERR research and monitoring plan.

       Research opportunities will be available to all applicants without regards to manner
    of funding. Financial support may be available for research if the results are directly
    applicable to improved coastal zone management. Support may come from NOAA,
    EPA, SCWMRD, SCC, Sea Grant, and other sources of funding, including private
    endowments. Researchers seeking funds from NOAA must follow NOAA's research
    and monitoring time table.

                                           65
      All research proposals are evaluated by the reserve manager, the research
    coordinator and selected reviewers for consistency with ACE Basin NERR goals and
    to ensure that the proposed research will not interfere with other research at the
    reserve. Projects are selected based on their importance to coastal zone management
    issues, scientific/educational merit, and technical approach. Other project selection
    criteria include: the environmental consequences of the project; immediacy of need;
    and the proposed project's relationship to other available information and studies.

    (2)     Procedures for NOAA Funded Research

      Proposals which target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by NOAA using
    established guidelines. In order to qualify for NOAA funding, ACE Basin NERR
    research proposals must address one or more of the NERRS National Research
    Priorities and fulfill the requirement of the appropriate Request for Proposal. NOAA
    funds are awarded on a competitive basis and proposals will be competing with other
    research proposals in reserves throughout the NERRS. The Advisory Committee
    should be involved in the review of NOAA-funded proposals.

      The ACE Basin NERR research coordinator is responsible for coordinating all
    research and monitoring activities for the reserve. To facilitate this, NOAA will
    maintain close contact with the research coordinator and will keep him or her informed
    of the progress of NOAA-funded researchers. NOAA has agreed to send two courtesy
    copies of quarterly progress reports, the final report and any other research
    information which they receive to the ACE Basin NERR in a timely manner. One copy
    will be kept at the MRD central repository and the reserve manager will keep the
    second copy. The research coordinator will maintain regular communication with the
    researchers themselves. He or she, will aid in coordinating research activities in the
    reserve and, when possible, will aid in fulfilling the needs of the researchers.

       To achieve the NERR goals of 1) "making available information necessary for
    improved understanding and management of estuarine areas" and 2) "enhancing
    public awareness and understanding of the estuarine environment"; NOAA-funded
    researchers will be requested to provide a presentation on their research findings at
    appropriate symposia, conferences, meetings, etc.

    (3)     Procedures for Research Funded By State or Other Sources

      All proposals which do not target NOAA funding will also be evaluated by the
    appropriate reserve staff and selected reviewers.  Specific procedures will be
    developed by the research coordinator.

      An Advisory Committee will help determine appropriate research topics and policies.
    Committee members will lend expertise to specific projects and advise research
    programs on such matters as quality assurance. Research proposals that focus

                                           66
    primarily on site-specific topics and do not rely on NOAA funding do not need to be
    approved by NOAA as long as they are consistent with identified ACE Basin research
    needs, but a courtesy copy of these proposals will also be sent to NOAA.
    Coordinated and streamlined procedures for the review and approval of research
    proposals and permits will be established.

      Researchers will provide the research coordinator with quarterly progress reports,
    a final report, and an abstract and one copy of any publications resulting from any
    state-funded research at the reserve. The final report will include; an abstract; a
    literature review; methods; analyses; results; and a conclusion. It will include a
    summary of the gathered data and a list of the analyses completed. The raw data
    should also be included with the report as data appendices. In addition to a final
    report, the researcher will keep the research coordinator updated on the progress of
    the project by means of quarterly written progress reports.

       Copies of these documents will also be sent to the appropriate staff members.
    Records, data, reports, publications, and other relevant materials will be kept at the
    MRD central repository. Research information will also be forwarded to NOAA, which
    will act as a central clearinghouse and the center of the information network on the
    NERRS.

       After completion of the final report, a presentation will be developed by the
    researcher to provide information on the project findings. This presentation will be
    given at an appropriate time and site negotiated by the research coordinator and the
    researcher. These presentations will help to achieve the goal of the reserve to provide
    information necessary for improved understanding and management of estuarine
    systems to coastal decision makers and the public.

    (4)     Research Suooort

      As manager of the ACE Basin NERR, MRD can provide on a cost reimbursable basis
    much of the support required for ongoing research. This includes the MRD physical
    plant, laboratories, analytical and sampling equipment, vessels and specific equipment
    acquired for the reserve. Additional computer hardware and software, field equipment
    and other forms of research support will be acquired as the need arises and funds are
    available. Resources of the MRD library will also be available. The library currently
    receives 395 serial titles through subscription, has 7,405 volumes of bound
    periodicals and a collection of 25,140 reprint items. The total number of volumes in
    the cataloged collection is now 17,997.

    (5)     Data Manaaement

      Systematic computer storage and retrieval of raw data and bibliographic materials
    have become indispensable to modern research.  The magnitude of the data

                                           67
    management challenge presented by this program should be evident from the range
    of research and analysis activities described previously. Fortunately, MRD has an
    excellent data management capability.  "Data" include numerical, bibliographic,
    graphic and narrative materials.

      Data management activities for the ACE Basin NERR, depending on level of funding,
    may include:

            assistance to researchers in organizing raw data sets for efficient archival
            handling, especially computer storage, retrieval and processing;

            compilation of bibliographic materials maintained locally;

            programming consultation and service;
            assistance in gaining access to and contributing to remote data bases; and

            preparation of useful data summaries and special bibliographic search
            products.

      It is anticipated that many of the databases will use geographic information
    processing (GIP) for analysis and display. GIP is an emerging technology which, when
    coupled with proper data collection techniques and organizational structure, can
    provide researchers and resource managers the most powerful analytical tools
    available for explaining the complex spatial relationships between aquatic, human, and
    terrestrial environments. The great majority of spatial data required to support
    management efforts will be made available through the NOAA/SCWRC Natural
    Decision Support System program. This data base construction is scheduled for
    completion in 1992.

     Data management activities in the proposed ACE Basin NERR will be coordinated
    through MRD's GIP program and other similar state and federal programs. This will
    ensure consistency between data base development within the reserve and the coastal
    zone of South Carolina.

    (6)     Recruitment for ACE Basin NERR Research Proarams

      Recruitment of researchers is important to building the ACE Basin NERR data base
    and to establishing the reserve as a long-term natural field laboratory. Recruitment
    of researchers with an established interest and capability will be a function of the
    research coordinator. Recruitment strategies include:

            Coordination through scientific/technical advisory committees;

            Participation of appropriate staff in research symposia, conferences and

                                           68

            workshops;

            Intern programs for graduate students or upper class college students;

            Providing support facilities for research in the ACE Basin NERR.

            Annual announcements of research opportunities and NOAA research funds
            through NOAA's Sanctuaries and Reserves Division; and

            Other research and monitoring funding.

    (7)     Coordination of Research Efforts

      Another research benefit offered by the reserve is the potential for coordination of
    research efforts. The reserve does not add another research program to a long list of
    institutional research projects in the ACE Basin. Instead, the reserve offers permanent
    places where various research institutions coordinate their projects and compare
    results to complement one another's work in the Basin. Data will be compiled,
    assembled, analyzed and made available in the appropriate form, for use by other
    researchers, coastal managers and the public. For example, an appropriate form for
    researchers is a journal article in the peer-reviewed literature. Appropriate forms for
    decision makers and the public may include educational slide presentations, and
    "glossies" along the lines of those prepared by SCWMRD. Coordination of research
    in the reserve creates a model for all ACE Basin research efforts, reduces unnecessary
    duplication, and effectively decreases the cost of publicly supported research.

    (a)     Coordination of ACE Basin Research

      The research coordinator coordinates the research within the reserve with
    assistance from the advisory committee and NOAA. Meetings will be arranged and
    computer networks will be established. The MRD will receive copies of reserve
    research results and will serve as a central clearinghouse.   The Bear Island
    education/visitor center may also be a repository for site-specific information and
    research results.

    (b)     Coordination with the NERRS

      The Ace Basin NERR will work closely with NOAA staff to develop and assess
    National Research Priorities. NOAA is also involved with the reserve through research
    funding and proposal evaluation as already discussed. The reserve manager will
    communicate with other estuarine reserve managers in other states and will work with
    NOAA and other reserve managers to establish a national information exchange
    network.

                                           69

       Data from the ACE Basin contributes to the national network long-term study to
    monitor the status and trends of estuarine ecosystems. Data from the NERRS makes
    a substantial contribution to the understanding of long-term ecological effects on
    estuaries and is useful in predictive trend analysis of ecological stresses. The
    coordinated research network aids greatly in understanding the theoretical and
    practical aspects of conservation and coastal resources management.

      With assistance from NOAA, an electronic mail system (OMNET) will be established
    at the ACE Basin NERR headquarters. The system will help link the reserve to other
    NERRs, National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA, the South Carolina Sea Grant Program,
    and other programs in the marine and estuarine science community.

    (8)     Information Dissemination

      Information gathered in research and monitoring and the management implications
    of this information will be made available to decision makers and the public in
    understandable form.

      Both NOAA and the ACE Basin NERR will encourage the dissemination of research
    results. Methods include:

            Journal articles in the peer-reviewed literature;

             Presentations at professional societies; and

            Special symposia arranged by NOAA or reserves, often in association with
            other meetings such as the biennial meetings of the Estuarine Research
             Federation or Coastal Zone Managers.

      In addition to NOAA information dissemination routes, the ACE Basin NERR will
    utilize several State and regional avenues of information exchange including;

             Summary of research at the reserve;

             Workshops, conferences and meetings at the reserve;

             ACE Basin NERR brochure, distributed with the annual call for proposals and
             at appropriate conferences and other events;

             Press releases to local media;

             Articles in journals of local organizations;

             Direct mailings to State and Local decision makers;

                                           70

            Regular contact with representatives of other state and federal agencies,
            local government agencies and planning boards; and

            Contributions to the Technical Report Series, South Carolina Marine
            Resources Center.

    (9)     Review and Evaluation

      ACE Basin NERR will submit an annual report on research activities to NOAA as
    required by NERRS Regulations Section 921.34. The report will include a description
    of overall program success, accomplishments, and work plans for coming years. The
    first  report  will  cover   the   12-month   period   following   receipt  of
    acquisition/development funds, and will be submitted within three months after the
    end of that period. In addition, ACE Basin NERR will be prepared to arrange for the
    periodic NOAA evaluation visits and public meetings described in Section 921.34 of
    the NERRS regulations.

    6.      Education/InterDretation Plan

    a.      General Context For Manaaement

      Education/interpretation will serve as the integrator for all functions of the ACE
    Basin NERR. As the general public becomes more aware of how an estuarine system
    functions and why it is such an important natural resource, the more likely they are
    to support the reserve and other estuarine protection programs. A well-planned
    education/interpretation program will create a constituency for the ACE Basin NERR
    and bring about positive attitudes and values in the user community.

      The program will focus on the values of the ACE Basin estuary and its wise use.
    The reserve is an ideal setting for interpreting estuarine food webs, general biological
    principals and coastal processes. Opportunities exist for focusing on the national
    significance of the ACE Basin. It is also an appropriate place to learn about federal
    and state endangered and threatened species. Overall, the program content will be
    broad-based, dealing with general concepts and specific issues related to reserve
    management.

    (1)     Goals

             Enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine ecosystems,
             human effects on them, and the interrelationships of these ecosystems with
            the environment as a whole;

             Provide information and education opportunities to coastal managers and
             other decision makers, enabling them to make sound, informed decisions;

                                           71

         *  Increase awareness of the value of the ACE Basin for seafood, recreation,
            wildlife, and aesthetics;

         *  Promote greater understanding among citizens about the ACE Basin, its
            uniqueness, and policies and programs designed to help it;

         *  Foster individual responsibility and stewardship of estuarine resources and
            increase awareness of actions citizens can take to protect these important
            resources;

         *  Promote public appreciation of the Basin, it tributaries, and estuaries in
            general;

    (2)     Obiectives

         *  Provide facilities, materials, and staff as necessary to aid in education and
            interpretation;

         *  Challenge people to observe nature, pose questions and seek answers, while
            positively influencing their attitudes about the environment;

         *  Educate the public about the importance of estuaries in the natural
            environment, through exposure and participation in activities that will
            develop a sense of ecological awareness, appreciation, and responsibility;

         *  Provide exhibits and displays which focus on the functions and importance
            of estuaries, with emphasis on a multisensory, interactive approach;

         *  Conduct educational activities on-site and provide outreach programs for
            schools, camps, and other organizations;

         *  Participate in regional, State and local programs such as National Estuaries
            Day, and Coastweeks events; and

         *  Utilize volunteers and community resources to implement educational
            objectives.

    b.      Education Policies

         *  On-site programs will be provided in conjunction with CEC's and MVRD's
            existing educational program. The education coordinator, a CEC employee,
             will coordinate this effort to ensure that such activities do not interfere with
             established research and management projects an the reserve.

                                           72

         *  Programs will be provided in association with elementary and secondary
            school systems, civic and environmental organizations, colleges and
            universities and other educational groups and institutions to make the public
            aware of the ACE Basin NERR, its facilities and its role at the national, state,
            regional and local levels.

         *  Programs will be developed cooperatively with local user groups, organiza-
            tions, fishermen, etc., to ensure community relevance and supplying mutual
            needs. Opportunities for active involvement of local people will be given
            consideration.

         *  On-site orientation will be provided to help visitors understand and appreciate
            resource protect ion rules and safety regulations in the reserve. This will be
            developed as a "preventive" enforcement program.

            Programs will provide the public with accurate and relevant information
            about the reserve, its ecological, economic, cultural and historical values and
            the issues related to its protection and management.

         *  Dissemination of scientific information for research in the reserve will be
            encouraged through written and visual materials and presentation.

            Compatible types of recreation will be enhanced through development of
            educational/interpretive resources.

    C.      Themes and Messaaes

      Interpretive messages are specific topics or ideas illustrating more general themes
    for education. The most important messages are answers to questions before, during
    and after a visit to the reserve. The basic categories of information to be conveyed
    to visitors are:

      (1)   Orientation

            What is the NERRS (National) and its relationship to the
            ACE Basin NERR?

             How do I get there?

             What can I expect to see?

             Where are the major access points?

      (2)   Livina Resources in the Reserve

                                        73

          Vegetation - How do salt marsh communities differ from brackish and fresh
          water marshes?

          What species of fishes, birds and mammals are assoqi~ted with t;  different
          habitats?

          What species are threatened or endangered?

    13)   Estuarine Processes in the Reserve

          What is the watershed of the ACE Basin?

          Sedimentation rates?

          Salinities, tidal regimes, etc.?

    (4)   Peoole in the Reserve

          What archaeological artifacts have been found, their historical perspective
          and importance?

          Rice culture?

          Civil war sites?

          Agriculture, commercial fishing, etc.?

    (5)   Manaaement of the Reserve

          Why do we have the ACE Basin NERR and the national program?

          How many and where are the other
          Reserves? Why are the others designated?

          How is the land protected?

    (6)   How develooment affects an estuarine system

          Comparisons of primary and secondary productivity?

          Benthic communities?

          Predators?

                                           74

            Nesting activities?

      The above categories of information will form the basic content for printed materials
    and exhibits at the reserve.

    d.       On-Site InterDretive Media

    (1)      Interoretive Exhibits and Sians

      The development of on-site outdoor signs and wayside exhibits is an important
    element of this plan because it clearly establishes an identity for the reserve. Signs
    for the ACE Basin NERR will include the following:

    (2)      Reserve Name and Directional Sians

      It is recommended that a simple sign layout be designed whereby joint agency signs
    can be produced and sited at major access points, including the exit off of U.S.
    Highway 17, the Bear Island entrance and various locations in the Ashepoo,
    Combahee and Edisto rivers as well as on the core area islands.

    (3)     Wavside exhibits

      Different reserve resources can be interpreted through wayside exhibits located at
    strategic points within the reserve. The exhibits will depict major habitat areas,
    inhabitants common to each and seasonal changes. The education coordinator will
    work with volunteers and professionals to' produce a "hands-on classroom" (see
    Education/Visitor Center Services).

    (4)     Trail Signs

      Trail signs with numbers keyed to a self-guiding brochure will be installed at
    appropriate intervals along nature trails in the proposed reserve.

    (5)      Printed Materials

      Printed materials will include brochures, posters, newsletters, and special
    educational publications. These materials will address reserve identity and the need
    for compatible visitor use. The full reserve name and a reserve logo will appear on all
    printed materials.

             (a)   Brochures - a general purpose reserve brochure, with a site map, an
                   introduction to the reserve concept, and a description of project
                   elements, will be developed. The possibility of developing 'a joint
                   brochure with the other project participants (SCWMRD, USFWS, DU,

                                           75

                   TNC) will be investigated. Informational brochures will also be
                  developed on various ecological concepts, identity of flora and fauna
                   and natural processes taking place in the reserve.   Additional
                   brochures will be developed as needed and as funds become available.

            (b)   Newsletter - a low-cost newsletter will be published to provide an
                   update on reserve activities, upcoming events, schedules, etc.

            (c)   Reserve Poster - this could be developed through a local contest in the
                   schools.

            (d)   School Information Packaaes - this could include a combination of
                   printed materials and suggestions for school field trips and
                   experiments, very similar to SCWMRD's "Project Wild" program.

      Additional curriculum materials for training programs and local media use will be
    developed as funding becomes available.

            (e)   Press Releases - feature articles and periodic releases on special events
                   in the reserve will be circulated to local news media.

    ,(6)    Slide Shows

      A valuable tool for on-site and off-site education. A special slide presentation with
    audio will be developed for the reserve. This program will be made available to
    interested groups throughout the region.

    (7)     Films

      A film on the reserve will be produced by CEC, SCWMRD as funding allows. Also,
    the reserve will obtain environmentally-oriented films as educational supplements.

    (8)     Personal Contact

      Reserve staff and volunteers will participate in nature walks, on-site tours, lectures,
    presentations, etc.

    (9)     Teacher WorkshoDs

      Workshops will be provided to orient group users to the reserve and to develop
    curricula.

    (10)    Volunteer Proaram

                                            76
      Volunteers will be an integral part of the reserve program and will expand the staff
    without great expenditure of funds. A volunteer training program will be developed
    whereby volunteers can carry their knowledge and enthusiasm to a portion of the
    general public which is out-of-reach to the scientist and environmentalist.

    e.       Off-site Proaramns and Media

    (1)     Travelina Exhibits

      Mobile exhibits and displays of educational/interpretive value will be designed since
    the proposed reserve's education/visitor center is located in such an isolated area.
    The display will be made available at schools, the S.C. Marine Science Museum,
    organization and community functions, shopping malls, and other off-site locations.

    (2)     Outreach

      A special outreach program will be valuable in reaching those who are unable to
    travel to the reserve. Staff, scientists, and trained volunteer speakers will be available
    to make audio-visual lecture presentations on the reserve and it activities. Targets for
    presentations are schools, civic groups, and conferences.

    f.       Education/Visitor Center Services

      One of the main functions of the visitor center recommended in the 'Facilities
    Development Plan' will be to offer a variety of interpretive and educational services
    to the general public. This will require careful consideration of the needs and
    expectations of visitors, as well as the type of educational experience intended prior
    to the full-scale design of the visitor center.  Carefully formulated educational
    objectives will help direct the design of exhibits, tours, and events. In turn, if the full
    scope of interpretive programs is planned at the outset, it should be possible to
    anticipate and incorporate specific spatial and other physical requirements into the
    architectural design of the building.

      The following are preliminary guidelines for interpretive services at the center:

             The center should convey the full scope of resources associated with the
             reserve including biological, physical, and human resources, and the value of
             estuarine management;

             Exhibits and events should emphasize the estuary as an integrated system
             and should not be limited to interpretation of separate parts of the system
             only;

                                           77

         *  The theme of multiple compatible uses of the estuary and watershed should
            be carried through to the design and selection of exhibits. There should be
            an attempt to convey the spirit of cooperation (i.e., among users and
            agencies) and  shared resources.   Incompatible uses  shoylo also be
            addressed;

         *  Exhibits and tours should be "timely."  Interpretive material should be
            updated periodically, providing an opportunity for visitors to learn about
            current events, issues, and research activities associated with the reserve;

         *  Change and 'system response' could serve as strong themes in the exhibit
            design. Exhibits should communicate the changeable dynamic nature of the
            estuary. Changes could be interpreted in an historical, seasonal, or annual
            perspective;

            Exhibits and events that are interactive and provide opportunities for visitor
            participation such as guessing games, investigations and searches, building
            scenarios, and handling equipment and objects should be incorporated.
            There is also a need to encourage interaction among visitors,

            Strong linkages should be established between center exhibits and current
            research at the reserve. The participation of research groups particularly
            through the internship program should be encouraged;

         *  Topics, design and level of detail of both exhibits and events should answer
            the needs of a variety of visitors of different interests, ages, and skills;

            Related to the above, a variety of potential visitor experiences should be
            incorporated into the exhibits, reflecting a spectrum from short and simple
            to longer and more in-depth visit scenarios; and

            A variety of opportunities should be provided for local organizations and
            schools to participate in special events at the center including seminars,
            workshops, and the development of temporary rotating exhibits.

      In accordance with these guidelines, the following specific interpretive and
    educational services are to be provided at the visitor center:

            Permanent interoretive exhibits - these could include (1) a large wall map of
            the reserve for orientation; (2) a salt marsh energy f low/food web model; (3)
            a fresh- water marsh exhibit; (4) an endangered species exhibit; (5)
            waterfowl management exhibit; (6) various reserve research exhibits; (7)
            upland game management exhibit; and (8) an historical mapping/photograph
            exhibit.

                                           78

            Reaular tours and school Droarams - staff and trained volunteers will give
            regular tours out of the reserve visitor center.

            Soecial events - "Theme Days" and special outdoor activities

           Public information services - these will include such things as a small
            reference library of pertinent scientific journals, field guides, etc. Brochures,
            user guides, and other materials will be provided at the visitor center.

    g.      Coordination of Education Efforts

    (1)     Coordination with Existina Proarams

      The reserve manager and education coordinator will coordinate with education
    programs existing in the public and private school systems, SCPRT, Coastal Zone
    Education Center, S.C. Aquarium, etc. The reserve will work with these groups and
    organizations in a supporting role. The ACE Basin NERR will augment not duplicate
    the overall education effort in coastal S.C. For example, the reserve might work with
    county school systems in expanding student environmental field trips and teacher
    training at the reserve. Also, courses and field trips for adults will be encouraged.

    (2)     Coordination with the NERRS

      Newsletters, special events, and other news at the ACE Basin NERR will be
    distributed to other NERR staff throughout the U.S. Information will be provided on
    a regular basis to NOAA for inclusion into the NERRS Status Reports. The reserve
    manager will communicate directly and frequently with NOAA and attend NERR
    manager meetings and the annual NERRA conference.

    (3)     Coordination with other Aaencies

      Efforts will also be made to coordinate with other agencies, groups and programs
    on educational projects. Examples of these groups include other state agencies, DU,
    Sea Grant, the USFWS, TNC, County Chamber of Commerce, S.C. Marine Education
    Association, etc.

    7.       Public Access Plan

    a.      Policy

      Public access to the ACE Basin NERR will be generally increased through organized
    programs and field activities at Bear Island WMA.  Regulated access to the core area
    will be maintained on a site-specific basis to protect the area's integrity for research

                                           79

    and education. However, the major portion of the reserve is accessible only by boat
    and will be open to the public for uses that are compatible with NERR goals and
    objectives.

    b.      Current and Prooosed Access

    (1)     Bear Island WMA

      Road access to Bear Island WMA  is provided by S.C. Highway 26 off of U.S.
    Highway 17. The education/visitors center will be open to the general public during
    normal working hours (8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M.) and at other times as arranged through
    the reserve and Bear Island WMA staff.  Hunting and fishing activities on WMA
    properties will continue to be set by WFWF, SCWMRD and will not be altered due to
    reserve activities. Improved public access to certain special areas on Bear Island
    WMA will be accomplished through hiking trails, boardwalks, etc.

    (2)     Core Area

      Access to the reserve core area is by boat only. The nearest and most convenient
    public boat ramp is on Bennetts Point at the southeastern end of S.C. Highway 26.
    Another public boat ramp is located up river where Highway 26 crosses the Ashepoo
    River.

      Public access to the core area will not be restricted except on certain uplands and
    perhaps wetlands where sensitive research is carried out. In such cases, public use
    may be closely monitored. However, most of the core area is tidal marsh and open
    waters currently open to the public. No major changes that would restrict this access
    are anticipated.

    (3)     Buffer Zone

      Public access to the reserve buffer zone is also self-limiting due to geography.
    Major access routes are off of U.S. Highway 17 and include S.C. Highways 174, 38,
    161, 162 and 43, going from north to south. There are about twelve (12) public boat
    ramps in Charleston, Colleton and Beaufort Counties which provide convenient access
    to the buffer zone. However, most of these ramps are located miles away from major
    traffic flows and some off unpaved roads.

      There will not be any further restrictions on public access in the buffer zone beyond
    existing regulations. Traditional public use will be encouraged to the extent it is
    consistent with reserve goals and objectives.

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    8.      Obiectives and Policies for Other Activities

    a.      Huntina. Fishina and Shellfishina

      The ACE Basin has traditionally been used for hunting migratory game birds
    (including waterfowl), white-tailed deer, wild turkey, mourning dove, bobwhite quail
    and other game species. Recreational fishing in the rivers, creeks and impoundments
    and commercial fishing and shellfishing in the proposed reserve waters are also
    recognized traditional uses. Each of these activities is currently subject to state
    regulation through required licenses, permits, boundaries, seasons, bag limits, catch
    limits, and other laws. Designation of the NERRS will not change the existing laws
    and regulations concerning these or any other traditional uses of the ACE Basin. The
    proposed boundaries for the reserve will not have any relationship to established
    commercial fishing boundaries and will not be used in the future to change or relocate
    established fishing grounds.

    B.      Other Alternatives Considered

    1.      No Action/Status Quo

      Under this option the ACE Basin estuary would not be designated as part of the
    NERRS and there would be no change in current management direction or level of
    management intensity. Early in the preliminary planning stages, this option was
    rejected bei=ause the proposed site is recognized nationally as one of the largest
    undeveloped estuaries on the east coast. Recently, an unprecedented effort (involving
    SCWMRD, USFWS, TNC, DU and private landowners) has been launched to preserve
    a 350,000 acre area containing bottomland hardwoods, cypress/tupelo swamps,
    former ricefield impoundments and salt, brackish and freshwater wetlands. The
    proposed ACE Basin NERR is a primary component of the ACE Basin Project and will
    serve as a mechanism to protect the lower estuary from future adverse development.

      Continuing development pressures on the South Carolina coastal zone demands a
    better understanding of coastal resources, interrelationships within ecosystems, and
    the area's capacity to withstand human disturbances. The research and education
    functions built into the reserve program will make a valuable contribution to
    understanding and protecting sensitive coastal resources and improve coastal zone
    planning and decision-making. The "No Action" alternative runs counter to state,
    federal and local goals for protecting, studying and managing the ACE Basin.

    2.      Alternate Sites

      Several other sites (i.e., Port Royal Sound, Calibogue Sound and Santee Delta)
    were reviewed in the initial stages, but rejected in favor of the proposed site. Overall,
    the proposed ACE Basin site was the best representation of the South Atlantic

                                           81

    province in the Carolinian Biogeographic Region as defined in the typology scheme of
    the national program. It contains a diverse assemblage of outer coastal plains natural
    communities, including the full array of communities typically associated with barrier
    islands, marsh islands and major estuarine rivers. Especially well represented in the
    proposed site are saltmarsh, brackish and freshwater marsh and maritime forest
    communities. An abundance of managed, brackish and freshwater impoundments,
    the total absence of industrial pollution, and the isolated, undeveloped nature of the
    ACE Basin were major considerations in the selection process.

    3.      Alternative Boundaries

      Alternative boundaries for the proposed ACE Basin NERR were considered during
    the early planning stages of site selection. Major consideration has been given to the
    reserve consisting of only those five (5) islands which are currently protected in the
    core area. Within this concept, the buffer zone would include only the surrounding
    marshes, bottoms and waters (Figure 10). This is a reasonable alternative in so far
    as protecting key land and water areas representative of the lower estuary. However,
    the overall integrity of the ACE Basin may be dependent on the inclusion of Otter, Pine
    and South Hutchinson islands and on a much larger buffer zone to accommodate a
    shift of the core in case of future changes.

      The preferred buffer boundary provides an area for manipulative research and
    management (impoundments) which is not allowed in the core. It also includes an
    area best suited for development of facilities required for research and education (Bear
    Island WMA). Since federally funded research must be conducted within reserve
    boundaries, the preferred buffer zone would allow a much broader area for applied
    research. This will ultimately provide for a wider range of research and educational
    activities throughout the ACE Basin area.

    4.      Alternative Manaaement Plan ODtions

      Various alternative management plan options have been reviewed and rejected prior
    to proposing the preferred alternative. Those given major consideration are as
    follows:

    a.      Establishina Manaaement of the Reserve Within an Aaencv Other Than
             SCWMRD

      The S.C. Coastal Council rejected this alternative early in the preliminary planning
    stages. The Council is the state's lead agency for coastal zone management and
    serves as the official administrative contact point with NOAA. SCWMRD is the logical
    choice for managing the reserve because of its long experience in land and facility
    management, wildlife and fisheries research and management, estuarine research, and

                                  ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN
                                  NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE

    ALTERNATE BOUNDARIES
    8  BEAR ISLAND WMA
      NERR BUFFER AREA
    , NERR CORE AREA
         1. ASHE               x,,..M
         2. BEET
         3. BIG                      ,
         4. BOLDERS
         5. WARREN

                                                                                           Nor th

    Figure 10. Alternative boundaries would include five (5) islands  9 p
    in the core area. State-owned bottoms, wetlands and open
    waters around the islands would comprise the buffer zone.

                                           83

    conservation education. SCWMRD also manages Bear Island WMA, the site
    recommended for the proposed education/visitor center.

    b.      Location of Reserve Headauarters and Education/ Visitor Center Somewhere
            Other Than Bear Island WMA

      Other sites, such as the SCDPRT lands on Edisto Beach and Hunting Island and
    privately owned lands in the reserve's buffer zone, were considered and rejected.
    SCWMRD owns and operates Bear Island which is easily accessible by road and
    located in the heart of the ACE Basin. It is large enough for development of the
    proposed education/visitor center and can accommodate ancillary facilities
    development, i.e., hiking trails, observation platforms, visitor parking, etc. Also, Bear
    Island can serve as a demonstration or "staging" area for experimental research and
    habitat manipulation studies outside the core area.

      No other area has been identified with resources comparable to the Bear Island site
    relative to road access, water access, open space and general environmental setting
    in relationship to the proposed reserve.

    III.    AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

    A.       The Reaional Settina

    1.      PhvsioaraDhic Features

      The land surrounding the ACE Basin NERR includes portions of Charleston, Colleton
    and Beaufort counties. The gradient of the mainland topography consists of subtle
    undulations in the landscape, characteristic of the ridge and bay topography of beach
    ridge plains. Elevations in this region range from sea level to approximately 125 ft.
    well inland.

      The region is drained by three river systems: the Ashepoo, Combahee and South
    Edisto - thus, the name ACE Basin is derived. All three rivers have significant
    freshwater discharges, with the Combahee-Salkehatchie forming the southwestern
    boundary, the Ashepoo bisecting the Basin area and the Edisto forming part of its
    northern boundary. Because of the low topography, many broad, low gradient interior
    drains are present as either extensions of the tidal streams and rivers or flooded bays
    and swales. All surface water in the ACE Basin eventually drains into the lower
    estuary.

      The drainage area of the Edisto River is approximately 3,000 square miles.
    Headwaters of the Edisto's two major tributaries, the North Fork and the South Fork,
    are 200 river miles from the coast at an elevation of 650 feet. Average discharge of
    the Edisto River as measured near Givhans is 2,596 cubic feet per second. About

                                           84

    114 cubic feet per second a day, above the gaging station near Givhans, is diverted
    for Charleston's water supply. Records of streamflow in the Edisto River date back
    to 1931 (South Carolina Water Resources Commission 1972).

      Stream flow data for the Salkahatchie River, the major tributary of the Combahee
    River, are recorded near Miley. The headwaters of the Salkehatchie River are 112
    river miles from the coast at an elevation of 360 feet. The average discharge of the
    Salkehatchie River near Miley is 320 cubic feet per second.

      The Coosawhatchie River has its headwaters 54 river miles from the coast at an
    elevation of 190 feet. Stream flow data for the Coosawhatchie River are recorded
    near Hampton. The average discharge as measured at this site is 177 cubic feet per
    second.

      The Ashepoo River has its headwaters approximately 60 river miles from the coast
    at elevations near 80 feet. There are no stream flow records for this river.

      The combined average freshwater flow from the Combahee and Edisto Rivers is
    approximately 3,090 cubic feet per second. St. Helena Sound, which the tri-river
    system empties into, is a drowned river valley/bar-built estuary that is vertically
    homogenous with lateral variations in salinity. The inlet connecting the open ocean
    with the estuary has a main ebb channel aligned perpendicular to the coast (class D
    of Oertel 1977). The ebb-tidal delta of St. Helena is in a state of dynamic equilibrium,
    changing its geometry in response to fluctuations in littoral sand supply (direction and
    amount), wave climate, tidal prism, and freshwater discharge (Mathews et al. 1980).
    The depth of St. Helena Sound is variable, but relatively deep (15-30 feet) except on
    large banks and flats such as Egg Bank, Pelican Bank, Combahee Bank and Marsh
    Spit. The mean range of the semi-diurnal tides in St. Helena Sound varies from
    approximately 7.2 feet at the mouth to about 6.1 feet in the upper reaches. Salinities
    range from sea strength (32-35 parts per thousand) at the mouth of the sound to
    fresh water in the upper reaches of the estuary. Diverse estuarine wetlands provide
    an extensive complex of wildlife and fisheries habitat types in the Basin. The region
    contains approximately 91,000 acres of tidal marshes. Of this, 65,600 acres are salt
    marshes, 13,600 acres are brackish marshes and 12,100 acres are freshwater
    marshes (Aichele 1984, Tiner 1977). Interspersed within the three tidal marsh zones
    are approximately 26,000 acres of managed wetlands or marsh impoundments. St.
    Helena Sound comprises approximately 23,870 acres of open coastal marine and
    estuarine waters.

      Islands in the Ace Basin region consist of: 1) sea islands, erosion remnants of much
    older islands with an oceanward fringe of marsh and/or beach dune ridges constructed
    since the middle Holocene ( < 5,000 yr. ago); 2) sand barrier islands with extensive
    dune ridges; and 3) marsh islands with widely spaced dune ridges surrounded by
    marsh. The barrier and marsh islands are Holocene in age, while the sea islands are

                                            85

    Pleistocene. All three types which face the ocean have experienced erosion and
    deposition, while serving as protective barriers for the mainland. Table 6 summarizes
    physiographic data for select islands in the ACE Basin region.

    2.      Geology

      For millions of years this area was probably a part of the ancient continent of
    Appalachia whose eastern shore may have lain along the outer edge of the present
    Continental Shelf. It appears that during the Triassic (185 million years ago) the land
    was shattered by faults, and at the end of the Lower Cretaceous (1 25 million years
    ago) a continental warping formed the Appalachian Mountains and tilted down the
    land lying east, south and southwest of that area. With this downward tilting of land,
    the sea level rose in the present area of our Coastal Plain and possibly reached as far
    as the present Fall Line.

      A study of the geologic history of South Carolina's Coastal Plain reveals numerous
    advances and retreats of the sea during which sediments were deposited and planed
    off over and over again. The entire Coastal Plain area consists of sedimentary
    deposits, ranging in age from Upper Cretaceous (65 million years ago) to Recent (2
    million years ago), laid on top of ancient rocks such as granites, schists and other
    crystalline rocks. The numerous changes in sea level were partly due to tilting of the
    .land and partly to variation of world climate. During a series of "Ice ages' when
    world climate was much colder than at present, the polar ice caps tied up much of
    the ocean's water, thus causing a drop in sea level. When the climate gradually
    became warmer, much of the ice melted and returned to the ocean, causing
    substantial rises in sea level and inundating tremendous land area (Cooke 1936).

      Most of South Carolina's Coastal Plain deposits are unconsolidated and are soft or
    soluble. Therefore, they are more easily eroded than the hard crystalline rocks of the
    Piedmont region. As streams tumble off the more resistant rocks at the edge of the
    Piedmont into the softer sediments of the Coastal Plain, a series of rapids or falls is
    formed, thus the term, 'Fall Line.'

      The Coastal Plain is divided into five geographic divisions as follows:

      I1)    the marine coastal terraces or "low country,"

      2)    the Aiken Plateau,

      3)    the High Hills of Santee,

      4)    the Richland red hills, and

      5)    the Congaree sand hills.

     Table 6. Physiographic data and developent status for select barrier. arsh ard mm islarnk in the ACE Basin Region.

                             count o 0 a
                          U~~~~~ ~                     ~l .0 A  a                                                                        04 . UU   0.  p.0
                                     .64~ ~~      ~~~ O b0n    3 .. .  -                         1.3                                                  111o
                                                                    =.and  D- .4 a a                     A           a                     a                     aaa
           C~~~~~~~~~~ouIs                               0 em.                                     W      &4         0   a 0  U    a        a.6
                           Di u   M I                                             04                                       W                                                  M*

    Beaufort
                                                                             St. Helena
                                                 6.2-                         Sound
    St. Hclena    12.0    2.0    0          20    7.3       1     P      S  B eaufort 3.          CP   21,053   13,125           *                    private   bridge   unknovn

                                                 6.2-                         Johnson Creek
    Hunting         4.1    1.1    4.0    20    7.3   a            11     E      Fripp Inlet       u     p 1,420      270         0    100   1,320  state         bridge   none

                                                                                                                                                                             00
     Colletom                                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                  5.9-                        Jeremy Inlet                                                           private
    Edisto Desch   4.4    1.5    4.0    30    6.9           I      H 0          S. Edisto R.  Kr           920        464         0    370        50   & atate  bridge   yet

                                                  6.1-                         S. Edisto R.    HSS
    Pine             1.7    1.0    1.6    10    7.2         H     H      8      Fish Creek        HF        40       900          0       0      40  private   boat         none

                                                                              Fish Creek,
                                                                              Jefford Creek
                                                  6.2-                         & St. Helena
    Otter            2.0    1.2    1.6    10    7.3         H     H      S      Sound             Mr       250    2,000           0       0      250  private   boat        none

                                           87

      The coastal zone, as defined in South Carolina's Coastal Zone Management Act of
    1977, roughly comprises the same area as the marine coastal terraces. The marine
    coastal terraces occupy more than two-thirds of the present Coastal Plain. For
    thousands of years the area of the terraces was a level plain. With the recurrent rising
    and falling of sea level, deposits were laid down; and during temporary stands of the
    sea, sand bars were built across mouths of bays. As the sea withdrew, the bars
    remained to mark the abandoned shoreline. The area between two successive shore
    lines is treated as a separate terrace, and seven of these terraces have been identified
    and named in South Carolina's Coastal Plain. They are, from the oldest to the most
    recent, the Pamlico, Talbot, Penholoway, Wicomico, Sunderland, Coharie and
    Brandywine.

      The present shoreline, which forms the seaward boundary of the most recent
    terrace, has a total length of 1,241 miles, including 281 miles of mainland and 960
    miles around islands. From Cape Fear, North Carolina, to South Carolina's Winyah
    Bay, the coast forms a great arc and is distinguished by miles of fine sand beaches
    broken by several inlets including Little River Inlet, Murrells Inlet and North Inlet. From
    Winyah Bay to the Savannah River, the coast line trends to the southwest and is

    broken by numerous barrier islands, sea islands, bays, inlets and rivers. Mathews et.
    al. (1980) presents a detailed review of stratigraphy and structural geology of the
    Coastal Plain. This review includes geophysics, seismicity, historic sea level changes
    and economic mineral deposits for the region.

    3.      Soils

      Within the ACE Basin region, the soils found are Pleistocene and Holocene in age.
    Soils of the mainland and the sea islands, as well as some of the barrier islands, were
    laid down during the Pleistocene period at least 25,000 to 35,000 years ago (Hoyt
    1968). Other barrier island soils (such as those on Edisto, Hunting, Otter and Pine
    Islands) are of more recent origin, having been laid down during the recent or
    Holecene period within the last 4,000 to 5,000 years. Marshland soils are also of
    Holocene origin (Hoyt 1968).

    4.      Groundwater

      Groundwater may well be the most important natural economic resource of the ACE
    Basin region. Abundant quantities of high quality water are available from various
    aquifers (Mathews et al. 1980). Information regarding withdrawals, water quality,
    number of wells, etc. is largely restricted to the deeper aquifers although the shallow
    or surface aquifers are used extensively.

      Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the Ocala
    Group) comprise the Floridian aquifer of southeastern South Carolina. Throughout

                                           88
    much of the region the original head was so great that wells were free flowing at the
    surface. However, extensive use of this aquifer has resulted in a continuous decline
    in head, with marked cones of depression near major well fields at Savannah,
    Brunswick and St. Marys, Georgia.

      Saline water encroachment upon the potable water - producing zones of the
    Floridian aquifer has been observed just south of the ACE Basin in the Port Royal
    Sound area. Back et aL. (11970) concluded that present day ocean water is entering
    this aquifer under Port Royal Sound and is moving towards the cons of depression at
    Savannah.

      Aquifers other than the Floridian aquifer are also exploited in the ACE Basin region.
    Cretaceous age sands (in ascending order, the Middendorf Formation, the Black Creek
    Formation and the Peedee Formation) serve as the primary artesian aquifers in coastal
    S.C. (Siple 1975, Spigner et al. 1977, Hayes 1977). The water quality is variable
    with certain aquifers suitable for municipal drinking and others only for agriculture.

    5.      Climate

      The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime subtropical in which
    winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is long, hot and humid. Major
    features which control the climate in the region are:

            Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream)
             Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High
            Tropical cyclones
             Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect

      The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of October.
    During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant climate control. On
    a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the adjacent ocean waters creating warm
    air at the land surface. By afternoon this warm air rises and is replaced by moist,
    cooler air from over the ocean. This circulation creates an onshore 'sea breeze'. In
    most instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles. During the
    nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the heat gained
    during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea.   Further inland, summer
    temperatures are several degrees higher than those along the immediate coastline
    since the sea breeze effect diminishes with landward distance.

      The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers and
    thunderstorms. Showers will develop offshore during the day as warm, moist air from
    the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At night, isolated showers will
    develop over land. Rainfall, on the average, is highest during the summer months
    throughout the region. Occasionally, severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold

                                          89

    fronts which pass through the region. These severe storms sometimes generate
    tornadoes or water spouts and can be accompanied by highwinds and hail.

      Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is 59. Over
    the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the region. Annual
    total rainfall varies from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C. to 46.9 inches along the coast.
    The month with the heaviest rainfall is July (7.1 inches) and the month with the
    lowest rainfall is November (2.1 inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather
    systems normally account for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the
    period from August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum
    of 22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956.

      Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees F to an
    average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees F. Average temperatures along the
    immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees F cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees F warmer
    in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland temperature
    extremes range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees F in the summer to a low of
    0 degrees F (1/21/85) in the winter.

      The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricanes during the
    hurricane season which lasts from May through November. Tropical cyclones form
    predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the Antilles Islands, while the remainder
    form offshore, in the Caribbean, or in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the
    lower South Carolina coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed), 1803 (unnamed), 1911
    (unnamed), 1940 (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), 1985 (Bob),
    and 1989 (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of
    dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastlines. In recent memory,
    Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the ACE Basin.

      In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant climatic
    impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of drought (1954, 1977,
    1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold temperatures (1977, 1983,
    1985). Long periods of drought and extensive flooding cause wide fluctuations in the
    fresh water flow into estuarine systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water
    temperatures to less than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a
    significant impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin.

    6.      Water Qualitv

      Water quality standards and classifications in the ACE Basin NERR are highly rated
    by the South Carolina DHEC (1990). Two primary classes apply to these waters:

    a.      Outstandina Recreational or Ecoloaical Resource Waters (ORW):  waters
    which are of exceptional recreational or ecological importance or of unusual value.

                                           90

    Such waters may include, but not be limited to: waters in national or state parks or
    wildlife refuges; waters supporting threatened or endangered species; waters under
    the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act or S.C. Scenic Rivers Act; waters known to
    be significant nursery areas for commercially important species or known to contain
    certain significant commercial or public shellfish resources; or waters used for or
    having significant value for scientific research and study.

    b.       Shellfish Harvestina (SFH): waters approved for the taking of bivalve
    mollusks, specifically clams, mussels, or oysters for direct marketing or human
    consumption. Table 7 summarizes the various bodies of water in the ACE Basin area
    by DHEC classification. Key water sampling stations are located throughout the Basin
    for monitoring water quality.

    B.       Socio-Economic Features

    1.      Earvy Historical Develooment

      At the time of first contact with European explorers, Indians of the coast were in
    the last Mississippian Period. Indians who inhabited this area, belonged to the
    Iroquoian, the Muskhogean and the Eastern Siouan tribes (Milling 1969, Rogers 1970)
    Other tribes included the Timucuans, Guales, Yamassees, Cauboys and Yuchis of
    South Carolina (Millings 1969, Hudson 1976).  Probably no more than 50,000
    Indians, living in villages of 50 to 200 individuals, inhabited the coastal plain during
    the initial period of contact with Europeans. Generally, these Indians shared certain
    common  traits.  All had developed a fairly diversified agriculture; they built
    increasingly substantial dwellings and lived in villages. Although varying widely with
    specific tribes, their culture was based primarily upon the cultivation of food crops
    with very important, but secondary, emphasis on hunting (Milling 1969).

      Although recorded prehistoric occupation spanned more than 100 centuries,
    coastal Indians developed a subsistence technology that did not appreciably alter their
    environment. Hunting, agriculture, and limited manufacturing practices have left little
    or no readily perceptible evidence of prehistoric occupation on the landscape. Pottery,
    weapon fragments (e.g., arrowheads), and shellmiddens and rings are the most
    obvious evidence of the Indian's presence in the ACE Basin.

      The first Europeans to land in South Carolina were presumably the Spanish (Wallace
    1951, Rogers 1970). The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were
    characterized by continuous struggles between the Spanish and English for the
    contested territory along the South Atlantic coast. Even during nominal peace, there
    were numerous intrigues with the Indian tribes to encourage turmoil.

      Spain, realizing that the ever-expanding English settlements along the South
    Atlantic coast posed a threat to her sovereignty in the area, launched several military

                                                         91

    Table 7. Status of DHEC (1990) Water Classifications for the ACE Basin.

    Waterbodv                 Counties             Class               Waterbodv Descriotion
                                                                        (Site-Soecific)

    Ashepoo River             Colleton              SFH                 Salt Water Intrusion to Atlantic Ocean

    Combahee-                 Colleton              SFH                 Salt Water Intrusion to St. Helena Sound
    Salkehatchie              Beaufort

    Coosaw River              Beaufort              SFH                 Entire River to St. Helena Sound

    Dawho River               Charleston            SFH                 Entire River from S. Edisto to N. Edisto

    Edisto River              Charleston            ORW                 From U.S. 17 to confluence with the Dawho and S. Edisto

    Fishing Creek             Charleston            ORU                Entire creek tributary to Dawho River

    ICWW                      Charleston            SFH                From S. Edisto to Dawho River

    Mosquito Creek            Colleton              SFH                 From Bull Cut to S. Edisto

    New Chehaw River          Colleton              SFH                 Entire stream tributary to St. Helena Sound

    Old Chehaw River          Colleton              SFH                 Entire stream to Comfbahee River

    Sampson Island            Colleton              ORW                 Entire Creek to S. Edisto River

                                            92

    area, launched several military operations against the interlopers. A major attack was
    directed at Charleston in 1704 and another at Saint Simons in 1743. Both attacks
    failed, ultimately leaving the British in firm control of the area north of Florida.

    2.      Beainnina of Aariculture

      The early settlers planted mostly subsistence crops, although agricultural
    experiments with commercial crops were conducted almost from the beginning. Indian
    trade, especially in deerskins, supplied the major export in the early years. As the
    Indian trade along the coast dwindled, the emphasis changed first to naval stores
    obtained from the forests, and then more to indigo and rice. Even as late as the
    1720's, the production of pine pitch and tar was more profitable than growing rice
    (Rogers 1970). By 1718, rice cultivation was extensive in the ACE Basin up to the
    Santee area.

      After the mid-eighteenth century, rice and its attendant culture dominated along the
    major tidewater rivers of S.C. and Georgia. In the SanteeVWinyah area, the insular
    effects of the waterways allowed a distinct society to develop, at the center of which,
    until the twentieth century, was the rice plantation (Rogers 1970).  The generally
    confining topography of all South Carolina rice plantations encouraged this type of
    social development.

      After the American Revolution, indigo declined in importance. Cotton, the great
    staple crop of the South, did not become important until the early 1800's. For most
    of the eighteenth century, rice was the major agricultural enterprise in the Sea Island
    Coastal Region.

      During the early period of rice cultivation, fields were located away from the coast.
    One of the more readily apparent features of the ACE Basin Region today is the
    extensive system of rice field dikes, canals, and reservoirs still visible adjacent to the
    coastal rivers (Figure 11). Gradually, cultivation was brought closer to the tidal
    estuaries. By the end of the eighteenth century, tidal action was used to flood rice
    fields (Wallace 1951). Rice was successfully grown from the St. Marys River in
    southern Georgia to the Cape Fear River in North Carolina, with the greatest
    production centering around the Georgetown/Santee area in South Carolina (Gray
    1941).

      Although the Civil War and its aftermath did not immediately destroy the South
    Atlantic rice culture, it did speed its final decline. Capital, as well as labor, was scarce
    and the industry was never able to fully recover.

    3.      Archaeoloaical and Historic Landmarks

      Intensive archaeological reconnaissance has been undertaken on relatively few

                                               93

    Figure 11. A view of a fully developed tidewater rice plantation of the early
    nineteenth century (Doar 1936).

                                                      _;�>SU8f1
                                           00~~~~~r

                                                      20

                                                                    Zs~r

                                         29                1  5 "~Ic

                                               14 is 14 IT
                        OY r� �������29

                            1~~~��~�U .~~II   28    B  Is   171
                       QU&A                                       5

                                           94

    locations in the ACE Basin. Additional unknown sites probably exist on many of the
    islands and privately owned plantations. Most site records contained in the files of
    the State archaeologists have been placed there by interested laymen and are not the
    products of any scholarly research. Generally, site records contain only brief
    descriptions or, frequently, no description at all.

      Much more is known about historic and archaeological sites on land than those
    located underwater, but additional sites are continually being discovered. Indian
    occupation began about 10,000 B.C. and produced many sites. The European
    development of the region also produced innumerable historic sites. Wars have added
    additional important sites. Table 8 presents some of the more significant sites known
    in the ACE Basin region. This is not a complete listing but only an example of what
    is found in the area. A systematic survey of all known and unrecorded sites in the
    ACE Basin will be undertaken as funding becomes available.

    4.       Economics

      The heart of the proposed ACE Basin NERR lies almost entirely within Colleton
    County, one of the eight counties comprising South Carolina's coastal zone. The
    Colleton County seat at Walterboro is the most closely tied urban area to the proposed
    reserve. According to statistics published by the S.C. Division of Research
    and Statistical Services (1990), the population of the county is around 36,800 or
    approximately 35 persons per square mile. This represents only about 23% of the
    total population for the Lowcountry (Beaufort, Jasper and Colleton Counties) and 4%
    for the entire coastal zone of S.C.

      In 1988, this area was estimated to have a civilian labor force of 17,590 with a
    5.2% unemployment rate. Agriculture, timber production and fishing constitute the
    bulk of the economic base for the lower ACE Basin.

    a.      Agriculture

      In 1987, there were 481 farms employing 600 persons in Colleton County. This
    accounted for about 20% of the total land area (673,024 acres). Leading income-
    producing crops were soybeans, hay, corn and wheat. In terms of cash receipts from
    crops, livestock and livestock products, Colleton County ranked 29th in the state (45
    counties). Agriculture provides about 3% of the total labor and proprietor's income
    in this area.

    b.      Forestry

      As of 1989, 74% (501,274 acres) of the total Colleton County land area was
    protected forest area. Ownership of this forest land is primarily divided among the
    forest industry, private corporations, farmers, private landowners and the state. The

    Table 8. Sites of Archaeological and Historic Significance in the ACE Basin.

    Names                                               Period                   National Register/National Honunent

    Green Pond                                          18th Century                             NO
    Combahee Ferry                                      Prehistoric/Historic                     NO
    Heyward Plantation                                  Prehistoric/Historic                     Unknown
    Combahee River                                      Prehistoric                              NO
    Colleton Co. Courthouse                             19th Cen�ury                             YES
    Walterboro Library                                  19th Century                             YES
    Old Collteton Co. Jail                              19th Century                             YES
    Pon Pon Chapel                                      18th Century                             YES
    Issac Hayne Hall & Gave                            18th Century                              YES
    Jacksonboro Bridge                                H11storic                                  NO
    Ashlepoo Trestle                                    Historic                                 NO
    Ashepoo                                             Unknown                                  NO
    Maybank                                             Unknown                                  NO
    Gun Boat Island     (Federal Vessel)                Civil War                                Unknown
    Fenwick             (Confederate Fort)             Civil War                                 Unknown
    Ashepoo River    (Vessel-Federal Confederate)       Civil War                                Unknown
    Ashepoo River        (Fort Chapman)                 Civil War                                Unknown
    Ashepoo River    (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
    Bear Island Road (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
    Combahee River   (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
    Combahee River   (Confederate Fort-Unnamed)         Civil War                                Unknown
    Otter Island     (Confederate & Federal)            Civil War                                Unknown
    (Note: Hay possible now be underwater).
                        (Fort-Unnamed)
    Otter Island         (Federal Signal Tower)         Civil War                                Unknown
    East end Hwy 17  (Confederate Fort causeway         Civil War                                Unknown
                      at Conbahee entrenchments)
    Fields Pt.       (Confederate Fort earthworks       Civil War                                Unknown
                      or fortification)
    Tar Bluff        (Confederate Fort                  Civil War                                Unknown
                      earthworks or fortification)

    Hutchinson Island, Bennetts Point and many other points accessable by water contain both Civil War Camps and picket posts.

                                            96

    types of various timber species can be grouped as longleaf-slash, loblolly-shortleaf,
    oak-pine, oak-hickory, and oak-gum-cypress. The variety of soil conditions within the
    ACE Basin results in timber producing sites of varying quality. Forest acreage by
    timber stand includes sawtimber, pole timber (includes pulpwood), sapling-seedling,
    and non-merchantable stock.

      Commercial forestry is an important industry within the ACE Basin. There are a
    number of foresters with the SCFC working in the area as well as consulting and other
    foresters with private concerns. These foresters assist woodland owners in the Basin
    in overall woodland management, timber harvesting, tree planting, watershed
    management, fire protection, wildlife management, insect and tree disease control and
    other miscellaneous matters related to forest resources.

      In the area of fire protection, the SCFC has a number of employees, including
    rangers, wardens, district rangers, etc., who spend a great deal of their time in forest
    fire prevention within the Basin. The fire prevention program consists of education
    material for school children as well as planned contacts through individuals, groups,
    civic clubs and news media.

       in 1989, the county had 251 wild fires, burning 1335 acres of forest land. This
    represents less than 1/2 of one percent of the woodland in the ACE Basin.

    c.      Fisheries

      The marsh/estuarine system of the ACE Basin is extremely valuable as habitat and
    as spawning and nursery grounds for species of commercial and recreational
    importance.

        Commercial fisheries are primarily for Penaeid shrimp, blue crabs, oysters, clams
    and various species of finfish. The combined commercial fisheries harvest for this
    system is approximately 1.1 million lbs. annually or about seven percent of the state's
    total volume of fish and shellfish production. This catch has an annual dockside value
    of approximately $1.6 million or about six percent of the statewide value going to the
    commercial fishermen (Table 9).

        The shrimp fishery is conducted primarily in the lower estuary and adjacent ocean
    waters. Blue crab pot fishing is confined to the inner estuarine area of the sound and
    tidal rivers, streams and tributaries. The major portion of shellfish growing areas in
    this river basin are intertidal and are either under permit for commercial harvesting or
    designated as State and public grounds. A recent discovery of subtidal clam beds in
    the Ashepoo River has added significant value to the commercial shellfish production
    in this area. At present, there is no evidence of over-exploitation of any marine or
    estuarine resources in this system.

    Table 9.  Average Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel Value for Products Landed in the ACE Basin.

                         Catches from within the                  Offshore Landings within the
                                ACE Basin                                   ACE Basin
                         Volume         Value                          Volume          Value

    Shrimp               180,434        $176,042                       276,225         $807,779

    Crab                337,915         $158,532                            77              $35

    Clams & Oyster       45,039         $186,473                             0              S 0

    Inshore Fish        204,835         $156,106                         3,762           $2,540

    Offshore Fish              0              SO                        33,214          $32,060

                                                                                                                                                          CD
    Total               768,222         $677,152                       313,277         $842,412

                                        Volume                                         Value

    Total ALL Areas                   16,640,217                                    S25,563,096

    Percent of State Landings:               6.5X                                           5.9X

    Docks                      9
    Vessels                   32
    Fishermen                104

    Prepared by: Fisheries Statistics Program
                 October 1990

                                           98
      Saltwater sport fishing, although a popular recreational activity in the area, is not
    as intensive as in many other marine areas along the S.C. coast. Major sport fishing
    activities take place in the sound, tidal rivers, and ocean waters adjacent to Edisto
    Island. For the most part, this consists of small boat fishing for inshore species such
    as sea trout, drums, flounder and cobia, or near shore trolling for mackerels, jacks and
    bluefish. Surf and bridge fishing is also popular in the area, as are recreational
    shrimping, crabbing, and shellfishing.

       SCWMRD recreational fisheries management programs currently in effect in this
    area by the SCWMRD include: artificial fishing reef construction; public shellfish
    areas; assistance in facilities development, such as boat launching ramps; and the
    administration and enforcement of State regulations pertaining to recreational
    fisheries.

    d.        Other Marine Uses

       The Ace Basin is also utilized for recreational boating, swimming and other water
    sports. Seventeen public boat launching ramps are located in the area east of
    Walterboro in Colleton County. As is the case with recreational fishing, however,
    such use of the area is comparatively light.

       Other than small pleasure craft, navigational usage of the ACE Basin estuary is not
    intensive. Pleasure craft, commercial barge traffic and fishing vessels are the primary
    users of the waterways in this area.

       The ACE Basin has been the location of a number of scientific research
    investigations over the years. Continuous, ongoing research and monitoring programs
    in this area are being conducted primarily by the SCWMRD and SCDHEC. Current
    research activities by the SCWMRD are primarily related to fisheries management,
    including shellfish studies, shrimp monitoring, estuarine trawl surveys, and an
    inventory of coastal wetlands in the area. The SCDHEC is primarily engaged in
    continuous monitoring of water quality and shellfish growing areas.

    5.        Traditional Land Use - Wildlife Manaaement and Huntina

       Wildlife management is an important land use practice in the overall ACE Basin
    region and represents the principal land use activity occurring on upland areas within
    the proposed reserve. Accounts of hunting during the early to mid 1800's document
    the rich abundance of game animals associated with extensive tidewater rice
    plantations and other lands within the region (Elliott 1859). Within the reserve buffer
    zone, intensive wildlife management currently is practiced on some eight major
    privately-managed properties as well as the state-owned Bear Island WMA.

                                           99

       Historic emphasis relating to hunting together with the evolution of more
    sophisticated wildlife management techniques largely have been responsible for
    maintaining the natural character of privately-managed properties.  Interest in
    bobwhite quail management beginning in the 1950's had a positive impact on white-
    tailed deer populations by providing increased habitat diversity through prescribed
    burning, timber management and establishment of numerous food plots. Significant
    cooperation efforts between SCWMRD and private landowners have resulted in
    innovative programs to effectively manage deer populations and encourage sound
    stewardship of the deer resource. During the period of mid 1970's through the 1980's
    wild turkeys have been restocked in appropriate habitats and huntable populations
    now occur on numerous properties. Mourning doves are an abundant game bird on
    agricultural lands planted annually in corn, soybeans and various small grains. As
    previously described in the discussion of estuarine impoundments, considerable
    emphasis is placed on managing some 3,300 acres of impoundments to provide
    waterfowl habitat. In order to promote overall wildlife resource stewardship on
    private lands, SCWMRD provides a comprehensive technical guidance program for
    both wetland and upland game species.

       The 12,000 acre Bear Island WMA has been developed to provide management
    potential for a diversity of wildlife species and consists of a complex of habitats
    including: managed impoundments 5,400 acres; tidal marshes 5,000 acres, forest
    lands 1,200 acres and agricultural lands 400 acres. The area provides public hunting
    opportunities for a variety of game animals including waterfowl, mourning dove,
    white-tailed deer and small game species. In addition to game species, Bear Island
    provides important habitat for non-game and endangered species. Other than hunting,
    wildlife related recreational activities (i.e. birdwatching, photography, and nature
    study) compatible with habitat management and public hunting programs, also are
    encouraged.

        In addition to public hunting opportunities provided on Bear Island WMA, the
    surrounding creeks, rivers, marshes and open waters of St. Helena Sound provide
    significant public hunting opportunities for waterfowl and rails. Although estuarine
    impoundments are the principal habitats used by waterfowl, hunters are afforded
    opportunities to hunt ducks in public waters when birds fly over tidal wetlands during
    their normal daily movements. Regularly flooded salt marshes located in both the core
    and buffer areas of the proposed reserve provide extensive habitat for clapper rails and
    offer excellent rail hunting opportunities especially during periods of spring tides.

    6.        Local Activities Affectina the Site

        There are two activities that may affect the ACE Basin site from an environmental
    standpoint. These are dredging activities associated with maintenance of the AIWW
    and nonpoint source pollution (NPS) runoff.

                                           100

    a.        Dredaina Activities

       Maintenance dredging of the AIWW has a significant effect on the site not only
    from the mechanical removal of sediments from the bottom, but also from the
    creation of disposal areas in adjacent marshes. There are four disposal sites located
    on Ashe Island in the reserve which are currently being used by-the Corps of
    Engineers. Permanent easements for future use are also held along the AIWW within
    the site. This activity is reviewed through the public review process required by
    federal regulation.

    b.        NPS Runoff

       Nonpoint source pollution is defined by the Association of State and Interstate
    Water Pollution Control Administrators as those discharges that are not covered by
    a site-specific discharge permit. Categories of NPS pollution include agriculture,
    silviculture, construction, urban runoff, mining, land disposal of solid and hazardous
    wastes and hydrologic modifications. In an area like the ACE Basin, the most likely
    potential sources of NPS pollution are agriculture, and to a lesser degree silviculture
    and hydrologic modifications in the form of impoundments managed for waterfowl and
    mariculture activities.

       Agriculture accounts for about 20% of the total land area in Colleton County, and
    farmers have requested that a high priority be given to establishing a baseline of
    information on contaminant levels within the system.   Runoff from agriculture
    activities typically contains high levels of suspended sediments, nutrients, pesticides,
    animal wastes, and other oxygen-demanding substances. Runoff from silviculture
    activities and impoundments also contains sediments and oxygen-demanding
    substances and may  contain nutrients and pesticides as well.   All of these
    contaminants can degrade water quality, interfere with the biological activities of
    aquatic organisms, and create long-term ecological imbalances.

       The degree to which NPS runoff has affected the ACE Basin is unknown at this
    time. Apparently, it has not been a serious threat to water quality standards based
    on the present DHEC classifications. However, NPS runoff is an area that needs study
    in the early stages of characterization.

    C.        Bioloaical Features

       Detailed narrative treatment is provided for the major ecosystem components in
    Appendix G. Functional relationships are discussed for 23 ecological systems,
    subsystems and general community types represented in the ACE Basin NERR.
    Species lists are provided for plants, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, and
    fishes in Appendix H.

                                           101
    IV.       ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

    A.        General Imoacts

       The overall impact of establishing the ACE Basin NERR would be environmentally
    beneficial. Social and economic benefits would override any adverse impacts.

       Designation of the reserve would entail minimal development or physical alteration
    of present environmental conditions beyond what is proposed for Bear Island in the
    facilities development plan. Reserve status will give the lower ACE Basin estuary
    protection beyond what it currently has in the state's coastal management program.
    The land acquisition strategy, including purchases, donations and easements, will
    further discourage adverse development in the lower estuary.

       Traditional uses of the area will not be changed. Hunting, fishing and shellfishing
    will continue to be administered by SCWMRD and access to the area for recreation
    and education will be enhanced.

    B.        Soecific Imoacts

    i.        Natural Environment

       Physical impacts on the natural environment through designation of the ACE Basin
    NERR would be negligible. Effects of the education and research programs outlined
    in the management plan would be beneficial in the long-term through a better
    understanding of estuaries and their management. Also, the research and monitoring
    program will incorporate studies to determine the optimum amount of use (in terms
    of varying use patterns and mixes) the area can support.

    2.        Human Environment

    a.        Scientific and Educational

       Research and educational activities outlined in the management plan will help to
    solve coastal zone management issues through a better understanding of estuarine
    processes. Thus, the proposed ACE Basin NERR is an outstanding investment
    because of its societal returns in terms of practical application.

       As our society becomes more aware of and concerned with the need for
    protecting our environment, we are seeing an ever increasing emphasis on the subject
    in our schools and universities. To properly carry out our educational responsibilities,
    these institutions will need quality representative outdoor environmental laboratories
    for student field trips and research activities.

                                           102

    b.        Public Access

       Development of the proposed education/visitor center will serve as a focal point
    for public access to the reserve. Access points will be enhanced and areas, not
    otherwise open to the public in the past, will be available for research, education and
    general public use. For researchers, access to estuarine areas will be available along
    with support of the ACE Basin NERR.

    c.        State and Federal

       Acquisition, management and development activities within the ACE Basin NERR
    will have a short-term fiscal impact on the federal government and a long-term
    financial impact on the state of South Carolina. The state must make a commitment
    for the long-term operation of the reserve. Alternate funding sources to supplement
    the state's share will be investigated.

       Any state/federal expenditures will be offset by two un-quantifiable benefits:.

       (1)   The creation of an irreplaceable natural laboratory where long-term and
              short-term studies will be conducted and applied in coastal decision-making.

        (2)   The reserve will be part of a national program which will foster cooperation
              from scientists, institutions, educators and local, state and federal
              government.

    C.        Unavoidable Adverse Environmental or Socio-Economic ImDacts

    1.       Tax Revenue Loss

       Acquisition of property in the reserve may result in an initial loss of tax revenue
    to Colleton, Beaufort and Charleston counties. According to the 1989 tax records,
    taxes assessed on the eight islands proposed for acquisition in the reserve core area
    were $10,566.40. This will be easily offset by gains in the local economy due to
    tangible and intangible benefits. Positive values are associated with providing facilities
    for education and training. Direct economic benefits will be derived locally from
    visiting scientists, educators, organized groups and casual visitors. More wide spread
    benefits are derived from applied research which addresses major coastal zone
    management issues. There are also serendipity values of basic research in natural
    environments such as the ACE Basin NERR (Krutilla 1975).

       Designation of the research reserve could also enhance property values of
    adjoining lands. As the amenities of the estuary and coastal wetlands are preserved,
    adjacent properties may become more valuable and desirable. Also, there are

                                           103

    substantial community benefits associated with conservation easements, which are
    vital components of the overall ACE  Basin Project.   Easements that restrict
    development and protect fish and wildlife habitat are likely to increase the market
    value of adjacent lands. This principle, known as the "betterment theory" has been
    recognized in the context of federal tax appraisals (Stockford, 1990).

    2.       Traffic Impacts

       Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will introduce more people into the reserve.
    This will result in more vehicles on U.S. 17 and South Carolina Highway 26, more
    pedestrians on reserve grounds and a probable increase in boat and waterway traffic.

       Although education and research activities are encouraged, NERR sites are
    "tourist" type facilities. The number of visitors will be monitored to ensure no damage
    occurs to the resources being protected.

       Development of the education/visitor center at Bear Island WMA would initially
    entail only the reserve staff and researchers. This would involve approximately ten
    (10) vehicle trips per day during year one increasing to less than twenty (20) during
    year five. As the program develops and becomes better known, these figures will
    increase. Special events and other planned activities at the reserve center will
    produce "pulses" of traffic entering and exiting the facility.

