/Katherine L. Percy ... [et al.]. Percy, Katherine L. Oregon State University.Sea Grant College Program. United States.Office of Water Resources Research. [2nd ed.] Corvallis, Or.:Sea Grant College Program, Oregon State University,1974. Estuaries Oregon. Oceanography Research. Coa stal Zone information. Center 7, t OREGON'S ESTUARIES- GC 856 D44 1974 percy rmation 0t @er __@Cen fs tltv tz- Mjg(@@i-lan DESCRIPTIONS AND INFORMATION SOURCES FOR OREGON ESTUARIES Property of CSC LibraW Katherine L. Percy David A. Bella Research Assistant Principal Investigator Principal Author Contributing Author July 1972 - June 1973 July 1972 - May 1974 Chet Sutterlin Peter C. Klingeman Research Assistant- Principal Investigator Principal Author Contributing Author March 1973 May 1974 July 1972 June 1973 U S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 Published and distributed by SEA GRANT COLLEGE Program May 1974 Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 Price:.$2.50 CZ4 C -Z% PREFACE This report is a second expanded edition of a T)revious edition entitled "Description and Information Sources for Oregon's Estuaries," March 1973. The study leading to this second edition has been spon- sored by the Office of Water Resources Research, United States Depart- ment of the Interior administered through the Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University. The first edition was performed as part of a study for the Oregon Study Team of the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission under contract with two of the member agencies of the study team: the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Concepts and recommendations developed under this study are included in the report "General Planning Methodology for Oregon's Estuarine Natural Resources," Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission, P.O. Box 908, Vancouver, WA, 98660. The interested reader can also refer to the technical publications by the principal investi- gators for more recent research on the environmental management of Oregon's Estuaries. The support and cooperation of a great number of individuals and organizations is acknowledged. Particular acknowledgment is given to James B. Kennedy who served as Resource Coordinator for a portion of the study. The professional-assistance of Larry S. Slotta and Charles K. Sollitt, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University is greatly appreciated. I The appreciable support of the Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, particularly James F. Ross, Executive Director, and Wilbur Ternyik, Chairman, and of Paul Coyne, President of the Oregon Coastal Ports Federation, in obtaining information and in arranging meet- ings to exchange ideas with numerous knowledgeable individuals from state agencies, port authorities, coastal towns and counties is gratefully acknowledged. Considerable help and information was also provided by many other individuals whose assistance is collectively acknowledged here. Mrs. Elisabeth Schafer and Ms. Kathie Zuleger prepared this report through several drafts and numerous revisions. Publication and distribution of this report is supported by the Oregon State University Sea Grant College program. The OSU Sea Grant College program is supported cooperatively by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, within the U.S. Department of Commerce, by the State of Oregon and by participating local governments and private industry. The U.S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright nota- tion that may appear hereon. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oregon Estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin . . . . . . . . 1 Estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Drainage Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Hydraulic Description of Estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tides and Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 River Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Salinity and Classification by Mixing . . . . . . . ... . . . . 6 Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Biological Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Physical Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Estuary Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Industrial and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Recreational . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table of Surveillance Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ALSEA BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CHETCO BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 COOS BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 COQUILLE BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ELK RTVER . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 NECANICUM RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 NEHALEM BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 NESTUCCA BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115 NETARTS BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 PISTOL RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 ROGUE RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 SALMON BAY . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 SAND LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 SILETZ BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 STUSLAW BAY . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * , , *179 SIXES RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 TILLAMOOK BAY . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 20S UMPOUA BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 141INCHLICK RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 239 YAQUINA BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 YOUNG'S BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 STRFA,M PROFILES "A" Rogue River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 "B" Chetco Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 "C" Coos Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 63 "D11 Tillamook Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 INTRODUCTION Information concerning the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Oregon's estuaries and of the natural resources found within them has not been available in complete form from any one agency, group or publication. Partial information can be obtained from many different sources if the planner or decision maker knows whom to ask and where to look. This report, while not a complete compi lation of facts about the natural resources and related features of Oregon's estuaries, provides a summary of much of the known information about the estuaries and gives numerous citations of literature and agencies from which supporting infor- mation may be obtained. The report is. intended to provide the planner with a "starting point" for assembling the required data concerning most of the Oregon estuaries. Oregon Estuaries Oregon's recognized estuaries, reportedly 14 in number [149,155],,are shown in Figure.A, together with some of the state's smaller estuaries. Also shown are the five basins into which the coastal zone is commonly divided--the North Coast, Mid-Coast, Umpqua River, South Coast, and Rogue River basins. These basins are mentioned periodically herein and are in- cluded in Figure A to give a general indication of their boundaries and of the estuaries included within them. Thirteen major Oregon estuaries are described in this report. However, the Columbia River estuary which is the largest estuary, is an interstate estuary of a multi-state drainage basin and has been omitted. Information is organized as individual estuary reports with the same basic format for each. The outline used is presented in the following pages with descriptions and explanations of the information and major -references being given as necessary. Definitions are included at the end of this section. References, which are indicated by brackets are included in alphabetical order at the end of this report. General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Listed in this section are the location, population, centers, dimen- sions, and maj.or tributaries of each estuary. Also given are addressess and phone numbers of Port Commissions [106] and other organizations having a special interest in the area. Mention is made of any existing physical models(l) or special reports. Records of physical models were found for Tillamook and Umpqua Bays only.- Young's Bay WASHINGTON Necanicum NORTH@, COAS B IN Nehoiem Tillamook Netarts "I'K Sand Lake Nestucca UJ Salmon 0 z Siletz < Cr Yaquina Alsea MID- COAST co SiUSIOW B "0' A Um p q U 0 UMPQUA RI ER s N Coo BA N SOUTH Coquille COAST Sixes Elk L RIVER BASIN Z- Roaue Pistol- I. Nr---S@J A T Cheico J Winchuck CALIFORMA Figure A. Oregon's estuaries and major coastal drainage basins. 2 For comparison, the estuaries are shown in Table A in order of decreasing estuary size, along with surface areas, percent tidelands, and size of drainage basins as presented in various sources. This information is also given in the individual reports. Table A. Surface areas, percent tidelands, and drainage areas of Oregon's estuaries (55,59,701. Estuary surface area (acres) Percent of surface Drainage basin measured at areas which is area HW MHT tidelands (sq.mi.) 1551 1701 1591 [701 Coos 10,973 --- 9,543a 48 605 Tillamook 8,861 8,289 8,839a 58 so 540 Umpqua 6,749 6,830 5,712a 27 22 4,560 Yaquina 4,233 3,910 2,,,3a 61 35' 2S3 Youngs Bay --- --- 2 870b 122 Nehalem 2,388 2,309 3:766 a 32 47 855 Netarts 2,179 2,325 2,406 a 65 14 Alsea 2,140 2,146 2,227a 46 474 Siuslaw 1,458 2,24S 11,8,a 38 34 773 Siletz 1,086 1,187 1,203a 65 373 Nestucca 1,022 1,000 1,149 a 58 322 Coquille 818 --- 703a 1,058 Rogue 575 --- --- 5,100 Sand Lake 429 528 700a 75 17 Sixes --- --- 330d 129 Elk --- --- 290d 94 Necanicum --- --- 278C 87 Pistol --- --- 230d 106 Salmon RiV&r 171 204 438a 57 62 75 Chetco 140 --- 359 Winchuck --- --- 130d 70 aTidal-stage not given -- described as "those areas affected by tidal action." [591 bArea calculatea by planimeter shoreline representing approximate line of mean high water. [1161 CTidal stage not given -- described as "the estuary covers 278 acres." [66] dArea calculated by planimeter from aerial photographs -- Tidal stage not known. [135] Population centers considered here are those located on or near the estuary (i.e., near water subject to tidal influence or near the head of tidewater.) In cases where the extent of tidal influence was not known, population centers within a reasonable distance from the estuary mouth (assumed to be 1 to 10 miles, depending on the estuary) were included.- The centers are given in table form for most estuaries and were taken from three sources--(I) the 1972 Rand McNally and Co. Atlas [111], (2) the Oregon State Water Resources Board (OSWRB) basin report maps [88,89,93,99], and (3) the OSWRB stream mile summaries [94,95,96,97]. The Rand McNally Atlas [111] either provided the 1970 census figures 'or used the terms "rural" and "no pop," defined in the atlas as follows: 3 no pop--most of these places are railroad stations, but some are factories, mines, power plants, etc. The "no pop" designation indicates that the place is in the open country and is not associated with any settlement. rural--open-country localities that have a locally recognized name, although no built-up section exists and the population is scattered over a wide area. Towns shown on a map or listed in a stream mile summary but for which census figures were not given are described here as "not listed." Estuary surface areas are from work by Marriage [59], Johnson [5S], the Division of State Lands [70], and Department of Water Resources, OSU [87]. Marriage did not specify the tidal stage for which he gave the areas but did state that "only those areas affected by tidal action were included in the acreage measurements." He determined the areas sometime around 1948 from either U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS) bay charts (preferably) or coastal charts, but made no indication as to which type was used for the individual estuaries. In most instances he also gave the number of tideland acres. Johnson apparently used USCGS charts from the late 1960's and early 1970's for determining surface areas and other dimensions presented here, such as distance to farthest estuary shore, inlet,dimensions at throat, and average lagoon depth below MSL. The Division of State Lands, the most recent of the three references, obtained MLT and MFIT surface areas by planimeter measurements taken from aerial photographs on which estuarine boundaries at those tidal stages had been marked by direct observation. That agency has also compiled a tideland abstract listing the acreage of most Oregon estuary tidelands as well as some ownership and deed information [70]. The State of Oregon Division of State Lands provided most of the maps at the beginning of each section, the others being U.S.G.S. and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maps. Major tributaries are described in terms of length, annual fresh water yield, and drainage areas. Some indication is also made of the location of the point for river mile z.ero as given in the OSWRB stream mile summaries [94,95,96,97] or basin reports maps [88,89,93,99]. In some cases the major tributary has its zero river mile at the estuary mouth, and therefore, the lower section of the river actually is the estuary (or at least its major portion). Yaquina Bay provides an example of this type of stationing. In other cases (e.g., Nestucca Bay) the zero river mile stations of major tribu- taries are at their points of discharge into the "bay." In instances such as this, an attempt was made to estimate (from the OSWRB maps) the distance along the center of the estuary from its mouth to the zero river mile. In any case such as the above, where a distance was estimated and is therefore very approximate, it is so designated here by simply describing it as being approximately or about the indicated number of miles. Unless other- wise stated statute miles are used. 4 The Estuaries of Oregon are now and have been in the past regions of rich resources for the inhabitants of the coast. For this reason those lands adjacent to the estuaries have been used for thousands of years by prehistoric inhabitants as occupation areas. There are state and federal laws which protect these archeological resources on all public lands. Inquiries concern- ing these laws and archeological sites should be directed to the Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon [22]. The Museum is by state law the protector of state antiquities and the repository of information concerning antiquities. This information has not been mentioned in the individual reports. Drainage Basin Drainage basin ar ea, annual fresh water yield, composition (percentage of forests, croplands, rangelands, etc.), annual precipitation, air temperature, wind direction, and range of elevation are included in this-section.- It should be noted that the terms "drainage basin" and "watershed" are used interchange- ably. Areas of the drainage basins are mainly those presented in the OSWRB stream mile summaries [94,95,96,97]. In cases where no area was found, estimates were made from the OSWRB basin reports maps [88,89,93,99]. In 1968, the OSWRB made available information in punch card or printout form from surface water gaging stations for which monthly and water-year runoff records had been compiled. A description of the format used and a listing of the stations from which records would be provided are given in a publication by the agency entitled "Surface Water Gaging Stations, Oregon" [98]. Some of those stations are also noted here in the table of surveillance stations included at the end of each estuary section. Precipitation records are available for towns on many of the estuaries [92,143]. Wind roses can be obtained for some areas [7]. Also, it has been generalized that along the Oregon coast, winter winds are predominantly from the southwest and summer winds are from the northwest to north [7]. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents Information given here includes exposure of the estuary to waves at the mouth [5S]; the extent of tidal influence (various references); mean tide range(2) and its diurnal range [55]; the extreme tidal range [86]; tidal prism on mean range and its diurnal range [55]; amplification information [43]; and phase difference between tidal elevations and tidal currents [43]. (2) "The mean tide range as listed was taken from the 1971 USC&GS Tide Tables for the station inside the bay or lagoon nearest to the entrance." [55]. S Two items of information that can be given for this entire coastal area (and have therefore not been repeated in the individual reports) are that (1) tides are "mixed," meaning two uneq 'ual high tides and two unequal low tides daily, and (2) wave roses are available through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. River Discharges Where possible, observed or estimated flow rates of major tributaries are given. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates -numerous stream gaging stations and annually presents records from them in its publication "Water-Resources Data for Oregon, Part 1. Surface Water Records" [1401. Salinity and Classification by Mixing Most salinity information was taken from research conducted by Burt and McAllister during the late 1950's [12,13]. Determination of the extent of salinity intrusion involved up to only nine measurements being made over a two-year period [12]. These were taken along the channel centerline-at various distances from the ocean. Concen- trations presented here are those from the sampling point showing greatest inland intrusion. In classifying estuaries on the basin of mixing characteristics, Burt @4nd McAllister used'the following distinctions, previously defined by Pritchardki), in terms of salinity change from top to bottom [13]: two-layered system--20 ppt or over partly-mixed system--between 4 ppt and 19ppt well-mixed system--3 ppt or less. Classification was made for various months from HW measurements taken at the nearest station where mean salinity was 17 ppt (roughly half fresh and half salt water). It should be noted t6t, as Burt and McAllister pointed out, an estuary will probably,change from one type to another as conditions vary throughout the year. Examples of this situation can be seen repeatedly in the individual reports. Sediments Given in this section is information and reference material on littoral drift, sediment loads, and analyses of dredge samples. Littoral drift along the Oregon coast seems, in most cases, to be to the south during the summer and to the north during the winter, with the net drift being to the south [57]. However, proximity to the mouth of the Columbia River may be a significant factor regarding predominant drift direction. (3) Pritchard, D.W., "Estuarine Circulation Patterns," Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., Vol. 81, Separate 717, pp. 1-11, 1955. 6 Estimates of sediment loads were made [85] from a map presented by H.W. Anderson in 1954(4). Conditions of the.watersheds have changed con- siderabl y since then, and the generalized estimates can no longer be considered to be a reliable as they once may have been. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has analyzed dredge samples to determine organic content, void ratio, and grain size [124]. In most cases, this involved several samples; however, the data given here in- clude only the mean grain size and the extreme values of organic content and void ratio, with some indication of the sampling date and site. More information could be obtained from the Corps records. The amount of accretion at jetties of some of the estuaries has been given in the Division of State Lands tideland abstract previously.mentioned [70]. That information, which is not repeated in the individual reports, is as follows: Nehalem--115 feet S; Siuslaw--320 feet N, 55 feet S; Tillamook--250 feet N, 70 feet S; Umpqua--245 feet N, 12 feet S. Water Quality The Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) operates numerous water surveillance stations and will provide records from them in punch card or printout form showing temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Pearl-Benson Index (PBI), turbidity, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms [67,68]. Initial measurements in some estuaries were made as far back as 1957 (Coos and Umpqua) whereas for others they are only as -recent as 1969 (Alsea and Siletz). No attempt was made to review the records and summarize them here; only the number of stations with their loca- tions and periods of records are given. Temperature or other water quality measurements from stations other than those operated by the DEQ are also mentioned. In most cases, these are USGS stations, the records from which are available in annual USGS pub- lications, "Water Resources Data for Oregon. Part II. Water Quality Records" [141]. Descriptions of'some sewage treatment facilities are given, but the information is incomplete because not all of the treatment plants in any given estuarine area are necessarily covered. Industrial outfall infor- mation is not easily accessible at this time, but the DEQ is now issuing permits and is in the process of putting the rate and type of discharge at the outfalls on punch cards. By the fall of 1973 the project will possibly be to the point where the information will be readily available [441. (4) Anderson, H.W., "Suspended Sediment Discharge as Related to Streamflow, Topography, Soil, and Land Use," Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 35 (2) pp. 268-281, 1954. 7 Biological Information In this section, mention is made of as least some of the fish, water- fowl, and big game animals commonly found in each estuarine area. Listings of fish generally include only those which are of either commercial or recre- ational interest. Estimates of the number of anadromous salmonids spawning in various streams as presented in the Oregon State Game Commission COSGQ basin environmental investigations are given in the individual reports and compiled for comparison in Table B [75,76,77,78,79]. Also available in these publications are periodicity charts and distribution maps for anadromous fish. Table B. Estimated numbers of adul t anadromous salmonids spawning in the Oregon estuarine stream systems, 1972 [75,76,77,781. Stream system Chinook Coho Chum. Steelhead Sea-run Cutthroat spring fall winter summer Nehalem Rive-rl,3 --- 4,00n 21,840 200 11,000 --- 8,000 Tillamook (Tillamook, 6,120 33,705 33,625 9,900 49,575 2,400 18,000 Trask, Wilson, Kilchis, and @Iiari Rivers)1,3 4@- V) Netarts no information W Sand Lake no information 0 Nestucca (Nestucca and 1,890 20,565 18,580 2,000 37,290 S,600 5,800 Little Nestucca 4J Rivers)1,3 Necanicuml --- --- 3,78D 100 2,000 2,000 Youngs Bayl --- 500 17,200 200 2,800 1,000 Salmon Riverl,2,3 180 2,000 5,700 4,200 250 3j800 4.1 qiletzl,2,3 775 14,200 26,900 11,500 4,900 32,000 tr, Cd Yaquinal,2,3 0 2,100 12,600 2,300 0 7,500 Alseal,2,3 300 20,000 58,000 13,600 200 28,600 Siuslawl,2,3 0 4,500 22,000 13,000 0 50,000 llmpqua3,4 12,600 5,000 25,000 40,000 12,000 30,000 Roguel 45,500 75,000 5,000 50 75,500 51,250 5,300 0 Coosl,2,3 0 500 8,300 5,000 3,500 Coquillel,2,3 so 4,900 23,000 16,10n 12,000 Sixesl 3,000 300 @2,500 3,000 E10 --- 3,200 800 3,500 2,800 Pistol' 500 so 1,200 4,000 Chetcol --- 3,nOO Soo 4,000 2,500 Winchucki --- 400 so 1,500 1,500 IEstimates by OSGC and FCO biologists. 2Numbers indicate spawning escapement. Total run would be computed by adding 3appropriate sport and-commercial harvest data. Estimates include hatchery contributions. 4Estimates by OSGC. The charts and maps are not presented here, but much of the other infor- mation for this section was taken from those references. In the case of the Coquille River, the preliminary report [811 used in preparing a portion of the South Coast Basin investigation [78] was supplied by the OSGC. Similar papers on the other estuaries were not available, although they apparently had been written. Physical Alterations Physical modifications such as jetties, channel projects, and land- fills are described here. Some dredging records and project (channel) use statistics are also given, and a listing is made of fishways and hatcheries. All jetty and channel projects are under the 3urisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and records of such modifications are open to the public. Information used here was taken from a Corps water resources devel- opment report [129] and to a lesser degree from a fairly detailed unpublished 1971 reference entitled "Study and Maintenance Dredging Coastal Harbor Estuaries" [128]. Reports by the Chief of Engineers dating back to 1866 .(when the Corps first became respondsible for the maintenance of Pacific Coast Harbors) are available as annual publications. It is presently the duty of the Corps to maintain harbors for use by ocean going vessels. This consists of maintaining or improving channels and maintaining, improving, or constructing jetties and breakwaters. References used here were written up with a description of the "existing project" (i.e., the authorized project) followed by completion dates of the various phases. In some instances, difficulty arose in determining exactly what had and had not been constructed. For that 'reason, some completion dates may be lacking here, but (as noted in the individual reports) that does not mean the modifi- cation has not been completed, but only that records of such were not found. More detailed information could be obtained directly form the Corps in Portland. Statistics of channel use are from the Corps water resources develop- ment report [129]. Dredging records, taken from the Chief of Engineers Annual Report and presented by Johnsom .[55] for 1959 to 1969 (excluding 1968), list the quantity (in cu yds) removed from each estuary. The dredged amounts presented here are "typical quantities," meaning those that appeared to be close to the average amount removed during the 1959 to 1969 period. The Oregon Divison of State Lands has completed inventories of filled lands in many Oregon-estuaries [69] with individual reports being made available as each estuary inventory is completed. The reports give a general description of the estuary and its drainage basin with information on land- fills such as location, ownership, construction dates, usage, permit number, and areas. Some of that information is presented in Table C and also in the reports on the Siuslaw, Umpqua, and Sand Lake estuaries. Navigable lengths of some of the estuary tributaries, provided to the Division.of State Lands by the Corps of Engineers, are also given in those landfill inventories and have been presented here in the individual estuary reports. 9 Table C. Information on landfills in Oregon estuaries [69]. estuary landfill area (acres) use/owndership main location on submyrged on submer@ible total lands lands Alsea 0 24.75 24.75 marine oriented; east side of heavy emphasis on Waldport recreation Nehalem 20.11 7.27 27.38 residential or Brighton, recreation Wheeler, and oriented; Nehalem areas generally small fills Nestucca 0.15 0.68 0.83 erosion control'on Pacific City; residential Woods area; property; mainly between miles state owned 1.5 and 2.5 Salmon 0 0.12 0.12 one fill; parking north side area, boat launch; near mile state owned 1.8 Sand Lake no landfills; 4.1 acres of diking of which 3.0 acres is on submersible land Siuslaw 0.12 40.63 40.75 used mainly by the Florence area city of Florence; some marine oriented with heavy emphasis on industry; 36.28 acres are dredge spoils Tillamook 0.57 102.06 102.63 industry oriented; Garibaldi area no particular emphasis on navigation Umpqua 8.50 97.54 106.04 80 acres used for Winchester Bay marina and harbor and at Winchester Bay; Reedsport remainder mainly marine oriented with heavy emphasis on deep water navi- gation and industry Yaquina (below 55.06 202.06 257.12 are only @ fills Newport and Toledo) over 5 acres--all Marine Science marine oriented Center areas with heavy empha- and north- sis on deep water side of river navigation and between miles industry 4 and 5 Isubmerged lands--those lying below the line of ordinary low water-of all navigable waters. 2submersible lands--those lying between the line of ordinary high water and the line of ordinary low water. (More complete definitions are given in the Inventories of Filled Lands 0 Fish ladders on Oregon coastal streams are constructed and operated by the OSGC, Fish-Commission of Oregon (FCO), Corps of Engineers at Bonneville Dam, and the National Marine Fisheries Service in Portland, although those of the latter two agencies are located exclusively on the Columbia River. The FCO and OSGC fishways are found on tributaries of various estuaries with the OSGC owning, inspecting, and operating all of, theirs [56], and the FCO possibly only.inspecting ladders which are not exactly owned by them [45]. Records of constructed fishways mentioned in the individual reports were taken from a FCO publication describing the "Coastal 60-40 Program" [119]. The program, passed into law in May 1961, was administered by the FCO from July 1, 1961 to July 1, 1963 and provided mainly for fishways and stream clearance projects. A more accurate and complete list of ladders is as follows [28,56]: Youngs Bay Barth Falls--Klaskanine River FCO Necanicum Mail Creek Culvert--Necanicum River City of Seaside Dam--South Fork Necanicum River FCO Sunset Trout Farm--North Fork-Necanicum River Nehalem Hamlet Falls--North Nehalem River .Water House Falls--North Nehalem River FCO Fishhawk Lake--Nehalem,River Tillamook Fall Creek--Wilson River Fox Creek.Culvert--Wilson River F CO Killiam Creek--Tillamook River Nestucca Upton Falls--Little Nestucca River Stella Falls--Little Nestucca River FCO 101 Camp Fishway--Nestucca River 11 ? 