    D.       Relationshin Between the Prooosed Action on the Environment and the
              Maintenance and Enhancement of Lona-Term Productivity

       The stated purpose of the ACE BASIN NERR is to protect the area in perpetuity
    so as to guarantee long-term stability of the natural resources for research and
    education. Traditional uses of these resources will continue under present regulations.
    However, there will be no short-term or exploitative uses of these resources at the
    expense of long-term productivity or continued public use. By implication, all short-
    term uses that would reduce or eliminate long-term productivity will be prevented with
    the proposed action and intended management.

        The proposed action of resource protection is consistent with maintaining natural
    productivity of estuaries and ecosystem processes with little or no work or subsidy
    by man. Designation of the ACE Basin NERR will serve to maintain, and possibly
    enhance the ecosystem's long-term productivity.

    E.       Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources

        No irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources have been identified in
    the assessment or are expected to result from the proposed action. No other adverse,
    unavoidable environmental impacts are known. No significant construction is

                                          104

    anticipated, except for possible education facilities such as an interpretative center,
    trails, signs, and small upland parking areas at controlled access points. Other than
    sport and commercial fishing, shellfishing, and game harvesting, no extraction of
    renewable or nonrenewable resources will occur.  Endangered, threatened, and
    sensitive species and their vital habitats would be protected, as would any known or
    discovered archeological or historical sites on lands owned by participants in the
    program.

       Minor maintenance and energy expenditures would be incurred, as would the
    expenditure of public funds. These may be regarded as a commitment of economic
    resources and also as an investment in recreational, educational and environmental
    amenities for the welfare of present and future generations.

    F.        Possible Conflicts Between the Pronosed Action and the Obiectives of
              Federal. State. Reaional and Local Land-Use Plans. Policies and Controls For
              the Areas Concerned

        No conflicts have been noted in the assessment used to develop the ACE Basin
    NERR designation. By incorporating existing local, State, and Federal regulatory, land-
    use, and resource management programs, it is intended that the reserve operation will
    carefully fit into its natural and institutional environment.

    V.        LIST OF PREPARERS

        This document was prepared by the following project team at the South Carolina
    Wildlife and Marine Resources Department:

        Michael D. McKenzie, Regional Biologist and Project Manager, MRD

        Michael B. Prevost, Wildlife Biologist, DWFF

        Paul A. Sandifer, Director, MRD

        John V. Miglarese, Assistant Director, MRD

        Robert H. Dunlap, Marine Biologist, MRD

        Dwayne Porter, Geographic Information Processing, MRD

        Emily S. Schroeder, Word Processing, MRD

        Pat Causby, Word Processing, MRD

                                         105

       Many other individuals within SCWMRD contributed information and guidance for
    the development of this document. Special thanks is due to Joe Hamilton and Sally
    and Tom Murphy for providing information on wildlife resources and management.
    Bob Somers, S.C. Land Resources Commission, provided valuable GIS suqppor.

        Members of the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee were also actively
    involved in the planning and development of this document. Special acknowledge-
    ment goes to Linda Lundquist, S.C. Nature Conservancy, Dewey Wise and Hugh Lane,
    Jr., local landowners in the ACE Basin for their contributions in writing the
    management plan. Others who had input include: James A. Timmerman, Jr., John
    Frampton, Stephen Synder, Ann Hale, Coy Johnston, Charles A. Sweat, Jr., Harris
    Beach, Larry Collins, Dana Beach, Cecil M. Lachicotte, William Hackett, Ed Drane,
    Keith Kinard, W. Harry Cone, Jr., Peden McLeod, Lynn McCants, Luke Erwin and
    Jackson Gregory.

       The following individuals with NOAA made significant contributions to the
    document:
             Susan Durden, Regional Manager, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
             National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Mgt.

             Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist, Sanctuaries and Reserves
             Division, National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and Coastal
             Resource Management

    VI.       LIST OF AGENCIES. ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONS RECEIVING COPIES
             OF THE FEIS/DMP.

       Federal Aaencies

       Advisory Council of Historic Preservation
       Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic Division
       Department of Agriculture
       Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service
       Department of Defense
       Department of Energy
        Department of Health and Human Services
        Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
        Department of Justice
        Department of Labor
        Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard and Federal Highway
       Administration
        Environmental Protection Agency, permits Branch, Region IV
        Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
        General Services Administration

                                      106

    Nuclear Regulatory Commission

    Conaressional

    Senator Ernest F. Hollings
    Senator Strom Thurmond
    Representative Arthur Ravenel

    State Distribution

    Governor
    Attorney General
    Archaeology Institute
    South Carolina Coastal Council
    South Carolina Department of Archives and History
    South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
    South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation
    South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism
    South Carolina Forestry Commission
    South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commission
    South Carolina Public Railways Commission
    South Carolina Public Service Authority
    South Carolina Public Service Commission
    South Carolina State Budget & Control Board
    South Carolina State Development Board
    South Carolina State Ports Authority
    South Carolina Water Resources Commission

    Local Distribution

          Beaufort Countv

    Beaufort County Development Commission
    Beaufort County Joint Planning Commission
    Beaufort County Administrator

          Colleton County

    County Supervisor
    Mayor, Edisto Beach
    Mayor, Walterboro
    Walterboro-Colleton Recreation Commission
    Lowcountry Council of Governments
    The Edisto Island Community Association

                                      107

    Environmental Interest GrouDs

    Center for Environmental Education
    Environmental Defense Fund
    The Nature Conservancy
    National Wildlife Federation
    Sierra Club
    The Preservation Society of Charleston
    South Carolina Chamber of Commerce
    South Carolina Coastal Conservation League
    South Carolina Environmental Coalition
    South Carolina Wildlife Federation

          Libraries

    Beaufort County Library
    Charleston County Library
    Colleton County Library
    South Carolina State Library

    ACE Basin NERR Advisory Committee Members

    James A. Timmerman
    John McMillan
    T. Dewey Wise
    Linda Lundquist
    Coy Johnston
    Hugh Lane, Jr.
    Ann Hale
    Peden McLeod
    Jackson Gregory
    Harry Cone
    Harris L. Beach
    Cecil Lachicotte
    Luke Erwin, Jr.
    Dana Beach
    Charlie Sweat
    Keith Kinard
    J. Lynn McCants
    William Hackett
    Larry L. Collins
    Eugene F. Duncan

                                          108

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                                          110

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                                          111

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       major South Carolina estuaries. S.C.Mar.Resour.Centr.Tech. Rep. No. 54. 14 pp.

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       Wildl. Serv. Ashville, N.C. 91 pp.

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                                          112

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                                          114

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       emergency wetland resources act, Southeast Region. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
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       753 pp. -

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       113 pp.

                                        115

    VIII.    LIST OF APPENDICES

             Appendix                      Title

                A        Biogeographic Classification and Typology System

                B        Current NERRS Regulations

                C        ACE Basin Site Selection

                   C.1   Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination
                   C.2  Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce

                D        Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements

                   D.1   Draft Proposed MOU Between NOAA and S.C.
                   D.2   Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD
                   D.3   Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF To SCWMRD
                   D.4   Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region

               E         Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's
                               Coastal Management Program

                   E.1   Documentation that ACE Basin NERR Is Consistent with
                               S.C.'s Coastal Management Program
                   E.2   SCCC Permit Policy
                   E.3   Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject
                               to Management By State Agencies

               F         NERR Research Permit

               G         Ecological Characterization of the ACE Basin NERR

               H         Species Lists

                         Groups Endorsing the ACE Basin NERR

               J         Responses to Written and Oral Comments on the ACE Basin
                         FEIS/DMP

                          APPENDIX A

                  ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN SITE

         BASED ON NERRS BIOGEOGRAPHIC SCHEME/TYPOLOGY

    Renresentativeness

    A.   Appendix 1 - Biogeographic Classification Scheme
              Carolinian - South Atlantic (Santee River to St.
              John's River)

    B.   Appendix 2 - Typology of National Estuarine Areas
              Class I - Ecosystem Types
                   Group I - Shorelands

                        A.   Maritime Forest - Woodland
                             3.   Temperate   Deciduous   Forest
                                  Biome

                        B.   Coast Shrublands
                             2.   Southeast Areas

                        C.   Coastal Grasslands
                             3.   Southeast/Gulf: Uniola

                   Group II- Transition Areas

                        A.   Coastal Marshes
                             a.   Tidal
                                   1.   Saltmarsh cordgrass
                                   2.   Brackish marshes
                                   3.   Freshwater marshes

                           B.   Coastal Swamps

                         D.   Intertidal Beaches

                         E.   Intertidal Mud and Sand and Flats

                    Group III - Submerged Bottoms

                         A.   Subtidal HardLottoms

                         B.   Subtidal Softbottoms

               Class II - Physical Characteristics
                    Group I - Geologic

                         A.   Basin Type

                             3.   Bay
                        B.   Basin Structure
                             1.   Coastal Plains Estuary

                        C.   Inlet Type
                             1.   Unrestricted

                        D.   Bottom Composition
                             1.   Sand
                             2.   Mud
                             4.   Oyster Shell

                  Group II- Hydrographic

                        A.   Circulation
                             1.   Stratified

                        B.   Tides
                             2.   Semidiurnal

                        C.   Freshwater
                             1.   Surface water
                                  b.   Groundwater

                   Group III-Chemical

                        A.   Salinity
                             1.   Positive Estuary
                             3.   Salinity Zones
                                  c.   Mixohaline

                        B.   PH Regime
                             2.   Circumneutral

    Value for Research

    A.   Basic Research Topics

         1.   Interdisciplinary  Studies  of  Estuarine  Produc-
              tivity
         2.   Marsh Ecology Investigations
         3.   Long-term Water Quality Studies
         4.   Nutrient Cycling
         5.   Characterization of Community Types

    B.   Applied Research and Management Topic

         1.   Habitat manipulation Studies
         2.   Habitat Alteration and long-term vs. short-term
              effects
         3.   Multiple Use Studies of Impoundments
         4.   Non-game and Endangered Species Management
         5.   Traditional Use Studies
         6.   Shellfish Management and Cultivation Studies

              7.   Fisheries Use Investigation

    III. Value For Education

         A.   Instructional area for undergraduate and graduate
              courses taught at the College of Charleston, U.S.C,,
              The Citadel, Clemson and S.C. State.

         B.   Proximity to Intermediate and Senior High Schools in
              the following counties:

              1.   Collection
              2.   Beaufort
              3.   Charleston
              4.   Jasper
              5.   Hampton
              6.   Dorchester
              7.   Orangeburg
              8.   Bamberg
              9.   Berkeley

         C.   Proximity To Urban Centers

              1.   Walterboro - 32 miles
              2.   Charleston - 45 miles
              3.   Beaufort - 46

         D.   Proximity to Institutions

              1.   USC (Walterboro & Beaufort)
              2.   The College of Charleston
              3.   The S.C. Marine Resources Research Institute
              4.   The Citadel
              5.   S.C. State University

          APPENDIX B

    Current NERRS Regulations

                Monday
                July 23, 1I

                Part  El

                Department of
                Commerce
                National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                Administration

                15 CFR Part 921
                National Estuarine Reserve Research
                System Program Regulations; Interim
                Final Rule

    _

    29940         Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

    DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE                     ADDRESSES: Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch,         support-the research mission, not as
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric           Chief; Marine and Estuarine                ends in themselves. Consultation by the
    Administration                             Management Division; Office of Ocean       Secretary with other Federal and state
                                               and Coastal Resource Management,           agencies to promote use of one or more
    15 CFR Part 921                           NOS/NOAA; 1825 Connecticut Avenue    reserves within the System by such
                                               NW.; Suite 714; Washington, DC 20235,    agencies when conducting estuarine
    [Docket No. 70874-01331                    (202) 673-5126.                            research is also a clearly defined goal of
                                               FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.           the System. The regulations also
    National Estuarine Reserve Research    Mr. Joseph A. Uravitch, (202) 673-5126.    emphasize the use of a reserve's natural
    System Program Regulations                 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:                 resources and ecology to enhance public
    AGENCY: Office of Ocean and Coastal                                                   awareness and understanding of
    Resource Management (OCRM)                 I. Authority                               estuarine areas, and to provide suitable
    National Ocean Service (NOS), National       This notice of interim final rulemaking   opportunities for public education and
    Oceanic and Atmospheric                    is issued under the authority of section    interpretation. This education goal has
    Administration (NOAA), Department of   315(a) of the Coastal Zone Management    been elevated to become one of the
    Commerce.                                  Act of 1972 as amended, 18 U.S.C. 14a1    essential criteria for designation of a
    ACTION: Interim final rule.                (the Act). The National Estuarine          reserve.
                                               Reserve Research System has been           IV. Revision of the Procedures for
    SUMMARY: The regulations revise            operating under regulations published      Selecting, Designating and Operating
    existing rules for national estuarine      June 27, 1984 (49 FR 26510).               National Estuarine Research Reserves
    reserves in accordance with the Coastal   II. General Background                        (A) Revision of Designation Criteria.
    Zone Management Reauthorization Act
    of 1985 (title IV, subtitle D, Pub. Li99-    On October 28, 1988 (53 FR 43 816)       The Coastal Zone Management
    272] and recommendations contained in   NOAA published proposed regulations    Reauthorization Act of 1985 established,
    272)the U.S. Department of Commerce        for continued implementation of the        for the first time, statutory criteria for
    the U.S. Department of Commerce,
    Office of Inspector General Report JNo.    National Estuarine Reserve Research        designating an area as a national
    F-726f5-010, "Opportunities to             System (NERRS) Program pursuant to         estuarine research reserve. An area may
    Strengthen the Administration of the       section 315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461.    be designated by the Secretary of
    Estuarine Sanctuary Program." Effective   Written comments were accepted until    Commerce as a national estuarine
    with the signing of Public Law 99-272 on   December 30, 1988. These comments          research reserve if:
    April 7,1986, the name of the Estuarine    have been considered in preparing these    (1) the Governor of the coastal state in
    Sanctuary Program changed to the           final regulations. A summary of the        which the area is located nominates the area
    National Estuarine Reserve Research        significant changes to the proposed        for that designation; and
    System Program; estuarine sanctuary        regulations is presented below.              12) the Secretary finds that:
    sites are now referred to as national        These interim final regulations       (     A) the area is a representative estuarine
    estuarine research reserves. These         establish the Program's mission and        ecosystem that is suitable for long-term
    regulations revise the process for         goals and revise procedures for            research and contributes to the
    designation of research reserves.          selecting, designating and operating       biogeographical and typological balance of
    Greater emphasis is placed on the use of   national estuarine research reserves.      the System;
                          G~~reats~er emphasis is    placed~on the  uss~e o(B) the law of the coastal State provides
    reserves to address national estuarine     Ill. Changing the Name and Emphasis of   long-term protection for reserve resources to
    research and management issues, and to   the Program                                  ensure a stable environment for research;

    research purposes through cc rdidense a-              stal  se enresearch;r
    research purposes through coordin   ation Act and its amendments established the   serve to enhance public awareness and
    with NOAA          and  other Federal and state   National Estuarine Reserve Research  understanding of estuarine areas, and
    agencies which ar       e spons oring  estuarine System System. The System consists of  provide suitable o pportunities for public
    given to providing financial emphassis tancelso  (1) each estuarine sanctuary designated    education and interpretation; and
    given to providing financial assistance prior to April 7, 1986 which is the date of    (D) the coastal State in which the area is
    to states to enhance public awareness      enactment of the Coastal Zone              located has complied with the requirements
    and understanding of estuarine areas by   Management Reauthorization Act  of  of any regulations issued by the Secretary to
    providing opportunities for public                                                    implement this section.
    education and interpretation. The
    regulations provide new guidance for       designated after the Act. The term           Some of these criteria for designation
            e ationsprovide newguidancenew   festuarine sanctuary no longer appears in  are either new or substantially more
              delineating reserve boundaries and  regulations; the term research reserve or   specific than those contained in the
    procedures for arriving at the most        reserve appears in its place.              former regulations. For example, under
    effcitive and least costly appr oach to      The Mission Statement for the System   these regulations the Governor of a
    acquisition of land. Clarifications in the    is much the same as for the National    coastal state must nominate an
    total amount of financial assistance
    authorized for each national estuarine     Estuarine Sanctuary Program which          estuarine area for designation and
                                              existed prior to the 1985 amendments,      findings are required that the law of the
    reserve, and criteria for withdrawing the   However, the goals for the National       coastal state provides long-term
    designation of a reserve, have also been   Estuarine Reserve Research System          protection for reserve resources to
                                               stress the use of reserve sites for       ensure a stable environment for
    DATES: Effective Date: These.interim       promotion and coordination of estuarine   research and that designation of the
    final regulations are effective July 23,   research ona national level as the         area will serve to enhance public
    1990.                                      highest priority and reason for            awareness and understanding of
      Comments: Comments are invited and   establishing the System. The protection    estuarine areas. The criteria in the
    will be considered if submitted on or      and management of estuarine areas and   existing regulations have been revised
    before September 21, 1990.                 resources are clearly intended to          accordingly.

                  Feder   Regster I Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monda-, Iulyr 23, 199 t    Rt  es and Reguta           a         Z941

      (B) Revision of Site Criteria ond      be required to justify the use of fee     phase, funds are available for acquiring
    Procedures. The criteria for selecting an   simple acquisition methods and make    interest in land, which is the primary
    estuarine area for designation as a      greateruse of non-fee- simple methods to  purpose of this award; and for minor
    national estuar;ne research reserve have   conserve expenditure of funds. For eachr  construction teg., nature trails and boat
    been expanded to provide guidance for    parcel, both in the core area and the     rampsi, preparation of architectural and
    determining boundanes for the proposed   buffer zone, states must determine, with   engineering plans and specifications,
    site. The Office of inspector General    appropriate justificatio  I} the          development of the final management
    Report NC. F-72M-l4 criticized the       mminiman level of controtsl required, (2   plan, and hiring a reserve manager and
    lack of specific guiehnles for setting   the level of existing state control, and {(3)  other staffas necessary to implement
    hmits on boundarmes around estuarne      the level of additional state contraolsJ  the NOAA approved draft management
    sanntarres to ensure that wniy land      required states must also examine all     plan.
    essential to the mission of the program  reasonable alternatives for attaining the   The length of time for thls initial
    be included mside the sanctuary.         additional level of control required,     phase of acquisition and development
    References m the exisung regulatons to   perform a cost analysis of each, and      may be up to three years. After the site
    ensure that the boundanres encompass     rank, in order of cost, the alternative   receives Federal deslgnation as a
    an adequate portion of the key land andt   methods of acquisition which were       national estuamne research reserve, the
    water areas of the natural system to     considered. The cost-effectiveness        state may request additional financial
    approximate an ecological unit are too   assessment must also compare short-       assistance to acquire additional
    vague, particularly since terms are not  term and long-term costs. The state shall  property interests (e.g., for the buffer
    defined. The proposed regulations        give priority consideration to the least  zone), for construction of research and
    defie key land and water areas as a     costy meohod(s) of attaining the          interpretive facilities, and for restorative
    "core area" within the reserve which is    minimum level of long-term control      activities in accordance with the
    so vital to the functioning of the       required, which is sufficient to meet the    approved final management plan
    estuarnne ecosystem that it must he      statutory requirement that te law of        The Coastal Zone Management
    under a level of control sufficient to   the coastal state provides long-term      Reauthorization Act of 1985 specifies
    ensure the long-term viability of the    protection for reserve resources to       that the amount of financial assistance
    reserve for research on natural          ensure a stable environment fbr           provided with respect to the acquisiticn
    processes. The determination of key      research. See 1&U.S.C. � I46l(bJJL2JBJ.    of land and watrs, or interests therein,
    land and water areas must be base on        (D) FinancialAssistnce wardsfr    for any one national estrarine research
    scientific knowledge of the area. The    Site Selection acd Post Site Selection.   reserve maynot exceed an amount
    concept of a "buffer'" zone to protect the  The first of five types of awards under  equal to 50 per centam of the costs of
    core area and provide additional         the National Estianmne Reserve            the lands, waters, and interests therein
    protection for estuarine-dependent       Research System is for site selection     or $4,000,00O, whichever amount is less.
    species has also been defined in the     and post-site selection, which includes     The amount of Federal financial
    regulations. The buffer zone may include   preparation of a draft management plan   assistance provided under the
    an area necessary for facilities required   (inmcluding MOU) and the-collection of  regulations for development costs
    for research and interpretation, and     information necessary for preparation of  directly associated with major faciVly
    additmona.y, to accommodate a shift of    the eruviron,,entaP impact statement,    construction (i.e., other than land
    tLe core area as a result of biological,  The maximum total Federal shareof        acquistfion} for any one national
    etclogical or geomorphological change    these awards has been raised to           estuarine research reserve must not
    which reasonably could be expected to    $100,000 as described in  9M.10. Ofthis  exceed 50 per centum of the coats of
    occur. States will be required to use    amount up to $2S,000 may be used to       such construction or $1,500,0o,
    sclentfic criteria to justify the        conduct the site selection process as     whichever amount is less.
    boundaries selected for a proposed site.   dcacribed in � 921.1. After NOAA's     I  (F) FinrcialAssistane Awards fr
      The information requirements for       approval of a proposed site and decision  [lOperation and Manage-ment. The
    NOAA approval of a proposed site          to proceed with the designation process,   amount of Federal financial assistance
    under existing regulations were           the state may expend (1) up to $40,000 of  available to a state to manage the
    confusing and now have been clarified.    this amount to develop the draft         reserve and operate programs consistent
      NOA'has recognized the need to         management plan and collect               with the mission and goSal of the
    conduct studies to develop a basic       information for preparation of the        National Estuarine Reserve Research
    description of the physical, chemical,   environmental impact statement; and (2)  System has been raised from $510,00 to
    and biological characteristics of the site.  up, to the remamder of available fund to  $70,GO0 for each twelve month period.
    As a result, states may now be eligible    conduct studies to develop a basic      Up to ten per cent of the total award
    for Fed.raI funding of these studies after  description of the physical, chemical,  (Federal and state] each year may be
    NOAA approval of a proposed site.         and biological characteristics of the site.  used for construction-type activities.
      (C)] Management Panr Development.        (E) Financiol AssistnceAwards far         (G) Tnancial Assistawnce for
    Once NOAA approves the proposed site   AcquisitcDerelelnemn, andlritil            Research. The Coastal Zone
    and decides to proceed with              Moangement, The regulations divide        Management Reauthorization Act of
    designation, the state must develop a     eligibility for financial assistance     1985 specifically affects the conduct of
    draft management plan. The contents of   awards for acquisition and developnent   the System's research program by
    the plan, including the memorandum of    into two phases. In the initial phase,    establishing the requirement for
    understanding FMOU] between NOAA          states are working to meet the criteria  developing Estuarine Research
    and the state, are specified in the       required for formalnresearckreaerve      Guidelines for the conduct of research
    regulations. The acquisitiont portion of  designation.i.e.. eatablishing adequate    within the system and specifying what
    the plan has been greatly expanded to     state control over key land and water    these guidelines shall include. The
    implement recommendations in the          areas in accordance with. the draft      legislation also requires the Secretary of
    Office of hnspector General Report No.   management plan. and preparing a final.   Commerce ta require that NOAA, in
    F-72-5-10. It is proposed that states     management plan. In this predesignation   conducting or supporting estuarine

    29942         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday, July 23, 1990 | Rules and Regulations

    research, give priority consideration to    interpretive purpose. and techniques for   Specific:
    research that uses reserves in the        making available or locating information
    System, and that NOAA consult with        concerning reserve resources, activities,   Generac Provisions
    other Federal and state agencies to       or issues);eneralovsons
    promote use of one or more reserves by       (2) Development and presentation of       Proposed � 921.1(c)-One reviewer
    such agencies when conducting             curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars,  suggested the deletion of the first
    estuarine research.                       and other structured programs or           sentence of this provision which states,
      The research guidelines, which are      presentations for on-site facility or field   "National estuarine research reserves
    referred to in the regulations, but are not                                          shall be open to the public." This
    part of them, state that NOAA will        use;
    provide research grants only for             (3) Extension/outreach programs; or     reviewer noted that in multiple
    proposals which address research             [4] Creative and innovative methods      component reserves some components
    questions and coastal management          and technologies for implementing          may not be appropriate for general
    issues that have highest national priority  interpretive or educational projects.    public access; either because of the
    as determined by NOAA, in                   Interpretive and educational projects    purpose or emphasis of management at
    consultation with prominent members of   may be oriented to one or more research   that site (e.g., research) or due to the
    the estuarine research community.         reserves or the entire System. Those       limited interest which the managing
      One significant addition to the         projects which would benefit more than    entity has in the component (eg., a
    regulations is that research awards are    one research reserve, and, if practical    conservation easement which does not
    available on a competitive basis to any    the entir e National Estuarine Reserve    provide for unlimited public access].
    coastal state or qualified public or      Research System, shall receive priority    This reviewer expressed concern that
    private person, thus making it possible    consideration for funding                  state denial of general public access at
    for public or private persons,                                                        such components of a reserve could be
    organizations or institutions to compete    V. Summary of Significant Comments on   challenged on the basis of this provision.
    with coastal states and coastal state     the Proposed Regulations and NOAA's           Response: Consistent with the goal of
    universities for NOAA research funding   Responses                                    the National Estuarine Reserve
    to work in research reserves.                NOAA received comments from l            Research System to "enhance public
    Monitoring. The Coastal Zone               sources. Reviewers included Federal        awarness and understanding of the
    Management Reauthorization Act of          and state agencies, academic               estuarine environment and provide
    1985 authorizes the award of grants for    institutions, and the National Estuarine    suitable opportunities for public
    the purposes of conducting research and   Research Reserve Association The            education and interpretation," public
    monitoring. While objectives m             comments of the National Estuarine         access should be allowed to the greatest
    estuarine research and estuarine          Research Reserve Association (NERRA)   extent possible permitted under State
    monitoring are mutually supportive,        are a summary of comments submitted          and Federal law within national
    monitoring is generally designed to        to NERRA by most of the managers of        the stua rin  e research reserves. However,
    provide information over longer time       the existing and proposed national         research reserves sall be open to the
    frames and in a different spatial context.   estuarine research reserves. A           research reserves s hall be o pen to the
    Consequently a separate subpart            comments received are on file at the       public" does not require that all
    addressing specifically the development   Marne and Estuarine Management              components of a multi-component
    and implementation of monitoring          Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal       reserve or the entire area within the
    projects has been included m the          Resource Management and are                 boundaries of a single component
    regulations.                               available at that office for review upon    reserve be open to the general public
      (I) FminancialAssistance Awards for     request. Each of theunconditionally. The last sentence of
    Interpretation and Education. The          by the reviewers has been summarizednsistent with
    Coastal Zone Management                    and NOAAs responses are provded            resource protection and research
    Reauuthorizes under the relevant subheadgthobjectives, public access may be
                                              Reuhrzto Act oflevant 1905ea~mg in th      restricted to certain areas within a
    the award of grants for the purposes of    section.                                   restricted to certain areas w  ith    a
    conducting educational and interpretive                                               research reserve." Where unconditional
    activities. To stimulate the development   General.                                   public access is not consistent with

    which will enhance pubfc awareness        an information network among research   would interfere with reserve research or
    thand understanding of estuarine areas,    reserves and between research reserves   is likely to diminish the value of reserve
    available on a competitive basi s to any    and research and educational groups      resources for future research) it must be
    coastal S      tate entity. These funds  are  and institutions. Twp of these reviewers   limited accordingly. Just as cerdain areas
    prcoastal State envided in addition to any othese funds are  noted the absence in the proposed  are Identified in reserve management
    provided in addition to any other funds
    available to a coastal state under these    regulations of a paragraph which had      plans as being more or less sensitive to
    regulations.                               addressed this subject in the existing    public access Impacts in single
      Categories of potential educational     regulations (49 FR 26502, June 27, 1984).    component reserves, the same is true of
    and interpretive projects include:        The deleted paragraph concerned the        components in multi-component
      (1) Design, development and             development and Federal admnistration   reserves. Frequently in management
    distribution/placement of mterpretve or   of a research and education information   plans for multi-component reserves one
    educational media (i e, the development   exchange network for the System.           or more components will be identified
    of tangible i tems such as exhibits/         Response: NOAA agrees. The section    as those for which the relative
    displays, publications, posters, signs.    referring to information exchange         management emphasis will be pubic
    audio-visuals, computer software, and      between NOAA and the Reserves has          education and interpretation. Similarly,
    maps, which have an educational or         been reinstated in � 921.1(h)              other components are Identified as those

                  Federal Regiter I Vol. 55  No.. 141 J Monday, July 23, UN9  I Rides anif lReguhationa                    29942!

    which. emphasize research arnd resource   repreentative a hrimee'asystei tfrok          Generally, it Is NOAA's belief that,
    protection,                               is suitable for'kmg-erus "March awud        given the less-than-perfect state of
      Proposed if 921.1I(d) and if 921.1I(e)-  contri butes to Abe brgoz~idamd            knowedKge regarding both the
    Seven reviewers- commented on these       typolqogirirlwa        J1m~sm               functionmgpof estuarine~ecosystems and
    provisions. These. comments ranged         (emphasis added)-                          the effects of natural anid anthropogenic
    from one sentence requresting                The primla[Y inlstenatff M1.I(d) and     change that manipufation should be
    clarificationl to approximately six pages    �9214(c) is to, restrict and allow       carefully limited within estuarine
    of' commnents, dedicated to these         activities iovighbatnautou research reserves. Ontside the context
    provisions alone.. These commenta also    to the degree necoessry to eansur that'    of a carefully planned, and peer
    ranged from expressing concern or          reserves are, anid ccrntiWe to beg,        reviewed, research or restoration
    objection regarding the proposed          TePresenla"vffeestuar~w0C0*Yaterm- It   activityz NOAA beffeves that habi tat
    limitationts on. habitat manipulation~ to.    is this mission, and requiRement of the  manipulation for manageenwrt purposes
    suggesting a more restrictive. approach.    statute, that the System goalv of         involves, a significant rrsk to the'
      One reviewer expressed strong           1 921.1(b are- meant to suppoirt. This     representative integrity and. character of
    support for an outright prohibition onm   mission, and requirement of the statute,    a national estuarine research reserve.
    habitat manipulation,- whether for        is the 1OWmdaffull upon which the Syst~em   As a. result, the phrase rin the proposed
    management or research, except for         is built, tMe primary Ieals on which       regulations 'habitat manipulation for
    restoration activities where such          estuarine areas arm selected and:          resource management purposes" is
    restoration can avoid Tong-termn adverse   designated as reserves, arid the           intended to mean habitat management
    impacts. Another reviewer commiented   underlying princtipewMwhichio  all ether  for the promotion of a particular species
    extensively on Cai prov~ision. expressing   aspects of reserve de'velopmenrt and      or habitat, or for some purpose other
    strong objections to a prohibition on      operation must be consistent As' one'      than research involving or restoration of
    habitat manipulation activities. for       reviewer stated~ in no case should thie    a representative 'natural"' estuarine
    management purposes. Thlis5 reiewr         ecological or     rersenative' fitegity of    ecosyFstem..
    stated that the 'preservation"o a          a reserve be' comprised.NO Aacnlegsthtm h
           habtatreiuirs ativ maageen            Habftat manipulatimr axctifies           research involves' some degree of
    involving habitat manipulation.            condirefed for a purpose' otherthan CI)    mnplto  ftersuc~)ad
      One reviewer requiested clarification    restoring the representative rintegrity of    mmuaoo  h  eorea n
    of the difference betwveen restoration  a    eev  r()etaierwsae hbtf~lwhich are the subject of
    activities and habitat manipulation for   no consstento with stuain resnemch,  of    study. Irk thin regard,. reserves are not
    research or management purposes. One    no  ossetwt  hsr~et~                          intended to be `cantroY" habitats only,
    reviewer suggested cniteria for assessing Atheasonatbte orthinrsiftfrr an the' Sytem.    and some degree of habitat
    the degree of -'manipulation' a    p rpoe an exentsonabllmitat mon err the nau        manipulation is recognized as an
    research Project may involve. One          actdvixtescndute aof habipartma tOf        essential aspect of much important
    reviewer requested clarification of        athvte, odce  s    ato                     estuatina research.. However. research
    intent of this provision and how it may    enstuare thsatrchei neresstary~ itegit     activties conducted within a. reserve
    apply tot. (1) actions necessary t  o      ensrectht ofaha e    repeetve inrprtecrtey efe   should not finvolve manipulative
    public health, (2) protection              of axsn  reasonabe ecpios prote ted. zsa~  activities that, because of their naturre or
    species; and (3) allawance f       o       reaoal   xetost  hs                        extent%, would significantfly impair the
    restorative activities for historrcal      limitations an habitat manipulation        "snataral" representative value (i.e.,
    preservation. One reviewer stated that    activities are appropriate for reasons, ofreesnaiehrctlofheeeve
    whatever type of habitat manipulation      public health and the protection of other   rpeettv  hrce  ftersre
    determined allowable by NOAA, day-         sensitive resources (e g... endangeredt      NQAA also' acknowledges that
    to-day site management decisions are       threatened wildlife and:significant        restoration efforts may involve
    Last madie by the professional staff of    historical and cultural resourcesl.        etnIfehbttmnplto
    cach reserve.                              habitat manipulation is determined to be   activities. Many estuarine' areas have
      One reviewerrequested clarfifcatinm    necessary in, such a case. then such         undergone' some ecological change as a
    of the intent of this provision and of the    activitues should he' limited so as not to    result of human activities (e'g.,
    differences between habitat                significantly impact the representative    hydrological changes, intentional,
    manipulation for research, habitat         and ecological integrity of the reserve.    iunintentionl species composition
    mniapulation for managPement, and.           Contrary to the assertion. of one.       changes-introduced and exotic species,
    habitat mampulation for restoration.       reviewer, the intent of designating and    etc.)'. Ea those areas designated as
    This same reviewer stresed the' yrimary   managing a research r-eserve is nt ta.      national estuarine research reserves,
    importance of the ecological and      .    .preserve' that particular habitat in. a   such changes may have diminished the
    representative integrity of a reserve.     stasis condition. Estuarine ecosystemsn    representative character an3 integrity of
      Respoi-se.. The mission of the National   are naturaLly dyrnamnic habitats, wihii,  the site. Where restoration of such
    Estudrine Reserve Research System, as    we have yet to fullly understand,            degraded areas is determined necessary
    stated in 9 921 I(a). "is the              NOAA's intent in designating estuaru'ne    within this context, such activities must
    establushinent and, management, throuh   areas as national estuarine research.        be carefully planned. Much research is
    Federal-state coopera~tion, of a national    reserves is to protect thes representative    necessary to determine the 'natural"
    sy~tem of estuarine. research reserves     character of each individual resrve. an   representative state of an estuarina area
    -epresent ativie of the various regiors    thereby estabiush a national system of     (i~e., an estuarine ecosystem minimally
    and estuarine types nz the United          estuarine areas% representative of the,   affected by human activity or influencee,
    Statles " (ermphaeks added).. The first    biogeogr.aphic regorts and estuarine       Frequent'ly,. such restoration activities
    Secretarial finding requiired for          types of the Umited States. These          provide excellent opportunities. for
    de'signation of an estuarine area as a     representative estuarine research          management oriented research.
    national estuarine reserve under section   reserves then provide opportunities. for     In response to reviewers requests for
    315(h)(2)(A) of the Act, 16 U S C.         long-term research,. education, and        clarification and consistent with the
    1 48 1 (h)2)(A),. is that 'the area is a  interpretation,                            response provided abiove, � 921.1(d)' and

    29944         Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 ] Monday, july 23, 1990/ Rules and Regulations

    � 921.1(e) have been revised              and education grant funds; See subparts   sentence to include a reference to the
    appropriately.                             F, G, H. Site acquisition limits are       revised � 921.1(d) and � 921.1(e).
      Proposed � 921.1()-{1) One reviewer   statutory. (1l U.S.C. 1461(e)(3)(A))
    recommended that a formula be                Funding limits ensure that some
    established that would "pre-determine      funding is available for those types of      Proposed �921.2(b)-It was noted that
    the minimum level [percentage) of funds   awards which support most directly the    the Secretary of Commerce recently
    that would be set aside within the total    mission and goals of the System (i.e.,    delegated authority for matters relating
    [System] budget for specific categories   generally, after designation of a reserve,   to National Estuarine Research Reserves
    (Research, Education. Monitoring,          the competitive awards). As                to the Under Secretary for Oceans and
    Operation/Management, Acquisition,         importantly, funding limits are            Atmosphere.
    and Development)." In addition, this       necessary to ensure that available funds     Response: NOAA agrees with the
    same reviewer recommended that the         are awarded in a relatively fair and       recommended modification and has
    allocation of acquisition/development      proportional manner among national         changed references from the Assistant
    funds should be made on the basis of       estuarine research reserves. In the        Administrator to the Under Secretary
    greatest need measured against             absence of such limits, one or a few       throughout.
    predetermined criteria.                    research reserves could receive the bulk     Proposed � 921.2(d)-One reviewer
      Response: NOAA acknowledges that    of available funds at the expense of all    recommended a modification to the
    under certain conditions establishment    other reserves. These limits prevent        second sentence of the definition of
    of predetermined percentages for           such a substantially disproportionate      estuary to include-the term measurably
    allocating funds among programmatic        distribution of limited funding.           diluted with freshwater rather than
    categories could provide greater             At present, some of the existing         minimally diluted.
    predictability in the distribution of      research reserves in the System are          Response: NOAA agrees with the
    Federal funds among reserves. However,   approaching the eligibility limits for       recommended modification the
    the advantages of such an approach         acquisition and facility development       recommended term "minimal" should be
    depend on a predictability in both the     awards, while most have received less      the term measurable". The definition
    level of annual appropriations as well as   than 50 per cent, and a number less than    he      been changed accordingly.
    major acquisition and development          25 per cent. of the eligibility limits of  has been changed accordigly.
    needs for the Reserve system. The          these type of awards-a difference            Poposed ta2s.2(ec-Five reviewers
                                              . . . . ... . . . . . , . t ..... stated that some confusion has resulted
    uncertainties in appropriation levels and   between these categories of
    acquisition needs are sufficient enough    approximately one to three million         in the reversed order of the terms
    to make an allocation formula among        dollars. These differences are justifiable   research and reserve ine name of the
    the six major funding categories           on the basis of relative need, reserve     System National Estuarine Reserve
    (research, education, monitoring,          size,- property values, construction costs,   Research System, and the name of each
    predesignation, acquisition/               etc. A greater difference in relative      individual reserve, national estuarine
    development, operations) unfeasible.       allocation of funds between reserves       research reserve.
      NOAA attaches primary importance        would favor disproportionally some            Response: NOAA acknowledges that
    to long term support for the operational    reserves and, as a result, be detrimental   some confusion has arisen as a result of
    needs at each reserve as described in      to the System as a whole,                  this difference. However, this is
    � 921.32 of these regulations, and to       Eligibility limits are established for    statutory language which only can be
    fulfilling the research, education and     the purposes noted above and not to        changed by amending the Act.
    monitoring objectives of the program.      unreasonably restrict a research reserve   Section 921.4--Relationship to Other
    unlimited eligibility for these for the    from access to available Federal funds.    Provisions of the Coastal Zone
    awards.                                    On the basis of NOAA's experience in       Management Act.
      (2) Four reviewers expressed concern    administering Federal financial
    or objection to limiting the funding       assistance for the System and because        It was noted that the existing program
    eligibility of any one reserve under any    of comments from many research            regulations describe this section as
    type of award, particularly operation/     reserves, the eligibility limit for        "Relationship to other provisions of the
    management awards. These reviewer's    operation/management awards was                Coastal Zone Management Act and to
    comments ranged from general concern    raised to a maximum of $70,000 per site    the National Marine Sanctuary
    to recommending that all funding caps      per year. In response to comments on       Program". Text describing the
    be removed from all types of awards.       the proposed regulations, the eligibility    relationship between the Reserve and
    These reviewers also stated their          limit for major facility construction has    Sanctuary Programs was omitted. New
    general concern regarding a perceived      been raised 50 per cent in these final     marine sanctuaries and estuarine
    lack of long term Federal financial        regulations (see response under            research reserves are being designated
    commitment to the System.                  proposed � 921.31 below).                  in close geographic proximity to one
      Response: Annual appropriations are        Proposed � 921.1(g)-One reviewer         another and therefore improved
    limited, not unlimited. Funding eligibility  disagreed with the requirement that land  coordination between the two programs
    limits for each reserve have been          already in a protected status can be       is warranted.
    established in regulations only where      included within a reserve only if the        Response: NOAA agrees. The revision
    determined appropriate and necessary       managing entity commits to long-term       of the Section heading and text should
    for the establishment and on-going         non-manipulative management.               be adopted and strengthened. The
    support of the mission and goals of the      Response: NOAA believes this             omission of this information from the
    System. These regulations establish        requirement is necessary consistent        proposed regulations was an oversight.
    annual eligibility limits for operations   with the mission and goals of the          The Section heading and text have been
    ($70,000 per year, per reserve) and        System. Essentially this same subject is   revised appropriately.
    program-life limits for site acquisition   discussed in the response to comments
    ($4 million per reserve). Funding          on proposed �-921.1(d) and � 921.1[e). In       on 921.1General
    eligibility limits have not been           order to clarify the intent of this          Proposedf 921.10(a)-Five reviewers
    established for research, monitoring,      provision, NOAA has revised this           objected to two or more states which

                 Faierd  Registe  I 'Vol. 5&, No. 141 f MonamY. JlY 23,, 1S9   / Rules and R             kemZJs(

    share a biogeographic: region being      The remaiuiagreviewersecanne              Post site selection. la addition. however,
    Unmited to the development of a Am&aj    extensive revisiema to the sabsection to   under the new subpart G., NCOAA may
    reserve, even if it was a multicomponent   provide guidance on where habitat       provide financial assistance an a
    reserve with components in each          nianipulktoim Would be allowed,           competitVe bas.a for each phase of a
    respective state [e~g., Maryland and       Responer, After careful review of this   monitoring program. These grant awards
    Vfrguiia in the Chesapeake Bay     ,     subsection. NOAA dorey not belleve- tiet  will be separate from those provided for
    subregion of the Vulginfa biogeographic    the buffer zone comcept should be       estuarine research under subpart F.
    region). These reviewvers specifically   deleted or thit substantive revisions are   Scin0.3Mngmn ln n
    objected to the eligibility limit on land  appropriate. The ban          aprahenvrnetlIctio St.1-ataementPlian
    acquisition firnding (see I 921.101h and    presented is sounm. A critical concept Evfnmtamac    aeet
    J 9,21M20 as it applies, ta any ixdividual    and. distinction between th tw  rs   Developmen
    reserve, single or multiple component.   which may have bees ovelooked is that       Proposed �g21.I(a)(7-Three
      Raquponw NQA& agrees. Same of thie   key land andt water areas, (fewe") and a   reviewers provided comment on the
    System's biogeographic subregions are    bnffr zone will: likeyraquire!            acquisition plan guidance of this
    represented lay more than one reserve ins  signifimantl different leveiw of control  subsection. Two, reviewers requested
    more than one state. Aa a result, In the    (amee 192213 (a) (71). la addifion In the  additional guidance an what constitutes
    case of a biogeographic region (see      basic principles establised in the        "adequate state control" and
    Appendix 1) shared by-two or more        regulations,, NOAA has developed more   commente  that the requirement to,
    states, each such state should be eligible  detailed boundary giiilence Which, ls  assess the coat effectivenessf of control
    for Federal financial assistance to      available to states attempig" to'cOnduct  alternatives is excessively burdensome.
    establish a national estuarine research:  the difficult process of boaredaiT       The remaining reviewer stated that
    reserve within theirrespective portion   delineation of aproposed sita-            hakvingfour million dollars in funds
    of the shared biogeographic region.        Proposed � 92-1-111cJXJ'-One revie-wer  available for land acquisition is not
    Section 92.10a) has been amended to    recommended amuending this site             consistent with the requirement to
    reflect this revision. Because of this   selection principIe tor include "the      conduct an assessment of the cost
    revision, the phrase whichi begins '7n   support of ongoing or planned             effectiveness of acquisition alternatives.
    the case of a multicomponent national    management acivities In nearby              Response., What constitutes
    estuarine~ '    "-in J 921.10(a). 1 921.31,   estuaries, includngtthose in. the    "nadequate State control" is dependent
    and f 92Z.32(c) is no longer necessary   National Estuary Program."                on site-speciflo cfrcumastances- and
    and has been deleted.                      Response.- NOAA considers               requirements. The most efficient use of
      Proposedf 92L1Oj'b-Two reviewers    I921.11(c)(51 to encompass this concern   availble acquisition funds can only be
    commented that NOAA should consider   in that the State irrquiredl UP              ensure~d thrzouho thW idntifcation of
    a higher eligibility limit or relative   demonstrate how the proposed afte is      reasonable cotrzol, or acquisition
    greater funding for awards to muMt-      consistent with existing arid potentWa    alternatives and an assessment of their
    component reserves than to single.       land and water uses. Bet% the             relative cost and  f  tmness. This.
    component reserves.                      designation. by NOAA ofta reserve         does not necessarily mean that fte least
      Response: NOAA disagrees. Ftinding    under the Act and management plans          ot   pini olr og lentv
    for the System Is IfinitecL A State elects    developed through the N41ional ZsftUthat    mustb eslecotien  .  dollas Iste altrat
    to establish a multi-component reserve    Program of the U.S. EPA are submitted    howselecteda t aoe, reasnabecoto
    or expand a single component reserve     to the States fo rt determination o  f alterntves, thoull resnble thonrougly
    with fall knowledge of the Identical     consistenicy-under section 3Q7o(1)I ~      lentvssofl  etoogl
    eligibility limitsf an any individual    the Coastal Zone Management Act of        examined and thir relative coste,
    reserve, whether single or multiple      17,a         id.                          identified. The development of an
    component. Establishing separate -    19 mecnded. NAk vnecivewmas th              i acquisition plan is an allowable cost
    fuinding eligibility limits for, or  m   ecnsuring tan Reserves supp   s ort n    (Federal as matching share). Four
    disproportionally funding,               advnsuin that Reservaes scport  and       million dollars, is not "available,, but is
    multicomnponent reserves would be  advancerte maaemeant oasetalvend the eligibility limit for land acquasition
    likely to have a significant adverse     incluaringtoe of pmete Ntonalyestur       funds for any one reserve. Regardless of
    impact on single component reserves,     Program~ Therefore, I &.1()5 has          the amount. of funading available, fox
    and, as, a result, the System as a whole.    been amended to make more spcfc       land acquisition a thorough assessment
    Further, acquisition and development     our intent that the site support estuauine   o  custo  lentvsadtercs
    funds are limited b~y the Act.           mnageoment objectives;                    effectiveness is necessaryr to ensure
                                                                                        responsible and efficient use of Federal
    section 9.1J1--Site Selection            Section 021 10-Post SMt& Selection        grant funds. At a minimum the degree of
      Proposed � 92L1a.(C)( 2-One reviewer    Proposed� 921.12(aJ-r'wo reviewers    state control must provide adequate
    recommended that the last sentence be    recommended a sepate type of award    long term protection to ensure for
    revised to eliminate reference to "a     for monitoririg that wee  providelap-   reserve resources a stable environrnent
    nataral system."                         terrm support for these activities,       for research.
      Respanmar-NOMA  agrees that a minor      Resp anse:NOAA. agrees. A new             Proposed`� 92.1. 15(ffiJ(J- n e
    revision is necessary to clarify the intent  subpart G.-Monitorlnhau been added    reviewer stated that NOAA's
    of this sentence. The sentmnc has been    to tire regulations (subparts C anid H of    responsibility tv make a consfatency
    revised in a mamiar consistent with       the proposed regultions being            determination should be matede clear
    correspondsn clarifyfingrevisions. tt    relettered' as subparts H and I,          early in the regulations.
     I921.1(d) and I 9=[&)J.                 respectivel~y- and the sectfin numb"r       Response.,NOAA agreesf. A rfefreicer
      Proposedj� 92L-U&N)(-Thres             being renumbered accor&Mnlyj. ruitial     to I 521.3(by has been added to. this
    reviewers com-mented an. the concept of   funding for basic characterization of the   subsection to dlari  NIMAAs.
    "core" and. "buffer" meas or zones. Two   physical; geolofgicaL. chemical, and     consistency determination,
    of these reviewers recunmmended          biological characteritics of the site will   responsibilities early in preparation of
    deleting the =cncpt oft abuzfferzone.   continue to be provided under f 921.12w-  the management plan.

    29946         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

    Section 921.20-General                     Section 921.30-Designation of National   Section 921.32-Operation and
      Proposed � 921.20-Two reviewers         Estuarine Research Reserves                Management: Implementation of the
    requested a clarifying revision to the       Proposed �921.30a)-Two reviewers    Management Plan
    last sentence of this subsection; the      provided comments on the designation         Proposed � 921.32(a-d)-Seven
    addition of the phrase "to a coastal       criteria listed in this subsection. One    reviewers objected to the ehgibillty limit
    state."                                    reviewer recommended a change in           on operations and management awards.
      Response: NOAA agrees and the            (a)(4) at variance with the Act. The      They noted that the statute contains no
    section has been revised accordingly.      other reviewer recommended an             provision for withdrawal of Federal
                                              addition to the designation findings to    support for continued operation of the
    Section 921.21(e)-lnitial Acquisltion      include a requirement that, in the case    reserves. The termination of Federal
    and Development Awards                     of a State which contains, in whole or     support for the individual sites is viewed
      Two reviewers provided comment on    part, a national estuary program               as a lack of Federal commitment to the
    this section. The first reviewer          convened pursuant to section 320 of the    long-term maintenance of a
    -equested clarification that the provision   Clean Water Act, suitable consideration   representative system of estuarne
    regarding de-designation of a site         has been given to integration of research   research and education sites.
    applies only to properties acquired with   and public education programs of the         Response: The Reserve Program was
              Federal funds. The second reviewer  estuarine research reserve and the     designed and continues to be a State-
    stated that the provision to compensate    national estuary program. It has also      Federal partnership. The key to this
    the Federal government for its share of    been noted that the final management      partnership is the requirement that
    the acquisition cost in the event of de-   plan as the governing document for         NOAA share with the State reserve
    designation, may be contrary to overall    subsequent operations and management   program the financial needs associated
                                              of the reserve should contain the signed   with site designation. land acquisition,
    coastal protection objectives because      deslgnation findings. Subpart (a) of this    research, education and operations.
    the state may have to sell the property    section should also be revised to show       As discussed previously, appropriate
    to development interests in order to fully  that the Under Secretary is responsible    eligibility limits ensure that funding is
    compensate the Federal interest,          for designation of reserves in              available for competitive research
      Response: Regarding the first            accordance with the delegation of that     education and monitoring awards. If, as
    comment, NOAA does not believe             authority from the Secretary of            some reviewers suggested, NOAA
    additional clarification is necessary.     Commerce.                                  removed the annual monetary ceiling for
    This subsection states specifically that     Response: The terms for designation      operations and other awards, an
    these provisions apply to "any real        of a National Estuarine Research           inequitable and disproportionate
    property acquired in whole or part with    Reserve are set forth in the statute.      distribution of the limited funds for the
    Federal funds '  i '." The second          NOAA agrees that research and              program could result Annual
    commenter acknowledges correctly that   education programs should be                  operational eligibility limits in addition
    these requirements are designed to         integrated between the Environmental       to ensuring the availability of funds for
    accomplish the goals of the National       Protection Agency's National Estuary       competitive projects provide a stability
    Estuarine Research Reserve System and   Program and NOAA's National                   and even distribution among designated
    that this provision helps ensure that      Estuarine Reserve Research System.         and developing reserves. Consequently
    reserves maintain the standards            This effort has already been initiated     NOAA is retaining the eligibility limit of
    established for the system and, If they    through a memorandum of                    $70,000 for operations and management
    do not, that a percentage of the fair      understanding between the programs at   per site per year.
    market value is available to other         the National level and is being pursued      NOAA concurs with the reviewers'
    reserves. It should also be noted that     at the local level, where appropriate.     assertion that the statute does not direct
    these provisions are not new and have     Therefore, NOAA believes it does not        the Federal Government to abandon its
    been in place since the inception of the    require restatement in the program        support and financial commitment to
    Reserve program through grant              regulations. However, NOAA agrees          reserve operations at the conclusion of a
    directives contained in OMB Circular A-   that the management plan should             prescribed period of time or when an
    102. The provisions in the Reserve         contain the findings of designation and    arbitrary cumulative funding ceiling for
    regulations are taken directly from the    the regulations should show that the       Federal support of operations has been
    A-102 Circular and apply to all real       Under Secretary is responsible for         met By imposing a fixed duration-for
    property acquired in whole or part with    designation. The regulations have been    Federal support of Reserve operations
    Federal funds. It should also be noted     revised accordingly.                        OA may undermine its ability to
    that there are other alternatives aside                                              participate effectively with the Reserve
    that there are other alternatives aside    Section 921.31-Supplemental               system to address coastal and estuarine
    from sale of the property. II the event of   Acquisition and Development Awards       management issues of national
    de-designation the state may retain title                                            significance. The previously proposed
    or transfer title to the Federal             Proposed �921.31-Four reviewers          three year support per position allocated
    government. In these instances it is       expressed concerns that the eligibility    through a $420,000 operations ceiling
    likely that the resources of the reserve   limit of $1,000,000 in Federal financial   also established a complex and
    could continue to be protected. While      assistance for facility construction may    burdensome administrative process
    none of these alternatives are             not be adequate to meet anticipated        which is further complicated when
    inexpensive they do, as noted by the      long term needs and should be              allocated among Reserves which have
    commenter, help ensure that the site       increased or eliminated.                  already received operations support,
    continues to be managed and                  Response: NOAA agrees. The              and the newly designated sites which
    maintained in conformance with             eligibility limit for facility construction  have yet to receive such support. To
    research reserve goals and objectives.    has been increased 50 percent to           simplify, streamline and improve
                                               $1,500,000.                               NOAA's effectiveness in support of

                  Federl Register I VoL 55, No. 141 / Moaday   July 23, 190=  / Rues and Reglatin                        29947

    Reserve operations the three year         with the program goals as specified In    on these issues. Therefore. NOAA does
    restriction and otherrefeanes to          � 921L of these regulatins. The five      not agree that additionar mechanisms
    cessation of Federal support for          goals described in this section are       for dispute resolution are warranted.
    operations and management at the          nearly identical to the criesi proposed     Proposed � S921r4e]--Two reviewers
    reserves have been removed throughout   by one conrmnenter, The cemmenter           recommended a ninety-day requirement
    the regulations.                          added cost-effectivenesa i using          for State submittal of an annual report
              Sacgn 92.X-Boudy Changes,      Federal funds as an adtionma criteria      instead of sixty days.
    Amendment&  to the Mnagement Plan,    which, while net directly stited as a           Response: NOAA agrees. Section
    AndAddition of Multiple-site              program goal In the regulations is       g92.40[e has been revised accordingly.
    Compoen-ite                               implicit in any evaus tiooi e ffiient     NOAA also notes that this section
                                              management of the total reserve           indicates that inadequate annual reports
      Proposed� 921.33(a)-One reviewer        program.                                  will trigger a full scale performance
    recommended deletion or substantial         It is not feasible to establish a       evaluation This provision is no longer
    modification of this subsection to        chedliat for any evaluation to            needed since f 9213 has been changed
    recognize the State's right and ability to   predetermine what constituhes adequate   to provide long term eligibility for
    appropriately plan and legislate ita legal   versus inadequate performsame Each     operations support. Evaluations
    charge-the research reserve. In           reserve has very munque administrative    consequently will be conducted
    summary, this reviewer objected to        structures, environmental resources, and   generly at least every 3 years. The
    NOAA's approval authority/                corresponding management nee              statement has therefore been deleted.
    requirement for activities discussed in   NOAA views the evaluation process to
    this subsection. The reviewer suggested   be a highly collaborative effort with the   Section 921.50-General
    that It should be sufficient if the State  State such that the evaluation can boe                                 reviewers
    provides NOAA an opportunity for          used to focus on particu an  specific    commented on Ntis subsection. Three
    review and comment on proposed            problem areas. Itis not appropriate to    reviewers recommended that research
    changes.                                  attempt to construct a li1tmu  test for   funded under this subpart be allowed in
      Response. NOAA disagrees. NOAA is   inadequate or adeqnateperfrmance              an area larger than the boundaries of
    responsible forFederal oversight of the    which could reasonab  anticipate the     the research reserve One of these
    System and each designated research       substantial variety of isses that         reviewers also recommended that the
    reserve. As long as a State wishes for a    addressed in the evaluation proces      eas.ott of the
    reserve to remain a part of the System    NOAA would be  stflatity of the reserve approve
                                             andtor  woP1Td be Fstaahly cnf cizct for  all research prior to NOAA funding. One
    and to retain Federal designation,        applying an artificial measure against    reviewer expressed concern that funding
    NOAA will continue to require Federal    unique and ste-specific circumstances.
    approval of changes in that research        NOAA agees             com              eligibility is tied to NOAA approval of a
    reserve's boundaries and management       made rearding participation of other      final management plan.
    General                                   officials in the evaluation process. Sch    Response: NOAA agrees that greater
                                              officials provide reco   m      meda ti to  fexibility should be provided for the
      Proposed� g21.4t � 921.41, and          NOAA  n specific issues i the             area in which federally funded research
    �921.42-Several reviewers                 evaluation. To ensue tiatlleserve         under this subpart may be conducted.
    recommended clarification of the          personnel are directly involved in        The regulations have been revised to
    criteria to be used dri;mg performance    selection of the evaluation team,         allow research activity in the immediate
    evaluations. Performance critera should   � 921 40(c) has been revised to indicate    watershed of the reserve vhile still
    clearly state what constitutes adequate    that NOAA will consult with and          requiring the majority of funded
    or madequate performance. One             request recommendations from the          activities to be conducted within the
    comrnenter provided a list of items       Reserve on the appropriate non-NOAA       boundaries. NOAA also agrees that the
    suggested for inclusion in an evaluation.   participants prior to the evaluation.   managing entity of the reserve should
    Three reviewers made suggestions on         The recommendation that the             directly indicate approval or
    the composition of the evaluation team    evaluation examine coordination           disapproval of proposed research
    recommending ncnr-Federal and private    between the Reserve program and other   project. Currently each reserve is
    individual partlcipation while another    coastal research efforts is fully         requested to review and assign prianry
    commenter suggested the regulations       consistent with NOAA objectives for the  to research projects proposed for the
    indicate criteria for choosing the        evaluation process and is currently       reserve. If a reserve does not approve of
    members of the evaluation team. Finally   considered under Reserve program          a particular project that information
    a recommendation was offered that the    criteria to "promote Federal, State,       should be expressed directly to NOAA.
    evaluation stress integration of the      pubhc and private use of one or more        NOAA agrees that its review and
    Reserve program with other state          reserves within the System when such      approval of state submitted final
    coastal/research programs and that the    entities conduct estuarine research"      management plans should be as
    regulations provide for other dispute     NOAA however, does not agree with the  expeditious as possible. However,
    resolution mechanisms short of            comment that other dispute resolution     consistent with NOAA's responsibility
    litigation,                               mechamsms should be devised short of    to ensure that reserve management is
      Response: The periodic evaluation of    litigation in the event of an unfavorable   conductedin accordance with the
    a national estuarine research reserve is   evaluation that may lead to withdrawal   mission and goals of the System, the
    central to NOAA's abihlity to ensure that   of designahon. The provisions contained  need for an approved final management
    reserve operation and management is       in both � 921.41 and i 921.42 provide a   plan to qualify for NOAA funded
    being conducted in a manner fully         lengthy and elaborate process for         research remains.
    consistent with program goals and         addressing major differences between      Section 92,5-Hstuorine Reseorch
    objectives as defined in section 315 of   the NOAA and the Reserve relative t i    des      e
    the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, and its          suspension of financial assistance or
    implementing regulations. The criteria    withdrawal of designation. This process     Proposed �i 9251-Five reviewers
    for an evaluation corresponds directly    is expressly designed to avoid litigation    recommended that NOAA provlde, at

    29948         Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

    minimum, a more detailed and specific    that properties included within NERR         United States based enterprises to
    description of the Estuarine Research      boundaries, particularly the core area,    compete with foreign based enterprises
    Guidelines in the regulations. One         will be subject to restricted uses, and    in domestic or export markets.
    reviewer objected to NOAA's role in        these uses will be subject to NOAA           These rules amend existing
    establishing the research priorities for   approval (e.g., research, construction,    procedures for identifying, designating,
    funding under this subpart.                education). Since these properties add     and managing national estuarne
      Response: NOAA disagrees. Section        real value to the NERR System, but have   research reserves in accordance with
    315 of the Act requires NOAA to            diminished use for other purposes, they    the Coastal Zone Management
    develop guidelines, not regulations. for    should be allowable as state match.       Reauthorization Act of 1985. They will
    the conduct of research within the        These reviewers therefore                  not result in any direct economic or
    System. A basic description of these       recommended elimination of a one-year   environmental effects nor will they leed
    guidelines is provided in both the Act     time limit.                                to any major indirect economic or
    and the regulations. Including the           Response: This provision has been        environmental impacts.
    guidelines themselves, or a more           adopted in the past to ensure that lands    (B] Regulatory Flexibility Act
    detailed and specific description of       included within the Reserve system are    Analysis. A Regulatory Flexibility
    these guidelines, in the regulations       acquired consistent with the purposes     Analysis is not required for this
    would severely limit flexibility m their   and objectives of the Resertle system      rulemaking. The regulations set forth
    implementation. NOAA publishes the         and, as required by section 315(e)(3}(A)    procedures for identifying and
    guidelines annually in the Federal         of the Act, to assure that the state has   designating national estuarine research
    Register and intends to continue to        matched the amount of financial           reserves, and managing sites once
    improve these guidelines within the        assistance provided by the Federal         designated. These rules do not directly
    relatively comprehensive standards of      Government for the acquisition of land    affect "small government jurisdictions"
    the Act. NOAA develops general             for a reserve. However, NOAA agrees        as defined by Public Law 98-354, the
    research priorities on an annual basis in   that the Imposition of a one-year time    Regulatory Flexibility Act, and the rules
    consultation with the estuarine research   limit may not be the most effective or     will have no effect on small businesses.
    and resource management community.         appropriate method to achieve this           (C Paperwork Reduction Act of 198O.
    The agency foresees no advantage to        purpose. We have therefore eliminated    This rule contains collection of
    including more specificity or detail than   this provision from the regulations and   information requirements subject to
    necessary in the Program regulations.      instead allow inclusion of land and        Public Law 98-511, the Paperwork
    The financial support provided under       submerged lands already in the states'    Reduction Act PRA), which have
    this subpart for Research is               possession as state match irrespective     already been approved by the Office of
    administered by NOAA. As a result,         of the date obtained by the state.        Management and Budget (pproval
    NOAA, in consultation with prominent    However, calculation of the amount            Management 06480121nd  Public re(apprtioval
    members of the estuarine research          eligible as match for existing state      burden for the collections of information
    community, will continue to determine      owned lands will be made by an             contained in this rule is estimated to
    research priorities for this funding.      independent appraiser who will average 01 hours per response for
                                              consider the value for match purposes of  average 2012 hours per response for
    Subpart G-Interpretation and               these lands by calculating the value of    management plans and related
                                               these lands by calti                       documentationg 125 hours for
    Education                                  benefits foregone by the state, in the use   documentator, 125 hours for
    Section 921.69-General                     of the land, as a result of new           performance reports, and 15 hours for
                                              restrictions that may be Imposed by        annual reports and work plans. These
      Proposed � 921.0(a)--Two reviewers    Reserve designation.                          estimates include the time for reviewing
    objected to the requirement that             Proposed� 921.71(e)(4)-One               instructions, searching existing data
    interpretive and education projects be     reviewer recommended ehmination or         sources, gathering and maintaimng the
    conducted within the research reserve.     sumphfication of the matching share        data needed, and completing and
      Response: NOAA did not intend to         criteria for research awards,             revlewing the collection of information.
    limit funding under this Subpart to          Response: The matching share             Send comments regarding this burden
    activities conducted entirely within the    requirement cannot be eliminated          estimate or any other aspect of these
    boundaries of a research reserve, and      because it is required by statute.         collections of information, including
    has revised the statement to clarify the    However, the matching share critena       suggestions for reducing this burden, to
    intent.                                    has been simplified to be consistent      Richard Roberts, Room 1235,
      Proposed � 921 60ob)-One reviewer        with the provisions to � 921 50(a) of     Department of Commerce, Washington,
    suggested NOAA require that all            subpart F.                                 DC 20230, and to the Office of
    applications for interpretation and                                                   Information and Regulatory Affairs,
    education awards be approved by the        VI. Other Actions Associated With the      Office of Management and Budget,
    state.                                     Rulemaking                                 Washington, DC 20503. ATI'N- Desk
      Response: NOAA agrees that                 (A) Classification Under ELecutive      Officer for NOAA.
    applications under this subpart should     Order 12291. NOAA has concluded that         (D) Executive Order 12612. These
    have the support of the state managing     these regulations are not major because    interimn final rules do not contain
    entity. The regulations have been          they will not result m:                    policies which have sufficient
    revised accordingly.                         (1) An annual effect on the economy      Federalism muplicatIons to warrant
                      Section 92171-Aowable Costs  of $100 million or more:              preparation of a Federalism Assessment
                                                 (2) A major increase m costs or prices   pursuant to Executive Order 12612.
      Proposed � 921.71(e)(2)-Two              for consumers; individual industries;     However, the provisions of the rules
    reviewers objected to a one year time      Federal, state, or local government       setting forth what a state must do or
    limit prior to pre-acquislhon being        agencies; or geographic regions; or       agree to do in order to quahfy for the
    imposed on the allowability for state        (3) Slgmficant adverse effects on       various types of Federal financial
    match of state lands already in a fully-    competition, employment, investment,      assistance available under the rules
    protected status. The commenters noted   productivlty, innovation or the ability of   have been reviewed to ensure that the