11--Nestucca River OSGC Salmon River Trout Creek Falls (Rock Cut)--Slick Rock Creek FCO Siletz Mill Creek Falls--Siletz River Valsetz Falls--Siletz River Cedar Creek Falls--Siletz River FCO Sunshine Creek--Siletz River Valsetz Lake--Siletz River Yaquina City ofToledo Dam--Mill Creek Sloop Creek (Rock Cut)--Yaquina River FCO Quarry Falls--Little Elk Alsea Five Rivers Fishway--Alsea River Cascade Creek Falls--Alsea River Fall Creek Falls--Alsea River Henning Dam--South Fork Alsea FCO Bohannon Falls Upper--Drift Creek Bohannon Falls Lower--Drift Creek Scott Creek (Rock Cut)--Alsea River Grant Creek 1 (Rock Cut)--Alsea River Grant Creek 2 (Rock Cut)--Alsea River Siuslaw Siuslaw Falls--Siuslaw River OSGC Umpqua Smith River Falls--Smith River FCO South Umpqua Falls--South Umpqua Winchester Dam--North Umpqua River at Wincheste OSGC Smith River Ralls--Smith River Coos Vaughn Falls--Millicoma River Tioga Creek 1--Coos River , FCO Tioga Creek 2 (Rock Cut)--Coos River Air Force Dam--North Creek of North Slough Coquille Middle Creek Falls--Coquille River Steelhead Falls--North Fork Coquille River FCO LaVern Park Falls--North Fork Coquille River Rogue Savage Rapids Dam--Rogue River Oak St. Div. Dam--Bear Creek FCO Bear Creek Div. Dam--Bear Creek Frilder Dam--Rogue River The OSGC, FCO, and National Marine Fisheries Service operate hatcheries on Oregon Rivers. The National Marine Fisheries Service.hatcheries,.like its fishways, are on the Columbia River only; therefore, only the FCO and OSGC hatchery locations are given here. Release statistics presented here were taken from the OSGC annual report [80] and from the FCO biennial report [33]. Hatchery names and locations are as follows [54,56]: Nehalem North Nehalem River--1/4 mile downstream from highway FCO 53 bridge Tillamook Trask River--5 miles east of Tillamook at the mouth FCO of Gold Creek Nestucca Cedar Creek--Nestucca River OSGC Siletz Siletz River--North Fork Rock Creek, 4 to 5 miles FCO east of Logsden Alsea Alsea River--on Fall Creek at mile 3 or 4, 30 miles FCO from Waldport North Fork Alsea--out of town of Alsea OSGC Umpqua Rock Creek--North Umpqua River out of.Idleyld Park OSGC Coquille Bandon--Bandon OSGC Elk Elk River Salmon Hatchery--Il to 12 mile NE of Port Orford Rogue Butte Creek--Butte Falls OSGC 12 Estuary_Uses Industrial and Commercial Listed and described in this section are the types of industries which are of particular economic importance to each estuary area. Fore- most among these are lumbering and commercial fishing activities and various aspects of tourism and recreation (such as sport fishing, which is described in the "Recreational" section). Most of the information was provided by the Port Commissions and Chambers of Commerce or taken from the 1972 Directory of Oregon Manufacturers [71] published by the State Economic Development Division. In connection with the lumber industry, statistics of channel use (taken from Army Corps of Engineers records [129]) and figures for log raft storage are mentioned for many estuaries. Locations of and the area covered by log rafts at Siuslaw estuary were supplied by the Port Commission, but in the other cases, that information would have to be obtained directly from the industries having log -rafts. This information should eventually be more readily available through the Division.of State Lands since that agency plans to have completed an inventory of log rafts on all navigable waters in Oregon ,by 1974 or 1975 with eventual zoning and leasing [46]. Statistics of commercial fish landings were made available by the FCO [20,34,1181 and the OSGC [75,76,77,78,791 and have generally been presented in terms of annual catch and value to fishermen. Landings given here are divided into two groups--those from the estuary alone and those taken from the entire area (ocean, estuary, streams) and received at a port on the e -stuary. There is actually little commercial fishing directly from the estuaries and their tributaries, especially since the Columbia River is the only place in Oregon where commercial fresh water salmon fishing is presently permitted [4,20]. However, many ports receive commercially-caught salmon taken in nearby ocean areas. Included among them during 1971 were [34]: Astoria Nehalem Tillamook North Coast Basin Pacific City (Nestucca) Depoe Newport (Yaquina) Mid-Coast Basin Florence (Siuslaw) Winchester Bay (Umpqua) Umpqua River Basin Coos Bandon (Coquille) Port Orford South Coast Basin Brookings Gold Beach Rogue River Basin -Statistics of commercial landings received at ports on the estuaries of this report are given in Tables D and E. 13 0 51 9 51 51 00 'I 10 w 10 w 0 .1 -1 0 g 0 0 0 0 Recreational The information given in this section is concerned primarily with angling activities, although parks, campgrounds, and boat landings have also been at least partially listed. The major references were again provided by the OSGC [75,76,77,78,79] and the FCO [38]. One of these, the 1971 Estuarine Resource Use Study-con- ducted by the FCO [38],(S) is mentioned in most of the reports and should be explained to some extent. In the study itself, the total number of landings by boat and shore angling, clamming, and scuba diving were recorded for each estuary by.species between March an 'd October 1971. Fish such as salmon and trout which are under the jurisdiction of the OSGC were excluded from the study. The information given here lists only the three species most commonly caught (in order of frequency) by boat and shore angling and by clam digging- scuba diving catches were usually omitted since they accounted for a very small percentage of the total catch. The task of developing and operating public recreation areas at the state level is the respondibility of the Parks and Recreation Section of the Oregon State Highway Division [122], and it was from that agency that a listing of state parks located on the estuaries with a day user and camper attendance figures was obtained [67,681. Other parks, boat landings, and national forests in each area are also mentioned in this section,@ although the information is far from complete. Table of Surveillance Stations This includes climatological, stream'and,crest stage gaging, water quality, water temperature, and chemical analysis stations for which references were found. Where available, the following information was included for each station: its name and/or an identifying number (usually USGS); an approximate location; the drainage area at its location; the period of record; and the reference(s) which mentioned the station. In describing the period of record, the dates may not always be accurate since some refer to the water year and some refer to the calendar year, and the distinction was not always noted. (The water year runs from October first of one year to September 30th of the next, and it is designated by the calendar year in which it ends-records between October 1, 1954 and September 30, 1955 fall in the 1955 water year, and therefore would be considered as dating from 1955, although the records would actually date from 1954.) In noting the period of record, an asteric (*) denotes it as being periodic while a dash (-) indicates a continuous record. In many instances, the second date given is in parentheses (5) Preliminary data was presented here; publication is scheduled for March 1973. 16 This indicates that it is not necessarily the last date of record, but merely the last one for which records were found' Those dates not in parentheses denote the final date of record. For example, 1915*1925 would mean that records were kept periodically from 1915 to 1925; 1915- (1968) would mean that records were kept continuously from 1915 through 1968 with 1968 being the most recent record found. 17 Definitions, anadromous-migrating up rivers from the sea to breed in fresh water. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)--a measure of the oxygen necessary to satisfy the requirements of microbes for the aerobic decomposition of organic matter. The amount of oxygen consumed in the test can be used as a direct measure of biodegradable organic matter. coliform--a group of bacteria with various habitats (e.g., soil, plants, insects, old sewage, intestines of warm-blooded animals, previously- polluted waters), the presence of which reflects the safety of water. diurnal range--the range between the highest and lowest tides occurring during one tidal day. diurnal tide--tides having a period or cycle of appxoimately one tidal day., Such tidesexhibit only one high and one low water during a tidal day; the predominant type of tide in the Gulf of Mexico [691. drainage basin--a part of the surface of the earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded surface water [1391. extreme tidal range--the range between the highest and lowest tides of the year. fecal coliform--the type of coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, the presence of which reflects the safety of water. fresh water yield--the fresh water contribution in a stream to an estuary. game fish--fish of major recreational interest (e.g., salmon, bass, trout, shad). head of high tide--the farthest point up a stream that tidal fluctuations are felt. high water (HW)--same as high tide; the maximum height reached by each rising tide [127]. higher high water (HHW)--the higher of.the two high waters of any tidal day. The single high water occurring daily during periods when the tide is diurnal is considered to be a higher high water [1271. higher low water (HLW)--the higher.of two low waters of any tidal day [127]. littoral drift-the material moved in the littoral (shore) zone under the inf.luence of waves and.currents 11271. low water (LW)--same as low tide; the minimum height reached by each falling tide J127], 18 lower high wa ter (LHW)--the lower of the two high waters of any tidal day 1127]. lower low water (LLW)--the lower of the two low waters of any tidal day. The single low water occurring daily during periods when the. tide is diurnal is considered to be a lower low water [127]. mean high tide (MHT)--same as mean high water [69]. mean high water (MHW)--the average height of the high waters over a 19-year period. All high waters are included in the average where the tide is either semidiurnal or mixed. Where the typ e of tide is predominantly diurnal, only the higher high-water heights are included in the average on those days when the tide is semidiurnal [69]. mean higher high tide (MHHT)--same as mean higher high water [691. mean higher high water (MHHW)--the average height of the higher high waters over a 19-year period 169]. mean low tide (MLT)--same.as mean low water [69]. mean low water (MLW)--the average height of the low waters over a 19-year period. All low water heights are included in the average where the type of tide is either semidiurnal or mixed. Where the type of tide is predominantly diurnal, only the lower low water heights are included in the average on those days when the tide becomes semidiurnal 1691. mean lower low water (MLLW)--the average,height of the lower low waters over a 19-year period [69]. mean sea level (MSL)--the average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period, usually determined from hourly height readings. A determination of mean sea level that has been adapted as a standard for heights is called a sea level datum [69]. mean tide level (MTL)--a-tidal datum midway between mean high water and mean low water. Also called half-tide level [691. mean tide range--the average range of consecutive high and low tides over a 19-year period. mixed tides--tides in which the presence of a diurnal wave is conspicuous by a large inequal-ity in either the high or low-water heights, or in both, with two high waters and two low waters occurring each tidal day. Tides along the California (and Oregon) Coast are of the mixed type [691. non-game fish--those which are of no major recreational interest (e.g., suckers, shiners, sculpin). non-salmonid game fish--warm-water game fish (e.g., bass, crappie, bluegills). 19 partly-mixed system--see Introduction. parts per thousand (ppt)--a unit for expressing the concentration of chemical constituents by weight, usually as grams of constituent per thousand grams of a solution. Pearl-Benson Index (PBI)--a measure of the lignin content of pulp wastes [136]. salinity.int'rusion7-the farthest point at which salinity can be measured. salmonid--a fish of the family Salmonidae, which includes salmon, trout, chars, and whitefishes. sediment load--the quantity of s ediment being transported hydraulically. semidiurhal-tides--tides having a period of approximately one-half a tidal day; the type of tide that is predominant throughout the world, with two high waters and two low waters each tidal day. jides along the Atlantic Coast are of this type [69]. submerged lands--lands lytng below the line of ordinary low water [691. submersible lands--lands lying between the line of ordinary high water and the,line of ordinary low water [691. tidal prism--the total amount of water that.flows into a harbor or estuary and out again with movement of the tide, excluding any fresh water flow [127]. tidal prism on mean range--the tidal prism between the extremes of the mean tide range. tidelands--the land that.is covered and uncovered by the daily rise and fall of the tide; the zone between the mean high-water line and the mean low-water line [691. tidewater--same as head of high tide., two-layered system--see Introduction. void ratio--the ratio of the volume of voids (fluids) to the volume of solids. well-mixed system--see Introduction. 2n ALSEA BAY 21 J- C:@@ ALSEA BAY, fll -il EPT 'r, 'WALDPORT S-1- ALSFA A-A y RivER OREGON TIDELAND MAP OF + ALSEA BAY WAN WMR AM MEAN L@ SZIP7EMER 1972 WAIC@ 57A7F OF OREGaV DAIWOV OF STArE LAAM ALSEA BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Alsea Bay lies roughly 130 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Of the estuaries included here, it ranks 7th in size (Table A). The only incorporated town in the area is Waldport, located on the south side of the bay near the mouth. This and other population centers on the estuary are given in Table I with their locations and 1970 populations [94,111]. Table.l.. Population centers at Alsea Bay [94,1111 name general location 'river mile 1970 lecation population 2 Waidport Alsea River; south side 0.7 to 2.7 700 Bayview Alsee River; north side 2.2 rural Little Albany Alsea River 10.6 50 Tidewater Alsea River; north side 11.7 150 Little Switzerland. Alsea River; north side 12.7 not listed 1-Tidal effects extend approxim ately to mile 16 of the Alsela River and to mile 5.5 of Drift Creek. The estuary measures 7,500 feet at its widest point [60] and covers about 2,170 acres. Surface areas reported by Johnson [55], Marriage [S9], and the Division of State Lands [70] are given in Table 2, and cross- sectional areas at MTL at various distances from the mouth are shown in Table 3. Table 2. Reported surface areas of Alsea Bay [55,59,701. reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [6] 2,140 HW [63] 2,227 [117] 2,146 MHT 979 46 1,168 54 1,168 MLT ]Specified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. 23 Alsea Bay Table 3. Cross-sectional areas-of Alsea Say [43]. point of measurement distance,from mouth cross-sectional area (miles)] (sq ft)_ throat 0. 8,000 Waldport 1.9 T5,000 Oakland 5.7 4,600 Kozy Kove 11.7 2,100 IMile values were obtained by conversion from the distances. reported in feet. The estuary-consists essentially of the lower reaches of the Alsea River, which is charted as having its zero mile at the mouth of Alsea Bay. The river drains an area of 474 sq mi and is formed at mile 48.7 by the North Fork Alsea River (total length 15.0 miles) and the South Fork Alsea River (total length 17.4 miles). Tributaries to head of high tide at mile 16 include Drift Creek from the north at mile 5.1 and about 21 smaller creeks and sloughs. Drift Creek measures 29.2 miles to its source and has a drainage area of 69 sq mi [88,94]. A good deal of information on Alsea Bay was presented in a 1971 dissertation by A.L. Matson entitled "Zooplankton and Hydrography of Alsea Bay, Oregon, September 1966 to September 1968" [60], and the work is re- ferred to frequently in this chapter. The Port of Alsea is located at Waldport, and can be contacted at P.O. Box 638, Waldport, Oregon 97394; 563-3564 [106]. Drainage Basin Alsea Bay has a drainage basin of 474 sq mi [94] whic *h yields an average of 1,500,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually (estimate based on data collected from 1937 to 1963) [881. A large part of the rugged and mountainous basin is within the Siuslaw National Forest [49]. It consists of 94% (446 sq mi) forests; 3% (14 sq mi) cropland and 3% (14 sq mi) ranges and "other uses" [88]. Precipitation averages 80 to 90 inches annually, with 60 inches per year occurring along the coast and 110 inches per year in the upper watershed. There is a climatological station located on the Alsea River near mile 11.5 from which precipitation records are available through the OSWRB_(Table 10) [19,88,92,143]. Elevations range from 0 to 3,000 feet [88]. 24 Alsea Bay Hydraulic Description of Esty2,rL Tides and Currents The bay is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat [55]. The head of high tide is at mile 16 of the Alsea River and mile 5.5 of.Drift Creek (43]. The mean tidal range is 5.8 feet with a diurnal range of 7.7 feet [5S]. Goodwin reported a tidal prism on mean range of 5 x 108 cu ft (tidal prism between MLLIV and MHHW), and he noted a "choking" of tidal range occurring from the entrance of the estuary to the Oakland Marina Station C5.7 miles from the mouth) [431. Beyond the marina station, am- plification of the tidal range occurred. Goodwin also looked at the phase difference between tidal elevations and tidal currents and found it to be equal to 90 to 100 degrees. A calibrated numerical tidal hydraulic model of the Alsea has been provided by Goodwin [42]. Currents and tidal ranges have been measured (1973) to determine the times of maximum ebb and flood flow [62]. River Discharges Stream flow records are available from USGS stream gaging stations on the Alsea River and Drift Creek (Table 10) [140]. The Alsea River station is located at river mile 21.0. The one on Drift Creek, no longer operating as of 1970, was located at mile 21.8, where the drainage area is 20.5 sq mi or 27% of the stream's total drainage basin. Streamflow averages and extremes for these two stations are given in Table 4 [1401. The combined average flow rate of the Alsea River and Drift Creek is estimated as 2,070 cfs [86]. Table 4. Fl ow rates of Alsea Bay tributaries [1401. stream point of drainage complete flow rate measurement area water years (cfs) (river mile) (sq mi) of record maximum minimum mean Alsea River 21.0 334 1939-1970 41,800 45 1,534 12/64 9/65 Drift Creek 21.8 20.5 1957-1963 2,500 3.8 120 1966-1970 10/62 9/58 (discontinued) -Salinity and Classification by Mixing Matson measured salinity intrusion to mile 13.8 of the Alsea River [60]. This was in August 1967 at high tide when stream flow was 63 cfs. Measurements by Burt and McAllister in October 1957 and January, March, July 19S8 showed intrusion to mile 13.0 (October 8, 1957 at HHW) at a concentration of 0.1 ppt on the surface and at the bottom t12]. Con- current temperatures we're 12.9*C. No salinity was detected at mile 13.7. 25 Alsea Bay On the basis of mixing characteristics Burt and McAllister 113] and Matson 160] have described the C$tualry as a partly-nmixed system. Burt and McAllister collected data at high- tide during January,,Maxch, April and October, Matson collected dat a at all tidal stages from September 1966 to September 1968. During that two,yeaT period,Matson also looked at four sites in the estuary (the-mauth, 5,000 feet, 2.3-miles, and 4.6+ miles) for long@-term laye-ring of wate-rs of different densities and found that the site at-mile 4.6+ was the only one where such layering might occur. Giger [39] provides salinities with depth and length for high and low tides during winter (1968), spring (1968), and summer (1967) conditions. This data show salinity intrusion during the summer to a distance of 13-14 miles from the mouth while winter salinity intrusion extended to 4-5 miles from the mouth. Vertical stratification appears to occur to some degree during all seasons. Seasonal (1973) measurements of salinity, temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen have been taken for high and low tides with depth and length within the estuary 162]. Sediments Littoral drift in the area varies throughout the year but tends to be northward in the winter and southward in the summer with the not drift to the south 1571. Sediments deposited in the estuary by its tributaries are estimated at 249,000 tons annually [851. Water Quality Information The DEQ operates six water surveillance stations at Alsea Bay (listed in Table 10) for which records of measurements taken 5 times between July 1969 and December 1971 are available [67, 681. There is also a USGS water temperature statiodat mile 21 of the Als.ea.River (Table 10) [139]. Temperature ranges recorded at this point and at two sites in the Alsea River monitored by Matson [60] are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Temperature extremes of the Alsea River [60,139]. point of period of observed temoerature extre:m@@es measurement record maximum minimum mouth 9/66-9/68 16 71 surface mile 5 9/66-9/68 22, 4 surface mile 12 1947-1962 25.6 0.6 (110 spot observations) 26 Alsea Bay The city of Waldport operates the only sewage treatment plant in the Alsea Bay area. It i,5 located on the easfside of town in the "old town" section and serves the Waldpoxt population only. Average daily flow is esti-mated at 90,000 gallons. Presently a primary treatment facility, it will be secondary on completion of the new-addition now in progress 121]. Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous Salmonids spawning in the Alsea River system are as follows: spring chi-nook--300, fall chinook-- 20,000, coho--58,000, winter steelhead--13,600, summer steelhead--200, and sea-run cutthToat--28,600 175]. A comparison with other stream systems of the Mid-Coast Basin (Table B) shows that the Alsea River system has the, highest estimated numbers of fall chinook, coho, and winter steel- head spawning in its waters. Species supported in the estuary which are of interest to fishermen include salmon, staghorn sculpin, flounder, perch, Crab, shrimp, and cockle, gaper, and softshell clams. The softshells are found primarily two miles upstream from WaldpOTt and are -more abundant than the cockle and gaper clams 138,53,155]. In Matson's study conducted from, September 1966 to September 1968, he looked at zooplankton in the estuary and found the following species accounting for the greatest percentage of the total number: AcaTti-a clausi (found mainly in the center of the estuary)--40%; Barnacle Nauplii (equally distributed upstream and downstream)--11%; and Pseudocalanus sp (found more downstream)--8.1% 160]. The area around the estuary is considered a big game winter range primarily for black-tailed deer (the most abundan@.big game), Roosevelt elk (now being transplanted to the Mid Coast Basin by the OSGQ, black bear, and cougar 175]. Lint Slough, which discharges into the Alsea River from the south at mile 1.8, is used as an OSGC experimental station for rearing salmon under saline conditions 1155]. Physical Alterations Jetties have not been constructed, but a basin project providing for a protective breakwater, an entrance channel, and a s-m-all boat basin at Waldport has been approved J129]. A date for beginning the project had not been give In as of 1971 (publication date). A portion of the pre- sent channel, located along the south side of the estuary, was excavated in 1948 and met a previously-existing south channel, which -ran betveen the highway 101 bridge and the entrance of Drift-Creek, at some point 27 Alsea Bay upstream. This channel system measures 1,400 feet at its widest point. A northern channel in the estuary was blocked off in three places sometime before June 1962. The channel to the ocean shifts (the controlling depth is about 6 to 7 feet), limiting navigation 160], Navigable length of the Alsea River is 13.0 miles; that of Drift Creek is 1,5.miles 169]. The inventory of filled lands in the Alsea Rive-r has been completed by the Division of State Lands 169]. Table C shows some of the infor- nation from that report. -Under the "Coastal 60-40 Program" the FCO constructed three fishways in the Alsea River system--one on five Rivers and two on Drift Creek. The-Five Rivers Fishway, located imile above the town 'of Paris COT ap- proximately at-mile 18), was completed in 196-3. The Drift Creek fishways were completed in 1964 and a-re located about 15-miles south of Toledo. In 1963 a spawning channel on Cherry Creek, about one-mile below the town of Fisher, was also const-ructed under the program 1119]. There are two hatcheries in the Alsea River systen--one operated by the FCO and the other by the OSGC. The FCO Alsea River Salmon Hatchery is between miles 3 and 4 of Fall Creek, or approximately 35 -miles from the estuary mouth (541 . Releases from it between July 1,. 1968 and June 3, 1969 were to Fall Creek and tributaries of,the Coos and Coquille Rivers and consisted oi 3,006,149 salmon and steelhead [33]. The OSGC hatchery, located on the North Fork Alsea River near the town of Alsea and a little over.50 miles from the estuary mouth 156], released 900,555 winter steelhead.in 1968. During 1970, its releases totaled 1,942,636 and consisted of 967,809 winter steelhead,.678,738 fall chinook,.and 296,089 cutthroat trout [80]. Estuary 'Uses Industrial and Commercial Lumber-related activities, tourism,. and agriculture are of major economic importance to the a-rea 169,153,155]. Mdstmanufacturers there, listed in Table 6, are involved with logging activities 171,153]. Industrial use of the bay itself is limited to log towing 1155]; it is not used for log raft storage, and there axe.no industries-actually on it 1102]. Commercial fishing,from theestuaxy or otherwise, provides a very limited-income as indicated by the commercial harvest figures shown in Tables 7 and 8. 28 Alsea Bay Table 6. Major Manufacturers at Alsea Bay [71]. Location Name Type of Business Number employed Waldport M and W Lumber Co. logging 60 Waldport Alsea Veneer veneer core 20 Waldport W.H. Meinert Co. cutting contractor 5 Waldport McKinley Lumber Co. railroad spike-hole plugs 3 Waldport M.R. Kittel Logging logging 1 Waldport Waldport Ready Mix ready mix Tidewater Gerald Smallwood logging 4 Logging Tidewater Julian F. Smallwood logging 4 Alsea tidewater Crushing Co. crushed rock 6 Table 7. Commercial Harvest of Clams, Crabs, and Bait Shrimp from Alsea Bay [75,118]. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds pounds pounds landed fishermen value landed landed Clams 16 prices vary according to species and market Crabs 21,000 $5,250 31249 3,316 Ba-it Shrimp 5,500 7,220 (retail) 29 Alsea Bay Recreational The main recreational activities in the area axe fishing, boating, agate hunting, clamming, and crabbing 115.3]. Angling data shown in Table 9 indicate that salmon fishing from the estuary is especially popular. In fact, more time andmoney a-Te spent on this spo-rt there than at any other Mid-Coast Basin estuary 175]. The best time for chinook trolling is during August and September., and the coho run begins in mid September and peaks in October 158]. Sea-run cutthroat can be taken from July to November 1581. Species other than salmon and tTout-most commonly caught during the TCO study from March to October 1971 include staghorn sculpin, sta-rry flounder, and shiner perch by shore angling; dungeness crab and relatively few staghorn sculpin and redtail seapeTch by boat angling, and ghost shrimp, cockle and softshell clams by clamming T38]. 30 Alsea Bay Table 8. Commercial Harvest of Foo sh Received at Waldport 1971MI341. Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weight) value Crabs $1,000 Miscellaneous(2) 6,877 7,000 Totals 10,79.1 $8,000 lIncludes 1971 data presented in Table 7. 2Sand shrimp, crawfish, eel Table 9. Est ted Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing At Alsea BayM [75]. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 6,900 27,600 $510,600 Alsea River 1,730 6,920 128,020 Sea-run Estuary cutthroat Alsea River ""0) 10,500 194,250 650 Steelhead Alsea River 6,000 24,000 444,000 Non-salmonid Estuary 15,000 51000 @0'000 bay fish lAverage of data from past years. 31 Alsea Bay Table 10. Surveillance Stations at Alsea Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq.mi) climatological Tidewater Alsea River; mile 58 1940-(1968) [88,92,143]1 11.5 stream gaging Alsea River near Alsea River; mile 2 Tidewater; USGS 21 334 1939-(1970) [88,98,1401 #3065 Drift Creek near Drift Creek; 20.5 1958-1963 [140] Salado; USGS mile 21.8 1965-1970 #3066 crest stage South Fork Weist South Fork Weist 0.33 1953-(1963) [88] gaging Creek near Creek; mile I Waldport (about 6 miles from the estuary mouth) DEQ water #1 Highway 101 bridge 7/69-(12/71) [67,68] surveillance at Waidport (mile (5 measurements) 0.9) #2 channel at mouth of Lint Slough (mile 1.8) #3 channel 50 yards below the mid-channel island (mile 2.9) #4 channel opposite boat if docks at Chevron gas outlet (mile 3.9) #5 Alsea River at high tension wire crossing (mile 4.9) #6 Alsea River; 1.25 miles above Highway .34 bridge (mile 9.7) water quality Alsea River near Alsea River; mile 21 334 1958-1959 [881 Tidewater; USGS (spot #3065 observations) water quality Drift Creek above 1958-1959 [88] Tidewater (spot observations) water Alsea River near 334 1947-1962 [88,139] temperature Tidewater; USGS (110 spot #3065 observations) lPrecipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runofff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 3Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. 32 CPFTCO BAY 53 ............... R15W WN ftww@" n.Af PiM, IA-ftfW "A 191J C." f- Cass '"" N.Mgw a A". $mwow F c_ 4AUX cHd. 33 OREGON r 4as wm, od ff 7-11, LEGEND __--SCCr10V CORNERS FOUND CORACRY LOC47M FRO41 OT,`R SOURCE'S, CORMERS LIAI-- OF MEAN HiOH ME. Ml 116F 01 ORDINARY LOW WATER. Of Ildd) 0 rlOILAAV BEMEEN THE EtEvArION OF 5 4 MEAN HIGH 710C ANO MEAV LOW TIDE. ORDINARY H16H WATER 141,11fN DIFFEAywr 001 fROM MEAN HIGH IlAfk-R. cRAva BErwEEN mr ruwrloNs or mrAN o/ HIGH 770E AND ORDIMARY HIGH WATbW BROONIN6S SrALZ a AX0 2000 A0ACKLYN COVE cffrr@v COVE IMI L111 It A4 CIA, r 4p s mm. IC, 7-10ELIAND MAP V OF oCe4lil cliErco RAIV? sTArf- OF ORfGOV a DWSION OF ST4r,- 11.,YOS fEORUARY IVA! z1 pl, IAMI 1 1 MPM, CHETCO BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Chetco River discharges into the Pacific Ocean at a point 300 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. The estuary is the smallest of those included here (Table A), and the area around it is sparsely populated. The only two towns near the Chetco River are Brookings and Harbor, both at the mouth. Brookings lies to the north between miles 0 and 1.1. It was incorporated in 1951 and had a-1970 population of 2,720. Harbor, with a 1970 population of 900, lies on the south side of the estuary at mile 0.7 [96,111]. The HW surface area of the estuary, is estimated from the 1954 USGS, Cape Ferrelo Quad.., is 140 acres [55]. The estuary consists.primarily of the lower reaches of the Chetco River, which has a length of 58.0 mi. and drains an area of 359 sq. mi.[96]. One of the larger tributaries to the estuary is the North Fork at mile 5.4 with a length of only about 14 miles and drainage area 40 sq. mi. The port commission for the area is Port of Brookings, P.O. Box 848, Brookings, Oregon, 97415; telephone number 469-2219 [106]. The Port Commission and Curry County Planning Commission havejurisdiction over planning and regulating land use [81]. Drainage Basin The 3S9 sq. mi. drainage basin is comprised mainly of forests although some of the area around the estuary is used for pasture and hay, rangelands tan be found slightly upstream [93]. Much of the inland portion of the basin is within the Siskiyou National Forest. Annual fresh water yield of the Chetco River at its mouth was estimated to average 1,230,000 ac-ft during the period from 1930 lo 1961, although there were no complete water years of recor@. Extremes of the annual average were 1,570,000 ac-ft and 740,000 ac-ft [93]. Annual rainfall in the basin averages from 80 inches along the coast to 120 inches near the headwaters of the Chetco River. Growing season in the basin lasts about 250 days. Monthly precipitation at Brookings, where the elevation is 80 feet, averages from less than an inch (July and August), to almost 13 inches (December and January). The climatological station at Brookings (Table 7) has records dating back to 1912 which are available on punch cards. Elevations of the Chetcd Basin watershed range from sea level to 5,098 feet at Pear.soll Peak in thewestern region [93]. Average wind direction in the vicinity of the estuary during the period from 1937 to 1942 was as follows: November, December, January, February, and March--northeast; April, May, and June--northwest; July and August--south; September--northwest; and October--north [7]. The Chetco River stream profile appears on page 43. 35 CHETCO BAY Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The estuary is described as being partially--exposed to waves at the throat. The mean tide range is 5.1 feet with a diurnal range of 6.9 feet [55]. River Discharges The only stream gaging station in the basin for which records were found is located at mile 10.7 of the Chetco River. Also, there are crest stage gaging stations on Harris and Ransom Creeks near Brookings (both streams discharge directly into the ocean just to the north of the estuary.) More descriptions of these three stations are given in Table 7, and dis- charge records are included in Table 1. Also shown in Table 1 is information concerning minimum miscellaneous discharge measurements taken periodically since 1926 in the Chetco River below the mouth of the North Fork at mile 5.4. Estimates of the average monthly discharge of the Chetco River at the mouth for 1930 to 1961 have been presented in "South Coast Basin," [93]. These show the high average flow rate occuring in February (4,000 cfs) and the low in September.(130 cfs) with a twelve-month mean of 1,700 cfs. Salinity and Classification by Mixing No information. Sediments Net littoral drift in the area is from north to south [57]. Results of analyses of two dredge samples taken from the Chetco River by the Corps of Engineers in July 1971 showed organic contents ranging from 1.83% to 4.04%, void ratios from 0.577 to 0.769, and mean grain size dedium to fine sane [124]. Water Quality Information At the present time, the DEQ has no water surveillance stations on the Chetco River. Thermograph records taken at mile 4.4 of the Chetco River on August and September of 1962 (Table 7) show a mean water temperature in August of 66'F and extremes of 73'F and 62'F and September with a mean temperature of 63'F and extremes of 69'F and 58'F [138]. As of 1963, the only sewage treatment plant in the area was a primary facility serving a population of 3,000 and capable of serving 5,000 [93]. 36 CHETCO BAY Table 1. Flow rates of the Chetco River and nearby coastal tributaries [93,140]. Stream Point of Drainage Period Flow rate (cfs) measurement area of (sq.mi.) record maximum minimum Chetco River mile 10.7 271 10/69-(1971) 65,800 52 (near Brookings) (1/16/71) (10/14,15,/70) Chetco River (1) below mouth 1926*1952 --- 47.70 of the North (9/31) Fork Ransom Creek (2,3) 1953-1961 300 --- (near Brookings) (1/53) Harris Creek (2,3) 1953-1961 439 (near Brookings) (12/54) (')Minimum miscellaneous.discharge measurements only. (2 )Annual maximum discharge measured at crest stage gaging stations. (3 )Ransom and Harris Creeks are coastal streams located just north of the Chetco R. )This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. Biological Information Estimated number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Chetco River are as follows: spring chinook--O; fall chinook--3,000; coho--500; steelhead--4,000; and sea-run cutthroat--2,500 [78]. In comparison with other estuarine stream systems included here (Table B), these numbers are quite low. Roosevelt elk are present in the watershed, but are not as numerous as in the nor@hern section of the South Coast Basin. According to the preliminary report [70] to "Environmental Investigations. South Coast Basin," [78], the only significant wildlife area in the lower bay is a section where brown pelican feed on anchovies during the summer. Eel grass is not present in the estuary. Following is a check list of fishes, waterfowl,.birds, and mammals found in the vicinity of Chetco Bay [81]. 37 CHETCO BAY Biological Information Game fish found in the estuary at least during a part of the calendar year (in order of abundance) are: cutthroat trout, winter steelhead, fall chinook, coho, rainbow trout. Game birdsfound are: American widgeon, green-winged teal, pintail, scaup, ring-necked duck, bufflehead, common golden eye, and red-breasted merganzer. Shore and other birds most commonly found in or near Chetco Bay are: least sandpiper, western sandpiper, western gull, herring gull, California gull, belted kingfisher, double-crested cormorant, and brown pelican. Medium commom mammals found in or near Chetco Bay are: harbor seal, river otter, and the beaver. Uncommon mammals found are: California sea lion, stellers sea lion, mink and black-tailed deer. Physical Alterations Modifications to Chetco Bay, summarized in Table 2, were completed in 1957 with further alterations between 1965 and 1970. Studies to determine the feasibility of extending.the jetties have been authorized, but funds have not yet been made available as of 1971 [129]. Water borne traffic through the channel project totaled 191,000 tons .in 1969, consisting almost entirely of wood chips. Annual use between 1960 and 1969 averaged 99,000 tons [129]. Table 2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers modifications to Chetco Bay [126,129]. Proposed Location Demensions Date and (1) modification stations Depth Width Length (feet) (feet) North Jetty 1957-Completed Elevation increased; 1965-Authorized length extended 450 ft. 1970-Completed South Jetty 1957-Completed 1962-Repairs completed Entrance through the 7 120 channel bar 14 120 1965-Authorized 1970-Completed Small boat down stream 4 basin and from Harbor barge ship Protective 1,800 1965-Authorized dike' 1970-Completed Small boat 12 110 1965-Authorized access 1970-Completed channel (1) Lack of completion date does not necessarily signify that the modification has not been completed. 3S CHETCO BAY Estuary U e Industrial and Commercial Economy of the basin depends primarily on forestry and the manufact- ure of wood products, Table 3. Wood products are shipped from the estuary, and use is made of adjacent lands for stockpiling of wood chips. Agricul- ture, commercial fishing, and recreation are also of importance. Mining does not make a considerable contribution, although there are several claims in the area. Most of the known mineral deposits, located in the headwaters of the Chetco River, are either chronite or gold [34,81]. Table 3. Major manufacturers at Chetco Bay.171]. Location Name Type of Number Business Employed Brookings Brookings Plywood Corp. (2432) 340 South Coast Lumber Co. (2421) 165 Agnew Timber Co. (2432) 100 Ferry Creek Rock and (3273) is Concrete Inc. Pacific Rock and Paving (2951) is Wood Logging Eugene S. (2411) is 21 manufacturers employing 10 or less dealing in (2411). Harbor Brookings Fiberglass (3732) .9 Boat Inc. Kirkpatrick, DR (2411) 1 Driftwood House (2999) )Type of business is given in [71]: "Directory of Oregon Manufacturers, 1972 " Each manufact- urer is listed under the number in parentheses. CHETCO BAY Estuary Use Industrial and Commercial Commercial food fish landings received at Brookings are shown in Table 4 and again in Tables D and E of the introduction.. In comparison with landings received at other Oregon Ports, these figures are fairly high. Twenty-two percent of the 1970 commercial salmon catch of the South Coast Basin was received at Bandon. Total catch for the basin (South Coast) consisted of 3,000,000 pounds of coho and 1,200,000 pounds of chinook at a value to fishermen of $2,500,000 [34,78]. Due to frequent flooding and drainage problems, agricultural use of the tidal areas consists primarily of dairying activities rather than hay and pasture. About 270 acres of the well-drained sandy soils south of Brookings are used for lily bulb -production. Although the area used is relatively small, the activity is of considerable economic importance [93]. Table 4. Commercial harvest of food fish received at Brookings, 1971 [341. Species Harvest Fisherman (pounds round value weight) Coho 1,478,040 $ 463,000 Groundfish 1,178,134 97,000 Crabs 1,072,526 376@000 Shrimp 766,320 101J000 Albacore 240,004 71,000 tuna Pinks 904 --- TOTALS 5,227p934 $lp350,000 Recreational Sport fishing at Chetco Bay is becoming increasingly popular. The Chetco River provides the best salmon and steelhead fishing south of the Rogue River. Chinook enter the river from September to mid-November. Coho are present from late in September through December. Casting from the up- river shores is most popular, although there is some trolling in the tidewater. Chinook fishing offshore generally begins in July; August and September are report'edly the best months for offshore coho-fishing. Boats can be chartered at Brookings [58,81]. According,to the FCO study from October to March 1971, there was a limited silver and striped perch fishery by shore anglers in the estuary. Boat angling for anchovy proved more successful [38]. Estimated salmon and trout annual harvest data for the area ate given in Table 5 1781. 40 CHETCO BAY Estuary Uses Recreational Table S. Estimated ar-nual harvest data for recreational fishing at Chetco Bay(l) [78] Species Area fished Annual Effort Gross Harvest (anglerdays) Expenditures (total number) Salmon ocean 8,000 16,800 $S92,000 estuary 1,400 3,500 103,000 Chetco River 100 400 7,400 system Steelhead Chetco River 1,200 4,800 88,800 system Sea-run Chetco River ISO 100 1,850 Cutthroat system Average of data from past years. Boating is also an important recreational activity and is directly associated with sport fishing [93]. The Chetco River boat landing is located at mile 0.2 [961. In addition to fishing, hunting for black- tailed deer, eik, black bear, and waterfowl Are also major recreational activities. but not in the immediate vicinity of the estuary. State parks in the area number three. Two of these, Harris and Azalea Beaches, are-located on the coast to the north. Camping is permitted at the former but not at the latter. The third park (Loeb) is situated at mile 5 of the Chetco River. Camping is also permitted there. Attendance figures for 1966, 1968, and 1970 are given in Table 6 [82]. 41 CHETCO BAY Table 6. State park annual attendance, 1966, 1968, and 1970 f82,83]. Park 1966 1968 1970 Azalea day visitors 72,116 190,568 Harris Beach day visitors S45,128 542,732 704,734 Camper nights 61,601 55,273 56,193 Loeb day visitors 75,104 78,024 86,946 camper nights 7,930 10,801 13,544 Table 7. Surveillance stations at Chetco Bay. Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period of Reference station identifying location area record number (sq.mi.) Climatological Brookings elevation-- 1912-(1960) [92,931 (formerly Harbor); USWB#1055 Stream Chetco River Chetco River; 271 10/69-(1971) [140] gaging near Brookings mile 10.7 Crest stage Harris Creek 1.05 1953-(1961) [93] gaging near Brookings USGS#3788 Ransom Creek 0.74 1053-(1961) [93] near Brookings USGS#3789 Water Chetco River Chetco River; August and [138] temerature near Brookings mile 4.4 September 1962 (1) Data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. 42 4000 3wo 3200 30DO 3000 28M 2NO 2WO 2600 2600 2 00 2400 z 2" 22M 2" 0 it 2W - zw 21m 21W w -j w ism ism two 1800 1600 1600 it 16W 16W ,@14ffl 1400 1400 1400 20 1200 in, 1@ 1200 x U 1000 1000 Iwo 1000 45 Bw 800 w Wo x - 6w 600 600 40 STATE WATER RE .SOURCES BOARD M., 1962 400 4W 4W ,,,vco 400 CHETCO BASIN to- 200 200 RNER STREAM PROFILE 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 10 1@ 20 STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH FILE NO. 17A.472 2). 43 COOS BAY 45 4- T .4 S GUN- 4v 7 4L ci 16 fOm is Z. 15 T25 EMM 19 22 <21 19 25 30 29 28 coos SAY 34 'A- 12 7 F.0j. T'4shod Be- EltOws of Mew Low 14 Wow .4 mem R* wale, 17 23 24 24 19 7 26 2 26 35 rl.IZ4 M. C ,=F, MI) 19 ?2 Aw. TIDELAND MAP @14@@ O@@ *72 COOS BAY STATF of ORfCON 01W 9.11 QMSiON of STATE L4NOS s'- '- C-d- F6bWly 19-13 ',d COOS BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary COOS Bay, the largest of the estuaries included in this report (Table A), is located about 200 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia Ri,ver. Most towns in its vicinity lie to the south. Their populations and very approximate locations are given in Table 1. Table I. Population centers at Coos Bayl [24,96,1111. name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (miles) Barview Coos Bay; south side 1.4 1,388 Empire3 Coos Bay; south side 4.5 3,781'(1960) Glasgow Coos Bay; north side .9.0 400 North Bend2 Coos Bay; south side 9.9 8,553 .Cooston Coos Bay; north side 10.5 100 Coos Bay2 Coos Bay; south side 13.3 13,400 Eastside2 Coos Bay; south side 15.4 1,331 Charleston South Slough; east side 0 2 700 Hauser North Slough; west side 4.5 13.5 250 Englewood Coalbank Slough; west side 1.5 14.5 Libby Coalbank Slough 2.0 (0.6 mile to 15.0 300 the west Bunker Hill Isthmus Slough; west side 0 13 1,549 Millington Isthmus Slough; west side 2 15 @00 Dellwood South Fork Coos River.; 9.0 26.5 rural north side Allegany West Fork Millicoma River4; 0.1 26.3 40 north side lTidal effects extend approximately to mile 9 of the South Fork Coos River and to mile 8.7 of the Millicoma River. 21ncorporated 3Consolidated with Coos Bay in 1965 4Also described as being located on the Millicoma River [93,129]. 47 Coos Bay The estuary is roughly 10,000 acres in size; surface areas reported by Johnson [551 and Marriage [59] are presented in Table 2 with the latter's estimate of the number of tideland acres. Aerial photographs Table 2. Reported surface areas of Coos Bay [55,591- reference tidelands surface area measured at (acres) acres percent [61 10,973 HW 83,242 M5L 5,810 LW [631 9,543 4,569 48 ISpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. indicate that these tidelands consist of sand bars in the lower reaches and mainly mud, silt, And marsh-pasture flats in the upper reaches [53]. Other measurements given by Johnson are shown in Table 3 [551. Table 3. Dimensions of Coos Say [551 distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--13.4 miles inlet dimensions at throat (at MSL): width--2,060 feet average depth--29 feet cross-sectional area--56,500 sq ft average lagoon depth below MSL--5 feet The bay is quite complex with close to 30 tributaries, the major one being the Coos River from the east. The river's point'of discharge into the bay 12 miles from the estuary mouth is considered its zero mile. It is formed by the South Fork Coos River and the Millicoma River at mile 5.5; the Millicoma River is formed by the East Fork Millicoma River and the West Fork Millicoma River at mile 8.7. Lengths, drainage areas, and annual fresh water yields of these rivers are shown in Table 4 [93,96]. 48 Coo s Bay Table 4. Lengths, drainage areas, and fresh water yields of Coos Bay tributaries [93,96]. Strewn Length Drainage Fresh water annual yieldt (miles) areas (ac-ft) (sq.mi.) maximum minimum mean Coos River 5.52 415 2,200,000 1,130,000 1,590,000 South Fork Coos River 31.33 254 1,280,000 660,000 930,000 Millicoma River 8.74 151 880,006 450,000 630,000 East Fork Millicoma River 23.9 79 460,000 230,000 330,000 West Fork Millicoma River 34.9 55 --- --- --- lYields were estimated for 1930 to 1961 by correlations from available -records (consisting of spot observations with no complete water years of record). 2 To the confluence of the South Fork Coos River and Millicoma River 3 To the confluence of Williams River and Tioga Creek 4 To the confluence of the West Fork Millicoma. River and the East Fork Millicoma River 5 Total Coos Bay drainage area is-not the sum of these individual drainage areas. The area port commission is stationed at the city of Coos Bay where there is also a community industrial development corporation. Their addre,sses and phone numbers are as follows: Port of Coos Bay Jobs and Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 787 of Southwestern Oregon Coos Bay, Oregon 97420 P.O. Box 359. 269-1131 Coos Bay, Oregon 97420 267-7035 Also, located in Charleston is the University of Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (Paul P. Rudy, Director), from which a great deal of information is available. A comprehensive report on Coos Bay has.been prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior [142]. Drainage Basin Coos Bay drains a total of about 605 sq mi (estimated from [93- plate 11) which yields an average of 2,200,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [931. The basin consists primarily of forests (88% or 532 sq mi) with some croplands (2% or 12 sq mi) and rangelands (1% or 6 sq mi) [931. (These areas are approximate since the percentages were given for the Coos Bay drainage basin pluis an adjacent coastal zone of about 124 sq mi). 49 Coos Bar Average annual precipitation ranges from 50 inches along the coast to 100 inches near the headwaters of the Millicoma River [93]. Records from the North Bend.and Allegany climatological stations, listed in Table 12, are available through the OSWRB in puch card or printout form [92,1431. Wind roses from North Bend show 50% of the January winds coming from the southeast at speeds generally between 4 and 15 mph and July winds coming from the north 30% of the time and from the northwest 30% of the time at speeds from 4 to 31 mph [7]. Stream profiles for the Coos Bay river systems appear on page 63 Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents Coos Bay is.described-as being fully exposed to waves at the throat (55]. Tidal effects extend as far as Dellwood on the South Fork Coos River (mile 9) and as far as Allegany on the Millicoma River (mile 8.7) [93,96]. Both towns are about 27 miles from the estuary mouth. The mean tidal range'is 5.2 feet with a diurnal range of 7.0 feet and an extre e range of 11.0 feet [86]. Tidal prism gn mean-range is 1.86 x 10 cu ft with a diurnal range of 2.51 x 10 cu ft [55]. The average tidal current velocity is 2.0 knots (3.4 ft/sec) with maximum ebb currents of up to 7 knots (11.8 ft/sec) and maximum flood currents of up to 3.5 knots (5.9 ft/sec) [7]. Currents and tidal ranges are being measured (summer 1973 through spring 1974) to determine the times of maximum ebb and flood flow [1]. River Discharges Although stream gaging stations on the estuary tributaries are limited (there is one on the West Fork Millicoma River near Allegany [140]), estimates of the average monthly discharge of the Coos, South Fork Coos, and Millicoma Rivers have been made (931. These are shown in Table 5. Records from September 1954 to October 1970 from the stream gaging station on the West Fork Millicoma River at mile 6.8 (Table 12) where the drainage area is 46.5 sq mi show an average discharge at this point 50 Coos Bay of 257 cfs and extremes of 8,100 cfs (December 11, 1960) and f.8 cfs (September 1965 and 1967) [140]. Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity measurements in Coos Bay and the Coos River have been reported by Burt and McAllister for one date during each of the fol- lowing months: June 19S6, October 1957, and January, March, and June Table 5. Flow rates of Coos Bay tributaries [931. s ream (at @outh) drainage area average monthly flow-Fcf-sTr- (sq mi) high low mean. Coos River 415 5,500 90 2-,200 February August September South Fork Coos River 254 3,300 50 11300 February August, September Millicoma River 151 2,200 30 870 February September IYields were estimated for the period from 1930 to 1961 by correlations from available records (consisting of spot observations with no complete water years of record). 19S8 [12]. Of these five test dates, salinity intrusion was greatest on June 27, 19S6 at LHW-at the "Coos River High School." (The distance was not given, but it is greater than 17 miles from the ocean.) Salinity was 2.3 ppt on the surface and 3.3 ppt at a depth of 13 feet with a concurrent temperature at both points of 20.9'C. Measurements beyond this were not recorded. on the basis of salinity change from top to bottom,. Burt and McAllister found that the estuary was either well mixed or partly mixed during January, April, and June; during November it was partly mixed; during all other months it was well mixed [13]. @Temperature, salinity and current measurements extending over one or more tidal cycles were made by McAlister and Blanton [611 at various times during the three year period 1960-1963. On the basis of these measurements, they concluded that Coos Bay ranges from a well-mixed estuary during periods of low runoff to a partially mixed estuary during periods of maximum runoff. S1 Coos Bay Burt and Queen [10] describe tidal overmixing in Coos Bay. During the flood stageof the tide, more dense water tends- to flow over less dense water resulting in sinking of surface waters and thus an intense mixing over the water depth toward the end of the flood tide. Sediments Seaaonal (summer 1973 through Spring of 1979) measurements of salinity, temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen are being taken for high and low tides with depth and length within the estuary [1]. Littoral drift is to the south in the summer and to the north in the winter with a net transport to the south [7,57]. Since the comple- tion of the south jetty (described under "Physical Alterations"), en- trapment of sand has occurred between this jetty and Yoakim Point located approximately 1 mile to its south [57]. Sediments transported to the estuary from its drainage basin average 72,000 tons annually [85,86]. The Corps of Engineers has *analyzed dredge samples which were taken from the estuary oncein March 1960 and 12 times between June 1970 and May 1972 [124]. Organic contents of these samples ranged from 0.38% (April 1972--lower Jarvis Range) to 8.77% (October 1971--river mile 14.00); void ratios ranged from 0.570 (December 1970--Upper Jarvis Range) to 3.344 (March 1960--Coos Bay channel, station 51.35); and the mean grain size was generally that of fine sand. Volitile solids greater than ten per- cent have been reported in the Isthmus slough area [S,1421. Free sulfides have also been measured within some of the sediments of Ithmus slough [5]. Water Quality The DEQ operates 26 water surveillance stations in this area (Table 12)--15 in the bay and 11 in South Slough [67,68]. Records in punch card or printout form are available from some stations for as far back as May 1957. The total number of sampling dates ranges from five (at a station on South Slough, operating since July 1970) to 70 (at two different stations on Coos Bay, operating since May 1957). The primary factors affecting the water quality are commercial and domestic waste [155] and ground water seepage from a coal field (the largest in the state) located southeast of the bay and covering 250 sq mi [531. The only area of the estuary which is reportedly still considered a de- finite water quality problem is Isthmus Slough [100). 52 Table 6. Sewage treatment plants at Coos Bay 119,65,117]. USN station Coo,s Bay #2 North Bend Coos Bay #1 Eastside Bunker Hill EAF -station location 3/4 mile 1/4 mile I mile north south of west of of the center Empire North Bend of the city Airport of Coos Bay area served North Bend city of Coos Bay n 0 number now 90 4,925 6,600 8,370 1,500 @1,200 (A U1 serving tz description secondary primary primary primary primary primary secondary average flow (mgd) rainy 0.58 to 0.8 1.14 2.86 0.14 0.201 (3.4-peak) dry 0.21 0.59 1.35 0.07 0.121 lEstimated, based on limited data [117]. Coos- Bay, A listing of the major waste discharges in the Coos Basin (including receiving water, type of was-te, volume, and present treatment) has been given in an interim report on a feasibility atudr for regionalization of sewerage facilities in the Coos River and Chetco River Basins [117]. According to this study, there are seven sewage treatment plants in the Coos Bay area. Information concerning these facilities is presented in Table 6. Biological The numbers of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Coos Bay stream system, low in comparison with the other estuarine stream systems included in this report as shown in Table B, are estimated as follows: spring chinook--O, fall chinook--500, coho--8,300, steelhead--5,000, and sea-run cutthroat 3,500 [781. Sportsmen take salmon, striped bass, shad, perch, staghorn sculpin, crabs, and clams in the bay. The most numerous clams are gaper, which account for 40% of the state's total bay clam landings. These, along with cockle, butter, and littlenecks, are located mainly in the lower reaches of the estuary. Softshell clams (decreasing in number in recent years) are supported in the upper portions of the bay. Pacific oysters are produced in South Slough, but native oysters, which were once common, no longer exist f38,53,1551. - Mallard, pintail, widgeon, and coot are the most abundant waterfowl in the Coos Bay area [78]. Canvasback and pintail ducks use it as a migrant or wintering area, and black brant use it for wintering [1551. The vicinity around the estuary is a winter range for black- tailed deer, the most numerous big game animal of the South Coast Basin. Elk winter to the east of the estuary, and the watershed contains one of Oregon's-largest Roosevelt elk herds [78]. Physical Alterations Proposed alterations to the estuary, many of which have been completed, are quite extensive with two jetties, numerous channels, and five basins. An attempt has been made to summarize these modifica- tions, as described in the Army Corps of Engineers -report [1291, in Table 7. Project use statistics are included under "Estuary Uses". Army Corps of Engineers records from 1959 through 1969 (excluding 1968) show annual dredging of the entrance channel and periodic dredging 54 Coos Bay Table. 7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Modifications. to Coos Bay [128,129] Proposed Dimension ,s Modification Location Uepth width length Date and Status (feet) (feet) COOS BAY PROJECT I929-completed North Jetty entrance 1940-reconstructed 1970-repair started South Jetty entrance 1942-reconstructed 1962-63-rThabilitated Channel entrance 40 suitable 1 mi 1952-comp eted Channel entrance to mouth of 30 300 15 mi 1937-"main channel" Isthmus Slough (15 dredged to a miles from estuary depth of 24 feet mouth) 1951-"30-foot channel" com- pleted Channel Mouth of Isthmus 22 iso 3 mi (Isthmus Slough) Slough to Millington (on Isthmus Slough; 18 miles from estuary mouth) Turning Basin Opposite Coalbank 30 600 1,000 ft Slough Turning Basin At the City of 30 600 1,000 ft North Bend Anchorage Basin Outer part of- 30 600 2,000 mile 3.5 Anchorage Basin Coos Bay - near 30 600 2,000 mile 7 Connecting Deep Water in Coos 10 150 1956-completed Channel Bay to the Mooring Basin at Charleston (near South Slough) Channel In South Slough to the 10 150 1970-completed Extension Highway Bridge Mooring Basin Locality of Charleston Soo 900 1956- "Small Boat Basin at Charelston pleted Breakwater Locality of Charleston Bulkhead Locality of Charleston COOS AND MILLICOMA RIVERS PROJECT Channel Coos River Mouth on 5 50 13.8(')) Coos Bay to Allegany on The Millicoma River 196&--channel improvements Channel To Dellwood on the 5 50 15(3) completed South Fork Coos River Channel Dellwood to mile 3 50 0.7 14.7 of the South Fork Coos River -lLack of Completion date does not necessarily signify that the modification has not been constructed (The Coos Bay project is described as complete). 20bserved on USCGS chart #5984 (March 18, 1972). 31ncludes the 5.5 miles of channel on the Coos River which the 2 presumably have in common. Coos- Bay of the "river channel" (1969), the "inner channel" (1959, 1962, 1963), and the 1130-foot channel" (1961). Amounts dredged ranged from 523,752 cu yds -removed from the entrance and river channels i n 1969 to 2,729,077 cu yds taken from the entrance channel in 1966 [55]. Dredging (by'bucket or clamshell) has been performed by private contractors in Coos and Millicoma Rivers with spoil disposal on high land [501. In June 1972 the Georgia Pacific Co. (Coos Bay) sub- mitteda request for a permit to do maintenance dredging in 3 areas of Isthmus Slough.[311. During the period of 1920-1970, approximately 1500 acres of tidelands have been filled and 2000 acres diked for agricultural use adjacent to coos Bay [1421. A map of filled and diked areas is available [1421. Industrial and Commercial Timber and fish resources are of major economic importance to the area, although agricultural activities involved mainly with dairy products, poultry, cattle, hogs, sheep and lambs, rabbits, and turkeys also provide some income [24,93,100,155]. A listing of manufacturers at Coos Bay, presented in Table 8, indicates that most jobs there arie connected in some way with the lumber manufacturing industry [71]. Such jobs, in fact, account for 58% of the Coos County work force [24]. Wood and wood products comprise a large percentage of the traffic using the Coos Bay and River and Millicoma River projects [1291, and Coos Bay is the leading lumbershipping port in the U.S. [4]. In 1969 the Coos Bay channel project saw 6,102,000 tons of waterborne traffic--41% (2,500,000 tons) of this was rafted logs; 36% (2,200,000 tons) was wood chips and the remaining 23% (nearly 1,500,000 tons) was lumber, exported logs, petroleum products, and paper and paperboard. Traffic using the Project between 1960 and 1969 averaged 4,181,000 tons annually. Traffic on the Coos and Millicoma Rivers averaged 1,589,000 tons for the same time period and totaled 1,257,000 tons (all rafted logs) in 1969 [129]. An estimated 500 acres of the bay and its tributaries are used at some time for log rafts [100. It has been estimated (1971) that as much as 15 to 20 percent of the surface of Marshfield Channel, Isthmus Slough, and lower Coos River are covered with stored logs [1421. A review and discussion of the ecological impacts of man's activities is provided in a special report by the U.S. Department of the Interior [142]. Lumber shipments from Port of Coos Bay in 1971 totalled 463,976,968 tons lumber and logs, 2,238,136 tons chips, 42,529 tons plywood, and 5,208,092 tons general cargo. 56 Coos Bay Table 8. Major Manufacturers at Coos Bay [71,1001. Location Name Type of Business Number employed Charleston Peterson Sea Foods Inc. crab and shrimp packaging 140 Hallmatk Fisheries crab and shrimp packaging 100 Fishermens Cooperative fish, crab, and shrimp packaging 5 Association Inc. North Bend Weyerhaeuser Co. lumber and wood products 1,640 (particleboard, wood chips, plywood) Menasha Paper Co. corrugating paperboard 160 Maze Bros. Logging Co. logging and mill 40 17 manufacturers dealing mainly in logging, wood employing under 25 products and soft drinks Coos Bay Coos Head Timber Co. saw and planing mills, plywood 400 Georgia-Pacific Corp. plywood 368 Cape Arago Lumber Co. wood products 175 A] Peirce Co. lumber 115 Georgia-Pacific Corp. hardboard 105 Eureka Fisheries, Inc. fishery products packaging 69 The World newspaper 60 Sixes River Logging Co. logging 50 Georgia-Pacific Corp. phenolic and urea resins, formaldehyde, chemical specialties 45 35 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood employing 35 or under products Eastside Nelson Log Bronc Co. steel work boats and tugs; steel 19 fab-saw mill equipment 57 Coos Bay Commercial fishing from Coos Bay itself, as indicated by the statistics presented in Table 9 is quite limited [20,118]. However, landings received Table 9. Commercial Harvest of Shad, Striped Bass, Crabs, and Clams at Coos Bay, 1969, 1970, and 1971 f20,118i. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds fishermen pounds Ti@shermen -pounds fis-F-ermen landed value landed value landed value Shad(') 32,425 $4,000 59,865 $9,000 54,973 $8,000 Stripe 18,337 3,000 13,524 2,000 8,984 1,000 BasVI) Crabs(2) 67,846 24,339 1,000 Clams(2) 5,109 4,522 10,893 lsource of reference [201; data for Coos Bay and its tributaries. of reference[1181; data for Coos Bay. th-ere from the entire area (Table 10) are.extensive [34]. In 1971 Coos Bay was one of the Oregon ports receiving the most commercial fish landings (Tables D and E), and in 1970 it receivied 57% of the South Coast Basin salmon landings [34,78]. -Most of the fish packaging plants there (Table 8) are centered in Charleston [71]. A report covering the ecological features of Coos Bay has been prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The report includes maps of Coos Bay showing aquatic vegetation, benthic shellfish habitat, bristle worm species, and shrimp habitat [142]. Recreational As can be seen from Table 11, sportsmen spend a great deal of time and money on angling at Coos Bay. Salmon fishing is excellent offshore, where chinook and coho abound from early June to early September. A limited number of fall chinook and coho can also be caught near the head of tidewater from mid September to th-e beginning of November [58,78]. Most commonly caught species other than salmon and trout, as determined by the FCO Study from March to October 1971, include shiner perch, staghorn sculpin, and red rock crab by shore angling; dungeness crab and relatively few black rock fish and red rock crab by boat angling; and gaper, butter, and cockle clams by clamming [381. The estuary also 58 Coos Bay reportedly provides good shad fishing, particularly in June and July, as well as some of the best striped bas-s fishing of the South.Coast Basin WitTL July to October being the peak period. Striped.ba-ss from the bay average 6 pounds [78]. Table 10. Commercial Harvest of Pood Received at Coos Bay, 197161s"[34]. Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen Weight), value Groundfish 2,688,307 $ 221,000 Coho 2,119,332 663,000 Crabs- 1,898,998 665,000 Shrimp 1,521,483 197iO00 Albacore Tuna 376,877 112,000 Chinook 128,945 66,000 Shad 54,973 8,000 Clams 1-0,893 1,000 Striped Bass 8,984 1,000 Pinks 929 Oysters 208 Totals 8,.809,929 $1,934,000 lIncludes 1971 data presented in Table 9. Table 11. Esti ed Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Coos Bay Tli [78]. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 500 11250 $ 37,000 Ocean 28,400 32,300 2,101,600 Sea-run Streams 150 100 1,850 cutthroat Steelhead Streams- 1,400 5,600 -103,600 Shad Estuary 6,500 2,990 55,315 Striped bass Estuary 875 1,660 30,710 lAverage of data from past years. Coos Bay Table 12. Surveillance stations at Coos Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Charleston elevation--10 feet 1938-1940 [93) North Bend FAAAP elevation--Il feet 1902-1960 [92,93,1431 (formerly Marsh- field) USGS #6073 (92,93,143] Allegany Millicoma River; 1940-1960 mile 9 stream gaging West Fork West Fork Millicoma 46.5 1954-(1970) 198,140) 2 Millicoma River River; mile 6.8 near Allegany; USGS #3245 3 DEQ water #1 Coos Bay; green light 5/57-(5/72) [67,681 surveillance #7; 1/4 mile north (43 measurements) of Fossil Point #2 Coos Bay; red light #10; 5/57-(5/72) 1/4 mile north of (70 measurements) Pigeon Point #3 Coos Bay; red light #12, 5/57-(5/72) 112 mile north of (42 measurements) Sitka Dock #4 Coos Bay; red light #16, 4/60-(5/72) 1/4 mile north of (38 measurements) Empire Dock #5 Coos Bay; green light 5/57-(5/72) #23 opposite (70 measurements) Henderson Marsh #6 Coos Bay; black can #27; 5/57-(5/72) 1/4 mile west of (41 measurements) railroad bridge #7 Coos Bay; green light #35; 5/57-(5/72) mouth of Kentuck Slou gh (70 measurements) W8 Coos Bay; red light #36; 5/57-(5/72) opposite mouth Cooston- (42 measurements) Willanch Channel #9 Coos Bay Yacht Club; 5/57-(5/72) opposite McCurdy Marina (42 measurements) #10 Coos Bay; shipping 5/57-(5/72) channel opposite mouth (42 measurements) of Marshfield Channel 60 Coos Bay Table 12. Surveillance stations at Coos Bay, cont. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) DEQ water #11 Coos Bay; red light 1 8/57-(5/72) [67 68]3 surveillance mile up Marshfield (25 measurements) Channel #12 Coos Bay; green light 5/57-(5/72) #43 opposite downstream (25 measurements) from Coalbank Slough #13 Coalbank Slough at 9/66-(5/72) Highway 101 bridge (12 measurements) #14 Isthmus Slough at 5/57-(5/72) Eastside Bridge (25 measurements) #15 Isthmus Slough at Coos 6/60-(5/72) City Bridge (21 measurements) #1 South Slough; 150 yards 4/67-(5/72) east of flashing light (19 measurements) at entrance; opposite fisherman's coop #2 South Slough; 15 yards 4/67-(5/72) east of southern most (20 measurements) moorage float at Charleston small boat basin #3 South Slough; 100 yards west 4/67-(5/72) of slip on east bank (19 measurements) #4 South Slough; channel 50 4/67-(5/72) yards east of Hallmark (20 measurements) Fisheries Dock, Charleston #5 South Slough; channel, 20 4/67-(5/72) yards west of Hansen's (20 measurements) Landing Docks #6 South Slough; channel, 50 4/67-(5/72) yards west of mouth of (19 measurements) Joe Ney Slough #7 South Slough; channel, 250 4/67-(5/72) yards south of Collver (19 measurements) Point #8 South Slough; channel, 0.3 4/67-(5/72) miles southwest of (13 measurements) station 7, 50 yards west of bank 61 Coos Bay Table 12. Surveillance stations at Coos Bay, cont. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) DEQ water South Slough; channel, 4/67-10/68 [67,6813 surveillance 0.3 mile south of (12 measurements) station 8 #10 So -uth Slough; channel, 4/67-10/68 0.2 mile south of (12 measurements) station 9 #11 South Slough; Joe Ney 7/70-5/72 Road bridge (5 measurements) water quality Coos River; miles 1.8. 