                  Federl Rsgiter I Val. 55, No. 141 f Monday   July 23, 1990 /Rules and Regurlations                       29094~-

    rules: grant the states the miaximum       submnitted program applications that Se
    admirristrative discretfion possible in the   anticipate immediate implementation of   Subpart F,-Research
    administration of the National Estuarine   these regulation& Public conmmente --'    921.50 GomraL
    Reserve Research System policies           these interim final reglations      a      e92151i Estuanine research guidelines.
    embodied in the qualfficatio               irwited and will be considered if          921.5Z Promotion and.coordination of
    requirements., in forrmilating those       submitted on. or before September 21.         estuarine research.
    pohicies.. the NOAA worked with            1990.                                      Sdar Gi-Mandring
    affected states to develop thewr own       Ust of Subjects in IS CER.Part 9o1         92I.60' General.
    policies with respect to the use of
    National Estuarine Ressarch Reserve          Administrative practice and              Subpart H-Interpretation. and Education
    To the maximum extent possible             procedure, Goastal zone, Environmental   9=.7'o C~,ener
    consistent with the NOAA's                 impact statements, Grant programs--       921.71  Categories of'potential interpretive
    responsibility to ensure that the          Natural resourws Reporfti  and               and educational projects; evaluation
    objectives of the National Estuarina       recordkeeping requbvemente, Research.          criteria.
    tResev Resarhstem Zrovise ofaeen   c      (Federal Domestic Assistance Catalog       Subpart I-General Financial Assistance
              the Casta Zon Mangeme  t         Ac areNumber T1A20 National Eatusrine Reserve  Provisions
    obtained, the rules refrain fromU          Research Systeml                           921.8  Application infiormationm
    establishing uniform natioana standards.    Dated- July iIA TM.O                      921.81  Allowable costs.
    Extemlve consultatione With state  VriaICTpe,921 112 Amendments to financial assistance
    officials and organim-ations have been   awards.  Tpp
    held regarding the financial asittc        AssrstantAdmuusfatar far      O      m Seraice.
    qualifications imposed. Details      M i d Coastal Zone Management,                   Appendix It Fa art 921-4hogeographic>
    regarding awards of financial assistance   For the reasons set farth fu the          Caaiication Scheme
    have been discussed above under the        preamhLe~, 15 CFA part 92 is revised to    Appendix IL to Fart 1n-TyPology Of
    heading "REVISION OF THE                   read as followar                           National Estuarine Resarch Reserves
    PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING,                                                               Authority: Sec. 315; Public Law 92-583. as
    DESIGNATING AND OPERATING                  PART 921-K4ATIONAL ESTUARDWE               amended; 88 Stat. 1280(16 U-SC. 14(nJ.
    NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH    RESERVE RESEARCH SYSTE."
    RESERVES" and are not repeated here.    REGULATIONS                                   Subpart A-General
    Likewise comments from the statee          Sec.                                       J 921.  Slission, goals ard general
    regarding qualifications and responses                                                provisios.
    and, changes to the regulations regarding   Subpart A-General,            Cal The mission of the National
    same were set forth under the heading      9211  Miso~gasadgnrlpoiin. Estuarine Reserve Research System is
    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT                    9212z Definiitions.                         the establishment and management..
    COMMENTWS ON THAE PROPOSU3                921 3  National Estmanine Reserve Research    through Federal-State cooperation, of a
    REGULATIONS AND NOAA'ry                        System biogeographic claalfigatmon  nt oa   ytmoetaiersac
    RESPONSES. It should be noted that             scheme and                .naialsteofestuarine research.
    some of the states commented in            921.4 Relationship to other pmdaiagna of the   reserves representative of the various
    opposition to conditions or language          Coastal Zone Management Act.            regions  an etuaie types in the
    required by law or by Office of            Subpart D-Site soed pdnSelec.tio Un   t       e Slte  Estuarine research
    Management and Budget Circular A-102.  and Management Plan Developmient               reserves are established to provide
                         NOAA does not have the discretion to  921.10    ~               opportunities for long-term research.
    change such language or conditions.       9211   IIsite selection,                      ()Teducasionan   ntheprogramtfor
      (E) Nation al En virojmnentcrl Policy   921.11 Post site selection         cbarThengol out this   prsog ram to:
    Act. NOAA has concluded that               921.13 Management plan and environmenstal carigothimiinaeto
    publication of these interim final rules      impact statement daveloiiwent.            ill Enswne a stable environment for
    does not constitute a major Federal        Subpart G-cudi  Do~pet ".,                 research through long-term protection of
    action significantly affecting the quality, Preparation of th 14natm~owuont phn       estuarina reserve resources;
    of the human, environment. Therefore,      921.20  General.                             (2] Address coastal management
                         an  eviromenal ipactstaemen Is 21 1 haial cqusitin an deekqment Issues identified as significant through
    ano reqirnmed.a imawtsarden  s.911Iilaqiito  n  eeomn                                 coorcdnae estuarine research within
                         not required.            aw&~~~~~~~~~~~~~                       the System;
       F)Ad'ninistrative, Procedure Act       Subpart D-Reserve Desigmation and            (3) Enihanc public awareness and
    Thes- kntenin final regulations are        Subsequent Operation                       udrtnigo  h  surn
    effective Wl'23, 1933. To the extent that            u      d      r      t      n      i     g     o h surn
    these regulations relate to grants and     921 30  Designation of National Estuarine  environment and provide suitable
               cooperativ agreemens the       921Research Reserves.                      opportunities for public education and
    coprequivearements   ts the Adinstatv         31  Supplemental acquisition and        interpretation;
    Procedure Act 5 U.&C. 553 do not apply.   921.32 Operatforr and management.             (4) Promote Federal, state;, public and
    To the extent that any substantive             Implementatiou of the'maanagement plan.   private use of one or more reserves
    provision does not involve grants or       922133  Boundary chiangms amendatents, to  within the System when such entities
    cooperative agreements no useful              the management plan and addition of     conduct estuarine research;, and
    purpose would be served by delaying           multiple-site components.                 (5) Conduct and coordinate estuarine
    the effective date for 30 days. No rights    Subpart o-pezionnance Evaluation. and    research within the Systera, gathering
    of the participants in this Federal        Withidrawal of Designation                 and making available information
    program will be adversely effected by      921.40 Evaluation of system performance.   necessary for improved understanding
    immediate implementation. To thea          92141  Suspension of eliibilitylafr mancial   and management of estuarine areas.
    contrary state recipients of financial         assistance.                              (cJ National estuarine research
    assistance through. this program have      921.42 Withdrawst of designation.          reserves shall be open ta the public to

    29950        Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23r 1990 I Rules and Regulations

    the extent permitted under State and      representative and ecological integrity     protection of estuarine resources. The
    Federal law. Multiple uses are allowed     of the reserve.                            research and monitoring awards provide
    to the degree compatible with the            [e) Under the Act an area may be         funds to conduct estuarine research and
    research reserve's overall purpose as      designated as an estuarine reserve only    monitoring within the System. The
    provided in the management plan (see       if the area is a representative estuarine    educational and interpretive award
    � 921.13) and consistent with paragraphs   ecosystem that is suitable for long-term    provides funds to conduct estuarine
    (a) and (b) of this section. Use levels are   research. Many estuarne areas have      educational and interpretive activities
    set by the individual state and analyzed   undergone some ecological change as a    within the System.
    in the management plan. The research       result of human activities (eg.,             (g) Lands already in protected status
    reserve management plan shall describe   hydrological changes, intentional/           managed by other Federal agencies,
    the uses and establish priorities among    unintentional species composition          state or local governments, or private
    these uses. The plan shall identify uses    changes--introduced and exotic            organizations can be included within
    requiring a state permit, as well as areas   species). In those areas proposed or     national estuarine research reserves
    where uses are encouraged or               designated as national estuarme            only if the managing entity commits to
    prohibited. Consistent with resource       research reserves, such changes may        long-term non-manipulative
    protection and research objectives,        have dininished the representative         management consistent with paragraphs
    public access may be restricted to         character and integrity of the site.       (d) and (e) of this section in the reserve
    certain areas within a research reserve.    Although restoration of degraded areas    management plan. Federal lands already
      (d) Habitat manipulation for research    is not a primary purpose of the System,    in protected status cannot comprise the
    purposes is allowed consistent with the    such activities may be permitted to        key land and water areas of a research
    following limitations. Manipulative        improve the representative character       reserve (see � 921.11(c](3]).
    research activities must be specified in    and integrity of a reserve. Restoration     (h) To assist the states in carrying out
    the management plan, be consistent         activities must be carefully planned and   the Program's goals in an effective
    with the mission and goals of the          approved by NOAA through the Reserve   manner, the National Oceanic and
    program (see paragraphs (a) and (b) of     Management Plan. Historical research       Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
    this section) and the goals and            may be necessary to determine the          will coordinate a research and
    objectives of the affected research        "natural" representative state of an       education information exchange
    reserve, and be limited in nature and      estuarme area (i.e., an estuarine          throughout the national estuarne
    extent to the minimum manipulative         ecosystem mmnimally affected by human-  research reserve system. As part of this
    activity necessary to accomplish the       activity or influence). Frequently,        role, NOAA will ensure that information
    stated research objective. Manipulative    restoration of a degraded estuarine area   and ideas from one reserve are made
    research activities with a significant or    will provide an excellent opportunity for   available to others in the system. The
    long-term impact on reserve resources      management oriented research.              network will enable reserves to
    require the prior approval of the state      (fJ NOAA may provide financial           exchange information and research data
    and the National Oceanic and               assistance to coastal states, not to       with each other, with universities
    Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).    exceed 50 percent of all actual costs or    engaged in estuarine research, and with
    Manipulative research activities which    $4 million whichever amount is less, to    Federal and state agencies. NOAA's
    can reasonably be expected to have a       assist in the acquisition of land and      objective is a system-wide program of
    significant adverse impact on the          waters, or interests therem. NOAA may    research and monitoring capable of
    estuarine resources and habitat of a       provide financial assistance to coastal    addressing the management issues that
    reserve, such that the activities          states not to exceed 50 percent of all     affect long-term productivity of our
    themselves or their resulting short- and    actual costs for the management and       Nation's estuaries.
    long-term consequences compromise the   operation of, and the conduct of
    representative character and integrity of   educational or interpretive activities
    a reserve, are not allowed. Habitat        concerning, national estuarne research       (a) Act means the Coastal Zone
    manipulation for resource management    reserves (see subpart I of this part).        Management Act of 1972, as amended,
    purposes is not permitted within           NOAA may provide financial assistance   10 U.S.C. 1451 et seq. Section 315 of the
    nahonal estuarine research reserves,       to any coastal state or public or private    Act, 18 U.S.C. 1461, estabhshes the
    except as allowed for restoration          person, not to exceed 50 percent of all    National Estuarine Reserve Research
    activities consistent with paragraph (e)    actual costs, to support research and     System.
    of this section. NOAA may allow an         monitoring within a national estuarine       (bJ Under Secretary means the Under
    exception to this prohibition if           research reserve. Five types of awards     Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere,
    manipulative activity is necessary for     are available under the National           U.S. Department of Commerce, or
    the protection of public health or the     Estuarnne Reserve Research System          designee.
    preservation of other sensitie resources   Program. The predesignation awards are       (c) Coastalstate means a state of the
    which have been listed or are eligible     for site selection, draft management       Umnted States, in or bordering on, the
    for protection under relevant Federal or    plan preparation and conduct of basic     Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean, the
    state authority (e.g., threatened/         characterization studhes. Acquisition      Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, or
    endangered species or significant          and development awards are intended        one or more of the Great Lakes. For the
    historical or cultural resources). If      primarily for acquisithon of interests in  purposes of these regulations the term
    habitat manipulation is determined to be   land and construction. The operation       also includes Puerto Rico, the Virgin
    necessary for the protection of public     and management award provides funds    Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of
    health or the preservation of sensitive    to assist in implementing the research,    the Northern Marianas Islands, the
    resources, then these activities shall be    educational, and admimstrative           Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands,
    specified in the Reserve Management        programs detailed in the research          and American Samoa (see 16 U.S.C.
    Plan and limited to the reasonable         reserve management plan and is             1453(4)).
    alternative which has the least adverse    reflective of the joint State-Federal        (d) Estuary means that part of a river
    and shortest term Impact on the            partnership in the preservation and        or stream or other body of water having

                  Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                      29951

    unimpaired connection with the open       approved coastal zone management           million for which each reserve is eligible
    sea, where the sea water is measurably    programs under section 306 of the Act, is  for land acquisition. In the case of a
    diluted with fresh water derived from     eligible for an award under the National   biogeographic region (see Appendix I to
    land drainage. The term also includes     Estuarine Reserve Research System (see   this part) shared by two or more states,
    estuary-type areas with measurable        � 921.2(c)).                               each state is eligible for Federal
    freshwater influence and having              (b) For purposes of consistency         financial assistance to establish a
    unimpaired connections with the open      review by states with a federally          national estuarine research reserve
    sea, and estuary-type areas of the Great   approved coastal zone management          within their respective portion of the
    Lakes and their connecting waters. See    program, the designation of a national     shared biogeographic region. Financial
    16 U.S.C. 1453(7)).                       estuarine research reserve is deemed to   assistance application procedures are
      (e) National Estuarine Research         be a Federal activity, which, if directly    specified in subpart I of this part
    Reserve means an area that is a           affecting the state's coastal zone, must      (b) In developing a research reserve
    representative estuarine ecosystem        be undertaken in a manner consistent to   program, a state may choose to develop
    suitable for long-term research, which    the maximum extent practicable with        a multiple-site research reserve
    may include all or the key land and       the approved state coastal zone program   reflecting a diversity of habitats in a
    water portion of an estuary, and          as provided by section 1456(c)[1) of the    single biogeographic region. A multiple-
    adjacent transitional areas and uplands    Act, and implementing regulations at 15   site research reserve also allows the
    constituting to the extent feasible a     CFR part 930, subpart C. In accordance    state to develop complementary
    natural unit, and which is set aside as a    with section 1456(c)(1) of the Act and the   research and educational programs
    natural field laboratory to provide long-   applicable regulations NOAA will be      within the individual components of its
    term opportunities for research,          responsible for certifying that            multi-site research reserve. Multiple-site
    education, and interpretaton on the       designation of the reserve is consistent    research reserves are treated as one
    ecological relationships within the area    with the State approved coastal zone     reserve in terms of financial assistance
    (see 16 U.S.C. 1453[8)) and meets the     management program. The State must          and development of an overall
    requirements of 16 U.S.C. 1461(b). This   concur with or object to the certification.   management framework and plan. Each
    includes those areas designated as        It is recommended that the lead State       individual site of a proposed multiple-
    national estuarine sanctuaries under      agency for reserve designation consult      site research reserve shall be evaluated
    section 315 of the Act prior to the date of  at the earliest practicable time, with the   both separately under 1 921.11(c) and
    the enactment of the Coastal Zone         appropriate State officials concerning     collectively as part of the site selection
    Management Reauthorization Act of         the consistency of the proposed national   process. A state may propose to
    1985 and each area subsequently           estuarne research reserve.                  estabhsh a multiple-site research
    designated as a national estuarine           (c) The National Estuanne Research       reserve at the time of the initial site
    research reserve.                         Reserve Program will be administered in     selection, or at any point    the
                                              close coordination with the National
    � 921.3 National Estuarine Reserve        Marne Sanctuary Program (Title m of         development or operation of the
    Research System biogeographic             the Marine Protection Research and          estuarne research reserve, even after
    classification scheme and estuarlne       Sanctuaries Act, as amended, 16 U.S.C.    Federal funding for the single site
    typologies.                               1431-1445), also administered by NOAA.  research reserve has expired. If the state
                                                          typol  also administered by NOAA.   decides to develop a multiple-site
      (a) National estuarmne research         Title III authorizes the Secretary ofonal estuare research reserve afte
    reserves are chosen to reflect regional   Commerce to designate discrete areas of  the initial acquisition and development
    differences and to include a variety of   the marine environment as marine            award is made for a single site, the
    ecosystem types. A biogeographic          sanctuaries to protect or restore such       roposal is subect to the   uirements
    classification scheme based on regional   areas for their conservation,                 t   th
    variations m the nation's coastal zone    recreational, ecological, historical       set forth in � 921.33(b). However, a state
    has been developed. The biogeographic    research, educational or esthetic values.   may not propose to add one or more
    classlfication scheme Is used to ensure   National marine sanctuaries and            sites to an already designated research
    that the Nahonal Estuarme Reserve         estuarine research reserves may not        reserve if the operation and
    Research System includes at least one     overlap, though they may be adjacent.      management of such research reserve
    site from each region. The estuarine                                                 has been found deficient and
    typology system is utilized to ensure     Subpart 8--Site Selection, Post Site       uncorrected or the research conducted is
    that sites m the System reflect the wide    Selection and Management Plan            not consistent with the Estuarine
                            range of estuarine types within the  Development             Research Guidehnes in accordance with
    Unuted States.                                                                       the provisions of subparts E and F of
      (b) The biogeographic classification    � 921.10  GeneraL                          tins part In addition, Federal funds
    scheme, presented in Appendix I to this     (a) A state may apply for Federal         acquisition of a multiple-site research
    part, contains 27 regions. Figure 2       financial assistance for the purpose of    reserve remains limited to $4,000,000
    graphically depicts the biogeographic      site selection, preparation of documents    (see � 921.20). The funding for operation
    regions of the United States.             specified in 1 921.13 (draft management    of a multiple-site research reserve is
      (c) The typology system is presented    plan and environmental impact              limited to $70,000 per year (see
    n Appendix II to this part.                statement (EIS)) and the conduct of        � 921.32(c)) and preacquisition funds are
                                               research necessary to complete basic       linmted to $100,000 per reserve.
    � 921.4 Relationship to other provisions of   characterization studies. The total
    the Coastal Zone Management Act.           Federal share of this group of             � 921.11  Site selection.
      (a) The National Estuarmne Reserve      predesignation awards may not exceed          (a) A state may use up to $25,000 in
    Research System is intended to provide    $100,000, of which up to $25,000 may be    Federal funds to estabhsh and
    information to state agencies and other    used for site selection as described in    implement a site selection process
    entities involved in addressing coastal  �   921.11. Federal financial assistance for   which is approved by NOAA.
    management issues. Any coastal state,    preacquisition activities under � 921.11       (b) In addition to the requirements set
    including those that do not have           and � 921.12 is subject to the total $4    forth in subpart I of this part, a request

    29952         Federal Register / VoL 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations

    for Federal funds for site selection must    those ecological units of a natural     being considered for selection as a.
    contain the following programmatic        estuarine system which preserve, for       potential national estuarine research
    information:                              research purposes, a fi  range of          reserve. Afer the local government(s)
       (1] A description of the proposed site    significant physical, chemical and       and affected landowner(s) have been
    selection process and how it will be      biological factors contributing to the     contacted, at least one public meeting
    implemented in conformance with the       diversity of fauna, flora and natural      shall be held in the area of the proposed
    biogeographic classification scheme and   processes occurring within  e estuary.    site. Notice of such a meeting, including
    typology (� 821.3);                       The determination of which land and        the time, place, and relevant subject
      (21 An identification of the site       water areas are "key" to a particular      matter, shall be announced by the state
    selection agency and the potential        reserve must be based on specific          through the area's principal news media
    management agency; and                    scientific knowledge ofthe area. A basic  at least 15 days prior to the date of the
      (3) A description of how public         principle to follow when deciding upon    meeting and by NOAA in the Federal
    participation will be incorporated into   key land and water areas is that they      Register.
    the process (see I 921.11(d)).            should encompass-resources                   (e) A state request for NOAA
      (c) As part of the site selection       representative of the totaE ecosystem,     approval of a proposed site (or sites in
    process, the state and NOAA shall         and which if compromised could             the case of a multi-site reserve] must
    evaluate and select the final site(s).    endanger the research obiectves of the    contain a description of the proposed
    NOAA has final authority in approving    reserve. The term "buffer zone" refers tt  site in relationship to each of the site
    such sites. Site selection shall be guided   an area adjacentto o sounrdng key    selection principles ( 921.11(c)) and the
    by the following principles:              land and water areas and essential to      following information:
      (1) The site's contribution to the      their integrity. Buffer zones protect the    [1) An analysis of the proposed site
    biogeographical and typological balance   core area and provide additional           based on the biogeographical scheme/
    of the National Estuarine Reserve         protection for estuarine-dependent         typology discussed in � 921.3and set
    Research System. NOAA will give           species, including those that are rare or    forth in appendices r and II to this part;
    priority consideration to proposals to    endangered. When determined
    establish reserves in biogeographic       appropriate by the state and approved            A description of the proposed site
    regions or subregions that are not        by NOAA, the buffer zone may also          and its major resources, including
    represented in the system (see the        include an area necessary forfaciities    location, proposed boundaries, and
    biogeographic classification scheme and   required for research and interpretation    adjacent land uses. Maps, including
    typology set forth in � 921.3 and         Additionally, buffer zones should be       aerial photographs, are required;
    appendices I and 11 to this part);        established sufficient to accommodate a      (3) A description of the public
      (2) The site's ecological               shift of the core area as a result of      participation process used by the state
    characteristics, including its biological  biological, ecological or                 to solicit the views of interested parties,
    productivity, diversity of flora and      geomorphological change which              a summary of comments, and, if
    fauna, and capacity to attract a broad    reasonably could be expected to occur.    interstate issues are involved,
    range of research and educational         National estuarine research reserves       documentation that the Governor(s) of
    interests. The proposed site must be a    may include existing Federal or state      the other affected state(s) has been
    representative estuarine ecosystem and    lands already in a protected status        contacted. Copies of all correspondence,
    should, to the maximum extent possible,   where mutual benefit can be enhanced.    including contact letters to all affected
    be an estuarine ecosystem minimally       However, NOAA will not approve a site   landowner must be appended;
    affected by human activity or influence    for potential national estuarine research    (4) A list of all sites considered and a
    (see 1 921.1(e));                         reserve status that is dependent           brief statement of the basis for not
      (3] Assurance that the site's           primarily upon the incusion of currently   selecting the non-preferred sites; and
    boundaries encompass an adequate          protected Federal lands in order to meet      (5} A nomination of the proposed
    portion of the key land and water areas    the requirements for research reserve     site(s) for designation as a National
    of the natural system to approximate an   status (such as key land and water         Estuarine Research Reserve by the
    ecological unit and to ensure effective   areas). Such lands generally will be       Governor of the coastal state in which
    conservation. Boundary size will vary     included within a research reserve to      the area is located.
    greatly depending on the nature of the     serve as a buffer or for other ancillary   921.12  Post site selection.
    ecosystem. Research reserve boundaries   purposes;t                                    92.con.
    must encor pass the area within which       (4) The site's suitability for long-terur   (a) At the time of the state's request
    adequate control has or will be           estuarine research, including ecological    forNOAA approval of a proposed site,
    established by the managing entity over   factors and proximity to existing          the state may submit a request for up to
    human activities occurring within the     research facilities and educational        $40,000 of the total $100,000 allowed for
    reserve. Generally, reserve boundaries     institutions-                             predesignation funds to develop the
    will encompass two areas: key land and      (5] The site's compatibility with        draft management plan and for the
    water areas for "core area" and a          existing and potential land and water     collection of the information necessary
    buffer zone. Key land and water areas      uses in contiguous areas as well as       for preparation of the environmental
    and a buffer zone will likely require     approved coastal and estuarine             impact statement At this time, the state
    significantly different levels of control  management plans; and                     may also submit a request for the
    (see � 921.13(a)(7)). The term "key land    (6) The site's importance to education   remainder of the predesignation funds
    and water areas" refers to that core area   and interpretive efforts, consistent with    for research necessary to complete a
    within the reserve that is so vital to the    the need for continued protection of the    basic characterization of the physical
    functioning of the estuarine ecosystem     natural system,                           chemical and biological characteristics
    that it must be under a level of control     (d) Early in the site selection process    of the site approved by NOAA. The
    sufficient to ensure the long-tdrm         the state must seek the views of affected  state's request for these post site
    viability of the reserve for research on   landowners; local governments, other      selection finds must be accompanied by
    natural processes. Key land and water      state and Federal agencies and other      the information specified in subpart I of
    areas, which comprise the core area, are   parties who are interested in thearea(s)   this part and, for draft management plan

                  Federal Register i Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations                      29953

    development and environmental impact   establishing adequate long-term state         state shall give priority consideration to
    statement information collection, the     control over these areas sufficient to     the least costly method(s) of attaining
    following programmatic information:       provide protection for reserve resources   the minimum level of long-term control
      (1) A draft management plan outline     to ensure a stable environment for         required. Generally, with the possible
    (see � 921.13(a) below); and              research. This plan must include an        exception of buffer areas required for
      (2) An outline of a draft memorandum   identification of ownership within the      support facilities, the level of control(s)
    of understanding (MOU) between the        proposed research reserve boundaries,    required for buffer areas will be
    state and NOAA detailing the Federal-    including land already in the public        considerably less than that required for
    state role in research reserve            domain: the method(s) of acquisition       key land and water areas. This
    management during the initial period of   which the state proposes to use-            acquisition plan, after receiving the
    Federal funding and expressing the        acquisition [including less-than-fee       approval of NOAA, shall serve as a
    state's long-term commitment to operate   simple options) to establish adequate      guide for negotiations with landowners.
    and manage the national estuarmnne        long-term state control; an estimate of    A final boundary for the reserve shall be
    research reserve.                         the fair market value of any property      delineated as a part of the final
      (b) The state is eligible to use the    interest-which is proposed for             management plan;
    funds referenced in � 921.12(a) after the    acqmsition; a schedule estimating the      (8) A resource protection plan
    proposed site is approved by NOAA          time required to complete the process of   detailing applicable authorities,
    under the terms of � 921.11.              establishing adequate state control of     including allowable uses, uses requiring
    � 921.13  Management plan and             the proposed research reserve; and a       a permit and permit requirements, any
    environmental Impact statement             discussion of any anticipated problems,   restrictions on use of the research
    development                               In selecting a preferred method(s) for      reserve, and a strategy for research
      (a) After NOAA approves the state's    establishing adequate state control over   reserve surveillance and enforcement of
    proposed site, the state may request to   areas withm the proposed boundaries of   such use restrictions, including
    use additional predesignation funds for    the reserve, the state shall perform the   appropriate government enforcement
    draft management plan development         following steps for each parcel             agencies;
    and the collection of information         determined to be part of the key land         (9) If applicable, a restoration plan
    necessary for the preparation by NOAA    and water areas (control over which is    describing those portions of the site that
    of the environmental impact statement.    necessary to protect the integrity of the    may require habitat modification to
    The state shall develop a draft           reserve for research purposes), and for    restore natural conditions;
    management plan, including an MOU.        those parcels required for research and       (10) A proposed memorandum of
    The plan will set out in detail:          interpretive support facilities or buffer   understanding (MOU) between the state
      (1) Research reserve goals and          purposes:                                  and NOAA regarding the Federal-state
    objectives, management issues, and           (i) Determine, with appropriate          relationship during the establishment
    strategies or actions for meeting the     justification, the minimum level of         and development of the national
    goals and objectives;                      control(s) required (e.g., management      estuarinne research reserve, and
      (2) An administrative section           agreement, regulation, less-than-fee       expressing a long-term commitment by
    including staff roles in administration,   simple property interest (e.g.,            the state to maintain and manage the
    research, education/interpretation, and    conservation easement), fee simple         research reserve in accordance with
    surveillance and enforcement;             property acquisition, or a combination      section 315 of the Act 18 U.S.C. 1461,
      (3) A research plan, including a        of these approaches;                       and applicable regulations. In
    monitornng design;                          fil) Identify the level of existing state    conjunction with the MOU and where
      (4) An education/interpretive plan;     control(s);                                possible under state law, the state will
      (5) A plan for pubhc access to the         (iil) Identify the level of additional  consider taking appropriate
    research reserve;                         state control(s), if any, necessary to      administrative or legislative action to
      (6) A construction plan, including a    meet the minimnum requirements             ensure the long-term protection and
    proposed construction schedule, general   identified m (a)(7)(l); of this section;    operation of the national estuarine
    descriptions of proposed developments       (Iv] Examine all reasonable               research reserve. The MOU shall be
    and preliminary drawings, if              alternatives for attaining the level of     signed prior to research reserve
    appropriate. Information should be        control identified in (a)(7)[(ii] of this   designation. If other MOUs are
    provided for proposed minor                section. and perform a cost analysis of    necessary (such as with a Federal
    construction projects m sufficient detail   each: and                                 agency or another state agency), drafts
    to allow these projects to begin m the       (v) Rank, in order of cost, the methods   of such MOUs also must be included in
    initial phase of acquisition and           (including acquisition) identified in      the plan; and
    development. If a visitor center,         paragraph (a](7)(iv) of this section.         (11) If the state has a federally
    research center or any other facilities   An assessment of the relative cost-         approved coastal zone management
    are proposed for construction or           effectiveness of control alternatives      program, documentation that the
    renovation at the site, or restorative     shall include a reasonable estimate of     proposed national estuarine research
    activities which require significant       both short-term costs (eg., acquisition of  reserve is consistent to the maximum
    construction are planned. a detailed       property interests, regulatory program     extent practicable with that program.
    construction plan including preliminary    development including associated           See � 921.4(b) and � 921.30(b).
    cost estimates and architectural           enforcement costs, negotiation,              (b) Regarding the preparation of an
    drawings must be prepared as a part of    adjudication, etc.) and long-term costs     environmental impact statement (EIS)
    the final management plan; and             (eg., monitoring, enforcement,            under the National Environmental P6hlcy
      (7) An acquisition plan identifying the   adjudication, management and             Act on a national estuarine research
    ecologically key land and water areas of   coordination). In selecting a preferred    reserve proposal, the state shall provide
    the research reserve, ranking these       method(s) for establishing adequate        all necessary information to NOAA
    areas according to their relative          state control over each parcel examined   concerning the socioeconomic and
    importance, and including a strategy for   under the process described above, the    environmental unpacts associated with

    299S          Fedral Regaste / VoL 55. No. I41 / Monday, July 23, 19  / Rles and Regulations

    implementing the draft management          funds may be used in accordance with       that the construction activity will not be
    plan and feasible alternatives to the      the final management plan to construct    detrimental to the environment.
    plan. Based an this information, NOAA    research and educational faclities,            (d] Except as specifically provided in
    will prepare the draft ElS.                complete any remaining land                paragraphs (aJ through (c} of this
      (c) Early in the development of the     acquistEm, and for restorative activties   section, construction projects, to be
    draft management plan and the draft        identified in the final management plan.   fundedin whole or in part under an
    EIS, the state shall hold a meeting in the   In any case, the amount of Federal       acquisition and development award(s),
    area or areas most affected to solicit    financial assistance provided to a         may not be initiated until the research
    public and government comments on the   coastal state with respect to the             reserve receives formal designation (see
    significant issues related to the          acquisition of lands and waters, or        � 921.30). This requirement has been
    proposed action. NOAA will publish a       interests therein, for any one national    adopted to ensure that substantial
    notice of the meeting in the Federal       estuarine research reserve may not         progress in establishing adequate state
    Register 15 days prior to the meeting.     exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of   control over key land and waters areas
    The state shall be responsible for         the costs of the lands, waters, and        has been made and that a final
    publishing a similar notice m the local    interests therein or $4.000o,ooo           management plan is completed before
    media.                                     whichever amount is less. The amount       major sums are spent on construction.
      (d) NOAA will publish a Federal         ofFederal assistance for development       Once substantial progress in
    Register notice of intent to prepare a     and construction activities is $1,500,000.    establishing adequate state control/
    draft EIS. After the draft ElS is prepared                                            acquisition has been made, as defined
    and filed with the Environmental           � 921.21  Initial acqusition and           by the state in the management plan,
    Protection Agency (EPA), a Notice of       development awards.                        other activities guided by the final
    Availability of the DEIS will appear in      (a) Assistance is provided to aid the    management plan may begin with
    the Federal Register. Not less than 30     recipient in:                              NOAA's approval
    days after publication of the notice,        (1) Acquiring a fee simple or less-        (e) For any real property acquired in
    NOAA will hold at least one public         than-fee simple real property interest in   whole or part with Federal funds for the
    hearing in the area or areas most          land and water areas to be included in    research reserve the state shall execute
    affected by the proposed national          the research reserve boundaries (see       suitable title documents to include
    estuarine research reserve. The hearing    � 921.13(a)(7); � 9213(t d3;               substantially the following provisions,
    will be held no sooner than 15 days after    (2) Minor construction, as prvided in   or otherwise append the following
    appropriate notice of the meeting has      paragraphs (b) and (c) of this sectionr    provisions in a manner acceptable under
    been given in the principal news media       (3) Preparing the final management       applicable state law to the official land
    and in the Federal Register by NOAA        plan; and                                  record(s):
    and the state, respectively. After a 45-     (4) Up to the point of research reserve    (1) Title to the property conveyed by
    day comment period, a final EIS will be    designation, initial management costs,     this deed shall vest in the [recipient of
    prepared by NOAA.                          eg., for implementing the NOAA             the award granted pursuant to section
    Subpart C-Acquisition, Development,   approved draft managementplan,                  315 of the Act, 16 U.S.C. 1461 or other
    and Preparation of the Final               preparing the final management plan,       NOAA approved state agency] subject
    Mar.agement Plan                           hiring a reserve manager and other staff   to the condition that the designation of
                                               as necessary and for other management-   the [name of National Estuarine
    � 921.20 General                           related activities. Applicaton             Reserve] is not withdrawn and the
      The acquisltion and development         procedures are specified in subpart I of    property remains part of the federally
    period is separated into two major         this part.                                 designated [name of National Estuarine
    phases. After NOAA approval of the           (b] The expenditure of Federal and       Research Reserve].
    site, draft management plan and draft      state funds on major construction           ([2 In the event that the property is no
    MOU, and completion of the final EIS, a   activities is not allowed during the        longer included as part of the research
    state is eligible for an initia! acquisition    inihtial acquisition and development  reserve, or If the designation of the
    and development award(s). in this initial  phase. The preparation of architectural    research reserve of which it is part is
    phase, the state should work to meet the   and engineenng plans, including            withdrawn, then NOAA or Its successor
    criteria required for formal research      specifications, for any proposed           agency, after full and reasonable
    reserve designation; e.g, establishing     construction, or for proposed restorative   consultation with the State, may
    adequate state control over the key land   activities, is permitted. In addition,     exercise the following rights regarding
    and water areas as specified in the draft   mmor construction activities, consistent   the disposition of the property.
    management plan and preparing the          with paragraph (c) of this section also      (i) The recipient may retain title after
    final management plan. These               are allowed. The NOAA-approved draft   paying the Federal Government an
    requirements are specified in � 921.30.    management plan must, however,             amount computed by applying the
    Minor construction in accordance with    include a construction plan and a public   Federal percentage of participation in
    the draft management plan may also be    access plan before any award funds can   the cost of the onginal project to the
    conducted during this mitial phase. The    be spent on construction activities.       current fair market value of the
    Initial acquisition and development          (c) Only minor construction activities    property;
    phase is expected to last no longer than    that aid in implementing portions of the    (ii) If the recipient does not elect to
    three years. If necessary, a longer time   management plan (such as boat ramps       retain title, the Federal Government may
    period may be negotiated between the       and nature trails) are permitted during    either direct the recipient to sell the
    state and NOAA. After research reserve   the initial acquisition and development    property and pay the Federal
    designation, a state is eligible for a     phase. No more than five (5) percent of    Government an amount computed by
    supplemental acquisition and               the initial acquition and development    applying the Federal percentage of
    development award(s) in accordance         award may be expended oan such             participation in the cost of the orisinal
    with i� 21.31. In this post-designation    facilities. NOAA must make a specific      project to the proceeds from the sale
    acquisition and development phase,         determination, based on the final EIS.     (after deducting actual and reasonable

                  Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                     29951

    selling and repair or renovation          in the management plan, are under          state may request a supplemental
    expenses, if any, from the sale           adequate state control sufficient to       acquisition and/or development
    proceeds), or direct the recipient to     provide long-term protection for reserve   award(s) for acquiring additional
    transfer title to the Federal Government.   resources and to ensure a stable         property interests identified in the
    If directed to transfer title to the Federal   environment for research:             management plan as necessary to
    Government, the recipient shall be           (4) Designation of the area asaa        enhance long-term protection of the area
    entitled to compensation computed by      reserve will serve to enhance public       for research and education, for facility
    applying the recipient's percentage of    awareness and understanding of             construction, for restorative activities
    participation in the cost of the original  estuarine areas. and provide suitable     identified in the approved management
    project to the current fair market value  opportunities for pubhlc education and     plan, and for administrative purposes.
    of the property;                          interpretation;                            The amount of Federal financial
      (iii) Fair market value of the property   (5) A final management plan has been   assistance provided for supplemental
    must be determined by an independent    approved by NOAA and contains the            development costs directly associated
    appraiser and certified by a responsible    signed copy of the designation findings:    with facility construction other than
    official of the state, as provided by        (6) An MOU has been signed between   land acquisition (i.e., major construction
    Department of Commerce Regulations in   the state and NOAA ensuring a long-          activities) for any one national estuarine
    15 CFR part 24, and Uniform Relocation    term commitment by the state to the        research reserve may not exceed
    Assistance and Real Property              effective operation and implementation    $1,500,000 and must be matched by the
    Acquisition for Federal and Federally      of the national estuarine research        state on a 50/50 basis. Supplemental
    assisted programs in 15 CFR part 11.      reserve: and                               acquisition awards for the acquisition of
      ([f) Upon instruction by NOAA.            (7) The coastal state in which the area   lands or waters, or interests therein, for
    provisions analogous to those of          is located has complied with the           any one National Estuarine Reserve may
    � 921.21(e) shall be included in the      requirements of these regulations.         not exceed an amount equal to 50 per
    documentation underlying less-than-fee-      (b) NOAA will determine whether the   centum of the cost of the lands, waters,
    simple interests acquired in whole or      designation of a national estuarine       and interests therein or $4,000,000
    part with Federal funds.                   research reserve in a state with a        whichever amount is less. In the case of
      (g) Federal funds or non-Federal        federally approved coastal zone            a biogeographic region (see Appendix I
    matching share funds shall not be spent    management program directly affects       to this part) shared by two or more
    to acquire a real property interest in    the coastal zone. If the designation is    states, each state is eligible for Federal
    which the State will own the land         found to directly affect the coastal zone,   financial assistance to establish a
    concurrently with another entity unless    NOAA will make a consistency              national estuarine research reserve
    the property interest has been identified   determination pursuant to section        within their respective portion of the
    as a part of an acquisition strategy      307(c)(1) of the Act, 18 U.S.C. 1458, and    shared biogeographic region.
    pursuant to � 921.13(7) which has been    15 CFR part 930, subpart C. See            Apphcation procedures are specified in
    approved by NOAA prior to the              i 921.4(b). The results of this           subpart I of this part. Land acquisition
    effective date of these regulations.      consistency determination will be          must follow the procedures specified in
      (h) Prior to submitting the final       published in the Federal Register when a     921.13(a)[7), 3 921.21 (e) and (f and
    management plan to NOAA for review    notice of designation is published. See         � 92181.
    and approval the state shall hold a        � 921.30(c).
    public meeting to receive comment on         (c) NOAA will cause a notice of         � 921.32 Operation and management:
    the plan in the area affected by the       designation of a national estuarine       Implementatlon of the management plan.
    estuarine research reserve. NOAA will    research reserve to be placed in the           (a) After the national estuarine
    publish a notice of the meeting in the     Federal Register. The state shall be      research reserve is formally designated,
    Federal Register. The state shall be       responsible for having a similar notice   the state is eligible to receive Federal
    responsible for having a similar notice   published in the local media.              funds to assist the state in the operation
    pubhshed in the local media.                 (d] The term "state control" in         and management of the research
                                               I 921.30(a)(3) does not necessarily       reserve. The purpose of this Federally
    Subpart D-Reserve Designation and    require that key land and water areas be   funded operation and management
    Subsequent Operation                       owned by the state in fee simple.         phase is to implement the approved final
               921    Designation of National  Acquisition of less-than-fee-simple       management plan and to take the
    earch Reser stua                          interests (eg., conservation easements)    necessary steps to ensure the continued
                                               and utilization of existing State         effective operation of the research
      (a) The Under Secretary may             regulatory measures are encouraged         reserve.
    designate an area as a national           where the state can demonstrate that
    estuarine research reserve pursuant to     these interests and measures assure          (b) State operation and management
    section 315 of the Act if based on        adequate long-tem State control            of national estuarine research reserves
                                              adequate long-term State control          shall be consistent with the mssion, and
    written findings the state has met the     consistent with the purposes of the        shall b e onsis the goals, of the Naion, and
    following requirements:                    research reserve (see also I 921.13(a)7);    s      hall further the goals, of the National
      (1) The Governor of the coastal state      92121g)) Should the state later elect    Estuarine Research Reserve System (see
    in which the area is located has           to purchase an interest in such lands     1921.1).
    nominated the area for designation as a    using NOAA funds, adequate                   (c) Federal funds of up to $70,000 per
    national estuarine research reserve;       justification as to the need for such     year, to be matched by the state on a
      (2) The area is a representative        acquisition must be provided to NOAA.    50/50 basis, are available for the
    estuarine ecosystem that is suitable for                                             operation and management of the
    long-term research and contributes to      �921.31 Supplemental acquisition and      national estuarine research reserve,
    the biogeographical and typological       development awards                         including the establishment and
    balance of the System;                       After national estuarine research        operation of a basic environmental
      (3) Key land and water areas of the     reserve designation, and as specified in    monitoring program. In the case of a
    proposed research reserve, as identified   the approved management plan, the         biogeographic region (see appendix I to

    295B         FmlsrFan  Ra    w I V l. 55. NM  21        M0onday, MY 21. 29W lj          s"   XOmhAtd

    this part) shared by two or more states,   accordance with section a 92.13 anm    performance evations If other
    each state is eligible for Federal       shal include an dministativt             experts are t be includedia the
    fmiancial assistance to establsh a      framework for the nmtiplite research   eua       onti, NOAA will fi  ask the
    national estuarine research reserve     reserve and a descripioaofthe             sate to remnend  ppropiate
    within their respective portion of the   complementary research ans              individual to serve In that capacity.
    shared btogeographic region (see         educational program   wth    e d) P erformancs   evauations will be
     s21.10).                               research reserve, I NOAA detenmines      conducted ha maccadance with the
      [d) Operation and management funds   based on the scope of the project and      procedural and pubic participation
    are subject to the following limitations:    the Issues associatecwit the additi   pravisions of the CZMA regulations on
      (1) No more than $70,000 in Federal   site, that an environmental assesment    review of performance at 15 CFR part
    funds may hbe expended In a twelve       is sufficient to establish a multiple-sMe    9  ({i.a, I 928.3(b) and � 28.4j.
    month award period (Le, Federal funds   research reserve, then the state shall    Co M  ensure effective Federal
    for operation and anagement may not   develop a revised management plan            versight of each research reserve
    be expended at a rate greater than      which, concerning the addtional           within the National Estuarine Reserve
    $70,OO0 per year)-                       component. ncorporates each of the       Research System the state is required to
      (2] No more than ten percent of the    elements described in � s91.ia). The     submit an annual report on operation
    total amount (state and Federal shares)   revised management plan shel address   and management of the research reserve
    of each operation and management        goals and objectives for all components   during be imediately preceding state
    award may be    used for construction-   of the multi-site research reserve a nd  fiscal year. This annual report must be
    type activities (Le., $14,00 maximum    the additional component's relaionship   submitted within a ninety day period
    per year).                               to the original site(s).                 following the end of the state fiscal year.
    � 9213M  BoundWy    g          d        spart E-perforM C EvUtgRs                 The report shaf detail program
    to the aunageamat pLm, and addition at                                            successes and accomplishments,
    mulple.et compomnts                      and Wthdr          of D   t              referencing the research reserve
      (a) Changes in research reserve       � 921.40 Evaluation of system             management plan and. as appropriate,
    boundaries and major changes to the      performance.                             the work plan for the previous year. A
    final management plan, including state     (a) Following designation of a national  work plan, detailing the projects and
    laws or regrdations promulgated          estuarine research reserve pursuant to    activities to be undertaken over the
    specifically for the research reserve,   � 921.30, periodic performance           coming year to meet the goals and
    may be made only after written           evaluations shall be conducted           obfectivea of the research reserve as
    approval by NOAA. If determined to be   concerning the operation and              described In the management plan and
    necessary, NOAA may require public       management of each national estuazine   the state's role in ongoing research
    notice, including notice in the Federal  research reserve, including the research   reserve programs shall also be fIncuded
    Register and an opportunity for public   and monitoring being conductedwithin    � 92t        en       g
    comment. Changes in the boundaries of   the reserve and education and             fntan cald asebbo
    the research reserve involving the       interpretive activities. Evaluatons may
    acquisition of properties not listed in the  assess performance in all aspects of   [a) f a performance evaluation under
    management plan or final EIS require     research reserve operation ad            � 921.40 reveal etha the operation and
    public notice and the opportunity for    management or may be [iIted In scope.  management of the research reserve is
    comment; in certain cases, an            focusing on selected issues of           deficient or that the research being
    environmental assessment and possibly,   importance. Performane evaluations i    conducted within the reserve Is not
    an environmental Impact statement,       assessing research reserve opnsistent with the Estuarine Research
    may be required Where public notice is   and management may also examine          Guidelines referenced in subpart F of
    required, NOAA will place a notice in    whether a research reserve is i          this part the eligibility of the research
    the Federal Register of any proposed     compliance with the requirements of      reserve for Federal financial assistance
    changes in research reserve boundaries    these regulations, particularly whether.   as described in these regulations may be
    or proposed major changes to the final     (1) The operation and management of   suspended until the deficiency or
    management plan. The state shall be      the research reserve is consistent with  inconsistency is remedied.
    responsible for publishing an equivalent   and furthers the mission and goals of the    (b) NOAA will provide the state with
    notice in the local media. See also      National Estuarine Reserve Research      a written notice of the deficiency or
    requirements of 1 921.4(b) and           System (sea  8921.1); and                inconsistency. This notice will explain
    � 921.13(a)(11).                          (2Z A basis continues to exist to       the finding, assess the Federal role in
      ab) As discussed in I 92o0(b), a state   support any one or more of the findings    contributing to the problem, propose a
    may choose to develop a multiple-site    made under � 921.30(a.                   solution or solutions, provide a schedule
    national estuarine research reserve after    (b) Generally, performance willbe    by which the state should remedy the
    the initial acquisition and development    evaluated at least every three years.  deficiency or inconsistency, and state
    award for a single site has been made.    More frequent evaluations may be        whether thestatews eligibihty for Federal
    Public notice of the proposed addition   scheduled as determined to be            financial assistance has been suspended
    will be placed by NQAA in the Federal    necessary by NOAA.                       in whole or par In this notice the state
    Register. The state shall be responsble    (c) Performance evahlations wil ha     shall also be advised that it may
    for publishing an equivalent notice in   conducted by Federal ofEfcias. When      comment on this finding and meet with
    the local media An opportunity for       determined to be necessary, Federal and   NOAA officials to discuss the results of
    comment, in addition to the preparation   non-Federal experts in naral  resource   the performance evaluation and seek to
    of either an environmental assessment    management, estuarine research,          remedy the deficiency or inconsistency.
    or environmental impact statement on     interpretation or other aspects of         (c) Eligibility of a research reserve for
    the proposal, will also be required. An  national estuarme research reserve       financial assistance under these
    environmental impact statement, if       operation and management may hbe         regulations shall be restored upon
    required, shall be prepared in           requested by NOAA to participate in      written notice by NOAA to the state

                  Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                      29957

    that the deficiency or inconsistency has    � 921.21(e) regarding the disposition of    to any other funds available to a coastal
    been remedied.                            real property acquired in whole or part    state under the Act. Federal research
      (d) If, after a reasonable time, a state    with Federal funds shall be followed.  funds provided under this subpart must
    does not remedy a deficiency in the         (f] NOAA may not withdraw                be matched equally by the recipient,
    operation and management of a national   designation of a national estuarine         consistent with � 921.81(e)(4)
    estuarine research reserve which has      research reserve if the performance        ("allowable costs"].
    been identified pursuant to a             evaluation reveals that the deficiencies
    performance evaluation under              in management of the site are a result of   � 921.51  Estarneresearch guidelines.
    � 921.40(a), such outstanding deficiency    inadequate Federal financial support.      (a) Research within the National
    shall be considered a basis for                                                      Estuarine Reserve Research System
    withdrawal of designation (see � 921 42).   Subpart F-Research                       shall be conducted m a manner
                                                                                         consistent with Estuarine Research
    � 921A2  Withdrawal of designation.       �921.50  General.                          Guidelmines developed by NOAA.
      (a) Designation of an estuarine area      (a) To stimulate high quality research     (b) A summary of the Estuarine
    as a national estuarine research reserve   within designated national estuarme       Research Guidelmes is pubhshed m the
    may be withdrawn if a performance         research reserves, NOAA may provide                Research Guidelies is a part of thed in the
    evaluation conducted pursuant to          financial support for research which is    of available funds discussed in
    � 921.40 reveals that:                    consistent with the Estuanne Research    of available funds discussed in
      (1) The basis for any one or more of    Guidelines referenced in � 921.51.               The Estuarine Research Guide921.50(c.
    the findings made under � 921.30(a) m     Research awards may be awarded             are reviewed annually by NOAA. This
    designating the research reserve no       under this subpart to only those           review will iclude an  opportumty for
    longer exists;                            designated research reserves with          reew wll nclude an opportunity for
      (2) A substantial portion of the        approved final management plans withe estuarie research
    research conducted within the research    the following exception: NOAA may          commumty.
    reserve, over a period of years, has not    award research awards under this          � 921.52 Promotion and coordination of
    been consistent with the Estuarine        subpart to reserves without final           estuarine research.
    Research Guidelines referenced in         management plans that have been               (a) NOAA will promote and
    subpart F of this part; or                designated prior to the effective date of    coordinate the use of the National
      (3) A state, after a reasonable time,   these regulations; in the absence of an    Estuarine Reserve Research System for
    has not remedied a deficiency m the       approved final management plan,             research purposes.
    operation and management of a             however these reserves will be eligible      (b) NOAA will, in conducting or
    research reserve identified pursuant to    for research awards during only the first  supporting estuarine research other than
    an earlier performance evaluation         two years after the effective date of      that authorized under section 315 of the
    conducted under � 921.40.                 these regulations. Although this research   Act, give priority consideration to
      lb) If a basis is found under           may be conducted within the immediate   research that uses the National
    � 921.42(a) for withdrawal of             watershed of the research reserve, the     Estuarine Reserve Research System.
    designation. NOAA will provide the        majority of research activities of any        (c) NOAA will consult with other
    state with a written notice of this       single research project funded under this  Federal and state agencies to promote
    finding. This notice will explain the     subpart must be conducted within            use of one or more research reserves
    basis for the finding, propose a solution    reserve boundaries. Research funds are    wlthm the National Estuarine Reserve
    or solutions and provide a schedule by    primarily used to support management-    Research System when such agencies
    which the state should correct the        related research that will enhance          conduct estuarine research.
    deficiency. In this notice, the state shall   scientific understanding of the research
    also be advised that it may comment on   reserve ecosystem, provide information    Subpart G-Monitoring
    the finding and meet with NOAA            needed by reserve managers and coastal
    officials to discuss the finding and seek    management decision-makers, and          � 921.60 General.
    to correct the deficiency.                improve public awareness and                  (a) To provide a systematic basis for
      (c) If, within a reasonable period of   understanding of estuarine ecosystems      developing a high quahty estuarine
    time, the deficiency is not corrected in a   and estuarine management issues.        resource and ecosystem information
    manner acceptable to NOAA, a notice       Research projects may be oriented to        base for national estuarine research
    of intent to withdraw designation, with    specific research reserves; however,      reserves and, as a result, for the System,
    an opportunity for comment, will be       research projects that would benefit       NOAA may provide financial support
    placed m the Federal Register.            more than one research reserve in the      for momntoring programs. Monitoring
      (d) The state shall be provided the     National Estuarine Reserve Research        funds are used to support three major
    opportunity for an informal hearing       System are encouraged.                     phases of a monitoring program; studies
    before the Under Secretary to consider       [b] Federal research funds under this    necessary for comprehensive site
    NOAA's finding of deficiency and intent   subpart are not intended as a source of    description/characterization,
    to withdraw designation, as well as the    continuous funding for a particular       development of a site profile, and
    state's comments on and response to       project over time. Research funds may      implementation of a monitoring
    NOAA's written notice pursuant to         be used to support start-up costs for       program.
    � 921.42(b) and Federal Register notice   long-term projects if an applicant can        (b) Monitoring funds are available on
    pursuant to � 921.42(c).                  identify an alternative source of long-     a competitive basis to the state agency
      (e) Within 30 days after the informal   term research support.                     responsible for reserve management or
    hearing, the Under Secretary shall issue    (c) Research funds are available on a    qualified public or private person or
    a written decision regarding the          competitive basis to any coastal state or   entity designated by the Reserve.
    designation status of the national        qualified public or private person. A       However, if the applicant is other than
    estuarnne research reserve. If a decision   notice of available funds will be         the managing entity of a reserve
    is made to withdraw research reserve      published in the Federal Register.          research (coastal state), that applicant
    designation, the procedures specified in   Research funds are provided in addition   must submit as a part of the application

    29958        Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 141 1 Monday, July 23, 199g  I Rules arid  eguIations

    a letter from the reserve manager         recipient, consistenr with � 9ZI.g(e)(4)    public or private person may apply for
    indicating formal support of the          ("allowable costs").                       Federal financial assistance awards for
    application by the managing entity of                                                estuarine research or monitoring. The
    the reserve. Monitoring awards will be     I 921.71  Cat ndoreus of potentali        annomcement ofopportmuities to
    made an the basis of a five-year            ereti      nd educalt  pI 5               conduct research in the reserve system
                                              evaluation criteria.
    performance period; and with initial                  fo    r interpree or            appears on an annual basis in the
    funding for a twelve (12] month period;      [a) Proposals for interpretive or        Federal Register. If a state is
    and with annual supplemental funding           ao    proects ill be consideed    participating in the national Coastal
    contingent on performance and              under the following categories             Zone Management Program, the
    appropriations under the Act.               (1) Design, development and               applicant for an award under section
    Monitoring funds are provided in           distribution/placement of interpretive or   315 of the Act shall notfy the state
    addition to any other funds available to   educational media (i.e., the development   coastal management agency regarding
    a coastal state under the Act. Federal     of tangible items, such as exhibitat      the application.
    monitoring funds must be matched           displays, publications, posters, signs,      Cb An original and two copies of the
    equally by the recipient, consistent with   audio/visuals, computer software and      formal application must be submitted at
    � 921.81(e)(4) ("allowable costs").       maps which have an educational or          least 120 working days prior to the
      (c} Monitonng projects funded under    interpretive purpose; and techniques for   proposed begnning of the project to the
    this Subpart must focus on the resources   making available or locating information  following address: Office of Ocean and
    within the boundaries of the research      concerning research reserve resources,    Coastal Resource Management.
    reserve and must be consistent vnth the   activities, or issues);                     National Ocean Service, National
    applicable sections of the Estuanne          (2) Development and presentation of    Oceamc and Atmospheric
    Research Guidelnes referenced in           curricula, workshops, lectures, seminars,  Administration Universal Building
    � 921.51. Portions of the project may     and other structured programs or           South 1825 Connecticut Avenue. NW,
    occur within the immediate watershed      presentations for facility or field use:    Suite 714 Washington. DC 20235. The
    of the Reserve beyond the site              (3) Extension/outreach programs; or      Application for Federal Assistance
    boundaries. However, the monitoring          (4) Creative and innovative methods      Standard Form 424 (Non-construction
    proposal must demonstrate why this is    and technologies for implementing            Program) constitutes the farmal
    necessary for the success of the project.   interpretive or educational projects.     applicaton for site selection, post-site
                                                 Subpart    ntrprtato and  (b) Interpretive and educational  selection, operation and management,
    Subpart 1--Interpretation and              projects may be oriented to one or more   research, and education and interpretive
    Education                                  research reserves or to the entire         award The Application for Federal
    � 921.70  GeneraL                          system. Those projects which would         Financeal Assistance Standard Form 424
      (a) To stimulate the development of      directl benefit more than one research    [Construction Program) constitutes the
    innovative or creatie i    nterpretive and  reserve, and if practicable, the entire   formal application for land acquisition
    eddcati onal projects and materals  N             ationa est     al risreie p Reseich  and development awards. The
    e nhance  public awareness and             System, shall receive priority             applicationmust be accompanied by the
    understanding of estuarine areas,             c Proposals for intermation requred in subpart  B
    NOAA may fund interpretive and. Ccaooals et  n                                        (predesignation) of this part, subpart C
    educational  ativities. Interpretive and   educational proje cts    in national       of this part and s  921.31 (acquisition and
    educational awards may be  awarded         estuarine research reserves will be        development), and � 921.32 (operation
    der thica     s                            evaluated in accordance with  criteria    and management) as applicable.
    degnathised researchose                   listed belowth                              Applications for development awards
    apprdesinaed research reserves  th          -11 Educational or interpretive meritsh   for construction projects, or restorative
    pproved final management plans with           2) Relevance or importance to reserve   activities involving construction, must
    the following exception: NOAA may         management or coastal decisionsking;   inciude
    award research awards under this                Edu       taincal quality de          All  a preli minary engineering report.
    s       ubpa rt to reserves without final    A 3ldeel aonf att e         A               applications must contain back up
    management  plans that h ave beensoundness ofapproach, experience                     data for budget estimates (Federal and
    designated prior to the effecdve  d    ate ofd to methodol ogie s]                    non-Federal shares), and evidence that
    these regulations; in the absenc e of an        Importance to the National            the application complies with the
    approve     d final          management plan  Estuarine Reserve Research System       Executive Order 12372,
    however           thes e      reserves wil be eligible           sttutional           "Intevernmental Review of Federal
    for   research a  wards during only the first  Capabilities eg, reasonableness of     Programs." In addition, applications for
                                               budget, sufficiency of logishcal support);   acquisition and development awards
    two years after the effective date of   aand                                                         development awards
    these regulations.                                                                   must contain:
      e(b) Educationaanineptiefds                (6) In addition in the case of long-1) State Historic reservation Office
               (b) Educational and interpretive funds   term projects, the ability of the state or
    are available on a competitive basis    t he grant recipient to support the project   comments,
    any coastal state entity. However, if the   beyond this initial funding.                (2] Written approval from NOAA of
    applicant is other than the managing                                                  the draft management plan for initial
    entity of a research reserve, that         Subpart I-General Financial                acquisition and development award(s);
    applicant must submit as a part of the     Assistance Provisions                      and
    application a letter from the reserve                                                   (3) A preliminary engineering report
    manager indicating formal support of the   � 921.80  Application Information,         for construction projects, or restorative
     pplication by the managing entity of        (a) Only a coastal state may apply for   activities involving construction.
    the reserve. These funds are provided in   Federal financial assistance awards for
    addition to any other funds available to   preacquisition, acquisition and              921.81  Allowable cost
    a coastal state under the Act. Federal     development. operation and                   (a) Allowable costs will be
    interpretation and educational funds       management, and education and              determined in accordance with
    must be matched equally by the             interpretation. Any coastal state or       applicable OMB Circulars and guidance

                  Federal Register | Vol. 55. No. 141 / Monday, July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                         29959

    for Federal financial assistance, the       determining the value of the benefits         10. West Florida (FL Jefferson to Cedar
    financial assistance agreement, these       foregone by the state, in the use of the        Key).
    regulations, and other Department of        land, as a result of new restrictions that   LouIsianian
    Commerce and NOAA directives. The           may be imposed by Reserve designation.    11. Panhandle Coast (Cedar Key to Mobile
    term "costs" applies to both the Federal   The appraisal of the benefits foregone           Bay).
    and non-Federal shares.                     must be made by an independent                12. Mississlppi Delta (Moblde Bay to
      (b) Costs clamed as charges to the        appraiser in accordance with Federal            Galveston).
    award must be reasonable, beneficial        appraisal standards pursuant to 15 CFR        13. Western Gulf (Galveston to Mexican
    and necessary for the proper and            part 24 and 15 CFR part 11. A state may         border).
    efficient administration of the financial    initially use as match land valued at      Calfornian
    assistance award and must be incurred    greater than the Fedcral share of the
    during the award period.                    acquisition and development award.            14 Southern Cahforua (Mexlcan Border to
      (c) Costs must not be allocable to or    The value in excess of the amount                 Central CalConcepcion             to
    included as a cost of any other             required as match for the initial award             Cape Me ndo               cino).
    Federally-financed program in either the   may be used to match subsequent                18 San Francisco Bay
    current or a prior award period.            supplemental acquisition and
      (d) General guidelines for the non-      development awards for the national          Columban
    Federal share are contained in              estuarnne research reserve (see also          17. Middle Pacific (Cape Mendocio to the
    Department of Commerce Regulations at   � 921.20). Costs related to land                    Columbia RPaver).
    15 CFR part 24 and OMB Circular A-110.   acquisition, such as appraisals, legal           18. Washington Coast (Columbia River to
    Copies of Circular A-110 can be             fees and surveys, may also be used as           Vancouve r Island.
    obtained from the Marine and Estuarine   match.
    Management Division; 1825 Connecticut         (3) Operation and Management              Great Lakes
    Avenue, NW., Suite 714; Washmgton           Awards. Generally, cash and in kind           20. Western Lakes (Superior. Michigan,
    DC 20235. The following may be used in   contributions (directly benefiting and             Huron).
    satsfying the matching requirement:         specifically identifiable to operations       21. Eastern Lakes (Ontario, Erie).
      (1) Site Selection and Post Site          and management), except land, are           Fjord
    Selection Awards. Cash and n-kind           allowable.                                    22. Southern Alaska (Prince of Wales
    contributions (value of goods and             (4) Research, Monitoring, Education           Island to Cook Inlet).
    services directly benefiting and            and Interpretive Awards. Cash and in-         23. Aleutian Islands (Cook Inlet to Bristol
    specifically identifiable to thns part of   land contributions (directly benefiting         Bay).
    the project) are allowable. Land may tnot  and specifically identifiable to the scope   Sub-Actic
    be used as match.
                                                 of work), except land, are allowable.
      (2) Acquisition and Development                                                         24 Northern Alaska (Bristol Bay to
    Awards. Cash and in-kind contributions   � 921.82  Amendments to financial                  Demarcation Point).
    are allowable. In general, the fair market   assistance awards.                         Insulr
    value of lands to be included within the      Actions requiring an amendment to           25 Hawaiian Islands.
    research reserve boundaries and             the financial assistance award, such as       26 Western Pacific Island.
    acquired pursuant to the Act, with other   a request for additional Federal funds,        27. Eastern Pacific Island.
    than Federal funds, may be used as          revisions of the approved project budget
    match. However, the fair market value       or original scope of work, or extension     Appendix 11 to Part 921-Typology of
    of real property allowable as match is      of the performance period must be           National Estuarine Research Reserves
    hmited to the fair market value of a real    submitted to NOAA on Standard Form           Thls typology system reflects significant
    property interest equivalent to, or         424 and approved in writing.                differences m estuarne charactenstics that
    required to attain, the level of control                                                are not necessarily related to regional
    over such land(s) identified by the state    Appendix I to Part 921-Biogeographic       location. The purpose of this type of
    and approved by the Federal                 Classification Scheme                       classlfication is to maximize ecosystem
    Government as that necessary for the        Acadian                                     variety m the selection of national estuarne
    protection and management of the                                                        research reserves. Priority will be given to
                                                   1. Northern Gulf of Maine (Eastport to the    important ecosystem types as yet
    national estuarmne research reserve.            Sheepscot River)                        unrepresented n the reserve system It
    Appraisals must be performed accordin         2 Southern Gulf of Maine (Sheepscot River   should be noted that any one site may
    to Federal appraisal standards as               to Cape Cod)                            represent several ecosystem types or
    detailed in Department of Commerce          Virgian                                     physical charactercstcs.
    regulations at 15 CFR part 24 and the
    Urnform Relocation Assistance and Real        3 Southern New England (Cape Cod to       Class I-Ecosystem Types
    Property Acquisitihon for Federal and           Sandy Hook)                             Group I-Shorelands
    Federally Assisted Programs in 15 CFR         4. Middle Atlantic (Sandy Hook to Cape      A Maritime Forest- Woodland Ths type of
                                                     Hatteras)
    part 11. The fair market value of             5. Chesapeake Bay,                        ecosystem consists of single-stemmed species
    privately donated land, at the time of                                                  that have developed under the influence of
    donation, as established by an              Carolnman                                   salt spray It can be found on coastal uplands
    independent appraiser and certified by a      6 Northern Carolinas (Cape Hatteras to    or recent features, such as barrier islands and
    responsible official of the state               Santee River).                          beaches, and may be divided into the
    (pursuant to 15 CFR part 24), may also        7 South Atlantic (Santee River to St. John's  following biomes:
    be used as match. Land, including              iPaver).                                   1 Northern Coniferous Forest BWome' This
    submerged lands already in the state's        8 East Florida (St John's River to Cape   is an area of predominantly evergreens such
                                                     Canaveral).                             as the sitka spruce (Picea), grand fir (Ables),
    possession, may be used as match to                                                     and white cedar (Thula). with poor
    establish a national estuarine research     West Indian                                 development of the shrub and herb layers,
    reserve. The value of match for these         9 Caribbean (Cape Canaveral to Ft.        but high annual productivity and pronounced
    state lands will be calculated by               Jefferson and south).                   seasonal periodicity.

    PM60           FedeI Registe  I Vol 55, No. 141 f Monday, Iuly 23. 190 L Rules andi Regulatons

      2. Moist Temperate (Mesothermal)             heath, shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, and      E. litertidal MudandSandFlats: These
    Coniferous Forest Biome: Found along the       herbaceous and dwarf woody plants.             areas are composed ofunconsolidated, high
    west coast of North America from California    Common species incluade arc/ialpine plants   organic content sediments that function as a
    to Alaska, this area is dominated by conifers,   such as Empetrum ngrum and Betula nana,      short-term storage area for nutrients and
    has a relatively small seasonal range, high    the lichens Cetrarta and Cladonat, and         organic carbons. Maacrophytes are nearly
    humidity with rainfall ranging from 30 to 150    herbaceous plants such as Potentill,         absent in this ecosystem, although it may be
    inches, and a well-developed understory of     tnridentata and Rubus chamaemorus. Common   heavily colonized by benthic datom,
    vegetation with an abundance of mosses and    species on the coastal beach ridges of the      dinoflageilates, filamentous blue-green and
    other moisture-tolerant plants.                high arctic desert include Dryas intergrifolia    green algae, and chemosynthetic purple
      3. Temperate Deciduous Forest Bome: This   and Saxifrage oppositifolla. This area can be    sulfur hacteria. This system may support a
    biome is characterized by abundant, evenly     divided into two main subdivisionsr            considerable population of gastropods,
    distnributed rainfall, moderate temperatures     1. Low Tundra: characterized by a thick,     bivalves, and polychaetes, and may serve as
    which exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern,     spongy mat of living and undecayed             a feeding area for a variety offish and
    well-developed sol biota and herb and shrub   vegetation often with water and dottedwith    wading birds. In sand, the dominant fauna
    layers, and numerous plants winch produce      ponds when not frozen; and                     include the wedge shell Donax, the scallop
    pulpy fruits and nuts. A distant subdivision of    2. High Tundra: a bare area except for a   Pecten, tellin shells Tellins, the heart urchin
    this biome is the pine edaphic forest of the   scanty growth of lichens and grasses, with     Echinocardium, the nlug worm Arenicola, sand
    southeastern coastal plaint, in winch only a   underlying ice wedges forming raised           dollar Dendraster, and the sea pansy Remlla.
    small portion of the area is occupied by       polygonal areas.                               In mud, faunal dominants adapted to low
    climax vegetation, although it has large areas   E. Coastal Cliffs: This ecosystem is an      oxygen levels include the terebellhd
    covered by edaphic clunax pines.               important nesting site for many sea and shore   Amphitrite, the boring clam Playdon, the
      4. Broad-leoved Evergreen Subtmropical       birds. It consists of communitries of          deep sea scallop Placopecten, the quahog
    Forest Biomoes. The main charactenristic of this  herbaceaous, graminoid, or low woody plants   Mercenaria. the echiunrid worm Urechis, the
    biome is high moisture with less pronounced    (shrubs, heath, etc.) on the top or along rocky    mud snail Nassarius, and the sea cucumber
    differences between winter and summer.         faces exposed to salt spray. There is a        Thyorre.
    Examples are the hammocks of Florida and       diversity of plant species mincluding mosses,    F. JntertidalAgaloBeds:These are hard
    the live oak forests of the Gulf and South    hlichens, liverworts, and "higher" plant        substrates along the marine edge that are
    Atlantic coasts. Floral dominants include      representatives.                               dominated by macroscopic algae, usually
    pines, magnolias    f,    bays, hollies, wild                                                 thalloid, bat also fiamentous or unicellular in
    tamannd, strangler fig, gumbo limbo, and       Go   I-Tastn  rsgrowth form. This also includes the rocky
    palms.                                           A. CoastalMarshes: These are wetland         coast tidepools that fall within the mitertidal
      1. Coast Shrublands. This is a transiLonal    areas dominated by grasses Poaceas, sedges    zone. Dominant fauna of these areas are
    area between the coastal grasslands and        (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncaceae, cattils       barnacles, mussels, penwinkle, anemones,
    woodlands and is characterized by woody        (Typhaceae), and other graminoid species       and chitons. Three regions are apparent:
    species with multiple stems a few centimeters   and is subject to periodic flooding by either   t. Northern Latitude Rocky Shores: It is it.
    to several meters above the ground             salt or freshwater. This ecosystem may be      this region that the community structure is
    developing under the influence of salt spray   subdivided into: (a) Tidal, which is           best developed. The dominant algal species
    and occasional sand burial. This includes      periodically flooded by either salt or brackish   include Chodrus at the low tide level, Fucus
    thickets, scrub, scrub savanna, heathlands,    water, (b) non-tidal (freshwater), or (c] tidal  and Ascophyllum at the mid-tidal level, and
    and coastal chaparral. There is a great        freshwater. These are essential habitats for   Lninanr and other keIplika algae just
    variety of shrubland vegetation exhibiting     many important estuarine species offish and    beyond the intertidal, although they can be
    regional specificity:. invertebrates as well as shorebirds and                                exposed at extremely low tides or found in
    1. Northern Areas: Characterized by            waterfowl and serves unim rtani roles min      very deep tidepools.
      Hudsoma, various ermaceous species, and    shore stabilizattion, flood control. water         2. Souhen Latitudes The         munities in
                                                                                                    2. Sou3arn Latitudes: The commumlties mn
      thickets of Mynrca, Prmnus, and Rosa        purification, and nutrient transport and        this region are reduced in comparison to
    2. Southeast Areas- Floral dornnanms include    storage.                                      those of the northern latitudes and possesses
      Mynca, Banccharins. and lex. B. Coastal Swamps These are wet lowland   algae consisting mostly of single-celled or
    3. Western Areas' Adenoston-a,                 areas that support mosses and shrubs           filamentous green blue-green, and red algae,
      Arcotyphylos, and Eucalypt is are the       together with large trees such as cypress or    and small thaloid brown algae.
      dominant floral species.           m                                                          3. Tropical and Subtropicol Latitudes: The
      C. Coastal Grasslands Thia area, which         C. COastal Aangroves: This ecosystem        intertidal min this region is very reduced and
    possesses sand dunes end coastal flats, has     xper'ences egunar flooding on either a daily,   contains numerous calcareous algae such as
                pos sain     d s ad    coasta pe  ear han  monthly, or seasonal basis, has low wave  Porolithon and Lthothanion, as well as
    low rainfall ~1o to 30 inches per yearl and                 PrhhaadItohmea ela
    lacvrge amounts o hu0   inchesii er year  l adaction, and is dominamted by a variety of salt-   green algae with calcareous particles such as
    large amounts sof humus  in   the  sesl. Eclgical   tolerant trees, such as the red mantgrove  Hahmeda, and numerous other green, red,
    succession is slow, resulting m the presence   (Rhizaphora mangle). back mangrove             and brown algae.
    of a number of serial stages of commumhzpor   age)  lcymnrv                                   and brown algae.
            of a number of seal stages of commuty  (Avlcennia nitida], and the white mangrove
    development. Dominant vegetation includes      (Lagunculanria racemosa). It is also an       Group Ill-Submerged Bottoms
    mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall}. such as
                mid-grasses (2 to 4 feet tall) such as  important habitat for large populations of  A. Subtidal Hardbottoms: This system is
    Ammophila. Agropyron, and Calamovilfa. tall
                       to   andfeet tall), schfish, invertebrates, and birds. This type of       characterized by a consolidated layer of solid
    grasses (5 to 8 feet tall), such a Spartina, and   ecosystem can be found from central Florida    rock or large pieces of rock [neither of biotic
    trees such as the willow (Salix api. cherry    to extreme south Texas to the islands of the  oringin) and is found min association with
    [Prunus sp ). and cottonwood (Populus
    e(Prunus .p ), ane usdvideod   to (Populur     Western Pacific                                geomorphologicaI features such as submarine
    deltaides}. This area is divided into four
                                                     D intertidal Beaches: This ecosystem has    canyons and fiords and is usually covered
    regions with the following typical strand      a cdistinct biota of microscopic animals,      with assemblages of sponges, sea fans.
    vegetation:                                    bacteria, and unicellular algae along with     bivalves, hard corals, tfunamcates, and other
    1. Arctic/Boreal. Elymus;                      microscopic crustaceans, mollusks, and         attached orgamnisms. A significant feature of
    2. Northeast/West: Ammophila:                  worms with a detritus-based nutrient cycle. estuanries in many parts of the world is the
    3. Southeast/Gulf. Umola; and                  This area also mincludes the driftine          oyster reef a type of subtidal hardbottom.
    4. Mid-Atlantic/Gulf: Spartina patens.         communities found at high tide levels on the    Composed of assemblages oforganisms
      11 Coastal Tudraw This ecosystem. winch    beach. The dominant organisms min this           (usually bivalves), it is usually found near an
    is found along the Arctic and Boreal coasts of   ecosystem include crustaceans such as the    estuary's mouth in a zone of moderate wave
    North America, is charactermzed by low         mole crab (Emerita), amplupods                 action, salt content and turbidity. If light
    temperatures, a short growing season, and      (Gammondae), ghost crabs (Ocypode), and       levels are sufficient a covering of
    some permafrost producing a low, treeless      bivalve molluscs such as the coquina (Doniax)   microscopic and attached macroscopic algae,
    mat community made up of mosses, lichens,    and surf clams (Spisula and Mactra).             such as kelp, may also be found.

                   Federal Register I Vol. 55, No. 141 i Monday,  July 23, 1990 / Rules and Regulations                               29961

      B. Subtidal Softbottoms: Major              sea and without significant freshwater         barnrier islands, broken at intervals by minlets.
    characteristics of this ecosystem are an      inflow. Water circulation is lilmited, resulting    These bars may be either deposited offshore
    unconsohdated layer of fine particles of silt. min a poorly flushed, relahtively stagnant body  or may be coastal dunes that have become
    sand, clay, and gravel, high hydrogen sulfide    of water. Sedunmentation is rapid with a great    isolated by recent sea level rises.
    levels, and anaerobic concditions often       potential for basin shoaling Shores are often     4. Tectonic Estuary' These are coastal
    existing below the surface Macrophytes are    gently sloping and marshy.                      indentures that have formed through tectonic
    either sparse or absent, although a layer of     7. Perched Coastal Wetlands: Umnique to      processes such as slippage along a fault line
    benthic mnucroalgae may be present dif light   Pacific islands, this wetland type, found    [  San Francisco Bay), folding, or movement of
    levels are sufficient, The faunal comnmunity is   above sea level in volcanic crater remnants,  the earth's bedrock, often with a large inflow
    dominated by a diverse population of deposit   forms as a result of poor drainage             of freshwater.
    feeders including polychaetes, bivalves, and    characterishtics of the crater rather than from  5 Volcanic Estuary: These coastal bodies
    burrowing crustaceans                          sedimunentation. Floral assemblages exhibit    of open water, a result of volcanic processes.
      C. Subtidal Plants. This system is found in    distinct zonation while the faunal           are depressions or craters that have direct
    relatively shallow water (less than 8 to 10    constituents may minclude freshwater,          and/or subsurface connections with the
    meters) below mean low tide. It is an area of    brackish, and/or maine species. Example'     ocean and may or may not have surface
    extremely high primary production that         Aunu'u Island, American Samoa.                 continuty with streams. These formations
    provides food and refuge for a divi.rmity of     8 Anchialhne Systems: These small coastal   are unique to island areas of volcanic origin.
    faunal groups, especially juvenile and adult   exposures of bracklish water form min lava       C. Inlet Type Inlets in various forms are an
    fish, and in some regions, manatees and sea    depressions or elevated fossil reefs, have     integral part of the estuae environment, as
                            turtles Along the North Atlant~~~~~~~~~ic n aii ntegral part of the estuarine enwironment, as
    turtles Along the North Atlantic and Pacific    only a subsurface connection to the ocean,    they regulate, to a certain extent the velocity
    coasts, the seagrass Zostera manrina          but show tidal fluctuations Diffenring from       d magtude of tdal exchange, the degree
    predominates. In the South Atlantic and Gulf    true estuaries in having no surface continuity    of mng, and volume of dscharge to the sea.gree
    coast areas, Thalassia and Dlplanthera        with streams or ocean, this system is           There are four maor types of inlets:      a.
    predominate. The grasses min both areas        characterized by a distinct ioc commuonity        .    T h    An estuary of ml ets:
    support a number of eplphytic organisms.    dominated by benthic algae such as                  Uest wnledAnsu         y w tawi
    Class II--Physical Characteristics             Rinzoclonium, the mmineral encrusting          unrestricted nlet typically has slow currents,
                                                   GopI iSchizothnx, and the vascular plant Ruppia  no significant turbulence, and receive the full
    Group I--Geologtic                                                    fauna, which exhibit   effect of ocean waves and local disturbances
                                                   mantuna. Characterlate fauna. which exhibit
      A. Basin Type: Coastal water basins occur    a high degree of endemicity, include the       which serve to modify the shoreline. These
    in a variety of shapes, sizes, depths, and     mollusks Theodoxus neglectus and T             estuaries are partially mixed. as the open
    appearances. The eight basic types discussed   canosus, the small red shrmp Metabetaeus       mouth permits the incursion of marine waters
    below will cover most of the cases:            lohena and Halocaridina rubra. and the fish    to considerable distances upstream,
      1. Exposed Coast' Sohlid rock formations or    Eleotrs sandwicensis and Kuhlia              depending on the tidal amphlitude and stream
    heavy sand deposits characterize exposed       sandvicensus. Although found throughout the   gradient
    ocean shore fronts, which are subject to the   world, the high Islands of the Pacific are the      Restricted: Restrictions of estuaries can
                                                   world, the hioh islands of the Pacfco eae the
    full force of ocean storms. The sand beaches    only areas within the U.S. where this system    exist in many forms. bars, barrier islands,
    are very resilient, although the dunes lyming  can be found.                                  spits, sills, and more. Restricted mlets result
    just behind the beaches are fragile and easily   B. Basin Structure: Estuary Basins may       in decreased circulation, more pronounced
    damaged. The dunes serve as a sand storage    result from the drowning of a river valley      longitudinal and vertical salinity gradients,
    area, making them chief stabilizers of the     (coastal plains estuary), The drowning of a    and more rapid sedimentation. However, if
    ocean shorefront.                              glacial valley (fjord), the occurrence of an   the estuary mouth is restricted by
      2. Sheltered Coast  Sand orcoal barri ers,   offshore  barrie r  (bar-bounded estuary), some    depositional features or land closures, the
    buat up by natural forces provide sheltered    tectonic process (tectonic estuary), or        incoming tide may be held back until it
    a             reas inside a bar or reef whe re the  volcanic activity (volcanic estuary].     suddenly breaks forth into the basin as a
    eco system takes on many char       acteristics of  1. Coastalplains estuary. Where a         tidal wave, or bore. Such currents exert
    conFreed waters--abandant marie grasses,         1  osopan   ~oj   hr
    shellfish, and uvele fish. Water movement    drowned valley consists mainly of a single       profound effects on the nature of the
    is reduced, with the consequent effects of     channel, the form of the basin is fairly       substrate, turbidity, and biota of the estuary.
                is redu~~~~~~~~~ced.nnelh the cneuteffort of Praet.hermanen ines fairesaly
    polluhtion being more severe in this area than    regular, forming a simple coastal plains      3. Peanent Permanent  lets are usually
    in exposed coastal areas.                      estuary. When a channel is flooded with        opposite the mouths of major rivers and
      3. Bay Bays are larger confined bodies of    numerous tributaries, an irregular estuary     permit river water to flow into the sea.
    water that are open to the sea and receive     results. Many estuaries of the eastern United    Sedmentation and deposition are minimal
    strong tidal flow. When stratification is      States are of this type.                         4 Temporary (IntermttentP Temporary
    pronounced, the flushing action is augmented     2. Fjord' Estuanries that form min elongated  inlets are formed by storms and frequently
    by river discharge. Bays vary in size and m    steep headlands that alternate with deep U-    shift position, depending on tidal flow, the
    type of shorefront.                            shaped valleys resulting from glacial scourring   depth of the sea and sound waters, the
      4 Emboyment' A confined coastal water        are called fjords. They generally possess      frequency of storms, and the amount of
    body with narrow, restricted minlets and with    rocky floors or very thin veneers of sedimunent,  hlitoral transport
    a significant freshwater inflow can be         with deposition generally beming restricted to   D. Bottom Composition The bottom
    classified as an embayment These areas         the head where the main river enters           composition of estuaries attests to the
    have more restricted inlets than bays, are     Compared to total fjord volume, river          vigorous, rapid. and complex sedimentation
    usually smaller and shallower, have low tidal   discharge is small, But many fjords have      processes characteristic of most coastal
    action, and are subject to sedinentation.      restricted htidal ranges at their mouths, due to   regions with low relief. Sediments are
      5 Tidal River: The lower reach of a coastal   sills, or upreachming sections of the bottom  derived through the hydrologic processes of
    river is referred to as a tidal river. The     which limit free movement of water, often      erosion, transport, and deposition carnried on
    coastal water segment extends from the sea     making river flow large with respect to the    by the sea and the stream.
    or estuary into which the river discharges to    tidal prism The deepest portions are min the   1. Sand. Near estuary mouths, where the
    a point as far upstream as there is significant    upstream reaches, where maximum depths     predomminating forces of the sea build spits or
    salt content in the water, forming a salt front.   can range from 800 m to 1200 m, while sill  other depositional features, the shores and
    A combination of tidal action and freshwater    depths usually range from 40 m to 150 m.      substrates of the estuary are sandy. The
    outflow makes tidal rivers well-flushed. The     3 Bar-bounded Estuary' These result from    bottom sediments in this area are usually
    tidal river basin may be a sunple channel or a   the development of an offshore barrier, such    coarse, with a graduation toward finer
    complex of tributaries, small associated       as a beach strand, a line of barrier islands,  particles min the head of the estuary. In the
    embayments marshfronts, tidal flats, and a     reef formations, a line of morame debris, or   head region and other zones of reduced flow,
    variety of others                              the subsiding remnants of a deltaic lobe. The    fine silty sands are deposited. Sand
      6 Lagoon: Lagoons are confined coastal       basin is often partially exposed at low tide   deposition occurs only min wider or deeper
    bodies of water with restricted inlets to the  and is enclosed by a chain of offshore bars or   regions where velocity is reduced.

    29962          Federal Register f Vol. 55, No. 141 f Monday, July 23, 1990 I Rules and Regulations

      2. Afud  At the base level of a stream near  freshwater influx end a lack of strong tidal   respect to the soil, is subject to considerable
    its mouth, the bottom is typically composed    exchane  because of the typically narrow       fluctuation.
    of loose muds, silt, and Mrganic detritus as a  inlet connecting the lagoon to the see.         b. Gronmdwater This is water contained in
    result of erosion and transport from the upper   Circulation, whose major drrving force is    the rocks below the water table, is usually of
    stream reaches and organic decomposition.      wind, Is the major liMiting factor in biological   more uniform volume than vadose water, and
    Just inside the estuary entrance, the bottom   productivity within lagoons.                   generally follows the topographic relef of the
    contains considerable quantities of sand and     B. ides: This is the most important          land, being high below ills and slopig into
    mud, which support a rich fama.i Mud flats,    ecological factor m an estuary, as it affects  valeys.
    commonly built up in estuarne basins, are      water exchange and its vertical range
    composed of loose, coarse, and fine mud and    determines the extent of tidal flats which     Group II-Chemical
    sand, often dividing the original channel      may be exposed and submerged with each           A. Sairmty: This reflects a complex mixture
      a. .ock- Rocks usually occur m areas         tidal cycle. Tidal action agamst the vohine of   of salts, the most abundant being sodium
    where the stream runs rapidly over a steep     river water discharged into an estuary results   chloride, and is a very critical factor in the
    gradient with its coarse materials being       in a complex system whose properties vary      distrbution and maintenance of many
    derived from the higher elevations where the    according to estuary structure as well as the    estuarine organisms. Rased on salinity, there
    stream slope is greater. The larger fragments    magmtude of river flow and tidal range. Tides   are two basc estuarne types and eight
    are usually found in shallow areas near the    are usually described in terms of their cycle  different salinity zones (expressed in parts
    stream mouth.                                  and their relative heights. In the United      per thousand-pptl.
      4. Oyster aheO.. Throughout a major portion   States, tide height is reckoned on the basis of   2. P[be estums This is an estuary in
    of the world, the oyster reef is one of the    average lowtide, which is referred to as       which the freswater influx is sufficient to
    most significant features of estuaries, usually    datum. The tides, although complex, falls into   maintam mtxdng resulting in a pattern of
    being found near the mouth of the estuary in    three main categories                         increasing salinity toward the e:tuary mout
    a zone of moderate wave action, salt content,    1. Dumar. This refers to a daily change in    It is characteried by low oxygen
    and turbidity. It is often a major factor in   water level that can be observed along the     concentra      n te deeer aters and
    modifying estuarine current systems and        shoreline. There is one high tide and one low    considerabl  in the organic content n bottom
    sedimentaton, and may occur as an               ide per day.                                  considerable organic content in bottom
    elongated island or pemnsula oriented across     2. Semidiurnma  This refers to a twice daily    sediments.
    the main current, or may develop parallel to    rise and fall in water that can be observed       Negative estuar  This s found n
    the direction of the current.                  along the shoreline.                           particularly arid regions, where estuary
    Group lI-Hydrographic                            3. Wind/Storm Tidesr This refers to          evaporation may exceed freshwater inflow,

    freshwater flow, tidal action,  wind and       is less.                                       mouth is restricted so that tidal flow is
    oceamc forces, and serve many functions          C. Freshnwater According to nearly a  the    inhrbited. These are typically very salty
    nutrient transport, plankton dispersal.        definitions advanced. it Is inherent that al   (hyperhaline) moderately oxygenated at
    ecosystem flushing salinuuty control. water    estuaries need freshwater, which is drained    depth and possess bottom sediments that are
    mixing, and more                               from the land and measurably dilutes           poor in organic content
      1. Stratfied This is typical of estuaries    seawater to create a brackish condition          3 Sainity zones lexpressed in pp.tf
    with astrong freshwater influx and is          Freshwater enters an estuary as runoff from      a Hyperhaline-greater than 40 ppt.
    commonly found in bays formed from             the land either from a surface andfor            b. Euhalne-40 ppt to 30 ppL
    "drowned" river valleys, fjords, and other     subsurface source.                               c. Mixohaine: 30A ppt to 0S ppt.
    deep basins. There is a net movement of          1. Surface water-This is water flowng over     (1) Mixoeuhalni-geater than 30 ppt but
    freshwater outward at the top layer and        the ground in the form of streams. Local       less than the adjacent euhalme sea
    saltwater at the bottom layer, resulting in a  variation    runoffs dependent upon the            ) Polyhaline-3 ppt to 18 ppt.
    net outward transport of surface orgamsms      nature of the soil (poroety and solubility),     [3) Mohale-I  ppt to 5 ppt
    and net Inward transport of bottom             degree of surface slope, vegetational type and   (4 Oligohaline-5 ppt to 0 5 ppt.
    orgamisms.                                     development, local climatic conditions, and      d. inmetic Less than 0.5 ppt.
      2. Non-stratified Estuaries of this type are    volume and intensity of precipitation         B. pH Regime: This is indicative of the
    found where water movement is sluggish and       2. Subsurfacer wate This refer to the        mineral richness of estuarine waters and fall
    flushing rate is low, although there may be    precipitation that has been absorbed by the    into three mam categories;
    sufficient circulation to provide the basis for    soil and stored below the surface. The       1. Acad Waters with a pH of less than 5.5
    a high carring capacity. Tlus is common to     dstribution of subsurface water depends on       Z Circumoeutral A condition where the pH
    shallow embayments and bays lacking a          local clmate, topography, and the porosity     ranges from 5  to 7 4.
    good supply of freshwater fom land             and permeabihty of the underlying soils and      3. Alkahlne Waters with a pH greater than
    drainage.                                      rocks. There are two maw subtypes of           7.4.
      3. LAgoonol. An estuary of this type is      surface water:
    characterized by low rates of water              a. Vadose water This is water i n the soil   [FR Doc. 90-16511 iled 7-20-0 845 am)
    movement resulting from a lack of significant    above the water table. Its voume with        BlLNO COos  s10ts-

         APPENDIX C

    ACE Basin Site Selection

                   APPENDIX C. 1

    Governor Campbell's Letter for Site Nomination

                            QOff irr of t~t (60Vrtar
    CARROLL A CAMPBELL, JR                                    POST OFFICE BOX 11369
         GOVERNOR                                             COLUMBIA 29211

     January 24, 1990

    Mr. John Knauss
     Jnder Secretary of Oceans and
        Atmosphere
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric
        Administration
     Herbert C. Hoover Building, Room 5128
     14th and Constitution Ave., NW
     Washington, D. C. 20230

     Dear Secretary Knauss:

     On behalf of the State of South Carolina, I am pleased to submit
     the attached site nominations and applications for preacquisition
     assistance for the North Inlet - Winyah Bay National Estuarine
     Reserve Research System (NERRS) and the Ashepoo - Combahee-
     Edisto (ACE) Basin National Reserve Research System.

     Because  these   two  sites   represent  different  biogeographic
     classification  categories,  the  State  of  South   Carolina  is
     recommending  the  sites  be  managed  independently.    It is my
     understanding the State of South Carolina is eligible for up to
     $50,000 in matching funds for each of the two sites based on
     proposed changes to your funding regulations.

     This effort is the result of a large number of dedicated
     individuals and organizations from both the private and public
     sector working together toward common goals.   I  have personally
     visited both the North Inlet - Winyah Bay site and ACE site and
     find them to be of unequaled value due to their pristine quality
     and diverse and abundant assemblage of natural habitat. The
     sites should make a significant contribution to the National
     Estuarine Reserve Research System.

                                  - 11 -

    I look forward to your favorable review of this application.
    With best regards, I am
        rer

    Ca                     r.
    Governor
    CACjr/tad
    Attachment

                                  - 12 -

                       APPENCIX C.2

    Approval of Nomination by U.S. Department of Commerce

    lP  J 3 0  '90    09:01  1lltAR  UIJI1VL'L:    IJL LLLI-j,  1111':f.  Li.  r.

                         .I-;> UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                   The Under Secretary for
                                   Oceans and Atmosphere
                                   Weshington, DC 20230

                                     MAR 27 1990

    Honorable Carroll A. Campbell, Jr.
    Governor of South Carolina
    Columbia, South Carolina 29211

    Dear Governor Campbell:

    The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has
    reviewed and approves the proposal to nominate the North Inlet-
    Winyah Bay and the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin for
    inclusion in the National Estuarine Reserve Research System
    (NERRS). We commend the South Carolina Coastal Council, South
    Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the
    Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal
    Resources for developing an excellent nomination report that
    responds accurately and substantially to each of the review
    criteria established in the National Estuarine Reserve Research
    System regulations.

    NOAA and South Carolina agree that because the two sites
    represent different biogeographical classification categories, as
    identified in the NERRS regulations (Section 921.3), each site
    will be managed independently. Therefore, each site will be
    eligible for full Federal funding identified in the regulations.

    Included within the site nomination package is an application for
    Federal assistance to prepare a draft management plan and draft
    environmental impact statement. NOAA's Marine and Estuarine
    Management Division is reviewing the application and will work
    closely with the South Carolina Coastal Council to ensure that
    the review is conducted in an expeditious and through manner.

    I look forward to continued progress in the development of the
    ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve and the North
    Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.

                                  Sincerely,

                                  John A. Knauss

     cc: ES - GC - AS - N - N/ORM - N/0RM2
         Steve Snyder, South Carolina Coastal Council
     N/ORM2: CGraham: 673-5122 sp: 3/6/90

                                                    THE ADMINISTRATOR

                         APPENDIX D

    Draft Proposed Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements

                                 DRAFT PROPOSED
                        MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

                                     BETWEEN
                          THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                                        AND
           THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
                                 CONCERNING THE
                      ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
                                      OF THE
          ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) BASIN NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                                RESEARCH RESERVE

             This Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") is made this day of
                   , 1990 by and between the State of South Carolina to the benefit
    of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department ("SCWMRD"), having
    an address at the Marine Resources Division, 217 Fort Johnson Road, P. O. Box
    12559, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Administration, Department of Commerce ("NOAA"), having an address at Office of
    Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service/NOAA, 1825
    Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714, Washington, D. C. 20235 and concerns the
    establishment and administration of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto ("ACE") Basin
    National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina ("the Reserve").

       WHEREAS, the SCWMRD has determined that the waters and related coast
    habitats of the ACE Basin provide representative opportunities to studynatural and
    human processes occurring within an estuarine ecosystem; and

       WHEREAS, it is the finding of the SCWMRD that the resources of the ACE Basin
    and the values they represent to the citizens of South Carolina and the United States
    will benefit from the management of this site as a National Estuarine Research
    Reserve; and

       WHEREAS, NOAA has concurred with that finding and pursuant to its authority
    under Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 ("CZMA"), as
    amended, P. L. 92-593, 16 U.S.C. 1461, and in accordance with implementing
    regulations at 15 CFR 921.30, may designate the ACE Basin site as a reserve in the
    National Estuarine Research Reserve System; and

       WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, as the State agency designated in the management
    plan for the Reserve (the "Plan") and by the State of South Carolina as being
    responsible for managing the Reserve, acknowledges the need and requirement for
    continuing State-Federal cooperation in the long-term management of the ACE Basin
    site in a manner consistent with the purposes sought through their designation.

       NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein it
    is agreed by and between the SCWMRD and NOAA, effective on the date of
    designation of the ACE Basin site as the Reserve, as follows:

    ARTICLE I: State-Federal Roles in Reserve Manaaement

    A. The SCWMRD, as the principal contact for the State of South Carolina in all
       matters concerning the Reserve, will serve to ensure that the Reserve is managed
       in a manner consistent with the goals of the National Estuarine Research Reserve
       System ("NERRS") and the management objectives of the Plan. Its responsibilities
       for Plan implementation will include the following:

       1.    Effect and maintain a process for coordinating and facilitating the roles and
             responsibilities of all State and county agencies involved in the management
             of the Reserve, including but not limited to:
             a.    Enforcement programs regulating water quality, fish and wildlife
                    habitat protection, sport and commercial fisheries, and non-
                    consumptive recreational activities;
              b.    The administration of facilities, programs, and tasks related to
                    Reserve management;
             c.    Activities and programs conducted pursuant to the State's Federally-
                    approved coastal management program authorized under the CZMA,
                    as amended; and
              d.    Research and education agenda developed and implemented in
                    accordance with corresponding elements of the Plan;

       2.    As the Governor's designee under 15 CFR 921.50 and the recipient State
              entity in matters concerning all financial assistance awards authorized under
              Section 315 of the CZMA, the SCWMRD will apply for, budget, and
              allocate such funds received for acquisition and development, operation and
              management, and research, monitoring and education;

       3.    Serve as principal negotiator on issues involving proposed boundary
              changes and/or amendments to the Plan;

       4.    Submit annual reports to NOAA on the Reserve describing, in accordance
              with 15 CFR 921.34, program performance in implementing the Plan and
              a detailed work program for the following year of Reserve operations,
              including budget projections and research efforts;

        5.    Respond to NOAA's requests for information and to evaluation findings
              made pursuant to Section 312 of the CZMA; and

        6.    In the event that it should become necessary, based on findings of program

             deficiency, serve as the point-of-contact for the State of South Carolina in
             actions involving the possible withdrawal of Reserve designation, as
             provided at 15 CFR 921.35.

    B. Within NOAA, the Santuaries and Reserves Division ("SRD"), the Office of Ocean
       and Coastal Resource Management ("OCRM") will serve to administer the
       provisions of Section 315 of the CZMA to ensure that the Reserve is managed in
       accordance with the goals of NERRS  and the Plan.  In carrying out its
       responsibilities, the SRD will:

       1.    Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD,
             consistent with 1 5 CFR 921 for acquisition, development, management and
             operation of the Reserve;

       2.    Subject to appropriation, provide financial assistance to the SCWMRD and
             other eligible entities on a competitive basis for research and monitoring and
             education programs at the Reserve;

       3.    Serve as the point-of-contact for NOAA In discussion regarding
             applications for and any financial assistance received by the SCWMRD
             under Section 315 of the CZMA, including any and all performance
             standards, compliance schedules, or Special Award Conditions deemed
             appropriate by NOAA to ensure the timely and proper execution of the
             proposed work program;

       4.    Participate in periodic evaluations scheduled by OCRM in accordance with
             Section 312 of the CZMA to measure the SCWMRD's performance in Plan
             implementation and its compliance with the terms and conditions prescribed
             in financial assistance awards granted by NOAA for the purposes of the
             Reserve and advise appropriate OCRM staff of existing or emerging issues
             which might affect the State's coastal management program; and

       5.    Regarding, SRD-funded research conducted within the Reserve, maintain
             communication with the SCWMRD and, in a timely manner, supply the
             SCWMRD with copies of all progress reports, final reports, and data sets
             received by SRD.

       6.    Establish an information exchange network cataloging all available research
             data and educational material developed on each site            included
              within NERRS.

    ARTICLE II. Real ProDertv Acouired for the Puroose of the Reserve

       The SCWMRD agrees that deeds for any real property acquired for the Reserve by
    the SCWMRD with federal funds under Section 315 of the CZMA will contain the
    language set forth in 15 CFR 921.21 (e.)

    ARTICLE Ill. Proaram Evaluation

       During the period that federal financial assistance is available for Reserve
    operations and management, OCRM will schedule, pursuant to 15 CFR 921.34,
    periodic evaluations of the SCWMRD's performance in meeting the conditions of such
    awards and progress in implementing the Plan and the provisions of this MOU. Where
    findings of deficiency occur, NOAA may initiate action in accordance with the
    procedures established at 15 CFR 921.35.

    IN WITNESS THEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Memorandum to be
    executed

    Timothy R. E. Keeney                     James A. Timmerman, Jr.
    Director                                 Executive Director
    Office of Oceans and Coastal             South Carolina Wildlife and
     Resource Management                    Marine Resources Department
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric
     Administration
    U. S. Dept. of Commerce

    Date                                     Date

    Joseph A. Uravitch                 H. Wayne Beam
    Chief                              Executive Director
    Marine and Estuarine Management South Carolina Coastal Council
     Division
     Administration
    U. S. Department of Commerce

                  APPENDIX D.2

    Draft Proposed MOU Between DUF and SCWMRD

                                 DRAFT

                      MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

        This  is a Memorandum of Understanding  ("MOU") made this
               day of              , 1991 by and between the South
    Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources  Department  ("SCWMRD"),
    acting through the South Carolina Coastal Council ("SCCC") and
    having an address at P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina
    29412 and the Ducks Unlimited Foundation ("DUF"), a subsidiary of
    Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated, headquartered in Long Grove,
    Illinois and having an address at P.O. Box 3067, Chapel Hill, North
    Carolina 27515-3067.

                                RECITALS

        WHEREAS, DUF owns and administers the property known as
    Bolders Island, located in Colleton County, South Carolina; and

        WHEREAS, Bolders Island has been recognized as a natural area
    of mutual interest to all parties; and

        WHEREAS, DUF is willing to have Bolders Island included in the
    core area of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve (the
    "Reserve") for the purposes and in the manner set forth below and
    in the Management Plan for the ACE Basin NERR; and

        WHEREAS, the SCWMRD, the DUF, SCCC and the National Oceanic
    and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recognize that inclusion of
    Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR is an acknowledgement that
    the island is a natural field laboratory to be used, in consonance
    with current uses, to study and gather data on natural and human
    processes occurring within the ACE Basin and further to provide a
    basis for increased public awareness and understanding of the
    complex nature of estuarine systems, their values and benefits to
    man and nature, and the problems that confront them, all of which
    are reflective of the goals of the National Estuarine Research
    Reserve System, ie., preservation, research, education and
    interpretation; and

         WHEREAS, Bolders Island will be cooperatively managed and
    operated by SCWMRD and DUF in accordance to the ACE Basin NERR
    Management Plan; and

         WHEREAS, SCWMRD and DUF agree that long-range plans for
    Bolders Island are compatible with the National Estuarine Research
    Reserve program and all parties can benefit from its inclusion into
    the system and desire to enter into this MOU to govern the
    incorporation of Bolders Island into the Reserve;

         NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of mutual covenants
    contained herein, SCWMRD and the DUF do hereby agree as follows:

    ARTICLE I: RESERVE BOUNDARY

    Bolders Island contains six hundred and nine (609) acres of upland
    and one thousand and forty (1,040) acres of marsh for a total area
    of one thousand six hundred forty nine (1,649) acres. All of this
    island will be included in the Reserve. It is a long and narrow
    tract which lies generally in a north-south direction, bounded on
    the west by New Chehaw River, on the southeast by Rock Creek, on
    the east by Ashepoo River, and on the north by marsh and unnamed
    waterways.  The only access to Bolders Island is by boat?. However,
    access is relatively easy by way of either the Ashepoo or New
    Chehaw Rivers. There are no improvements on Bolders Island. The
    boundaries are designated on the map which is appended to this MOU.

    It is understood and agreed that the Reserve shall be identified at
    its boundaries and main access points on the Ashepoo and New Chehaw
    Rivers by the placement of signs which will be in keeping with the
    natural appearance of Bolders Island and the Reserve. The design
    will be agreed to by the DUF project director or other DUF
    representatives, SCWMRD, SCCC and approved by NOAA.

    ARTICLE II: MANAGEMENT PLAN

    There shall be a management plan ("Management Plan") for the
    Reserve which shall describe a framework for conducting research
    and educational programs.   Resource protection and enforcement
    policies will be described in the Management Plan. The Management
    Plan shall be developed by SCWMRD in cooperation with the SCCC and
    NOAA. It will be reviewed and adopted by the DUF and the ACE Basin
    NERR Advisory Committee. The Management Plan will not take effect
    for Bolders Island without the approval of the DUF, SCWMRD, SCCC
    and NOAA. The Management Plan shall be reviewed and revised, if
    appropriate, on an "as needed" basis. Any changes must follow the
    same review procedures as stated above.

    ARTICLE III: Title and Use of the Bolders Island ProDertv

    Title to Bolders Island will remain with the DUF. Bolders Island
    will be protected in perpetuity as a part of the Reserve core area,
    and will be used as described in the Management Plan, i.e.
    research, monitoring, education and interpretation with the
    ultimate goal of improved management of estuarine systems in South
    Carolina and throughout the United States.

    Multiple uses of Bolders Island will be encouraged to the extent
    that such uses are compatible with the goals of the Reserve and
    NERRS.  Uses and/or levels of use which result in significant,
    long-term damage to the natural processes or resources will be
    prohibited.

    Incorporation of Bolders Island into the ACE Basin NERR will not
    obstruct existing hunting leases and/or agreements. However, it
    will be incumbent upon the DUF to administer said leases and hold
    those responsible for keeping the area in accordance with

    established NERR policies.

    Execution of this MOU between SCWMRD and the DUF will allow
    authorized personnel of the ACE Basin NERR program freedom of
    access to Bolders Island in carrying out the research and education
    mission.   Permittees shall carry and display an official permit
    issued by SCWMRD. This agreement shall not limit the DUF authority
    to carry out its activities and programs on the island except as
    agreed to in this MOU.

    The parties agree to coordinate fully their programs and activities
    conducted on Bolders Island.

    ARTICLE IV: PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES

         The following activities will be prohibited within the
    boundaries of Bolders island:

        A.   Industrial or commercial activities, except for
              commercial fishing in State waters as regulated by the
              SCWMRD.

         B.   Display of signs shall be restricted to those identifying
              the Reserve and to those needed for educational,
              interpretive, research, or monitoring programs.

         C.   Dumping of soil, trash, ashes, garbage, waste, abandoned
              vehicles, appliances, machinery, or other materials on
              the  Reserve.     DUF  will  not  be  responsible  for
              unauthorized dumping.

         D.   Excavation, dredging, mining and removal of loam, gravel,
              soil, rock, sand, coal, and other materials, except as
              related to the collection of geological data.

         E.   Diking, draining, filling or alternation of wetlands.

         F.    No building,  facility or other structure,  shall be
              constructed on the Reserve after the date of this MOU
              without express written approval from SCWMRD and NOAA,
              except (1) temporary structures designed, constructed and
              utilized in connection with the scientific, naturalistic,
              and educational uses of the Reserve may be constructed
              with SCWMRD approval and (2) permanant boardwalks,
              observation decks, etc. may be constructed with SCWMRD
              approval. All construction must comply with applicable
              county, state and federal regulations.

         G.   Bolders Island shall not be partitioned or subdivided.

         H.   The operation of motor vehicles, trail bikes, or all-
              terrain vehicles, except those used for authorized
              research or hunting activities, shall be prohibited
    ARTICLE V: OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT

    SCWMRD will serve as the on-site manager for research on Bolders
    Island and will be responsible for seeing that research on the
    property is conducted in a manner consistent with the goals of the
    ACE Basin NERR, the objectives of the Management Plan, and the
    wishes of DUF and SCWMRD.

    SCWMRD will have the primary responsibility for funding, operating
    and maintaining Bolders Island as a component of the Reserve core
    area.

    SCWMRD has an existing facility and well-known technical staff at
    Bear Island Wildlife Management Area located just across the
    Ashepoo River from Bolders Island.   Plans are to expand this
    facility in conjunction with the ACE Basin NERR. SCWMRD will allow
    DUF shared use of these facilities and technical staff in carrying
    out the terms of this MOU.

    ARTICLE VI: TERMINATION OF THE MOU

    This MOU shall be in effect for the life of the ACE Basin NERR
    program from the date of its approval.

    If SCWMRD ceases to operate the Reserve at BoJders Island as a
    designated Reserve, or Reserve designation is withdrawn or
    otherwise terminated, this MOU and the SCWMRD's interest shall be
    terminated and the DUF shall again have the full and exclusive
    control of the property.

    For purposes of this Article, the parties agree that a decision to
    terminate this Agreement shall be made jointly by the parties, with
    one year's advance notice given.

         IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this
    Memorandum of Understanding to be executed this              day of
                   1991.

    WITNESS                                  COY JOHNSTON, ACE Basin
                                           Project Director, Ducks
                                           'Unlimited Foundation

    WITNESS                                  James A. Timmerman, Jr.
                                           Executive Director, S.C
                                           Wildlife & Marine Resources
                                           Department

                       APPENDIX D.3

    Letter of Intent to Transfer Title From NFWF to SCWMRD

                 NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION
                                 ROOM 2556
                             18TH AND C STREETS. N WA'
                             'ASHINGTON. D.C. 20240
                          (202 208-3040 FAX (202) 2084051

    May 31, 1990

    Linda Lundquist
    Land Programs Coordinator
    South Carolina Nature Conservancy
    P.O. Box 5475
    Columbia, South Carolina 29250

    Dear Linda:

    Further to our telephone conversation, here is the clarification
    of the Big and Warren Islands issue.   The National Fish and
    Wildlife Foundation received both islands from The Nature
    Conservancy as a non-Federal match, valued at $951,000, for a grant
    of $150,000 in Federal funds.

    It has always been our intent to transfer the islands to the South
    Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources for inclusion
    into a National Estuarine Research Reserve as a functional part of
    the A.C.E. River Basin Project. Title transfer to the State will
    take place on completion of a toxic-waste survey by the State.

    Enclosed also is the original transfer of title from TNC to the
    Foundation.   As we discussed, would you please assist us by
    recording the title transfer in the name of the National Fish and
    Wildlife  Foundation.   If possible,  could you please pay the
    recording cost and call Lewis Nash (202-208-3040) for an immediate
    and full reimbursement. If that is not possible, give Lew a call
    to arrange for our check to be issued in advance.

    Our headquarter's address is on our letterhead, and we are an IRS-
    certified 501 (c)(3), not-for-profit organization.

    Thanks Linda.

    �o    t   y,

          A .   Geer
    ,AWMP Coordinat
    Enclosures
    BGLundq.ltr

                                 APPENDIX D.4

                   Major Land Owners in the ACE Basin NERR Region

                                  (Note)

    The acreage shown in the following table is based on figures
    obtained from the County tax rolls and do not necessarily agree
    with registered survey acreage depicted in land appraisals. Also,
    this is a list of major landowners in the entire ACE Basin (350,000
    acres), much of which is outside proposed NERR boundaries. A base
    map showing each tract is on file at SCWMRD.

                                                                                  ACE RIVER BASIN

                                                                             (YIMERSHIP INFORlMATION IND)EX

     TRACTS              TRACT NECOMETV                                       (VAiER                         ACREAGE              ACE CO2NTACT'                  ACTION COMMENTS

     I Otter Island                                      cotteton             Clifton Stevens                1,89                    TINC          VWA

     24                  Pine Island                     Cotleton             Chetonia Institute                99                   TUC                              NCM

    2b                  Pine Island                     Cal tetan            Chetania institute              2,676                  TIC                              NORA

    3                    Pine Island                    Cotleton             Letitia Frank                     102                                                   Nmm

    4                   Pine Island                     Colleton             Ikilisted                          53.3                                                 NWM

    5                   Pine Islani                     Colleton             Letitia Frank                     138                                                   NEM

    6                   Pine Island                     Colleton             J. L. Moore                         15.5                                                 NOAA

    7                   Pine Island                     Caltleton            Fruik E. James                     27                                                   N(YA

                                                                       Pine Istlnd total acreag: 3,112.8

         8             ~~~~~Hutchinson                  Colteton             Forfeited Land Commission       2,687                  D.U.                        NIM

    9                    lutdiinsam                     Caltleton      H      utchinson Istand AssocIation 3,050                    0.U.                        NOAA:Conservation Easauc

    10                 Hnalla                           Caltleton            Duist ILucas Mnahan               237                                                   NEM

    11                  Ashe Istand                     CoLletan             S.C. mature Conserwanc          1,722                   INC                        M(MA:Purchamed

    12                  Beet Island                     Cotleton             S.C. Mature Conservancy         1,824                  TIC                         Puircased, NMAA

    13                  South Femiick                   Catleton             Dewey Vise                        305                  TUC                         Ccmservation Easement

    14a                 Fenuuick Islund                 Cotteton             Gaylord Donnetly                4,094               TUC & D.U.

    14b                 Ashepoo Plantation              Cotletai             Gaylord Damnetty                8,920                  D.U.                        Conservation Easement

    15a                 Nussleboro Island               Cotteton             Gaylord Donnetty                  953               TINC & D.U.                    Easemnt

    l5b                 Dodge                          Cal leton           DonaLd D. Dodge                 3.42            Charles, D..U..                   Easelmint/purchase

    16                  Bear Island                    Caltleton           S.C.UV.N.R.D..                  7,681              scumI                          secure

                        TMe cut                       CaltLeton            D..U. Foundation                 966                  D.U.                       Secure

                        Samp~son Islandl              Colleton             S.C.V.N.E.D.                   2,713                  TMC                        Secure

                        Springf ietd                  Colleton             S.C.U.N.R.D.                     695                  D.U.                       secure

                                                            Total Acres for Rear Island G-N.A.    12,055

    17                  Cheehau Combeee                Colketon            Sumner Pinegree                11,874               TIC & D.U.U                   Easemnt

    la Airy Hatt Plantation                            Cotteton            Buck Limehouse                  1,561               D.U. a TINC                   Easemnit

    19a                 Ti - Ti (snuggedy Siip)        Caltleton           Ruth Cutings                      875                 TINC                       Easemet/Puirchse

    19b3                Ti - TI Caruuged  Smzffp)      Caltleton           Ruth comings                    2,613                 TUC                        Easevent/PurChase

    20                  Beer Island Clii)              Cotteton            Beer Island Iunt Cliib            500                 D.IJ.                       Easemnt

    21                  Boulder Islandl                Catleton            D.U. Foundation                 1,640               D.U. It Slew=                 Secure

    22                  Block Island                   Calleton            Block Island Hunt Clii)           300                 D.U.                       Easement/Purchase

    23a                 Fee Far.                       Calleton            Norris Lights"y                 6,305                 fl.U.                      Easement - Re: Vlestvaco

    23b                 Nzunter                        Colleton            Norris Lightsey                 6.887                 D.U.                        Easemmint - RE: Mestvaco

    24a                 StuMgedY                       Caltleton           Louise Lightsey                 7,73       T      M     C                         Easemet/Purchisse

    24b     S " L age*                                 Cal tetan           Louise Lightsey                 2,732                 TNC                         Easement/Purchase

     24c                 Folly Creek                    Caltteton            Louise Lightser                 1.856                  TIC                        Easment/Purchase

     24d                 Tupeto,                        Colletan             Louise Lights"y                 1.148                 TIC                         Easement/Purchase

     24.                 Lauret Springs Plantation      Coltletan            Norris & Louise Lightsey        4,436               TNC a 0.0.                    Easement

          25            ~~~Co~ahee Harsh                CaltLetan            State of S.C.                     406                scum

    26                  Pout wid Dalton Plantation    Colletan              Theodore Naybw*                 1.915                Charles                      Easemnt

    27                  Loem Brou                      Col letan            Santee Portlwd Cement             731                 D.U.                        Easement

    28a                 Nary's IslanE Plantation       Cotleton       N      . Smith Richardson Est.        8,059                 TNC                         Easement

    28b         M        ary's Islard Plantation       Calletan       N      . Smith Richardson Est.   an8                        TMC                         Easement

    29                  Powo Sab~o Plantation          Cotleton             Whilim Allen Spaulding          1.615                 THC                         Easemnt

    30                  Lavinieton Plantation          Caltteton            Ben Haygood                       794               TUC a 0.0.                    Easemet

    31                  Lavlngton Plantation           Calleton             David Naybank                   2,324               TIC a D.U.                    Easentt

    32                  Lavington Plantation           Cal letan            Johm Naybank                    3,276               TIC & D.U.                    Easemnt

    33         Hope Plantation                         Calttetan            Ted Turner                      5,232                 TNC                         Easement - Secure

    34a                 Liestvaco                      Colleton             Vestvaco                       12,241                 0.0.                        Esmn

    34b                 Vestvaco                       Caltleton            westvaco                        1,752                 D.0.                        Easement

    34c:               kMestvacol                      Calttetan            westvaco                          995                 0-.0.Esmn

    34d                 westvaco                       Cal leton            Ulestvaco                       4,308                  D-U.                       Eflsement

                                                                       Total Vestvaco acres:        19,2%
    35a                 Georgia Pacific                Colleton             Georgia Pacific                  3,363                 TUC                        Easement

    35b                 Georgia Pacific                Caltleton            Georgia Pacific                    99                  TUC                        Easement

    35c                 Georgia Pacifice               Colleton             Georgia Pacifice                 7,920                 TIC                        Easemet

                                                                       Total Georgia Pacific areas: 12,275

    36                  Cherokee Plantation            Caltleton            Randy Updike                     3,727                D.U.                        Easemet

    37         Herndon                                 Cot teton            flerndon Stockyard                 213

    38                  TMe Bluff Plantation           Caltleton            Bluff Fames                      3,063            Charles, D..U.                  Easemnt

    39a                 Cdebeee Plantation             Cotlleton            Alexander Moore                    527                 TNC                        Easement

    39b                 Co~baee Plantation             Caltleton            Alexander Moore                    675                 TIC                        Easeett

    40                  Marvin                         Caltteton            Robert Marvin                      627                TUC                         Easement

    41                  Marvin                         Colleton       M      . V. Marvin                       389                D..U.                       Easemet

    42                  Myrle Grove Plantation         Cotteton             Gebitt Tucker                    2,264                D-U.                        Easement

    43                  C~ombaee Duck Ctub             Cotteton             Cowbaee Fldsc  Partnership      1,819                D.U.                        Easement

         44            ~~~~Calf Pen                    Cotteton             Dr. L. L. Ervin                    588                                            Easemet

    45      W      h      uite Hatt Plantation         Cotteton             Trois Bois Ltd.                    964

    63                  Old Dominion Plantation       Charleston

    64                  Little Edisto Island          Charleston

    65                  Edisto Shrimp Co.             Charleston

    66                  Jehassee Island               Charleston

    67                  Grove Plantation              Charleston

    6                   Mhilltaow  Bluff Plantation   Charleston

    69                   hlRtUMM                      Charleston

    70         Button Plantation                      Charleston

    71                  Prospect AM111 Plantation     Charleston

    72                  KoCisad Property              Charleston

    73                  Knox Prperty                  Charleston

    74                  Hermitage Plantation          Charleston

    75                  Flahbwnm Prcperty             Charleston

    76                  Oak Lam  Plantation           Charleston

    77                  Auld Brans Plantation         Beaufort

    18                  Duck Paod Plantation          Beaufort

    79                  Old Coeahdee Plantation       Beaufort

    46         White Hoaue Piantation                  CoLLeton             ALbert SimwK1                      448                Charles                     Easement

    47                  Bomie Daoe                     Colleton             Harold Rabirnso                    940                 D.U.                       Easement

    48                  ban Plantation                 Cltleton             florae Kocznskl                  1,739                                            Easement

    49                  Bootle                         Calleton             Freddie footle                      498                                           Eament

    50                  Padgett                        Cloleton             Elizabeth Pagett                    438                D.U.                       Easint

    51                  Grboat Island                  Cltleton             Fripp and Harrelson                  26.4                                         Easement

    52                  tIze  Hoe                      Callton              Worthrop Knox                      365             D.U., Charleston               Easement

    53                  O uakth Prospe.t 3111 Isluid Calleton               Dr. Jams Martin                    301                 Charles                    Easement

    54                  Edisto Island Marsh            Charleston

    55         R     a ccoon Island                    Charleston

    56                  Racoon Island                  Charleston

    57                  Halley Island                  Charleston

    58                  Bailey Island                  Charleston

    59                  Scanmid  Island                Charleston

    60                  Scasnish Istlan                Charleston

    61                  Burbage Property               Charleston

    62                  Orvln Property                 Charleston

    so Tiitdwjwaw Plintation                           Beaufort

    81                  Hoboy Plantation               Beaufort

    82                  BrmWy Hall Ctb                 Beaufort

    53                  BmWy Mall Plantation           Beaufort

    54                  Porkers                        Beaufort

    85                  *emport Ptantation             Beaufort

    86                  Newours Pltntatian             Beaufort

    S T                 Coosoa  Plantation             Beaufort

    as Keea  Neck Plantation                           Beaufort

    89                  Ehisolm Plantation             Beaufort

    90         N o         rth Williamon  sltd         Beaufort

    91                  South vIlitt    a Island       Beaufort

                        APPENDIX E

    Management of ACE Basin NERR Through South Carolina's
                 Coastal Management Program

                      APPENDIX E. 1

    Documentation that ACE Basin NERR is Consistent with
            S.C.'s Coastal Management Program

                                                          May 22, 1991

    SOUTH            Ms. Cheryl A. Graham
                    Marine and Estuarine Management Division
    CAROLINA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
    COASTAL          u.s. Department of Commerce, NOAA
    COUNCIL          1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
                    Washington, DC 20235
    Ashley Corporate Center                                  Re:  Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto
    4130 Faber Place
    Suite 300                                                     (ACE) National Estuarine
    Charleston, S C 29405                                         Research Reserve in South
    (803) 744-5838Carolina
    FAX 744-5847
    John C Hayes. III  Dear Ms. Graham:
    Chairman
    H Wayne Beam, PhD      The staff  of  the S.C.  Coastal Council  certifies  chat the
    Executive Director  Environmental Impact Statement and draft management plan for the
                    Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) National Estuarine Research Reserve in
                     South Carolina is consistent with the South Carolina Coastal Zone
                     Management program.

                         The  Coastal  Council,  with  the  aid  of  a  site  seection
                     committee, recommended to the Governor in July of 1989 that the ACE
                     Basin site be nominated as a component of the National Estuarine
                     Research Reserve System. Since that time the Council has worked
                     closely  with  NOAA  and  the  South  Carolina Wildlife  and  Marine
                     Resources Department to achieve  that goal.   We  look forward to
                     seeing a final designation in the near future.

                                                          Sincerely,

                                                          H. Syder
                                                          Director of Planning
                                                            and Certification
                     HSS:0076C

                     cc: Dr. H. Wayne Beam
                         Mr. Christopher L. Brooks
                         Dr. James A. Timmerman, Jr.
                         Mr. Mike McKenzie
                         Mr. Mike Nussman

          Prmteed on Rrcycleu  Paper

      APPENDIX E.2

    SCCC Permit Policy

               On February 28, 1978, the following were proposed to the 1978 General                                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Assembly for promulgation as Final Rules and Regulations for permitting m critical areas                                                                                               Page
                                                                                                             30-1     STATEMENT OF POLICY                                                 I
    of the coastal zone.  During the 90-day period of review m the General Assembly, no
                                                                                                             30-2     APPLYING FOR A PERMIT                                               4
    action was taken on the Proposed Rules and Regulations, and as a result, these Rules and

    Regulations became finaL  On June 7, 1978, they were publshed as Final Rules and                                          B.    Permit application requrem                               4
                                                                                                                            B.   Permit application (requirements)
    Regulations in the State Register, VoL 2, No. 15, June 7, 1978.                                                           D    Permit processing                                         6

              The Council's principal office of business is the Office of Coastal Planng; 4                                  E.    Comments on applicaon
                                                                                                                            F.    Public information                                      7
    Carriage Lane, Suite 205; Charleston, South Carolina  29407.  Permit applications are                                     G.   Minor development activities                              7
                                                                                                                            H.   State comment                                            7
    available at thie office, and all correspondence with the Council concerning the permit                                   1.    Water quality certificate                                7

    process shall be through this office, unless otherwise directed.  The Council encourages                   30-3     PUBLIC HEARINGS a

    those wishing to receive general information on permits and alterations in critical areas to               30-4     DECISIONS ON A PERMIT                                                8

    contact this office.                                                                                                      A.   Permit approval                                           8
                                                                                                                            B.    Permit denial                                           8
                                                                                                                            C.   Action upon a permit                                     B
                                                                                                                            D.   Licensmg of equipment                                    9
                                                                                                                            E.    Completion of work                                      9
                                                                                                                            F.    Property rights, liability, other permit
                                                                                                                                  requirements                                            9
                                                                                                                            G.   Legally commeneed a use                                  9

                                                                                                             30-5     EXCEPTIONS                                                         10

                                                                                                                            A.   L.st of exceptions                                      10
                                                                                                                            B.    Notification to Council, emergency orders              11
                                                                                                                            C.   Emergency repairs to banks and dikes                    12
                                                                                                                            D.   Definition, normal maintenance and repair               12

                                                                                                             30-      COUNCIL A?PEALS                                                    12

                                                                                                                            A.   Not:ce of Intention to Appeal                           12
                                                                                                                            B.    Filing of Appeal                                       12
                                                                                                                            C.   Public Notice                                           13
                                                                                                                            D.   In tervenors                                            13
                                                                                                                            E.   Comments                                                13
                                                                                                                            F      otifcation of Hearing                                13
                                                                                                                           G.    Rearsrg of .opeal                                      13
                                                                                                                            H.   Recor! of lopesal                                       1
                                                                                                                           I.    Dec'son on  oaoeal                                    14

               The saline marshes are highly productive components of the marine food web                               These same unique natural resource areas face Increasing land development

    of coastal waters and estuarie   Decaying plant materials, called detritus, serve as the                 pressure and negative Impacts from man's activities i and around them.  The marshes

    basis of the food web and are the major biological contribution of the saline marshes                    constitute  a  fragile ecosystem;  consequently,   ndiscrimnate  dredging  and filling,

    Mlany commercially and rerteationally  mportant fish and shellfish species depend on the                 degradation of water quality or unsound buildng practices can have long-term detrimental

    marshlands and estuaries for all or part of their life cycle. In addition, many birds and                effects   Al  development need not be prohibited; rather, the range of favorable and

    other forms of wildllfe utilize wetlands as habitat as well as a source of food. Tdelands                unfavorable results needs to be realized, and analogies made to determine piorities,

    and coastal waters also have become increasingly Important in recent years for tlhe                      evaluate alternatives, anticipate Impacts, and suggest the best methods and designs to

                                                                                                           carry out wise development of these resources.
    purpoes of aquaculture.
                                                                                                                      B. The Value of Beaches and Dunes. The Atlantic Ocean shoreUline of South
               Among the more important functions of the salt and brackish marshes is their
                                                                                                           Carolina, ncluding Its barrier islands, Is an extremely dynamic system composed of the
    role m protectmg adjacent highlands from erosion and storm damage.  Maarsh vegetation
                                                                                                           sands of the beaches and dunes. The beach Is the gently sloping shore washed by Naves,
    absor-bs and dissipates wave energy and establishes a root system which stabilizes the
                                                                                                           extending from below the low tide lne to the pomt above high tide, at which non-littoral
    soils. Its effectiveness as a buffer depends on the surface area available which, combined
                                                                                                           vegetation is established. Above this beach area is the dune system, the ridges of vmind-
    with the composition of the underlying substrate, allows tidelands to act as "sporges" in
                                                                                                           blown sand which are normally vegetated.  These comp-ise a very dynamic system,
    absorbing and releasing waters during storms or times of heavy riverne disclyarge.
                                                                                                           constantly shifting-eroding and accretlng--.lth the effects of waves and wind.  These
               Marshes also perform a valuable waste treatment function since the derse
                                                                                                           fragile resources are Incorporated m the 1977 South Carolina Coastal Management Act as
    vegetat:on acts as a filter, trapp.og sediments and pollutants which enter as -n--off from
                                                                                                           "crltical areas".
    upland areas. The trappirg of sediments helps maintam mater clarity, a factor ,rmportant
                                                                                                                      Each year mllons of South Carolina citizens and visitors enjoy the natural
    to clam, oyster, and phytoplankton productiny. Mhe marshes also assr.nila:e pllutants
                                                                                                           setting of the State's shoreline.  Aesthetically, the beaches are a unique experience; and
    ard recycle nutruants through various biochemical processes.
                                                                                                           recreationally, these areas are increasingly needed for boating, swimmmig, sunning, and
               Coastal waters and the adjacent marshes are also significant as aesthetic,
                                                                                                           fshwig, as leisure time and mobility contmue to ruerease.
    rcreat:onal and educational resources.  Much of the e.xenditure for recreation and
                                                                                                                      Beaches and dunes are nesting rounds  for sea turtles and nume--us bird
    toursm in the Scuth Carolina  oestal zone is for purcses of enqclrrg -utdccr aet;': t'es
                                                                                                           speeces. several of vhich are endangered.  The beac"es and adjacent coastal waters are
    and 'he aesthetic pleasures of undisturbed tideland areas. These nat.ral areas 'erd :den-
                                                                                                           also habitat for many ,narme species.
    selves to meaningfui and  mportznt academic pursuits rch as oird-watchmg and nidL                                   Proob   the most iitally important aspect of ate beach and dure  st nem is its

    caupat:cn and nutRent Ractycing studies.                                                                 contriout.cn to storage of sand and shorelie stability.  it serves as a bar-e  which

                                                                                                                      E- Comments on application: Section 14(C) of the Act allows all interested

                                                                                                           federal and state agencies, all adjoining landowners, local government units and other
               by the South CaroUlna Coastal Council, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205,
               Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date, 10 days after date                        interested persons to have thirty days after the receipt of Public Notice of permit appU-
               of this newspaper notice).
                                                                                                           eation from the Council to file written comments pertaining to the application.  Only
                        b) Other activities: In the case of appihcations for other than minor
                                                                                                           those comments received withmi the thirty day period must be considered In the Council's
    development permits, the applicant shall publish notice at least once m both a newspaper
                                                                                                           decision on a permit appbeation.  Any persons wishing to receive notice of the initial
    of general statewide circulation (The State, News and Courier, or The Greenville News)
                                                                                                           decision on a permit application shall notify the Council within this comment period.
    and a newspaper of local circulation in the county of the proposed activity.   The
                                                                                                           Exception: Comments on permit applications for minor development activities, as defined
    newspaper notices should be published within 15 days of the date of Public Notice (see
                                                                                                           in Section 3(N) of the Act, must be received within fifteen days after receipt of Public
    .30-2(C)). No permit shall be issued by the Council until at least 15 days following the
                                                                                                           Notice of permit application.
    date of the last-published newspaper publication.  The following form shall be used for
                                                                                                                      F. PubUlic information: The complete file on each permit application,
    newspaper pubhicahton:
                                                                                                           including all comments received, will be available for inspection by any member of the
                                       PUBLIC NOTICE
                                                                                                           general public during regular business hours at the principal Council offices.
                           SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL COUNCIL
                                                                                                                      G. Ilinor development activities: In determining whether a partloular project
               (Name of alphcant) will apply (has applied) to the South Carolina
               Coastal Councld for a permit to (descrtion of wok) for Jfubilc/orivate)                        is a minor development, as defned in Section 3(N) of the Act, a private pier shall be de-
              use, atfn floeaton and name of waterway). Comments wtil be received
               by the South Carolina Coastal Councill, 4 Carriage Lane, Suite 205,                            fined as a non-commercial, strictly private recreational facility that Is not used for, or In
               Charleston, South Carolina 29407 until (insert date. 15 days after date
               of this newsoaoer notice)-                                                                     support of, any Industry or commercial operation. Any charge to members of the public or

                    (8) When considered appropriate by the Council or its staff, additlonal                  any person for use of the facility is prohibited for a structure qualifying as a minor

    informat:on may be required, such as Impoundment management plans, and maintenance                        development.

    dredging schedules.                                                                                                   Minor dock or pier developments  shall have  the same  specifications as

               C. Notification: The Council is directed In Section 14 (C) of the Act and shall                furnished under the general permitting provisions  tilth the Army Corps of Engineers.

    within thirty days of receiving either a Joint Public Notice or South Carolma Coastal                     Erosion control structures means, in the case of minor developments. those structures

    Council permit application, notify, in writing, interested agencies, all admmjonng land-                  commonly known as bulkheads xhich follow the existing shorehne, not fronting on the

    owners, local government units in which the lan-l is located and other inteo-sted persons.                Atlantic Ocean and the construction of which involves no direct effects on wetlands.

    This notice shae  ndicste the nature and extent of the applicant's proposal.                                          H. State comment:  Issuance or denial of the cermit by the Coastal Council

               D. Permit processing-  Permit processing shall commence  m.nmediately uoon                     shall be the State comment on the corresponcing federal permit aDolication.

    receipt of eltner a Joint Public Notiee or a South Carolina Coastal Ccunc-l permit aooii-                            L Water quality certificate: If a mater quality certifcate. is required ande

    cation and shall oroceed concurrently but separately from any ?ederal author.zat:on.                      i401 of P L  92-500, is not seouired oy a Federal ~er'nitnmg agency, the Coastal Ccuncl

                                                                                                             been erected in accordance with federal and State laws, including fishing piers which are

    applicable, may continue such use without obtaining a permit.  Any person may request                      provided for by general law or acts passed by the General Assembly of South Carolina;

    the Council to review any project or activity to determine if he is exempt under this                      provided, however, that notice shall be given to the Council wi. in seventy-two hours

    section from the provisions of this act.  The Council shall make such determinations                       from the onset of needed repairs (see R.30-5(B)).

    withm forty-five days from the receipt of any such request.                                                                 (7) Maintenance and repair of drainage and sewer facilities constructed

                                                                                                             in accordance with federal or State laws, and normal mamtenance and repair of any utility

                                                                                                             or railroad.

    30-5  Exceptions.                                                                                                           (8) Normal maintenance or repair to any pier or walkway, provided that

               A. List of excepttons: Section 13(D) of the Act lists several exceptions which                 such maintenance or repair shall not involve dredge or fill.

    do not require a permit. These are as follows:                                                                              (9) Construction or maintenance of a major utility facility where the

                    (1) The accomplshment of emergency orders of any duly appointed                           utility has obtained a certificate for such facility under "The Utlihty Facility Siting and

    official of a county, municipality or of the State, acting to protect the public health and                Environmental Protection Act," Sections 58-1301 through 58-1332 of the 1962 Code

    safety, upon notification to the Council (see R.30-5(8)).                                                  (Sections 58-33-10 through 58-33-430 of the 1976 Code).  Provided, however, that the

                    (2) Hunting, erecting duckblinds, fishing, shellUfshmg and trapping when                  South Carolina Public Service Commission shal make the Council a party to certification

    and where otherwise permitted by law; the conservation, repletion and research activities                  proceedings for utility facilities within the coastal zone.

    of State agencies and educational institutions; or boating or other recreation provided that                          B. Notification to Council, emergency orders:

    such activities cause no material harm to the flora, fauna, physical, or aesthetic resources                                (1) As in A(l) above, notification to the Council of emergency orders that

    of the area.                                                                                               normally mould require a Council permit shall consist of telephoning, telegramming, or

                    (3) The discharge of treated effluent as permitted by law; provided,                      radioing at the earlest possible time to the Council:

    however, that the Council shall have the authority to review and comment on all proposed                                        (a) the nature of the emergency;

    permits that would affect critical areas.                                                                                      (b) the substance of the emergency order;

                    (4) Dredge and fill performed by the United States Corps of Engineers                                          () the time the order will be issued, or if circumstances preclude

    for the maintenance of harbor channels and the collect.on and disposal of the tnater'als so               prior notice, when the order aas issued;

    dredged, pro, 'ed, however, that the Council shall have authorty to review ard certify all                                     (d) the location of the activity ordered;

    such proposed dredge and fill activities.                                                                                      (e) the estimate of when such order shall be withdra vn.

                     (5) Constrution of  alkws over sard dunes in accordance vith Sect.on                                       (2) If the Council  Is not notified  v:t'in seventiy-t.o hours of ohe

    12 of the Act (see R.30-13(3)).                                                                            ssauance of the emergency action 'aken, the offic-al ,ssuing such order or ordereng such

                     (6) Zmesgency refDairs to any ertsting bank, dike or st;rcture vhicl h2as                emergency action shall be m vlolatLcn of the tct and these -ules and regulations. Within

                                                                                                                         B. Cease and desist directive: When any paerson is found altering a critical
               H. Record of Appeal:  A Record of Appeal shall be kept and filed in the                          area without a permit and such activity is not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has

    Council's office. Oral proceedings or any part thereof shall be transcribed upon request of                 not been authorized by a perm.' is in violation of the terms of a Council permit or Is

    any party.  The Council may, in its discretion, require persons requesting a transcript to                  violating provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council, or Its

    pay reasonable printing costs.                                                                               duly appointed agent, may issue a ceas. and desist directive. This directive shall inform

               L Decision on Appeal: A decision on the Appeal may be made by the Council                        the person that he is in violation of the Act and that such person should cease unautho-

    immediately after the presentation of oral arguments but, in any case, no later than 35-                    rized activity. The Council may then request the person to remove or restore the area to

    days after the presentation. Each party shall be notified in writing of the decision.                       its original condition.  If the person responsible for the unauthorized activity refuses to

                                                                                                             comply with the Council directive, the Council may then file suit in the appropriate

                                                                                                             circuit court as outlined m Section 16 of the Act.
    30-7   Judicial Appeal:  Section 18 of the Act allows Judicial review of Council action.                                C. Arrest narrants: When a person is found altering a critical area without a

    Before seecing judicial relief from a Council permit application decision, a person must                    pe'mit and such activity ts not exempted by Section 13(D) of the Act, has not been

    seek relief through the Council appeal process In 30-6 above.                                               authorized by a permit, is In violation of the terms of a Council permit or LS violating

                                                                                                             provisions of the Coastal Management Act in any manner, the Council may cause to be

                                                                                                             issued a 'varrant for the arrest of the violator.
    30-8   Enforcement.                                                                                                     D. Penalties:  As stated in Section 17 of the Act, any person found guilty of

               A. Permit revocation and modification- One of the needs in administering a                       violation of the Act shall be punished by imprisonment of not more than six months, or by

    permit system to manage coastal resources is the enforcement of the provisions of the                        a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or both, for the first offense; and by

    system and the identification of unpermitted and unauthorized activities. The Courcil has                    imprisonment of not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than ten thousand

    initiated a routine aerial surveillance program for the coastal counties which idettifies                   dollars, or both, for each subsequent offense.

    and reports illegal dredgung, filling or other alterations in the critical areas.                                       E. Judicial Enforcement:  Section 16 of the Act provides the Council, the

               As the state agency responsible for managing the critical areas, the Council is                  Attorney General or any person adversely affected, a remedy to restrain nolations of the

    adamant In its enforcement of terms of an accproved permit.  Section l$(E) of the Act                       Act.

    empowers the C.uncil to revoke a permit for noncomoliance Mith or v:olat:on of Its terms

    afte- written notice of intention to do so has been gven the holder, and the holde-, in

    return, has been gven an  poortunimt  to present an eplanation :o the Counc'l. Financtal                     30-9   Otser P-ov:siors.

    hardship on the part of a holder shall not be a defense to the revqcat;on LF a De-mit. The                               ,. Savings Clause-  If any provisions of the 'Lct or of these :u/es and Reg-

    Courcil may also revoke a  er-nmit if it finds  hat the holder or n.s agent suomlt-ed false                  ulat ons are adjudged nvelid or uncons: :ttional, he -emamder ot 'he Act and '"ese Rules

    information to bte Councel.