1930-1933 [93) 4, and 5.5 (spot observations) water West Fork West Fork Millicoma 46.5 10/54-(1968) [1411 temperature Millicoma River River; mile 6.8 (4 days monthly) near Allegany chemical 10/63-(9/68) [141j analysis, Precipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 3Data available in punch card or printou't form through the DEQ; records are not complete before 1967. 0 This is the most recent record date found and not necessarily the last. 62 coos 3 z RIVER R RIVER 4 STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH COQUILLE 2 z > w w RIVER 30 V- STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH SIXES z > -TE -R 80UR- IIQARD J w 01, coos-CoQuiul DRAINAGE BASIN RIVER STREAM PROFILE STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH File No. 17.672 op L 63 COQUILLE BAY 65 R. 15 W. R. 14 W. BILLARDS BEACH STATE PARK PROSPER 18 17 16 -N- 71@ LEGEND :9@ - - - SECTION CORNERS FOUND - - - SECTION CORNERS LOCATED FROM OTHER SOURCES 24 PROJECTED CORNERS TIDELAND BETWEEN ELEVATIONS OF MEAN LOW WATER OREGON AND MEAN HIGH WATER '0,0 S H L), 28S. Zom L T. .wo L @CALE o 'Do. moo woo 4ooo sooo 0 101 LEI 25 EILD BANDO TIDELWD MA P o7, TIDELAND MAP COMPILED FRCW APRIL 1971 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. FIELD PHOTO IDENTIFICATION NOVEMBER 1972 COQUILLE RIVER CONTROL FROM cass. cmARr NO. 3971 OREGON STATE PLANE COORDINATES SOUTH ZONE S TA TE OF OREGON RECTANGULAR GRID DIVISION OF STATE LANDS -@-looo NOVEMBER 1972 COQUILLE BAY jti6n of Estuary -and 'Drainage 'Basin General D6§cril Estuary Coquille Bay lies approximately 225 miles south of the mouth of-the Columbia River. It is a long and narrow estuary and is among the smallest of those included in this report (Table A). Population in the area is centered in the incorporated towns of Bandon, Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Approximate locations and 1970 populations of these and other towns have been summarized in Table 1 [96,111]. Table 1 Population centers at Coquille Bayl [96,1111. name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (miles) Bandon2 Coquille River; south side 0.1 to 1.8 0.1 to 1.8 1,832 Prosper Coquille River; south side 4.5 4.5 rural Randolph Coquille River; north side 6 6 rural Parkersburg Coquille River; south side 8.0 8.0 rural Riverton Coquille River; south side 16.4 1.6.4 150 Leneve Coquille River; north side 19.5 (0.5 mile to the north) Coquilld Coquille River; north side 24.5 to 24.9 24.5 to 24.9 4,437 Johnson Coquille River; east side 27.7 27.7 no pop Arago Coquille River; west side 32.5 32.5 100 Norway Coquille River; north side 34.7 34.7 150 Myrtle Point2 South Fork Coquille River; 0.7 to 1.7 37 to 38 2,511 east side lTidal..effects extend approximately to between miles 36 and 40 of the Coquille River. 21ncorporated 31ncorporated in 1970 The es-tuary measures roughly@760 acres- (an average of the surface area given by Johns-on at HW [55] and by Marriage [59r] and presented in Table 2). Other dimensions reported by Johnson are given in Table 3 [SS]. 67 Coquille Bay Table 2. Reported surface areas of Coquille Bay [55,591. reference surface area measured.at (acres) [6] 818 HW 582 MSL 346 LW [631' 703 ISpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. @Table 3. Dimensions of Coq4ille Bay distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--2.3 miles inlet dimensions at throat (at MSQ: width--620 feet average depth--11.5 feet cross-sectional area--7,030 sq ft average lagoon depth below MSL--7feet The major tributary of Coquille Bay is the Coquille Ri *ver which has its zero river mile at the mouth of the estuary, at the outer end of the jetties [96]. The main stem of the Coquille River is formed by the South Fork Coquille River and the North Fork Coquille River at a point 36.3 miles from its mouth. Tributaries (creeks and sloughs) of this main stem number about 13 from the north and 20 from the south. The entire Coquille River, from its mouth to the headwaters of the South Fork Coquille River, N measures 99 miles, making it the longest river of the South Coast Basin [93]. The Middle Fork Coquille River flows into the South Fork Coquille River at mile 4.7, and the East Fork Coquille River discharges into the North Fork Coquille River at mile 9.1. Tables 4 and 5 give the length.s, drainage areas, and estimated fresh water yields of these major streams [93,96]. 68 Coquille.Bay Table 4. Lengths and drainage areas of Coquille Bay tributaries [961. stream length drainage area (milesl (sq mi)_- Coquille River 36-31 1,058 North Fork, Coquille River 53.3 .289 South Fork Coquille River 62.8 598 East Fork Coquille River 33.8 135 Middle'Fork Coquille River 40.3 310 ll'o the confluence of the North Fork Coquille and South Fork Coquille Rivers Table 5. Fresh water yields of Coquille Bay tributaries t931. stream point of drainage complete fresh water annual yieldi measurement area water years (ac-ft) (sq mi) of record maximum minimum mean Coquille River mouth 1,058 none 3,900,000 1,220,000 2,400,000 North Fork near Myrtle 276 1930-1946 1,120,000 374,000 720,000 Coquille River Point South Fork Powers (near 169 1917-1926; 950,600 287,000 573,000 Coquille River. mile 29) 1930-1961 East Fork mouth 135 none 450,000 150,000 290,000 Coquille River Middle Fork near Myrtle 305 1931-1946 1,020,000 257,000 590,000 Coquille River Point lYields were estimated for the period from 1930 to 1961 by correlations from available records. 69 Coquille Bay Port commissions at Bandon and Broadbent serve the area [106]. Their addresses and phone numbers are: Port of-Bandon Port of Coquille River P.O. Box 53 P.O. Box 1245 Bandon, Oregon Broadbent, Oregon 347-2669 572-5937 Drainage Basin The estuary drainage basin, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, is 1,058 sq mi with an average fresh water yield of 2,400,000 ac-ft/yr, based on an estimated annual average yield of 2,270 ac-.ft/sq mi. The area is rough and mountainous, consisting of approximately 88% (931 sq mi) forests, 5% (52 sq mi) cropland, and 6% (63 sq mi) rangeland [49,93]. Annual rainfall varies from 50 inches (at the mouth of the Coquille River) to 110 inches (near the headwaters of the South Fork Coquille River) '[93]. Precipitation records from the Bandon and Coquille climatological stations described in Table 14 are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB [92,143]. Elevations range from sea level to 5,100 feet [93]. Stream profiles for the Coquille Bay river systems appear on page 6.3 in the Coos Bay Basin section. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The estuary is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat [551. Tidal effects on the Coquille River extend as far as from 36 to 40 miles (near Myrtle Point) upstream [53,931. The mean tide range is 5.2 feet with a diurnal range of 7.0 feet [55] and an egtreme range of 10.0 feet [86]. Tidal pr@sm on mean range is 1.32 x 10 cu ft with a diurnal range of 1.77 x 10 cu ft [55]. River Discharges Table 6 lists the mean, maximum, and minimum flow rates of the Coquille River and its major tributaries. These flow rates are either estimated monthly averages as presented in th-e "South Coast Basin" [93] or one-day 70 Coquille Bay extremes recorded at USGS stations and published by that agency [140]. More information on the stream gaging stat,ions is included in Table 14. Salinity and Clas-sification by, Mixing No information. Table 6. Flow rates of Coquille Bay tributaries [93,i4OJ. stream point of drainage period of flow rate measurement area record (cfs) (sq mi) maximum minimum mean- Coquille River mouth 1,058 none] 8,250 130 3,300 February September North Fork near Myrtle 276 1930-19461 29450 55 1,000 -bruary September Coquille River Point Fe near Fairview 74.0 10/63-(1970)2 4,660 2.0 289 (river mile 21.7) 1/65 10/67 South Fork at Powers 169 1917-(1961)1 19880 32 790 Coquille River (river mile 29) January September 9/16*(1970)2 48,900 12 784 (12/22/64) (9/61) East Fork mouth 135 nonel 1,050 20 400 Coquille River February August, September Middle Fork near Myrtle 305 1931-19461 2,150 25 810 Coquille River Point February September lAverage flow rate by month was estimated for the period from 1930 to 1961 by correlations from available records E42]. 2Extreme daily flow rates were recorded [27]. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous Sediments Net transport of sediments in the area of Coquille Bay seems to be to the south with accretion being dominant at the south jetty. Accretion also occurs to some extent to the north. where a spit has-developed at the end of the Coquille River [57]. Sediments- transported to the estuary each year are estimated to average 100,000 tons 185 86]. Dredge samples taken by the Corps of Engineers at the Coquille River, .entrance once in 1960 and twice in 1970 showed organic contents ranging 71 Coquille Bay from 0.44% (August 1970) to 0.60% (November 1970); void ratios ranging from 0.376 (September 1960) to 0-660 (Nugus-t 1970); and mean grain size either that of fine s-and (August, November 1970) or medium sand (September 1960) [124]. Water Quality The DEQ operates ten water surveillance stations in Coquille Bay (Table 14)[67,681. Records have been kept since September 1968 with five or six measuremen.ts at most of the stations between then and March 1971. The city of Bandon has a new (1971) sewage treatment plant [103], and the city of Coquille has a primary treatment facility available to industry [25] (Table 7). The only real pollution problem reportedly arises at Moore Mills (at Bandon) where dumping of sawdust and bark into the bay and log storage occur [81]. Table 7. Sewage treatment plants at Coquille, Bay [25,101,1031. City of Bandon City of Coquille .completion date 1971 location Coquille River; south side; mile 0.5; in Bandon area served 1/3 of the population in 3/4 of the area of number served Bandon description secondary primary average flow (mgd) rainy. 0.473 (high monthly average 1.5 (high for one day) dry 0.018 (low for one day) overall 0.21 Biological Information Estimated numbers of anadromous salmonids- ng in the Coquille -Mr- chinook-.-4,9'00, River system are as follows: spring chinook.-S(Y fall (1) A remnant run found mainly in the South Fork Coquille River. -7 ') Coquille Bay coho--23,000, steelhead--16,100, and sea-run cutthroat--12,000. A comparison w-ith other stream systems can be made from Table B [78]. During June, striped bass and shad spawn in the tidal portion of the Coquille River where brown bullhead (a warm-water game fish.) can also be found [78]. Other common species include softshell clams (located in the tidal flats between the mouth and mile 3.5), surf smelt, perch, and dungeness crab [38,53,155]. Waterfowl use of the estuary up to Riverton near river mile - 16.3 is estimated at 39,000 waterfowl use days per year, with white winged scoter (coot) being the most abundant [81]. American widgeon, pintails, wood ducks, american merganzer, and surf scoters can be found to a-lesser degree [78,81]. The most abundant shorebirds include great blue heron, gulls (western, herring, and California), belted kingfisher, and double crested carmorant. The common crow is also frequently found [811. Some river otter, mink, and beaver inhabit the area around the estuary [81], and black-tailed deer (the most abundant big game animal of the South Coast Basin) use it as a wintering range. A section to the north of the estuary serves as a winter range for elk, and the Coquille water- shed contains one of the largest Roosevelt elk herds in Oregon [78]. Physical Alterations Alterations at Coquille Bay by the Corps of Engineers, described in Table 8, include two jetties and an ent±ance channel [126,129]. Statistics of project use have been included under "Estuary Uses." Records of dredging activities (also by the Corps of Engineers) between 1959 and 1969 (excluding 1968) show annual dredging of the entrance channel with 62,250 cu yds being a typical quantity removed [55]. Under the "Coastal 60-40 Stream Improvement Program," the Middle Creek Fishway, located 18 miles east of the city of Coquille on the Coqui,lle River, was constructed by the FCO [119]. No completion date was given, but dedication of the fishway took place in 1963. The OSGC operates a hatchery at Bandon from which a total of 799,771 fish were released in 1970. These consisted of 527,390 cutthroat trout, 241,618 summer steelhead, 24,610 rainbow trout, and 6,153 winter steelhead [801. Industrial and Commercial Lumber-related activities are of major economic importance to the area, although commercial and recreational fishing also provide some income. 73 Coqukile Bay, Table 8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Modifications to Coquille Bay (126,128,129]. Proposed depth Dimensions -i-e-ngth Date and Status Modification Location width (feet) (feet) North Jetty Entrance 3,450 feet 1908-completed 1942-reconstructed 1951-750-foot extension added to east end 1956-repaired South Jetty Entrance 2,700 feet 1908-completed 1954-repaired Channel Entrance 13 Suitable 1.3 miles 1933-completed Major manufacturers in the area, which are listed in Table 9, deal mostly in lumber and wood products. Lumber in coast wise trade accounted for 40% of the-370,000 tons using the Coquille channel project in 1969, and rafted logs accounted for the other 60%. (Traffic through the project between 1960 and 1969 averaged 446,000 tons [129]. Presented in Tables 10 and 11 are commercial fish landing statistics for the Coquille Bay area. In comparison with figures for commercial fishing at other estuaries included in this report (Tables D and E), these are quite low. Shad, striped bass, and Crab are the primary species taken from the estuary,-while salmon account for most of the landings received from the ocean [20,34,1181. In 1970, Bandon received 9% of the south coast salmon landings or roughly'.270,000 pounds coho and 108,000 pounds chinook at a total value to fishermen.of $225,000 [781. Recreational . Sports fishing for salmon and trout is quite popular (Table 12). Between mid-September an&the first good high water in November, both chinook and coho abound, mainly in the lower 20 miles of the Coquille River. Most of the angling is by boat, with some along the shore in the upper reaches [58]. Other commonly-caught species (as determined in the study by the FCO between March and October 1971) include surf smelt, redtail perch, and relatively few shiner perch by shore angling; dungeness crab by boat fishing; and softshell clams by clamming [38]. Some shad and striped bass are als-o taken--harves-t data are included in Table 12. Hunting for waterfow-1 along the first 16 miles of the Coquille River peaks-in Decemher and was es-timated at 900 hunter days-.for 1970. There is exceptionally- good pigeon hunting at Prosper (approximate -river mile 4.5), but the area is- now (1972) closed to public access. When open to the public, use averages 2,500 hunter days [81]. 74 CQq'uille, Ray Table 9. Major Manufacturers at Coquille Bay [2,25,71]. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Bandon Moore Mill,and lumber 170 Lumber Co. Rogge Lumber lumber 90 Sales Inc. 9 manufacturers dealing mainly in logging and employing less than 20 food products Coquille Georgia-Pacific plywood, studs, chips 300 Corp.-Coquille Plant Georgia-Pacific Corp. plywood, lumber, and chips 250 Gold Mountain logging 30 Logging Co. 11 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood employing 10 or under products (mostly logging) Norway Georgia-Pacific veneer and chips 85 Corp. Norway Archery arrow manufacturer 6 Myrtle Leep Logging Corp: lumber 40 Point Doyle Veneer wood veneer 29 11 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood employing 10 or under products (mostly logging) There are boat ramps at the Port Docks in downtown Bandon, Bullards State Park, Rock-Point at mile 2, Coquille at mile 24.2, and Arago, at mile 32.4. The small boat basin at Bandon takes care of about 100 fishing and pleasure boats [2,96]. The City of Coquille has two parks (one developed and one not), and Bullards Beach State Park borders Coquille Bay and the ocean to the north. Attendance at Buliards Park by day visitors and campers showed a fairly steady increase from 1966 to 1970 with the exceptions of 1968 and 1969 when use by campers and day visitors, respectively, dropped. Figures given in Table 13 are for total park attendance for 1966 and 1970 only with estimates of the percentage of those attending who actually used the estuary portion of the park [82,83]. 75 Coquille Bay Table 10. Commercial Harvest of Shad, Striped Bass, and Crabs from Coquille Bay [20,1181. Species 1969 ___1970 1971 pounds tisnermen ounds fishermen pounds fishermen landed value @anded value landed value Shad(l) 13,485 $2,000 7,430 $1,000 11,607 $2,000 Stripe 796 395 537 0 BasVi) Crabs(2) 644 0 ISource of reference (201; data.for Coquille Bay and its tributaries. 2Source of reference (1181; data for Coquille Bay. Table 1.1. Commercial Harvest of Fo?I)Fish Received at Bandon, 1971 [34] . -Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weight) value Coho 440,728 $138,000 Chinook 48' 113 27,000 Crabs 20,328 7,000 Shad 11,607 2,000 Groundfish 7,037 11000 Pinks* 1,912 11000 Albacore Tuna 660 Striped Bass 537 Totals 530,922 @_176,000 lIncludes 1971 data presented in Table 10. 76 Coquille Bay Table 12. Est* t d A a] Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Coquille Bay 781 Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 1,300 3,250 $ 96,200 Coquille 150 600 11,100 river system Ocean 500 600 37,000 Sea-run Coquille 400 250 4,625 cutthroat river system Steelhead Coquille 3,500 14,000 259,000 river system Shad Coquille Bay 250 115 2,127 Striped bass 50 95 1,758 lAverage of data from past years. Table 13. Bullards Beach State Park Annual Attendance, 1966 and 1970 [82,83]. Park Users 1966 attendance .1970 attendance total estuary(l) total estuaryM park park day visitors 222,712 1,114 292,312 -'-l 462 camper nights 34,265 <_ 171 50,601 253 Actual use of the estuary.portion of the park estimated to be less-than 0.50 of the total attendance. 10 77 Coquille Bay Table 14. Surveillance stations at Coquille Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of reference station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Bandon (formerly Coquille River; 1887-1960 [92,93,1431 Coquille R.L.H., mile 0.5 Bandon'2E) Coquille Coquille River; 1942*1954 [92,9311 mile 25 2 stream gaging North Fork North Fork Coquille 282' 1929-1946 [98] Coquille River River; mile 4.30 near Myrtle Point; USGS #3270 North Fork North Fork Coquille 74 1963-(1970) [98,1401. Coquille River River; mile 21.7 near Fairview; USGS #3268 South Fork South Fork Coquille 169 1916-(1970) [98,140]2 Coquille River River; mile 29 at Powers; USGS #3250 Middle Fork Middle Fork Coquille ]2 Coquille River River; mile 2.2 305 1931-1946 [98 nean Myrtle Point; USGS #3265 crest stage Geiger Creek near 1.36 1953-(1961) gaging Bandon; USGS #3271 ]3 DEQ water #1 Coquille Bay; channel 9/68-(7/70) [67,68 surveillance nest to old lighthouse (5 measurements) #2 Coquill.e Bay; next to 9/68-(3/71) Coast Guard Station, (6 measurements) 40 yards from south shore #3 Coquille Bay; red channel 9/68-(3/71) buoy #14 (6 measurements) #4 Coquille.Bay; channel 9/68-(7/70) opposite Moore Lumber (5 measurements) Mill, Bandon #5 Coquille Bay; channel 9/68-(3/71) at Highway 101 bridge (6 measurements) #6 Coquille Bay; channel at 9/68-(3/71) Riverton Ferry (5 measurements) 78 Coquille Bay Table 14. Surveillance stations at Coquille Bay, cont. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of reference station identifying location area record number (sq mi) DEQ water #7 Co quille Bay; channel 9/68-(3/71) [67,68]3 surveillance at Coquille STP (6 measurements) outfall (50 yards below highway bridge) #8 @Coquille Bay; channel, 9/68-(7/70) 112 mile below high- (3 measurements) way bridge #9 Coquille Bay; channel 9/68-(3/71) at Rink Creek (4 measurements) #10 Coquille Bay; channel, 9/68-(3/71) I mile upstream (4 measurements) from station #9 water quality North Fork North Fork Coquille 196G-(1961) [93] Coquille River River; mile 4.3 near Myrtle Point water Ferry Creek at Ferry Creek; mile 1943-1956 [93] temperature hatchery 2 (about 3 miles from the estuary mouth) lPrecipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card .or printout form through the OSWRB. 3Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. 0 This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 79 80 ELK RIVER 81 Bf, clklock,@ ell "Al. ockv@** Tmer R BtJRG 9 2 Oj/ 0- -21 BM -,@TZTE A :- - - - - - - - 4@3 w reck. !PARK 7 3 29 1 CURRY CO Castle Rock AIRPORT D, 179 L Beacon @Au ---- CraritIerry Cranberry, ranberry" Bog 6"', BM 8 R"- Bogs, og 0 6 206 .32 P 41t Orf @t Orf arli 11,11 S P CO u 4ape BIACOJ .-4 2 V5 V--* 5 .!0 a 24 :.N 04 ck Rock N1 200; Ix 4 0 % V 'Y 172 < t -VZIIII/ A42 4@ 21- t4 .19 BM 171. 4 D "J Y @3O@ 29 2 !;2 7@, B M bb 1:43 71 J 101 Por t rford OP 5 W. INTERIOR-GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASH. D.C.-1963 i (FORT ORFORD) 124'0301 GOLD BEACH 33 Mi. 6175 376DOOm-E. 82 ELK RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Elk River Estuary lies approximately 237 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. It ranks as one of the smallest in size in terrs of surface area. Port Orford is the nearest populated community which is located 1 mile south of the Coast Highway Bridge (U.S. 101) that crosses the Elk River. Census figures for Port Orford appear in Table 1. Table 1. Population Centers Near Elk River [9,96,111,134]. Name General Location River Mile 1970 location Population Port 1 mi. south of Elk not 1,037 Orford R. Coast Hwy. Br.. applicable (U.S. 101) The HW surface area of the estuary as estimated from 1973 EROS Data Center aerial photographs is 290 acres [135]. The average annual yield of the Elk River at its mouth was 330,000 ac-ft for ther period of 1930-1961. The minimum annual yield was 180,000 ac-ft,and the maximum, 470,000 ac-ft. The Elk River source is at river mile 29.8, elevation 890 feet (river mile 29.8 is the confluence of the North Fork and the South Fork of the Elk River) [93,96]. The Port of Port.Orford is located at P.O. Box 227, Port Orford, Oregon, 97465; telephone number 332-3281 [106]. Drainage Basin The Elk River drains a total basin area of 94 sq. miles. The average yearly freshwater yield of the Elk River is 330,000 ac-ft which equals an average annual precipitation of 66 inches over the basin [93]. The Elk River Basin consists primarily of woodlands (96.1%; 58,766 acres), croplands (3.0%; 1,814 acres), and pasture (1.0%; 180 acres). As of January, 1963 the Elk River had no existing storage ponds or reser- voirs, but had 2 potential reservoir sites being studied. The.average annual precipitation ranges@from 65 inches at'the-mouth of the Elk River to 120 inches in the upper Teaches [93]. 83 ELK RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary There are two climatological stations in the vicinity of the Elk River Estuary. The Cape Blanco station has precipitation and tempera- ture data from 1952 and the Port Orford station has precipitation and temperature data from 1852 to 1856 and from 1905 to the present. (See Table 7) [93,143]. The Elk River has a length of 29.8 miles to the confluence of the North Fork and South Fork, the North Fork Elk River having an additional length of 5 miles. The elevation drop from the source to the mouth for the Elk River is 890 feet and 2,080 feet for the North Fork. The average gradient for the Elk River is 30 feet per mile and 400 feet per mile for the North Fork [93]. Elk River stream profile appears in page 63 in the Coos Bay Basin section. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents According to the U.S. Geological Survey the average range of the tide is approximately 5 feet [144]. It appears that the mouth of the Elk River Estuary may migrate several hundred yards and change its position periodically due to the sand bar and the coastline characteristics at the mouth. During the summer months the sand bar prevents saline water from entering the estuary except during periods of extremely high tides. River Discharges Stream flow records are available from the USGS stream gaging station on the Elk River at river mile 3.2. The station is discontinued, but records are available for data taken between October, 1967 and June, 1970. Spot observations are available for years 1926,1931-32, 1934-38, and 1949 to 1982 [148]. Table 2. Stream Gaging Data [148]. Stream Location Drainage Complete Flowrate (cfs) (river mile) area water years (sq.mi.) of record. max. min. mean Elk River 3.2 86.1 Oct., 1967- 14,300 48 610 near Sixes, Ore. June, 1970 84 ELK RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Salinity and Classification.by Mixing Salinity profiles as a function of depth and distance from the mouth of the river are presented in Table 3. Data was taken on August 22, 1973 during a high tide of +7.5 feet [871. Table 3* Salinity Values for the Elk River Estuary.* Aug. 22, 1973 [871. -j-e- Station Distance Salinity % pth from (ft.) mouth (mi.) ___top bottom 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2 3 0.3 0.2 0.2 2 4 1.4 0.2 0.2 3 5 1.6 0.2 0.2 5 6 1.7 0.2 0.2 7 7 1.9 0.2 0.2 5 The Elk River mouth was almost completely closed off by sand bars and no saline water'entered the estua@ry except for extremely high tiaes. Sediments Cliffs and small embayments characterize the shoreline south of Cape Blanco. The narrow beaches in the area are composed of coarse sands and gravels. From Cape Blanco (through Port Orford) the beach C, is narrow with mountainous uplands, partially developed with residences. According to the National Shoreline Study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (Aug., 1971), the shoreline at Cape Blanco to the north of the estuary is experiencin g non-critical erosion. The beaches in the immediate vacinity of the Elk River Estuary are experiencing no erosion [12S]. 85 ELK RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Sediments The generalized sediment yield for the Elk River basin is 0.1 to 0.5 ac-ft per sq., mile per year [231. Water Quality Information Miscellaneous flow and temperature measurements forthe basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges from these sources are presented in Table 4 [78]. Table 4. Temperature Extremes for Elk River Drainage Basin [78]. Point of Period of Observed temperature extreme measurement record (FO) max. min. type of observation Elk River 4-8-69 to 70 51 spot river mile 3.5 7-22-69 Elk River below 4-8-69 to 69 49 spot Bald Mtn. Creek 7-22-69 Elk River above 4-8-69 to 69 49 spot Butler Creek 7-22-69 Elk River above 4-8-69 to 69 49 spot Bl.ackberry Cr. 7-22-69 Anvil.Creek 4-'8-69 to 62 so spot mouth 7-22-69 Bald Mtn. Creek 4-8-69 to 67 49 spot mouth 7-22-69 Purple Mtn. 4-8-69 to 56 49 spot Creek mouth 7-22-69 Panther Creek .4-8-69 to 67 48 4.6t mouth 7-22-69 Butler Creek 4-8-69 to 65 47 spot mouth 7-22-69 Blackberry CT. 4-8-69 to 61 47 spot mbuth 7-22-69 DEQ water quality stations are listed in Table 7. 86 ELK RIVER Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids in the Elk River.system are a:s follows: spring chinook--none, fall chinook--3,200, coho--800, steelhead--3,SOO, and sea-Tun cutthroat--2,800. The Elk River is considered to be one of the most important fall chinook streams .on the Oregon Coast [78,93]. Dace, cottids, red-sided shiners, sticklebacks,.Iamprey, and suckers are the known rough fish species in the stream systems of the South Coast Basin (78]. Low natural summer runoff coupled with extensive streamside logging in the Elk River watershed contribute to warm stream flow conditions during the summer. The Elk River is also affected by siltation and logjams [78]. .The Elk River system has 10 streams used by adult anadromous salmonids, of which have minimum flow recommendations established and 1 protected by the State Water Resources Board. Table 5 refers to the estimated sport harvest in the Elk River system. Table 5. Estimated Annual Harvest, Angler Days, and Gross Expenditures for Angling in the Elk River System [781. Fish Harvest Angler Gross Days Expenditures Salmon 4,200 16,800 $310,800 Steelhead 1,200 4,800 883@800 Sea-run 300 200 3J.700 Cutthroat TOTALS 21,800 $403,300 Includes jack salmon The Elk River Estuary is small in size, but this estuary, along with the Sixes, Pistol, Chetco, and Winchuck is very important to the survival of salmon and steelhead. Figure I is a periodicity chart showing when adult spawning anadromous fish are present in the Elk River system. 87 Figure 1. Periodicity Chart for Adult Spawning Anadromous Fish in the Elk River System [78]. Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon ----------------------- Steelhead and Cutthroat trout Stream Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Elk River. ............ ... Anvil Creek Bald Mountain Creek ---------------- Butler Creek Elk River., North Fork Elk River South Fork ........... .......... ..................... ......... ..... Blackberry Creek ................ .......... ..... Panther Creek Red Cedar Creek ------------- 88 ELK RIVER ji@ol(@ @ic@j_ Information A general description of big game, upland game, waterfowl, and furbearers of the basin is given in the Sixes River section on Biological Information. Physical Alterations The only physical alteration near the estuary is the Oregon Coast Highway Bridge (U.S. 101), at river mile 3.2 [96]. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Irrigation, mining, and gravel removal are the basic industrial and commercial uses of the Elk River. The average annual yield of the Elk River is 330,000 ac-ft while the legal annual depletion is 1,000 ac-ft and the estimated actual annual consumption is 900 ac-ft. The Elk River has 1 reservoir right issued for industrial purposes with a total of 32 ac-ft storage capacity and a surface area of 5 acres. Surface water rights include 3.99 cfs consumptive for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes. Chromite, gold, quicksilver, and coal are mined in the watershed [93]. Port Orford manufacturers are listed in Table 6. Recreation The principal attraction of the basin is the Pacific Ocean. The large forest areas covering the slopes of the Coast Range which include the Siskiyou National Forest provide excellent hunting. Parts of the Elk River flow through the northern portions of the Siskiyou National,Forest. Several streams in the basin have outstanding aesthetic value and make a significant contribution simply because they maintain attractive flows, have little streamside development, and possess watersheds that have not been excessively logged. The Elk River above Anvil Creek was selected by the Oregon State Game Commission as a stream which should be managed for its aesthetic value [78,93]. 89 ELK RIVER Table 6. Major Manufacturers at Port Orford, Oregon [71]. Location Name Type of Number Business Employed Port Cape Fisheries Inc. Canned and Cured Fish 75 Orford and Seafoods If Walter and Allen Logging Camps and Logging 5 Cram Co. Contractors If Laird Logging Co. If 100 N.B. Marsh Logging not Co. listed if Stole and Bens 4 Loggers Western States Veneer and Plywood 245 Plywood Cooperative Port Orford Press Newspapers-Publishing, 2 Publishing and Printing Table 7. Surveillance Stations near the Elk River Estuary Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period Reference identifying location area of .number (sq.mi.) record Climatol.ogical Cape Blanco T32S, R16W 1952- [93] Sec. 2 present Langlois T13S, RISW 1891- Sec. 35 1904 Langlois 2 T13S, RISW 1922- (Formerly Sec. 2 present Denmark, Willow Creek) Port Orford T33S, R15W 1852- (Formerly the Sec. 8 1856., Heads) 1905- present Water Quality Elk River I mi T32S, RlSW [lS2] above Hwy 101 Sec. 21 Bridge- river inile 4.5 90 NECANICUM RIVER 91 Head of T'd. 880,000 -N GEARHART 9 @ATE HIGHWAY 10 D SIDN "I . . . . . . BY5,000 OREGON gin. SEASIDE ell- AIRP-T To. ------ 77 Isla SIANIE LAKE @aoe art So" 15 LL YEN 22 21 TYPE of OWNERSHIP State of Oregon Private Port, County, Federal, or City LL POPIDS H,,d of Tid, ey 28 27 + 8i 8 Tideland Map Compiled fro, May 1970 and Jon, 1971 aerial us 10@ OX, 2000 TIDELAND OWNERSHIP MAP prolography Pea pi dermfKafan Fel, 1973 of Gamnal fro. 019an Slar, Npn@ of Re,nmoe FaWa CM, Map, NECANICUM RIVER 0m,. IH- Mo. Cadina- No,11, Zone STATE Of OREGON R-mgol,, Grid I DIVISION of STATE LANDS 1973 RIOW WM, NECANICUM RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Necanicum River Estuary iies approximately 16 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. Of the estuaries included herein, it ranks among the smallest in size. Towns located on or near the estuary include Seaside and Gearhart. Locations and 1970 populations are given in Table 1 [95,111,129]. Table 1. Population Centers at Necanicum River 19,95,111,134] Name Genral Location River Mile 1970 Location Population Seaside Necanicum R., 0 to 2.9 4,402 S. Side at mouth Gearhart Necanicum. R., 0 to 0.9 820 N. Side Tidal reach is approximately 3.0 miles from the mouth of the Necanicum 187 The estuary measures less than 2,000 feet at its mouth and covers about 278.acres [66]. Maximum depth varies from 9 to 12 feet becoming very shallow at the mouth [87]. The estuary consists of the Necanicum River, Neawanna Creek, and Neacoxie Creek. The Necanicum-Neawanna system drains an area of 87 sq. miles with the source of the Necanicum at river mile 21.2, elevation 1,360 feet. The mouth of Neawanna Creek enters the estuary from the North bank at river mile 0.2. Neawanna Creek is approximately 7 miles in length with its source at an elevation of 880 feet. The mouth of Neacoxie Creek enters the estuary from the North bank of river mile 0.2 also. The Neacoxie Creek is less than 4 miles in length.with its source at Sunset Lake, elevation approximately 25 feet [9S,123,129]. Drainage Basin The Necanicum River-Neawanna Creek system drains a total area of 87 sq. miles. The average yearly freshwater yield of the system is 220,200 ac-ft with an average annual precipitation of 100 inches. The basin consists primarily of forests (93.6%; 40,SOO acres), cropland (1.2%; 500 acres), and rangeland (1.2%; 500 acres). 93 NECANICUM RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Drainage Basin Frequently flooded areas along the Necanicum average 150 acres. As of June, 1966, the Necanicum River had 4 storage ponds and I storage reservoir with no plans for future reservoir sites. The average annual precipitation ranges from 85 inches at Seaside to over 110 inches at the headwaters of the Necanicum [1151. The Seaside surveillance station hzs recorded climatological data from 1931 to the present. The Necanicum River stream profile appears on page 221 in the Tillamook Basin section. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents In an effortto determine the precise elevations of mean high water (MHW) in the Necanicum River Estuary, the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with the National Ocean Survey, in the fall of 1971 installed two temporary tide gauging stations in the Necanicum River at Seaside, one located at the 12th Street Bridge and the other near the City of Seaside Sewage Treatment Plant. A third temporary tide gauging station was installed in the Pacific Ocean near Indian Beach at Ecola State Park. Analyses of continuous measurements of tidal fluctuations at these three stations show the tidal datum plane for those stations as follows in Table 2. The tidal prism is equal to approximately 1,350 ac-ft of water [27]. Table 2. Tidal Fluctuations for the Necanicum Estuary (27]. Elevation of Datum Plane (feet) Datum Seaside, Indian Plane Sewage Plant 12th St. Bridge Beach2 MHHW 4.9 5.3 4.1 MHW 4.2 4.6 3.4 SLD 0.0 0.0 0.0 MLW -2.6 MLLW -3.9 NIHHW=Mean Higher High Water M14W=Mean High Water SLD=Sea Level Datum MLIV=Mean Low Water MLLW=Mean Laver Low Water Two months of observation, Nov. and De c. 1971 231 high and low waters, observed from Jan. 27 to Feb. 14 1972 94 NECANICUM RIVER Hydraul ic Description of Estuary Tides and.Currents Head of Tide is at about river mile 2.7 in the Necanicum (near the golf course footbridge) and at about river mile 3.8 in Neawanna Creek (400 ft. from the mill ponds) [73,87]. River Discharges Stream flow records are available from the USGS stream gaging station on the South Fork of the Necanicum River near Seaside, Oregon. The station, no longer operating as of 1968, was located at the Seaside water supply dam on Hollenback road, 1.4 miles upstream from the mouth and 8 miles southeast of Seaside. The drainage area at the station is 7.99 sq. miles or 9.2% of the drainage area of the total system. Streamflow averages and extremes 7or the station are given.in Table 3 [147]. Table 3. Flowrates for South Fork of Necanicum River [146,147]. Stream Point of Drainage Complete water Flowrate (cfs) Measurement area Years of record (river mile) (sq.mi.) max. min. ave. S. Fork 12.8 7.99 1953-1968 3040 1310 1965 Necanicum The Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, by use of.the regional frequency approach, and basin characteristics (mean annual precipitation '_2 100 inche-s per year, -river length = 21 miles, average stream surface slope 65 feet per mile) arrived at these estimates for peak river discharges for the Necanicum River [271. FLOOD PEAK DISCHARGES 2-year frequency 6,000 cfs 5 year frequency 7,900 cfs 10-year frequency 9,000 cfs 25-year frequency 10,300 cfs 50-year frequency 11,200 cfs 100-year frequency 12,000 cfs Average monthly flows are given in Table 4 from the Oregon State Water Resources Board, 1972. NECANICUM RIVER Table 4. Average Monthly Flows for Necanicum River [140]. Average Monthly Flows (cfs) 20% 50% 80% October 380 197 56 November 982 626 298 December 1286 836 565 January 1228 843 534 February 1153 843 546 March 867 616 415 April 588 401 234 May 255 169 103 June 148 59 July 63 42 26 August 30 23 16 September 52 26 14 Total S.M. 0- Correlated with Youngs River at S.M. 9.7 by Area- Preci- Area= 70 sq. mi. Area-Precip.= 417,837 Ac.-Ft. Calculated-by SWRB 172] 96 NECANICUM RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Salinity and Classification_by Mixing The open estuary north of the Seaside Sewage Treatment Plant, during periods of flood tide, has a general salinity of that camparable to the adjacent Pacific Ocean, which salinity is only slightly reduced in concen- tration by fresh-water flows of the river during ebb-tide periods. South of the Sewage Treatment Plant, the full depth of the river estuary, particularly along the bottom levels, will show evidence of salinity concentrations during the flood tide periods, which may diminish in concentrations, particularly in the upper levels, during ebb-tide periods [27]. These conditions were observed on Auguest 17, 1973 during flood tide of approximately +7.0 feet. Results are given in Table 5 [87]. Table S. Salinity Values for the Necanicum River Estuary Aug. 17, 1973 1871. Station Distance Salinity % Depth from (ft.) mouth (mi) top bottom 0.6 26.9 26.9 2 2 .0.8 23.3 26.9 4 3 0.9 23.3 26.9 5 4 1.3 22.0 26.9 8 5 1.8 22.0 26.9 9 6 2.1 19.9 26.9 9 7 2.3 19.2 26.2 5 8 2.9 3.0 26.2 4 9 3.0 --- ---- 2 Sediments The processes of sedimentation are apparently active in the open estuary area as evidenced by the migration of the outlet channel to and including the year 1968. Such migration of that channel is the direct result of the deposition of sediments during periods of low flow when velocities are insufficient to support the transportation of suspended sediments. 97 NECANICUM RIVER Hydraulic Descri2tion of Estuary Sediments The deposition of these sediments in the channel raises the elevation of the water surface and thus imposes an increased hydraulic gradient with respect to.downstream areas. The creation of this gradient and the influ- ence of gravity causes the flow to take the most direct course which, almost invariably, results in.a change in the direction of flow and thus, migration of the channel [27]. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Shoreline Study, the ocean beaches south of the Necanicum Estuary to Tillamook Head are experiencing non-critical erosion while those north of the estuary are experiencing no erosion [125]. The generalized sediment yield for streams in the area is 0.1 to 0.2 ac-ft per sq. mile per year [23]. Predominant direction of littoral movement is from north to south. In this area, waves approach the coast from the northerly sector 49.25 per cent of the.time and-.f-rom-the--southei@ly-sector 31.71 per cent of the time. Water Quality Information Miscellaneous flow and temperature measurements for the basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges from these sources are presented in Table 6 [77]. Table 6,' Temperature Extremes for Necanicum Drainage Basin [77]. Point of Period of Observed Temperature Measurement Record Extremes ('F) Type of max. min. observation Necanicum River 4-7-71 to 67 45 spot below Klootchie Cr. 8-21-71 Necanicum. River 1-7-71 to 65 43 spot above Bergsrik Cr. 8-5-71 Klootchie Cr. 1-7-71 to 66 43 spot mouth 11-16-71 South Fork 1-7-71 to 64 43 spot Necanicum River 11-16-71 mouth. North Fork 3-24-71 to 72 45 spot Necanicum River 7-20-71 mouth 98 NECANICUM RIVER Water Quality Information There is one sewage treatment plant in Seaside built and expanded between years 1940 through 1M2. It is of the trickling filter type for a design population of 4,000 and a design flow of,l MGD. The estim- ated population served in 1967 was 3,600. The Necanicum River is the receiving stream. The Oregon State Sanitary Authoiity recommended that additions to enlargement or improvement of the existing facility at Seaside be completed by July 1972. The cost of the recommended work, which consisted of interceptors and additional treatment works, was estimated at $75,000 [84]. DEQ water quality stations are listed in Table 8. Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Necanicum River system are at follows: spring chinook--none;. -fall chinook--none; coho--3,780; chum--100; winter steelhead--2,000; summer steelhead--none; and sea-run cutthroat--2,000 [77]. Other fish in the estuary include herring, sculpins, perch and flounder [66]. The Oregon State Game Commission recommends that the Necanicum River be protected against gravel removal above Meyer Creek.-.Tt was also determined that a possible reservoir site on the South Fork Necani- cum River (T5N-R9W-S29) is thought compatible with fishery resources [77]. Species of wildlife present in the basin are Black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, muskrats, minks, raccoons, otters, beavers, oppossum, and bobcats. The principal upland game birds are mountain quail, ruffed grouse, and band-tailed pigeons. A few ring-neck pheasants and California quail are also in the area [133]. Due to the combination of high density sand and coastal configur- ation, the 20 hile long beach from Seaside to the Columbia River entrance is ideal for razor clams [74]. Physical Al terations At the Necanicum River entrance construction of a sand spit in the open estuary beginning in late 1967., directed estuarine flows to the Gearhart shores, causing erosion of that shoreline as well as erosion of the Pacific shore for a distance of about 4,000 feet immediately north of the entrance. Sunset Cove, Inc., a land development firm, contracted the sand spit on which the City of Seaside is located during the period between November, 1967, and November 1969 without benefit of legal permit. Some 375,000 cubic.yards of sand were relocated from 'the firm's property and the adjacent public beach area in the direction of the sand spit. 99 NECANICUM RIVER Physical Alterations The original construction also included the riprapping of the western perimeter of the raised area to protect it from storm and ocean erosion. In November, 1969, the protection was extended some 500 feet northward and around the northeast corner of the sandfill site. Later in May, 1970, as the result of high tides, snow-melt streamflow and its natural tendency to meander, the course of the Necanicum River outlet shifted to the south and attacked the northern extremity of the elevated sand spit, necessitating emergency repairs [27]. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has completed projects for the protection of public works from flood hazard totalling $46,600 as of 1971. Also,-a survey report was authorized to determine the feasibility of providing a small-boat basin at the south end of the ocean beach at Seaside, near Tillamook Head. Completion of that report has been post- poned until it has been determined whether a qualified local sponsor for the project can be found [129]. Records of bank protection, fill, piling, revetment, and sub-surface cable permits issued for the Necanicum River estuary are kept by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. There are seven small bridges crossing the Necanicum River Estuary at the City of Seaside [116]. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Clatsop County relies heavily on fisheries and an expanding forestry industry for its livelihood. Total timber production in the county was 303 billion board feet in 1970, employing 1,020 persons in the industry with annual wages directly and indirectly related to the timber industry averaging $35,000,000. Farmland in the county totals 39,S01 acres and is devoted largely to forest products and forage for cattle and other livestock. Increased industrialization and the growing need for housing space will continue to put a stress on the farm economy of Clatsop County, according to the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Mink raising is favored by the nearby supply of abundant fish meal, and in 1967, 34 farms were raising a total of 34,000 female minks [116]. Table 7 lists major manufacturers in the Necanicum area. 100 NECANICUM RIVER Estuary Uses Recreational Tourism added $10 million to the local economy of Clatsop County in@ 1965 and officials estimate that the industry is expanding at a rate of 30 per cent per year. Attractions include sightseeing, beach activities, fishing, big-game hunting,and boating. Points of interest in the immed- iate vicinity of Seaside are Ecola State Par, The Lewis and Clart Salt Cairn Historic marker, and the ocean beaches [116]. The estimated angler catch for Necanicum Bay was 9,000 fish in 1970 with an effort of 1,800 angler-days expended as estimated by the Oregon State Game Commission [77]. 101 NECANICUM RIVER Table 7. Major manufacturers in Necanicum River Estuary Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Seaside Bell Bouy Crab Co. Canned and Cured 45 Fish and Seafoods ti Harrison.'s Bakery Bread and other 13 Bakery products Phillips Candies Candy and other 14 Confectionery products Burke Logging Co. Logging camps and 5 Logging Contractors Crown Zellerback Corp. 375 IT Kohl Inc. 12 Olson Logging, Ben 12 Ordway Logging Co. 8 IT Shaw Co., 14 Waterhouse Logging Co. 20 Wilson Logging Co., Ed Q. IT 14 it Seaside Publishing Co. Newspapers-Publishing, 8 Publishing and Printing Gearhart Gilmore, Andy 4 Lyle Logging Camps and 8 Logging Contractors Wren Logging Co. 102 Necanicum River Table 8. Surveillance Stations at Necanicum Type of Name and/or Approximate Drainage Period of Reference Stat on Identifying Location area record Climatological Seaside Lat 450 59' 1931-1971 [143] Long. 1230 551 El. 10 Stream Gaging S. Fork Lat 450 531 7.99 1953-1963 [140] Necanicum Long. 1230 501 USGS #14-299000 Water Quality Necanicum R. River mile 0.1 [1521 near mouth Necanicum R. River mile 1.3 near 12th Ave. Bridge Necanicum R. River mile 2.9 near Golf Course Rd. Bridge Necanicum R. River mile 5.8 near Hwy 101 Hwy 26 Neawanna Cr. River mile 1.6 near 12th Ave. Bridge Neacoxie Cr. River mile 0.5 near Gearhart Neacoxie Cr. River mile 1.4 near Golf C Course Rd. Neacoxie Cr. River mile 3.0 near-Surf Pines Rd. 103 NEHALEM BAY 105 22 24 N" MAAZA#17 26 25 130 33 35 5 2 -9 BR/&YraV OREGON 16 LEVEND ------------ -1 - ----- mc rIoN wAwERs rowa -----SEC770N CORWERS LOCAMD FROM orho? soa?cEs - ----- Pfiaxcrro coomw c=--77xLAw vErwmv nEvAnum or mrAN Low *Amr AND MEAN HIM WAMR ,0 ---------------- 77MUM0 MAP OF ME SCALE' NEHALEM RIVER 574rE OF OREGON DIVISION OF SrATE LANDS AIWSr 1972 106 NEHALEM BAY General Descriptidri-of Estuary@ and, Dtdindge 'Bds@in Estuary Nehalem Bay is located about 40 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Although. relatively large in size (Table A), population is sparse. The three incorporated towns in the area--Manzanita, Wheeler, and Nehalem--had a combined 1970 population of less than.900. These and other population centers are given In Table 1 [89,9S,111]. Table 1. Population centers at Nehalem Bayl [aq,95,111] name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (miles) Manzanita2 coast; 3.5 miles north of the estuary mouth 365 Bayside Garden 120 Jetty Nehalem Bay; south side 0.5 not listed Brighton Nehalem Bay; south side 1 60 Wheeler Hts. Nehalem Bay; south side 4 70 Wheeler2 Nehalem Bay; south side 4.5 262 Nehalem2 Nehalem River; west side 1.1 to 1.8 6.1 to 6.8 241 Mohler Nehalem River; south side 5.7 10.7 70 Foss Nehalem River; north side 10.9 15.9 not listed Batterson Nehalem River; north side 12.8 17.8 no pop Aldervale North Fork Nehalem River; 3.9 11.6 not listed southeast side Salmonberry Salmonberry River; south . side 0.4 27.7 no pop 'Tidal effects extend approximately to mile 8.6 of the Nehalem River and to mile 4.7 2of the North Fork Nehalem River. Incorporated The estuary is about 2,820 acres in size. Reported surface areas [SS,59,70] are given in Table 2. and other dimensions are included in Table 3 155]. 107 Nehalem Bay Table 2. Reported surface areas of Mehalem Bay [55,59,701. reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [58] 2,388 HW 1,669 MSL 948 LW [591 3,766 1 1,180 32 [70] 2,309 MHT 1,078 47 1,231 53 1,231 MLT iSpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. Table 3. Dimensions of Nehalem Bay distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--6.0 miles inlet dimensions at throat (at LW): width-@375 feet average depth--20 feet cross-sectional area--7,501 sq ft average lagoon depth below MSL--2 feet The main tributary of Nehalem Bay is the Nehalem River which dis- charges into it from the east approximately five miles from the mouth. The river drains an area of 847 sq mi and reaches a total length of 118.6 miles, making it the longest river of the North Coast Basin. The North Fork Nehalem River, which has a length of 24.2 miles, flows into the Nehalem River at mile 2.7. From that point to the ocean, the river and bay have about two tributaries from the north and seven from the south [89,95]. The Port Commission for the area with its address and phone number is -[106]: Port of-.Nehalem P.O. Box 12S Nehalem, Oregon 97131 368-5258 108 Nehalem Bay Drainage Basin Nehalem Bay drains an area of roughly-855 sq mi (estimated from [89-chart]) with.an average annual fresh.vater-yield of 2,700,000 ac-ft [53,143]. The Nehalem River, draining over 99% of the watershed (847 sq mi), yields an average of 2,662,000 ac-ft of this total with estimated extremes (between 1933 and 1958) of 4,400,000 ac-ft and 1,500,000 ac-ft . Forests cover about 77S sq mi (91%) of the watershed, and streams total over 1,350 miles in length [89]. There are climatological stations, described in Table 7, at Classic Lake and Nehalem; records from the latter are available through the OSWRB in punch card or printout form [32,28]. Precipitation in the watershed averages 8S inches along the coast, 120 inches in the northwestern sections, 50 to 60 inches to the eas-t, and near 150 inches in the south-central portion [89]. Stream profiles for the Nehalem River system appear on page 2?_1 in the Tillamook Basin section. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The estuary is about 8 miles in length [53] and is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat [55]. Tidal effects extend to mile 8.6 of the Nehalem River and to mile 4.7 of the North Fork Nehalem River [69]. The mean tide range is 5.9 feet with a diurnal range of 7.8 feet [551 and gn extreme range of 15 feet [86]. Tidal grism on mean range is 4.28 x 10 cu ft with a diurnal range of 5.66 x 10 cu ft [55]. River Discharges There is a stream gaging station on the Nehalem River at mile 13.5 (Table 7). Records from October 1939 to October 1970 show an average discharge at this point of 2,705 cfs with extremes of 43,200 cfs (January 25, 1964) and 34 cfs (August 1967) [140]. The average monthly discharge at the mouth of the Nehalem River from 1933 to 1958 has- been presented in graph form in "North Coast Basin" [51]. Estimates from this graph-show December with.the high average monthly discharge (8,600 cfs) and August with the low (200 cfs). Flow for all 12 months averaged 3,600 cfs. Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity measurements-by Burt and McAllister in the Nehalem River were made once during each of the following months: September 19S7 109 Nehalem Bay and January, April, and July 1958 [121. Of thes-e dates, salinity intrusion was greatest on September 11, 195 7 at HHW when it reach-ed a point 13.8 miles from the ocean at a concentration of 0.1 ppt on the bottom (10 feet) with a concurrent temperature of 19-.40C. No salinity was detected at the surface. Salinity at a point 12.9 miles from the ocean was found at 1.9 ppt on the surface and 3.2 ppt on the bottom (14 feet) with concurrent temperatures of 19.6*C and 19.70C, respective1r. Measure- ments beyond 13.8 miles were not reported. Burt and McAllister have classified Nehalem Bay-as a partly- mixed system in January and September and as a two@-layered system in April [131. Sediments Littoral drift in the area is to the south during the summer and to the north during most of the winter; the net drift is to the north. Material has been-deposited to some degree behind the north jetty and more extensively behind the south jetty [57]. Sediments ranging from sand to clay are deposited in the estuary by its rivers and average 116,000 tons annually [851. Water Quality Information @The DEQ operates five water surveillance stations at Nehalem Bay (Table 7) [67,681. Records are available dating back to March 1967 with 16 sampling dates at most of the stations between then and March 1972. Data from spot water quality checks made from 1948 to 1958 in various parts of the Nehalem River are also available, as indicated in Table 7 [89,90]. Water temperature records have been kept for at least three points on the Nehalem River (Table 7) [89,90,1401. Those from the station at mile 13.5 near Foss (between February 1947 and September 1962) show the average monthly temperature ranging from 10C (March) to 26'C,(July) [138]. At the present time, there are no sewage treatment plants in the .estuary area; however, bids for a pumping plant will be let in the spring of 1973. It is to be located in Nehalem and will initially serve Nehalem and Manzanita and, eventually, Wheeler, Bayside Garden, and some of the surrounding territory [104]. 110 Nehalem Bay, Bi@ological Information Numbers, of adult anadtomous salmonids-spawning in the Nehalem River are estimated as follows@, fall chinook---4,000, coho-21,840, chum--200, winter steelhead--11,GOO, and sea@run cutth-roat--8,LOOO f771. Although salmon are reportedly decreas-ing in number [49], the comparison with other stream systems in Table B shows these figures to be fairly- high. Fish commonly taken by anglers at Nehalem Bay include shiner perch, staghorn sculpin, dungeness crab, starry-flounder, and redtail perch [381. Due to the low- salinity, the most abundant clams in the estuary are softshells, found primarily north of the main channel and about 3 miles upstream from the entrance [53,155]. There are some crabs near the estuary mouth [20,53] and experimental plantings of Pacific oysters have been made [89]. The estuary is a feeding, resting, and wintering spot for waterfowl generally found in western Oregon [89], and an area of about I.S sq mi on the southeast portion of the estuary is a winter range for black- tailed deer and Roosevelt elk [77]. Physical Alterations Alterations by the Army Corps of Engineers include two rubb.le- stone jetties and an entrance channel. The south jetty, constructed Partially by the Port of Nehalem, was completed in 1915 with a total length of 4,950 feet.. The northern one is 3,850 feet long and was finished in 1918. The-channel goes across the ocean bar at the bay entrance and has a depth of 8 feet. It was also completed in 1918 [126,129] . Navigation on the Nehalem River is described as being possible to 8.5 miles above Wheeler or 1.0 mile upstream from Mohler (69], which would be to river mile 7 or 8 [951. The-North Fork Nehalem River has a navigable length of 5.0 miles [69]. The Division of State Lands has completed its inventory of filled lands in the Nehalem River; some of the information from it is given in Table C [69]. The FCO operates the North.Nehalem River Salmon hatchery on th-e North- Fork Nehalem River 1/4 mile downs-tream from the Highway 53 bridge, or ap- proximately,at mile 10.4. Between July-1, 1968 and June 3, 1969, salmon and steelhead released into Oregon waters- (Nehalem River and.Ten Mile Lakes) from the hatchery totaled 1,347,585 [33,541. Nehalem Bay 1@ndustrial 'And Commercial The most .important economtc res@ource-of the Nehalem basin is timber [891; lumbering is th-e main industry 19G] @ In the area of the estuary itself, most manufacturers, listed in Table 4, deal in lumber and wood products. Tourism is also of major economic importance there, and some of Table 4. Major Manufacturers at Nehalem Bay [71] Location Name Type of Business Number Emp I oyed Nehalem Miami Shingle and shakes and shingles 17 Shake Co. Newberg and Scovell logging contractors 15 8 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and employing less than 10 wood products (mostly logging) the land alon- the Nehalem River and its tributaries is used for agriculture, dairy farming, and cattle raising [69,1041. Commercial fish landings, generally very limited, totaled less than 1,400 pounds of coho, clams, and groundfish in 1971. A breakdown is given in Table 5, and these figures are also included in Table D of the introduction Table 5. Commercial Harvest of Food Fish Received at Nehalem Bay, 1971 [341. Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weight) value Clams 589 Coho 524 NOT Ground Fish 262 GIVEN 112 Nehalem Bay for compari@son with landings received at other ports.. Statistics.- showing the value of the landings-to fi5heTmen, given here in Tab,le E, were not included for Nehalem, probably,because they@were too li@mited to be of significant value 134]. For example, 1970 clam landings -reported by other sources weigh-ed only 258 pounds with a value to fishermen of $33 149,118]. R&redtibnal Angling and clamming are popular; annual harvest data for non-game bay fi.sh and clams- are given in Table 6. Salmon are taken mainly between the "bar" and Foley Creek (river mile 7.5) by trolling. Chinook enter Jable 6. Estimated Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Nehalem Bay, 1970 J77]. Species area annual harvest ettorf- fished (total number) (angler- or digger-days) Non-game Estuary 12,00 5,000 bay fish Clams Estuary 27,000 900 the river in August and run until late September. From mid-August to mid-October coho are present, and following the first Fall rains, there is usually a nice run of jack salmon (two-year old bucks) [58]. Other species commonly caught in the bay (as determined by the FCO study between March and October 1971) include shiner perch, staghorn sculpin, and dungeness crab by shore angling and dungeness crab and relatively few starry flounder and redtail perch by boat angling [381. Nehalem Bay State Park is located on the north side of the estuary. Attendance during 1970,-which was the first year of record, was 9,403 camper nights.. Of those nights, less than 0.5%, or 47, have been estimated as being spent on the estuary itself [52,82,831. 113 Nehalem Bay Table 7. Surveillance stations at Nehalem Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Classic Lake 1mile north of 1922-1926 [89, 5)0] Nehalem Bay; elevation--60 feet Nehalem; USGS Imile north of 1894*(1967) [90,92,124,1431 #5969 Nehalem Bay stream gaging Nehalem River Nehalem River; near Foss; mile 13.5 667 10/39-(1970) [891,90,9812 USGS #3010 DEQ water #1 Nehalem Bay; 1/4 mile 3/67-(3/72) [67,6813 surveillance above Highway'101 bridge (16 measurements) next to City of Nehalem; west side of channel #2 Nehalem Bay; channel, 200 3/67-(3/72) yards west of Tyee (16 measurements) Grill at Wheeler #3 Nehalem Bay; channel, 150 3/67-(3/72) yards west of (16 measurements) Paradise Cove #4 Nehalem Bay; channel, 175 3/67-3/72 yards west of Easton's (16 measurements) Moorage #5 Nehalem Bay; channel, 250 3/67-3/72 yards west of cable (15 measurements) crossing entry to Nehalem Bay near large yellow house water quality Nehalem River from 1948-1958 [89,90] ocean to Nehalem (spot observations) Nehalem River Nehalem River; mile 9.3 [89,901 water Nehalem River from 1948-1958 [89,90] temperature ocean to Nehalem (spot observations) Nehalem River; mile 9.3 8/60-(1971) [89,90] (monthly) Nehalem River Nehalem River; near Foss; mile 13.5 667 2/47-(9/62) [140@ USGS #3010 Precipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card 3or printout form through the OSWRB. Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 1 1 A NFSTUCCA BAY l15 a r 45, +582,000 + + + N - + 45'IZ'50" -45'121_'@ 4 PACIFIC CITY OREGON H@d 0 t/dW 3-5 @/w W.@- Clo-deAt 9,ldg. T$ 30 0 LEGEND A-W SEMON CORNERS I-OUF ---- SEMON CORNERS LOCArED FROM OTHER $041RCC5. PROJEMD CORNERS Bbet + R -------TIDELAN0 BETWEEN ELEVATIONS OF MEAN LOW WArER AMP MEAN HIGH WArER + rdel@ Afgp c.,WId A- 0.9@ SVM Hlgh-y DIR-t -A CAP KIWAM14 - NESKOWN, 1967. L-b"t 911d, o"g- - A011h. rideloWs f@ Ompm SWO ffigh"y Dweart-t oode/ -A 1970, C-wted by field #@vlvgmp)@, NWO Ap@l NW, 1972. J 72,000 +1 -4F7z'ooo 32 Z\@ + G A, 4 v + y i 0", + 45 45 @A- V, r 5 S. SCALE IN, FEET V 1000 0 1000 zoo,, + 0 TIDELAND MAP OF NESTUCCA BAY ZZ SWE OF OR,160N H-d f f 4 1 New .4. 'wte.4 _fl-. f FW/ C,..*. DIVISION OF SrArE LAWS 562,000 FEBRUARY 1973 6 116 NESTUCCA BAY General 'Description of 'Estuary _and_*DtainMe Basin Estuary Nes-tucca Bay'lies approximately 75 miles south.of the Columbia River mouth and is the fourth.smallest estuary of those included here (Table A). There are no towns on the bay, itself, and none in the area are incorporated. Pacific Citr, with a.1970 population of 400, is the largest. This and other population centers there are listed in Table 1. Table I. Population centers at Nestucca Bayl [89,95,111]. name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (mi I es) Oreton 2 miles south of Nestucca Bay rural Pacific City, Nestucca River; east side 1.5 3.5 400 Woods Nestucca River; north side 2.4 4.4 95 Cloverdale Nestucca River; south side 7.0 9.0 no pop. Meda Little Nestucca River; 2.5 (0.5 mile rural south side to the south Dolph Little Nestncca River; 10.9 13.9 not.listed north side Hebo Three Rivers 0.9 12.7 200 lTidal effects extend approximately to mile 7.0 of the Nestucca River (the Cloverdale Bridge) and to mile 3.1 of the Little Nestucca River (0.8 mile above the Meda Loop Bridge). The estuary is approximately 1,060 acres in size--surface areas reported by Johnson [55], Marriage [591, and the Division of State Lands [701 are given in Table 2 which also shows that over 50% of the bay is tidelands, although at one time it was a much larger estuary [53,70,155]. Major tributaries are the Nestucca River from the north and the Little Nestucca River from the south. There are two smaller tributaries dis- charging into the bay from the east, and Upton Slough empties into the Little Nestucca River just before the latter flow's in the bay.[89]. The Nestucca and Little Nes.tucca Rivers have their zero miles at their points of discharge into the bay, or roughly.2 and 3 miles-, respectively, from the ocean 195,89-chart]. The Nes-tucca River is- 52..9 miles long, drains- 259 sq mi [95], and had an es-timated average annual fresh water yield of. 1,114,900 ac-ft between 1933 and 1958 1891. A major tributary of the Nestucca River is Three Rivers, which has a length.of 12.7 miles and discharges into the Nestucca River at mile 9.8. The Little Nestucca River is 19.5 miles long and drains 59* sq mi 1951. 117 Nestucca Bay Table- 2. Reported surface areas of Nestucca Bay [55,59 701. reference surface area measured-at tidelands SuEmerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [61 1,022 HW [63] 1,149 [117] 1,000 MHT 578 58 422 42 422 MLT 15pecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. Draihag@ 'Be[sin The es-tuary has@ a drainage area of about 322 sq mi (es-timated from [89-chart]) cons-isting of sparsely, s-ettled., rough, montainous, forested land 149]. It yields- an average of 1,600,000 ac--ft of fresh water per year [85] and receives average annual precipitation ranging from 85 inches in the coastal areas to 110 inches in the central watershed [89]. There is a climatological station on the Nestucca River near mile 7 (Table 7) for which records are available back to 1940 [89,90,92]. Stream profiles for the Nestucca River system appear on page 221 in the Tillamook Basin section.- Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat. It has a mean tide range of 5.8 feet with a diurnal range of 7.6 feet [551. Tidal effects, as reported by the Division of State Lands, extend to the Cloverdale Bridge (mile 7.0) on the Nestucca River and to 0.8 mile above the Meda Loop Bridge (mile 2.3) on the Little Nestucca River [69,95]. River Dis.charges There are stream gaging stations on the Nestucca River at miles 13.5 and 49.3 (Table 7). Between..1964 and 19.70 the average dischaTge at mile 13.5 was 1,042 cfs with.extremes of 24,GOO cfs ( January 28, 1965) and 32 cfs (September 14, 1967). At mile 49.3 river flow- between 1960 118 Nestucca Bay and 1970 averaged 32.6 cfs with extreme& of 876 cfs (December 22, 1964) and G.87 cfs (July-17, 1968) [14Q.]