                       APPENDIX E.3

    Legal Authority Citations for Coastal Activities Subject
               Management By State Agencies

              Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C  Code of Laws) for                                            South Carolina Coastal Council

                   Activities Subject to Management bv State Agencv                                              Residential developments - Sections 48-39-80 tB)(11). 130,R30-11 **R3t-12

                                                                                                                      Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130
    South Carolina Aeronautics Commission
                                                                                                                      Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (BI(1I), 130, R30-11, R30-12
    Airports - Section 55-5-120
                                                                                                                      Airports - Section   --10  rports - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11. R30-12
    South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology                                                      R    a       ections  8-39-80  B         1    3        3
                                                                                                                      Rallwa~s  - Sections 48-59-80 (B)f11), l;n, R30-11, R30-17
    Residential developments - Sections 1-11-70.80,90
                                                                                                                      Parking facilitles - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11  R30-1i
    Ports - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130. R30-11
    Roads and Highways - Section  1-                                                              11-9t
                                                                                                                      Forestr) - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30- 11
    Alrports - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                      Railaysg - Sections 48-3-80  anufact(B)(11ng - Sections), 130, R-1R30-11. R0-l1
    Railways - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                                      Ilanufacturing - Sections 48-19-80(B)11), 130. RPO-ll1 R30-12
    Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70                                                                        Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12

    Mining - Sections 1039 io, 1S0                                                                               Fish and seafood processing - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130,R30-11, R        2O-I:

    lanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                      aculercial             - Sct ions  s -39- Seti11  18-9-30, R0-11),  130, R30-11  P.n-1l
    quiaculture - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                      Parks - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-ll. RO3-12
    Conmerclal - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                                      ;4armas - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130. R;0-11, Rx0-12
    Marinas - Section 111--0                                                                                     Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-S0 (B)(11), 130,R30-11, R30-12

    Boat Ratts - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Tourist Attractions - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12
    Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(I1), 130,R30-11,R30-12
    Lrtlflclal reets - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      tificia   - Section 1-11-70  ldlife and Fisheries management - Sections  *1-39-0Sl(B)(11), 130,R30-11,R30-12
    Docks and Piers   Section 1-11--0
                                                                                                                      Docks and Piers - Sections 4S-39-80(B1(11), 130.R30-11, R30-12
    Dredgmg - Sectio 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Dredging - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 13n, R30-11, RT0-12
    Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Dredge rhterzal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(B) (11), llO,R30-llR30-12
    Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30
                                                                                                                      Underwater salsage - Sections 18-59-80 (B)(11),130, R30-11. R;0-12
    Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                                      Sewage treatment - Sections 48-39-Y0(B)(11, lt0, R30-11, R31-12
    Energy - Section 1-11-80                                                                                    Pubhlc/Qlasl-PtIblc Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- (B)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12

                                                                                                                      Damns and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; RT0-11,R30-12

                                                                                             Smith Carolina lftartment of Iealth mid rivloramental Control
    South Carolina Coastal Council ... continued                                                Residential developoents - Section 44-1-too; Sectigm 44-1-140 (11); Section
    Water supply - Sections 48-39-80(3)(11), 130; R30-li; R30-12
                                                                                                  44-55-630 thmrogh 700; Sections 44-55-620, 335; 361-9; 361-40;
    Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-l1, R30-13
                                                                                                  361-56; N61-57
    Jetties and Groins - Sections 18-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-t1, R30-13

    Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130, R30-l1; R30-13

    Renourishment - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11), 130;R30-11; R30-13                   P                    faclitics   Section 48-1-40; Section 43-1-90 (a);  t61-9

    Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; M3A-11; R30-l1, R30-13                 Ilnufactioring - Section 4S-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 161-62; R61-62.1;
                                                                                                  161-6Z.6; U61-66
    *(South Carolina Coastal Council Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules               Aquacultifre - Section 44-1-140(5 R; 361-47
     and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areas of the Coastal :one",
     MaN 29, 1978).                                                                             pish old Seefood processing - Section 44-1-340(5); 361-47

                                                                                             CAmercial - Sections 44-1-340(2), (11); Section 40-1-40; Section 48-1-140;,

                                                                                                  361-25; R63-41; 361-62

                                                                                             Tourist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 46-1-140(7); 361-9; R61-62

                                                                                             Sewage treatment - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1430; Sections 40-1-90(a),

                                                                                                  111. 110; SectIons 48-3-60, 140; Sections 48-5-20; R61-9; R61-56;

                                                                                                  161-57

                                                                                             Solid waste disposal - Section 44-1-140(ll); M61-59; R61-60; 161-61;

                                                                                                  R61-70

                                                                                             I'udaIrc/q4vsi-Ihblic Buildings - Section 44-1-140(1i); Sections 48-1-300,

                                                                                                  110; R61-9; R61-62

                                                                                             Water suqpply - Sectitn 44-55-40

                                                                                            Srnetu  DCPI in  ievel o!mU1M.t Board

                                                                                            Ro.ads find Iligiways - Sottito  13-3-20(1); Section 11-1-1100 (4) (d)

                                                                                            Airlorts - Sc-tion 11-3-2011); SeLtion 11-3-100(4) (d)

                                                                                            Railways - Smttlon 11-3-20(1); Sections 13-3-100(4) (c). (d), (e)

             Legal Authority Citations (1976 S. C. Code of Laws) for                                            South Carolina Coastal Cocil
                  Activities Subject to Management b% State Agency                                              Residential developments - Sections 43-39-80 (B)(11). 1lOR30-11 **R3n-l:

                                                                                                               Ports - Sections 48-39-110, 130
    South Carolina Aeronautics Comuisslon
                                                                                                               Roads and highwavs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-11, R30-12
    Airports - Section 55-5-120
                                                                                                               Airports - Sections 48-39-80 ({B)(11). 130, R30-11. R30-12
    South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropoloey
                                                                                                               Rallways - Sections 48-39-80 (B)f111, 130; R30-11, R30-12
    Residential developents - Sections 1-11-0,80,S90
                                                                                                              Parking facilities - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111,130, R30-11. R30-12
    Ports - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                               Agriculture - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 1l0. R30-11
    Roads and Highwavs - Section 1-11-90                                                                         Forestry - Sectins 48-39-80()(), 130  R30-11

    Airports - Section 1-11-*0
                                                                                                              Ants  mSection    nng - Sections 48-39-80 (8)(11), 130, R30-ll,R30-12
    Railways - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                              Manufacturing - Sections 48-39-SO(B)f111, 130, PR0-I2. R30-12
    Parking facilities - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                              Aquaculture - Sections 48-39-30(B(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12
    Minmng - Sections 10-9-10, lS0
                                                                                                              Fish and seafood processing - Sections  8-39-80(B)(11) ,130,R3      .   0-'11,    -I
    Nqanufacturlng - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                              Commercial Activitles - Sections JS-39-301B)l11), 130, R30-11. P3n-12
    4quaculture - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                              Parks - Sections 18-39-80(B)(111, 130, R30-11. R30-12
    Commerclal - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                              ;Marmas - Sections 48-39-80fB)(11), 130. R30-11, RP0-IZ
    armnas - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                              Boat ramps - Sections 48-39-30 (B)(11), 130,R30-11; R30-12
    Boat Ramps - Section 1-11-'0
                                                                                                              Tourist Attractions - Sections  8-39-SO0(B)(11),130, R30-11  P30-12
    Tourist attractions - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                              Artificial reefs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)111, 130,R30-ll,R30-12
    ,rtlflclal ree's - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                              hlldlife and Fisheries management - Sections J$-39-SOfB)(11). 130,R30-llR30-1l
    Docks and Piers - Section 1-11--0
                                                                                                              Doks and Piers   Section    Docks and Piers - Sections IS-39-BO(B1(111, 130,R30-11, R30-1Z
    Dredging - Sectlo 1-11-70
                                                                                                              Dredging - Sections 18-39-80(B1(11), 13n, R30-11, R30-12
    Dredge material disposal - Section 1-11-20
                                                                                                              Dredge Materlal Disposal - Sections 18-39-80(18)111, 130,R30-11,R30-12
    Sewage treatment - Section 48-3-140, Section 48-5-30
                                                                                                              Underwater salvage - Sections 18-39-80 (B)(11),,130 RSO-ll RiO-12
    Solic waste disposal - Section 1-11-70
                                                                                                              Sewage treatment - Sections I8-;9-O0(B)(11), 130, R30-11, R30-12
    Energy - Section 1-11-80
                                                                                                              PEnerg  - Section 1-11-blic/Quasi-Public Buildings - Sections 48-39-8- ({)(11),130, R30-11, R30-12

                                                                                                              Dams and reservoirs - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(11), 130; R30-ll,R30-12

                                                                                            Soteth Carolina liqurtunt of le-alth and F~avloroemniutal Control

    South Carolina Coastal Caimcil ... continued                                                 Itesidential developments - Section 44-1-100; Sectims 44-1-140 (11); Section
                           Water supply - Sections   1 3 0 , R30-11; R30-12                         ~44-55-610 through 700; Sections 44-55-1320. 330; R61-9; R61-40;
    Bulkheads, seawalls, revetments - Sections 48-39-80(B)(11) 130; R30-11, R30-13
                                                                                                  P61-S6; U61-57
    Jetties and Groins - Sections 483-0B(l)130; P30-1l; R30-13

    Breakwaters - Sections 48-39-80(B)(111, 130, P30-li; R30-13
                          Renourishment    -    Sections 130.R30-11; R30 - 1      3             Parking facilities - section 48-1-40;, Section 413-1-90 ED); P61i-9

    Energy activities - Sections 48-39-80 (B)(ll), 130, R30-lI; R30-12; R30-13                Mauatuig   - Section 431-1-40; Section 48-1-140; 1161-62; R61-62.1;
                                                                                                 961-62.6; R61-66
    *(South Carolina Coastal Coumcil Regulatons citations are to the Final Rules                 Aqautee- Section 44110()   61-47
     and Regulations for Permitting in Critical Areaes of the Coastal -one",
         ~1v2,1978).                                                                            Plsh aid Sesfood processing - Section 44-1-140(S). R61-47

                                                                                            C~meorcial - Sections 441302,(11); Section 48-1-40; Section 49-1-140;

                                                                                                 1161-25; P61-41; P61-62

                                                                                            Itorist attractions - Section 44-1-140; Section 43110()   61-9; B61-62

                                                                                            Sewage treat~met - Section 44-1-140; Section 44-55-1410; SectIons 461-1-90(a),

                                                                                                 1110, 130; Sections 46-3-60. 140; Sections 43-5-20; 1R61-9; R61-56;

                                                                                                 R61- 57

                                                                                            Solid waste disposal - Section 44R101)   61-59; 1161-60; 1161-61;

                                                                                                 R61-70

                                                                                            I'idhllc/Qjasi-Plehllc Ihaildings - Section 4-10();Sections 43-1-100,

                                                                                                 130; R61-9; Rf61-62
                                                                                            Water supply - Section 44-SS-40

                                                                                            Si"Itl qXRUjy Buve!opuect Boar

                                                                                            RoAds and Ilighways - Semtimau i3-3-20(i); SectIon 11-1-300f (4) (d)

                                                                                            Aierports - Sectimi l1-3-20111); Section i13-1-00(4) (d)

                                                                                            Railways - Smctiou 13-3-20(1); Se-tions 13-3-10(1(4) (c), (d), (e)

    Parks - Section 13-3-100(4) fh)
                                                                                              South Carolina Pdublic Service Authority
    D~redging - Sections 13-3-40.50; Sections 13-3-320,330
                                                                                              11ims and Reservoirs - Section S8-31-30(5)
    Imergy - Sections 13-3-100 (4) (c), id)
                                                                                              Svergy - Sections 58-31-30(7),(B)
    South Carolina 11OrestrY CAomSSi~o,
                                                                                              South Carolina Pubilic Service CoMMisalon
    l-orebtry - Sections 48-23-80,90.120.200
                                                                                              litergy - Section S1-27-1230; Section 58-11-110
    South Carolina Department of hilhways Auld Pubilic Transportation
                                                                                              South Carolina State Ihbusing: Authority
    Roads and Ifighwrays - Sections 57-3-10, 610, Section 57-S-1330
                                                                                              Residential developiments - Seetion 31-3-140
    flulkheadt,, seaw~alls, rcvetiots - Section 57-3-40
                                                                                              South Carolina State Ports Authority
    Jetties and grains - Section S7-3-40
                                                                                              Parts - Sections 54-3-110. 130. 140
    breakwaters - Sextion, 57-3-40
                                                                                              Dlocks and Piers - Section S4-3-620
    Renuurisliment - Section S7-3-40
                                                                                              Bulkheads. Seawalls. Revetments - Section 54-3-610
    South Carolilna Land Resoures Conservat ion Commission                                      Breakwaters - Section 54-3-150(9)

    Agricultuwe - SeLtion, 48-9-1210(9); Sections 48-9-ISIO. 1S70
                                                                                              South Crolina water Resources Commission
    M~inaing - Section 48-19-40
                                                                                              Wildlife andl fisheries mmnagement. - Sections 51-5-60, 100
    lIjam and Reservoirs - Sections 49-11-200. 210, 240
                                                                                              Water supply - Sections 49-S-40,SO.60.70
    South Lairolina liepartment of Parks. Recreation and Tourism
                                                                                              South Carolina Wildlife and Ibrine Resources Department
    P~arkb, - NeLtions 5-6(),(f); Sections 51-3-10,80
                                                                                              Aguaculture -Sections 50-5-20,50; Sections 50-15-50; Section 50-17-710
    tourist Attractioni, - Section 51-1-60(c)
                                                                                              Boat ramls -Section 57-5-870
         I'ubil/QiasiPidicBuildings - Section S1-1-60(b)
                                                                                              Artificial reefs - Section SO-3-90
    I'dtrIF-10   POn   eelJD    AUthGr1It                                                       Wildlife and fisheries mnanagement - Section 50-3-100, Section 50-11-26101;

    ilie dutIVorILy's JlUFrIJdIAtio LOVems Ilog Island irn Chailo.tuo Harbor.  Set                   Section 51-5-140

       SCtLItwi St 13-710 through 850

    Soueth Carolina I'edilic Railway:, COUNaihslon

    Railways - bet-timN 58-lU-3D

        APPENDIX F

    NERR Research Permit

                       South ItCbatoaluga                                                  James A Timmerman, Jr, Ph.D
                       A7 ,i/,c           Maf                                                           Executive Director
                                   \   l~ild~i e eii Marme                                          Paul A Sandifer, Ph D
                       Resouffes Deprwet                                                                       Director of
                       Resources  Departneit                                                     Marine Resources Division
    FrA W PFQQTNM AIENCLV

                                                        REVISED NOVEMBER 1988

                 Under authorization of Section 50-17-50, S. C. Code of Laws as amended, you are hereby
          granted permission to collect specimens of marine life in the coastal waters of this State for scientific
          purposes.

                 This permit is subject to the following conditions:

          a)      No specimens of fish, shellfish. crustaceans, or other marine life collected may be used for
                 personal consumption, sold or used for commercial purposes.

          b)     All scientific permit holders are required to notify the Law Enforcement Office at Fort Johnson
                 (Phone 803-795-6350. Extension 501815019) or this office (803-795-6350. Extension
                  506115010), at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of their collecting schedule and to
                 provide certain information including (Date(s) of sampling; locationis) where collecting will take
                  place; boat description; type of gear to be utilized; and purpose of sampling.

          c)     Any collecting done by otter trawl or try net will be confined to the legal trawling areas
                 specified under Section 50-17-610 and 50-17-615, only during the open season, unless
                 otherwise specifically approved in writing by the Division of Marine Resources.

          dl     This permit or a legible copy thereof must be in possession of the person to whom issued or
                  a staff member of the institution to which it is issued, at all times during scientific collecting
                  operations.

          e)     This'permit is subject to the rules and regulations of the S. C. Department of Health and
                  Environmental 'Control and any other governmental agency having jurisdiction in the coastal
                  area.

                 Any person violating the provisions of Section 50-17-50 is subject to the penalties prescribed
          therein. This permit may be revised, suspended, or revoked upon notification in the event of violation
          of the conditions set forth herein, or at any time that the Marine Resources Division deems it advisable
          in the best interest of conservation.

                                                         Sincerely,

                                                         Charles M. Bearden. Director
                                                         Office of Fisheries Management

          CMB/pgc

     No. 345                                   No.  345

                                               S.C.WTILDL!EANDMARINE
                                               RESOURCES DU'ARM.ENT
                                            SCIENTIFIC PERMIT
      Issued by authorization of Sec-
    tion-50-I7-50. S.C. Code of Laws
    as amended. This permit is for the
    collection of specimens from
    marine waters for scientific pur-
    poses only.

      Failure to comply with the at.       Evftdam. DAM
    tached conditions will result in the        DWISIONOTMARINERESOURCES
    revocation of this permit.                        OIjRLFSTON.s.C.

                                                 NON-TRANSFERRABLE

                       APPENDIX G

                Analysis of ACE Basin Site

     Based on NERR Biogeographic Scheme/Typology

               (Ecological Characterization)

    NOTE: Literature Cited In this Section Is Included In
                VII. References, page 108

                                          G-1

                   ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ACE BASIN NERR SITE

       An analysis of the site based on the NERRS classification scheme illustrates a
    complex of subsystems and habitat types. The region contains a diverse assemblage
    of representative outer coastal plain communities including the full array of
    communities typically associated with barrier islands, marsh islands and major
    estuarine rivers. Especially well represented are salt and brackish marshes and
    maritime forest communities. An abundance of managed estuarine impoundments,
    the total absence of industrial pollution and the isolated, undeveloped character of the
    area add considerably to the ecological significance of the region (Murdock 1981).
    These exceptional habitat characteristics and associated wetland functions have
    resulted in national designation of the ACE Basin region as a priority conservation area
    (U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 1990).

    1. Reoresentative Ecosvstems

       The ACE Basin NERR is characterized by tremendous spatial heterogenity. From
    northeast to southwest, the area is divided by the Edisto, Ashepoo and Combahee
    rivers and associated tributaries flowing through extensive wetland acreage into St.
    Helena Sound. Wetland diversity is high and includes palustrine, estuarine (oligohaline
    to polyhaline types) and marine ecosystems.   Over 30 percent of the natural
    communities as described by Nelson (1986) for South Carolina are encompassed
    within the reserve. A total of 23 ecological systems and subsystems/general
    community types are represented (Table 1). It is emphasized that these habitats are
    interacting components of a tremendously larger system (ACE Basin regional
    ecosystem - ca 350,000 acres) that is an extremely dynamic, open system through
    which organisms and materials constantly move (Figure 1). Therefore, the reserve is
    not easily delineated by artificial boundaries.

    a. Coastal Marine

       The coastal marine ecosystem is well represented and occurs where lands and
    water have unobstructed access to the open ocean. As such, it consists of two
    components; the intertidal and the subtidal. The intertidal subsystem includes tidal
    ocean beaches of Edisto Beach, Harbor, Hunting, Otter and Pine Islands as well as
    other islands with bars contiguous to coastal waters. The intertidal zone is a high
    energy, highly turbid environment with a continually shifting substrate of sand. These
    factors coupled with regular and frequent exposure to the air provide a harsh
    environment. Intertidal beach communities such as Otter Island may include relic
    forests where erosion of the beach and dune systems has encroached upon maritime
    forest communities. The subtidal subsystem consists of coastal waters extending

    Table 1. Representative ecosystems of the proposed ACE Basin HERR.

        ECOSYSTEM                SUBSYSTEM/CCMHMUNITY TYPE                         EXAMPLE

        Coastal Marine                Subtidal                                Offshore-waters to St.
                                                                              Helena Sound COLREGS

                                                                              Colregs line
                                       Intertidal                             Otter Island - beaches
                                                                              and bars

         Maritime                      Bird Key and Bank                       Pelican and Egg Banks
                                       Dune                                    Otter and Edisto Isis.
                                                                               - dune fields

                                       Transitional Shrub                      Otter and Pine Ist.
                                                                               - shrub thickets

                                       Maritime Forest                         Otter and Pine IsL.
                                                                               - woodlands

         Estuarine                     Subtidal                                St. Helena Sound
                                                                               Estuary - submerged substrate to continuously
                                                                               - unconsolidated mud and sands

                                       Intertidal - Flats                     St Helena Sound Estuary Flats
                                                                               - salt and brackish marshes

                                       Intertidal - Emergent wetlands         St. Helena Sound Estuary

                                       Intertidal - Impoundments              Bear Island W4A and private plantations
                                                                               - divided marshes

         Palustrine                    Bay Forest                              Snuggedy Swamp - southern portions
                                       Bottom land Hardwood                    Private plantations
                                       Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands           Bear Island WMA and
                                       Emergent/Aquatic Bed wetlands           private plantations

         Upland                        Old Field                               Core area islands
                                       Pine Forest                             and/or buffer lands
                                       Pine-mixed hardwood                     zone including Bear
                                       Hardwood                                Island WMA and private lands

                AGRICULTURAL

                                   Farm~~~~~~~~~~~Fe   Manulac-
         as Plantations~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ofar                                                      lured

                                                                      ~~~~~Good

                                   astal   M a r i n e                        macmnary ~URBAN
                                Waters ~~~~~~~~~Buildings.   SYSTEMS

                      Forsle  Welade          fee SetvicS FihCt                                                                ,

                      I  Uplands

                          aUNDEVELOPED
                           ___ SYSTEM

                           EXPLANATION

    Organic Producers                    Water                                  Energy Flow

                                                         a * W a *~ Land Conversion
    Consumers                       Energy Source                         ngyLs

     Figure I The Ace Basin is a compleX mixture Of subsystems that interconnect by
                  enerciv pathwavs to form a renional ecosystem

                                           G-4

    seaward of extreme low spring tide level and with salinities consistently exceeding 30
    o/oo. Unconsolidated coastal bottom communities are composed of loose sand and
    associated sediments or mud with shells and shell fragments (Sandifer et al, 1980,
    Nelson 1986).

    b. Maritime

       The maritime ecosystem is principally represented by Edisto Beach, Hunting,
    Harbor, Pine and Otter islands. It includes all upland and isolated wetland areas
    located on those islands and others bordered on one side by tidal marshes, rivers
    and/or creeks and on another side by an active ocean-formed beach. Four subsystems
    are recognized: Bird key and bank, dune, transition shrub and maritime forest. The
    bird key and bank subsystem is a special ecological unit physically separated from the
    others by water (Sandifer et al, 1980).

       The bird key and bank subsystem consists of small isolated islands typically found
    in tidal inlets and broad bays. These islands are characterized by erratic, annual
    fluctuations in size, shape and vegetative cover as the sand shifts in response to
    storms and other physical forces (Sandifer et al, 1980). Within the reserve, this
    subsystem is best represented by Egg Bank in St. Helena Sound. This sand island
    exhibits low topographic profile and is frequently overwashed by storms and
    astronomically influenced high tides.

       The dune subsystem consists of a variety of types ranging from low, relatively
    narrow dune fields found on Otter and Pine Islands to higher, more well-developed
    dunes found on the southwest portion of Edisto Beach. Dune or maritime grassland
    communities exhibit a variety of floristic zones relative to species tolerance of salt
    spray, saltwater immersion and wind blown sand. Due to their ability to tolerate salt
    spray and other harsh environmental conditions, the robust perennials, grasses, sea
    oats and sea beach panic grass dominate the front slope and crest of foredunes.

        Fleshy herbs including sea rocket, beach elder, Russian thistle, beach pennywort
    and sea purslane occur in the foredune zone and assist in the early stages of dune
    development.   Back slopes of foredunes, backdunes and interdune areas are
    dominated by a variety of grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs including: saltmeadow
    cordgrass, salt marsh fimbristylis, camphor weed, prickly pear, frog fruit, sand grass,
    finger grass, beach hogwort, beach sandspur, seaside goldenrod, yucca, groundsel
    tree and wax myrtle. (Johnson et al, 1974, Hillestad et al, 1975, Sandifer et al,
    1980, Nelson 1986).

        Interdune ponds occur between beach dunes and maritime forest ridges and for
    the purposes of this document are considered to be a component of the dune
    subsystem. These isolated wetlands are seasonally flooded by rainfall or periodically
    inundated by exceptionally high and/or lunar tides. Numerous interdune ponds are

                                           G-5

    characterized by freshwater emergents including cattail, false nettle, giant plume
    grass, fall panic grass, flat sedges and dotted smartweed. Depending on frequency
    and depth of inundation, ponds flooded by tidal action are more brackish and are
    vegetated to varying degrees by tropical cattail, saltmarsh bulrush, salt grass, smooth
    cordgrass, black needlerush, sea purslane and giant foxtail millet. Fresh and brackish
    interdune ponds are well represented on Otter Island.

       The transitional shrub subsystem or maritime shrub thicket is a dense but generally
    narrow ecotonal band between dune and maritime forest communities.   This
    subsystem with its characteristic sheared canopy functions to further protect less salt-
    spray tolerant maritime forest vegetation (Sandifer et al, 1980). Maritime shrub
    thickets occurring within the proposed reserve site generally are dominated by wax
    myrtle.  Other relatively salt-tolerant species represented are yaupon, cabbage
    palmetto, southern red cedar, red bay, green brier and pepper vine.

       The maritime forest ecosystem is represented by the zone of forest vegetation
    between transitional shrub communities on the seaward side and salt shrub thicket
    communities on the marsh side of islands. Within the proposed site, principal canopy
    species include live oak, loblolly pine, and slash pine. Midstory and understory
    species include cabbage palmetto, southern magnolia, southern red cedar, red bay,
    wax myrtle, yaupon, beauty-berry and coral bean. Virginia creeper, rattan vine, green
    brier, poison ivy, braken fern, nut rush and prickly pear also occur as understory
    components. In addition to the above general community description, several distinct
    forest community types based on various degrees of dominance by palmetto, oaks,
    other hardwoods and pines have been recognized for the maritime forest ecosystem
    (Sandifer et al, 1980). Such distinct types are exemplified by four maritime forest
    communities identified by Gaddy (1982) for Hunting Island located within the reserve
    buffer zone.

    c. Estuarine

       The estuarine ecosystem extends upstream in the tri-river system and landward
    to where ocean-derived salts measure less than 0.5 o/oo during the period of average
    annual flow. The seaward limit is an imaginary line across the mouth of St. Helena
    Sound.

       The ACE Basin estuarine ecosystem is a deepwater habitat with adjacent tidal
    wetlands that are semi-enclosed by land but having access to the open ocean. This
    system is diluted by freshwater flows of the tri-river drainage basin and from upland
    runoff.    The estuary is influenced more by terrestrial processes than is the
    contiguous coastal marine ecosystem. As defined by Cowardin et al (1979), the ACE
    Basin estuary contains a complete array of salinty zones as follows: Oligohaline (0.5
    o/oo - 5 o/oo), mesohaline (5 o/oo - 18 o/oo), Polyhaline (18 o/oo - 30 o/oo), and
    Euhaline(30 o/oo - 40 o/oo) (Figure 2).

                                           G-6

    AVERAGE ANNUAL
        SAUNMTYOW                                            M  TYM

                                                                NON-TMDAL

                                              ~~~~~~TAL!                      FLOW
              LUWT OF                                          FRHWATER ICONDITIONS)
              TODAL INFLUENCE                                  I

                    r~~a-------,                             i Ot100~~~~~~OICINALNE
      � 0.5 pPt - -      - - -                          - - -

                    __                                       3Ml~bPOWHALNE A

      < 310 ppt --ll-    a         -- -            - - a a a a

                                    OCEAN
                                                            EUVIALME

         Figure 2. The relationship between marsh type and average annual salinity (values are
                     approximately only). Terminology is based on Cowardin et al. (1979).

                                           G-7

       In accordance with Cowardin et al (1979), the Basin's estuarine ecosystem is
    divided into two subsystems, the subtidal and the intertidal. St. Helena Sound and
    the waters of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Rivers, where salinities are greater
    than 0.5 o/oo, comprise the subtidal sub-system. The intertidal subsystem includes
    those areas where the substrate is exposed and flooded by tides (e.g., marshes, bars,
    flats, oyster rocks, etc.) and includes the associated splash zone. The following
    habitat types are included in the reserve: subtidal bottom and intertidal flats and bars,
    59,400 acres, tidal marshes, 60,100 acres and estuarine impoundments, 8,300 acres
    (SCWMRD, unpubl. data).

       The estuarine subtidal subsystem provides a rich and varied environment for
    phytoplankton populations but macrophyte production generally is limited. Due to
    environmental factors, estuarine phytoplankton populations tend to be larger and more
    productive than populations in adjacent systems. However, general absence of solid,
    permanent substrates, as well as turbidity, and the scouring action of tides severely
    limit the growth of macroscopic algae. The continuously immersed parts of seawalls,
    pilings, oyster reefs and subtidal substrates such as shell, man-discarded objects and
    invertebrates provide sites for algae attachment (Sandifer et al. 1980).

        Estuarine intertidal flats, level land forms composed of unconsolidated sediments,
    occur in areas sheltered from strong currents and wave action. Flats may be
    irregularly shaped or elongated and continuous with the shore, whereas bars generally
    are elongate, parallel to the shoreline and separated from the shore by water. Water
    regimes are restricted to irregularly exposed, regularly flooded and irregularly flooded
    flats, (Cowardin et al. 1979). Although flats are rich in mud algae, no vascular plants
    are typically found. On occasion, macroscopic algae such as sea lettuce may locally
    dominate flats (Sandifer et al 1980, Tiner 1984). Flats and associated oyster reefs
    are well represented throughout the reserve.

        Marshes dominate the ACE Basin intertidal zone. Although estuarine intertidal
    wetlands are a complex nutrient rich ecosystem, vascular plant diversity is relatively
    low due to limiting factors such as salinity, drainage, temperature and tidal influence
    (Penfound 1952, Adams 1963, Johnson et al. 1974, Baden et al. 1975, Sandifer et
    al. 1980). Emergent wetlands within the intertidal subsystem may be classified as
    two distinct units, salt and brackish marshes.

        Salt marsh salinities range from 10 o/oo to as high as 35 o/oo or even greater
    under certain environmental conditions. Saltmarshes are composed of two zones
    defined by elevation. The regularly flooded zone ("low marsh") is flooded at least
    once but usually twice daily while the irregularly flooded zone high marsh is flooded
    only during storm and/or astronomically high lunar tides.

        Plant communities associated with regularly and irregularly flooded salt marshes
    are distinctly different in species composition. Extensive monotypic stands of smooth

                                          G-8

    cordgrass dominate the low marsh. Along creek banks, this species typically attains
    heights of over 6 feet while in the interior of the low marsh, plant height may vary
    from 3 to 6 feet. In contrast to the vegetatively homogenous low marsh, species
    diversity of the high marsh is quite varied. A number of halophytic grasses, rushes
    and forbs occur in abundance: glasswort, sea blite, salt wort, sea lavender, salt marsh
    aster, salt grass, sea ox-eye, black needlerush, salt meadow cordgrass, coastal
    dropseed, salt-marsh fimbristylis, marsh elder and short form (< 1.5 feet high)
    smooth cordgrass (Tiner 1979). Salt marshes dominate the entire marsh zone for the
    reserve core area, all of the buffer zone in the Combahee system and the buffer zone
    associated with the Ashepoo and South Edisto Rivers to the approximate lower
    boundary of Bear Island WMA. High salt marshes including "salt flats or pannes" are
    particularly well represented along the upland perimeters of Otter and Pine Islands.

       Within the reserve buffer zone, brackish marsh salinities range from 0.5 o/oo to
    10 o/oo and occur primarily in the central to upper regions of the South Edisto and
    Ashepoo Rivers. Throughout most of this region, the marshes are influenced by
    mesohaline salinities and are dominated by mixed stands of black needlerush and big
    cordgrass. Other species occurring in this zone include saltmarsh bulrush, saltmarsh
    aster, marsh elder, groundsel tree, sea oxeye and seaside goldenrod. Oligohaline
    conditions predominate from the main Jehossee Island marsh peninsula to the
    abandoned SCR bed on the South Edisto and in the extreme upper portions of
    Ashepoo River marshes. In this zone, emergent wetlands are characterized by a
    diverse assemblage of plants typical of transitional brackish and freshwater
    communities.

        Representative species include: big cordgrass, cattails, salt marsh bulrush,
    common three-square, soft-stem bulrush, sawgrass, pickerel weed, arrow-arum, spider
    lily, alligator weed, water parsnip, wild rice, and giant cutgrass. A narrow zone of
    smooth cordgrass often occurs at lowest marsh elevations along river and creek banks
    (Tiner 1979).

    d. Palustrine

        Due to geographic and associated ecological features related to boundaries of the
    reserve, the palustrine system is the least represented in regards to areal occurrence.
    However, a diversity of palustrine wetland communities are represented in the buffer
    zone and include bay forest, bottomland hardwood, scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands,
    and emergent/aquatic bed wetlands.
        Bay Forest communities occur in the extreme northern portions adjacent to the
    abandoned SCR bed and tidal marshes of the South Edisto River. This community
    consists of the lower reaches of Snuggedy Swamp, a Holocene peat deposit up to
    13.5 feet resting on a sequence of silty and clayey saltmarsh deposits (Mathews et
    al. 1980). These peaty swamps are characterized by poorly drained, deep organic,
    acid soils that are seasonally or intermittently saturated. Vegetative structure is

                                          G-9

    characterized by a generally thick canopy and very tangled subcanopy layers made up
    of viney growth and tall shrubbery including loblolly bay, red bay, sweet bay, wax
    myrtle, red maple, pond pine, green brier and other broad-leaved evergreen species
    (Penfound 1952, Cowardin et al. 1979, Sharitz and Gibbons 1982, Nelson 1986).

       Bottomland hardwood communities within the reserve are found on poorly-drained
    lowlands not associated with river channels and are influenced by seasonal and
    intermittently flooded water regimes. These wetlands generally occur on minimal soils
    or highly decomposed organic soils (Cowardin et al. 1979). This habitat type occurs
    on private lands in the reserve buffer zone and is best represented by non-alluvial
    swamp forest communities. A diverse assemblage of canopy and subcanopy species
    occur including swamp chestnut oak, water oak, sweetgum, ash, red maple, swamp
    tupelo, and cabbage palmetto. Understory and herb components include dwarf
    palmetto, wax myrtle, red bay, smartweeds, lizzard's tail, various grasses and sedges
    (Nelson 1989, C. A. Smith, pers. comm.)

       Scrub-shrub/emergent wetlands are represented by small (generally less 0.5 acre)
    ponds and depressions located on Bear Island WMA and private land within the buffer
    zone. These communities are composed of varying ratios of sapling trees, shrubs and
    persistent and non-persistent emergents including: sweetgum, red maple, willows,
    buttonbush, wax myrtle, water loosestrife, various panic grasses, rushes and sedges.
    An excellent example of this community type is the maiden cane dominated
    depression meadow (Nelson 1986, A.Smith, pers.commun.)

       Emergent/aquatic bed wetlands are best represented by a limited number of
    palustrine impoundments (approximately 200 acres) chiefly associated with the
    Ashepoo River drainage system. These wetlands are influenced by a semipermanently
    flooded water regime except when dewatered by extended drought or for
    management purposes. Typical emergents include: common cattail, soft rush, water
    loosestrive, smartweeds, spikerush, maiden cane, and sedges. Frogbit, pennywort,
    white waterlily, bladderwort and coontail are the principal floating-leaved and
    submerged aquatics. Scattered stands of low density trees and shrubs including: red
    maple, swamp tupelo, buttonbush, willows and wax myrtle also occur as minor
    community components (SCWMRD unpubl. 1989 data).

    e. Uplands

        For the purposes of this document uplands are considered to occur in two distinct
    ecosystems: Maritime - 1) maritime forest communities located in marsh/barrier
    islands, 2) uplands - all other upland areas within the proposed reserve. Total upland
    area is approximately 7,752 acres including some 900 acres of maritime forests
    located principally on Otter, Pine, Ashe and South Hutchinson Islands. Maritime forest
    communities also occur, to a more limited extent, on other core area islands and at
    isolated locations throughout the buffer zone.  A description of maritime forests

                                          G-10

    communities has been previously provided under the maritime ecosystem discussion.

        The remaining uplands ecosystem (approximately 6,852 acres) is divided into four
    major subsystems: 1) old field, 2) pine forest, 3) pine-mixed hardwood forest, and 4)
    mixed hardwood forests. The reserve contains many of the community types
    characteristically found within the ACE Basin Region (Table 2). Pine communities
    dominate the uplands. The original upland forests were probably mixed
    hardwood and pyric climax pine forests. Subsequent logging and clearing for
    agriculture and forest management resulted in the creation and maintenance of pine
    dominated upland. Pine-mixed hardwood forests also are common in the project area
    and range from extremely xeric to mesic sites.  Mesic pine-mixed hardwood
    communities generally have a super canopy of pines (slash, spruce or short leaf) and
    hardwood xeric pine-mixed hardwood communities, generally found on ridges of
    coarse sand, are more complex with long leaf pines being the predominant species.
    The effects of fire and logging in the community determine canopy height, understory
    composition and height and density of both. The southern mixed hardwood forest is
    an extremely complex subsystem, with dominance varying among various sites. As
    many as 20 different community variations have been described for mixed hardwood
    forests in the region (Sandifer et al. 1980).

    2. Fish and Wildlife Resources

    a. Endanaered and Threatened SDecies

       Habitat diversity, the absence of industrial pollution, and the undeveloped nature
    of the ACE Basin collectively contribute to the region's importance to endangered and
    threatened species. Eight species of Federally-listed endangered and/or threatened
    animals have been documented to occur in the vicinity of the reserve (Table 3).
    However, only 6 species (Atlantic loggerhead turtle, southern bald eagle, wood stork,
    shortnose sturgeon and peregrine falcon) are considered to be residents or regularly
    utilize the area during portions of their annual life cycle (S. H. Murphy and T. M.
    Murphy, pers. commun.) In accordance with the amended Federal Endangered
    Species Act of 1978, these species are managed by recovery plans developed by the
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (birds and terrestrial species) and the National Marine
    Fisheries Service (marine species except sea turtles). Development of recovery plans
    for sea turtles is a joint responsibility of these two agencies (Sandifer et al. 1980).
    Management of endangered species within the reserve will be coordinated by
    SCWMRD, Nongame and Endangered Species Section.

       The beaches of Hunting, Harbor, Otter, Pine and Edisto Islands provide important
    nesting habitat for the Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Table 4). Otter Island is considered
    to be the most important nesting site on the southern coast of South Carolina and is
    ranked among the top nesting beaches in the state. Annual nest site monitoring and
    surveillance is conducted by various SCWMRD permitted cooperators and volunteer

    Table 2.  Generalized community structure of the vascular flora of the Upland Ecosystem in the ACE Basin Region.

    I-   OLDFIELD COMMUNITY                                                   IV.  MIXED HARDWMOD

        Upland (well drained)                                                     A.   Mesic stoDe hardwoods
        Lowland (poorly drained)
                                                                                      1.   ravine slope hardwoods
    11.  PINE FOREST COMMUNITIES                                                         2.   beech ravine
                                                                                      3.   mixed mesophytic hardwoods
         Longleaf                                                                       4.   bluff and slope forest
         Slash                                                                          5.   beech-bull bay community
         Loblolly
        Mixed Pine                                                                B.   UDland mesic hardwoods
                                                                                      (or oak-hickory)
    III.PINE-MIXED HARDWOODS COMMUNITY
                                                                                      1.   forest, southern mixed hardwoods
       A.    Mesic - lobloliv dominate                                                  2.   forest or mesophytic broadleafed forest

              1.   loblolly - mixed hardwoods communities                          C.   Hammock community

                   a.   white oak phase                                                 1.   Lowland broadleaf evergreen forest
                  b.   ravine slope phase                                              2.   evergreen scrub-lichen forest
                  c.   sweet gun-tupelo phase
                                                                                D.    Scrub forest community
             2.   mixed pine-mixed hardwoods communities                               1.   evergreen scrub forest
                                                                                     2.   evergreen scrub-lichen forest
                  a.    shortleaf
                  b.    LobLolly                                                  E.   Dwarfed oak-mixed hardwood communitv

        B.   Xeric-lonaleaf dominate                                                    1.   turkey oak-longleaf pine association
                                                                                     2.   turkey oak association
             1.   longleaf pine-turkey oak community                                   3.   blackjack oak pine
                                                                                     4.   mockernut hickory association
                  a. turkey, blackjack, and shrubby post oak,
                  b.   Chapman, live, turkey, shrubby post oak, long-             F.   Live oak-mixed hardwood community
                        leaf dominate
             2.   longleaf-shortleaf turkey oak communities

                  a.   above, plus slash pine, Chapman and laurel oak,
                       mockernut hickory
                  b.   blackjack and turkey oak shrubby post oak,
                       longLeaf association

    Table 3. Federally listed endagered and threatened animals documenmted to occur intor within the vicinity of the proposed ACE Basin HERR.

         SPECIES            STATUS                   ECOSYSTEM               PREFERRED HABITS                   OCCURRENCE

    American Alligator      Threatened               Estuarine               Low salinity brackish              Abundant
                                                                             marshes and impoundnents

    Atlantic loggerhead     Threatened               Marine                  Offshore waters;                   Common in summer
     turtle                                          Estuarine               St. Helena Sound;
                                                                             nest on beaches

    Finback whale           Endangered               Marine                  Open ocean                         Rare

    Peregrine Falcon        Endangered               Maritime                Beaches of barrier                 Fairly common in winter
                                                                             islands

                                                                                                                                                      C)

    Shortnose sturgeon      Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine
                                                                             Rivers

    Southern Bald eagle     Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine rivers,                  Common in fall and winter
                                                     Palustrine              impoundments and
                                                     Upland                  associated uplands

    West Indian Manatee     Endangered               Marine                  Estuarine rivers                   Uncommon

    Wood Stork              Endangered               Estuarine               Estuarine Impoundments             Common in spring and summer
                                                     Palustrine              and intertidal flats;
                                                                             Forested/scrub-shrub
                                                                             wetlands

    �-- -- - - -- - --- - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - - -.- -- - . - - - - - - . . .....-.....  ......

    Table 4. Atlantic loggerhead turtle nesting activity within the proposed Ace Basin MERR, 1880-87.
                (Adapted from SCURD, Wongame and Erdangered Species Section; unpublished date)

         Nesting Beach/island                Length of Beach (Mi)                Estimated Active Nests/Season
                                                                                   1980-82         1985-87

         Edisto Island*                           11.0                                 403             367

         Pine Island                               1.4                                  25               8

         Otter Island                              2.6                                 310             158                                                     X

         Harbor Island                             1.2                                  55              41

         Hunting Island                            4.2                                 105             139

                                  Totals         20.4                                 898             713

    *Includes beaches of Eddingsville Beach and Botany Bay Island that are outside the proposed NERR site but within the overall ACE Basin Project area

                                           G-14

    organizations as follows: Hunting Island - SCDPRT; Otter and Pine Islands-Chelonia
    Institute (a private sector marine turtle conservation organization); and Edisto Island
    Edisto Beach Turtle Project (Murphy and Murphy, 1982, S. H. Murphy, pers.
    commun.).

       In addition to the Atlantic loggerhead, other marine turtles potentially occurring as
    transient individuals within the reserve include the Kemps Ridley and Green Sea
    Turtle.

       The ACE Basin, presently supporting 40 percent of South Carolina's nesting
    eagles, represents the most important southern bald eagle nesting region in the state.
    Seven of the 24 nesting territories within the Basin currently are located in the reserve
    and have contributed significantly to restoration of state-wide eagle populations (Table
    5). The presence of suitable nest trees and the distance to rivers and impoundments
    have been cited as being potentially the most important factors for eagle nest site
    selection (Murphy and Coker 1978, Cely and Phillips 1981). Within the reserve, the
    interspersion of impoundments and isolated forested islands supporting large pine
    trees provide excellent eagle nesting habitat. The isolated nature of the reserve and
    the high availability of food in rivers (fish) and impoundments (waterfowl and fish)
    enhance successful eagle nesting. Principal avian food remains found in eagle nests
    suggest high utilization of common moorhens and occasional use of coots with catfish
    being the primary fish species identified (Murphy and Coker 1978). The lack of
    industrial pollutants also contribute to eagle productivity (T. M. Murpliy, pers.
    commun.).

        Wetlands in the ACE Basin provide a diversity of habitat types important to the
    American alligator. Overall, alligator populations within the tri-river system have
    exhibited increasing trends (Table 6). In an intensive study of alligator nesting ecology
    in coastal South Carolina, Wilkinson (1983) characterized the ACE Basin as one of the
    most important nesting regions in the state (Table 7). Marsh impoundments are the
    preferred habitat type for nesting. Estuarine impoundments provide abundant and
    diverse food resources, a variety of water depths providing optimum foraging habitat
    for all age classes of alligators and excellent nesting sites on internal remnant dikes
    and berms of functional embankments (Chabreck 1960, Bara 1975, Wilkinson 1983).
    Since freshwater or low salinity wetlands (< 12%) are preferred by alligators for
    nesting, most of this activity occurs within impoundments of the proposed reserve's
    buffer zone.

        In response to extended protective status, South Carolina's alligator populations
    have increased significantly and the species currently is officially considered as
    "threatened upon similarity of appearance." The alligator's present status allows for
    a controlled harvest that SCWMRD initiated in 1988 through exclusive removal of
    "nuisance" alligators by authorized controlled agents. This program is designed to
    minimize problematic alligator-human interactions typically associated with expanding

    Table 5. Southern bald eagle nesting activity within the proposed ACE Basin NERR, 1973-90.
              (SCamd,  ogame and Endangered Species Section, unpublished data).

        YEAR               NO. NEST               PRODUCT I ON
        �1973                  1                     nknown

        1973                   1                    unknown
        1974                   1                    unknown
        1975                   1                    unknown
        1976                   1                    unknown
        1977                   1                       0
        1978                   1                       0
        1979                  2                         1
        1980                  2                        2
        1981                  3                        5
        1982                  3                        5
        1983                  3                        3
        1984                  4                        5
        1985                  4                        4
        1986                  4                        6
        1987                  4                        6
        1988                  6                        9
        1989                  7                        6
        1990                  7                        6

             TOTALS           55                      58
    �-...--.......------------..--...---........---..--------------------         �...

    Table 6. merican alligator observations and relative desitles in the Asheepoo, Co2ehee and Edisto Rivers, 1978 and 1983
              (Maped from NKapy and Coker 1983).

        River                                         1978                                                      1983
                                 miles surveyed    observations    observations/mile      miles surveyed    observations    observation/milE

        Ashepoo                     23.5               32                 1.36                   23.5            49                2.08

        Combehee                    17.5               27                 1.31                   17.5           30                 1.70

        Edisto                      34                 51                 1.5                    27             134               4.96

    �.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Iable 7. American alligator nesting densities in three rmrsh types associated with the Ashepoo. Coambhee and South Edisto rivers
                       (adapted from Wilkinson 1983).
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------""""""""---------I-----------""""'

                             Imuozdnents   Surveyed               Remanent Inmoundnents Surveyed                    Tidelands   Surveyed

          River        No.Acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest     No.acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest            No.Acres    No.Nests    Acres/Nest

        Ashepoc         3,934          24          164          3,837        13            295                  82          0            0

        Conbahee       10,634          57          186          4,178         4          1,045                 N/S          -

        South Edisto    6,574          10          657          3,264         7            466                816           7           117

             Totals    21,142          91          232         11,279        24            470                 898          7           117

    �.. . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .

                                          G-18

    urban communities. Bear Island WMA serves as the headquarters for alligator hide
    storage and sale for animals removed through this program.

       The wood stork is one of the most spectacular wading birds occurring within the
    reserve and represents the only true stork of regular occurrence in the United States.
    Wood stork nesting activity was first documented in the ACE Basin in 1981 when 11
    pairs nested. Nesting activity has exhibited dramatic annual increases with 536 nests
    currently documented in three rookery sites. An estimated minimum of 1,289 storks
    were fledged in 1990 (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

       The ecological relationships of productive, shallowly-flooded foraging habitats to
    wood stork and other colonial wading bird nesting sites is well established (Kushland
    1976, Custer and Osborn 1978, Custer et al. 1980, Kushland 1981). Although not
    located within boundaries of the reserve, the three ACE Basin rookeries are located
    within proximity and storks are regularly observed feeding in intertidal mud flats and
    estuarine impoundments throughout the reserve area. Wood storks, employing tactile
    feeding strategies, forage extensively on small fish and other aquatic animals
    concentrated in tidal marsh pools and topographic depressions characteristically found
    in estuarine impoundments when water levels are lowered for waterfowl habitat
    management. In addition to breeding storks, the reserve provides important foraging
    habitat for wood storks migrating from more southern breeding grounds in mid to late
    summer (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

       Although the peregrine falcon has experienced a dramatic decline within the
    Continental United States, the species continues to be regularly reported in South
    Carolina during migration and in winter (Gauthreaux et al. 1979). During annual
    migration, several hundred peregrines are believed to pass through the reserve with
    up to six individuals regularly utilizing the beaches and associated estuarine habitat
    throughout the winter. Migrating peregrines are believed to feed extensively on
    migratory shore birds and passerines while wintering Falcons feed heavily on red-
    winged blackbirds (T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

       Little is known concerning the abundance and ecology of the shortnose sturgeon
    in the ACE Basin except that the species has been documented to occur in the South
    Edisto River and, although not currently confirmed, historically has likely inhabited the
    Combahee and Ashepoo Rivers. The marl hole above Givhans Ferry, located outside
    the project area, on the South Edisto is believed to be an important spawning area for
    the closely-related Atlantic Sturgeon (Sandifer, et al. 1980). The undamed nature
    general high water quality of the tri-river system contribute to the Basin's value as
    important habitat for sturgeon.

        During the warmer months, the West Indian manatee moves as far north as North
    Carolina along the Atlantic Coast and has been documented to occur on an
    uncommon but regular basis in summer at locations both north and south of the

                                          G-19

    reserve. A cow and calf have been observed for several hours feeding on smooth
    cordgrass at the Parris Island Marine Depot immediately south of the project area.
    The size of the calf suggests that it was probably born in South Carolina waters.
    Other sightings of manatees feeding on smooth cordgrass have been noted in other
    estuarine rivers of South Carolina (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers.
    commun.). Several species of whales, including the Atlantic right, blue, bowhead,
    finback, humpback, sei and sperm, occasionally occur in marine waters off South
    Carolina. In 1987, an adult finback whale stranded on the beach of Harbor Island,
    located in the extreme southeastern portion of the reserve. This stranding represents
    the first documented occurrence of finback whales in coastal waters of South
    Carolina. In general, very little is known concerning marine mammal population levels
    or movements along the southeastern coast of the United States (Sandifer et al.
    1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.).

    b. Amphibians and Reotiles

       Except for marine turtles that were previously discussed in the endangered species
    section, essentially no site-specific information is available for herpetofauna associated
    with the maritime ecosystem of the reserve.  The reserve core area is expected to
    support a representative diversity of herpetofauna groups including various species of
    salamanders, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, and turtles typically occurring on
    undeveloped barrier and marsh islands.

       The diamondback terrapin is the only reptile truly characteristic of the estuarine
    subtidal region and perhaps is also the most characteristic reptile of irregularly flooded
    intertidal estuarine habitats. Terrapins are most abundant in the salt marsh creeks
    particularly over shell bottoms and near oyster bars (Sandifer et al. 1980). As
    discussed previously, the American alligator also is an extremely important
    herpetofauna component of the estuarine ecosystem but prefers low salinity habitats.

        Although there is a general paucity of herpetological research in saline habitats of
    the United States, amphibians and reptiles evidently invade intertidal salt and brackish
    water areas much more often than has generally been realized (Neill 1958). Within
    the reserve, ecotonal communities associated with intertidal emergent marshes,
    impoundments and a variety of terrestrial habitats support a diverse assemblage of
    herpetofauna (Table 8). Undoubtedly, additional species also occur but at present
    have not been verified

    c. Mammals

        Mammals in the project area may be classified as two distinct groups, marine
    mammals and semi-terrestrial and terrestrial species. Other than the previously
    discussed endangered species, four species of marine mammals including two

    Table B.    Some amphibians and reptiles occurring within the proposed AE Basin NEER  verified by collection end observations.
               (South Carolina Uildlife and Marine Resources Departnt,  ron-gae and Endangered Species Section  unpubtl. date.)

        Crocodilians                       Snakes

        Amercian alligator                 Banded water snake
                                           Black swamp snake.
                                           Brown snake
        Frogs and Toads                    Copperhead
                                           Corn snake
        Barking treefrog                   Eastern coral snake
         Bullfrog                           Eastern cottonmouth
         Eastern narrowmouth toad           Eastern diamondback
         Eastern spadefoot toad             Eastern garter snake
         Green frog                         Eastern hognose snake
         Green treefrog                     Eastern kingsnake
         Little grass frog                  Eastern ribbon snake.
        Ornate chorus frog                 Mud snake
         Pig frog                           Rainbow snake
         Pine woods treefrog                Rat snake
         Southern chorus frog               Redbelly snake
         Southern cricket frog              Redbelly water snake                                                                      )
         Southern leopard frog              Ringneck snake
         Southern toad                      Rough earth snake
         Spring peeper                      Rough green snake
         Squirrel treefrog                  Scarlet kingsnake
                                            Scarlet snake
                                            Southeastern crown snake
         Lizards                            Southern black racer
                                            Southern hognose snake
         Broadhead skink                    Worn snake
         Five-lined skink
         Green anole
         Ground skink                        Turtles
         Slender glass lizard
         Southeastern five-lined skink      Chicken turtle
         Southern fence lizard              Eastern box turtle
                                            Mud turtle
         Salamanders                        Musk turtle
                                            Snapping turtle
         Eastern newt                       Spiny softshell turtle
         Marbled eslamander                  Yellowbelly slider
         Mole salamander

                                          G-21

    dolphins, one whale and one seal have been documented to occur in the vicinity of
    the reserve (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although limited information is
    available concerning the overall composition of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial
    mammalian communities within the reserve, a minimum of 19 species are believed to
    occur in the general ACE Basin region (Murdock 1981).

       Of the marine mammals, the Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin is the only resident
    species and is the dominant mammal of the estuarine open water system and
    nearshore marine habitat. In the estuarine system, the dolphin's feeding niche is
    essentially the same as in nearshore waters where they prey on a variety of fishes
    with striped mullet and Atlantic menhaden probably constituting the bulk of its diet
    (Sandifer et al. 1980). Bottle-nose dolphins are commonly observed in St. Helena
    Sound and in the estuarine zone throughout the tri-river system. The common
    dolphin, a pelagic species found in temperate and tropical oceans, is documented in
    the project area by a stranding on Edisto Island. A female goosebeaked whale
    measuring 15 feet, 7 inches in length also is noted to occur through a stranding at
    Edisto Island (Golley 1966). The harbor seal is considered to be an uncommon but
    regular species occurring along the South Carolina coast both north and south of the
    reserve (Sandifer et al. 1980, T. M. Murphy, pers. commun.). A young harbor seal
    has been collected at Hilton Head Island, immediately south of the reserve (Golley
    1966, Sanders 1978).

       Other than marine mammals, furbearers represent the mammalian group most
    closely associated with estuarine habitats. The river otter is the only furbearer
    utilizing both subtidal and intertidal estuarine wetlands. Otters are considered to be
    common faunal components of the reserve and often are observed in tidal creeks and
    rivers and traveling or crossing dikes of estuarine impoundments. Principal food items
    of otters using salt marshes include various species of minnows, striped mullet and
    blue crabs (Chabreck et al. 1982). In the reserve the mink is the other semi-aquatic,
    carnivorous mammal chiefly associated with estuarine wetlands. Minks remain mostly
    in dense cover but feed along shorelines and enter open water only when crossing a
    body of water is necessary (Chabreck 1988). In comparison with the river otter, the
    diet of the mink is more varied and likely includes marsh birds and rodents along with
    fish and crustaceans (Golley 1966; Sandifer et al. 1980). Estuarine wetlands within
    the reserve core area, particularly the marshes of Otter, South Hutchinson and Ashe
    Islands, are considered to support some of the highest mink populations along the
    South Carolina coast. The lack of environmental contaminants in the ACE Basin
    estuarine system is believed to contribute to the value of these marshes as important
    mink habitat (O. E. Baker, III, pers. commun.).

       The ACE Basin provides important habitat for a number of other furbearer species
    including the raccoon, bobcat and gray fox. SCWMRD furbearer census data suggest
    that populations of these three species in the ACE Basin contribute significantly to the
    statewide, coastal furbearer resource, The raccoon is the most abundant medium

                                          G-22

    sized, mammalian omnivore inhabiting tidal wetlands and adjacent upland habitats.
    Within the project area, the raccoon successfully exploits a wide-variety of habitats
    including: intertidal beaches, dune systems, maritime forests, intertidal flats and
    marshes, impoundments and various upland community types. The bobcat represents
    the principal large mammalian predator inhabiting maritime forest as well as other
    upland habitats and is commonly observed traveling the dikes of estuarine
    impoundments. Although food habits of bobcats in coastal areas are poorly known,
    bobcats inhabiting coastal islands have been identified as a principal predator on
    white-tailed deer fawns (Epstein et al. 1983) and it is likely that marsh rabbits and rice
    rats constitute important food items (Sandifer et al. 1980).

       The gray fox, being more typically associated with palustrine wetlands, is most
    abundant in inland areas of the ACE Basin but occurs commonly in the reserve buffer
    zone.

       Small mammals also represent important faunal components of estuarine and
    maritime-influenced habitats and function as both predator and prey species within
    coastal ecosystems (Golley 1966, Sandifer et al. 1980). Although no known
    inventories of small mammal populations have been conducted in the reserve,
    reasonable inferences can be drawn from investigations and general observations
    made in similar coastal habitats. In an intensive study of mammals of Kiawah Island,
    located slightly north of the reserve, Schacher and Pelton (1979) documented the
    following species as occurring in various habitat types: dunes - house mouse, cotton
    rat, least shrew, rice rat, cotton mouse and wood rat; woodlands - cotton mouse,
    least shrew, wood rat, and cotton rat; dikes and chenicks - rice rats, least shrew,
    cotton mouse and cotton rat; oond/marsh edoes - cotton rat, least shrew, rice rat and
    house mouse. In surveys of small mammals associated with rice field dikes along the
    Ashley River at Magnolia Gardens, Forsythe (unpubl. data) found the rice rat to be the
    most common species followed by the short-tailed shrew, house mouse, cotton
    mouse and cotton rat. Sandifer et al. (1980) also recognized the marsh rice rat as
    being among the most highly aquatic coastal rodents and the principal omnivorous
    mammal of the saltmarsh community. Dunes and high salt marshes vegetated by salt
    meadow cordgrass and associated transitional shrub communities have been noted
    as important habitat for the least shrew and cotton rat (Sanders 1978). The eastern
    mole has been documented to occur in several estuarine and maritime habitats
    including: a bare, tidal, sand flat between two "islands"; sand dunes, sandy soil within
    50 feet of the tidal marsh and a sandy path through woods on Edisto Island (Golley
    1966). Similar small mammal associations are expected to occur in respective
    habitats within the reserve.

        Large to intermediate-sized herbivorous mammals associated with estuarine
    wetlands and/or adjacent upland habitats include: white-tailed deer, marsh rabbit,
    eastern cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. The white-tailed deer occurs

                                          G-23

    in a variety of habitat types within the reserve with its relative abundance ranging
    from common on cove area islands to extremely abundant on mainland areas within
    the buffer zone. Although typically associated with mainland forest communities, the
    white tail, being an excellent swimmer and quite capable of traversing coastal
    marshes, often is observed crossing estuarine wetlands to reach marsh and barrier
    islands where it utilizes a diversity of habitats including beaches, dune systems and
    high salt marsh communities (Johnson et al. 1974, Schacher and Pelton 1979,
    Sandifer et al. 1980, Chabreck 1988). A recognized taxonomic subspecies of white
    tail, the Hunting Island white-tailed deer, occurs on Hunting Island, within the reserve
    buffer zone, and likely inhabits other closely adjoining islands (Taylor 1956). The
    marsh rabbit represents the herbivorous mammal most closely associated with
    estuarine marshes. The marsh rabbit, an ecologically dominant mammal of the high
    marsh zone, is, along with certain small mammals, an important link in food chains of
    predacious mammals, a variety of raptorial birds and some reptiles (Sandifer et al.
    1980). Although cottontail rabbits are found on barrier islands and mainland areas
    adjacent to estuarine wetlands, they typically are more abundant on inland areas
    dominated by old field and agricultural habitats (Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton
    1979). Therefore, cottontails are considered to be less significant components of the
    reserve's mammalian community. Gray and fox squirrels occur in various forest types
    within the reserve buffer zone. The gray squirrel is the most abundant of the two
    species and occurs in pine-mixed hardwood and hardwood communities; whereas, the
    fox squirrel is most often observed in open pine forests. Other than the raccoon, the
    opossum represents the most abundant medium-sized, omnivorous, forest mammal
    associated with the reserve. Although most typically associated with woodlands and
    palustrine forested wetlands, opossums occur in a variety of habitat types including
    dune areas (Golley 1966, Schacher and Pelton 1979).

       Flying squirrels, together with several species of bats, represent a group of
    specialized arboreal mammals occurring in the project area. The flying squirrel is
    primarily a resident of hardwood forests where it utilizes tree cavities as den sites.
    Although bat populations are little studied in the reserve area, species accounts
    providing geographic distribution and habitat requirements suggest that at least five
    species (including the red bat, seminole bat, evening bat, eastern pipistrelle and
    Brazilian free-tailed bat) likely occur within the reserve. These bats are generally
    insectivorous and roost in trees or beneath tree bark except for the seminole bat that
    roosts in clumps of spanish moss (Golley 1966, Sanders 1978, Schacher and Pelton
    1979).

    D. Birds

       As a taxonomic group, birds are perhaps the most studied and highly recognized
    class of vertebrates found in the ACE Basin NERR. The basin's complex system of
    diverse wetland types together with associated upland communities provide habitat
    for over 260 bird species (Murdock 1981).  This large avian community includes

                                          G-24

    permanent residents, spring and winter residents and transients that reflect the
    biological richness of the region through a broad array of trophic relationships.

       Birds of the coastal marine ecosystem are primarily piscivorous or benthic feeders
    but also include omnivorous species and scavengers (Johnson et al. 1974, Sandifer
    et al. 1980). Dominant piscivorous and scavenger species include the brown pelican,
    double crested cormorant and five species of gulls and terns. Three species of
    waterfowl (lesser scaup, surf scoter and black scoter) inhabiting coastal marine waters
    in winter are benthivores feeding on mollusks crustaceans and worms. Other than the
    gulls and terns utilizing adjacent coastal waters, the dominant birds of intertidal
    beaches are shore birds feeding on macrobenthic organisms. The black skimmer
    employs a specialized feeding behavior by taking fish while skimming the surface of
    shallow waters. Most of the principal birds of intertidal beaches are permanent
    residents except for the knot and the least tern which are winter and spring residents,
    respectively (Table 9).

       Within the maritime ecosystem, the royal tern, laughing gull, brown pelican,
    tricolored heron and snowy egret are the dominant birds of bird key and bank habitats
    (Table 10). Although bird keys and banks provide important loafing and perching sites
    for coastal water birds, perhaps their greatest ecological value is providing nesting
    sites for breeding marine birds. Egg bank, located within the Beaufort County portion
    of St. Helena Sound, is a relatively large sand bank that historically has served as an
    important rookery for brown pelicans, black skimmers and royal terns (Wilkinson
    1981). Although pelican nesting habitat on Egg Bank recently has been lost due to
    severe erosion from coastal storms, Egg Bank continues to function as a productive
    rookery for black skimmers and royal terns. As bird key and banks are a highly
    dynamic component of the maritime ecosystem, their annual stability as productive
    rookery sites is expected to vary in accordance with site-specific erosion and accretion
    processes.

        Other important shore bird rookery sites located within the maritime ecosystem
    of the ACE Basin NERRS include several least tern colonies associated with beaches
    on Edisto Island (Table 10). As South Carolina least tern populations currently are
    classified as threatened on the state level, the SCWMRD closely monitors the Edisto
    Island least tern colonies.

       As the three remaining subsystems of the maritime ecosystem (dune, transitional
    shrub and maritime forest) are contiguous and grade into one another, considerable
    overlap of species exist among associated avian communities (Table 10). Due to
    harsh environmental factors and comparative lower vegetative diversity, species
    richness is considerably lower in dune (11 dominant species) and transitional shrub
    (9 dominant species) habitats as compared to the maritime forest (38 dominant
    species).

              Table  9.      Dominant birds of the coastal marine ecosyste  occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR.
                             (Compiled from Sprunt and Chmaberlain 1949, 1970; Arduben Field Notes 1967-1970, Chaiberlain
                             1966, American Birds 1971-1977, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980).

                             Marine Subtidal Waters                                             Intertial Beaches

                   Brown Pelican                  C    PR                              Brown Pelican            C    PR

                   Double Crested Cormorant       C    PR                              Black-bellied plover    C    PR

                   Herring gull                   C    PR                              Willet                   C    PR

                   Ring-billed gull               C    PR                              Knot                     FC  WR

                   Laughing gull                  C    PR                              Least sandpiper          C    PR

                   Royal tern                     C    PR                              Dunlin                   C    PR

                   Forsters tern                 C    PR                               Semipalmated sandpiper  C    PR

                   Lesser scaup                   C    WR                              Western sandpiper        C    PR                                                 Ln

                   Surf scoter                    C    WR                              Sanderling               C    PR

                   Black scoter                   C    WR                              Herring gull             C    PR

                                                                                      Ring-billed gull        C    PR

                                                                                      Laughing gull           C    PR

                                                                                     Least tern               C    SR

                                                                                      Royal tern              C    SR

                                                                                      Black skimmer           C    PR

    C - comnon, seen in good numbers
    FC - fairly common, moderate numbers
    PR - permanent resident, present year around
    UR - winter resident
    SR - summer resident

    Table 10. Dominant birds of the maritime ecosystem occurring in the proposed AZE Basin HERR (compiled fro Sprunt and Cheaberlain 1949, 1970, Burleigh 1958,
               AuidbA   Field Motes 1967-1970, Chaberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shanholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1971 in Sandifer et at. 1980).

       Bird Keys and Banks        Dune SubsYstem                       Transition Shrub System                                 Maritime Forest Subsvstem

    Royal Tern          C    PR   Sparrow hawk              C    PR   Ground dove               C    PR   Red-tailed hawk             C   PR   Northern parula          C    SR
    Laughing gull       C    PR   Least tern                C    SR   Eastern kingbird          C    SR   Red-shouldered hawk         C   PR   Yellow-rumped worbler    C    WR
    Brown pelican       C    PR   Mourning dove             C    PR   Tree Swallow              C    UR   Mourning dove               C   PR   Pine Warbler             C    PR
    Louisiana heron     C    PR   Ground dove              FC    PR   Mocking bird              C    PR   Yellow-billed cuckoo        C   SR   Yellow throat            C    PR
    Snowy Egret         C    PR   Night hawk                C    SR   Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR   Great horned owl            FC   PR   American redstart        C    T
                                  Tree Swallow             C    WR   Yellow throat             C    PR   Chuck-will's widow          C   SR   Red winged blackbird      C    PR
                                  Fish crow                C    PR   Yellow-breasted chat      C    SR   Chimney swift               C   SR   Boat-tailed grackle      C    PR
                                  Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR   Red-winged blackbird      C    PR   Ruby-throated hummingbird C   PR   Common grackle              C    PR
                                  Red-winged blackbird     C    PR   Painted bunting           C    SR   Cammon flicker              C   PR   Cardinal                  C    PR
                                  Boat-tailed grackle      C    PR                                        Pileated woodpecker       FC   PR   Painted bunting           C    SR
                                  Savannah sparrow         C    WR                                        Red-bellied woodpecker    C   PR   Rufous-sided towhee        C    PR      G
                                                                                                         Downy wood pecker          C   PR White-throated sparrow   C   UR
                                                                                                         Great crested flycatcher  C   SR   Song sparrow              C    UR        )
                                                                                                         Eastern phoebe            C   UR   Swamp sparrow
                                                                                                         Tree swallow              C   UR
                                                                                                         Common crow               C   PR
                                                                                                         Fish crow                 C   PR
                                                                                                         Carolina chickadee        C   PR
                                                                                                         Carolina wren             C   PR
                                                                                                         Catbird                   C   PR
                                                                                                         Robin                      C   PR
                                                                                                         Blue-gray gnatcatcher     C   PR
                                                                                                         Ruby-crowned kinglet       C   WR
                                                                                                         White-eyed vireo           C   PR

    C - Comnon, seen in good numbers
    FC - Fairly comnon, moderate nutbers
    PR - Permanent resident, present year around
    UR - Winter resident
    SR - Surmer resident
    T - Transient resident

                                          G-27

       Birds characteristically inhabiting the dunes are principally grainivores (doves,
    blackbirds, sparrow) and insectivores (swallows, warblers, night hawks). The fruits
    of shrubs and vines such as wax myrtle, red cedar yaupon, greenbrier and Virginia
    creeper are important foods for many birds of the transitional shrub zone including the
    tree swallow, mocking bird, yellow-rumped warbler and yellow-breasted chat. The
    maritime forest offers a variety of vertical zones or niches for birds.

       The live oak forests draped with festoons of Spanish moss are particularly
    important in providing nesting and feeding habitat for large numbers of songbirds and
    woodpeckers. Although dominated by insectivorous species, trophic levels range from
    the diminutive, nectar feeding ruby-throated hummingbird to large avian predators
    such as the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl. Overall seasonal variation in the
    number of bird species using the maritime ecosystem is dominated by permanent
    residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented (Johnson
    et al 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980).

       Birds of the estuarine subtidal system are principally scavengers, piscivores,
    benthivores and occasional insectivores. Dominant scavengers include the herring
    gull, ring-billed gull and laughing gull. The laughing and ring billed gulls also
    occasionally employ insectivorous feeding strategies. The brown pelican, double
    crested cormorant, red breasted merganser, royal tern and forster's tern are the
    dominant piscivores. The gulls, terns, brown pelican and cormorant are considered
    to be the most characteristic birds of the open water estuarine system and are
    observed throughout the year resting and feeding in open waters of St. Helena Sound
    and the associated tri-river drainage basin (Sandifer et al. 1980). The red-breasted
    merganser is a common winter resident most often associated with the extensive
    saltmarsh river and creek system. During winter, large concentrations of sea and
    diving ducks principally lesser scaup and black scoter often are observed in St. Helena
    Sound resting and feeding on benthic organisms (Table 11).

       Estuarine emergent marshes provide a unique habitat for birds, and significant
    ecological relationships exist between large numbers of birds and the marsh
    vegetation. The vegetation itself serves as a base for feeding, reproduction and
    roosting activities for birds. Emergent marsh vegetation is used as roosting and
    resting sites for red-winged black birds, swallows and wrens. Shorebirds use wracks
    of dead smooth cordgrass as resting sites. Most plant-based roosting occurs in the
    medium to tall smooth cordgrass zone, where the grass presumably is better able to
    support the bird weight. Emergent marshes serve as important nesting areas for the
    long-billed marsh wren and red-winged blackbird. The clapper rail is one of the most
    dominant and perhaps the most characteristic bird of estuarine emergent marshes.
    It is a permanent resident that feeds, roosts, nests and raises its young within the
    regularly flooded salt marsh. Examples of the eight trophic levels occupied by
    estuarine emergent bird species are as follows: raotors - northern harrier;

    Table 11. Dominant birds of the estuarine ecosystem occuring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chmberlain 1949,
               iudubon Field Notes 1967-1970, Chamberlain 1968, American Birds 1971-1977, Shahdoltzer 1974, Forsythe 197B in Sandifer et al. 1960).
    --_--........ ........... . ............-........... . ........... ..................... ............. ......... .. .. ......................................... . .. ....
    SUBTIDAL SYSTEM                                                   INTERTIOAL EMERGENT SUBSYSTEM                                INTERTIDAL FLATS SUBSYSTEM

    Brown Pelican                 C    PR       Great blue heron         C     PR       Least tern                C   SR        Great blue heron          C  PR
    Double-crested cormorant      C    PR        Little blue heron       C     PR        BLack skimmer            C   PR        Little blue heron         C   PR
    Lesser scaup                  C   UR        Tricolored heron         C     PR       Belted kingfisher         C   PR        Tricolored heron          C  PR
    Surf scoter                  C   UR         Great egret              C     PR       Tree swallow             C   UR         Great egret               C  PR
    Black scoter                  C   WR        Snowy egret              C     PR       Barn swallow             C   PR         Snowy egret               C  PR
    Red-breasted merganser       C   WR         White ibis               C     PR       Fish crow                C   PR         American oyster catcher  C  PR
    Herring gull                 C    PR        Northern harrier         C     PR       Long-billed marsh wren  C   PR          Semipalmated plover       C  PR
    Ring-billed gull             C    PR        American kestrel         C     PR       Red-winged blackbird    C   PR          Black-bellied plover      C  PR
    Laughing gull                C    PR        Clapper rail             C     PR       Boat-tailted grackle     C   PR         Ruddy turnstone           C  PR            G)
    Forsters tern                C    PR        Spotted sandpiper        C     PR       Sharptailed sparrow      C   WR         Willet                    C  PR            13
    Royal tern                   C    PR        Herring gull             C     PR       Seaside sparrow           C   PR        Least sandpiper           C   PR
                                                Ringbilled gull         C     PR        Lesser scaup             C   UR        Duntin                    C  PR
                                                Laughing gull           C     PR                                               Dowitcher                 C  PR
                                                Forster tern            C     PR                                               Semipalmated sandpiper    C  PR
                                                                                                                               Western sandpiper        C  PR
                                                                                                                               Herring gull             C  PR
                                                                                                                               Ring-billed gull         C  PR
                                                                                                                               Laughing gull            C  PR
                                                                                                                               Forsters tern            C   PR
                                                                                                                               Least tern               C  SR
                                                                                                                               Royal tern               C  PR
                                                                                                                               Black skimmer            C  PR
                                                                                                                               Boat-tailed grackle      C  PR

    C - Common, seen in good numbers
    PR - Permanent resident, present year around
    WR - Winter resident
    SR - Sumner resident

                                          G-29

    piscivores - great blue heron; scavengers - fish crow; insectivores - long-billed marsh
    wren; aquatic herbivores - lesser scaup; macrobenthivores - white ibis;
    microbenthivores - spotted sandpiper; and omnivores - boat-tailed grackle (Johnson
    et al. 1974, Shanholtzer 1974, Sandifer et al. 1980). Most of the dominant birds of
    the emergent marshes are common residents throughout the year. However, the
    Least tern is a common summer resident and the tree swallow, sharp-tailed sparrow
    and lesser scaup are common during winter (Table 11).

       At least 12 colonial wading bird rookeries occur in close proximity to estuarine
    emergent wetlands within the ACE Basin NERR (Table 12). Most of these sites are
    directly associated with isolated freshwater or low-salinity wetlands that function to
    provide energetically efficient foraging habitats. Although extensive foraging habitat
    is typically available in the nearby salt marshes, these isolated wetlands provide the
    required high concentration of readily available small fish essential in meeting the
    nutritional requirements of both adult and young colonial wading birds. Accordingly,
    individual nesting colony productivity may vary annually in response to available water
    conditions as influenced by local rainfall (T. M. Murphy, person.commun.).

        Intertidal flats represent a highly dynamic and productive habitat for estuarine-
    dependent birds. Flats support a diverse biotic community, which in turn support a
    large and diverse avian population. Of the 23 dominant species all but the least tern
    are permanent residents (Table 1.1). Most of the characteristic species using intertidal
    flats are either wading birds or true shore birds. Five species of egrets and herons
    make extensive use of intertidal flats when feeding on penaeid shrimp, fiddler crabs
    and small fish. The rich meiofaunal and macrofaunal benthic communities provide
    important food sources for large numbers of resident and migrating shorebirds. A
    variety of gulls and terns that feed primarily in adjacent habitats use flats as resting
    sites. Although generally not considered aquatic, the boat-tailed grackle forages on
    invertebrates and small fishes associated with intertidal flats (Sandifer et al. 1980).

        Estuarine impoundments are among the most dramatic and active ecological units
    for birds.  Some 69 species of wetland dependent birds are associated with
    impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR (Table 13). Additionally, the impoundment dike
    systems provide an extensive complex of terrestrial habitats that function as
    productive ecotonal communities for birds. Over 140 species of birds,
    many of which are passerine or generally considered as non-wetland dependent, have
    been found using the dikes of estuarine impoundments (Bettinger and Hamilton 1985).

        Waterbirds associated with estuarine impoundments may ecologically be classified
    into 7 groups: waterfowl, wading birds, aerial divers, surface divers, shorebirds, rails
    and raptors (Epstein 1989). Most impoundments in the ACE Basin NERR are
    specifically managed to provide wintering habitat for waterfowl and are characterized
    by a dominance of plants providing food and cover for migratory ducks; waterfowl are
    probably the dominant group numerically.

    Table 12.     Documented Colonial wading bird nesting activity in the proposed ACE Basin YERR, 1978-1990
                    (S.C. Uildtife and Marine Resources Department, lpubtl. data).

                                                                       Yearlv nmber of nests
    Species                    1978        1979       1980       1981       1982        1983       1984      1985        1986     '1987       1988      1989      1990      TOTAL

    Great blue heron             30          22          0         55         12          52         41        25         34         28         29        60        72       460

    Great egret                   0           0          0          0          0           0         47        63           5        14         63        25       112       329

    Snowy egret                   0           0          0          0          0          0          23        20           0        20          8       370       110       551    C)
                                                                                                                                                                                    CA
    Anhinga                             0          0                0          0           0          6         0           0         0          0         0         0         6    0

    tittle Slue heron              0          0          0          0           0          0          0          0          0         0          0        24         0         24

    Green-backed heron            0           0          0          0          0          0           2         0           0         0          0        43         0        45

    Tricotored heron              0           0          0                0         0                 0         0           0         0          0        42        25        67

    Black-crowned night-heron     0           0          0          0          0           0          0         0           O         0         16         6         0        22

    *Initial year of comprehensive annual colonial wading bird surveys.

    Table 13. Birds of estuarine intertidal impmxuzxets in the ACE Basin CSprumt and Chambrlain 1949, 1970, Buirteigh 1958, Audubon Field Notes 196-7-1970,
                 Chamerlain 1968, American Birds 1971, Slwnholtzer 1974, Forsythe 1975 In Sendifer et at. 1960; SCUMS wp~bt. records).

    Black-betlled plover                 C         PR         Great egret                     C      PR            Conmmon moorhen                C       PR
    Semipalmated plover                  C         PR         Snowty egret                    C      PR            American Coat                  C   UJR
    Spotted sancpiper                    C         PR         White ibis                      C      PR            Mallard                        C       WR
    Semiplamated sandpiper               C         PR ;    Glossy Ibis                        FC     PR      Stock duack                          C      WRM
    Least snadpiper -C                             PR         Wood stork                      FC     PR           Mottled dick                    C       PR
    Duntin                               C         PR         Herring gull                    C      PR            Pintait                        C       WR
    Lesser yettowtegs                    FC        WR         Ring-bitted qull                C      PR            Gadwall                        C       UR
    Greater yettowlegs                  C          PR         Laughing gull                   C      PR           American wigeon                 C       UR
    Dowitcher                            C         PR         Batted kingfisher               FC  ~PR              shoveler                       C       UR
    Black-necked stilt                   Fe        SR         Forsters tern                   C      PR            Blue-winged teat               C       WR
    Wittet                               C         PR        rGull-billed tern                FC     SR            Wood duck                      FC      PR
    American avocet                      U         IJR        Brown pelican                   C      PR            Green-winged teal              C   UR
    Great blue heron                    C          PR         Black skimmer                   FC     PR             Canvasback                    U       WR
    Tricolored heron                    C          PR         Doutle-crested cormorant        C      PR            Redhead                        FC      WR                 ,
    Little blue heron                   C          PR         Anhinga                         C      PR            Bufflehead                     FC      WR
    Green-backed heron                   Fe        PR         Pled-bitted grebe               C      PR            Ruddy duck                     C       UR
    Black-crowned night heron            C         PR         Horned grebe                    U      WR            Hooded merganser               C       WR
    Black-crowned night heron            C         PR    s     aid eagle                      FC     WR            Red breasted merganser         U       IJR
    Yellow-crowned night heron           FC        PR         Osprey                          FC     PR            Canada goose                   U       WR
    Least bittern                        FC        SR         Virginia rail                   FC     UR            Snow goose                     U      UR
    American bittern                     FC        WR         King raill                      FC     WR            Tundra Swan                    U       WR
                                                             Black rail                     U
                                                             Sora                           FC      WR

    C - Common, seen in good numbiers
    FC - Fairly cotmmon, moderate nurber
    PR - Permanent resident, present year around
    WR - winter resident
    SR - Sumner resident
    T - Transient resident

                                         G-32

       Dabbling ducks represent the principal group of waterfowl using the impound-
    ments and are generally characterized as seed eating herbivores (i.e. mallard,
    northern pintail, green-winged teal) and grazing herbivores (i.e. American widgeon,
    gadwall). Wading birds are perhaps the second most abundant group and forage
    intensively in shallow water areas associated with high marsh zones within
    impoundment complexes. Impoundments also receive intensive use by wading birds,
    particularly great egrets, snowy egrets and white ibis when the availability of prey
    organisms (small fish and invertebrates) is enhanced during the drawdown phase of
    management. Estuarine impoundments are considered to be important foraging
    habitats for numerous nesting colonies of wading birds both within the reserve site
    and in the overall ACE Basin region (T. M. Murphy, person. commun.). A wide variety
    of aerial divers (gulls, terns, brown pelicans, black skimmers, belted kingfishers) and
    surface divers (pied-billed grebe, anhinga, double-crested cormorant) rest on the
    water's surface and feed on fish in the impoundments. When mud flats are exposed
    during spring drawdown, shore birds particularly sandpipers, plovers, dunlins and
    dowitchers forage intensively on benthic invertebrates. A -distinctive shorebird, the
    black-necked stilt appears to be increasing in abundance and has been observed to
    successfully nest on impoundment berms in stranded emergent debris. The American
    coot, common winter resident, and the common moorhen, that breeds in abundance
    as well as winters in estuarine impoundments, feed extensively on submerged
    aquatics and represent the dominant species of the rail group. The black rail,
    generally considered to be rare and poorly understood, has been sighted in association
    with impoundment habitat on Bear Island WMA (D. Forsyth, person. commun.). Other
    than the bald eagle previously discussed, the osprey which commonly forages the
    impoundments, is the only other raptor directly associated with estuarine
    impoundments.

       Upland habitat within the reserve is classified as including three general
    community types (old field, pine forest and pine-mixed hardwood forest) each having
    characteristic densities of birds. Old field habitats characterized by high interspersion
    of vegetative types, support rich concentrations of bird life including raptors (red tailed
    hawk) insectivores (cardinal, wren) omnivores (eastern bobwhite), and granivores
    (savannah sparrow). Characterized by relatively low habitat diversity, the upland pine
    forest supports only 13 species of dominant birds compared to the old field and pine-
    mixed hardwood communities that support 25 and 33 dominant species, respectively.

       The pine-mixed hardwood forest community, involving significant vegetation
    structure with diverse understory and subcanopy characteristics, represents an
    important bird habitat.  Avifauna trophic relationships of pine-mixed hardwood
    habitats are complex and involve seven consuming groups represented as follows:
    raptors (screech owl), insectivores (pileated woodpecker), omnivores (robin),
    scavengers (black vulture), vegetarian (cedar waxwing), granivores (mourning dove),
    and nectivores (ruby-throated hummingbird) (Sandifer et al. 1980). Overall seasonal

                                          G-33

    balance among dominant birds in upland habitats involves a preponderance of
    permanent residents, however, spring and winter residents also are well represented
    (Table 14).

    e. Fishes

       (1)   Marine and Estuarine

       The ACE Basin NERR provides a diversity of habitat types for a variety of fishes.
    The majority of fishes found in the area are of two general categories: 1) resident
    species which spend their entire lives in nearshore or estuarine environments (e.g.,
    killifishes, silversides, and bay anchovy), and 2) seasonal migrants which utilize the
    area during only a part of their life cycle (e.g., mullets, menhaden, and many
    sciaenids). The first group of fishes is restricted to nearshore and estuarine waters,
    while the latter (which is the predominant group in terms of numbers of species and
    individuals) generally spawns offshore, moving into the estuary as larvae or
    postlarvae.

       The reserve provides valuable habitat, nursery areas rich in food and refuge from
    predators. Vast numbers of young-of-the-year, motile species are found in the
    estuarine zone, moving seaward in response to physiological and environmental
    changes, especially during the summer and fall. Like penaeid shrimp, such fishes are
    "migrating subsystems" (Odum et al. 1974) linking the marine and estuarine
    environments. The major types of habitat supporting marine and estuarine fishes
    within the reserve are: subtidal marine waters; intertidal marine surf zone; subtidal
    estuarine waters (tidal rivers, channels, creeks); intertidal estuarine bottoms including
    flats, marshes, and oyster reefs; and salt or brackish water impoundments. Most
    common marine fish species are not confined to one habitat type and may occur in
    several habitats on a seasonal basis or at different stages in their life cycles (Bearden
    1990).

       Those species which have adapted to the rigors of highly variable salinities,
    temperatures, and habitat types are generally the most successful in the ACE Basin.
    Some euryhaline species, such as several sciaenids, menhaden, mullet, and others are
    found up-river in fresh water at times, especially as juveniles. Although no all-
    inclusive list of fish species occurring in the reserve marine waters is given here, Table
    15 presents the characteristic habitats of some of the more common species.

        Fishes of subtidal estuarine habitats (sounds, tidal rivers, and large creeks) have
    been investigated more intensively than those of any other environment within the
    ACE Basin. Bears Bluff Labs conducted trawl sampling in the ACE Basin area at
    regularly monthly stations from 1953-1964 (Bears Bluff Labs, 1964). Shealy (1974,
    1975) and Shealy et. al. (1974, 1975) reported on bottom trawl investigations in
    estuaries of South Carolina. Key sampling locations were in the ACE Basin region.

    Table  14: Dominant birds of the upland ecosysten occurring in the proposed ACE Basin NERR (Sprunt and Chamberlain 1949, 1970,
                Burteigh 1958, AuhdAn Field Notes 1967-1971), Chanberlain 1968. American Birds 1971-1977, Shwehottzer 1974, Forsythe 1978 in Sandifer et at. 1980).

         old Field Communities                    Pine Forest Communities                                      Pine-Marsh Hardwood Forest Communities

    Red-tailed hawk          C    PR         Eastern bobwhite               C    PR        Black vulture                  C     PR   Blue-gray gnatcatcher          C    PR
    American kestrel         C    PR         Screech owl                    C    PR        Mourning dove                  C     PR   Ruby-crowned kinglet           C    UR
    Eastern bobwhite         C    PR         Red-bellied woodpecker         C    PR        Screech owl                    C     PR  White-eyed vireo                C    PR
    Eastern kingbird         C    SR         Eastern wood pewee             C    SR        Chuck-wills widow              C     SR   Red-eyed vireo                 C    SR
    Tree swallow             C    WR         Southern crested flycatcher   C    SR         Ruby-throated hummingbird      C     SR   Northern warbler               C    SR
    Barn swallow             C    PR         Canmon crow                    C    PR        Comnon Flicker                 C     PR   Yellow-rumped warbler          C    WR
    Common crow              C    PR         Carolina chickadee             C    PR        Pileated woodpecker           FC     PR   Yellow-throated warbler        C    PR
    House wren               C    WR         Brown-headed nuthatch          C    PR        Red-bellied woodpecker         C     PR   Hooded warbler                 C     T
    Carolina wren            C    PR         Eastern bluebird               C    PR        Downy woodpecker               C     PR   American redstart              C    PR
    Mockingbird              C    PR         Yellow-throated warbler        C    PR        Great crested flycatcher       C     SR   Cardinal                       C    PR
    Loggerhead shrike        C    PR         Pine warbler                   C    PR        Blue Jay                       C     PR   Rufous-sided towhee            C    PR
    Yellow-rumped warbler    C    WR         Summer tanger                  C    SR        Common crow                    C     PR   Dark-eyed Junco                C    WR
    Prairie warbler          C    PR         Bachman's sparrow             FC    PR        Carolina chicadee              C     PR   White-throated sparrow         C    lR           C)
    Yellowthroat             C    PR                                                       Tufted titmouse                C     PR   Song sparrow                   C    IJR          C
    Yellow-breasted chat     C    SR                                                       House wren                     C     WR
    Eastern meadowlark       C    PR                                                       Carolina wren                  C     PR
    Red-winged  blackbird    C    PR                                                       Catbird                        C     PR
    Cardinal                 C    PR                                                       Robin                          C     WR
    Painted bunting          C    SR                                                       Hermit thrush                  C     UR
    Rufous-sided towhee      C    PR
    Savannah Sparrow         C    WR
    Dark-eyed junco          C    UR
    Chipping sparrow         C    PR
    White-throated sparrow   C    UR
    Song sparrow             C    WR

    C - Comnon, seen in good numbers
    FC - Fairly common, moderate numbers
    PR - Permanent resident, present year around
    WR - Winter resident
    SR - Sunmer resident
    T - Transient resident

    Table 15. Characteristic habitats of some of the more important marine ad estuarine f ishes occurring In the ACE
                Basin Reserve. -Rare, 'tkncwan, **Connmn **Abundnt

                                                                         HABITAT TYPE

         SPECIES             SUBTIDAL MARINE      SURF ZONE      SUBTIDAL ESTUARINE        INTERTIDAL ESTUARINE      IMPOUNDMENTS

    Carcharhinus spp.                                   ***
    Srphyrna spp.                  *                                    **
    Spiny dogfish                 ****
    Clearnose skate               *
    Atlantic stingray                                  **                                              *
    Atlantic sturgeon              *-*
    Longnose gar*                                                                                      *
    Ladyfish**                                                                                         *
    American eel                  *                                     a**
    Atlantic menhiaden            ******
    Dorosoma spp.                  *-aa*
    Atlantic thread herring        ******
    Alosa spp.-                                                        *
    Carp--
    Bay anchovy                                        *******
    Mummi chog                                         **                                              *
    Striped killiffish            *****
    Sailfin Molly                  --**
    Sheepshead minnowi*****
    Mosqji tof ish                                                                                    *
    White catfish                                                        **
    Sea catfish                    ****
    oyster toadflsh                *                                    **
    Urorpiycis spp.                **
    Menidia spp.                  ***aaa*
    Morone spp.                                                         **a
    Bluefish                      *                                     *a
    Spanish mackerel**                                                                                *
    Atlantic buiper                *****
    Trachinotus; spp.             *                     a
    Caranx spp.                   *                     a*
    Eucinostomlus spp.***                                                                                                  *
    Pigfish                        ****

    Table 15. Conrcluded

    Pinfish                        **                                   **                             **        *
    Silver perch                   **                   *              **                              *                   **
    Sheepshead                     **                   *              ***                            ***                  **
    Weakfish                       *                    *              **                              ***                 **
    Banded drum                    ***                                 ***                            *                    **
    Spot                           **                   *              **                             *
    southern kingfish              ***                                   *                            **
    Gulf kingfish                  **                   **             *
    Atlantic croaker               ***                  *               ***                            *                   *
    Black drum                     *                    **             **                              **                  **
    Star drum                      ***                  *              ***                            *
    Red drum                       **                   **             **                             **                   **
    ugi spp.                       **                   ***            ***                             ***                  ***
    Southern strargazer            *                    *              **                             *
    Hypsoblennius spp.             *                                   **                             *
    Gobionellus spp.               *_                                  **                              **                  *
    Gobiosoma spp.                 *                                   **                              **                  *
    Atlantic cutlassfish           ***                                 **
    Peprilus spp.                  **                   *              **
    Prionotus spp.                 ***                  *              **                             *
    Windowpane                     **                                  **
    Citharichthys spp.             ***                                 ***                            *                    *
    Fringed flounder              ***                  *               ***                            *                    *
    Paralichthvs spp.              **                   *              ***                             ***                 **
    Hogchoker                      ***                  *              ***                            *                    *
    Blackcheek tonguefish          ***                  *              ***                            *                    *
    Planehead filefish             **  *                               **
    Northern puffer               **                   *               **                             *
    Striped burrfish              **                   *               **                             **                   *

    Table 16. Trqphic levels of sawe of the moure inportant marine and estuarine fishes occuring within the AME Basin Region.

                                      ORGANIC       VASCULAR                                                        BENTHIC
        SPECIES                       DETRITIJE      PLANTS         ALGAE     PHYTOPLANKTON       ZOOPLANKTON    INVERTEBRATES       INSECTS        FISH

    I.  Herbivores (predominately)

        Striped mullet                     x           -x                          x                   -x--
        AtLantic menhaden                  x           -x                          x                   x---
         Sheepshead minnow                  x           x              x            -                                                    x
         Salifinnmolly                      x           -x                          -x                                                   x

        Atlantic sturgeon                              x              x                                               x                 x            x
        Carp                               -x                         x            -                                  x                 x            x
        Dorosoma app.                      x           ---x                                                           x--
        Wjhite catfish                     x           x              --x                                             x                 x            x

    III. Primary Carnivores                                                                                                                                        q

        Bay anchovy                        -           -              -                                x---
        Atlantic si1,verside               -           --                          -                   x
        NOsqutof ish                       -           -              -            -                   --x-

    IV. Rid Carnivores

        Atlantic stingray                  -           -              -            -                   -                                -
        American eel                       -           -                    -                -                        x                 x           x
        Sea catfish                        -           -              -            -                   -x                               -x
        oyster toadflsh                    -----x                                                                                                   x
        Drophycls spp                      x                                -                          x              x-                            x
        M~uunlchog                         x           -x                          -                   x              x                 x           x
        Striped kiltiffsh                  -           -              -            -                   x              x                 -           x
        Atlantic bumper                    -           -              --                               x                                -           x
        Trachinotus spp;                   -                  -          -         .                                                    -
        Peprilus spp.                      --                         -            -                   x              x                 -           x
        Pinfish                            -                                                                            x  x            -           x
        Silver perch                       -           -              -            -                   x              x                  -x
        Banded drumn                             -                    -            -                   x              x                 -           x
        Southern kingfish                  -           -              -                                X              X                 -           X
        Spot                               -           -              -            -x                                 x                 -x

    Table 16. ConcLuded

                                      ORGANIC       VASCULAR                                                         BENTHI C
         SPECIES                       DETRITUE       PLANTS          ALGAE     PHYTOPLANKTON       ZOOPLANKTON    INVERTEBRATES        INSECTS        FISH

         Atlantic croaker                   -            -              --                               x               x                 -x
         Star Drum                                      -       -                    -                   x               x                 -           x
         Goblonellus spp.                   -            -              --                               x               x                 -           x

         Hypsoblennius; spp.                -           -               -            -                   x               x                 -           x
         Prionotus app.                     -            -              -            -                   x               x                 -           x
         Bay whiff                          --                          -            -                   X               x                 -X
         Fringed flounder                   -           -                            -                   x              x                  -
         Hogchoker                          -           -               -            -                    -x                               -
         Blackcheek tonguefish              -            -              -            -                    -X                               --

    V.   Top Carnivores

         Carcharhinus spp.                  -           -               -            -                    -X                               -           IC
         Longnose gar                       -                           -                      -                         x                 -           x
        Atlantic needtefish                -            -              -                      -                         x                 -           x
        Striped bass                       -            -              -            -                    -x                               -           x
        White perch                        -            -              -            -                                  x-             x
        Ladyfish                           -            -                     -               -                        x                             x
        Bluefish                           -           -               -            -                                   x                 -           x
         Spanish mackerel                         -             -             -                -                       x                              x
         Cynosclon app.                                          -               -                                     x                              x
         Red drum                                               -             -                -                       x-                             x
         Paralichthys spp.                                      -             -                                           - x

    a. Larval and Juvenile stages may function as mid carnivores.

                                         G-37

    Some of these same sampling stations are currently being used by SCWMRD (David
    Whitaker, per. comm.).

       Table 16 presents a summary of trophic levels of the more important species
    occurring in the ACE Basin. Of the more common fish species found within the
    estuary, the predominant herbivores are mullets and menhaden. The predominant
    primary carnivores within this habitat is the bay anchovy, which feeds largely on
    copepods and other zooplankters (Odum 1970a). Most of the common young-of-the-
    year fishes found within the estuarine habitat (including star drum, Atlantic croaker,
    spot, silver perch, juvenile weakfish, flounders, hogchokers, blackcheek tonguefish,
    white catfish and spotted hake) are opportunistic mid carnivores, feeding on a wide
    variety of planktonic and benthic organisms (Table 16). Top carnivores in estuarine
    waters include various species of sharks such as carcharinids and hammerheads
    (Bearden 1965, Hicks 1972), as well as longnose gar, Atlantic needlefish, striped
    bass, white perch, bluefish, ladyfish, Spanish mackerel, weakfish, seatrout, red drum,
    and flounders. The young of many of these species may function as mid carnivores
    or even primary carnivores as postlarvae and early juveniles. These species feed
    largely on smaller fishes including the herbivores, primary carnivores, and mid
    carnivores mentioned above, as well as on penaeid shrimp, grass shrimp
    (Palaemonetes spp.), crabs, squid, mollusks, and other motile and sessile invertebrates
    (Tabb 1966, Mahood 1974).

    (2) Freshwater

       Freshwater fish studies conducted in the lower ACE Basin have dealt primarily
    with anadromous species (Wade 1971, Curtis 1970, White 1969, 1970). However,
    limited census work (Curtis 1970, Allen 1990) and fish surveys (Anderson 1964,
    Bayless 1968) have been conducted in the upper riverine areas.

       The tri-river system is important to six species of anadromous fishes (American
    shad, hickory shad, blueback herring, striped bass, Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose
    sturgeon) and one catadromous species (American eel). Anadromous species annually
    use the upper reaches of the riverine system as spawning grounds and nursery
    grounds for developing larvae and juveniles. The American eel spends most of its
    adult life in this and adjoining freshwater ecosystems.

    APPENDIX H

    SPECIES LISTS

                                         PLANTS

    Alders                 mmELUP
    Alligator-weed                                          Alternianthera ohilozeroides
    Amaranth                                                Amrnhug app.
    American beach                                          Fagus grand folia
    American climbing fern                                  Lystodium valmatuin
    American elm                                            iMuna ameftcana
    American holly                                          .1ex ovaca
    American hornbeain                                      Carvions aoliniana,
    American three-square bulrush                           Se-irpus americanuma
    Annual salt marsh aster                                 Aster subulatus
    Arrow-arum                                              Peltandr  vigilnica.
    Arrowhead                                               Saxittaria, uais var. veatherbiana
    Arrowheads                                              Samittaria app.
    Arrowwood                                               Viburnum dentatum.
    Asiatic dayflower                                       Aneilems kesak
    Asiatic panic grass                                     Panicum bisulcatum
    Asiatic panicum                                         Panicum bisulcatum
    Aster                                                   Aster laevis var  concinnus
    As tar                                                  Aster laevis va~r  laevis
    Aster                                                   Aster ipraealtus
    'Aster                                                  Aster Punicaus
    Aster                                                   Aster simplex
    Aster                                                   Aster souarrosus
    Aster                                                   Aster tenuifolius
    Asters                                                  Astir- a"P.
    Autumn coral-root                                       Corallorhiza odontorhiza

    Baggy-knees                                             Sacciole~is striata
    Bald cypress                                            Taxodium distichum
    Bald rush                                               Psilocary'a scirvoides
    Baldwin's nutrush                                       Scieria. baidnli
    Bamboo                                                  Smilasx laurifolia
    Ba--boo brier                                           Smilax auriculata
    Banana water-lily                                      NM'muhaea. mexi cAa
    Barbara's buttons                                       Narshallia graminifolia
    Barley                                                  Hordeum app.
    Bay starvine                                            Schisandra. Rlabra
    Beach elder                                             Iva imbricata
    Beach grass                                             Panicukamarulum
    Beach hogwort                                            Craton vunctatus
    Beach yea                                                Strophostyles helvola
    Beech pennywort                                         Hydrocatyle bonariensis
    Beak rush                                               Rycopr.Crvn
    Beak rush                                                Rhynchospora corniculata.
    Beak rush                                                Rbynchosimora decur~rens
    Beak rush                                                Mb~choavora clomerata.
    Beak rush                                                Rhynchospora, marostachva
    Beak rush                                                Rbynchosuora negalocarva
    Beak rush                                                Rhynchoggora. plumse
    Beak rushes                                              Rhynchospora app.
    Bearded grass-pink                                       Calovogon barbatus
    Beard grass                                              Androroxon elliottli
    Beard grass                                              Gymnoroxo  brevifolius
    Beard grass                                              AnzdropoMon ap.
    Beds traw                                                Galium circazn
    Beech                                                    Xagan zrandifolia
    Beggar lice                                              Desmodium app.
    Beggar lice                                              Desmodium warilAndicum
    Beggar ticks                                             Desmodium aIp.
    Beggar ticks                                             Bidens a"p.
    Beggar ticks                       Widens 91losa
    Beggar weeds                                             Deindu  app.
    Bermuda grass                                            Cynodon dactylon
    Big duckweed                                             Spirodela. polyrhiza
    Big floating heart                                       ilvmohoides aquatics

    Big pro Troue Willow                                  LUII Pauloides var. slabrescens
    Big-rooted menraot                                    Iyonaaa -macrorhiza
    Blxd'a eye                                            varoflica-veraica,
    Biscuit-floyer                                        Sarracenia f lava
    Bitter ga~lberry                                      flex'glabra
    Blackberries                                          Rubus-app.
    Bl Ack cherry                                         Prunus aerotina
    Black Bu, Myna& -syvatica
    Black Sack oak                    (Maercus marilandica
    Black ueedlerush                                      Juncua roemerianus
    Black oak                                             Quercua velutina
    Black-root                                            Pterocaulon 2Xecetachym,
    Black rush                                            Jmncus roemer-Iilnum
    Black-tatmed apleenvort                               hAslenium resiliena
    Black titi.                                           Cliftonia, mnovhylls
    Black willow                                          SAUX ix ESa
    Bladdezvort                                           Utricularia Inflata
    Bladdervort                                           Utricularia inflata var. minor
    Bladdervort                                           UtricuJlaria olivacea
    Bladderwort                                           Utrianlaria Purpurea
    Bladdervort                                           Utricularia aubulata
    Bladdezvort                                           Utricularia vulnaris
    Bladderworts                                          Utricularia app.
    Blazing star                                          Liatria tenuifolia
    Blazing astars                                        Liatria app.
    Blue beach                                             CarinIs caralinisna
    Blueberries                                           Vaccinium app.
    Blueberry                                             Veccinium cacearienae
    Blueberry                                             Vaccinium Emrsinites
    Blue cat-taU~                      ~h  xzlauca
    Bluce-eyed grass                                       Simyrinchium  zucronatum
    Blue flag                                              Iris virzinica
    Bluegrass                                              Poas compresaa
    Bluejack oak                                           Quercus incana
    Blue star                                             Ainsonia ciliate,
    Bluestem                                              Androponon elliott~i
    Bluestem,                                              Androvogonu merardii
    Bog buttons                                            Lachnocaulon berrichianum
    Bottlebrush three awn grass                            Ariatida Amiciformis
    Box elder                                              Aternend
    Boykin' s lobelia,                                     loia bovkinii
    Bracken fern                                          Pteridium aauilinum
    Brazilian elodes                                       R       densa
    Bristle-fruited apermolepial                           Spermolevasi  echinata
    Broadleaf waterplasitain                               Aliaza plantago-aguatica
    Broom sedge                                            Andropogton virginicus
    Broom&-scraw                                           Andropogon ap.
    Broom-straw                                           Androcogon elliotti
    Broom-straw                                            Andropogon ternarius
    Brown.-top Millet                                     Panicum ramoaum
    Buckwheat tree                                         Clif tonia monolphylla
    Bugleweed                                              Lycoyns americanus
    Bugleweed                                             'Lycopus aessilifoliua
    Bull bay                                               Magnolia grandiflor
    Bullgrafis                                             Paspalum. boacianum
    Bullgraxs                                              Pasualum disaectumn
    Bu~lgrass                                              Paspalum diatichum
    Bulrush                                                Scru americanum
    Bulrush                                                Scru      Mwerinus
    Bulrush                                                Scirpua etuberculatus
    Bulrush                                                Scru   robuatus
    Bulrush                                               .Scirpu validus
    Bulrushes                                              Scru  app.
    Burmannia                                              BAirmannia biflora
    Bushy braom. sedge                                     Androvogon virginicus
    Bushy pondweed                                         Salsa muadalnuensia
    Bushy poudweed,                                        Naa  minor
    Bushy pondvaeedals                                           app.
    Buttercup-leaved. pannywort                            Rydrocoryle ranunculoides
    Butterfly-bush                                         Buddleja sp.

    Butterfly pea                                          CentroaemR virginianum

    Butterfly pea                                           Clitoria mariana
    Butter-print                                           Abutilon theophrastii,
    Butterweed                                              Senecio op.
    Butterwort                                              ?I~iW   lutea
    Butterwort s                                            Pinzcl   Pp.
    Button bush                                                          occidentalis
    Buttonweed                                              Spermacoce. glabra

    Cabbage palmetto                                        Sabal pal~metto
    Cactus                                                  Opuntia compressa
                  Calliopsis                              ~~~~~~~~Coreopsis tinctoria
                  Calliopsis                                R~~~~~~~~~~~~eterothecs, gaifolia,
    Camphorweed                                             Btrteasbxlai
    Camphorweed                                             Heteroth aurua  ie s
    Camphorweed,                                             lce   Huacn
    Canada bluegrass                                        Poa Compressa
    Cancer root                                             Conopholis ameri-na
    Cancer root                                             Orobndinrle uigaltee
    Cane                                                                _________l~gnte
    Cape-weed                                               Lippia uod11flore
    Cardinal flower                                         Lobelia cardinalia
    Carolina cherry laurel                                  Prunus caroliin
    Carolina dog-hobble                                     Laucotho  ouiali
    Carolina grass-of-p 5larn5us                            Parnassia carolinianei
    Carolina spleenwort fern                                As  letw exerre~siliens
    Carolina trillium                                       Trilili pusal13W    piisillu
    Carpet grass                                            Ramrclaoiotcya
    Castor-bean                                            RiUcinus cammunis
    Castor oil  pln Ricinus comumais
    Catbriax.                                               Smilax bona-nox
    Catbriers                                               Sm "
    Cat-tail                                               _Tnha domingenais
    Cat-tail                                               _T2!a gluc
    ,Cat-tails                                              TpaOp
    Celtpeegras                                             Eremochloa ophuroides
    Centipsede  rs                                          Schwalbea  maericaona
    Chaff-seedk                                             Quercus clmpmanii.
    Chapman's sedgeCax  tpni
    Cherrybark, oak                                         Quercus felcata var. pagodaefloia
        Chrylaurel                                          Prumus carolinians.
     Chin-erry                                              Mel.ia azedarach
     China-b sherry                                          Centela1 asiatice
     Chinqapan'  shedCastanespm1-
        Chiqupi ok                                          Quarcus muehlenbergil
     Chinquapinweed                                          Melochia corchorifolia.
     Chocoatewe                                              Cyperus esculentus vAr. sativus.
     Cinnamon fern                                           Osmtmda cnaoe
     Cinquefoil                                              Potentilla norvegica
     Cleairweed                                              Piles. olIJ
     Climbing fetterbush                                     Pieris -phillyrelfolia
     Climbing hempveed                                       Miaia scandens
     Close-flowered triple awn grass                        -Aisitida condensate
     Clovers                                                 Tioinsp
     Clubmosses                                              Lycopodiuam app.
     Coastal love grass                                      Eragroatis refracta
     Coast bacopa,                                           Bacope, monnieri
     Coast pigweed                                           Amaranthus: P~ui
     Coffee-weed                                             Sesib-1ia exaltata
     Colic root                                              Aletris aurea,
     Colic root                                              Aletris  ainosaa
     Colic root                ~                                 t"  7te
     Cocoon bladderwort                                      Utricularie W TI
     Common cat-tail                                         Tyha3atifolia
     Common lespedezas                                       nesedzsp
     Coammon reed                                            Drosra  ratun commis
     Cammon sundew                                           Dcrouser me roician
     Cannon three-square                                     SCeraphy-Iluria du
     Coontail                                                Ceretophylluft demer~at
     Coontail                                                Ceratophyllum echiatu
     Coontails                                               LiCeretopeyl erv app.
     Coral honeysuckleLoieasneirs

    CardgrasB                                             Spartiun, alterniflora
    Cordgrass                                             Spartina cynosuroides
    Cordgrasa                                             Spartina patens
    Cordgrasses;                                          Sporting Mpp.
    Coreopsis                                             Coreopois app.
    Coreopois                                             Coreopisai  falcata
    Corn                                                  Zea mays
    Cotton roue                                           Filago germanica
    Cottonweed                                            Froelichia floridana
    Cottonwood                                            Populu  deltoides
    Cowpea,                                               Vixna unituiculata
    Crab grasses                                         'Digitaria app.
    Cranberries                                          'Vaccinium spy.
    Crane-fly orchid                                     'Tivularia, discolor
    Creeping cucumber                                     Melothria vendula
    Creeping fig                                          vicus pumilus
    Creeping rush                                         Juncus reipeno
    Creeping apikerushEeohri   p
    Creeping spurge                                       Meohorbis oep.n
                 Creeping water plantain                 *!~~'chinodorus; cordifolius
    Cr-inkle  amaranth                                    Auaranthus crispus
    Cross Vine                                            Anisostichuu capreolata
    Croton                                                Croton punctatus
    Crownbeard                                            Verbesiuna occidentalis
    Crow-poison                                           Zitadenua densus
    Cudweed                                              'Guaphalium purpureum
    Cudweeds                       2naghalium app.
    Curtiss' dropseed                                     Sporobolus curtissii
    Cutgrass                                              Leersia hexandra
    Cutgraas                                              Leersia lenticularis
    CUtgraRS                                              Leersia orvzoides
    Cutgrass                                              Leersia virminica
    Cypreases                                             TxoWd-ium app.

    Dahoon                                                Ilex cassine,
    Daioon                        fleabn x cassine var. mYrtifolia
                 Daisy fleabane                          ~~~~~~Erixeron strizoeus
    Damask rose                                           Rosa damascena
    Dangleberry                                            alsacafrondosa
    Dasheen                                               Colocasia esculentum
    Dayflover                                             Coimmelina erecta
    Dayflover                                             Coimmelina virzinica
    Deciduous holly                                       Ilex decidua
    Delta duck potato                                     Sagittaria grazninea
    Dewberries                                            Rubus app.
    Diodia                                                Diodia teres
    Dock                                                  umex buceirhalonhorus
    Dodder                                                Cuscuta ap.
    Dodder                                                Cuacuta cephalanthii
    Dodder                                               'Cuscuta, indecora.
    Dog fennel                                           'EMatrum cavillifolium
    Dog fennel                                           'Euvatorium capillifolium var. leptophyllum
    Dog-tongue                                           'Eriogonum tomtentogum
    Dogwood                                              'Cornus racemosa,
    Dotted smartweed                                      Polvitonum punctatum
    Downy rattlesnake plantain                           'Goodyera, pubescens
    Dropseed                                              Sporobolus teretifolius
    Dropseed                                              Svorobolus Virginicus
    Dropwort                                             '02wrolia rfgidior
    Drwmsond'sa prickly pear                             'Ouni drummniui
    Duck potato                                          'Sagittaria latifolia
    Duckweed                                             *Leinna minor
    Duckweed                       'Lemna perpusilla
    Duckweed                                             *Lemna, valdiviara
    Duckweeds                                            LMena app.
    Duckweeds                       ISpirodela, app.
    Dwarf blueberry                                       Vaccinium myrsinites
    Dwarf huckleberry                                    '047lussadIA dumosa
    Dwarf laurel                                         'Kdlmia hirsuta,
    Dwarf palmetto                                        Sabal minor.
    Dwarf pavpaw                                          Aslimina Parvifldra

    Dwarf spikerush                                         Eleocharis parvul~a
    Dwarf trillium                                          Trilium piisilum Var. Pusillum
    Dwarf witch alder                                       Fothergilia gardenji

    Eastern cottonwood                                      PoguLus deltoides
    Eastern lilaeopsis                                      Lilaeopsis chinensis
    Eastern red cedar                                       Juniverus virsiniana
    Eastern wolf fiella                                     Woiffiella f loridana,
    Eel grass                                               Zostera.mrn
    Elderberry                                              Sambus cadnis
    Elderberry                                              SaimhucuS ,iusonii
    Elephant's footEehntuatmtos
    Elliott a blueberry                                     Vaccinium.-ellioti
    English plantain                                        PlnU________at
    Ermag                                                   E!Yflifum inltegriumit
    Euphorbia.                                              Euhobipoyofoi
    Evening primrose                                        Oenothera humuifusa
    Evening primroses                                       Oenothera app.
    Everlasting                                             2Eaphalium obtusifolium
    Everlasting.                                            G!Nanhaliun spy.

    Fall panic grass                                        Panicum dichotomiflorum
    False asphodel                                          Tof ioldia &Labr~a
    False asaptodel                                         Tofieldia racemosa
    False buckthorn                                         Buei.II~ns
    False indigo                                            Amrh.fruticosa,
    False nettle                                            Boehmeria.  lidr
    False villow                                            Baccharis
    Fanwort                                                 Cabomba caroliniana
    Feathery bamboo                                         BaUbsa     Irl
    Fern                                                    Polypodiuum aureuin
    Fescue                                                  Festuca mra
    Fescue                                                  Festuca. octo~ora
    Fesc-le                                                 Festuca vubra.
    Fet..er-bush                                            Leucothoe racemsa
    Fetter-bush                                             Lyonialuid
    Fig                                                     Ficus caries
    Finger grass                                            Chloris Petraea
    Finger grass                                            Dlgitarla -horizontalis
    Fishweed                                                Potamogeton ilinoensis
     Flg                                                      Iris tridentata
     Fleabane                                                Erigeron vernus
     Floating heart                                          Nahiesaquatics.
     Floating hearts                                         Nymphoides app.
     Floppy vater milfoil                                    Mrohlu  at
     Florida adder's mouth                                   Xalaxis Riat
     Florida bladderwort                                     Utricuaia Mflodana
     Florida dropseed                                         Sporobolus floridanus
     Florida privet                                          Forastieza,2!M!lo
     Flowering dogwood                                       Cornus florida,
     Fly-catcher                                              Sarracenia, f lava
     Fly-poison                                              Amianthium muscaetoxicum
     Flytrap pitcher-plant                                   Sarracei  purua
     Foxtail. clubmoss                                       Lycopodia-m alpc idea
     Foxtail grass                                            Setaria genicu~ata
     Foxtail grass                                            Setaria. macrospea
     Foxtail grass                                            Setaria, mg
     French mulberry                                          Calliiirp  americans.
     Fringed looses trife                                    Lyimach-ra lanceolTa
     Fringe -leaved paspalum                                 Papailaum setaceum
     Frog's bit                                              Limnobiumspna
     Frost aster                                             Aster pilosus

     Gaillardia.                                             Gaillardia. druzumondil
     Gamms grass                                             Trip sacumdayoie
                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GentiansGtia app.
     Georgia fever bark                                      F~e    a, p'ubens
     Georgia pl                                               Ellottia racemosa
     Georgia's bulrush                                        Scirpus erismanae
     Gerardia                                                Againis maritima.
     Giant cordgrass                                          Spartixm cynosuroides
     Giant Cutgrass                                           Zizaniopsis miliacea

    Giant fo=tAil grass                                     Setaria manna
    Giant plume grass                                       Erianthns-zimanteus
    Giant read                                              Arundo donax-
    Giant-seeded beak mush                                  Rhynchosipora cegalocarpa
    Giant spiral-orchid                                     Spiranthes lonarilabris
    Gladiolus                                               Gladiolus hortulana.
    Glasswort                                               Salicornia bigelovii
    Glasswort                                               Salicornia europaea.
    Glasswort                                               Salicornia virminica
    Glasavorts                                              Salicornia app.
    Goat's rue                                              Tephrosia virginiana
    Godfrey's sandwort                                      Arenaria Rodfreyi
    Golden aster                                            Heterotheca floridana
    Golden aster                                            Heterotheca grazinifola
    Golden canna lily                                       Canon flaccida
    Golden club                                             Orontium aquaticum
    Goldenrod                                               Solidano charmanii
    Goldenrod                                               Solidago xymnospermoides
    Goldenrod                                               Solidago sempervirens
    Goldenrods                                              Solidago app.
    Gooseberries                                            Vaccinium. Opp.
    Gopher apple                                            Chrysobalanus oblongifolius
    Grain sorghum                                           sorghum vulgare
    Grapefruit                                              Citrus paradisi
    Grass-leaved ladies' tresses                            Spiranthes praecox
    Grans-pinks                                             Calopogon app.
    Green ash                                               Fraxinus penusylvanica
    Greenbrier                                              Stuilax auriculata
    Greenbrier                                              Smilax bona-ftox
    Greenbrier                                              Smilax rotundifolia
    Greenbrier                                              Smilax s-allii
    Greenbriers                                             Smilax spy.
    Green fringed orchid                                    Habenaria lacera
    Green fringeless orchid                                 Habena-ria lacera
    Ground cherry                                           Phy'salis pubeacens var. *  rises
    Ground cherry                                           Physalis virginiana
    Ground cherry                                           Physalis viscosa var. m aritime
    Groundnut                                               Avo  americana
    GUM                             Nys -Tivatica, var. biflora

    Hackberry                                               Celtis laevigata
    Hair grass                                              Aira caryophylles,
    Hairy wild-indigo                                       Raptia  arachnif era
    Halberd-leaved marsh =allow                             Hibiscus militaris
    Hartwrightia                                            Hartwrightia floridanva
    Havs                                                    Viburnum app.
    Hawthorn                                                Crataegus ap.
    Hedge hyssop                                            Gratiola pilosa
    Hercules' club                                          Aralia spinasa
    Hercules' club                                          Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
    Heterotheca                                             Heterotheca subaxillaris
    Hickory                                                 Ca-y  app.
    Highbush blueberry                                      Vaccinium corymbosum
    Hightide bushes                                         Baccharis spy.
    Hollies                                                 Ilez spy.
    Hooded pitcher-plant                                    Sarrace4na minor
    sop horubeam                                            2!stZya virginna
    Horned bladderwort                                      Utricularia cornuta
    Horned-pondweed                                         Zannichellia palustris
    Horawort                                                Ceratophyllum denersum
    Horuwort                                                Ceratophyllum echinatum
    Hornuorts                                               Ceratophyllum spy.
    Horse balm                                               Collinsonia canadensis
    Horse sugar                                              Symplocos tinctoria
    Horseweed                                                Erigeron canadensis
    Huckleberries                                           Gayluasacia spy.
    Huckleberries                                           Vaccinium apup..

    Incised groovebur                                       Agrimoiiia incisa
    Indian fig                                              Opuntia ficus-indica.

                  In d i a n        g r a ss    ~~~~~~~~Sorghastrumz nutans
    Indian grass                                            Sorahastrum secundum
    Irdingas                                                Iris tridentata
    Irisee                                                  Vernonia sq.
    Ironweed                                                Vernonia altisufma
    -Ironweed                                               Vernonia, blodgettii
    Ironweed                                                Vernonia harveri.
    Ironweed                                                Caryinue caroliniana
    Italian rye grass                                       Llu   atfou
                  Japanese clover ~~~~~~Lesnedeza stviata
    Jeansaem atchoker                                       Belianthus tuberosus
    Jerusl-emaicoed                                         _TMatiens ospensis
    Jehnel-wgres                                            Sorghu  halepense
    Johntdsonkgrass                                         Eleocharis equisetoides
    Joineds fspitus                                         Lndera imeli saeafolium
    Joves grass                                             Keeleria phleoides

                  Kuawel                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~Scleranthus snu
    Knatwee                                                 Polysonum lapat   olium
    Knotweed                                                Zolygonum persicaria
    Knotweeds                                                oy        sP
                   Lacegrass                                ~~~~~~~~~Eragroatis eavillaris
    Lace-lip spiral orchid                                  Sirmich     la cirrhosa
    Ladies eardrops                                          rnchacihs_
    Lambkill                                                Kamaangustifolia var. carolina
    Lamb's quarters                                         Chenopodium album
     Large-rooted morning glary                              Ipoacee macrorhiza
     Large-seed snartweed                                    Polygonum penTVaylvaicum
     Laurel greenbrier                                       Smilaurimfolia
     Laurel  oa                                              Quercus laurifolia,
     Leafy pondweed                                          Potamogeton foliosus
     Least adder's tongue                                    Ophiogloxssumnudicaule
     Leather-f lower                                         Clematia rs    a
     Leather-leaf                                            Cassandr  SeLYculata
     Le-on bacopa                                            Bacap& caroli1nilans
     Laspedaza                                               leg~edean bicalor
     Leucothoe                                               Leucothoe aztillaris
     Leucothae                                               Leucothoe ouioi
     Lippia                                                  Lipi  nodiflora
     Little blues ten                                        AndrOP~gon scorparius
     Little burhead                                          Pechinodorus )rv1_
     Little floating heart                                   Nymphoidescodt
     Live oak                                                 Quercus vIrginiana
     Lizard's tail                                            SaurUrus Carnuus
     Lobelia                                                 Lobelia elonzata
                   Labla l l y          b     a    y        ~~~~~~~~Gordonia lasianthus
     Lob lolly pine                                          Piu  taedar
     Longleaf pine                              nupasri
     Long-styled smartweed                                   Polygonum longiamylu
     Loosestrife                                              Lythrum lineare
     Loose water milfoil                                     Hyiphiu    issu
     Lotus                                                   Nelumbo lutes-
     Lotus                                                   Neolumboo pentapetela
     Love grass                                               Eseagotia caillaris
     Love grass                                               NErarostis Pilass
     Love grass                                               Eragroadta ref racts,
      Lowu millewort                                           Polygals, nana
      L~ow showy aster                                         Aster spectabilis
      Lupine                                                   Liwjinus perennis

                    Macartney  rose   ~~~~~~                  Rosa bracteata
      Macsrtcneyrs                                             Panicum hemitomon
      Male-berry                                               WL
      Mangrove                         lhieohr
      Marsh cress                                              Rorippa island-Ics,
      Marsh cress                                              Ro~ipaC sesuiliflors
      Marsh daisy                                              Deltonia asteroides
      Harsh elder                                              Iva frutescena
      Harsh eryngo                                             Eryngium aquaticum

    Marsh fleabane                                          Pluchea ipur-purascens
    Marsh fleabane                                          Pluchea. rosea
    Harsh fleabanes                                         Pl~uchea app.
    Marsh-gentian                                           Sabatia stellaris
    Marsh hemp                                              Amaranthus cannabinus
    Marsh pennywort                                         Hydtocotyle umbellata
    Marsh-pink                                              Sabatia. foliosa
    Marsh purslane                                          Ludwizia natans
    Meadow beauties                                         Rhxi  svp.
    Meadow beauty                                           Rhexia aiifanns
    Meadow beauty                                           Phe-ia cubensis
    Melonette                                               Melothria, crassifolia
    Memorial rose                                           Rasa wichuraniana.
    Milk pea                                                Galactia. elliottil,
    Mil.k-vine                                              CYnanchum ivalustre
    Milkwort                                                POITRala grandiflora
    millet                                                  Pennisetum Rlaucum
    Millets                                                 Echinochloa spp.
    Milo                                                    Sornhumn vulmare
    Miterwort                                               Cynoctonum sessilifolium
    Hock-bishopweed                                         Ptilimnium capillaceum
    Mock-bishopweed                                         Ptilimnium costatum
    Mockernut hickory                                       g ~~a tomentosa
    Mosquito fern                                           Azolla caroliniana.
    Moundlily yucca                                         Yucca Stloriosa
    Muhlenberg' s amphicarpum                               Axhcm  zmihlenbergianum
    Muhly grass                                             Muhlenberzia carillaris
    Muhly grass                                             Muhlenbergia expansa
    Mulberries                                              Horus app.
    Muscadine grape                                         Vitis rotundifolia
    Muscle tree                                             CarPinus caroliniana
    Muskgrasses                                             Chara app.
    Myrtle holly                                            Ilex cassine var. mvrtifolia
    Myrtle oak                                              Quercus myrtifolia
    Myrtles                                                 Myrica app.

    Narrow-leaved cat- tail                                 TYPha angustifolia
    Narrow-leaved pondweed                                  PotaMogeton berchtoldii
    Harrou--leaved rushfoil                                 Crotonopsis linearis
    Needle pain                                             Rharidophyllum hystrix
    Netted chain fern                                       Woodwardia areolata
    Nightshade                                              Solanum aculeatissimum
    Nitella                                                 Nitella Sp.
    Nodding smartweed                                       Polygonu  lapathif alium
    Nut grass                                               Cyperus esculentus
    Nut rush                                                Scleria. baldwinii
    Nut rush                                                Scleria ciliata
    Nut rush                                                Scleria trinolmerata
    Nutmeg hickory                                          Carya myristicaefor7mis

    Oat grass                                               Arrhenatherum elatius
    Oats                                                    Avena sativa
    Odorless wax myrtle                                     HYrica inodora
    Ogeechee plum                                           Nyasa ogeche
    Olive                                                   Olea europaea.
    Olney'sa three-square bulrush                           Scirpus oler
    Orach                                                   Atrixiplex patula
    Orchids                                                 Habenaria app.
    Overcup oak                                             Qu7ercR-I-yrata

    Panic grass                                             Panicum amarum
    Panic grass                                             Panicum leucothrix
    Panic grass                                             Panicum virgatum
    Panic grasses                                           Panicum sPP.
    Parrot-feather                                          HYrioiphyllum brasillense
    Parrot pitcher-plant                                   -Sarracenia pasittacina
    Partridge berry                                         Mitchella repenis
    Partridge pea                                           Cassia fasciculata
    Paspalum                                                Pasralum ap.
    Passion-flower                                          Passiflora lutea
    Pawpaw                                                  Asiminma incana
    Pawpaw                                                  Asimina pygmaea
    Pawpav                                                  Asinina triloba
    Peanut                                                  Arachis hypogaea

    Peat mosses                                             Sphagnum spy. I
    Pecan                                                   Hyaroct-1 illidensi
    Peimywort                                               Hydrocotyle ra8muoie
    Pennyworts                                              Hyrooylap
    Pepper-vine                                             Aplpi   roe
    Perennial glasswort                                     Salicornia, Virginica
    Periwinkle                                              ViLnca major
    Persal-on                                               Diospyro  virginiann,
    Petuni a                                                Petunia azIll1aris
    Pickerelweed                                            Pontederia cordata,
    Pigeon grape                                            Vitis cineres, var. flor'Idana
    Pigmy-pipes                                             Montrop-is odorata
    Pignut hickory                                          C~aay glabra
    Pigweed                                                 Aznaranthus livIdus
    Pigweed                                                 Anaranthus pumilus
    Pigweads                                                 rm~aranthus app.
    Pineland agrimony                                       Agioiincisa
    Pineweed                                                Hypericu  gentianoides
    Pin-weeds                                               Lcheasapy.
    Pipewort                                                Eriocaulon couvressum
    Pipewort                                                Eriocaulon decaglr
    Pitcher-plancs                                          Sarracenian spy.
    Plum  grass                                             Erianthus giganteus
    Plume grasses                                            rappuseg.
    Poison             ivyhu  radcn
    Poke weed                                               Phytolacca, rigida,
    Polygala                                                Polygala cynoaa
    Polygala                                                Pol1ygala lutea
    Polygala                                                Polygala sanquinea
    Polygalas                                               POI-Faa app.
    Polypremum                                              Folypre-Mum procutabens
    Pond cypress                                            Taxodium aucendens
    Pond pine                                               Pinus serotina
    Pond spice                                              Litsaa aeativalis
    Pondweed                                                Po-tamogeton berchtoldii
    Pondweed                                                Potamogeton foliosus
    Pondweed                                                Potsazoeton illinojensis
     Pondweed                                                Potamogeton nodosus
     Pondweed                                                Potamogeton pciau
     Pondweeds                                               Potamogeton spy.
     Poor-J oe                                               Diodia teres
     Poor-mans pepper                                        Lepidium, virginicun
     Popcorn tree                                             aOLeunotheb________
     Poplar-leaved fetterbush                                L________ pouioa
     Poplars                                                 Fopulus spy.
     Possum haw                                              Ilex decidua
     Possum haw                                              Viburnum nudum
     Post oak                                                Quercus st-ellaca
     Potato bean                                             AEios americans
     Prickly mallow                                          Sida spinosa
     Prickly pear                                            Opuntia dr~umodii
     Princess-feather                                        PoIySonum Orientals
     Privet                                                  Ligustrum. jao
     Proliferating spikerush                                 Eleocharis baldwinii
     Pumpkin ash                                             Fra-i nus tomncnosa
     Purple bladderwort                                      Utricularia.       f
     Purple silkyscale                                       Anthaenantia  arui
     Purple top                                              Tridens frevitvr. flavus
     Pussy-toes                                              Anterinaria. spy.

     Queen's delight                                         Stillingia sylvatica

     Rabbit tobacco                                          Gnaphalium obtusifolium
     Ragweed                                                 Ambrosia artemisiifolia
     Ragweeds                                                Ambrosia spy.
     Railroad vine                                           1pomoa es --n ~-cae
     Rain lily                                               Zephyranthes simpsonii
     Rambler rose                                            Rasa multif lora
     Raspberries                                             Rubus spy.
     Rattanvine                                              Berchemia, scandens
     Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria intermedia

    Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria. lanceolata
    Rattlebox                                               Crotalaria retusae
    Rattlesnake fern                                        Batrychium virginianum
    RaVenel'sa button suakeroot                             Pa,7ngium aquaticuzm var. ravenelii
    Ravenna-grass                                           Erianthus ravennae
    Rayless goldenrod                                       Chondraaphora nudata
    Red ash                                                 Frazinus p~ermsylvamica
    Red basil                                               Satureia calan4ntha
    Red bay                                                 Parses, barbonia
    Red buckeye                                             Ascuu    pavla
    Redbud,                                                 Cercis canadensis
    Red cedar                                               Juniperus virminiana.
    Red chokeberry                                          Sorbus arbutifolia var. arbutifolia
    Reddish anthaenautia                                    Anthaenantia ruf a
    Red fescue                                             'Festuca, rubra
    Red-hot poker                                           Polygala lutes
    Red maple                                               Acer rubrum
    Red oak                                                 Quercus rubra
    Redroot.                                                Lachnanthes caroliniana
    Redrooted. nutgrass                                     Cviperns erythrorhizoo
    Redtop                                                  A rostis stolonif era
    Red-veined dock                                         Rumex sanguineus
    Reed                                                    Phraxmites coummnis
    Reindeer lichen                                         Cladonia app.
    Resurrection fern                                       Polypodi-um iPoITPodioides
    Rice cutgrass                                           Leersia hexandra
    Rice cutgrass                                           LeersiaW orvzoides
    Riverbank sandreed                                      Calamovilfa. brevivilis var. brevivilis
    River birch                                             Betua.a nizra
    Rosebud orchid                                          Cleiste~s divaricata
    Rose dicerandra                                         Dicerandra, adoratissima
    Rose mallow                                             flisbiscus moscheutos
    Rose pogonia                                            Pozonia ovhioglossoides
    Roundleaf bacopa                                       'Eacopa rotundifolia
    Royal fern                                              Osmunda regalia
    Punning oak                                             Quercus 32ml
    Rush                                                    Jumcus biflorus
    Rush                          Tune-us 'nodatus
    Rush.                                                   Juncus secundus
    Rush                                                    Juncus subcaudatus
    Rushes                                                  Juncus app.
    Russian thistle                                         Salsola kali
    Rusty lyonia                                            Lyonia feruie
    Rusty Iyonia                                            Rhynchospora. megalocarpa
    Rye                                                     Secale cereale
    Rye grass                                               Lolium sp.