. Normal flow-at the Mouth of the Nestucca River is-estimated at 1,546,cfs (85]. Salinity and Classification W Mixing Giger [391 provides- s-alinities with,depth:and length for high and low tides during winter (1969) and summer (1969) conditions-, Salinity intrusion extended to approximately 4-5 miles from the mouth during the-summer period. During the winter, saline water was located only within approximately the first two miles from the mouth with very low.salinities accurring during low tide periods. Tidal variations of salinity appeared significant during both the winter and summer periods. Sediments Littoral drift in the area varies, being mainly to the south during the summer and to the north during the winter. Net movement, as indicated by the formation of a spit pointing s-outh, is probably to the south [57]. The rivers deposit about 54,000 tons of sediments (ranging from sands to clays) into the bay annually, resulting in a definite reduction in the Size of the estuary [57,85]. Sand dunes at the mouth shift enough to cause severe flooding of the estuary [69]. Water Quality Information The DEQ operates six water quality stations in Nestucca Bay. Data is now available for the 1970 through 1971 period (3 measurements) [68]. Locations are given in Table 7. There are USGS water temperature stations, also listed in Table 7, on the Nestucca River at mile 13.5 and on Cedar Creek near Hebo. (Cedar Creek discharges into Three Rivers near mile 2.) [138,141] Records of the daily temperature 'range for 1964 to 1968 from the Nestucca River station show extremes of 3.'C (December 1964) and 24% (May 1967). The greatest one-day range at this location during the 1968 water year was 4*C. This occurred an several days during July and August with tempera- tures as low as, 15'C and.as high as 21% [141]. Records from the Cedar Creek station were kept from 1943 to 1962 and show the average temperature for each month. January-19S7 had the lowest average temperature WQ and July@1949 had the highes-t ('17'C) [1381. There are --;-ome water quality problems from increased domestic sewage and from siltation from logging runoff [1551. 119 Nestucca Bay Biolo-gical Information The Nestucca River provides- spawning grounds- for relativel)r high numbers of fall chinook and winter and s-umme rIs-teelhead (T able B). Es-timated numbers of these and other anadromous- salmonids (coho, chum, spring chinook, and s-ea-run cutthroat) spawning in the Nes,tucca and Little Nestucca Rivers are given in Table 3 [77]. Table 3. Estimated numbers of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Nestucca and Little Nestucca Rivers [771. stream chinook coho chum steelhead sea-run spring fall winter summer cutthroat Nestucca River 1,800 19,350 17,500 1,000 36,000 5,500 5,000 Little Nestucca 90 1,215 1,080 1,000 1,290 100 800 River totals 1,890 20,565 18,580 2,000 37,290 5,600 5,800 Due to the low salinity, of Nestucca Bay, the only clams supported there are softshell varieties. Salmon, cutthroat trout, flounder, perch, staghorn sculpin', and dungeness crab are taken by sportsmen as- described under "Estuary Uses" [38,77,89,155]. The bay is fairly important as a wintering area for water fowl rissi. Physical Alterations Jetties have not been constructed, and dredging by the Corps of Engineers has not occurred. Navigation is possible to mile 6.0 of the Nestucca River and to mile 1.6 of the Little Nestucca River [691. The Division of State Lands has completed its inventory of filled lands in the Nestucca River, and'some information from the reportis given in Table C [69]. The Cedar Creek hatchery, located near Hebo at mile 2 of Three Rivers, is operated by the OSGC. Three Rivers discharges into the Nestucca River at mile 9.8, so the hatchery is about 12 miles from the bay. Re- leases of anadromous fish from the hatcherr durtng 1970 totaled 712,404 and consisted of 49-,604 summer steelhead, 6.02,164 winter steelhead, and 60,636 spring chinook. 12b Nestucca Bay Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Most of the industry in the basin is connected with processing of timber or with agricultural products [89]. In the estuary area itself, manufacturing companies, listed in Table 4, are small and deal mainly in lumber [711. Table 4. Major Manufacturers at Nestucca Bay [711. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Pacific City Kiwanda Fish Co. canned and frozen seafoods 2 Pacific City Boat dories I works Cloverdale Anderso,n Log Co. logging 4 Kimber Log and Lumber lumber 2 Co. Hebo Noble and Bittner plugs and lumber and chips 19 Plug Co. Wm. H. Balmer fir/spruce/hemlock 7 Logging Co. There is some farming around the bay and along the Nestucca River where the main crops are hay and pasture for livestock [89], and commercial and sport fishing also provide some income [34]. Although there are no commercial landings from the estuary, those received at Pacific City during 1971 had a value to fishermen of $265,000 and totaled 864,381 pounds, consisting primarily of coho with some groundfish, chinook, and albacore tuna. A breakdown is given in Table 5, and a comparison with landings received at other ports can be made from Tables D and E [34]. Recreational Salmon and steelhead and cutthroat trout fishing in the Nestucca and Little Nestucca Rivers is outstanding--some consider the Nestucca as the best fishing stream of the state [58,69]. June and July provide good chinook fishing in the tidewater areas of both rivers with the main fall run beginning around the first of August and lasting through September. Coho enter the Nestucca River just after mid September and usually continue until the *beginning of December. Numerous coho and some chinook are taken by deep sea fishing out of Pacific City from late June to the end of summer [58]. Species other than salmon and trout most commonly landed from the bay by sportsmen, as determined in the FCO study between March and October 1971, include staghorn sculpin and shiner perch by shore 121 Nestucca Bay angling; dungeness crab and relatively few striped seaperch by boat angling; and softshell clams and relatively few "shrimp" (ghost and/or mud) by clamming [38]. Estimated sports catches are shown in Table 6 [77,89]. The bay is also used as a hunting area for waterfowl [15S]. Table 5. Commercial Harvest of Food Fish Received at Pacific City, 1971 [34]. Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weiaht) value Coho 792,773 $2480000 Groundfish 45,030 4,000 Chi nook 18,347 10,000 Albacore Tuna 7,924 3,000 Crabs 142 - Pinks 17 Miscellaneous(l) 148 Totals 864,381 T2_65,000 ISand shrimp, crawfish, and eel. Table 6. Estimated Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Nestucca Bay, 1970 [77]. Species area arnual harvest effort fished (total number) (angler- or --digger-da-S) Non-game Estuary 3,000 400 bay fish Clams Estuary 12,000 400 122 Nestucca Bay Tabl e 7. Surveillance stations at Nestucca Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Cloverdale 1 NW: Nestucca River; 1940-(1960) [@9,90,92]1 USGS #1682 mile 7; eleva- tion--20 feet stream gaging Nesiucca River Nestucca River; 2 near Beaver; mile 13.5 180 10/64-(1970) (98,140] USGS #3036 Nestucca River Nestucca River; 91.2 10/28-9/44 [0812 below Powder mile 29 Creek near Blaine; USGS #3035 Nestucca River Nestucca River; 6.18 6/60-(1970) (§8-1401 2 near Fairdale; mile 49.3 USGS #3029 DEQ water #1 Nestucca Bay; 1.5 miles data not yet J67 11 surveillance. upstream from mouth available although #2 Nestucca Bay; bay inlet samplings of Little Nestucca have been River made #3 Nestucca Bay; 1.5 miles below Pacific City bridge #4 Nestucca Bay; Pacific City bridge #5 Nestucca Bay; Woods City bridge #6 Nestucca Bay; 2.5 miles upstream from Woods City bridge water Nestucca River Nestucca River; 180 10/64-(9/68) .@14 temperature near Beaver mile 13.5 Cedar Creek 2/43-(1962) @[13o8] near Hebo lPrecipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. 123 124 NETARTS BAY 125 M I- 32 NEMRrS 6 7 7 20 OREGON LEGEND SECTION COMERS FOUND SECTION CORNERS LOCATED FROM OTHER S04VRCES @WOJECTMD CORNERS ----I TIDaAAID BErWEEN ELEVATIONS OF MEAN LOW WATER AND MEAN HIGH WATER IPCR@@ MA@ @Z 489S C-11 ORE61OW SUM PLAM COORMNAMS NORM ZONE TWI AND MAP REMA-VLAR SM/P OF NETARTS- SAY SCALE /N FEE7, STATE OF OTGON VIKSION OF STATE LAIIVS AA Y 1972 126 NETARTS BAY Gene'tal Description of 'Estuary 'arid Drainage Basin Estuary Netarts Bay is located about 60 miles south of the Columbia River .mouth. As the sixth largest of the estuaries- included in this report (Table A), it is of relative medium size. The only threetowns; in the area (with their 1970 populations) are Netarts,(900), Wilson Beach (30), and Oceanside (1 '60), none of which are incorporated. Both Netarts and Wilson Beach lie on the north side of the bay--Netarts at the mouth, and Wilson Beach about I mile to the east. Oceanside is not actually on the estuary, but a few miles to the north on the coast [89,1111. An area of about ISO acres near Whiskey Creek, a tributary from the east and near the center of the bay, is used as the OSU estuary research area [15S]. The estuary covers roughly 2,.300 acres. As can be seen from reported surface areas and tidelands acres presented in Table 1, tidelands are fairly extensive, comprising from 65% to 90% of the total area [S3,55,59,701, and its only tributaries are 12 small creeks 1 or 2 miles in length [see 89- chart]. Hydrographic Survey map No. 8372 by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey describes the bay in 1957. The meander pattern of channels within the Bay, however, has changed since 1957 [41]. Contours within the bay from aerial photographs have been prepared for August 2, 1970 [41].'.The volume for mean high water appears to have decreased by 10 percent from 1957 to 1969[41]. Table 1. Repoi,ted surface areas of Netarts Bay 155,59,701. reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [6] 2,179 HW 2,160 90 163] 2,406 [117] 2,325 MHT 1,513 65 812 35 812 MLT iSpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action.. Drainage Basin The bay drains an area of only 14 square miles [89-chart], which yields 42,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually-, based on an estimated average annual.yield for the North Coas,t Basin of,3,000 ac-ft/sq mi. Precipitation averages between 100 and 110 inches annually [89]. 127 Netarts Bay Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents Th.e bay is partially exposed to waves at the throat. The mean tide range is 5.7 feet with a diurnal range of 7.S feet [55]. Measurements at the entrance show MHHW at 6.6 feet, MHW at 6.0, feet, KFL at 3.5 feet, MLLK at 0.,0 feet, and extreme LW'at -3.0 feet [13G-#5902]. Waters leaving the mouth of Netarts Bay during the summer move primarily south toward Cape Lookout and along the beach littoral zone (surf zone) [41]. A study of tidal exchanges and mixing within Netarts Bay during the summer of 1969 is provided by Glanzman, Glenne and Burgess[41]. River Discharge No records of streamflow rates of any of the Netarts Bay tributaries were found. Salinity and Classification by Mixi.ng Due to the lack of any major tributaries, the estuary is quite high in salinity. Measurements by Burt and McAllister were taken in the bay at HHW once during January 1958 and once during July 1958 [12]. The -sampling made farthest. from the mouth was at 5.5 miles (probably the- southernmost tip of the bay) on January 5, 1958. At this point, salinity was still easily detected at a concentration of 13.9 ppt on the surface with a concurrent temperature of 6.80C. Burt and McAllister also classified Netarts on the basis of mixing characteristics and found it to be a well-mixed system during January and April [13]. Based on summer 1969 measurements, Glanzman, Glenne and Burgess also consider the bay to,be vertically well mixed [411. Sediments Littoral drift varies, but is predominantly northward during the winter and southward during the summer. As already mentioned, the bay is fairly stable since it has no major tributaries. In fact, sediments, transported to it are estimated to average only 2,250 tons annually [57,85]. 128 Netarts Bay Water 2ualit@ Information The DEQ operates six water surveillance stations in Netarts Bay (Table 5) [67,68]. Records are ayailable for about 34 samplings from each of the stations between May, 1960 and March.1972, but with BOD, DO, conductivity, and t-urbidity information lacking before 1967. Some pollution was occurring from septic tank seepage near the town of Netarts, brut correction of the problem had been planned as of 1970 (publication date) 1155]. Biological@lnfdrmation Of the 12 Netarts Bay tributaries, the OSGC reports that eight are used by anadromous fish. Estimates of the actual number of sal-monids spawning there were not given 177]. The high salinity provides good.conditions for a variety of clams. Gaper, cockle, butter, and some razor clams are located in the northern half of the bay toward.the-mouth, and -remnant populations of geoducks and thinshelled little neck clams are also present. The southern section is apparently low enough in salinity to support some softshells Netarts is the only bay of the North Coast Basin where native oysters can still be found, although as a remnant population only. Pacific oysters are cultivated in the bay, as described under "Estuary Uses." Other species (all of recreational or commercial interest) supported there are salmon, perch, flounder, crab, kelp greenling, and black rockfish [38,89,ISS]. Waterfowl, including black brant, use the bay as a feeding, resting, and wintering spot [89,1551, and anarea of about 3 sq mi to the east of the estuary is considered a big game winter range, mainly for black- tailed deer and Roosevelt elk [77]. Physical Alterations Corps of Engineers records show that jetties have not been con- structed and dredging has not taken place [55]. 129 Netarts Bay Estua Uses Industrial and Commercial Little information on industrial-use of the Neta-rts Bay area was found, except that-nanufa,cturing companies axe lacking completely [711 and commercial fishing is li-mited., with landings consisting of Pacific oysters, cultivated on about 300 of the bay?s tideland acres [53,89,155], and a few crabs@and clams, as shown in Table 2 134,77,118]. Other species such as salmon, trout, sturgeon, shad, bass, shrimp, and tuna which are received at-many of the other Ports apparently ar@e not received at Netarts (Tables D and E). Table 2. Comiiercial Harvest of Clams, Crabs, and Oysters From Netarts Bay 1[34,77,1181 Species 1-970 1971 pounds fishermen pounds fishermen landed value landed value Clams 2,210 $283 1,589 Crabs 14,280 21,761 $5,000 Oysters 122 $119 Recreational Recreationally, clam digging at Netarts is very popular. Of the North Coast Basin estuaries, more days are esti-mated as being spent clamming there than at any other, although the harvest from Tillamook is about nine times as great. The estuary and its tributaries are also popular for salmon and steelhead angling [77]. Other species most commonly taken from the estuary (as determined in the FCO study from March to October 1971) are kelp greenling, black rockfish, and relatively few striped seaperch by shore angling; dungeness crab, relatively few red rock crab, and very few striped seaperch by boat angling; and gaper, cockle, and butter clams by clamming [38]. Estimated annual harvest data for non-game bay fish angling and for clamming in the estuary are shown in Table 3 [77]. 130 Netarts Bay Cape Lookout, a state park bordering the south side of the estuary, provides facilities for day visitoxs and for campers, Attendance figures have been dropping since 1967 and are included fox 1966, 1967, and 1970 in Table 4 182,83,52]. Table 3. Estimated Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing, at Ne.tarts Bay, 1970 [77]. effort Species area annual harvest (angler- or fished (total number) dicqer:ja .Vs) Non-game Estuary 5,000 1,000 bay fish Clams Estuary 60,000 20,000 Table 4. Cape Lookout State Park Annual Attendance, 1966, 1967, and 1970 1966 attendance 1967 attendance 1970 attendance Park Users total total total park estuary(l) park estuary(l) park estuary(l) 'day visitors 155,388 1,777 222,208 /0,111 85,216 4426 camper nights 107,903 <540 114,551 573 97,096 <485 lActual use of the estuary Portion of the park estimated to be less than 0.5% of the total attendance f521. 13 1 Netarts Bay Table 5. DEQ water surveillance stations at Netarts Bay [67,68]. identifying location period of number of number record measurements #1 channel, 0.4 m 'ile northwest 5/60-(3/72) 34 of Tillamook County boat launching site #2 channel, opposite boat ramp mouth at pilings #3 channel, 0.4 mile south of Wilson Beach #4 channel, 600 yards southwest of sample station #3 #5 channel, 300 yards west of highway junction (Cape Lookout-Netarts Bay Highway) #6 channel, 0.6 mile southwest 33 of sample station #5 Records are not complete before 1967. 132 PISTOL RIVER 133 16, BUENA VISTA OCEAN WAYSI STATE P@RK P@RK: r CAPE SEBASTIAN 1@4 STATE PARK i@, F, % V r 30@ C,kPE SEBAStI' STATE PAR 36 ev Sebastlan@ T798 Hunter Li s 0 7, -6 Hunters ik,6 .@Cave@Rack 2 T L "ri & -A -2 LL '15 193. -7 B@ -7. 19 -0 no -j 29 28 0 @o @VA k5, Croo k Point.. R =k' E3 M S@pddl@ kqcok' 134 PISTOL RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Pistol River Estuary lies 274 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. It ranks as one of the smallest in size in terms of surface area. Population in the area is largely rural, the small town of Pistol River, Oregon being north of the river and just east of the Oregon Coast Highway (U.S. 101) at river mile 1.0. Population figures wer not listed for Pistol River, Oregon [9,96,111,134]. The HW surface area of the estuary as estimated from 1973 EROS Data Center aerial photographs is 230 acres [135]. The average annual yield of the Pistol River at its mouth was 360,000 ac-ft for the period of 1930 to 1961. The minimum annual yield was 210,000 ac-ft. The Pistol River source is at river mile 21.8, elevation 3,200 feet [93,96]. Drainage Basin The.Pistol River drains a total basin area of 106 sq. miles. The .average yearly freshwater yield is 360,000 ac-ft which equals an average ann ual precipitation of 64 inches over the basin [93]. The Pistol River Basin consists primarily of woodlands r92.1%;)@2,998 acres), cropl*and (51.0%; 392 acres), and pasture (6.5%; 4,460 acres As of January, 1963 the Pistol River has no existing storage ponds or reservoirs and no studies for potential reservoir sites. The av,6tage annual precipitation ranges from 80 inches at the mouth of the Pistol River to 115 inches in the upper reaches. The closest climatological station is the Gold Beach R.S. station, 10 miles to the north of the Pistol River Estuary, which has recorded temperature and precipitation data from 1889-1891, 1903-1913, 1915-1918, and 1927 to the present. (See Table 5) [93,143]. The Pistol River has a length of 21.8 m:\Lles. The elevation drop from the source to the mouth is 3,20Q feet which produces an average gradient of 147 feet per mi le [93]'..,, Pistol River stream profile appears on page 43 in the Chetco River Basin section. 3 5 PISTOL RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents According to the U.S. Geological Survey the average range of the tide is approximately 5 feet [144]. It appears that the mouth of the Pistol River Estuary may migrate several hundred yards and change its position periodically due to the sand bar and coastline characteristics at the mouth. During the summer months the sand bar prevents saline water from entering the estuary except during periods of extremely high tide. River Discharges Streamflow records are available from the USGS stream gaging station on the Pistol River. The station is discontinued, but spot observations are avaliable for the years 1935, 1938, and 1949-52. Streamflow averages and extremes appear in Table 1 [148]. Table 1. Stream Gaging Data [1481. Stream Location Drainage Complete Flowrate (sq.mi.) water years (cfs) of record max. min. mean Pistol T38S, R14W --- 48.0 8.2 17.4 River Sec. 21 Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity profiles as a function of depth and distance from the mouth of the river are presented in Table 2. Data was taken on August 23, 1973 during a high tide of +4.5 feet [87]. Sediments Between Port Orford and Brookings, the area is mountainous and rocky, with steep cliffs and sand beaches. According to the National Shoreline S-,,udy by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Aug., 1971), the shoreline north of the Pistol River Estuary to Cape Sebastian is experiencing non-critical erosion, while the shoreline south of the estuary to Crook Point is experiencing no erosion. From Crook Point to within 5 miles of Brookings the shoreline is experiencing non- critiaal erosion while the remainder of the shoreline to the Chetco River Estuary is experiencing critical erosion [125]. The generalized sediment yield for the Pistol River Basin is 0.1 to 0.2 ac-ft per sq. mile per year [23]. 136 PISTOL RIVER Table 2. Salinity Values for the Pistol River Estuary* Aug. 23, 1973 [87]. Station Distance Salinity % Depth from mouth (ft.) (mi) top bottom 0.1 0.2 0.2 3 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 8 3 0.4 0.2 0.2 8 4 0.7 0.2 0.2 6 The Pistol River mouth was completely closed off by.sand bars through which river flows,.seeped to the ocean. No saline water entered the estuary except for extremely high tides. Water Quality Information Miscellaneous flow and temperature measurements for the basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges from these sources are presented in Table 3 [78]. Table 3. Temperature Extremes for the Pistol River Drainage Basin t78]. Point of Period of Observed Temperature Extremes measurement record (FO) max. min. type of observation Pistol River 4-9-69 to- 71 49 spot 1.8 mi. above 7-23-69 Crook Creek Crook Creek 4-9-69 to 54 spot 100 yds. above 7-23-69 mouth. Deep Creek 4-9-69 to 56 so spot 100 yds. above 7-23-69 mouth DEQ water quality stations are listed in TabJe 5, PISTOL RIVER Biological Infornation Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Pistol River system are as follows: spring chinook--O, fall chinook--500, coho--50, steelhead--1,200, sea-run cutthroat--4,000. Dace, cottids, red-sided shiners, sticklebacks, lamprey, and suckers are the known rough fish species in the stream systems of the South Coast Basin [78]. The most important factor limiting fish production in the South Coast Basin is summer water supply. The Pistol River contains ex- tensive porous gravel beds through which summer flows frequently sub- out, resulting in considerable fish loss. Summer flows which substan- tially sub-out,.-can. also be excessively warm [78]. The Pistol River system has 6 streams used by adult anadromous salmonids, 3 of which have minimum flow recommendations established and I protected by the State Water Resources Board [781. Table 4 refers to the estimated sport harvest in the Pistol River system. Table 4. Estimated Annual Harvest, Angler Days, and Gross Expenditures for Angling in the Pistol River System [78]. Fish Harvest Angler Gross days Expenditures Salmon* 300 1,200 $22,200 Steelhead 350, 1,400 25,900 Sea-run 475 250 4,625 TOTALS. 2,850 $52,725 Includes jack salmon Figure 1 is a periodicity chart showing when adult spawning anadromous fish are presentin the Pistol River system. A generaI description of big game, upland game, waterfowl, and furbearers of the basin is given.in the Sixes River section on Biolog- ical Information. 138 PISTOL RIVER Figure 1. Periodicity Chart for Adult Spawning Anadromous Fish in the Pistol River System [781. Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon -------------------------- Steelhead and .......... Cutthroat trout Stream Oct. @Nov. Dec. .'Jan. Feb. Mar. April may Pistol River Crook Creek Deep Creek Physical Alterations The only physical alteration near the estuary is the Oregon Coast Highway Bridge (U.S. 101) at river mile 1.2 [96]. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Irrigation and gravel removal are the only industrial and commer- cial uses for the Pistol River. The average annual yield of the Pistol River is 360,000 ac-ft. The legal annual depletion is 100 ac-ft with the estimated actual annual consumption being 30 ac-ft. Surface water rights include 0.18 cfs for domestic and irrigation purposes. Chromite, nickel, and quicksilver are mined in the watershed [93]. 1,59 PISTOL RIVER Recreation The principal attraction of the basin is the Pacific Ocean which is easily accessible from the Oregon Coast Highway (U.S. 101) at the Pistol River Estuary. A small state park is located south of the estuary between the highway and the ocean beaches. Parts 'of the Pistol River flow through the Siskiyou National Forest. Several streams in the basin have outstanding aesthetic value and make a significant contribution simply because they maintain attractive flows., have little stream-side development, and possess watersheds that have not been extensively logged. The Pistol River above Deep Creek was selected by the Oregon State Game Commission as a stream which should be managed for its aesthetic value [78,93]. Table S. Surveillance Stations near the Pistol River Estuary Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period Reference station identifying location area of number (sq.mi.) record Climatological, Gold Beach R.S. T37S, R14W --- 1889- [93] (Formerly Sec. 6 1891, Ellensber ; 1903- Wedderburn) 1913, 1915- 1918, 1927- present Water Quality Pistol River T38S,-'Rl4W --- [152] 4 mi. above Sec. 22 river mile 4.5 Stream Gaging Pistol River T38S, R14W .1935, [148] above head of Sec. 21 -'-1938, and tide 10 mi. 1949- south of Gold 1952 Beach. 140 ROGUE RIVER 141 Otter PON ci 13 18 16 24 RD& OREGON 20 -21 P@ 25 WEDDERBURN ----------- --- 29 LEGEND -D T. o' OFFW LOW WA@. -N L. WE T. Ell--@ r 31 GOLD BEACH 42' M'00" -nDELAND MAP ROGLE RIVER 8 STATE of OREGON DMSION of STATE LANDS ROGUE RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Rogue River Estuary.lies 264 miles to the south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Although relatively small in terms of surface area (Table A), it has an extremely large drainage basin, the central section of which is within the Siskiyou National Forest. Population in the vicinity of the estuary is concentrated in the small incorporated town of Gold Beach just to the south of the mouth. Census figures and estimated locations of this and the other four towns to river mile 45 are given in Table 1. Table 1. Population centers at Rogue River Estuary [111,1161. Name Approximate location Population Gold Beach Rogue River; mile 0; south side 1,554 WeddeTburn Rogue River; mile 0; north side 250 Agness Rogue River; mile,27; north side 25 Illahe Rogue River; north side rural Marial Rogue River; mile 43; north side not listed (1) 'Incorporated.. HW surface area of the estuary, as estimated from-the 1954 USGS Gold Beach Quad., is 575 acres [55]. Numerous tributaries discharge into the lower reaches of the Rogue River, the Illinois River being the largest. Monthly runoff records as of 1966 are available on punch cards from a total of 82 surface water gaging stations in the Rogue River watershed [98]. The three of these located nearest the estuary mouth are listed in Table 9. Computed average annual yield of the Rogue River at its mouth for the period from 1933 to 1955 was 5,661,000 ac-ft with extremes of nearly 9,000,000 ac-ft and slightly less than 3,000,000 ac-ft [116]. Annual yield of the Illinois River from 1929 to 1956 averaged 1,986,000 ac-ft with a high yearly mean of slightly over 1,000,000 ac-ft and a low of about 3,500,000 ac-ft [116]. The Port of Gold Beach is located at P.O. Box 1126, Godd Beach, Oregon, 97444; telephone number 247-6269 [106]. The Port Commission, along with the Curry County Planning Commission, is involved with planning and regulating land use of the estuary zone [81]. 143 ROGUE RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Drainage Basin The Rogue River drainage basin covers 5,100 sq. mi. in Jackson, Josephine, Curry, Klamath, Douglas, and Coos Counties of Oregon and Siskiyou and Del Norte Counties of California. Over 75% of the basin is timberland, and 9% is used for agriculture. The average annual growing sea'son at Gold Beach is 280 days. The fresh water yield at the estuary mouth average S,661,000 ac-ft per year during the period from 1933 to 1955 as perviously described. Precipitation,in the coastal section average 120 inches at the highest elevations, 60 inches to the east, and 90 inches along the coast. the central and eastern portions receive from,20 to 60 inches per year [1161. there are numerous climato- logical stations in the area of which at least 43 have records available on punch cards through the OSWRB. Those situated closest to the estuary are included in Table 9 [92,143]. Average annual temperatures in the western watershed ranges from 40OF to 67'F along the coast and from 320F to 75'F in the mountains. In the central and eastern portions of the watershed, temperatures average from 17'F to 920F [116]. Rogue River system stream profiles appear on page 154. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The estuary is described as being moderately exposed to waves at the throat. The mean tide range is 4.9 feet with a diurnal range of 6.7 feet. Tidal prism on mean range is 1.59 108 cu. feet [55]. River Discharges Several USGS stream gaging stations are in operation on the Rogue River and its tributaries. These are listed in the USGS publication, "Water Resources Data for Oregon, Part I. Surface Water Records" [1401. Information concerning two stations located in the lower reaches,of the Rogue and Illinois Rivers is given in Table 9, and the maximum, minimum, and mean flow rates recorded at them are given in Table 2. Average monthly flow at the mouth of the Rogue River during the period from 1933 to 19S5, as determined by extrapolation of data to that point, ranged from a high flow rate during January of 16,200 cfs to a low flow rate during September of 1,200. Mean stream flow for the entire period was 7,800 cfs [116]. Salinity and Classification of Mixing No information. 144 ROGUE RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Table 2. Recorded flow rates of Rogue and Illinois Riverz, [140]. Stream Point of Drainage Period of Flow rate (cfs) measurement area record (rivermile) (sq. mi. maximum minimum mean Rogue River mile 29.7 3,939 10/60-(1971) 290,0,00 608 6,386 (12/23/64) (7/68) Illinois River mile 3.0 F;38 10/60-(1971) 225,000 135 4,439 (12/22/64) (10/7/70) This is not the last year of record. Sediments Net littoral drift in the area is from north to south [571. Analyses of dredge material taken in January 1962, November 1965, and July and November 1971 are available through the Corps of Engineers. Results shown that (1) organic contents of the sample ranged from 1.19% to 1.94%, both samples having been taken during July 1971, (2) void ratios ranged from 0.297 (November 1965) to 0.838 (July 1971), and (3) the mean grain size varied from'fine@grav@.@i to fine'sahd-[124]. Water Quality Information There are presently no DEQ water'surveillance stations on the Rogue River, but the USGS operates some water quality and numerous water temper- ature stations in the watershed. Records are available from various publications by that agency [138,139,141]. Those stations located closest to the estuary are described in Table.9. Biological Information The Rogue River Basin stream systems provide spawning grounds for numerous adult anadromous salmonids and is used especially heavily by chinook and steelhead, as indicated in Table B.' A partial breakdown, by stream system within the basin, is given in Table 3, and a more complete breakdown in given in "Environmental Investigations, Rogue River Supplement" [116]. The remainder of the information presented in this section was taken from a preliminary report to that publication described in the introduction [81]. 