    Sabatia                                                 Sabatia brachiata
    Sabatia                                                 Sabatia dodecandra.
    Sabatia                                                 Sa-batia -stellaris
    Sacciolepis                                             Saccioleris striata
    Sageretia                                              Sageretia minutiflora.
    Sago pondweed                                           Potazmoxeton Pectinatus
    Salt $rass                                              Distichlis spicata.
    Salt marsh aster                                        Aster tenuifolius
    Salt-marsh bulrush                                      Scirpus robustus
    Salt marsh finbristylis                                 Finbristylis spadicea,
    Salt marsh millet                                       REhinochloa walteri
    Saltmeadow cordgrass                                    Spartina patens
    Saltwort                                                Batis maritima
    Salvinia,                                               Salvinia. rotundifolia
    Sand grass                                              Triolasis Purpurea
    Sand pine                                              'PInus clausa
    Sand spurrey                                            Speraularia marina
    Sandspur                                                Cenchrus longispinus
    Sandspur                                                Cenchrna tribuloides
    Sarvis holly                                            Ilex anelanchier
    Sassafras                                               Sassafras albidum
    Saw grass                                               Cladiumiaaies
    Saw grass                                               )fariscus J amaicense
    Saw palmetto                                            Serenoa repens

    Scarlet oak                                            Qulercus coccines
    Scarlet spiderling                                     Boerhaavia diffuse,
    Scrub oaks                                             quercus app.
    Seabeach orach                                         Atriplex: arenaria
    Seabeach panic grass                                   PaSuaedam______
    Sea-blita nea linearis
    Sea elder                       Iv                 a        imbricata
    Sea lavender                                          nium2Ei carolinianusi
    Sea lavender                                           imonium unashii
    Sea lavenders                                          LIOI- app.
    Sea myrtle                                             Baccharis halimifolis,
    Sea myrtles                                            Baccharis app.
    Sea oats                                               Uniola Paniculata,
                 Sea ox-eye,                              B~~~~~~~~orrichia, frutescens
    Sea pinky                                              SabaCia dodecandra
    Sea pink                                               Sabatia folioma
    Sea pirlne                                             Sesuvium, maritimum
    Sea puralane                                           Seuvu      Portulacastrum
    Sea pursianes                                          Sesuvium Opp.
    Sea  ursoaket                                          Cakile harveri
    Seashr mallow                                          Koeteleskya viritinica,

    Seashore paspalum                                      Pasipalum vaginatum
    Seaside goldenrod                                      Solidago smipervirpns
    Seban                                                  Sesbania. macrocarpa
    Sebastian bush                                         Sebastiania, limustrina,
                 Sedge ~~~~~~~~~~~Carez decomvosita
    Sedge                                                  Carex'loorii
    Sedge                                                  Carex shortiana
    Sedge                                                  Cyperus brevifolius
    Sedge                                                  Cyperns odoratus
    Sedge                                                  Cyperus Rolystachos
    Sedge                                                  Cyperus rivularis
    Sedge                                                  Cyperus rotundus
    Sedge                                                  Cyperus strimosum
    Sedges                                                 Carex app.
    Sedges                                                 Cyperus app.
    Sedgeox                                                Ludwigia pilosa

    Sensitive fern                                         Oolasniii
                  Sericea                                 ~~~~~~~~~~Learedza cuneata
    Sericeia                                               Sesbania exaltata
    Shpedsbpurse                                           Capsella rubella

    Short leaf pine                                        Pusechinata.
    Showy aster                                            Aster spectabilis
    Shrubby post oak                                       Quercus marzaretta
    Shrub oaks                                             Quercus app.
    Shumard oak                                            Quercus shumardii
                  Silver maple ~~~~~~~Acer maccharinum
    Single-flowered balduina                               Balduina uniflora
    Single-flowered cancer root                            Orobanche uniflora
    Sixweeks fescue                                       Prestuca nyuros
     Skullcap                                               ScutellAria sr.
    Slash pine                                             Pinus elliottii
                  Sleepy catchfly                         ~~~~~~Silene antirrhina
     Slenepy  satchfly                                      Bleocharis aciculjaris

     Slippery elm                                           ulmus rubra,
     Small-flowered buckthorn                               Saxeretia minutiflora
     Small pondweed                                         Potamogetou bercbtoldii
     Smartweed                                              Polynonum hirsutum
     Smartweeds                                             Polyzonusm app.
                  Smooth aster ~~~~~~~Aster laevis var. laevis
     Smooth cordgrass                                       Sprtn  alterniflora
     Smooth winterberry                                      Ilex laeviastaa
     Sneeze-weed                                            Rdlenium ver-nale
     Snow-on-the-mountain                                   Euphorbia narginata
     Soapherry                                              Sapindus marginatus
     Soft-haired cornflower                                 Rudbeckia. mollis
     Soft rush                                              Juncus effu-sus
     Soft-stem bulrush                                      Sdiryus validus
                  Sour grass '~~~~~~~~Rumex: acetosella.
                  Sour orange ~~~~~~~~Citrus aurantium
     Sourwoorag                                             _Oxdendu arboreum.
     Southrn de' ongu                                       OphioglossuM vulgatum var. Vvenostichum

    Southern bag buttons                                    Lachnocaulon beyrichianum
    Southern bulrush                                        Scirmis calif ornitus
    Southern cat-tail                                       Typha domingensis
    Southern elderberry                                     Sasibucus simipsonii
    Southern lady fern                                      Athyrium asplenicides
    Southern lepuropetalon                                  Lepuropetalon npathulatuma
    Southern magnolia                                       Magnolia grandiflora
    Southern naiad                                          Nal as guadalupensis
    'Southern red cedar                                     Juieu  silicicola
    Southern red oak                                        Quercus falcata
    Southern rein orchid                                    Habenaria f lava
    Southern amartweed                                      Polymonumn densiflorum
    Southern smartweed                                      Polygonum portoricense
    Southern spicebush                                      Lindera meliseaefolium
    Southern sugar maple                                    Acer saccharum floridanum
    Southern wild rice                                      Zizaniopsis miliacea
    Soybean                                                 Glycine max
    Spanish bayonet                                         Yucca aloifolia
    Spanish mass                                            Tillandsia usneoides
    Sparkleberries                                          Vaccinium app.
    Sparkleberry                                            Vaccinitu arboreum
    Spatter-dock                                            Nuphar advena
    Sphagnum mosses                                         Sphagnum app.
    Spider-lily                                             Hymenocallis crassifolia
    Spike-grass                                             Uniola latifolia
    Spike-grass                                             Uniola laza
    Spike-grass                                             Uniala sessiliflora
    Spikemoss                                               Selaxinella, arenic-ola
    Spikerush                                               Eleocharis sp.
    Spikerush                                               Eleocharis acicularis
    Spikerush                                               Eleocharis albida
    Spikerush                                               Eleocharis elonstata
    Spikerush                                               Eleocharis robbinjii
    Spleenwort                                              Asplenium heteroresiliens
    Sprangletop                                             Leptochloa sp.
    Sprangletop                                             Leptochloa uninervia
    Spreading pogonia                                       Cleistes divaricata
    Spring coral-root                                       Corallorhiza wisteriana
    Spring-flowered goldenrod                               Solidago verna
    Spruce pine                                             P'inus albr
    Square-stem spikerush                                   Eleocharis quadrangulata
    Squaw-huckleberry                                       Vaccinium stamineum
    Squaw-root                                              Conopholis americana
    Stagger bush                                            Lyonia ferrumine
    Stagger bush                                            Lyonia mariana
    Star grass                                              Aletris lutea
    Star grass                                              Hypoxis seasilis
    Star-rush                                               Dichromena colorata
    Starved aster                                           Aster lateriflorus
    Sticky tofieldia,                                       Tofieldia racenoea
    Stillingia                                              Stillinxia sylyatica
    Stinging needle                                         Cuidoscolus stimulcsus
    St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum apocynifoliu-m
    St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum fasciculatum
    St. John's-wort                                         Hypericu  pseudomaculatum
    St. John's-wort                                         Hypericum tubulosum
    St. John' s-wort                                        Hypericum virminicum
    St. John's-wort                                         Elypericuli walteri
    St. John's-w;orts                                       Hypericum app.
    Storax                                                  Styrax americana
    Storax                                                  Styrax grandifolia
    Strawberry bush                                         Huonymus americanus
    Sugarberry                                              Celtis laevistata
    Sumacg                                                  Rhus app.
    S-mer-farewell                                          Petalostemura Pinnatum
    Sumer grape                                             Vitis -nostivalis
    Suamer grape                                            Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis
    Sun-bonnets                                             Chaptalia. tomentosa
    Sundews                                                 Drosera app.
    Sunflower                                               Helianthus angustifolius
    Sunflower                                               Helianthus tuberosus
    Sun-petaled meadow beauty                               Rhwxim aristosa
    Swamp chestnut oak                                      Quercus michauxii

    Swamp cottonwood                                       POPUlUR IheteroPbXllA
    swamp dock                                             Rumiax verticillatus
    Swamp dogwood                                          Cornus-stricta
    Swamp holly                                             lar decidua.
    Swamp lily                                              ii-amcnu
    Swamp milkweed                                         Aselepias Anc-arnata anu aulchrh
    swamp privet                                           Porestie-ra acuminata
    Swamp rose                       Rosa palustis
    Swamp smartweed                                        Polygonum. hydroipiperoides
    Swamp smartweed                                        Polygonum setaeetm
    Swamp thistle                                          Carduus carolinianus
    Swamp tupelo                                           Nysa syvaia var. hiflora
    Swamp  wilo Saliz carolinianm
    Swaying bulrush                                        ScirPus subtexpimalis
    Sweet bay                                              Magnolia
    Sweetflag                                              Acorus calannis
                 Sweet gal~~~~~ ~ ~~~~lberex coriacea
    Sweet grassbrr                                         Mul ergia filipes
    Sweet gums                                             Ti-quidambar styraciflua
    Sweet leaf                                             SYmPlocos tinctorial
    Sweet pepperbush                                       Clethra, almifolia
    Sweet pignut hickory                                   Carya oval-is
    Sweet pitcher-plant                                     Sarracen-ia rubra
                  Switchgrass,                             ~~~~~~~Panicum virmacum
    Swicamoras                                              Platanus occidentalis

                  Tag alder ~~~~~~~~~Alnus serrulata,
    Tagl aldera                                             Arrhenatherum elatius
    Talle -matards                                          Descura-ini pinnata.
    Tarflse-utrd                                            Bef aria racemosa.
    Tearthumb                                               Polygonum, arifolium
    Tearthumb                                               Polygonum. sagittatum
    Thistle                                                 Carduua carolinisanus
    Thoroughiwort                                           Eupatoriuam album
    Thoroughworts                                           Eupatorium app.
    Three awn grass                                         Aristida. gyrans
    Three awn grass                                         Arisda paurpuascens
    Three awn grass                                         Aristida spiciformle
    Three awn grass,                                        Aitd   tit
    Three awn grasses                                      -Aristida spp.
    Three-birds orchid                                      Triphore tzrienthophora
    Three-seeded mercury                                    Acalypha virginica.
    Three-way sedge                                         Dulichiun arundinaceum
    Thyme-leave speed~well                                  Veronica serpyllifolia
    Tick trefoil                                            Desmodium. up.
    Titi                                                    Cyrilla racemiflora,
    Toad-flax                                               Linaria. canpAensis
                  Toad rush ~~~~~~~~~Juncus bufonius
    Toothache grass                                         Caplssaromaticus
    Toothache grass                                         Ctenium aromaticum
    Toothache grasses                                       Cueella temax
    Tough buckthorn                                         Luanta.na na
    Trailing lantn, atana                                           montevidensai
    Trianglestem spikerush                                  Eleocharis robbiusii
    Trillium                                                Trillium pusi-num
     Tropical carpet grass                                   Aaonopus compressus:
     Trumpet-plant                                           Sarracenia. flays
     Trumpet vine                                            CainPsis radidaus
                  Tulip tree ~~~~~~~~~Liriodendron tulipifers.
     Turkey footAn                                                  g    erdi
     Turkey  oa                                              querus Inevis
     Turtle grass                                            Taasatsuiu
     Twig-rush                                               Cladium mariscoides

     Umbrella tree                                           Magnolia macrophylla.
     Umbrella tree                      Melia azedarach

                   Vanilla-plant ~~~~~~~Trilisa. odoratissima,
     Vanialla-pleavdpntw                                     Potamozeton diversifollus
     Varalve-leavefonwe                                      Abutilon theophrascii

    Venus, fly trap                                        Dionaea. muscipula.
    Venus' looking-glass                                     elraproit
    Venus' looking-glasses                                 Specularia spp.
    Vervain                                                Verbena officinalis
    Violet                                                 Viola CIucllata
    Violet                                                 Viola papilionacea
    Violet                                                 Viola trilaba
    VKirginia. cabaf fern                                  Woodwardia. virginica.
    Virginia creeper                                       Parthenocissus guinquefolia.
    Virginia willow                                        Itea virginica.

    Walter's sedge                                         Carex walterianak
    Wampee                                                 Eihonacrassipes
    Watches                                                Sarrencia.fa
    Water ash                                              Fraxinus caroliia
    Water elm                                              Planera. aquatica
    Water grass                                            Hydrochloa. caroliniensis
    Water hemlock                                          Cicuta. maculata.
    Water hemp                                             masranthus canna-binus
    Water hickory                                          R!   aquatics,
    Water-hoarhound                                        Lycopu virginicus
    Water hyacinth                                         Eichhornia. crassipes
    Water hyssop                                           Bacopa. monnieri
    Water hyssop                                           Bacopa rotundifolia.
    Water-lily                                             Nypaa      bombycina.
    Water-lily                                             Nyphea-xicana.
    Water-lily                                             NMheodorata
    Water locust                                           Gleditsia aquatics,
    Water loosestrife                                      Decodon verticillatus
    Water-meal                                             Wolf fi. colmiana
    Water milfoil                                          Myriophyllum heterophyllum
    Water milfoil                                          Myriophyllum laxam
    Water milfoil                                          Myvriophyllum pinnatum
    Water milfoils                                         Myriophyllum app.
    Water nymph                                            Najas gudalupengis
    Water oak                                              Quercus nigra.
    Water parsnip                                          Sum  suave
    Water pimpernel                                        Smlus parviflorus
    Water-primrose                                         LuwiI peploides
    Water-primroses                                        Ludwigia spp.
    Water purslane                                         Ludwigia. natans
    Water-shield                                           Brasenia schreberi
    Water spider orchid                                    Habenaria. revens
    Water spikerush                                        Eleocharis elongata
    Water tupelo                                            !I!  outc
    Water-weed                                             Re~aiid cnaesis
    Water-weed                                             Egeria densa
    Water-weeds                      Mlodes. spp.
    Wax myrtle                                             W~c- cerifera
    Wedge grass                                            Sphenopholis interme-dia
    Weeping willow                                         Sai-1- babylonica
    Wheat                                                  Triticum aestiv-um
    White arrow-ar=~                                       Peltamdra sacittaefolia
    White ash                                              Fraxinus americ-aa
    White-bracted sedge                                    Dichromenaa latifolia
    White colic root                                       Aletris obovata
    White-fringed arch-id                                  Habenaria blephariglottis var.
                                                             integrilabia,
    White mulberry                                         Morus Sibs.
    White oak                                              Querciba
    White water-lily                                       Hymphaeaoadorata.
    White wicky                                            Kalmia. cmat
    Widgeon grass                                          Ruppia maritimia
    Wild azalea.                                           Rhododendron canescens
    Wild grapes                                            Vitis Opp.
    Wild licorice                                          Gaimcircaezans
    Wild millet                                            ex-USSRlo  crsgLi
    Wild olive                                             0smanthusamrca
    Wild plum                                              Punmus americana.
    Wild vice                                              Ziza-n-I aquatics

    Wild rye                                                         villosus
    Wild rye grass                                           !Amu  villosus
    Wild rye grass                                           Elymus virginicus
                                                           Salix caroliniana
    Willow oakQuercus phellos
    Willows oPP.
    Willowselm                                               Ulmus   alata
                  Winged elm                                ~~~~~~~~Aristida app.
    Wire grassesArtiaMT
    Wire-leaved dropseed                                     Sporobolus teretifolis
    Witch alder                                              Fothergilla gardeni.
    Witch grass                                              Leptoloma cognatum
                                                           Panicum capillare
    Witch grass
    Vitch-hazel                         mawtsvriaa
    Wood  awn-grase                                          Brachyelytrum erectum
    Wood fern                                                Dryopteris dentaca
    Wood grass                                               Sorgastrum nutans
    Wood greed                                               UCima arundinaces
    Wood reed                                                 Sipscprlu
    Woolgrasa bulrush                                        Scirpus ci erinus
    Wreath aster

    Yaupon holly                                             -lex vomitoria
    Yellow asphodel                                          Narthacium americanum
    Yellow chestnut oak                                      Quercus muehlenbergii
                                                            Rarippaisaic
    Yellow cress                                             Ioip   scrdu
    Yellow cress                                              Porippa aessiliflora
    Yellow-eyed grass                                         xyris carolinians
    Yellow-eyed grass                                        Kyris elliottii
    Yellow-eyed grass                                        Xyris smalliana
    Yellow-eyed grasses                                      Xyris Spp-
                  Yellow-eyed~~~~~~~~~libnai grasses
     Yellow fringeless orchid                                 Habenaria integra
                        rnge ass                            ~~~~~~~~Nelinmbo lutes
     Yellow nelumbo                                            Sel1Iao lava
     Yellow pitcher-plant                                      Sarracenf
     Yellow pond-lily                                         Nuphar luteum
     Yellow poplil                                            Liriodendron tulipifera
                   Yellow poplar                             ~~~~~~~Hypoxis Ssesilis
     Yellow star grass

     Zenobia                                                  Zenobia pulverulenta

                                 BIRDS

    Acadian flycatcher                                      Empidonax virescens
    American avocet                                         Recurvirostra americans
    American bittern                                           AtqE!.. I entiginosus
    American coat                                           Fulica. ameri&M"aa
    American goldeneye                                     -Bucep~hala. clnuaamrc
    American goldfinch                                      Cardli  tristis
    American kces trel                   Falcoja 77; su ergeiu a
    American aystercatcher                                 -Baematopus palliatus ralliatus
    American redstart                                       Setophafta ruticilla rurt-icilla
    American wigeon                                         Anna americana,
    American woodcock                                       Philohela minor
    Anhinga                                                 Anhinsta  hia
    Arctic peregrine falcon                                 Fac   cr    9iu  tundrius
    Audubon's shearwater                                    Puffinu. lhermiuieri

    Bachman' s sparrow                                      Almophila aestivalis
    Bach-an's warbler                                       Vernivora bachmannii
    Bald eagle                                              Ealiagetus leucoceephalus
    Baldpate                                                Amas americana
    Bank swallow                                            Rivaria riparia
    Barn owl                                                Tyto alba
    Barn swallow                                            Rirumdo rustica erythrogaster
    Barred owl                                              Strix varia
    Barrow's goldeneye                                      Buce,,hala, islandica
    Belted kingfisher                                       Mexace!Xle alcyon
    Bewick's wren                                           Thryomanes bevickii bevicii
    Black-and-white warbler                                 Mniotilta varia
    Black-bellied plover                                    Pluvialis sguatarola
    Black-bellied whistling duck                           Duendrocygna atutmnalis
    Black-billed cuckoo                                     CoccyZus ervthronthalmus
    Black-crowned night heron                               Mectico ax Uvcticorax
    Black duck                                              Anas rubrives
    Black-headed gull                                       -Laru. ridibundus
    Black-necked stilt                                      Himantammu mexicanusi nexicanus
    Blackpoll warbler                                       Dendroica. striata,
    Black rail                                              Laterallus jiamaicensis
    Black seater                                            Helanitta nir
    Black seater                                            Melanittliara americans.
    Black skimmer                                           Rynithors niara
    Black torn                                              Chlidonias nif er
    Black-throated blue warbler,                            Dendroica caerulescens
    Black-throated green warbler                            Dendroica virens vaynei
    Black vultureCraP   ttu
    Blue goose                                              -Chent caetrulescens
    Blue-gray gnatcatcher                                   Polioatila caerulea
                  Blue grosbeak ~~~~~~~Guiraca c-aerulea-
     Blue grosbeak                                           Gui1raca caerulea caerulea
     Blue-headed vireo                                      -Vireo -8olitarius solitarius
     Blue Jay                                                 Cyantocitta, cristata. crsaa
     Blue-winged teal                                        Anas disatom
     Blue-winged warbler                                     Vvermivora RinusI
     Boat-tailed grackle                                     Quiscalus major
     Bobolink                                                Dolichonyx orizivorus
     Bobwhite                                                COlinus vIrginianus
     Bonaparte's gull                                        Larus Philadelphia
     Broad-winged hawk                                        Buteo P'latwptemus
                   Brown creeper ~~~~~~~Certhia faziliamis
     Brown-headed cowbird                                    Molothrus ater
     Brown-headed nuthatch                                   Sitta rusilla. Pusilla
     Brown pelican                                           Pe-lecanus occidentalis
     Brown thrasher                                          Toxostoms rufum ruf um
     Bufflehead                                              Buceyhala albeola

     Cabot's tern                                             Sterna sandvicensis acuflavidus
     Canada goose                                             Branta canadensis
     Canvasback                                               Aytfrva valisineria
     Cape May warbler                                         Dendroica tinrina

    cardinal                                                Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis
    Carolina chickadee                                      Parus carolinensis
    Carolina parakeet                                       Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis
    Carolina wren                                           Thryothorus ludovicianus
    Caspian tern                                            Sterna caspia
    Catbird                                                 Dumetella carolinensis
    Cattle egret                                            Bubulcus ibis ibis
    Cedar waxving                                           Bombycilla cedrorum
    Chimney, swift                                          Chaetura pelagica
    Chipping sparrow                                         Spizela passerina passerina
    Chuck-.dll' s-vidow                                     Caprimulgus carolinensis
    Clungao  teal                      Ans cyanoptera
    Clapper rail                                            tanusz lonzirosiris
    Cliff swallow                                           Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota
    Caommon crow                                             Corvus brachyrhynchos
    Coinon eider                                            Somateria mollissima
    Common flicker                                           Colaptes auratus
    Caosson gallinule                                       Gallinula chloropus
    Commn goldeneye                                         Bucephala clangula
    Cosinon grackle                                         Quiscalus quiscula
    Coumn loon                                              Gavia inner
    Common merganser                                        Mermus merganser
    Common snipe                                            Capella zallinazo
    Comaon tern                                             Sterna hirundo
    Cooper's hawk                                           Accipiter cooperii

    Dark-eyed Junto                                          Junco hyemalis
    Doubled-crested cormorant                                Ph-alacrocorax auritus
    Dowitchers                                               Limnodronus spp.
    Downy woodpecker                                         Picoides Pubescens
    Dunlin                                                   Calidris alpina
    Dusky seaside sparrow                                    Ammospiza maritima nigrescens

    Eastern bluebird                                         Sialia sialis
    Eastern bobwhite                                        Colinus virginianus virginianus
    Eastern brown pelican                                   Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis
    Eastern kingbird                                        Tyrannus tyrannus
    Eastern meadowlark                                       Sturnella magna
    Eastern phoebe                                          Sayornis pob
    Eastern wood pewee                                       Contopus virens
    Eskimo curlew                                           Humenius borealis
    European wigeon                                         Anns Penelope

    Field sparrow                                            Spizella pusilla
    Fish crow                                                Corvus ossifragus
    Florida red-shouldered hawk                             Euteo lineatus alleni
    Forsterts tern                                          'Sterna forsteri
    Fox sparrow                                             Passerella iliaca
    Fulvous whistling duck                                   Dendrocygna biclo r

    Gadwall                                                 Ana  strpera.
    Gannet                                                  Morus bassanus
    Glossy ibis                                              Plexadis falcinellus falcinellus
    Golden-crowned kinglet                                   Regulus satrava
    Golden eagle                                            Aquila chrysaetos
    Golden-winged warbler                                   Vermivora chrvooptera
    Grasshopper sparrow                                      Amzodraius savannarum
    Gray-cheeked thrush                                      Catharus mini mus
    Great black-backed gull                                  Larus marinus
    Great blue heron                                         Ard~ea herodias
    Great crested flycatcher                                Mviarchus crinitus
    Great egret                                              Casmerodius albus
    Greater scaup                                           Aythya manila
    Greater shearwacer                                      Puff inus gravis
    Greater yellowlegs                                       Trinza nelanoleucus
    Great horned owl                                         Bubo virminianus virginianus
    Green heron                                              Eu-torides striatus
    Green-winged teal                    AMas crecca.
    Ground dove                                              Columbizallina Passerina
    Gull-billed tern                                         Gelochelidon nib-tica

    Hairy woodpecker                                        Picoides villosus
      Hareqinduck                                          HiS trionicus hiS trioniCUS
    Harlequinsarro Passerherbulus henalovii
    Hermit thrush                                           Catarus _________
    Herring gull                         Larnearentatus
    Hooded merganser                                        Lophodytes cucullatus
    Hooded warbler                                          Wilsonia citrina
    Horned grebe                                            Podiceps auritus
    House wren                                              TroglodyteS aedon hdoiu

                 Iceland gull                             ~~~~~~~~Larus glaucoides
    Indigo bunting                                          Panserius, cyanea,
    Ipswich sparrow                                         Passerculus esadwichensis Priziceps
    Ivory-billed woodpecker                                 Campephilus princivalis principalis

    Kentucky warbler                                        Oporornis formosus
    Kestrel                                                 Falco tinrmnmulus
    Killdeer                                                Charadrius vociferus
       Kneide                                               Somateria spectabilis
    King  erai Rallus elegans
    Kirlng' wraile                                          Dendroica. kirtl*1a.ii
    Kirtan'wabe                                             Calidris can-utus ruf a

    Laughing gull                                           Larus atricilla
    Least bittern                                           Ixobrychus exilis
    Least sandpiper                                         Calidris minutilla
    L~east torn                                             Sterna albifrons
    La Conte's sparrow                                      Passerharbulus caudacutus
    Lesser scaup                                           Athina  ffainies
    Lesser yellowlegs                                       Trimus, flvi
    Limpkin                                                 Flrdamu  cuacraule   ae
     Little'blue heron                    Faisluoriidaceales.aeua
     Loggerhead shrike                                       Lumnius amervicianus
     Long~-billed curlew                                     Nunenius americanusaeraiu
     Long-billed curlew                                      Cueisttous pa-rcustamris  au
     Long-billed marsh wren                                  Cistothorus valastrisgisu
     Long-billed marsh wren                                  Csthodransa triclosri   rs
     Louisi-An  heron                                                   ________ ticlo
     Louisiana waterthrush,                                  Seiurus notacilla

     Hacgillivray's seaside sparrow                          Axmospiza maritima. macgillivraii
     Magnolia warbler                                        Dendroica magnolia
     Mallard                                                 Anias 1lat,7rhynchos
     Marbled godwit                                          Limosa, fedoa
     Marsh hawk                                              Circus cyaneus
     Harsh hen                                               Rallus longirostris
     Hasked duck                                             Oxyura dowinica
     Herlin                                                  Falco columbarius
     Mexican duck                                            Ana diazi
     Mississippi kite                                        Ictinia mississinviensis
     Mockingbird                                             Minus iPol'rglottos
     Mockingbird                                             Minus Poylto  oylta
     Mottled duck                                            Anas fulvistula
          Morgdov Zenaida macroura
     Musco'vy duck                                           Ciiamsht

                   Nighthawk ~~~~~~~~~Chordeiles minor minor
     Niohthernorol Icterus galbula.
     Northern oriole                                         Parula americana
     Northern pharlarp Lobipes lobatus
     Northern shovlerop                                      Anas clypeata.
     Northern shoveertrh                                     Seiurus noveboracensis

      Oldsquaw                                                Cluus hiemais
      Orange crowned warbler                                  Vermivora celata
      Orchard oriole                                          Icterns spurius
                   Osprey ~~~~~~~~~~~Pandion haliaetus
      Osprey                                                  Pandion haliaetus carolinensis
      Ospbrey                                                 Seiurus aurocapillus

    Painted bunting                                          Passerina ciris ciris
    Palm warbler                                            Dendroica palmarum,
    Peregrine falcon                     Falco peregrinus anatum
    Pied-billed grebe                                        Podilymbus podiceps
    Pigeon hawk                                              Falco Colin- barius columbariuis
    Pileated woodpecker                                      Dryocopus pileatus pileatus
    Pine siskin                                              Carduelis pinus
    Pine warbler                                             Dendroica piu
    Pine warbler                                             Dendroica sinus sinus
    Pintail                                                  Anas acuta
    Piping plover                                            Charadrius melodus
    Prairie warbler                                          Dendroica discolor discolor
    Prothonotary warbler                                     Protonotaria citrea
    Purple finch                                             Carpodacus purpureus3
    Purple gallinule                                        Porphyrula martinica.
    Purple Martin                                            Progne subis subis

    Quail                                                    Colinus virginianus

    Red-bellied woodpecker                                   Melanerpes carolinus carolinus
    Red-breasted merganser                                  Mergus serrator
    Red-breasted nuthatch                                    Sitta canadensis
    Red-cockaded woodpecker                                  Picoides borealis
    Red-cockaded. woodpecker                                 Picoides borealis borealis
    Red-eyed vireo                                           Vireo olivaceus
    Redhead                                                  Aythya americana
    Red-headed woodpecker                                    Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus
    Red-shouldered hawk                                      Buteo lineatus lineatus
    Red-tailed hawk                                          Buteo jamaicensis borealis
    Red-throated loon                                        Gavia stellata
    Red-winged blackbird                                     Agelaius phoeniceus
    Ring-billed gull                                         Larus delawarensis
    Ring-necked, duck                                        Aythya collaris
    Rob in                                                   Turdus migratorius migratorius
    Rough-winged swallow                                     Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis
    Royal tern                                               Sterna maxima
    Ruby-crowned kidglet                                     Regulus calendula
    Ruby-throated hummingbird                                Archilochus colubris
    Ruddy duck                                               Oxvura jamaicensis
    Ruddy turnstone                                          Arenaria interpres
    Ruf fed grouse                                           Bonasa umbellus
    Rufous-sided towhee                                      Pipilo erythrophthalmus
    Rusty blackbird                                          Euvhagus carolinus

    Sanderling                                               Crocethia alba
    Sandwich tern                                            Sterna sandvicensis
    Savannah sparrow                                         Pass erculus sandwichensis
    Screech owl                                              Otus asio
    Seaside sparrow                                          Aumos-i-za maritima
    Semipalmated plover                                      Charadrius semipalmatus
    Semipalmated. sandpiper                                  Calidris pusillus
    Sharp-shinned hawk                                       Accipiter -striat-us velox
    Sharp-tailed sparrow                                     Ammospiza caudacuta
    Short-billed dowitcher                                   Linnodromus Zriseus
    Short-billed marsh wren                                  Cistothorus platensis
    Short-eared owl                                          Asia flMgeu
    Shoveler                                                Z 7as clypeata.
    Snipe                                                    Capella gallinago
    Snow goose                                               Chen caerulescens
    Snowy egret                                              Egretta thula thula
    Solitary sandpiper                                       Tringa solitaria
    Solitary vireo,                                          Vireo solitarius
    Song sparrow                                             Melospiza melodia. atlantica
    Sora                                                     Porzana carolina
    Southern bald eagle                                      Baliaeetus leucocenhalus leucocephalus
    Southern crested flycatcher                              Mviarchus crinitus crinitus
    Southern crow                                            Coryus brachyrhynchos paulus
    Southern downy woodpecker                                Picoides Pubescens pubescens
    Southern screech owl                                     Otus asio asio
    Spotted sandpiper                                        Aqtitis-ma~cularia
    Starling                                                 Sturnus vulgaris
    Sumer tanager                                            Piranga rubra rubra.

    Surf seater                                             Helanitta Persipicillata
    Swainson's thrush                                       Catharua ustilatiis
    Swainson's warbler                                      LI.mnothlvyis swainsonii
    Swallow-tailed kite                                     Elanoides fortficatne
    Swamp sparrow                                           Ifelospiza gearxiana
    Swamp sparrow                                           )felospiza zearftiana Leorgiana,

    Tennessee warbler                                        Verinivora. peern
    Tree swallow                                             Tridoprocue bicolor
    Tufted titmouse                                          Parns bicolor
    Turkey                                                  Meleagris 2allopavo
    Turkey vulture                                           Catbartes aura aura

    Veery                                                    Catharnus' fuscescens
    Vesper sparrow                                           Poosccecea gramiueus
    Virginia rail                                            Rallus limicola

    Wayne's clapper rail                                     Ra~lls lotigirostris waynei
    Western sandpiper                                        Calidris mauri
    Whimbrel                                                 Nxu~meniua phaeopus
    Whip-poor-will                                           Caprimulzus vociferus
    Whistling swan                                           Olor columabianus
    White-breasted nuthatch                                  Sitta. carolinenais
                  White-eyed vireo                         ~~~~~Vireo wrieus
    White-eyoned gooseo                                      Anser albifrons
    White-rne  ibise                                         Eudocimus albus
    White-tre ibspro Zonotrichia albicollis
    White-whroaed seatrro                                    Melanitta dealandi
    Whilteind sctrCatoptrophorus seaiyalrnatus
    Wilso'letre Oceanites oceanicus
    Wilson's ploetre                                         Charadrius wilsonia
    Wilson's sniper                      Caeflla gjalno  delicata
    Winter wren                                              Tromlodyes troxlodytes
    Woodcock                                                 Philohela minor
    Wood duck                                                Aix sponsa
     Wood ibis                                                Myeteria azericana
     Wood stark                                               Mycteria americana
     Wood thrush                                              Rylocichla mustelina
     Worn-eating warbler                                      Helmitheros vermivorus

     Yellow-bellied sapsuckerShraiuvrusaiu
     Yellow-billed cuckoo                                     Coccyzus americanus americanus
     Yellow-breasted chat                                     Icteria virens
     Yellow-crowned night heron                               Wyetanassa violacea
     Yellow rail                                              Coturnicops noveboracensis
     Yellow-rumped warbler                                    Dendroica coronata
     Yellow-shafted flicker                                   Colaptes auratus auratus
     Yellowchroat                                             Geothivris trichas
     Yellow-throated vireo                                    Vireo flavifrons
     Yellow-throated warbler                                  Dendroica. doninica dominica
     Yellow warbler                                           Dendroica petechia

                                     MAM MALS

    Antillean beaked whiale                                  Mesoplodon eurovaeus
    Atlantic beaked whale                                    Nesoplodon densiros tris
    Atlantic battle-nosed dolphin                            Tursiops truneatua
    Atlantic right whale                                     Eubalaena slacialis

    Beaver                                                   Cantor canadensis
    Big brown bat                                            EiJtesicus fascus fucu
    Black bear                                               Ursus americanus
    Blue whale                                               Sibbaldus  musculus
    Bobcat                      Ln                                 uu
    Bottle-nosed dolphin                                     Tursiops truncatus
    Bowhead whale                                            Balaena mysticecus
    Brazilian free-tailed bat                                Tadarida brasiliensis cyncceDhala
    Bridled dolphin                                          Stemella frontalis
    Bryde' s whale                                           Baaeaters edeui.

    California sea lion                                      Zalophus californianus
    Colonial pocket gopher                                   Geamys colontus
    Common dolphin                                           Delphinus deiphis
    Common porpoise                                          Phocoena phccn
    Cotton mouse                                             Peramvacus SossXpinus/?erorivscus RossvDonus
                                                                                     anas tasae
    Cotton rat                                               Sigmpdon hispidus
    Cow                                                      Boo taurus
    Cumberland Island pocket gopher                            wa  cumberlandius

    Dolphin                                                  Coryphaena hippurus
    Domestic hog                                             Sus scrofa domneticus
    Dwarf sperm whale                                        Kogia simus

    Eastern cottontail                                       Sylvilagus floridanus
    Eastern cougar                                           Felis concolor cougar
    Eastern male                                             Scalopus aquaticus/Scaiopus acuaticus howelli
    Eastern pipistrelle                                      Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus
    Eastern wood rat                                         Neotoma, floridan~a/Neotoma floridana floridana
     European 'fallow, deer                                   Damsa dama
     European wild hog                                        Sus scrofa cristatus
     Evening bat                                              Nycticeius humeralis humeralis

     False killer whale                                       Pseudorca crassidens
     Feral hog                                                Sus scrof a
     Finback whale                                            Balaenorters physalus
     Florida manatee                                          Trichechus manatus latirostris
     Florida panther                                          Felis concolor S2r
     Flying squirrel                                          Glaucomys volans saturatus
     Fox squirrel                                             Sciurus Niter/Sciurus niger rufiventer

     Coat                                                     Capra hircus
     Goose-beaked whale                                       Ziphius caviTrostria
     Grampus                                                  Grampus griseus
     Gray  fo                                                 Uracyon cinrercarstenteus
     Gray squirrel                                            Scuu       carolinensis
     Gray wolf                                                Canis 3-upus
                   Harbor   p o r   p    o i s e    ~~~~~~Phocoema phocoena
     Harbor prosea                                            Phoca vitulina concolor
     Harvest mouse                                            Reithrodontomys hunulis
        Haybat                                                Lasiurus cinereus cinereus
     Horse                                                    Eciuus caballus
     House mouse                                              Mus muaculus
     Humpback whale                                           Negaptera. novaeangliae

     Killer whale                                             Orcinus area

     Least shrew                                              Cryptotis parv
     'Little brown myotis                                     mvatis 1tucifugus luc-fugus

    Long-beaked dolphin                                     Stanea   gpstris
    Long-beaked porpoise                                    Stenlla- foirost~ris
    Long-tailed weasel                                      Mustel  frenata. olivcea

    Man                                                     Homo sapiens
    Marsh rabbit                                            Sflvilagus ralustris
    Marsh rice rat                                          OrVzoy  palustris
    Meadow vale                                             Mirtus pennsvivanicus pennsvlvan icus
    Mink                                                    Hustela- vison
    Minke whale                                             Balaenoptera acutorostrata
    Muskrat                                                 B~-ar   zibethicus

    Nine-banded armadillo                                   Dasyrus novemcinctus/Dasypus novemcinc tus
                                                                                 sexicanus
    Northern yellow bat                                     Lasiurus intermedius floridanus
    Norway rat                                              Rattus norvemicus
    Nutria                                                  Nvcso  coypus

    Old-field mouse                                         Peromyscus polionotus
    OpossumI                                                Ddelphis inarsupialis

    Pine mouse                                              Pitymy pinetorum
    Pygym sperm whale                                       Moxia breviceps

    Raccoon                            Prco lotor
    Raf inesque's big-eared bat                             Plecotus rafinesquii macroris
    Red bat                                                 Lasiurus borealis borealis
    Red deer                                                Cervus elarhus
    Red fox                                                 Vulpea fulva
    River otter                                             Lutra canadensis
    Roof rat                                                Rattus rattum
    Rough-toothed dolphin                                   Sten-obr~edanensis
    Rough-tooth porpoise                                    Steno bredanensis

    Sei whale                                               Balaenoptera borealis
    Seminole bat                                            Lasiurus semnolus
    Sheep                                                   Ovis aries
    Sherman's pocker gopher                                 Geouva fontanelus
    Short-finned blackfish                                  Globicephala macrorhvneha
    Short-finned pilot whale                                Globicephala macrorhvncha
    Short-tailed shrew                                     BMarina brevicauda
    Silver-haired bat                                       Lasionvateris nortivaeans
    Southeastern myotis                                     Myotis austroriparius
    Southeastern packet gopher                              Geormvs vinetis
    Southeastern shrew                                      Sorex: lonairostris/Sorex loneirostris
                                                                                loneiros tris
    Southern flying squirrel                                'flaucoui 'valans saturatus
    Sperm whale                                             Fhvsete; catodon
    Spotted dolphin                                         Stenella planiodon
    Spotted porpoise                                        Stenella plagiodon
    Star-nosed mole                                         Condylura cristata/Condylura cristata parva
    Striped dolphin                                         Stenella, coteruleoalba
    Striped skunk                                           Mehtsmephitis
    Swamp rabbit                                            Sylvilagus aquaticus

    True' s beaked whale                                    Mesoplodon mirus

    Virginia opossums                                       DldeLphls virginiana

    West Indian manatee                                     Trichechus manatus latirostris
    White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virginianus
    White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virminianus hiltonensis
    White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus virminianus nigribarbis
    White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus3 vIrginianus taurinsulae
    White-tailed deer                                       Odocoileus viritinianus virginianus

                        REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

    American alligator                                      Alligator mississinviensis
    American crocodile                                      Crocodylus acutus
    Atlantic green turtle                                   Cheoia, mvdas mu'as
    Atlantic hawkubill turtle                               Eretmochelvs imbricata imbricsta
    Atlantic leatherback turtle                             Dermochelyo coriacea coriacea
    Atlantic loggerhead turtle                              Caet  carerra caretta
    Atlantic ridley turtle                                  Levidochelys kemi
    Atlantic salt marsh snake                               Herodia fasci~ata taeniata

    Banded water snake                                      Nerodia fasciata fasciata
    Barking traefrog                                        HylaAsi-tiosa
    Black swamp snake                                        Seminatrix pygaea,
    Box turtle                                              Terrapene carolina sop.
    Brimley's chorus frog                                   Pseudacris brimleyi
    Broad-banded water snake                                Nerodia fasciata confluens
    Broadhead skink                                         Euneces laticeps
    Broad-striped dwarf siren                               Pseudobranchus striatus striatus
    Broken-striped newt                                     Notouhthalnmus viridescens dorsalis
    Bronze frog                       Rana clamitans clamitans
    Brown snake                                              Storeria, dekavi
    Brown water snake                                       Nerodia ta-xisvilota
    Bullfrog                        Rana catesbeiana

    Canebrake rattlesnake                                    Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
    Carolina crawfish frog                  Rana agreolata capito
    Carolina diamondback terrapin                          Knallaclemys terrapin centrata
    Carolina pigmy rattlesnake                               Sistrurus miliarius miliarius
    Carolina salt marsh snake                               Neradia sipedon williamengelsi
    Carolina swamp snake                                     Seminatrix gpygaesa paludis
    Carpenter frog                                           Rana virgatipes
    Central newt                                            Notophthaimus viridescen. louisijanens is
    Chicken turtle                                           Deirochells reticularia sap.
    Common garter snake                                      Thannophis sirtalis sap.
    Common snapping turtle                                   Chelydra seri~entina serpentina
    Cope's gray treefrog                                     Hvla hrSos~elis
    Copperhead                                               Askistrodon contortrix sap.
    Corn snake                                               Elaphe Murtata sap.
    Corn snake                                               Elaphe lattata cuttata
    Cottonmouth                                              Axkistrodon piscivorus sap.
    Crawfish frog                      Rana areclata sap.

    Dwarf salamander                                         Euryeea quadridicitata
    Dwarf waterdog                                           Nect!Lrus. punctatus

    Earth snakes                                             Virginia app.
    Eastern bird-voiced treefrog                             Kyla avivoca onechiensis
    Eastern box turtle                                       Terravene carolina carolina
    Eastern chicken turtle                                   Deirochely reticularia reticularia
    Eastern coachwhip                                        Hasticophis flagellum flagellum
    Eastern coral snake                                      HiLcrurua fulvius fulvius
    Eastern cottonmouth                                      Askistrodoni piscivorus viscivorus
    Eastern diamondback rattlesnake                          Crotalua adamanteus
    Eastern earth snake                                      Virginia valeriae valeriac
    -Eastern garter snake                                    Thamnoghis sirtalis sirtalis
    Eastern glass lizard                                     Ophisaurus Centralia
    Eastern hognose snake                                    Reterodon platyrhinas
    Eastern indigo snake                                     Drymarchon corais couperi
    Eastern kinganake,                                       Lamoropeltia getulus getulus
    Eastern lesser siren                                     Siren intermedia intermedia,
    Eastern mud snakce                                       Faranciabc   abacura
    Eastern tend turtle                                      !1inesternon subrabrum subrubrrum
    Eastern narrommouth toad,                                Gastropznryne carollnensis
    Eastern ribbon snake                                     Thannophis sauritua sauritus
    Eastern river cooter                                     Chrvsemys concinna concinna-
    Eastern slander glass lizard                              phausatenuatus loniticaudus
    Eastern spadefoot toad                                   Scaphiopus holbrooki
    Eastern spadefoot toad                                   Scanhiopus holbrooki holbrooki
    Eastern tiger salamander                                 Ambvstomal ti num tigrinum
    Eastern worm snake                                       Carvho~his amoenus amoenus

    Five-lined skink                                        Eumeces fasciatus
    Flatwoods salamander                                    Anbystoma cingulatum
    Florida cooter                                          Chrysenivs floridana floridana
    Florida cottonmouth                                     Attkistrodon piscivorus conanti
    Florida crawfish frog                  Rana areolata aesopus
    Florida cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus dorsalis
    .Florida green water snake                               Nerodia cyclopion floridana
    Florida pine snake                                      Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus
    Florida softshell                                       Trionyx ferox

    Garter snakes                                           Thamnophis spp.
    Glossy crayfish snake                                   Riin   rigida rigida
    Gopher tortoise                                         Gopherus polyphemus
    Gray treefrog                                           Hyla versicolor
    Greater siren                                           Siren lacertina
    Green anole                                             Anolis carolinensis
    Green sea turtle                                        Chelonia mvdas
    Green treefrog                                          Hyla cinerea
    Green turtle                                            Chelonia nydas
    Green water snake                                       Nerodia cyclopion sap.
    Ground skink                                            Scincella lateralis
    Gulf Coast spiny softshell                              Trionyx spiniferus asperus
    Gulf salt marsh snake                                   Nerodia fasciata clarki

    Hawksbill turtle                                        Eretmochelys imbricata

    Indigo snake                                            Drymarchon corais
    Island glass lizard                                     Ophisaurus comrs sus

    Kemp's ridley turtle                                    Lepidochelys kemvi

    Leatherback turtle                                      Dermochelys coriacea
    Lesser siren                                             Siren intermedia
    Little grass frog                                       Limnaoedus ocularis
    Loggerhead turtle                                       Caretta caretta
    Longtail salamander                                     Ercmlongicauda longicauda

    Mabee's salamander                                      Anbvstom  mabeei
    Many-lined salamander                                    Stereochilus marginatus
    marbled salamander                                      Ambystoma opacum
    Mole kingsriake                                          Lamprope tis calligaster rhombomaculata
    Male salamander                                         Amysoma talpoideum
    Mole skink                                              Eumeces egregius
    Mud salamander                                           P -seudotriton montanus sap.
    Mud salamander                                           Pseudotriton inontanus
    Mud snake                                                Farancia abacura sop.
    Mud turtle                                              Kinosternon suboruburum  sop.

    Newts                                                   Notophthalmus spp.
    North Florida swamp snake                                Sem-Inatrix pygaee  pygaea
    Northern cricket frog                                    Acris --repitans; crenitans
    Northern diamondback terrapin                            Malacl=9y terrapin terranin
    Northern leopard frog                                    Haappens;
    Northern mole skink                                      Eumeces exremius similis
    Northern redbellv snake                                  Storeria occivitomaculata occipi tomaculata
    Northern scarlet snake                                   Cemophora coccinea copei
    Northern spring peeper                                  ME1  crucifer crucifer

    Oak toad                                                 Bufo quercicus
    Ornate chorus frog                                       Pseudacris ornata

    Peninsula ribbon snake                                   Thamnophis sauritus sackeni
    Pickerel frog                                            Rana palustris
    Pig frog                         Rana grylio
    Pine snake                                               Pituophis inelanoleucus sap.
    Pine woods snake                                         Rhadinaea flavilata
    Pine woods treefrog                                      Hyl  femoralis
    Pigmy rattlesnake                                        Siatrurus miliarius sup.

    Rainbow snake                                            Farancia erytrogramma sasp.
    Rainbow snake                                           Frarancia erytrogramm e~rytro rawma
    Ranid frogs                                              Rana app.
    Rat snake                                                Elahe obsolete say.

    Redbellv snake                                           Storeria occivitomaculat~a
    Redbelly water snake                                    Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster
    Red salamander                                          Poeudotriton ruber
    Red-spotted newt                                         Notophthalmu- viridescens viridescens
    'Ribbon snake                                            ThaznnoPhis sauritus 8139.
    Ringneck snakeDidhsputau
    River caoter                                             CrSeiscoinasp.
    River frog                        Rana hecikacheri
    Rough earth snake                                       Virginia striatula
    Rough green snake                                                        Gedv  asiu

    Scarlet kdngsnake                                       Lampropeltis trianswulmr elapsoides
    Six-lined racerunner                                     Cnemidophorus segliueatus sexlineatus
    Slender glass lizard                                    Ophisaurus attenuatus
    Slimy salamander                                         Plethodon alutincouus glutinosus
    Smooth earth snake                                      Virginia valeriae
    Southeastern crowned snake                               Tantilla coronata
    Southeastern five-lined skink                           Eumeces inexvectatus
    Southern black racer                                     Coluber constrictor Priajpus
    Southern chorus frog                                    Pseudacris nigrita
    Southern chorus frog                                     Pseudacris uigrita nigrita
    Southern copperhead                                     AMkistrodon contortrix contortrix
     Southern cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus
     Southern cricket frog                                    Acris gryllus gRyllus
     Southern dusky salamander                                Desnogathus auriculatus
     Southern fence lizard                                    SceloDorus uudulatus undulatus
     Southern hognose snake                                   Reterodon simus
     Southern leopard frog                                    Rana sphencocechala
     Southern red salamander                                  Pseudotriton ruber vioscai
     Southern ringneck snake                                  Diadophis punctatus punctatus
     Southern toad                                            Bufo terrestris
     Southern two-lined salamander                            Eurycea bislineata cirrigera
     Spiny poftshell                                          Trionyx spiniferus ';up.
     Spotted salamander                                       AsibYstoma, maculatum
     Spotted turtle                                           Clesvsft uttata
     Spring peeper                                            ijyla crqucife-er
     Squirrel treefrog                                        Sternothrerulooatu
     StinkpotStrthusdoau
     Striped crayfish snake                                   Regina alleni   -
     Striped mud turtle                                      IKinosternon bauri palmarum
     Striped newt                                             Notophthalmus perstriatus

     Texas horned lizards                                     Phrvnosoma cor-nutum
     Three-lined sal-aander                                   Eurycea longicauda, guttollineata
     Tiger salamander                                         Aphys toma, tiarinum
     Treefrogs                                                Ryla spp.
     Two-lined salamander                                     Eurycea bislineata
     Two-toed amphilma                                        LmRphiuma means

     Upland chorus frog                                       Pseudacris triseriata feriarum

     Worm snake                                               Carphophis amoenus sap.

     Yellowbelly slider                                       Chrysemys scripts scripta,
     Yellow rat snake                                         Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata

                                 FISHES

    Alewife                                                 Alas& PoeudobarenMus

                 Almac o   J      a      c     k          ~~~~~~~~Seriol  rivoliana
    American eel                                            Angu:Ulla rostrata
    American shad                                           Alosa sapidissima
    Angelfiahes                                             Holacanthus app.
    Atlantic bonito                                         Sarda. sard~a
    Atlantic bumper                                         Chloroacombrus chrsurus
    A~tlantic croaker                                       Ificropogonias und-ulatus
    Atlantic cutlassfish                                    Trichiurua lepturus
    Atlantic guitarfish                                     Rhtinobatos lentiginosus
    Atlantic mackerel                                       Scomber scombrus
    Atlantic menhaden                                       Brevoortia.trlu
    Atlantic midshipman                                     Po-richthys porosissimu..
    A~tlantic moonfish                                      Vomer setapinnis
    Atlantic needlefish                                      Strongylura marina
    Atlantic sharpnose shark                                Rhizoprionodo   ereoa
    Atlantic silvers ide                                    Menidia. menidia,
    Atlantic spadefish                                      Chaetodipterais faber
    A~tlantic stingray                                      Dazyatis sabina
    Atlantic sturgeon                                       Acipeuser o~Ixyrh1!eh.
    Atlantic thread herring                                  Opisthonema oglinum

    Balao                                                   HemiaMphus balao
    Banded darter                                           Etheostoma zonale
    Banded drum                                             Larimus fasciatus
    Banded pygmy sunfish                                    Elassoma. zonatum
    Banded sunfish                                          Enneacanthus obesus
    Banded topminxiow                                       Fundulus cingulacus
    Bandtail puffer                                          Sphoeroides Spenglera
    Barracudas                                              Sphyraena app.
    Bay anchovy                                             Anchoa mitchilli
    Bay whiff                                               Citharichthys spiLlopterus
    Bighead searobin                                        Prionotus tribulus
    Blackbanded darter                                      Percina nigrofasciata
    Blackbanded sunfish                                     Enneacanthus chaetodon
    Black bullhead                                          Ictalurus melas
    Blackcheek tonguefisF                                    SyMphurux plagiusa
    Black crappie                                            Pomxse~   niaromaculatus
    Black drum                                               Pogonias cromis
    Blackf in snapper                                        Luti anus buccanella
     Blackline tilefish                                       Caulolatilus cyanors
     Black junprock                                           Maxostoma. cervinum
     Black'madtom                                             Noturus funebris
     Black sea bass                                           Centropristis striata
     Blacktip, shark                                          Carcharhinux limbatus
     Blackwing searobiu                                       Prionotus salmonicolor
     Blennies                                                 Chasmodes app.
        B.eachern                                            Alosa aestivalis
     Bluebc herring                                           lctalurus furcatus
     Bluefi  catlfish                                         Lucania zoodel.
     BluefishPnaou  salltatii
     Bluegill                                                 Lepomis macrochirus;
     Blueheadchu                                              Noconia leutocevhalus
     Bluehmarli             chbakaira nixricans
     Bluespotted. sunfish                                     Enneacanthus aloriosus
     Bluntnose stingray                                       Dasyatis sayil
     Bonnethead                                               Sph Mna tiburo
     Bowf in                                                  MAri calve
     Broad flounder                                           ParalichthyS squa-4lentus
     Brook silverside                                        'Labideothes sicculus
     Brown bullhead                                           Ictalurus nebulosus
     Burrfishes                                               Chilomycterus app.
     Butterfish                                               Peprilus triacanthus
     Butterfishes                                             Pepiu  Opp-

     Carolina bake                                            Uohcserl
     Carp                                                     Cyriu  carpio
     Chain pickerel                                           Rsoxc niger

    Chain pipefish                                          Syn~nathua louisinnae
    Channel catfish                                         Ictalurus punctatus
    Christmas darter                                        Etheostoma hopkinsi
    Clearnose skat~e                    Raja eglanteria
    Clown goby                                              Microstobius stulosus
    Coastal shiner                                          Notrovis petersoni
    Cobia                                                   Rachycentron canadum
    lCombtooth blennies                                     Hyposoblennius spp.
    Conger eel                                              Couxer oceanicus
    Cownose .ray                                            Rhinoptera bonasus
    Crappies                                                Pomoxis spp.
    Creek chubsucker                                        Erizvzon oblongus
    Crested blenny                                          Biypleurochilus zeminatus
    Crevalle Jack                                           Caranx hippos
    Cypress minnow                                          Hvboxn thus havi

    Darter goby                                             Gobionellus boleosoma
    Darters                                                 Etheostoma app.
    Darters                                                 Percina app.
    DOblar: sunfish                                         Lepomis marginatus
    Dolphins                                                Coryphaena spp.
    Dusky anchovy                                           AnChoa lyoleris
    Dusky pipefish                                          Syngnathus floridae
    Dusky shark                                             Carcharhinus obscures
    Dusky shiner                                            Notropis cumingiae

    Eastern mudminnow                                       Umbra pygmaea
    Everglades pygmy sunfish                                Elassoma evergladei

    Fathead minnow                                          Pimephales promelas
    Fat sleeper                                             Dormitator maculatus
    Feather blenny                                          Hypsoblennius hentzi
    Finetooth shark                                         Aprionodon isodon
    Flat bullhead                                           Ictalurus platycephalus
    Flathead catfish                                        Pylodictis olivaris
    Flier                                                   Centrarchus macrop terus
    Florida blenny                                          Chasmodes saburrae
    Florida gar                                             Lepisosteus platyrhincus
    Florida pompano                                         Trachinotus carolinus
    Flounders                                               Paralighthys app.
    Freshwater dinm                                         Aplodinotus grunniens
    Freshwater goh                                          Gobionellus shufeldti
    Fringed flounder                                        Etropus crossotus

    ,Gafftopsail catfish                                    3Agre !nariuus
    Gag grouper                                             Ilycteroperca microlepis
    Cars                                                    Lepiaosteus spp.
    Gizzard shad                                            Dorosoma cepedianum
    Glassy darter                                           Etheostoma vitreum
    Gobies                                                  Gobionellus app.
    Gobies                                                  Gobiosoma app.
    Golden shiner                                           Notemigonus crysoleucas
    Golden topminnow                                        Fundulus chrysotus
    Goldfish                                                Carassiu   uau
    Gold tilefish                                           LoP~holatilus chamaceleonticeps
    Gray snapper                                            Luti anus gri seus
    Great barracuda                                         Sphyraena ~barrac~uda
    Greater amberjack                                       Seriol& dumerili
    Green goby                                              Microgobius thalassinus
    Greenhead shiner                                        Notropis chlorocephalus
    Green sunfish                                           Lepomis cyanellus
    Groupers                                                Mycteroperca app.
    Guaguanche                                              Sphyraena guachancho
    Gulf flounder                                           Paralichthys albizutta
    -Gulf kingfish                                          Menticirrhus Tittoralis

    sakes                                                   Urophycis app.
    .Ralfbeak                                               Hyporhamphus unifas ciatus
    Ea-ierhead sharks                                       S hra app.
    Harvestfish                                             Peprilus alepidotus
    Herrings                                                Alosa app.
    Hickory shad                                            Alosa mediocris
    Highf in carpsucker                                     Carpiodes velifer
    *Highf in goby                                          Gobionellus oceanicus

    Highf in shiner                                         Ntrinecte aclatupns
    HogchokerTrntsmcuas
    Horse-eye Jack                                           Caranxu latua

    Inshore lizardfish                                       Synodus foetens
    Irish pompano                                            Diapterns olisthoatomus
    Troncolor shiner                                         Notropis chalybaeus

                 Jacka                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~Caranx sipp.

    Killifishes                                              Fundulus spp.
    Kingfishes                                               Menticirrhus app.
    King mackerel                                            Scomberomorus cavalla
    King whitinga                                            Menticirrhus sov.

    Ladyfish                                                 Elops saurus
    Lake chubaucker                                          Erimyzon sucetta
    Lancer stargazer                                         Kathetosona albigutta
    Largetouchbaish                                          Heterandria formosa
    Leathrn akt klishOligoplites saurns
    Lefhere flouners                                         Citharichthys Spp.
    Lefteye flounders                                        Paralichthya app.
    Letycfoundehrk                        me                     aprion brevixostris
    Lemona sharkbi                                           Prionotus scitulus
    Lieoad seahrobi                                          Hippocampus erectus
    Lined seaorseno                                          Fundulus lineolatus
    Linpedropino                                             Percina, Caprodes
    Lngpearcsnih Lepomis menalocis
    Longoe. ar  unihLepiasoteus osseus
    Lookdown                                                   eee  oe7
    Lyre goby                                                Evorthodus l1yricus

                  Madtona                                   ~~~~~~~~~~Noturus app.
    Margndmdtom                                              Noturus insignis
     Margied gadby                                            Gobionellus stienaticus
     Marshd killfi                                            Fundulus confluentus
     Menshae kifh                                             re'voortia app.
     Menharda                                                 Eu-cinostomus app.

     Mudsquntfish                                             Acantharchus romotis
     Mullesufs Musil ap
     Mullets                                                   Fundulus heteroclitus

     Naked goby                                               Gobiosoma bosci
     Naked sole                                               Gymnachirus neias
     Niangua darter                                           Etheostoma. nianguse
                   Northern kingfish                          M~~~~~enticirrhua saxatilis
                   Northern pipefish                         ~~~~~S~ynnathus fuscus
     Northern puffefrs                                        Sphoeroides maculatus
     Northern pufearb                                         Prifonotus carolinus

     Oceanic whitetip shark                                   Carcharhinus .]o2ximanus
     Ocellated flounder                                       Ancylopsaetta. quadvocellata
     Ocmulsee shiner                                         "Notropia callisema,
     Ohoopee shiner                                           Notropis leedsi
     Okefenokee pygmy sunfish                                 Elasuoma okefenokee
     Orange filet ish                                         Aluterus schoeyfi
      Oyster toadfish                                          Oveanus tan

      Palespotted eel                                          Opic1~hthu ocellatus
      Palometa                                                 Trachinotus godi
      Permit                                                   Trachinotus falcatua
      Piedmont darter                                          Percina crassa
      Pigfish                                                  Orthopristis chrysortera
                   Pikes Eso~~~~~~~~mx app.
      Pinfish                                                  Lagodon rhomboides;
      Pirate parch                                             hphredoderus savanua
      Planehead filefish                                       Vmnacanthus higidus
      Pompano                                                  Trachinotus; app.
      Porgies                                                  Calamus spp.
      Porgies                                                  Stenotonus spp.
      Pu ffers                                                 Sphoeraides spp.

    Pugnose minnow                                          Notropis emiliae
    Pumpkinseed                                              Lepomis Ribbomus
    Pygmy filefish                                          Monacanthus setifer
    Pygmy killifish                                         Leptolucauia ommata,
    Pygmy sunfishes                                         Elassoma spp.

    Rainwater kidlifish                                      Lucania parva
    Redbreast sunfish                                       lepomis auritus
    Red drum                                                Sciaenaps.ocellata
    Red porgy                                               Pagrus sedecim
    Red snapper                                            LEuti anus caupechanus
    Redear sunfish                                          Lepomis microlophus
    Redfin pickerel                                         Esox americanus americanus
    Requiem sharks                                           Carcharhinus spp.
    River carpsucker                                         Carpiodes cirpio
    Rock sea bass                                           Centropristis philadelphica
    Rosefin, shiner                                         go-tropis ardens
    Rosyface chub                                           Hybopsis rubrifrons
    Rough silverside                                        Membras martinica

    Sailf in molly                                          Poecilia latipinna.
    Sailf in shiner                                         Notropis hypselopterus
    Sailfish                                                Ts-tiophoru-s platvpterus
    Sandbar shark                                           Carcharhinus milberti.
    Sand perch                                              Diplectrum. formosum
    Savannah darter                                          Etheostoma fricksium
    Savcheek darter                                          Etheostoma serriferum
    Scaled sardine                                          Harengula pensacolae
    Scalloped haummerhead                                    Sphyrna lewini
    Scamp grouper                                           Mycteraperca phenax
    Seaboard goby                                           Gobiosoma Rinsburzi
    Sea catfish                                             An-us felis
    Searobins                                               Prionotus spp.
    Seatrout                                                 Cyrioscion spp.
    Sharksucker                                              Echeneis naucrates
    Sharptail goby                                           Gobionellus hastatus
    Sheepshead                                              Ar-chosarmus probatocephalus
    Sheepshead minnow                                        Cyprinodon variettatus
    Shield darter                                            Percina peltata.
    Shiners                                                 Vaotropis spp.
    Shorthead redhorse                                       Moxostoma, macrolepidotum
    Shartnose, sturgeon                                      Acipenser breviros trum
    Shrimp eel                                               Opitu  Roes
    Silk snapper                                             Lutlanus vivanus
    Silver jenny                                             Eucinostomusgul
    Silver perch                                            Brairdiella chrysura
    Silver redhorse                                         Moxostoma anisurum
    Silver seatrout                                          Cynoscion nothus
    Silversides                                              Menidia spp.
    Silvery minnow                                           Hybognathus nuchalis
    Skilletfish                                              Gobiesox strumosus
    Smallmouth bass                                         Micropteruis dolomieui
    Smooth butterfly ray                                    Gymnura micrura
    Smooth dogfish                                          Mustelus Canis
    Smooth hammerhead                                        Sphyrna. zygaena
    Smooth puffer                                            Laxacephalus laevigatus
    Snail bullhead                                           Ictalurus brumneus
    Snappers                                                 Lutlanus spp.
    Snook                                                    Centropomus undecimalis
    Snowy grouper                                            Epinerhelus niveatus
    Southern flounder                    Para icht    l'hs t iga
    Southern hake                                                hcs on danus
    Southern kingfish                                        Menticirrhus americanus
    Southern stargazer                                       Astroscopus Y-graecu
    Southern stingray                                        Dasyatis americana
    Spadefishes                                              Chaetodipterus spp.
    Spanish mackerel                                         Scomberomorus maculatus
    Spanish sardine                                          Sardinella anchovia
    Speckled hind                                            Epinephelus drummondbayi
    Speckled madtom                                          Noturus leptacanthus
    Speckled worm eel                                        Myrophis iplmctatus
    Spinycheek sleeper                                       Eleotris pisonis
    Spiny dogfish                                            Squalus acanthias

    Spot                                                    Leiostomus xanthurus
    Spotfin killifish                                       Fu-ndulus luciae
    Spotfin mojarra                                         Esucinostomus argenteus
    Spottail shiner                                         Noroiahuunius
    Spotted eagle ray                                       Aetobatus uarinari
    Spotted hake                                           IUrOPhycis regius
    Spotted seatrout                                        Cynoscion nebulous~
    Spotted sucker                                          Minytrema melanops
    Spotted sunfish                                         LepoImis pctatus
    Spotted whiff                                           Citharichthys macraps
    Star drum                                               Stellifer lancealatus
    Starhead topainnow                                      Fumdulue notti
    Stingrays                                               Dasyatis app.
    Striped anchovy                                         AnchEOa hepsetus
    Striped bass                                            Mo    on saatilis
    Striped blenny                                          Chastdis ~bosquianus
    Striped burrfish                                        Chl.0meterixs schoepf i
    Striped cusk-eel                                        Rissola. marginata
    Striped killifish                                       Fundulus majalis
    Striped mullet                                          Hugil cephau
    Striped searobin                                        PmrooiQ-evolans
    Suckermouth redhorse                                    Maxostm  pa-ppillosum
    Summer flounder                                         P~aralichth~ys dentatus
    Sunfishes                                               Enneacanthus spp.
    Swallowtail shiner                                      Nroiprene
    Swamp darter                                            Etheostoal -fusiforne
    Swanpfish                                               Chologaster cornuca

    Tadpole madtom                                          Noturus gyrinus
    Taillight shiner                                        Notropis maculatus
    Tarpon                                                  iegalops atlantica
    Temperate basses                                        Moreain  spp.
    Tessellated darter                                      Etheostoma olmstedi
    Threadfin shad                                          Dorosoama petenense
    Thread herrings                                          OPI-sthonmea spp.
    Tidewater silverside                                    Menidia be 1lina
    Tilefish                                                Lopholatilus chamaeleonticevs
    Tomtate                                                  Haemulon aurolimeatum
    Tripletail                                              Lobotea-surinsamsmis

    Vermilion snapper                                        Rhomboplites aurorubens

    Wahoo                                                    Acanthocybium solanderi
    Walleye                                                  Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
    Warmnouth                                                Lpisulsus
    Warsaw grouper                                           Epinephel~Usigritus
    Weakfish                                                 CynoscioR7--areiIls
    Whiffs                                                   Citharichithy-s app.
    Whiff                                                    Erps   p
    White bass                                                Iichyops
    White catfish                                            __________ catus
    White crappie                                            Pomoxis annularis
    Whitef in shiner                                         No-tropis niveus
    White hake                                              LUroph'ycis tenuis
    White marlin                                             Tetapt~iialbidus
    White mullet                                             Mglcrm
    White perch                                              Morons americana
    Windowpane                                               Scophthalmus aguosus

    Yellow bullhead                                          Ictalurus natalis
    Yellowedge grouper'avlmtu
    Yellowf in menhaden                                      Brevoortia suithi
    Yellowf in shiner                                        Notropis lutivinnis
    Yellow perch                                             Perca flavescens

                APPENDIX I

    Groups Endorsing the ACE Basom NERR

           ORGANIZATIONS ENDORSING THE Aft BASIN PROI.ECT

    Atlantic Coast Conservation Association of S. C.
    Beaufort County Council
    Beaufort County Open Land Trust
    Carolina Bird Club
    Coastal Zone Education Center
    Colleton County Council
    * Ducks Unlimited, Inc.
    * Ducks Unlilmited Foundation
    Edisto Beach Property Owners Association
    Edisto Beach Sport Fishing Association
    Edisto Island Community Association
    Edisto River Canoe & Kayak Trail Committee
    Garden Club of S. C., Inc.
    Georgia Conservancy
    Greater Charleston Garden Club Council
    Hilton Head Island FRishing Club
    Jasper County Forestry and Wildlife Management Association
    Kiawah Island Natural History Club
    Lowcountry Paddlers
    Lowcountry Open Land Trust
    Lowcountry Saltwater Sports Fisherman' s Club
    Merck Family Fund
    National Audubon Society
    National Wild Turkey Federation
    National Wildlife Federation
    Palmetto Shell Club
    Quail Unlimited (National)
    Quality Deer Management Association (S.C. Chapter)
    S. C. Aauarium (Charleston)
    * S. C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Departament
    S. C. State Development Board
    S. C. Chapter of the Sierra Club
    S. C. Plantation Managers Association
    S. C. Coastal Conservation League
    S. C. Outdoor Press Association
    S. C. Waterfowl Association
    S. C. Shrimpers Associatin
    S. C. Wildlife Federation
    S. C. Wildlife Heritage
    Sport Fishing Institute
    The National Fish & Wildlife Foundatin
    * The Nature Conservancy
    * The S. C. Nature Conservancy
    The Trust for Public Land
    * U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
    Warm Water Streams Committee of the American Fisheries Society
    Wildlife Action, Inc.
    The Wildlife Society (S. C. Chapter)
    City of Walterboro
    Walterboro-colleton Chamber of Commerce

                          APPENDIX J

                  WRITTEN AND ORAL COMMENTS

                       received on the

    ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve DEIS/DMP

                             A'     e  UNitED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                  e   NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                                   tesoSoutheast Regional Office
                                       So uth    east Regional office                       Response to the U.S. DeDartment of Commerce
                                       9450 Koger B oulevard    372NationaI Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                       St. Petersburg, Florida 33702

                                       April 3, 1991

    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
    National Ocean Service/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 714
    Washington, D.C. 20235

    Dear Ms. Durden:

    Please reference your February 20, 1991, letter requesting comments
    on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine
    Research Reserve in South Carolina, Draft Environmental Impact
    Statement (DEIS), and Draft Management Plan (DMP).

    The DEIS and DHP adequately address National Marine Fisheries1.
    The-  DEI S  and DMP adequat ely address National Mareine Fisheries 1.1                 1.1  The National Marine Fisheries Service has been added to the
    Service's (NMFS) trust resources. However, we recommend that the
    NMFS be added to the Advisory Committee list found on page 39  f                              Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested.
    the document.   This recommendation is based on  our extensive
    involvement in both estuarine research and estuarine habitat
    management activities in the southeast.

    Thank you for the opportunity to provide these comments.

                                      Sincerely,

                                      Andreas Magr,
                                      Assistant Regional Director
                                      Habitat Conservation Division

    cc:
    CS/EC - Cottingham

    75 Years Stimulating America's Progress * 1913-1988                   ;

                United States Department of the Interior

                          OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY  ResDonse to the U.S. DeDartment of the Interior
                             WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240                                        Office of Environmental Affairs

                                             APR 15 199I
    In Reply Refer To:
    ER 91/230

    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
    National Ocean Service/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 714
    Washington, D.C. 20235

    Dear Ms. Durden:

    The Department of the Interior has reviewed the Draft
    Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plan for the
    Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research 2.1                       2.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    Reserve in South Carolina. We have no comments to offer.

    Thank you for the opportunity to review the document.

                                 Sincerely,

                                Alnathan P. Deason
                                  rector
                               /  ffice of Environmental Affairs

                              l l

                       NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
                            WASHINGTON. D.C 20550
              WASHINGTON. DC20550 Response to the National Science Foundation

        OFFICE OF TH-
       ASSISTANT ClIR~C]OR
       FOR GEOSCIENCES

    Ms. Susan E. Durden
    Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserve Division
    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
    National Ocean Service/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
    Suite 174
    Washington, DC 20235

    Dear Ms. Durden:

    Thank you for providing us the opportunity to review the Draft                          3.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Management Plan for the 3.1
    "Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research
    Reserve in South Carolina."

    We have no comments to offer at this time.

                                 Sincerely,

                                 Julian Shedlovsky
                                 Staff Associate for Budget
                                   and Environmental Policy

                                                     M8    AR 1991

                                                         l 4a urrl~l~n  -}

    WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
    State and Local Organizations

                     p~~~~~~~

               ARoe  tSouth Carolina Water Resources Commission
                                                                                                         Resnonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
           ?A w~  ~      1201 MainStreet,Suite 1100 [ Columbia, S.C.29201 0  Telephone(803)737-0800              Executive Director's Office

    Alfred H Vang
     Executive Director
                                            April 9, 1991

          Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
          Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
          Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
          National Ocean Service/NOAA
          1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
          Suite 714
          Washington, D.C. 20235

          Dear Ms. Durden:

              This letter is in reference to the Draft Environmental Impact
          Statement and Draft Management Plan for the ACE Basin National Estuarine                               4.1  Comment noted; The South Carolina Water Resources Commission
          Research Reserve in South Carolina.  We would respectfully ask that you         4.1                          has been added to the list of organizations endorsing the
          include the South Carolina Water Resources Commission as one of the                                          ACE Basin Project in Appendix I.
          organizations endorsing the ACE Basin Project. My staff will forward
          additional comments to you on the DEIS and Draft Management Plan.

              If you have any questions concerning this request, please do not
          hesitate to contact me. Thank you for your assistance in this matter.

                                             Sincerely,

                                            Au   d H. Vang
                                             Ex utive Director

          AHV/kah

          cc: Mr. David Cottingham, Director
               Ecology & Environmental Conservation Office

          CA%           South Carolina Water Resources Commission

                                                                                                             Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
                       1201 Main Street, Suite 1100 ' Columbia, S.C. 29201  1_ Telephone (803) 737-0800

    Alfred H Vang
     Executive Director

                                                             April 8. 1991

        Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
         Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
         Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
         National Ocean Service/NOAA
         1825 Connecticut Avenue NW
         Suite 714
        Washington, DC 20235

        RE:  Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan for ACE Basin
             National Estuarine Research Reserve

         Dear Ms. Durden:

            This letter responds to your request for comments on this draft
         environmental impact statement relevant to the interests of this agency.
        We are very pleased to support the inclusion of this area in the National
         Estuarine Research Reserve and endorse the concepts of this document. Our
         geographic information section is providing very significant support for
         the project and the section director, Anne Marie Hale, has submitted some
         comments on the EIS directly to Michael McKenzie in a letter dated March
         27, 1991.

            Additionally, we would like to submit the following comments:

         Groundwater.

             On page 87, the second paragraph under the ground-water section states
         that "Limestones of upper and middle Eocene age (Santee Formation and the
         Ocala Group) comprise the Principal Artesian Aquifer of southeastern South
         Carolina". Historically, this aquifer has been referred to as the
         Tertiary Limestone Aquifer, Principal Artesian Aquifer, and simply the
         Santee. The currently accepted nomenclature is the Floridan aquifer. The
         Santee Limestone has been given formation status and is included in the
         Orangeburg Group of middle Eocene age. The Ocala is not a group but a
         formation within the Cooper Group of upper Eocene age.  These two                   5.1                      5. 1  Corrections have been made to pages 87-88.
         formations collectively comprise the Floridan aquifer.

             The last paragraph refers to sandstones within the Cretaceous
         Tuscaloosa and Black Creek Formations. Early investigators used the term
         Tuscaloosa because of the similarity of the sediments to sands that
         occurred near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. These sediments have since been
         determined to be of a younger age and are not in fact part of the
         Tuscaloosa Formation. The correct terminology for Cretaceous age sands in

                                                                                                         Resoonse to the South Carolina Water Resources commission
    Ms. Susan E. Durden                                                                                           (Page 2)
    April. 8, 1991.
    Page 2

    South Carolina, in ascending order, is the Middendorf Formation, Black
    Creek Formation and the Peedee Formation.

        These comments were provided by Robert Logan of our Groundwater
    Division.

    Climate, We suggest this section on p. 87 be replaced with the following:

        "The climate of the ACE Basin region is classified as maritime
    subtropical in which winter is relatively short and mild and the summer is
    long, hot and humid. Major features which control the climate in the
    region are:

         --Warm ocean currents (Gulf Stream)
         --Seasonal pressure centers such as the Azores High.
         --Tropical cyclones
         --Prevailing winds generated by the sea breeze effect.

        The region's summer season begins in May and lasts through the end of
    October.  During the summer months, sea breeze effect is the predominant
    climate control.  On a daily basis, the land heats up quicker than the
    adjacent ocean waters creating warm air at the land surface.  By afternoon
    this warm air rises and is replaced by moist, cooler air from over the
    ocean.  This circulation creates An onshore "sea breeze".  In most                                            5.2   The Climate section,  on pages 88-89, has been revised with
    instances, these breezes can extend inland only a few miles.  During the             5 .2                           the recommended text.
    nighttime hours, this process reverses since the ocean waters retain the
    beat gained during the day, and the breezes blow out to sea.  Further
    inland, summer temperatures are several degrees higher than those along
    the immediate coastline since the sea breeze effect diminishes with
    landward distance.

        The sea breeze effect also influences the daily development of showers
    and thunderstorms. Shovers will develop offshore during the day as warm,
    moist air from the land rises and moves over the cooler ocean water. At
    night, isolated showers will develop over land. Rainfall, on the average,
    is highest during the summer months throughout the region. Occasionally,
    severe thunderstorms will develop ahead of cold fronts which pass through
    the region. These severe storms sometimes generate tornadoes or water
    spouts and can be accompanied by high winds and hail.

        Across the ACE Basin, the annual total number of thunderstorm days is
    59. Over the period from 1950-1989, 6 tornadoes have touched down in the
    region. Annual total rainfall variea from 50.2 inches at Beaufort, S.C.
    to 46.9 inches along the coast. The month with the heaviest rainfall la
    July (7.1 inches) and the month with the lowest rainfall is November (2.1
    inches). Rainfall induced from tropical weather systems normally accounts
    for 25 percent of the total rainfall received during the period from
    August through October. Precipitation extremes range from a maximum of
    22.69 in July of 1964 to a minimum of 0.44 inches in November of 1956.

     Ms. Susan E.  199rden                                                                                          Response to the South Carolina Water Resources Commission
     April 8, 1991                                                                                                   (Page 3)
                               Page 3   ~        ~             ~            ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Page 3)
     Page 3

         Temperatures vary from an average minimum in January of 38.2 degrees
     to an average maximum in July of 89.9 degrees. Average temperatures along
     the immediate coast are 1 to 3 degrees cooler in summer and 1 to 3 degrees
     warmer in winter compared with inland locations in the ACE Basin. Inland
     temperature eatrere  range from a high of 105 (7/20/1986) degrees in the
     summer to a low of 0 degrees (1/21/85) in the winter.

         The ACE Basin occasionally experiences tropical storms and hurricane
     during the hurricane Season which lasts from May through November.
     Tropical cyclones form predominantly in the Atlantic Ocean west of the
     Antilles Islands, while the remainder form offshore, in the Caribbean, or
     in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes which hit the lower South Carolina
     coast occurred in 1885 (unnamed); 1803 (unnamed), 1911 (unnamed), 1940
     (unnamed), 1954 Hazel, 1959 (Gracie), 1979 (David), X985 (Bob), and 1989
     (Hugo). These storms resulted in the loss of many lives and millions of
     dollars in property damage to South Carolina's lower coastline. In recent
    memory, Hurricane David had the greatest impact on the Ace Basin.

         In addition to the damage caused by hurricanes, the most significant
    climatic impacts on the environment in the ACE Basin are the result of
    drought (1954, 1977, 1986, 1988, 1990); flooding (1989, 1990); and cold
    temperatures (1977, 1983, 1985). Long periods of drought and extensive
    flooding cause wide fluctuations in the fresh water flow into estuarine
    systems, while cold air outbreaks can lower water temperatures to less
    than 45 degrees. Each of these extreme climatic events has a significant
    impact on fisheries and sensitive vegetation throughout the basin."

        These comments were provided by David J. Smith, State Climatologist.

        Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this EIS.

                                      Sincerely

                                      Bar ra J. Postles
                                      Environmental Planner

    BJP:cw
    cc: Danny Johnson
        Anne Hale
        Robert Logan
        D.J. Smith

    P    m mF    m    (     FredP. Brnilnman. Exsecutive Director                                                      ResDonse to the South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation
    Division of Engineenng & Planning                                                                                  and Tourism  (SCPRT)
    William R. Jennings. Director
    (803) 734-0173
    FAX: 803 734 1409

       April 3, 1991

       Ms. Susan Durden, Regional Manager
        Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
       Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management
        1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
       Washington, D.C. 20235

       Dear Ms. Durden:

       Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE)
       Basin  National   Estuarine  Research  Reserve  (NERR)  Draft  Environmental   Impact
       Statement and Draft Management Plan.

       The  South  Carolina  Department  of  Parks,  Recreation  and  Tourism  supports  the
       establishment  of the AUE .Basic NERR in order to ensure the management of this
       unique   estuarine   ecosystem  Ifor   the   purposes   of   research,   education,
       interpretation, passi've 'recreatitan. anrid  pretection.   This was evidenced by the                         6.1   Comment noted;  no response necessary.
       unanimous vote taken at the May 10, 1990 SOPRT Commission meeting to endorse the
       plan to protect the ACE Basin.   SCPRT believes that the "preferred alternative," '6.1
       as described  in the Managemqnt  Plan, would best fulfill  the objectives of the
       National  Estuarine  Research  Reserve.    The inclusion of Edisto Beach State ,Paik
       and Hunting Island State Park in the Buffer Zone is consistent and compatib'ilie with
       the current uses and preservation practices of these btwe parks.   We also welcome
       the opportunity to participate on the ACE Basin NERR Advisory 'Committee as
       outlined in the Management Plan.

       As a more specific comment, I would like to request that SCPRT be added to the
       list of groups that have a high interest in conducting "research and educational
       programs" in the ACE Basin (page 59).  With Edisto Beach and Hunting Island State 6.2                          6.2   Comment noted;  The SCPRT has been added to the list of
       Parks in the reserve, we feel that this would greatly enhance our efforts in 1)                                      groups interested in conducting research and educational
       expanding   educational  programs   and  eco-tourism  related  activities   and  2)                                  programs in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research
       cultural, natural, and historic preservation and interpretation.                                                     Reserve on pages 57-60.

       Thank you again for the opportunity to comment on this very important effort.

       Sincerely,

       Fred P. Brinkman
       Executive Director

       cc: Dr. James A. Timmerman

       South Carolina Department of Parks. Recreation & Tourism  1205 Pendleton Street  Columbia. South Carolina 29201

            ;/--. ? \    The South Carolina Wildlife Federation
                                               Liz }Mailingudd~ SIet Add~es~s~:                     ResDonse to the South Carolina Wildlife Federation
            w(y gis~)   ~PO Box 61159 - 5219 Trenholm Road
                              Columbia, SC 29260-1159   Colurn1s, SC 29206
                                       Phone (803) 782-8626

    Ethelul..o,,co April 1, 1991
    BETTY SVENCE

               South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources
               PO Box 12559
               Charleston, SC 29412

               Dear Sirs:

               I have reviewed the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin
               National Estuarine Research Reserve Draft Environmental
               Impact Statement and Draft management Plan dated February,
               1991 on behalf of the South Carolina Wildlife Federation.

               The Federation commends the South Carolina Wildlife and
               Marine Resources Department and the National Oceanic and
               Atmospheric Administration on this document. We support
               the concepts of the plan and recognize the importance of
               the Estuarine Research Reserve Program in expanding our                                7.1  Comment noted; NOAA and the South Carolina Coastal Council
               knowledge of natural areas and in-protectiqgexisting uses        7.1                    . look forward to the coordination with the South Carolina
               while conserving significant natural resources.                                             Wildlife and Marine Resources Department in the management

                                                                                                       of the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve.
               The plan will demand careful coordination of programs within
               various divisions of the Wildlife Department. We encourage
               utilization of existing programs and facilities to the extent
               it is feasible in order to prevent duplication both in
               capital and manpower expenditures.

               The meshing of different ownerships and the variety of
               resource activities and usage are strengths in the plan.
               The agencies and organizations involved have demonstrated
               cooperation and a creative approach to accomplishing a
               conservation objective.

                                                Kindest regards,

                                                Betty Spence
                                               Executive Director

              EHS/erm

                                     AN AFFILIATE OF
                             NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION

                                    South Carolina                                                               Resnonse to the South CarqJina Coastal Zone Education Center
                        Coastal Zone Education Center
        April 3, 1991

        Dlar Sirs:

        My name is Bruce C. Lampright, and I serve as tile Prolect Administrator 'ani

       Coordinator of Public Education for USC-Beaufort's Coastal Zone Education

       Center in Bluffton, SC. I believe the ACE Basin's value as an outdoor

       classroom cannot be overated. There is a great need states and nation-wide

       to increase public awareness and understanding of the estuarine

       environment and ro provide opportunities fAo public education and                                         8.1   Comnent noted: no response necessary.

       interpretation The four emnsng coastal'education facilities found along SC's

       coast cannot now meet the demand for programs placed upon them.

       The proposed visitor/interpretive center at Bear Island WMA has the

       potential to help meet these needs and demands for educating the public of

       South Carolina, the Nation and beyond

      The USC-Beaufort Coastal Zone Education Center supports             Qt

                                                                      ��$vt43 7To
      A.:--I:rn: l       i tt w  e   t.tM the lower ACE Basin Ji designated--

      as a National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR).

                                       V'O_ Bo\ fx22524                          512
    TEtC6     T  II iler l I          lFad C',d. South ( arolinIi 2)'1255        UICB
                                       1S   1)  8  7-484                         . -

                                                                                                                                              Response to the Universitv of South Carolina at Beaufort

                                            UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                                                      AT BEAUFORT

    800 Carteret Sreel                                                                             Sulle 300. Kiawah Bldg
    9eauforl. SC 29902                                                                             10 Offlice Park Road
    (803) 524- 7112                                                                                Hillon Head islarnd. SC 29928
                                                                                            (803) 785-3995

                                                     April 3, 1991

          TO:              ACE Basin Committee

          FROM:           Ed Caine  Af. (?&
                          Director of Coastal Zone Education Center and
                          Professor of Marine Science, USCB

          RE:              Support of the ACE Basin Project

         USC Beaufort supports the concept of environmental sanctuaries. Environmental sanctuaries provide
         refuges for plants and animals. Sanctuaries also provide refuges for people: a place to escape from
         the confines of work, cities, and suburbia; a place to explore.and experience; a place to become
         acquainted and reacquainted with nature.

         USC Beaufor~teecially supports the unique educational opportunities that can be provided by the
         ACE Basin  .. Interpretive centers, guided tours, and programs can be generated to support both
         formalind informal education. We believe that formal education programs incorporating use of ACE
         Basinadc' ities represent a special opportunity for students in the lowcountry of South Carolina.
         Proper development and coordination are essential during the planning stages of development in order                                           9.1    Comment  noted;  The  University  of  South  Carolina  at  Beaufort
         to maximize the utility and diversity of learning experiences, but this should pose no problem. If USC         9.1                                     and  the  Coastal  Zone  Education  Center  have  been  added  to  the
         Beaufort's involvement is solicited then USC Beaufort and the Coastal Zone Education Center stand                                                      list  of  groups  with  an  interest  in  conducting  research  and
         ready to assist in any manner that we are able to provide.                                                                                             educational  programs  on  pages  57-60.

                   The Universtyof South Carolina: USC AIken; USC Salkehalchie. Allendale. USC Beaufort. USC Columbia; Coastal
                   Carolina College. Conway; USC Lancsterr. USC Spartanburg; USC Sumter:; USC Uon. and the Military Campus

    National Audubon Society                                                                           Resnonse to the National Audubon
    FRANCIS BEIDLER FOREST
    (FOUR HOLES SWAMP), RT. 1, BOX 600, HARLEYVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 29448
    (803) 462,2150  FAX (803) 462-2150

       4/3/91          Walterboro, South Carolina

       Statement - The National Audubon Society--ACE Basin Natural Estuarine
                   Research Reserve

       I am Norman L. Brunswig, Assistant Director of Sanctuaries for the
       National Audubon Society, and Manager of the Francis Beidler Forest,
       a 6,000 acre sanctuary-in Four Holes Swamp, located near Harleyville,
       SC. My statement this evening is on behalf of the 548,000 members of
       The National Audubon Society, which includes 6,000 South Carolina
       residents in eight SC chapters).

       Four Holes Swamp, in which our Beidler Forest Sanctuary is located, is
       a tributary of the Edisto River. Audubon also owns two salt marsh
       sanctuaries on Edisto Island, and we patrol The Alexander Sprunt
       Sanctuary, a shore and wading bird nesting colony located in the mouth
       of the North Edisto River.  In support of these land based programs,                            10.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
       but also because Audubon believes that the ACE Basin is one of the           10.1
       finest, if not the finest, large undeveloped wildlife and wildland
       areas on the East Coast, our organization and its members strongly
       supports the comphrehensive protection of the ACE.

      Almost since its birth in 1903, Audubon has championed wetlands
       protection. Today, one of its four, only four, high priority campaigns
       is nationwide wetlands protection! In line with the goals of that
      campaign, tonight, we specifically support the establishment of The
      ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve. Further, we endorse
       the draft management plan and environmental impact statement.

       In closing, we believe that only by dramatic and broadly supported
      conservation action such as the establishment of this reserve, can the
      magnificent natural values and important traditional uses of the ACE
      be maintained. One need only visit the Chesapeake Bay or Long Island
      Sound to observe what no action, or to little action to late, can
      produce.

      Thank you for this opportunity to speak.

      Norman L. Brunswig

         SCE&G
           ':a"'                              April 12, 1991                                            Response to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv

     Ms. Cheryl Graham
     Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
     Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management
     National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
     1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
     Room 714
    Washington, DC 20235

           Re:   ACE Basin NERR

    Dear Ms. Graham:

          On behalf of South Carolina Electric & Gas Company, I am pleased to have the
    opportunity to submit comments on the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) Basin
    National Estuarine Reserve draft Environmental Impact Statement and draft
    Management Plan (the "Plan".) South Carolina Electric & Gas Company ("SCE&G")
    supports the development and management of the ACE Basin Reserve.   The
    achievement of the goals of establishing the Reserve are important goals. However,
    as a member of South Carolina's Industrial Community and as a Company concerned
    with the economic well-being of our citizens, we must express some reservations
    about the Plan. We believe these reservations can be addressed in a way that will
    not diminish the probability of achieving the goals of the Reserve, while at the same
    time not causing undue constraints upon the potential for economic development.

          Recognizing that South Carolina Electric & Gas Company is only one voice in
    the economic community, we strongly suggest that the ACE Basin NERR Advisory
    Committee include industrial and economic development representation. The absence
    of any commercial, industrial, or economic representation on that Board other than                  11.1 The South Carolina State Development Board has been added to
    the commercial fishing industry is glaring. This is particularly significant since the 11.1              the Advisory Committee on pages 42-43, as requested.
    Plan contains a number of absolute prohibitions which are certain, if not softened,
    to impair economic development of an area of our State already economically
    depressed. We suggest also possibly adding another governmental entity: The
    South Carolina State Development Board.

          There are a number of provisions in the Management Policies section of the
    Plan which, as currently worded, have the potential for causing significant
    problems. I shall list and discuss each seriatim:
                                                                                                       11.2 Comment noted; Paragraph (e)7, on page 31, has been changed
          i.  Paragraph (e)7 (Soils) is too broad.  As presently worded, it could 11.2                 11.2  Comment noted; Paragraph (e), on page  31, has been changed
    interfere with even normal agricultural operations. The provision may be intended                        to Minina and Excavation to clearly define the intent of the
    to address commercial activities, i.e., commercial mining etc.  It should be made                        policy.
    clear.

          2. Paragraph (e)9 (Air Quality) prohibits industrial activities which have the
    "potential" to cause air pollution which exceeds acceptable air quality standards .
     . .  (underlining added) Virtually any industrial activity has the "potential" to                 11.3 Comment noted; This policy statement does not establish
    cause such air pollution, at least in a limited area. The Department of Health and 11.3                   additional air quality standards,  instead it endorses those
    Environmental Control addresses this through the permitting process. If it is not                         standards determined by the S.C. Department of Health and
    possible for an industrial activity to occur without causing exceedances of air quality                   Environmental Control.
    standards, then the Department of Health and Environmental Control will not issue

    Ms. Cheryl Graham
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division                                                                  ResDonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas ComDanv
    Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management                                                    (Page 2)
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    April 12, 1991
    Page 2

    a permit. If it is the intent of this Section to prohibit any industrial activity
    whatsoever, then it should be clearly stated. If it is the intent of this Section to
    establish more stringent standards for industrial sources in this area, then those
    standards should be clearly stated.

          3. Paragraph (e) 10. (Shorelines). The prohibition against using "manmade
    structures" to control erosion in the proposed Reserve core area is overly broad.
    If there are roadways or dikes suffering from erosion, those responsible must have
    the option of controlling the erosion by whatever reasonable means available. If
    there is a particular type of structure which is to be avoided, i.e., seawalls or 11.4              11.4 Comment noted; This paragraph has been rewritten to more
    bulkheads, then the prohibition should be aimed at those structures, and not every                        clearly define its purpose.
    imaginable manmade structure. An earthen dike is a manmade structure. Is it to be
    absolutely prohibited?

         4. Paragraph (e) 11. (Dredging and Filling Activities). The absolute
    prohibition against filling "wetland, pond or waterway" is overly broad.  Normal
    agricultural and silvacultural activity may involve some incidental filling or                            of wetlands in the core area except for existing dredge
    manipulation of wetlands.  Construction of public roads, if permitted, likely will                        disposal areas maintained by the U.S. Corps of Engineers.
    require some incidental filling of wetlands. Again, the intent of this Section is not                     Un der present rules and regulations of the    Co astal
    clear.                                                                                                    Under present rules and regulations of the Coastal
                                                                                                           Management Act, incidental filling of wetlands is not
          5.  Paragraph (e) 14.  (Industrial Activities.)  The prohibition against                            permitted without a permit.
    "industrial activities" should be better defined. What is an "industrial activity"?
    Is a roadside convenience store an industrial activity? Would it make a difference if 1111.6  This statement has clarified that both commercial fishing
    this store has gas pumps? Care should be taken not to make the prohibition overly                         and timber management are "industrial activities" that will
    broad.                                                                                                    continue in accordance with BMPs and existing laws governing
                                                                                                           such practices. Facilities, such as roadside convenience
          6. Paragraph (e) 16. (Rights of Way). This is a provision which SCE&G has                           stores, are not located withinth core as roadsid         ve not been
    particular interest in. This Section would be more acceptable if it were to read as                       proposed.   Additionally,  the core is only accessible by
    follows:                                                                                                  boat.

               "Reasonable steps will be taken during the construction
               and maintenance of all rights-of-way to minimize adverse
               environmental impacts. All such activity shall comply fully
               with the terms of permits from appropriate regulatory                        11.7 Paragraph (e)16, Rights-of-Way , has been revised with the
               authorities including, but not limited to the SCCC.  The           11.7                       recommended text on page 33.
               use of herbicides or pesticides in managing rights-of-way
               in the proposed cores area will be limited to those
               circumstances  where  it  is  determined  that  the
               environmental impact will be less severe than mariual or
               mechanical means."

    The absolute prohibition against the use of herbicides or pesticides could actually
    result in an increase in physical damage to the environment since there are only a
    limited number of alternatives, all of which require the use of some type of

    Ms. Cheryl Graham                                                                                        Resnonse to the South Carolina Electric and Gas Comnanv
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division                                                                        (Page 3)
    Office of Oceans and Coastal Resource Management
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    April 12, 1991
    Page 3

    mechanical equipment. Of course, any herbicides or pesticides used would have to
    be used strictly in accordance with EPA label requirements. The total ban on use
    of regulated pesticides and herbicides reflects a philosophy that all such substances
    are bad for the environment in all circumstances. This is not a responsible position.

          SCE&G encourages adding language which recognizes that construction of
    homes, businesses and even environmental research facilities, requires a degree of
    disturbance in order to allow the necessary infrastructure to be put in place. They
    all require electricity, transportation avenues, telephone, sewer and water, and  11.8
    sometimes gas. Those public and private entities responsible for providing these
    services and facilities must not be put in a position where they cannot meet their
    statutory, public service obligations. The preservation of ecological purity should
    not be at the expense of the preservation of economic depression. There can be and
    should be a balance, even in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Reserve. SCE&G
    agrees that there should be a higher standard of care, but we suggest that there are
    ways to implement a reasonable program without absolute, inflexible prohibitions
    which have the real potential to do harm to the human environment.

          Should you or any member of your staff desire additional information, please
    call.

                                               Very truly yours,

                                               AitA a t6/>&4~/
                                               Deborah C. Blanks

    DCB/msd

    Charleston Natural History Society
                     NATIONAL AUDUBON CHAPTER
              P.C. Box 504 Charleston, SC 29402                          ~                                          Resnonse to the Charleston Natural History Society
            Founded 1905 �OfficIal Bulletin: The Lesser Squawk

                                                    1718 Afton Ave.
                                                    Charleston, SC 29487
                                                    12 May, 1991

    Cheryl A. Graham
    NOAA National Ocean Service
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Coastal and Resource Management
    Room 714
    1825 Connecticut Avenue NW
    Washington DC 20235

    Dear Ms Graham,
          The Charleston Natural History Society (CNHS) is the local chapter of
    the National Audubon Society with a membership of approximately 1300 in the
    Charleston area. Our society would very much like to see the establishment of
    a National Estuarine Research Reserve in the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto (ACE)
    Basin. Intense development pressure on the South Carolina coastline has
    created a definite need both for public education on the value of these
    estuarine areas and a control estuary region against which the impact of this
    development can be measured. South Carolina, by its' 1977 Coastal Zone
    Management Act, has established a system that relies heavily on informed
    public input for the management of its' estuaries. An Estuarine Research
    Reserve could provide a standard by which development choices in other areas
    could  be  judged.  Proposed  educational   functions  of  the  reserve  could   12.1                              12.1 Comments noted;  no response  necessary.
    contribute greatly to well informed public input in this process. The
    recognized pristine condition of the ACE basin make it uniquely suited to this
    purpose. Extensive damage and habitat alteration by hurricane Hugo to coastal
    areas north of Charleston have greatly increased the significance of the ACE
    basin to wintering waterfowl. It is used by a number of listed endangered and
    threatened species.
         CNHS  strongly supports  the  establishment of  this reserve  via public
    acquisition  of significant  core properties  within  the ACE  basin. We  also
    support the preferred management alternative that places responsibility for
    the management of this reserve with the South Carolina Department of Wildlife
    and Marine Resources. This agency has the experience and means to properly
    manage the reserve and is well respected for its public education programs.
    The environmental impact of this reserve appears to be overwhelmingly positive
    with no negative impacts.

                                             Respectfully,

                                             Hales  H. Patterson Jr.
                                             Vice-President and Conservation
                                             Chairperson,-CNHS

    South Carolina Aquarium
    April 4, 1991                                                                                            Resnonse to the South Carolina Aauarium

    statement in Support of the ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto River Basin National
    Eatuarine Research Reserve Designation and Management Plan as proposed in the
    Draft Environmental Impact Statement dated February, 1991 by the S. C. Wildlife
    and Marine Resources Department.

    Submitted at the public hearing held in the Collaton County Courthouse on April
    4, 1991 by Rhet Wilson, SCA Project Coordinator.

    Thank you for the opportunity to speak here this evening on behalf of the South
    Carolina Aquarium which is currently being developed in Charleston, SC. The
    efforts of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and the
    South Carolina Coastal council as well as those of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
    Service, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited, numerous individual landowners
    and the efforts of others are hereby recognized and those organizations and
    individuals are heartily commended and respected for their vision, planning and
    foresight in seeking the designation of the Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto Basin as part
    of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

    The primary goal of the South Carolina Aquarium is to educate the citizens of
    South Carolina to understand and appreciate the importance and beauty of the
    aquatic environments of our state. Therefore, on behalf of the South Carolina
    Aquarium, I speak with particular interest in the designation of the ACE Basin
    Reserve.   This designation is more than the simple act of establishing for
    research and monitoring some of the most significant estuarine ecosystem left
    in the Southeast, it is the continued commitment of state and federal agencies
    to the importance of this estuarine system to the future of our state. That is
    a commitment to continued stewardship of our natural resources, and more
    importantly, to the education of the people of our state.  Despite immense
    strides in recent years, education of the students and the citizens of South
    Carolina is still lacking, particularly in science education.   The programs   13.1                      13.1 Comment noted; The SCWMRD, SCCC and NOAA look forward to
    proposed as part of the Wildlife Department's Management Plan for the ACE Basin                                 developing a working relationship with the new South
    address this need.                                                                                              Carolina Aquarium and its staff.

    Under the auspices of key state agencies involved in coastal research, management
    and education, the ACE Basin Reserve promises to be one of the most important
    steps in science and environmental education for the people of South Carolina.
    The area now known only by the most informed groups and teachers will become a
    resource for many, particularly for school and education groups.' By emphasizing
    the link between research and management decisions, by telling the public about
    the methodology, the rational and the applied results of research and by
    introducing them to the wonder of this environment, the ACE Basin education
    programs will help address the goals of science education in our schools.

    This designation is a major step for South Carolina, a commitment to our future,
    to the understanding by our citizens of the importance of scientific research,
    natural resources management and environmental awareness and stewardship. On
    behalf of the South Carolina Aquarium, the designation of the ACE basin and a
    National Estuarine Research Reserve is wholeheartedly endorsed.

           SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

    I SOUTHPARK CIRCLE,SUITE 306         Te lephon e(803)571-4366       CHARLESTON, SC 29407-4699                                    ResDonse  to  the  South  Atlantic  Fishery  Manaaement  Council
                                          Fax (803) 769-4520

    Roy O. Williams, Chairman                                      Robert K. Mahood, Executive Director
    Susan Shipman, Vicc Chairman

                                          March 14, 1991

    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management
    NOS/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
    Suite 714
    Washington,.D.C. 20235

    Dear Ms. Durden:

       The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC), one of eight Regional Councils
    established by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, is charged with
    developing and monitoring management plans for fisheries from the territorial waters of North and
    South Carolina, Georgia and Florida's east coast offshore to the 200-mile limit. In this regard, the
    SAFMC ensures that the United States obtains the best use of the fishery resources in its
    geographical area of responsibility. Any loss or degradation of estuarine habitat is of concern to
    the Council because most offshore fishery resources are directly or indirectly dependant upon these
    habitats.
       Recognizing that all species are dependent on the quantity and environmental quality of their
    essential habitats, it is the policy of the SAFMC to protect, restore and develop habitats upon
    which all species fisheries depend, to increase their extent and to improve their productive capacity
    for the benefit of present and future generations. For purposes of this policy, habitat is defined to
    include all those things physical, chemical and biological that are necessary to the productivity of
    the species being managed. Objectives of the SAFMC policy are to protect the current quantity,
    environmental quality and productive capacity of habitats supporting all species fisheries along the
    Atlantic coast. This objective will be accomplished through the recommendation of no net loss or
    significant environmental degradation of existing habitat. The SAFMC pursues, through state,
    federal and local levels, the restoration and rehabilitation of the productive capacity of habitats
    which have already been degraded, in addition to recommending the creation and development of
    productive habitats where increased fishery production will benefit society. The Council assumes
    an aggressive role in the protection and enhancement of habitats important to all species. It actively
    enters Federal decision-making processes where proposed actions may otherwise compromise the
    productivity of fishery resources of concern to the Council.
       The SAFMC is directed by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act
    (MFCMA) to consider protection of habitat essential to fisheries under Council jurisdiction. The
    MFCMA allows the SAFMC to address habitat concerns in two fashions: through the expansion
    of habitat sections of fishery management plans; and through commenting directly to agencies
    regarding ongoing or proposed activities affecting essential habitat.
       To address habitat concerns, the SAFMC has established a Habitat and Environmental
    Protection Committee composed of Council members who meet to review and comment on specific
    proposals or projects that may affect critical habitat. On March 1, 1991 on a recommendation from    14  1                        14.1  Comment  noted;  no  response  necessary.
    the Habitat Committee, the SAFMC voted to go on record as endorsing the Ashepoo-Combahee-
    Edisto (ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina. The SAFMC feels
    that the preservation of essential estuarine nursery habitat through the reserve program is not only
    supported by the habitat policies of the Council but will also positively impact the goals and

                                             Page 2
                                          Susan Durden
                                         March 14, 1991
                                                                                                                          Response to the South Atlantic Fishery Manaaement Council
    objectives of management actions presented in fishery management plans and amendments to those                                   (Page  2)
    plans. This program will encourage needed research and increase public awareness of the vital role
    estuaries play in supporting inshore, nearshore and offshore fishery resources. Included in this
    parcel are copies of fishery management plans and amendments prepared by the SAFMC that
    include sections identifying important fishery and habitat research needs.
       Conservation and management of our nations fishery resources in the Exclusive Economic
    Zone is the mandate of the Council. Without wise stewardship of habitat that supports these
    fisheries, the goals and objectives of Fishery Management Plans approved by the Secretary of
    Commerce cannot be achieved. Thank you for the opportunity to comment.

                                                Sincerely,

                                                     0. Williams
                                                Chairman

    cc: SAFMC Memoirs
       SAFMC Habitat AP
       Kemmirer/Mager SERO
       Hall NMFS/NOAA
       Graham DOC/NOAA

    WRITTEN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
         Private Individuals

       THE EDISTO ISLAND CO0MUNITY ASSOCIATION
                              Post Office Box 269                                                Regnonse to the Edisto Island CommunitV Association
                     Edisto Island, South r A jlina 29438

                    NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE
                                HEARING
                             APRIL 3, 1991
                               WALTERBORO

         The Edisto Island Community Association, representing
    130 members fully endorses the proposal to establish the reserve
    in the Ace River Basin. The Association further approves of the             15.1                15.1 comment noted; no response necessary.
    plan to purchase eight islands in Colleton County, thereby
    fulfilling the well conceived concept of a research reserve
    nucleus. Our members have rigorously pursued the clean water
    classification for the waters surrounding Edisto Island and the
    development of the Ace Basin Reserve system is seen as broadly
    enhancing this vital clean water resource.

         We are also pleased to see the well coordinated interaction
    between state, federal and private organizations. This cooperation
    stands as a guarantee for the checks and balances which will result
    in an outstanding research and conservation project that will
    widely benefit the general public.

         Please count the citizens of Edisto Island as strong backers
    of the proposed research reserve.

                                             resly,

                                                      L at S
                                             PreSid

                           "ad  *  l(ao     aAl                                                    ResDonde to Dan Johnson. Manamino Editor. The Press and Standard

                              POST OFFICE BOX 1248
                               113 WASHINGTON STREET
                              WALTERBORO, S.C. 29488-1248
     Pinten And Publishes
        Since 1877            PHONE (803) 549-2586

                                        April 5, 1991

    Cheryl Graham
    Saatudries and Reserves Division
    Officp of Ocean and Coactal Resource Manaqement
    NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Room 714
    Washington, D.C. 20235

    Dear Cheryl Graham:

         The public hearing on the proposed ACE Basin NERR was
    informative and well-conducted. I was surpised at how much public
    sentiment had changed since the ACE Basin NERR was first proposed.

         Please send me a copy of the Draft Environmental Impact
    Statement and Draft Management Plan. I picked up a copy of the             16.1                16.1 Copy of the document was forwarded on April 22, 1991.
    executive summary, but I would be interested in seeing the complete
    document.

         I noticed two typographical errors in the list of members of
    the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee. If the list is part of a
    permanent document, it can be corrected for the final printing.            16.2                16.2 Corrections have been made.
    l)Charlie Sweat of Walterboro spells his name with one "t." I think
    there is an environmentalist at Sullivans Island who spells his
    name Charles Sweatt. 2) Another member from Walterboro is Dr. Luke
    Erwin., not Edwin. He is a landowner in the. ACE Basin as well as a
    prominent member of the Colleton County community.

         Thank you for sending me the draft documents.

                        Sincerely,

                        Dan Johnson
                        Managing Editor

                          NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE
            POST OFFICE BOX 81   HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924

                                                                                          Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina

                                        April 5, 1991

    Cheryl Graham
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Oceans and Coastal Resources Management, NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
    Room 714
    Washington, D.C. 20235

    RE: 04-03-91 ACE BASIN PUBLIC HEARING

    Dear Ms. Graham:                                                                          17.1 The National Estuarine Research Reserve program is a state
                                                                                                and Federal cooperative program where the state is the
                                                                                               managing agency of the reserve and the Federal role is one
    While the panel did much to address the positive, no one mentioned                              of coordination, evaluation and national program policy and
    the negative.  What is the negative side?  Or is this one of                                   direction.  Federal matching awards  area available to
    those "win-win" situations where the I'll scratch your back If                                 coastal states to develop and manage a national system of
    you scratch mine mentality prevails.  What is it going to cost?                                 estuarine research reserves.  Existing regulations for the
    What are the disadvantages?                                                                     program require a 30% state match for basic program
                                                                                               activities, including research and educational projects. A
    What are the cost?  How many tax dollars from the federal and the                               a     te   inchuIs  reqearch and educations   a
    state tax treasury are going to try to support this project?  Is   17.1                             fatelmat.  As rev ent            duplicationstang
                                                                                                facility development. As to prevent duplication, staffing
    it worth it?  How much more bureaucracy is it going to take to                                  needs have been presented in the "Administration Plan",
    make it work?  In how many offices?  How much duplication will                                  pages 34-42 and 44-47.  Many of the proposed positions will
    take place with so many offices involved?                                                       be filled with existing state personnel.

    What are the disadvantages of this proposed project?  How much
    effect will the NERR status on the proposed project have on the
    tax base of Colleton County?  How many present tax dollars are
    affected and how does this equate to future property tax revenue?   17.2                  17.2 pages lof this               et ad          the
                                                                                               Roads, parking lots, buildings, walkways, etc. around the
    Where is the difference going to come from?  Does not the idea of                               dune and in the marsh are not proposed.
    promoting a pristine, unique area by building roads, parking lots,
    building, walkways around the dunes and in the marsh seem
    counter-productive?

    While the hearing was "public," it did not appear that way.  Of
    the sixteen to twenty people who chose to speak in the public
    forum, the vast majority were from a state or federal bureaucracy
    promoting more bureaucracy, e.g., PRT, S.C. Aquarium, S.C. Marine
    Educators Association, etc.; two individuals on USC-B payroll; two
    members from the ACE Basin NERRS Advisory Committee who were asked
    to speak by the chairman of SCWMRD who also is on the advisory
    committee.  Most individuals are reluctant to speak in public.

    I am not sure we are managing what we have created in the past as
    well as we should be before we create more.  Are the commercial                            17.3 The shrimp by-catch issue is a legitimate concern which may
    shrimpers behind this so more shrimp can be raised and therefore    17.3                        be addressed through the research program of the ACE Basin
    harvested at the expense of raping the ocean floor and the ocean                                NERR.  As indicated at the public hearing, the Edisto
    of ten times as much by-catch.  Are the property owners of Edisto                               Community Association endorses the proposed ACE Basin NERR
    desirous of the project so there will not be any more development                               as a valuable resource for research.
    near them?

                          TELEPHONE 803-943-3334
                             FAX 803-943-5779

                         NORRIS LIGHTSEY LAFFITTE
            POST OFFICE BOX 81   HAMPTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29924

    With this proposed NERRS project and the Idea of a large-scale ACE                         Response to Mr. Norris L. Laffitte. Hampton. South Carolina
    Basin wildlife sanctuary, are Colleton County, the Low Country                             (Page 2)
    Council of Governments and the multi-county industrial park
    located on the edge of the proposed ACE Basin, supposed to quit
    looking for industrial development? Would an industry even
    think of locating close to this project? This project appears to
    dictate that Beaufort, Jasper, Hampton, Charleston and Colleton
    counties not bring in industry which will help the tax base              17.4              17.4 Designation of the ACE Basin NERR does not dictate the
    because pollution is created by man.  And one the other side,                                   location of industrial development.  However, any
    while one DHEC regulated industry by itself may not pollute enough                              development would have to comply with required SCCC and
    to notice, an industrial park located near the edge of the basin                                SCDHEC permits and procedures, including public input.
    with many facilities may.                                                                       Depending upon the potential impact of the proposed
                                                                                                development on the resources, the ACE Basin NERR would be
    The county is growing ever so slow.  The area has not yet been                                  represented at any public meetings or hearings.
    disturbed.  The landowners appear willing to allow researchers the
    opportunity to do their work without governmental expense.  Few
    people were aware of its beauty before all the-fuss started.

    Leave it alone so it can stay wild.

    Cordi  y,

    No ri  L. La   tte

                         TELEPHONE 803-943-3334
                            FAX 803-943-5779

                            THOMAS DEWEY WISE
                                P.O. DRAWER 0                                               Resnonse to Mr. Thomas Dewey Wise. Charleston. South Carolina
                             CHARLESTON, $.C. 29402
    HOME ADDRESS:                                         OFFICE: 803-577-7032
    82 RUTLEDGE AVE.                                       HOME: 803-722-7770
    CHARLESTON. S.C. 29401

    April 11, 1991

    Ms. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries & Reserves Division
    Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management
    National Ocean Service/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
    Suite 714
    Washington, DC 20235

    In Re:    Ace Basin - Environuentai Impact Statement &
              Management Plan : Draft

    Dear Ms. Durden:

    I am responding to your request regarding review of the above-   18.1                   18.1 Comments from the public hearing have been incorporated in
    captioned document.  I spoke at the public hearing held last week                            the next section with appropriate responses.
    in  Walterboro,  South  Carolina.      I  would  appreciate  you
    incorporating the comments that I made at that public hearing into
    your considerations.

    In addition, I have only one suggested amendment to the Management
    Plan at this point.  On page 19, under paragraph 2 entitled "Buffer   18.2              18.2 Corrections with regards to the use of "uplands" versus
    zone", the last sentence should be changed to read "It excludes the                          "mainland".  The recommend text has been added to the first
    uplands and wetlands now held in private ownership unless specified                          paragraph of Buffer Zone, on page 14.
    in the Management Plan". The word "mainland" should be changed to
    "uplands" to be consistent with earlier references.  I have passed
    along that suggested change to Mike McKenzie and he has agreed to
    put it in the next draft.

    Thank you for allowing me to comment on this matter.

    Very sincerely,

    Dewey Wise
    TDW:Sea

    cc:
    Mr. Mike McKenzie
    S.C. Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept.
    PO Box 12559
    Charleston, SC 29412

    . �  . ve;;i  x luu  ; 4-:-S1i : 3:03PM:   8037956350-          202 :# 2

                                                                                      ResDonse to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis

    April 15, 1991

    Me. Susan E. Durden, Regional Manager
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management
    National Ocean Service/NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
    suite 714
    Washington, DC 20235

    Dear Ms. Durden:

    I believe that you have already received comments from Ms. Rhet
    Wilson, Project Manger for the South Carolina Aquarium, regarding
    the South Carolina Marine Educators' Association's endorsement of
    the proposed designation of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto River
    Basin (ACE Basin) as a National Estuarine Research Reserve System.
    As president of that organization, as a marine education specialist
    and as a private citizen, I would like to comment further in favor
    of this fragile ecosystem being set aside and protected under the
    proposed designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve
    System.

    Prior to my professional involvement in marine education, I was a
    marine biologist working on a federally-funded offshore research
    project geared toward monitoring and assessment of South Carolina's
    commercially-important fish populations.   Although I loved the
     research and being out at sea, I also wanted to share some of the
    more fascinating aspects of marine biology with members of the
     general public,  teachers and students.   After being able to
     accomplish this desire for the past two and a half years, it has
     become increasingly evident to me why the need for environmental
     education needs to be one of the top priorities in education today.

     This decade will be one in which we, as individuals, will be
     required to alter our behavior patterns in an effort to minimize
     the all too often negative impact that our actions have upon our
     environment. Environmental education creates public awareness and
     prompts responsible public involvement in environmental issues.
     This public awareness is most effectively developed through
     education programs that should, ideally, begin in pre-school and
     continue into adulthood. The outer coastal plain ecosystem of the
     ACE Basin provides a perfect setting for environmental education
     programs not only because of its pristine environment, but also

                     ....... ..r...          oQwNO;3ao~v            2i92   3

                                                                                     Response to Ms. Paula Keener-Chavis
    because it is an outdoor classroom in which one can teach the                         (Page 2)
    public about the connections between inland ald coastal habitats
    and how our actions inland directly affect what takes place in our
    coastal and offshore waters. Couple this with the massive influx
    of people into residential coastal communities throughout the
    country and you have the underlying, fundamental reason for doing
    all that we can to protect the very few remaining pristine fragile
    ecosystems like the ACE Basin.

    I strongly urge all who are involved to establish the ACE Basin as
    a National Estuarine Research Reserve System so that we can have
    the opportunity to share this very precious coastal environment 1. comment noted; no response necessary
    with our children.  At the same time, there are those of us who are 19.1
    committed to increasing the awareness of and appreciation for this
    fragile coastal environment among our young future leaders so that
    they may have the insight to protect an environment that all too
    many of us have taken for granted.

    For your information, I have enclosed a copy of an article that I
    wrote for the most recent issue of the newsletter for the South
    Carolina Marine Educators' Association which you may find of
    interest. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the proposed
    ACE Basin project.

    Sincerely,

     2A2 A- '114-V1
    Paula Keener-Chavis
    Marine Education Specialist

          (article in files)

                                                                                          Resnonse to Mr. Lafayette Lvle. Walterboro. South Carolina

    Rt. 4, Box 663,  Ialterboro, S. C.   29488      Pbone:   (803) 844-8600

    April 15, 1991

    Cheryl Graham
    Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
    Office of Oceans & Coastal Res. Mgt., NOAA
    1825 Connecticut Avenue, N. W.
    Room 714
    Washington, D. C.   20235

    Dear Ms Graham:

    The following comments were presented by Lafayette Lyle at the ACE
    Public Hearing in Walterboro, S. C., on April 3, 1991.

    The basic thrust of the National Environmental Policy Act is that
    it is a "full disclosure law," implying that both positive and
    negative ramifications of a given proposed action should be ex-
    plored in complete detail.

    This EIS has dealt with the National Estuarine Research Reserve on                       20.1 The USFWS has determined that an EIS for the proposed
    a core area and buffer zone basis.  The Executive  Summary  says       20.1                   National wildlife Refuge is not required under NEPA.
    the core area is 16,040 acres of highland and marsh.   The buffer                             However, an Enyironfental Assessment wag issued in March
    zone is a total of 135,554 acres.  All this area is east of the                               1990.  The Refuge is outside the proposed HERR boundaries
    abandoned Seaboard Coastline Railroad.  Nothing in this EIS should                            and is a separate project altogether and should not be
    negate the responsibility of the U. S. Fish and Wildlfie  Service                             considered a part of this document.
    from a full disclosure EIS on the proposed refuge up Combahee River.
    However, the Affected Environment section of this EIS includes all                            The Coosawhatchie River was included as a dominant
    of the ACE Basin Watershed, to an elevation of 650 feet,  and  for                            physiographic feature which influences the ecology of the
    some reason includes the Coosawhatchie River.                                                  lower ACE Basin through freshwater drainage.  It is well
                                                                                                outside the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary-
    According to NEPA, this lays the ground work for expounding juris-
    diction throughout the entire-watershed.

    To truly be a full disclosure document, expanding jurisdiction
    should be addressed. For example, The Fish and Wildlife Refuge
    would touch Hampton County - since the Coosawhatchie River is in-                         20.2 property will be acquired only from those landowners willing
    cluded in this EIS.  Therefore, Hampton County would come under the  20.2                      to participate in the program.  Hampton County is outside
    Coastal Zone Management Act,  which is overseen by the  South                                  the proposed ACE Basin HERR boundary.
    Carolina Coastal Council. This means that you would need a Coastal
    Council Permit to fill a highway ditch for a driveway, if the ditch
    is in wetland. Then, by the system of networktng explained in the
    EIS - there is nothing to protect the landowner from having to sign
    a conservation easement in order to get the "network" to agree for
    the Coastal Council to issue a permit.

     Current regulations are found in the Clean Water Act.  33CFR 320.4
     (h) & (i) "Activities in Marine Sanctuaries" says, No permit may be             (Pag                               e           2S
     issued until the Sec. of Comm.  provides certification.                                   (Page 2)

     Section 323.4 is the Ag. and Silvicultural Exemptions.                                    20.3 Activities on privately owned lands in the ACE Basin are not
     The draft EIS does discuss these exemptions on lands with a conser-                             under Jurisdiction of the ACE Basin NERR unless so stated in
     vation easement; but, it does not give any assurance  that the                                  a con
     activities could be continued except by instrument  of a conserva-                              cases, these lands would be managed exclusively according to
                                                                                                said agreement.  Other landowners will be encouraged to
                                                                           20.3                  manage according to BMPs.  However, no "leverage" will be
     Some asurance must be addressed that conservation easement acquisi-                            used against them.  Again, the management plan stresses
     tion will not be used as leverage against landowners carrying on                                cooperation among willing participants only.
     "normal activities" under best management practices.

     Under definition of terms - #(I) Wetland - is not correct.  Wet-          20.4            20.4 Comment noted; The Definition of Terms has been deleted from
     land should be defined according to the singular federal defini-                                the document.
     tion and delineated according to the Federal MAnual for Identifying
     and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands.

     The EIS did not addequately describe the Management Plan and E I
     Statement development found in the Federal Register dated Monday,
     July 23, 1990, sec. 921.13.  (6) says construction plan including
     cost schedule, general description of proposed developments, and
     proposed drawings. Information should be provided for proposed
     minor construction projects in sufficient detail to allow evaluation
     lof these projects. Also, the proposed plan must include an identi-
     fication of ownership within the proposed research reserve boundaries. 20.5               20.5 The Facilities DeVelODment Plan, pages 46-50, has been
                                                                                                amended to include the following statement:
     The plan has not included a list of ownership and did not include
     drawings of construction activities.  With regard to the preferred                 "       P r iro ntion  or categofia  vi sior cen                           t
     site being Bear Island, it is doubtfull that the facilities, park-                              wirepal   andesmit                o categorexan  Feckl
     ing lots, access roads, etc., could be situated to avoid filling
     jurisdictional wetlands.  It is doubtful that the facilities could                              funds may be expended.  All architectural and engineering
     be supported by a suitable sewerage effluent system to avoid adverse                            plans, including specifications, must be approved by NOAA
     impacts on the aquatic environment.  'Therefore,  under  B,  other                              for any proposed construction.  This includes facility
     alternatives considered;  4, the perferred alternative is not con-                              development, boat ramps, nature trails, etc."
    clusive.
                                                                                                A list of major land owners in the ACE Basin NERR region has
    Under the same regulations, it states:  The methods of aquisition                               been added as Appendix D.4.
    in which the state proposes to use acquisition including less than
    fee simple imput, interest, conservation easement, fee simple pro-
    perty acquisition or a conbination of these approaches.

    Number (5) ranks in order of the cost effectiveness in selecting
    a preferred method for establishing State control over each parcel
    examined.  The State shall give consideration to the least costly
    methods of obtaining the minimum level of long term control required.                           to indicate on   pes thas be  revised
    There is no such economic alternative  analaysis in the Draft EIS.
    The islands proposed for aquisition are land locked, regulated,                                 adeqate state control over key land and water areas in the
    inaccessible, regulated and likely won't perc., regulated,                 20.6                 proposed core area of the reserve.  Without adeigate state
    permits form Coastal Guard COE-SCCC and EHEC.  Therefore, the control sufficient to provide long-term protection for
    Purpose and Need for Action section of this EIS is questionable. reserve resources and ensuring a stable environmental for
                                                                                                 research and education, the reserve would not be eligible
                                                                                                 for funds for operations, research or education.

                     PUBLIC HEARING - APRIL 3, 1991
                       Walterboro, South Carolina

    Place:    Colleton County Courthouse
              Walterboro, South Carolina

    Time:     7:00 pm

    Hearing held by:

              Dr. Paul Sandifer, Director
              SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

              H. Stephen Snyder
              South Carolina Coastal Council

              Michael D. McKenzie
              SC Wildlife and Marine Resources Department

              Cheryl Graham, Program Specialist
              Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, NOAA

    Hearing attended by:

    1.   Norris L. Laffitte             30.  Ray Barso
    2.   Everett D. Crosby               31.  Lee Baughman
    3.   Paul Wise                      32. *James E. Frank
    4.   Mark Tucker                     33.**Beth McClure
    5.   Ted Kinard                      34. *Dana Beach
    6.   William H. Shouse              35.**Lafayette Lyle
    7.   Harold Rhoades                  36.**Edsel Caine
    8.   Eugene F. Duncan                37.**Bruce C. Lampright
    9.   Ellis Brown                     38. *Becky Lee
    10.  Jim Cope                       39. *Linda Rackley
    11.  Dan Johnson                    40. *Mary Ann Burtt
    12.  Les Zielke                     41. *James P. Harrelson
    13.  Joe Grigg                      42. *Gordon Locatis
    14.  Tony L. Bebber                 43.**Rhet Wilson
    15.  Boris Hurlbutt                 44.  Robert Lee Frank II
    16.  Keith A. McGraw                45. *Dewey Wise
    17.  Robert E. Breland              46.  Eugene duPont, III
    18.  Cindy Tucker                   47.**Sally Murphy
    19.  Dwayne E. Porter               48.  Robert E. Marvin
    20.  Mel Marvin                      49. *Richard P. Baldwin
    21.  John W. Evans                   50. *W.S. Baldwin, Jr.
    22.  J. Lin Houck                    51.  Genevieve G. Smith
    23.  H.B. Limehouse                  52.**Norman L. Brunswig
    24.  Melvin M. Stroble               53.  Earle R. Marvin
    25.  Bobby Harrell                   54.  James A. Timmerman
    26.  Candace Cummings               55.  Linda Linquist
    27.  Johnny Hiers                    56.  Mike Prevost
    28.  Claude E. McLeod, Jr.           57.  Buford S. Mabry, Jr.
    29.  H.B. "Chip" Limehouse           58.  Joe Henderson

    COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
        Public Hearing

    Mr. James E. Frank. orivate landowner                                                    Resnonse to Mr. James E. Frank

    My main concern is as a private landowner. We own some land on
    Pine Island and apparently they are not. going to condemn or take
    your land from you, as I understand. That was my main concern.

    But now is there going to be any further restrictions placed on
    use a private landowners? We are willing to help and cooperate,
    I am and my family is, but are there going to be further               A.1               A.l  The proposed ACE Basin NERR is not a regulatory program, but
    restrictions on, say like, if you want to build a done on your                                 moreover a program to protect pristine areas for use as
    land or add to a house or building that you may already have                                   natural field laboratories for research and education.
    there, not to develop or anything but just for your own personal                               Therefore, existing requirements for local, state and
    use?                                                                                           Federal constructions permits would be observed and normal
                                                                                              application procedures would be followed.
    You have answered most of the things I had in mind. I think it
    looks good. Thank you.

    Ms. Beth McClure. South Carolina Denartment of Park. Recreation
    and Tourism (SCPRT)

    I represent the SCPRT. Not only are we a state agency but we are
    a landowner as well. Our executive director could not be here
    this evening. I would like to read a brief statement that he has
    sent.

    [For the record, this letter is included in the previous section
    with appropriate responses.]

    Mr. Dana Beach. South Carolina Coastal Conservation Leaaue

    I am the Executive Director of the S.C. Coastal Conservation
    League. We are based in Charleston and we have over 1,000
    members primarily in Charleston County, Colleton, Beaufort,
    Dorchester and Berkeley.

    I was also an Advisory Board member or am an Advisory Board
    member on the NERR's program and have been extensively involved
    with commenting on earlier drafts. There is not really much more
    I can say because this draft to me represents a very complete
    document describing the important of protecting this area and I
    think it was done painstakingly by the department and the details
    are very accurate and well placed.

    What I did want to comment on tonight, though, is rather than
    what is in the ACE Basin, I would like to comment on what is not
    in the ACE Basin and why this absence in this case, population,
    represents an extraordinary opportunity- for Colletbn County and
    the public. South Carolina is growing at a breathtaking rate as
    everyone knows. Every two and one half years, the State adds the
    equivalent of another City of Charleston to its population, about
    80,000 people, and the bulk of that growth is here along the
    coast. Berkeley County, just a little north, is the fifth

    fastest growing coastal county in the southeast.  By the year                          Resnonse to Mr. Dana Beach
    2010, Charleston County is projected to be the 12th most densely
    populated coastal county in the southeast. Squeezing up from the
    northern boundary of the ACE Basin is Beaufort which is growing
    at a rate that is one of the highest in the State and is expected
    to double its population in the next twenty years - more than
    double. our only competitors in the population field are
    counties in Florida. These figures, incidently, come from NOAA's
    most recent publication on population growth an the nation's
    coast.

    The increased population has created a number of problems and in
    South Carolina we have not done a very good job of dealing with
    those problems. More that 40% of the state's shellfish beds are
    closed because of human pollution from sewage discharges and
    runoffs. Wildlife is increasingly crowded out of important
    habitats and fisheries face a variety of growth related stresses.
    As I mentioned earlier, the ACE Basin does not have those
    problems because it does not have the population pressures yet
    sprawling up and down its rivers and roads. As a result, it
    harbors an estuarine system that is virtually pristine.  It is an B1BlComnnte;orspseecsay
    important natural system today but in the future, as populations        .B1Comnnte;orspseecsay
    increase, it is going to be priceless because the public is
    increasingly losing the opportunity to visit these types of
    complete estuaries. The relative value of the ACE will increase
    exponentially over the next twenty years and this is going to be
    a good thing for Colleton County. Because, beside protecting the
    ACE for people who live in Colleton, it is bound to bring
    increased attention from the rest of the country from people who
    are interested in nature-based tourism, hunting, fishing and
    boating.

    Aldo Leopold, who was one to the founders of the modern
    conservation movement, called protection of wilderness "humanity
    exercising self-control". The ACE Basin is the closest thing we
    have in South Carolina to wilderness. The future generations
    will look back on what we are doing here tonight and what the
    groups who have been involved with this project to date have
    done, and I think, will admire the self-control that we have had
    to leave this area in its pristine condition, for having the
    foresight to protect the system today that probably would not
    offer us that opportunity much longer in the future.

    I would like to tht~nk the Department and NOAA for doing a very
    good job of putting this program together and I think on behalf        B.B2Comnnte;orspseecsay
    of the public who is interested in nature, this is one of theB                 2B2Comnnte;orspseecsay
    most exciting projects that I am aware of in the country. Thank
    you very much.

    Mr. Lafavette Lvle. local resident

    [For the record, Mr. Lyle submitted his comments in writing and
    these comments are included in the previous section with
    appropriate responses.]

    Mr. Ed Caine. Director. Coastal Zone Educational Center

    [For the record, Mr. Caine submitted his comments in writing and
    these comments are included in the written comments section with
    appropriate responses.]

    Mr. Bruce Lamnriaht. Proiect and Education Coordinator. Coastal
    Zone Educational Center

    [For the record, Mr. Lampright submitted his comments in writing
    and these comments are included in the previous section with
    appropriate responses.]

    Ms. Becky Lee. nrivate landowner                                                        Resnonse to Ms. Becky Lee

    I'm Becky Lee. I am a private landowner in the ACE Basin. I
    have a very simple interest: a personal interest in wild flowers
    of the area and there seems to be no one that is making any            C.1              C.1 Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of
    particular effort to protect the wild flowers.  As a matter of                               the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your
    fact, at about this time last year - April or May - all the roads:                           concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of
    and ditches in the ACE Basin were sprayed with herbicides and I                              Highways and Public Transportation.
    would like to see that no longer happen.

    Ms. Linda Racklev. Sierra Club                                                          Resnonse to Ms. Linda Racklev

    Good evening. I am here representing the Sierra Club. The
    Sierra Club would like to thank the SCWRMD, the SCCC and NOAA for
    this opportunity to publicly express our support of the
    acquisition of the eight islands located in the ACE Basin for
    designation as a National Estuarine Research Reserve.                  D.1
                                                                                         D.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
    The unspoiled beauty of the ACE Basin will provide an ideal
    research area and educational center. The research will increase
    understanding of the fragile fresh and saltwater wetlands. The
    addition of the environmental education center within the reach
    of area schools will greatly enhance the opportunity for
    introducing tomorrow's voters to the value of the estuarine
    habitat.

    Thank you.

    Ms. Mary Ann Burtt. local resident                                                        Resnonse to Ms. Mary Ann Burtt

    Mr. Chairman, members of the panel, I am Mary Ann Burtt. I am a
    native of Walterboro and now a resident again of Walterboro and
    although tonight I speak as an individual, I think the views I
    express reflect a prevalent opinion in this community of Colleton
    County about the ACE Basin.

    In the years I have spent away from South Carolina, I have worked
    as a professional on land use preservation, mainly the
    reservation of million of acres in Alaska in the National Park
    and Wilderness System; also the addition of the Channel Island
    and Mineral King, and Santa Monica Mountains to the National
    Parks System, as well as other wilderness areas. I have also
    served as an environmental consultant to big business and to
    government and it is from that point of view that I commend you
    tonight on this plan.

    I wholeheartedly agree with the conclusion that the environmental
    impact of this proposal will be entirely positive.  I think it        E.1
    will be positive for the protection of this particular area and I                          E.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
    think that the research and education, which will take place in
    this area, will be essential to protecting other resources in
    South Carolina. Thank you.

    Mr. James P. Harrelson. nrivate landowner                                                  Response to Mr. James P. Harrelson

    I'm James P. Harrelson. I am like Will Rogers, the only thing
    that I know is what I read in the papers. I saved some maps that
    you drew a line around me and a few hundred acres of mine.  I've   F.1                     F.1 Comment noted; no response necessary.
    got some wetlands of which I want to keep so I just checked that
    thing [DEIS/DMP] because I didn't want to be left out, in case I
    did have something to say. But I speak out of an abundance of
    ignorance. The concept is good, I still don't know all the
    answers.

    Mr. Gordon Locatis. Edisto Island Community Association                                    Response to Mr. Gordon Locatis

    My name is Gordon Locatis. I represent the Edisto Island
    Community Association and we have 120 members - a very diverse
    group of people from retired farmers, who have lived on the
    island all their life, to retired school teachers, active
    citizens of the island who care about mother nature.

    We have a lot of retirement people there and our group supports
    the idea of the research reserve wholeheartedly. Our group
    sought to upgrade the water in this area to the highest
    classification and we cannot think of a better way to preserve
    the clean water surrounding Edisto Island than to establish this
    reserve.

    As you can see from the map, Edisto will be a neighbor of this
    reserve and the ACE Basin and I would like you to know that many
    of the residents, especially in our group, want to see this area
    remain undeveloped.

    We applaud your efforts and we think you have done an outstanding
    job.  in fact, we are very happy that all of these agencies are    G.1                  G.l  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    interacting together because we think with so many people looking
    over each other's shoulders, would be a good checks and balance
    situation. We will also have an outstanding educational resource
    for the general public.

    Thank you very much again.

    Ms. Rhet Wilson. South Carolina Acouarium. South Carolina Marine
    Educators Association                                                                  Response to Ms. _het Wilson

    My name is Rhet Wilson. I am speaking for two groups tonight, so
    I will read the statements one after another, if I may.

    [For the record, Ms. Wilson submitted her comments, as the South
    Carolina Aquarium Project Coordinator, in writing and these
    comments are included in the previous section with appropriate
    responses.

    On behalf of the South Carolina Marine Educators Association:
    The South Carolina Marine Educators Association acknowledges and
    fully supports the SCWMRD, the Nature Conservancy, Ducks
    Unlimited Foundation, and USFWS and private landowners in theirH1comnnte;orspseecsay
    efforts regarding the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a                        HH.omn1otd   orsonencsay
    NERR site.

    The South Carolina Marine Educators Association further
    recognizes the continued efforts of the South Carolina Coastal
    Council in the management of South Carolina's coastal resources
    and in the proposed designation of the ACE Basin as a NERR site.

    As the State Chapter of the National Marine Educators
    Association, the primary goal of the South Carolina marine
    Educators Association is to establish a communications network
    for those interested in aquatic education throughout South
    Carolina. This group of innovative educators and naturalists
    fully recognizes the importance of estuarine education and the
    vital role that it plays in linking together scientists and
    educators and members of the public in an effort to increase
    public awareness and appreciation of our coastal environment. It
    is our collective responsibility to educate our youth about the
    vitally important roles that these fragile estuarine systems
    play. After all, these young people are our future leaders and
    protectors of the environment that all too may of us have
    unfortunately taken for granted.

    Therefore, be it known the South Carolina Marine Educators
    Association hereby endorses the proposed National Estuarine
    Research Reserve system plan for the ACE Basin and through its
    statewide and national network of educators and naturalists, the
    association will promote the establishment of this irreplaceable
    ecosystem as a KERR site. Thank you.

    Mr. Dewey Wise. nrivate landowner                                                       Resnonse to Mr. Dewey Wise

    Thank you, Mr. chairman. My name is Dewey Wise. I am an
    affected landowner in the ACE Basin, but I am here tonight not
    only as an individual, but also because Mr. Timmerman asked Dana
    Beach and I to speak on behalf of the Advisory committee. I
    suppose that he thought if ne asked Mr. Beach and myself he would
    cover the waterfront in the spectrum of philosophies about this.
    I don't think there is any difference between Mr. Beach and 'I in
    our respective comments to environmental protection and
    conservation.  it probably is a significant difference between
    our respective philosophies in how it should be accomplished.

    I am a skeptic of governmental intervention and governmental
    programs.  Two years ago in this very same room, before a similar
    committee, most of you were here, I said the same thing then. I
    am honored to be an the Advisory Committee. A lot of work went
    on in that committee. A great deal of credit goes to Mike
    McKenzie and other of the staff for integrating the various
    comment and drafts that were passed around. I think I attended
    every meeting during the last two years that the committee met,
    and I think the document we came out with is a document that I
    can support, both as an individual and as a committee member.

    The reason that I can support it is because there are seven
    commitments that were made on behalf of the individuals and
    agencies who are promoting the NERR system. I believe those
    seven commitments are included in this document.

    The first commitment is that there would be no condemnation.
    Land purchased would be purchased from willing sellers only and    1.1                  1.1  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    that has been referred to earlier and isB in the document.

    The second is that there would be on private land, neither in the
    core area or the buffer zone without the owner's consent and that
    is in the document.

    Third is that there would be no interference with traditional
    uses such as hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and that
    is in the document.

    The fourth is a personal sticking point that there would be no
    additional licenses or permits needed except for research in the
    reserve.  In other words, if someone owns property in the ACE         1.2
    Basin, he should not have to jump through five extra hoops to get                       1.2  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    a dock permit, or a fishing license, 'or a hunting license; and

    that concept is in this document.

    The fifth is that the reserve itself and the lands in the reserve
    and the management of the reserve be concentrated with State of
    South Carolina rather than the Federal government. I think the
    wildlife department is an excellent run department.  Dr.               1.3                1.3  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    Timmerman is doing a fine job and if there is one person who's
    word you can take to the bank and deposit it, it is his and he is
    committed to these concepts and these things. I believe that
    having the islands that are already bought transferred to the
    Wildlife and Marine Resources Department is an excellent idea.

    Sixth is that the management plan, the final management plan that
    comes out, cannot be changed by Washington or some other agency
    but that rather if there are changes that are needed, that public  i.                     1.4  Comment noted; no response necessary.
    hearings and public input would take place prior to those changes
    being put in place.

    Finally, that an Advisory Committee of local folks, be it me or
    some locals from here in Walterboro and other places, will
    continue to serve in an advisory capacity and monitor the
    compliance with the management plan.

    Now those are the seven things that I think were made in the way
    of a commitment by the agencies to those of us that had concerns
    and I believe they are in the plan. if they are not in the plan,
    as the preacher says "its time to speak now or forever hold your
    peace". I think they are in the plan.

    Two years ago I stood here very skeptical about this project. I
    think it obviously has some very positive things about it and I
    think it will be a very successful project. I think the people
    who are behind it, have the very beat intentions and with these
    protections for those of use who are landowners and the local
    folks down here; who are either agriculture or forestry. if you
    have concerns about it, I think they are concerns, hopefully for
    the most part, that have been allayed by this document.

    So on behalf of the committee and on behalf of myself as an
    individual, I want to endorse the draft management plan. I am
    sure that out of this hearing tonight, there will come other
    suggestions for improving the document to a final form and I hope
    to participate in that. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

    Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr.. orivate landowner                                                   Resnonse to Mr. W.S. Baldwin. Jr.

    I'm representing Hutchinson Island. At this point we do not want
    to be included int he core area or the buffer zone.  we do not         J.1                J.1  Comment noted; Boundaries for the reserve have not been
    oppose it.  We just would like to see how the estuarine project                                 finalized, but will be as part of the Final Management Plan.
    goes. Thank you.

    Ms. Sally Murnhv. South Carolina Wildlife Federation

    I am Sally Murphy. As a member of the Board of Directors of the
    South Carolina Wildlife Federation, I am here to present a
    statement on behalf of Betty Spence, the Executive Director.

    [For the record, this letter is included in the previous section
    with appropriate responses.]

    Mr. Norman Brunswia. National Audubon Society

    [For the record, Mr. Brunswig submitted his comments in writing
    and these comments are included in the previous section with
    appropriate responses.]

    Mr. Richard P. Baldwin. nrivate landowner                                              Resoonse to Mr. Richard P. Baldwin

    I am Richard P. Baldwin. I am like Dewey Wise was a few years
    ago, I was skeptical about this whole idea. But when the
    Department finally came up with the plan, I read the plan and if
    they stick with the plan, I think it sounds like a good idea. I
    am going to endorse it.

    There are a couple of things I am going to suggest or ask. I am
    a commercial fisherman and I think we should have some               K.1 K.1 Comment noted; Commercial fishermen will be represented on
    representation on some of these committees.                         I                       the Advisory Committee and the membership has been revised
                                                                                             on pages 42-23, as requested.
    I also think maybe they ought to put an extra lane on the
    highways for the bird watchers, because. more and more every year,  K.2                K.2  Comment noted; Although this area is not within the realm of
    they stop in the middle of the road.  When you come around those                            the proposed management plan for the ACE Basin NERR, your
    curves you have to dodge them.  You need to keep that in mind,                              concerns have been forwarded to the S.C. Department of
                                                                                             Highways and Public Transportation.

    ?