145 ROGUE RIVER Biological Information Table 3. Estimated numbers of adult anadromous silmonids spawning in th,@ Rogue River Basin stream systems [1231. Stream system Chinook Coho Chum Steelhead Sea-run Cutthroat Spring Fall Winter Summer Rogue,River (1) 44,275 41,8SO 2,085 50 20,150 36,950 2,400 Illinois River 0 20,000 1,400 0 30,000 0 2,500 Rogue River Basin totals 45,500 75,000 5,000 50 7S,500 51,250 S,300 Main stem and tributaries other than Lobster Creek, Illinois River, Applegate River, Bear Creek, Little Butte Creek, Big Butte Creek. Game fish found in the estuary at least during a part of the calendar year (in order of abundance) are: summer steelhead; winter steelhead; fall chinook; spring chinook, sea-run cutthroat, shad, coho, green sturgeon, white sturgeon, and chum salmon. Non-game fish found in the estuary are: anchovy, su-rf smelt, herring, red-tail surf perch, silver surf perch, spot@-fin perch, striped perch, starry flounder, tom cod, and ling cod. A common waterfowl found in or near the Rogue River Estuary is the American merganzer. "Medium" common waterfowl found are: American widgeon, pintail, red-breasted merganzer, surf scoter, and white-winged scoters. Shore and other birds most commonly found in or near Rog-ae River Estuary are: great blue heron, least sandpiper, western sandpiper, western gull, herring gull, California gull, belted kingfisher, common cTow, and double crested cormorant. Common mammals found in or near Rogue River Estuary are: California sea lion, stellers sea lion, and black-tailed deer. "Medium" common mammals found are: harbor seal, river otter, and beavers. Uncommon mammals found are: mink and muskrats. Physical Alterations U.S. Army Corps of Engineers modifications to Rogue River Estuary, described in Table 4, consist of two jetties, a turning basin, and a channel from th-e entrance to the turning basin. ROGUE RIVER Physical Alterations Table 4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to Rogue River [126,1291. Proposed Location Dimensions Date and Status modification depth width length (feet) (feet) (feet) north jettey entrance 1960-completed 1966-repaired south jetty entrance 1960-completed Channel 13 300 from the ocean to a point 1/4 mile down- stream from the Highway 101 bridge turning basin north section 13 Soo 650 of the estuary 1/4 mile down- stream from the highway 101 bridge. Although the Rogue is one of the estuar ies dredged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [SO], statistics of such were not found. Waterborne traffic through the project during 1.969 totaled 106,000 tons of which over 90% was lumber shipments. Annual use from 1960 to 1969 averaged 67,000 tons. Passenger traffic on the project during 1969 consisted of 113,000 persons, post of whom were on the mail boat to Agness [129]. The OSGC operates the Butte Falls Hatchery located on Butte Creek near Butte Falls in the eastern section of the drainage basin [56]. According to the OSGC Annual Report, releases from the hatchery totaled 371,490 during 1970 and consisted of 152,762 rainbow trout, 98,885 spring chinook, and 119,843 summer steelhead [80]. Fishways in the Rogue River system are all operated by the FCO. Their names and general locations are as follows [28]: Savage Rapids Dam--Rogue River; Oak St. Div. Dam--Bear Creek; Bear Creek Div. Dam-- Bear Creek; Frilder Dam--Rogue River. ROGUE RIVER Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial The economy of the entire Rogue River Basin is based on timber, agriculture, offshore commercial fishing, minerals, and recreation. The timber industry has been of primary importance since 1940. Before that time, the major emphasis was on agriculture, and prior to that mining ranked as the most important activity. Timberlands account for over 7S% of the basin area, and nearly 95% of those lands are commercial. Only 9% of the basin is used for agricultural purposes. Half of that 9% is dry pastureland. About 75% of the farms produce cattle or dairy products [116]. In the lower Rogue River basin, which includes the estuary area, the economy is based on timber and tourism with the center at Gold Beach and Wedderburn [1271. Manufacturers in the area, listed in Table 5, all have addresses in those two towns and are mostly logging camps and logging contractors [71]. In terms of tourism and recreation, the area is one of the most popular for sport fishing in the South Coast district with port facilities and resorts. More descriptions of the angling activities is given in the following section. Commercial fishing also privides some income to the area, as shown in Table 6, and is extensive enough to support a cannery at Wedderburn (Table 5). Table 5. Major manufacturers at Rogue River Estuary [71]. Location Name Type of business Number employed Gold Beach U.S.. Plywood plywood 300 Chipco wood chips; box shook; 60 veneer Laird Logging contract logging so Co. Tamco Co. Veneer; box shook 36 23 manufacturers employing 15 or under; I are logging camps or logging contractors; Wedderburn Rogue River canned fish and seafood 4 Cannery Inc. 148 ROGUE RIVER EstuarX Uses Industrial and Commercial In the case of the Illinois River basin, agriculture is the economy base. Tourism is important to a lesser degree, and although there is some logging, it is limited due to the relative inaccessiblity of most land. Agricultural activities are concerned mainly with raising dairy and beef cattle and various types of crops [116]. Table 6. Commercial harvest of food fish received at Gold Beach, 1971 [34]. Species Harvest Fishermen (pounds round weight) value Coho 185,414 $58,000 Chinook 45,052 23,000 .Ground fish 5,830 Albacore tuna 953 --- Crabs 300 --- Pinks 45 TOTAL 2375594 $81,000 Recreational The Rogue River, particularly popular for its steelhead fishing, is also a good salmon stream. The lower reaches of the river provide good salmon fishing starting in April and continuing through the summer and fall. Late in September Coho enterand are present until December. In the upper reaches around Grants Pass, mid-March marks the first good fishing with the run continuing into June. Chinook and Coho can be caught offshore from mid-July through September [58]. Estimated annual ha vest data for sport fishing in the area are given in Table 7. According to the OSGS study conducted during March and April of 1971, red-tail perch were most commonly taken by shore anglers [28]. Hunting data, as presented in "Environmental Investigations, Rogue River Basin Supplement," for big game, upland game, and waterfowl are given in Table 8 [123]. As indicated in Table 8, a breakdown is given of upland game and waterfowl harvest in that publication. It also provides furbearer trapping data, which includes beaver, otter, mink, muskrat, raccoon, skunk, weasel, gray fox, bobcat, and coyote. 149 ROGUE RIVER Table 7 Estimated annual harvest data for Sport Fishing at Rogue River(l) [123]. Species Area fished Annual harvest Effort Gross (total number) (angler-days) expenditure's Salmon Estuary 750 2,700 $ 55,500 Rogue River 16,800 47,000 1,243,200 Illinois River ISO 900 11,100 Ocean (Gold 4,750 11,500 351,500 Beach) Steelhead Rogue River 32,500 95,000 2,405,000 Illinois River 3,500 6,900 259,000 Applegate River 2,000 6,000 148,000 Sea-run 220 Igo 3,515 Cutthroat Resident 1,312,500 3,150,000 Salmonids Warm-water S1,000 17,000 102,000 Game fish Shad 100 15 1,390 Sturgeon 35 100 600 Bay fish 14,220 1,580 9,480 TOTALS 1,438,S25 713,945 $7,740,285 (1) Based on recent annual averages. ISO Table 8. Rogue River hunting data, 1970 [123]. Species Hunters Hunter days Harvest Gross Expenditures Big Game deer 12,986 88,560 5,043 1,780,056 elk 599 1,952 56 51,924 Upland Game 1 13,642 64,292 76,4@74 385,752 Waterfow12 1,611 9,061 8,433 72,488 TOTALS 163,865 90,006 2,290,220 IA breakdown of data for upland game (band-tailed pigeon, mourning dove, quail, grouse, pheasart, and sj-lvcr groiy- squirrel..) is available [134]. 2 A breakdourn. of data for waterfowl (ducks and geese) is available [134]. 151 ROGUE RIVER Table 9. Surveillance stations at Rogue River Estuary. Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period of References station identifying location area record number (sq.mi.) Climatological Gold Beach elevation-- 1890-(1967) [92] Ranger station; 50 feet U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) Agness elevation-- 1914--1922 [92] (1) 200 feet Illahe 1 N; elevation-- (1967) [92](1) USWB #4133 330 feet Illahe 2 N; elevation-- 1963-(1967) [92](1) USWB #4135 .488 feet Marial 8 NNE; elevation-- 1956--"(1967) [92] (1) USWB #5217 2,080 feet (2) Stream Rogue River Rogue River; 3,939 10/60-(1971) [140] gaging near Agness; mile 29.7 USGS #3723 Illinois River Il-linois River; 988 10/60-(1971) [140] (2) near Agness; mile 3.0 USGS #3782 Illinois River Illinois River 665 1957-(1966) [98] near Selma; mile 32 USGS #3780 Water Rogue River Rogue River; 3,939 10/60-(9/64)@ Quality near Agness; mile 29.7 USGS #3723 Illinois River Illinois River; 10/61-(9/64) [139] near Selma; mile 32 USGS #3780 (continued) 152 Table 9. (continued) Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period of Reference station identifying location area record number (sq.mi.) Water Rogue River Rogue River; 3-10/60 [138] temperature near Gold Beach mile 11.2 Rogue River Rogue River; 3,939 10/60- (9/70) [138,141] near Agness; mile 29.7 USGS #3723 Rogue River Rogue River; 10/59-11/60 [138] at Agness mile 27.5 Illinois River Illinois River; 11/59-10/60 [138] near Agness mile 2.4 Rog ue River Rogue River; 5-10/60 [138] at Marial mile 48.5 Illinois River Illinois River; 665 9/61-(9/62) near Selma; mile 32 (spot USGS #3780 observations) (1) Precipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. (2) Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. @This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 153 ROGUE RIVER PROFILE L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------- --- ----- -------- ----------- - ------------------ X" E V -------------------------------- ----- ---- --- - ----------- ----------------- ----------- - u 0 R FIGURE',? RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH STATE WATER RESOURCES BOARD OF OREGON 1958 FILE NO. 15.213 1S4 SALMON BAY 155 + "@,ooo CASCADE HEAD 71YRE, 0 ROCKS PitA Ll ry rCA. 45' 23 24 19 0 ul 06 26 25 Or's 30 0 29 ROADS END OREGON ow 0 LEGEND --- S.-CROIN CORNERS FOUND + + + _-ECTION CORNERS LOCATED FROM OMB? SMRCES WELAND MAP + ---pRa1rcrED cogNrRs 1-- -0. -1 SCALE SAL OF RIVER -RDELAND BEMEEN ELEVATIONS OF MCAN L,OW - -0 - MON -WATER AND MEAN HIGH WATER USal A- 0.1- 1@w o STATE OF OREGON P"NE CW@NA@S @DR@ DIV15ION OF STAM LANDS JULY 1972 SALMON BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Salmon Bay, the smallest estuary of those included here (Table A), lies roughly 85 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Population in the area totals less than 100 and is centered in three towns, all on the Salmon River. These (with their 1970 populations) are Three Rocks (30) to the north at mile 0.3, Otis (15) to the south at mile 4.3, and Rose Lodge (20) to the south at mile 9.3 (88,94,1111. A nature conservancy area is located on the south side of Cascade Head and adjoins the estuary to the north [155]. Presently under con- sideration is the possibility of including Salmon Bay and some of the surrounding area as part of the Siuslaw National Forest. Reports on this were prepared by the U.S. Siuslaw National Forest Service prior to [150] and following[149] a public meeting held for the purpose of,dis- cussing this matter. The estuary is about 270 acres in size; reported surface areas and tideland acres are given in Table 1 [59,70,153]. The tidelands are particularly extensive between the mouth and mile 2 to both the north and south and comprise about 60% of the total area [53,88-map no.- 18.-6]. Table 1 . Reported surface areas of Salmon Bay [55,59,701. reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged, lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [55) 171 HW [59] 438 1 250 57 [70] 204 MHT 126 62 78 38 78 MLT ]Specified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. The estuary is essentially part of the lower reaches of the Salmon River, as its mouth and the zero river mile are at the same point. The river measures 25.3 miles to its source and has about four small tributaries from the north and three from the south to the head of tidewater at mile 4.3 [88-map no. 18.6]. Watershed Salmon Bay (River) drains an area of 75 sq mi [94], which yields an average of 450,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [70,85,88]. The 157 Salmon Bay watershed, plus an adjacent coastal area to the north of 3 sq mi, is comprised of 94% (73 sq mi) forest; 3% (2 sq mi) rangeland; 2% (2 sq mi) cropland; and 1% (1 sq mi) "other" [88]. Average annual precipitation varies from 90 inches along the coast to 180 inches on the Coast Range Divide [53,88]. There is a climatological station at mile 5 of the Salmon River (Table 4) [88,143]. Elevations range from sea level to 2,900 feet [88]. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being partially exposed to waves at the throatI55], and tidal effects reach mile 4.3 of the Salmon River [69]. The mean tide range is 5.8 feet with a diurnal range of 7.6 feet and an extreme range of 13.0 feet [86].. River Discharges The only stream gaging station on the Salmon River stream system for which records were found is-located at mile 0.1,of Alder Brook, a tributary of the Salmon River at mile 10.7 (Table 4) [140]. Records from 1954 to 1970 show 50 cfs on January 24, 1970 as the maximum flow rate at this point during those 6 years. Estimates (based on precipitation, runoff, and some spot obser- vations) of the average discharge, by month, of the Salmon River "near tidewater" have been made for,1937 to 1963 [88]. February had the high estimated monthly discharge at 1,169 cfs and August the low at 14 cfs. Mean discharge was 538 cfs. The mean minimum flow at tidewater has been estimated as 18 cfs and observed as 21.7 cfs. Salinity and Classification by Mixing No information. Sediments Littoral drift varies [571. Sediments deposited in the estuary by fresh-water drainage are estimated to average 14,000 tons annually [85]. 1 The river mile location was not given. 158 Salmon Bay Water Quality Information The DEQ has taken water samples at Salmon Bay. Data is now available for the 1972 year (2 measurements) (Table 4) [67,68]. Biological Information Estimated numbers of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Salmon River system are spring chinook--180; fall chinook--2,000; coho--5,700; summer steelhead--250; winter steelhead--4,200; and sea- run cutthroat--3,800 [75]. Figures for all species mentioned here are low in comparison with those for other stream systems (Table B) . Salmon, flounder, perch, sea-run cutthroat, limpets, stagho-rn sculpin, dungeness crab, and ghost and mud shrimp are commonly caught by anglers, as described under "Estuary Uses." The estuary is essentially fresh water and it supports a small qunatity of soft shell clams [53]. Waterfowl and about 100 species of other birds can be found on or near the estuary [150,155], and the surrounding area is a winter range for black-tailed deer,,Roosevelt elk, and cougar, with black-tailed deer being the-most abundant. Roosevelt elk are being transplanted into the Mid-Coast Basin by the OSGC and are increasing in number [751. Physical Alterations Jetties have not been constructed ! nor has dredging-by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers occurred, but in 1948 the Corps did remove rocks just downstream from Three Rocks located near the mouth [129]. Navigable length of the Salmon River is 3.0 miles [69]. An inventory of filled lands in the Salmon River has been completed by the Division of State Lands and some of the information from that report is presented in Table C [69]. In June 1963 the Trout Creek Fishway was completed under the FCO "Coastal 60-40 Program" [1191. It is located on Trout Creek, near mile 1.25, or roughly 11 miles from the estuary mouth. (trout Creek flows into Slick Rock Creek,about 1 mile from the mouth of the latter, and Slick Rock Creek discharges into Salmon River at mile 8.8 [94].) Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Forestry, agriculture, fishing, recreation and summer homes are of primary economic importance to the Salmon River area [88]. Commercial 159 Salmon Ray, fish landings from the ocean or estuary'apparently either are not received at Salmon Bay or are not considered extensive enough to report (Tables D and Q. The only manufacturers there listed in Table 2, are three small logging operations in Otis and Rose Lodge [71). Table 2. Major Manufacturers. at Salmon Bay .[71]. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Otis Jurhs Logging Co. logging 7 Ted E. Bray Co. logging 1 Rose Lodge Holliday Hauling logging 15 Co. Inc. Recreational Species other than salmon and trout most commonly taken by sports fishing, as determined in the FCO study from March to October 1971 are as follows: shore angling--limpets, staghorn sculpin, and starry flounder; boat angling--dungeness crab and starry flounder; and clamming-- ghost and/or mud shrimp [381. Estimated annual harvest data for angling in the area (ocean, estuary, and streams) are shown in Table-3 [751. Table 3. Est ted Annual Harvest Data For Sport Fishing at Salmon BayM (75]. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 550 2,200 $ 40,700 Salmon River 310 1,240 22,940 Ocean 390 520 28,860 Sea-run 560 Estuary SJ 2,800 51,800 cutthroat Salmon River 10 Steelhead Salmon River 2,240 8,960 165,760 Non-salmonid Estuary 1,800 600 3,600 bay fish lAverage of data from past years. 160 Salmon Bay Table 4. Surveillance stations at Salmon Bay. Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period of References station identifying location area record number Climatological Otis 2 NE Salmon River; ISO 1948-(1963) (88,143] mile 5 Stream gaging Alder Brook near Alder Brook, mile 1.09 19S4-(1970) [140] Rose Lodge; 0.1; 10.8 miles USGS #8037 from the estuary mouth Crest stage 1954-(1963) [88] DEQ water #1. 1/2 mile 450 os' 481, N [67,68] surveillance below public 1240 001 001, W boat ramp 11 #2. 1/4 mile 45o 021 29" N below public 123* 591 4811 W boat ramp #3., oppisite 450 02' 22" N public boat ramp 1230 591 14" W #4. 1/4 mile 45' 021 18" N above public 123o 591 0511 W boat ramp #S. 1/2 mile 45' Oll 54" N above public 123o 591 051, W boat ramp. #6. 3/4 mile 450 011 49" N above public 123' 581 35't W boat.ramp #7. Hwy 101 45' 011 34" N Bridge 123' 58, 051, W )This is the most recent record date found and it not necessarily the last. 162 SAND LAKE 163 615,000 19 20 u S.F S. S... CAMP Al P r3s. 30 29 WHALEN ISLAND 605,000 2 ftzlll* So OREGON 32 LEGEND SECTION CORNERS LOCATED FROM CONTROL MAPS -PRaIECTED CORNERS -TIDELAND BE7*25EN ELEVATIONS OF MEAN LOW WATER AND MEAN HIGH WATER Soo. 00`0 + SCALE IN FEET 000 0 IODO 2000 300V .000 TIDELAND MAP OF @ELAND MAP COMPILED ON A @EL RADIAL PLANAMETRIC SAND LAKE T."A DEL MAR PLOrIEN FROM WAY 1970 AERIAL rOGRAPHS. 'FIELD PHOTO WENTIFICANON M&RUANY 1972. SrATF OF OREGON C MOL FROM OREGON SrATE BOARD OF FORESTRY AND DIVISION OF ST47F LANDS OREGON DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE FOREST COVER NAM 1963-1956, MAY 1972 OREGON STATE PLANE COORDINATES, NORTV ZONE RECTANGULAR BRAD 164 SAND LAKE General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Sand lake, located about 70 miles-south of the mouth of the Columbia River, is the second smallest estuary of those included here (Table A). The area is sparsely populated with no towns on the bay itself. Sandlake, described as rural, is located 1 mile northeast of the estuary, and Tierra del Mar with a 1970 population of 40 lies on the coast, about 1 mile south of the estuary mouth [111,89-chart]. Surface area of the estuary is about 550 acres, of which-75% is tidelands (Table 1) . Table 1. Reported surface areas of Sand Lake reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [2] 700 not specified E61 429 HW [117] 528 MHT 397 75 131 25 131 MLT Major tributaries are Sand and Jewel Creeks, which flow into the bay from the north. Gurtis Creek from the,east and Reneke Creek from the south are its only-other tributaries. None of these streams appear to be longer than 4 or 5 miles [53,89-chart]. Drainage Basin Sand Lake and its tributaries drain an area of about 17 sq mi [89"chart]. An estimate of the average annual wate-r yield of the North Coast Basin is 3,000 ac-ft/sq mi [89]. Using this figure, the watershed yields 51,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually, an amount somewhat less than the 60,000 ac-ft reported by the Division of State Lands [70]. Yearly precipitation ranges from 95 inches along the coast to 110 inches in the northern watershed [89]. 165 Sand Lake Hydraulic Description of_Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat. The mean tide range is 5.7 feet with a diurnal range of 7.5 feet [55). The channel network in the estuary as observed through aerial photographs is complex [53]. River Discharges No records from stream gaging stations in this area were found. Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity is high in concentration [155]. Sediments Littoral drift varies but tends to be to the south during the summer and to,the north during the winter with the net drift being to the south, as indicated by the accumulation of driftwood and sand at the southern third of Sand Lake Beach [57]. An estimated 2,500 tons of sediments are deposited in the estuary by its tributaries annually [851. water Quality Information The DEQ apparently operates no surveillance stations here, and records from other water quality stations were not found. Biological Information Of all the streams of the Sand Lake stream system (about 12), seven are reportedly used by anadromous fish, but no estimates of the number of fish using the streams were given [77]. The bay supports bent nose clams (unimportant for food) and ghost shrimp, and it provides excellent fishing for flounder, crabs, and staghorn sculpin [38,155]. Ducks and geese use it as a feeding, resting, and wintering spot [69,89,lSS]. 166 Sand Lake Physical Alterations Jetties have not been constructed, and records show that dredging by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has not been performed [55]. Also, as reported in the Division of State Lands inventory of filled lands in Sand Lake, there are no landfills, but three dike-type structures have been built [69]. One is part of the county road leading to Tillamook Park on Whalen Island, another is on the northern shore of the estuary and reportedly is intended for flood control, and the third, located on the southern shore and called "Beltz Dike," is believed to have been built to help extend the limits of grazing lands there. Some further description is given in Table C, and more details can be gotten from the inventory report. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial There are no manufacturers or industries at Sand Lake [71,155], nor is there commercial fishing [69]. Agricultural lands in the vicinity are cultivated for the production of hay and pasture, both of which are used for the support of livestock [89], Recreational Recreational fishing (for species other than salmon and trout) at Sand Lake, according to statistics from the FCO study, is best for shore anglers [38]. During the period from March to October 1971, they caught mostly staghorn sculpin, starry flounder, and shore crabs. Clammers took mainly ghost shrimp and relatively few mud shrimp, and boat anglers landed a limited number of starry flounder and dungeness crab. There are two public camp grounds in the area, and they are both used heavily during the spring and summer. One is the USFS Sand Lake Camp on the northern spit, and the other is Tillamook County Park, on Whalen Island located in the northeast corner of the bay. The latter provides a boat r,amp [69,150,1551. 167 SILETZ BAY 169 27 re 25 OREGON Wr OSID 79BE CUMER Ctrr Q@ SIF 140 4w. +4-1- KEW"x f E /0 LE5EAV C@AS LOC47ED FROW O@R SGLRCES + AWJEC7FD COAMRS TIDE4AAV &ErkWEN EIEW770YV5 @ MEAN LOW WA7FR AAV WAN M6H WAMR rIVELAND MAP A- OF =701 0- SILEU BAY SCALE (FT) S7'ATE OF OREGON DIVI-IMN OF S7A7F LANDS @170 SILETZ BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estu@ry Siletz Bay lies roughly 95 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. As the ninth largest of the estuaries included here (Table A), it is relatively small in size. In 1964, the only towns on the bay (Taft and Cutler City) were consoli- dated with several others in the coastal zone to the north to form the in- corporated city of Lincoln City. These and other population centers in the area are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Population centers at Siletz Bayl [88,95,1111. name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (miles) LincSln Ci ty2,3 coast; north of estuary 4,198 Taft Siletz Bay; north side 0 557 (1960) Cutler City3 Siletz Bay; northeast side 1 Kernville Siletz River; north side 0.5 2*5 50 Reed Creek Siletz River; north side 22.0 24.0 not listed The Mles Siletz River 26.2 28.2, not listed Siletz Siletz River 35.3 to 41.3 37.3 to 43.3 596 Gleneden Beach Sijota C.re,,e,k-; westside 1 4 500 Tidal effects extend approximately to mile of the Siletz River. 21ncorporated 3Taft and Cutler City were consolidated with several other towns in 1964 to form Lincol"n City. Surface area of the estuary is about 1,160 acres (Table 2). Cross- sectional areas at MTL at various distances from the mouth are shown in Table 3 [431. Table 2. Reported surface areas of Siletz Bay [55,51-1,701. reference s urface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent [851 1,086 HW [59] 1,203 1 [71] 1,187 MHT 775 65 412 35 412 MLT iSpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. 171 Siletz Bay table 3. Cross-sectional areas of Siletz Bay [43]. points of measurement distance from mouth cross-sectional area (miles)l (sq ft) Taft 0.19 3,400 Kernville 2.5 5,4.00 Howard's 10.8 2,200 Strome 18.0 1,100 1 Mile values were obtained by conversion from distance s.reported in feet. The major tributary of Siletz Bay is the Siletz River. Its point of discharge into the bay (about 2 miles from the mouth) is considered its zero mile t94,88-map #15.61. Length to its source (the confluence of the North Fork Siletz River and Boulder Creek) measures 72.1 miles [9S]. It drains an area of 308 sq mi [94] and yields an average of'1,400,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [88]. Other tributaries discharging directly into the bay are Schooner Creek from the north and about 1 mile from the mouth, Drift Creek from the east and about 1.5 miles from the mouth, and a smaller stream from the south [88-map #18.6]. Schooner Creek drains 15 sq mi and has an average annual fresh water yield of 80,000 ac-ft [881. Drift Creek has a length of 21.3 miles; drains 41 sq mi [94]; and yi.elds an average of 190,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [881. The Siletz Bay Regional Planning Advisory Committee has monthly meetings -at which various types of information about the area have been presented [114]. An attempt has been made to summarize some of that material here. Drainage Basin Siletz Bay has a drainage area of 373 sq mi [88-map #18.6] which yields an estimated 1,780,000 [117] to 1,800,000 [85] ac-ft of fresh water annually. Figures given for that portion of the watershed drained by the Siletz River (308 sq mi or 82%) show it to be composed of 94% (289 sq mi) forests; 3% (9 sq mi) cropland; 1% (4 sq mi) rangeland; and 2% (6 sq mi) "other." Precipitation in the watershed averages from 70 inches along the coast .to over 180 inches in the headwaters of the Siletz,River [88]. Elevations of the Siletz River portion of the watershed range from sea level to 2,850 feet along the Coast Range divide [88]. 172 Siletz Bay Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat [55]. Head of high tide for the Siletz River is 24.2 miles (128,000 feet) from the estuary mouth where the drainage area is 268 sq mi.[43]. The mean tide range is 5.0 feet [55@. Tidal prism on mean range (tidal prism between MLLW and MHHW) is 3.5 x 10 cu ft [431. Goodwin has found a marked choking of the tidal range taking place through the entrance of the estuary (probably due to channel constrictions) and also found a phase difference of 90 to 1QO degre.es- between tidal elevations and tidal currents [431. A calibrated numerical tidal hydraulic model of the Siletz has been provided.by Goodwin [42]. As a result of the geometry of the entrance, the maximum flood and ebb currents occur at different locations within the estuary. In its first mile (the area between Taft and Cutler City) the flood currents occur along the east side of the bay, while the ebb currents occur along the west side near a sand spit located there [531. Seasonal (1973) measurements of salinity, temperature, tubidity, pH and dissolved oxygen have been taken for high and low tides with depth and length within the estuary [112]. River Discharges A stream gaging station located on the Siletz River at mile 42.6 (near the town of Siletz) has been in operation periodically since October 1905 (Table 6). The average-recorded discharge for the time up to-1970 was 1,573 cfs with a maximum of 34,600 cfs (November 22, 1909) and a minimum of 48 cfs (September and October 1965 and October 1967) [140]. The normal river flow at the mouth of the Siletz River is estimated at 1,930 cfs [85]. Drift Creek has a computed minimum flow of 22 cfs [88]. Saligi@ty and Classification by Mixing Burt and McAllister took salinity measurements in the Siletz River once during each of the following months: October 1957, January, April, and July 1958 [12]. Salinity intrusion was greatest on July 25, 1958 at LHW when it reached a point 12.7 mi from the ocean. It was detected at a concentration of 0;A ppt at the surface and on the bottom (7 feet) with concurrent temperatures of 21.3' C at both points. Measurements beyond this were not reported. The estuary, as c1lassified by Burt and McAllister on the basis of salinity change from top to bottom, was found to be a two-layered system in January and April and a partly-mixed system in October [131. Currents and tidal; ranges have been measured (1973) to determine the times of maximum ebb and flow [1121. 173 Siletz Bay. Sediments Littoral drift in the area varies, but it is believed to be to the north [571. A problem within the estuary has arisen from the large volume of fresh water inflow as it carries an estimated 74,000 tons [85] of sediments to the estuary annually, resulting in a gradual filling [53]. There are delta deposits near the mouth of Drift Creek [53], and a spit with dunes has formed at the mouth of the Siletz River [571. Four sand bars have formed northeast of Cutler City, as a result of the flow pattern of the ebb and tidal currents as previously described [53]. Analysis of sediments for grain size, porosity and volitile solids along the length.of the estuary have been determined for summer and winter (19 73) condi tions [1121. Of recent concern is the erosion of Salishan Spit located just south of the estuary mouth. Water Quality Information There are six DEQ water surveillance stations in Siletz Bay (Table 6) with records from four sampling dates between July 1969 and April 1972 available from most of them [67,68]. The USGS operates water quality stations on the Siletz River--one at mile 34 and another at mile 42.6 where it also has a water temperature station (Table 6) [88,138]. The greatest water quality problem reportedly results from siltation in the streams and in the bay. Effluent and other pollutants discharged into the waters are also of concern 1114-8/2/72, J. Fortune]. Biological Information The Siletz River system provides spawning grounds for more spring chinook and summer steelhead than any other stream system of the Mid-Coast Basin (Table B) [75]. Estimated numbers of these and other salmonids spawning in the river system are as follows [751: spring chinook--775, fall chinook--14,200, coho--26,900, summer steelhead--4,900, winter steelhead--11,500, and sea-run cutthroat--32,000. These all provide good sport fishing. Other species commonly caught include staghorn sculpin, shiner perch, dungeness crab, starry flounder, and ghost shrimp [38,ISS]. Some softshell clams can be found along the east side of the estuary between Cutler City and Kernville [155], but most clambeds 'have been silted in. There is an experimental plant of Manila Littlenecks 1114-7/5/72 D. Snow]. 174 Siletz Bay The estuary is used during migration and wintering by waterfowl [155] with the Millport Slough area (to the southeast of the bay) being used particularly heavily by various species of ducks and occasionally by Canadian Geese, Ruffled grouse are among the game birds found in the estuary area, and blue grouse and mountain quail are found at middle and high altitudes of the watershed. Band-tailed pigeons are quite common, particularly in the vicinities of Millport Slough and the mouth of Drift Creek which they use for watering. The Drift Creek and Schooner Creek areas provide nesting and feed for bald eagles [114-8/2/72; G. Hatten]. The area around the estuary is a winter range for big game such as black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, black bear and cougar. Of these, black-tailed deer are the most abundant and can be found at a concentration of 1.8 deer/sq mi in the upper areas. Elk are being transplanted to the Mid-Coast Basin (34 to the Drift Creek area) by the OSGC and are increasing in number, [75,114 -8/2/72 G. Hatten). Beaver, muscrat, nutria,.and raccoon are examples of some of the many fur-bearing animals in the area. Beaver are generally trapped at a rate of 30-40/year [114-8/2/72, G. Hatten], Physical Alterations Jetties have not been constructed, but a survey was authorized by Congress in 1964 to consider the.possibility of constructing a small-boat basin and jetties near Taft. As of 1971, (publication date), work on. the report was in progress [129]. The jetties, in addition to protecting the entrance to the ocean, would probably increase the flushing action of the river and thereby inhibit the silting-in of the bay. Opening up Millport Slough is also expected to result in a decrease of the filling of the bay and this too is apparently being considered [114-7/2/72, D. Snow]. The FCO operates the Siletz River Salmon Hatchery on the North Fork Rock Creek. It lies 4 or 5 miles east of the town of Logsden, or about S3 miles from the mouth of the Siletz River. Releases (into Rock Creek) between July 1, 1968 and June 3, 1969 consisted of 377,402 coho 133,54,881. Dams have been constructed at mile 4.3 of the South Fork Siletz River (Valsetz Dam) and at mile 9.7 of Drift Creek f941. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Of economic importance to the watershed are forestry, agriculture, rock and gravel mining, tourism, recreation, and summer homes [881. Since Siletz Bay is located within the "20 miracle miles" of Oregon's coast where vacationing is popular, tourism, summer homes, and recreation 175 @Siletz Bay are of particular importance to the population there. Kernville, Cutler City, and Taft are the resort areas on the estuary [88]. Most of the manufacturers there, listed in Table 4, have Lincoln City addresses and deal in lumber and wood products. Table 4 Major Manufacturers at Siletz Ba) Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Lincoln City L. Jepson and Sons contract logging' 50 Oceanlake Ready-Mix concrete and crush rock 25 Co. Fallon Logging Co. fir/alder/hemlock pulp 22 10 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood- employing less than products (mostly logging) 15 Gleneden Gleneden Brick and concrete pipe and building blocks 5 Beach Tile Work and bricks Farmlands, recently used mainly for stable farming/ranching/dairying activites are now being purchased for recreational development. The farms which are increasing in number are those such as nurseries and tree and berry farms dealing in more specialized products and having higher incomes. Those which have lower incomes are rapidly decreasing in number. For example, the number of county farms grossing less than $5,000 dropped 50% from 1964 to 1969, while those grossing over $9,999 nearly doubled during the same time period [114-7/5/72, J. Gurton]. Commercial fishing and clamming formerly provided some income to the area. Now, however, most clam beds have been silted in and commercial fishing is extremely limited, with the commercial salmon fleet once supported there no longer existing [75, 114-7/5/72, D. Snow]. In fact, statistics of commercial landings of salmon and other species received at various bays during 1971 (Tables D and E) show sand shrimp, crawfish, and eel as the only ones received at Siletz with a total catch for the year of 176 pounds at essentially no value to fishermen [34]. Also, of the various species such as clams, crabs, oysters, bait shrimp, and shad harvested directly from estuaries of the Mid-Coast Basin, bait shirmp was the only one taken at Siletz Bay. Such landings have averaged 700 pounds over the past years with a retail value to fishermen of $920 [751. Recreational While commercial fishing at Siletz Bay is limited, sport angling is.quite popular. It has good potential, but problems apparently arise from limited 176 Siletz Bay angler access and low summer flow rates [88, 114-8/2/72, J. Fortune]. Nevertheless, anglers are relatively successful, as indicated by the annual harvest data shown in Table 5 [75]. The bay and its major tributaries (the Siletz River, Drift Creek, and Schooner Creek) all Provide good salmon Table 5. Estj*mjted Annual Harvest Data For Sport Fishing at Siletz Ba) [75). Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 4,400 17,600 $325,600 Siletz River 11550 6,200 114,700 Ocean 40 50 2,960 Sea-run Estuary 3,440 cutthroat Streams 1,475) 16,000 296,000 Steelhead Siletz River 7,155 28,620 529,470 Non-salmonid Estuary -24,000 8,000 48,000 bay fish lAverage of data from past years. and trout angling r88,155].. Sea-run cutthroat can generally be caught from L July to late fall with the big chinoolc entering the estuary in August and. providing their best fishing in September. Late in September the coho enter, and peak in October and November[58]. Species other than salmon and trout which are most frequently caught in the estuary, as determined in the FCO study from March to October 1971, include staghorn sculpin, shiner perch, and dungeness crab by shore angling; dungeness crab, starry flounder, and relatively few staghorn sculpin by boat angling; and ghost shrimp and some mud shrimp by clamming [381. There are two Siuslaw National Forest camps in the watershed--one on Schooner Creek and the other on North Creek. The one on Schooner Creek is located at a point about 7 miles from thebay where the creek is formed by North Fork and South Fork. North Creek's campsite is near its mouth, which is at mile 10.2 of Drift Creek [114-7/5/72, W. Jones, 83, 261. Boat landings on the Siletz River number about nine between the mouth and mile 16.5 188,941. Hunter days in the Siletz Bay area are estimated at 530 annually [114-8/2/72, G. Hatten]. 177 Siletz Bay Table 6. Surveillance stations at Siletz Bay. type of name and/or approkimate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) stream gaging Euchre Creek near Euchre Creek; mile 13.4 1924 (88)- Siletz; USGS 1; 29 miles from #3060 the estuary mouth Si.letz River at Siletz River; mile .202 1905*(1970) [88,t-9811 Siletz; USGS 42.6 #3055 _71 DEQ water #1 adjacent to dock at Taft 7/69-(4/72) '[67,681 surveillance (4 measurements) #2 opposite Cutler City - it #3 1.5 miles downstream from to No Highway 101 bridge at Kernville #4 Highway 101 bridge at Kernville #5 Siletz River opposite sun- set Landing (4 miles above Highway 101 bridge) #6 Siletz River 2.5 miles above 8/70-(4/72) Sunset Landing water quality Siletz River Siletz River; mile 34 1960-(1963) .[@61 3 miles north (spot of Siletz observations) Siletz River at Siletz River; 202 1911-1912 .[261 Siletz; USGS mile 42.6 1915 #3055 (daily spot observations) water 1947-(1962) [88,138] temperature (spot observations) Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available i n punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. 0 This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 178 SIUSLAW BAY 179 10 12 16 4- 14 ol zi 04 19 20 22 00 C) 30 OREGON sluow 34 is + DA MaAND MAP D, I'VE SAISLAW RIPER SrA7r OF OREGON DIVISION OF SUIT LANDS SIUSLAW BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Siuslaw Bay is located about 160 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Of the estuaries included here, it ranks eighth in size (Table A). Populated areas, shown in Table 1, lie primarily on the north side of the Siuslaw River. Table 1. Population centers at Siuslaw Bay' [94,1111. name general location river mile approximate 1970 location distance from population estuary mouth (mi 1 es) Florence2 Siuslaw River; north side 3.5 to 5.4 3.5 to 5.4 2,246 Glenada Siuslaw River; south side 4.7 4.7 200 Cushman Siuslaw River; north side 8.2 8.2 no pop Wendson Siuslaw*River; north side 9.g 9.9 no pop Beck (Tiernan) Siuslaw River; north side 14.7 130 Point Terrace Siuslaw River; 0.5 mile to 16.2 16.2 not listed the south Mapleton Siuslaw River; north side 20.5 20.5 900 Firo Siuslaw River 23.9 23.9 not listed Brickerville Siuslaw River; north side 24.2 24.2 140 Tide Siuslaw River; north side 26.5 26.5 75 Siuslaw Siuslaw River; north side 27;8 27.8 no pop Swisshome Siuslaw River; north side 28.9 28.9 40& Minerva North Fork.Siuslaw River; rural east side 16.7 23.0 lTidal effects@extend approximately to mile 25 of the Siuslaw River and to mile 6.9 of the North Fork Siuslaw Riveri 21ncorporated The estuary covers about 1,780 acres. Surface areas reported by Johsnon [SS], Marriage [591, and the Division of State Lands [70], presented in Table 2, vary from 1,458 acres to 2,24S acres. Tidelands (also given in Table 2) are extensive upstream from Florence and nearly nonexistent in the lower section of the estuary [53]. Other dimensions (distance from throat to farthest estuary shore, throat measurement; and average lagoon depth below MSQ are listed in Table 3. Siuslaw Bay is narrow and crooked. It consists primarily of the lower reaches of the Siuslaw River, which has its zero river mile at the mouth of the estuary [94]. The river drains 773 sq mi. It has a length of @2y.4 miles to its source (the confluence of the North Fork Siuslaw River and I There are two North Fork Siuslaw Rivers. 181 Siusialk Bay Table 2. Reported surface areas of Siuslaw Bay [SS,59,70i. reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres). acres percent acres percent [551 1,458 HW 1,218 MSL 978 LW [591 1,589 1 597 38 [701 2,245 MHT 756 34 1,489 66 1,489 MLT ISpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. Tabl e 3. Dimensions of Siuslaw Bay [ss]. distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--6.9 miles inlet diemensions at throat (at MSQ: width--745 feet average depth--23 feet cross-sectional area--8,330 sq ft average lagoon depth below MSL--7 feet the South Fork Siuslaw River) and a total length (to the source of the South Fork Siuslaw River) of 117.9 miles. Between its mouth and the head of tidew ?1@ r at mile 25, its major tributary is the North Fork Siuslaw River at mile 6.3. This North Fork Siuslaw River has a length of 25.8 miles and drains 65 sq mi. Minor tributaries of the Siuslaw to tidewater at mile 25 include approximately 28 from the north (20 named) and 15 from the south (11 named) r94,88-map no. 18.6]. L In addition to the port commission at Siuslaw Bay, there is also a community development corporation, both located in Florence. Their addresses and phone numbers are [106]: Port of Siuslaw Siuslaw Valley Development Corp. P.O. Box 297 P.O. Box 280 Florence, Oregon 97439 Florence, Oregon 97439 997-2027 997-3486 I There are two North Fork Siuslaw Rivers. 182 Siusla1w Bay Drainage Basin The drainage basin of Siuslaw Bay is the same as that of the Siuslaw River--it covers 773 sq mi and yields an average of 2,300,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [7,70,85,88]. It consists of 91% (708 sq mi) forests; 4% (28 sq mi) cropland; 1% (6 sq mi) rangeland; and 4% (31 sq mi) "other" [88] . Annual precipitation averages from 40 inches in the eastern watershed to 100 inches in the northwestern section with 80 inches along the coast [881. Precipitation records from Florence are available through the OSWRB in punch card or printout form (Table 10) [92,143]. Elevations range from sea level to 3,000 feet [88]. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being fully exposed to waves at the throat [55]. Tidewater reaches to between miles 22.5 [69] and 2S [107] of the Siuslaw River and to mile 6.9 of the North Fork Siuslaw River [69]. The mean tide range is 5 .2 feet with a diurnal -range of 6.9 feet and an ex@reme range of 11.0 feet [861. Tidal prigm on mean range is 2.76 x 10 cu ft with a diurnal range of 3.66 x 10 cu. ft [55]. Currents and tidal ranges have been measured (1973) to determine the times of maximum ebb and flood flow [151] River Discharges Normal flow of the Sluslaw River (at the mouth) has been estimated as 3,150 cfs based on precipitation records from 1937 to 1963 r7].. A stream gaging station is located on the Siuslaw River at mile 23.7 near Mapleton (Table 10) where the drainage area is 588 sq mi. The station has been in operation since October 1967, and records through September 1970 show extreme flows of 32,300 cfs (January 27, 1970) and 70 cfs (August 30 and 31, 1970) with an average discharge during the 1969 water year of 2,023 cfs [140] Salinity and Classification by Mixing Burt and McAllister have reported salinity measurements taken in the Siuslaw River during October 19S7 and January, March, and July 1958 for a total of four sampling dates [12]. Of the four, salinity intrusion 183 Siuslaw Bay was greatest on October 7, 1957 at HHW when it reached a point 17.3miles from@the ocean at concentrations of 0.2 ppt on the surface (water temperature-- 14.0'C) and 0.4 ppt on the bottom at a depth of 10 feet (water temperature-- 13.7-C). On the basis of salinity change from top to bottom, Burt and McAllister classified Siuslaw Bay as a two-layered system.in January and May; as a partly-mixed system in March; and as a well-mixed system in October [13]. Giger [391 provides salinity measurements with depth and length for high and low tides during winter (1968) and summer (1967) conditions. Salinity intrusion was shown to approximately 20-22 miles from the ocean during summer conditions and approximately 5-7 miles from the mouth during winter conditions. The system is well mixed during the summer period particularly at high tide. Seasonal (1973) measurements of salinity, temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen have been taken for high and low tides with depth and length within the estuary [151]. Sediments It is estimated that the Siuslaw River transports some 103,000 tons of sediments to the estuary annually [57,85]. A water temperature station is located on the Siuslaw River at mile 23.7 (near Mapleton) and records of sediment concentrations and sediment loads are kept there (Table 10) 4- [141]. Daily extremes of seEment concentration during the period from August 1967 through September 1968 were 1 mg/l (many times) and 160 mg/l (Feburary 1968). The daily sediment load ranged from 0.36 tons (August 1967) to 4,600 tons (February 1968). A major source of coarse grain sediments in the estuary is the sand dunes to the south. Some material is transported by the wind with a degree of counteraction by the high current velocities which result from the narrow channel; however, all but the main channel in the lower.reaches of the estuary has been filled [531. Analyses of 6 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge samples taken primarily from the entrance channel during the early 1960's and 1970's show the following: (1) organic contents ranging from 0.26% (April 1972) to 0.61% (August 1971); (2) void ratios ranging from 0.551 (August 1971) to 0.809 (August 1962), and (3) mean grain size consistently that of - fine sand [124]. - Analysis of sediments for grain size, porosity and volitile solids along the length of the 'estuary have been determined for summer and winter (1973) conditions [151]. 184 Siuslaw Bay Water Quality Information The DEQ operates nine water surveillance stations on Siuslaw Bay (Table 10) [67,68]. Records are available in punch card or printout form for as far back as June 1968 with at least seven sampling dates at most of the stations. The USGS water temperature station 1*ocated on the Siuslaw River at mile 23.7 (Table 10) recorded an average temperature for November 1967 through August 1968 (10 months) of 12'C and extremes for the period of 26'C (in July 1968) and 3*C (in December 1967 and January 1968) [141]. Florence city water is pumped from the sand dunes [351. The city operates a secondary treatment sewage plant located in the southwest section of Florence on Rhododendron Drive about 4.5 miles west of'Highway 101. Average daily flow from the plant during October 1972 (fairly dry weather) was about 350,000 gallons. The plant serves Florence only (no industries) and is the only sewage treatment plant on the bay [36,121]. Biological Information The number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Siuslaw River system are estimated as follows: spring chinook--O, fall chinook-- 4,500, coho--22,000, summer steelhead--O, winter steelhead--13,000, and sea-run cutthroat--50,000 [75]. A comparison with the number of salmonids spawning in other estuarine river systems (Table B) shows these figures to be below average. Species commonly found in the bay which are of interest to anglers include salmon, redtail seaperch, bay mussels, pile perch, dungeness crab, and softshell clams (found mainly in the tidelands upstream from Florence). Less common (but still fairly abundant) are shiner perch, staghorn sculpin, piddocks, and gaper clams (in a small bed near the mouth of the bay) [38,S3,15S]. The area around the estuary is a winter range for black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, black bear, and cougar. Of these, black-tailed deer are the most abundant [75]. Physical Alterations Modifications to the estuary by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as originally planned included an entrance channel stabilized by two rubble- mound jetties and leading to a river channel which was to extend approximately- 7.5 miles up the Siuslaw River. In 1958, expansion of many portions of the project plus a turning basin near Florence were authorized. A summary of the alterations is given in Table 4. 185 Siuslaw Ba@ The Siuslaw River is navigable to mile 19.0, and the North Fork Siuslaw River is navigable by small craft to mile :@.O (controlling depth 3 feet) [69]. Army Corps of Engineers dredging records for 19S9 through-1969 (excluding 1968) show most of their dredging activites taking place in the entrance channel with the 82,300 cu yds removed from there in 1965 being a fairly typical quantity.[55]. The maximum amount was 822,080 from the '116- foot channel" in 1969 and the minimum amount was 48,250 cu yds from the* entrance channel in 1965. Private contractors have performed hydraulic dredging on the North Fork Siuslaw River and have spoiled behind berms [50]. The inventory of filled lands in the Siuslaw River taken by the Division of State Lands shows that land fills on submerged or submersible lands are located nearly exclusively in the Florence area [691. As of June, 1972, these fills totaled 40.75 acres of which 36.28 acres were dredging spoils (Table Q. Considerable modification of marshes has occurred in the past through agricultural uses. Table 4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Modifications to Siuslaw Bay [55,126,128-1291. Proposed Dimensions Modification Location depth. width Length Date and Status (feet) (feet) North Jetty entrance 1917-completed 1958mhabilitated 1958 -600-foot extension authorized South Jetty Entrance 1917-completed 1962-rehabilitated Channel Entrance 12 1930-completed 18 300 1,500 feet 1958 (2) _ expansion authorized 1969-deepened Channel Entrance to 12 200 5 miles 1930-completed Florence 16 200 5 1958(2) -expansion (wider at authorized bends) 1968-dredging completed Turning Basin Opposite 16 400 600 feet 1958(2) _authorized Siuslaw dock at Florence Channel Florence to 150 2.5 miles 1930-completed Cushman lLack of completion date does not necessarily signify that the modification has not been constructed. 2Preconstruction planning for the 1958 authorization reportedly underway as of 1971 (publication date) unless otherwise indicated [129]. 186 Siuslaw Bay Table 5. Major water-related businesses on the Siuslaw River within tidewater (mile 25) [107). name distance type of number log raft from mouth] business employed storage (mi I es.) (acres) U.S. Coast Guard 1.9 20 Station, Siuslaw R. Siuslaw Pacific Moorage 2.5 4 -6 Bay Bridge Marina 4.9 2- 4 Port of Siuslaw 5.3 main dock 8 -12 commercial marina I -2. sport boat marina 1 -2 Umpqua River Navigation. 6.9 4 -8 Riverside Machine Shop T. 0. Nordahl The Murphy Company 7.8 veneer mill peeler logs 40 60 2 Siuslaw Marina and Boatways 8.1 1 3 Nordahl Tow Boat Co. 8.4 3 - 6 Cushman Store and Marina 8.5 1 - 2 Wills Shingle Mill shingle mill 2 - 6 0.25 to 0.5 Midway Docks 11.4 1 - 3 Porters Landing 14.9 1 C & D Docks 15.4 1 - 2 10 to 152 Davidson Industries, Inc. 16.1 lumber mill 172 Russels Marina 17.9 1 - 2 U.S. Plywood Corp. 19.2 plywood mill 150 - 200 2 to 33 .lAll located on the north side of the Siuslaw River except IRussels Marina on the south. 2Has cut back almost 35% of water storage in the last year; 10 to 15 acres is the present use. 3No storage--only barked peelers put into water prior to use, utilizing 2 to 3 acres. 187 s ius, 1 aw B 4y, Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Incomes in the Siuslaw Basin are derived primarily from the forests. The estuary is used for log storage, towing, and barging, and numerous forest products are made in the area and shipped from the Port of Siuslaw each year [35,49,129,155]. The 16 major water-related businesses on the Siuslaw River (to Tidewater at mile 25) are listed in Table 5. Of the 16, four deal in forest products and have a combined work force of about 400 as opposed to approximately 60 for the remaining l2. These four industries use from 14.25 to 20.5 acres of the estuary (depending on the time of year) .for log storage (also shown in Table 5) [107]. Manufacturers in the area other than those on the Siuslaw River listed in Table 5 are described in Table 6 [71]. Most of these deal in lumber or wood products. Table 6. Major Manufacturers at Siuslaw Bay not Included in Table 5 [71]. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Florence @iuslaw News and newspaper and commercial print 10 and Printing and magazine printing 10 other manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood employing less than products (mostly logging) 10 Mapleton Lagler Logging Inc. Contract logging 20 3 manufacturers, 2 of dealing in logging which employ 1 (the other is not listed) Forest products account for virtually all traffic on the Siuslaw River project. Of the 127,000 tons of traffic using the river during 1969, about 75% was lumber and nearly 25% rafted logs. Annual traffic between 1960 and 1969 av eraged 207,000 tons 1155], and watershipment of forest products by the Port of Siuslaw is about 125 tons each year 135]. Much of this is sent to the San Francisco Bay area, Los Angeles, and the Hawaiian Islands. 188 Siuslaw Bay Commercial fishing from the estuary, mainly for shad and crab, is quite limited (Table 7). Landings from the entire area provide some Table 7. 'Commercial Harvest of Shad, Striped Bass, and Crabs From Siuslaw Bay.. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds fishermen pounds fishermen pounds fishermen landed - value landed value landed value Shad(l) 101266 $1,000 9,520 $1,000 8,290 $1,000 Stripe 629 1,242 Bass Crabs 12,000(2) $3,000(2) 3,320(3) 3,80()(3) lSource of reference [20]; data for the Siuslaw River System. 2Source of reference [75]; data for Siuslaw Bay. 3Source of reference[ii8]; data for Siuslaw Bay. income (Table 8), although.not as much as at most of the other estuaries included here (Tables D and E) [34]. There are some agricultural activities (dairy and row crop farming) [35], and the area upstream from the estuary is becoming more industrialized [iss]. Tab le 8. Commercial Harvest of Food Fish Received at Florence, 19710) [34]. Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weight) value Crabs 134,213 $40,000 Coho 133,395 42,000 Albacore Tuna 12,003 4,000 Shad 8,290 1,000 Chinook 6,898 4,000 Groundfish 2,293 Striped Bass 1,242 Smelt 40 Totals 289,374 T911000 !Includes 1971 data presented in Table 7. 189 Siuslaw Bay Table 9. Est Mted Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Siuslaw Bay [751. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 4,600 11,000 340,400 Siuslaw River 2,000 4,000 148,000 Ocean 11,000 14,000 814,000 Sea-run Estuary 14 DOD cutthroat River 2:000j 20,000 370,000 Steelhead River 4,000 12,000 296,000 Shad Estuary 300 200 3,700 Striped Bass Estuary 100 600 11,100 Non-salmonid Estuary 12,000 10,000 60,000 bay fish lAverage of data from past years. Recreational Annual harvest data for angling at Siuslaw Bay are given in Table 9. Trolling f or coho, chinook,-and sea-run cutthroat in the estuary is popular from mid July through November with the best salmon fishing occurring soon after the first heavy rain in September. During the winter months, casting for steelhead is popular [3S,S8]. Spe cies other than salmon and trout which are most commonly taken from the estuary (as determined in the FCO study from October to March 1971) are redtail seaperch, bay mussells, and pile perch by shore angling; dungeness crab and relatively few shiner perch and staghorn sculpin by boat angling; and soft shell clams, relatively few piddocks, and a limited number of mussells by clamming [38]. Marinas on the estuary include the Bay-Bridge Marina, Port of Siuslaw, and Siuslaw Pacific Moorage [35]. 190 Siuslaw Bay Table 10. Surveillance stations at Siuslaw Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of referencis- station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Florence 3 NNW Siuslaw River; 1909*(1963) JOS92,143]l mile 10 Mapleton Siuslaw River; 1924-1929 '1881 mile 21 stream gaging Siuslaw River Siuslaw River; 588 1967-(1970) [14 01, near Mapleton mile 23.7 Siuslaw River Siuslaw River; 261' 1931-1941 above Wildcat mile 44.9 Creek near Austa; USGS #3070 North Fork North Fork Siuslaw [140) Siuslaw River River; mile 13.09 near Minerva DEQ water #1 red channel buoy #16 6/68-(12/71) 167,68; surveillance (7 measurements) #2 red channel buoy #32 #3 channel, 250 yards below Highway 101 bridge-- buoy #47 200 yards north and 700 yards east of Highway 101 bridge #5 black channel buoy #55 6/68-(12/71) (6 measurements) #6 North Fork Siuslaw 6/687(12/71) River bridge (7 measurements) #7 main channel near Cushman #8 SouthSlough inlet 6/68- (12/71 next to Siboco (6 measurements) #9 Beck station Tiernan; 4 6/68-(12/71) miles above Cushman (7 measurements) water Siuslaw River; Siuslaw River; 588 1967-(1968) [141]4 temperature near Mapleton mile 23.7 lPrecipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2MOnthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 30ata available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. 41ncludes sediment records. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 191 192 SIXES RIVER 193 To., I fhRG a Roc 113 9 L 1 4 2 Bm If 16 OTA@TE Wreck 'PARK 9 30 CURRY CO Castle Rock/@- AIRPORT Beacon 166 v *G,II Roc.. Cranberry, ranber I'll Bog Bm og. 6 _32-. 4% Orf r' S @G A + W11111 a 4a pe 131@rhco eO Vp B 11 tA Q@5 ack Rock Z4 04 bixes 8 Is V.; I 1@8 M 2 @,@B M RZ& % 19 cl@P BM 17 130 .29 47 Por(Orford 4 INTERIOR-GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. WASH. D.C.-I9,53 (pORT ORFORD) 124'-3, GOLD SEACH 33 MI. MR 6175 3760DOm-E. 194 SIXES RIVER General Desc@iption of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Sixes River Estuary lies 233 miles south of the Columbia River mouth. It ranks as one of the smallest in size in terms of surface area. Population in the area is largely rural, the small town of Sixes being near the river and Port Orford approximately 5 miles to the south. Census figures and locations appear in Table 1. Table 1. Population Centers at Sixes River [q,96,111,1541. Name General Location River 1970 Mile Population Location Sixes Sixes River, 5.3 (not listed) N. Side Port 5 miles south not 1,037 Orford of Sixes, Ore. apj2licable The HW surface area of the estuary as estimated from 1973,EROS Data Center aerial photographs is 330 acres [1351. L The average annual yield of the Sixes River at its mouth was 440,000 ac-ft for the period of 1930-1961. The minimum annual yield was 240,000 ac-ft, and the maximum, 630,000 ac-ft. The Sixes River source is at river mile 31.41, elevation 880 feet [93,961. The Port of Port Orford is located at P.O. Box 227, Port Orford, Oregon 97465; telephone number 332-3281 [106]. Drainage Basin The Sixes River drains a total basin area of 129 sq. miles. The average yearly freshwater yield of the Sixes River is 440,000 ac-ft which equals an average annual yield of 64 inches over the basin [93]. The Sixes River Basin consists primarily of woodlands (92.3%; 76,76S acres), cropland (1.9%; 1,565 acres), and pasture (4.3%; 3,610 acres). As of January, 1963 the Sixes River had one existing storage pond and 3 potential reservoir sites being studied, The Sixes stream profile appears on page 43 in the Chetco River Basin section. 195 SIXES RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Drainage Basin The average annual precipitation ranges from 60 inches at the mouth of the Sixes River to 110 inches in the upper Teaches [93]. There are four climatological stations in the vicinity. T he Cape Blanco station has precipitation and temperature data from 1952 the Langlois stations has precipitation and temperature lata from 1891- 1904, the Langlois 2 station has precipitation data from 1922, and the Port Orford station has precipitation ano temperature data from 1852-- 1856 and from 1905 to the present [93,143]. The Sixes River has a length of 31.4 miles, the South Fork having a length of 8 miles. The elevation drop from souTc:s to mouth is 880 feet for the Sixes River and 1,840 feet for the South Fork. The average gradient for the Sixes River is 28 feet per mile and 230 feet per mile for the South Fork [93]. Hydraulic Description of-Estuary Tides and Currents According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the average range of the tide is approximately 5 feet [144]. River Dishcarges Stream flow records are available from the USGS stream gaging station on the Sixes River at Sixes, Oregon. The station is located at river mile S.3. The station is discontinued, but records are available for data taken between October 1967 to June 1970. Stream flow averages and extremes appear in Table 2 [148]. Table 2. Stream Gaging Data [148]. Stream Location Drainage Complete Flowrate (river mile) area water years (cfs) (sq.mi.) of record max. min. mean Sixes 5.3 116 Oct; 1967 23,800 18 646 River to June, 1970 196 SIXES RIVER 'Hydraulic Description of Estuary Salinityand Classification by Mixing Salinity profiles as a function of depth and distance from the mouth of the river are presented in Table 3. Data was taken on August 22, 1973 during a high tide of +7.5 feet [87]. Sediments North of Cape Blanco the shoreline is dominated by marine terraces with low cliffs and narrow,, sand beaches. The narrow beaches in the area are composed of coarse sands and gravels. The shoreline between Floras Lake and Cape Blanco displays rocky headlands with steep cliffs. According to the National Shoreline Study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Aug., 1971), the beach area at Floras Lake north of the Sixes River Estuary is experiencing non-critical erosion along with the shoreline at Cape Blanco,to the south of the estuary. The beaches in the immediate vacinity of the estuary are experiencing no erosion The generalized sediment yield for streams in the area is 0.1 to 0.5 ac-ft per sq. mile per year [23]. Water Quality Information Miscellaneous flow and temperature measurements for the basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges from these sources are presented in Table 4 178]. DEQ water quality stations are listed in Table 7. Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Sixes River system are as follows: spring chinook--none, fall chinook--3,000, coho--300, steelhead--2,500, sea-run cutthroat--3,000. The Sixes River is considered to be one of the most important fall chinook streams on the Oregon Coast [78,93]. Dace, cottids, red-sided shiners, sticklebacks, lamprey, and suckers are the known rough fish species in the stream systems of the South Coast Basin [78]. The most important factor limiting fish production in the South Coast Basin in summer water supply. The Sixes River system contains extensive porous gravel beds through which summer flows frequently sub-out, resulting in considerable fish loss (Table 5) [78]. 197 Sixes River Biological Information Table 3. Salinity Values for Sixes River Estuary. Aug. 22, 1973 [87]. Station Distance Salinity :Depth from mouth top bottom (ft.) (mi,) 0.1 28.5 28.S 2 2 0.2 22.7 26.9 4 3 0.3 18.8 27.2 S 4 0.4 22.1 27.9 6 5 0.5 3.1 27.9 6 6 0.7 2.7 27.2 4 7 0.9 2.8 27.2 3 8 1.0 2.9 27.2 3.5 9 1.3 2.8 19.5 10 1.4 1.7 26.0 S 11 1.9 --- ---- I Water temperatures over 70'F commonly accompany low summer flows. Low natural summer runoff coupled with extensive streamside logging in the Sixes basin contribute to warm streamflow conditions during the summer. (See'Table 4) [78]. Logging and related road construction are the main causes of siltation. Naturally-occuring landslides and poor land development are other causes. Heavy deposition of silt is more likely to occur on spawning beds and food producing areas when stream-flows are'low and unable to keep the particles in suspension. The Sixes system is one of five areas in the South Coast Basin considered to be most affected by siltation [78]. 198 Table 4. Temperature Extremes for Sixes Drainage Basin [781. Point of Observed Temperature Extremes measurement of (FO) record max. min. type of. observation Sixes River 4-8-69 to 71 54 spot river mile 5 7-22-69 Sixes River 4-8-69 to 74 52 spot above Dry Cr. 7-22-69 Sixes River 4-8-69 to 70 49 spot below Middle Fork 6-4-69 Sixes River 4-8-69 to 69 45 spot below North Fork 6-14-69 Sixes River 4-8-69 to 49 44 spot above Hays Cr. 5-7-69 Crystal Cr. 4-8-69 to 67 54 spot mouth 7-22-69 Edson Cr. 4-8-69 to 68 so spot mouth 7-22-69 Dry Cr. 4-8-69 to 55 51 spot 100 yd. above 7-22-69 mouth Elephant Rock Cr. to 58 52 spot 100 yd. above .5-7-69 mouth S. Fork Sixes R. 4-8-69 to 65 47 spot 100 yd. above 7-22-69 mouth Otter Cr. 4-8-69 to 59 S1 spot 50 yd. above mouth 5-7-69 Mid. Fork Sixes R. 4-8-69 to 64 46 spot below Cold Cr. 6-4-69 Sugar Cr. 4-8-69 to 52 48 spot 200 yd. above 5-7-69 mouth N. Fork Sixes R. 4-8-69 to 68 45 spot river mile 0.7 6-4-69 Hays Cr. 4-8-69 to 50 44 spot 100 yd. above mouth 199 SIXES RIVER Biological Information Table S. Dry Creek (Sixes River) Fish Salvage'Results, 1949-1952 [78]. YEAR W.1BER OF FISH SALVAGED* 1949 20,125 1950 37,4S4 1951 47,673 1952 32,330 TOTAL 13@,S82 Steelhead, coho, salmon, and fall chinook salmon. Logjams and natural falls create the only significant barriers to fish passage in the South Coast Basin. The Sixes system is one of five areas in the basin considered to be most adversely affected by logjams [781. The Sixes River system has 13 streams used by adult anadromous salmonids, 11 of which have minimum flow recommendations established and 1 protected by the State Water Resources Board. It has been recommended that the entire stream of Dry Creek (Sixes R.) above river mile 0.25 should be protected from gravel removal [78J.- Table 6 refers to the estimated sport harvest in the Sixes River system. Many of Oregon's important bottom fish and shellfish, as well as all anadromous salmonids, depend on the estuarine envrionment during some part of their lives. Due to,the geology of the extreme southern Oregon Coast, the estuaries in this -region are generally small in size. However, these estuaries, including the Sixes River Estuary, are important for the survival of salmon and steelhead [78]. Figure 1 is a periodicity chart showing when adult spawning anadromous fish are present in the Sixes River System. 200 Figure 1. Periodicity Chart for Adult Spawning Anadromous Fish in the Sixes River System [78]. Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon ---------------------- Steelhead and Cutthroat trout Stream Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Sixes River Dry Creek --- ----------- Edson Creek Elephant Rock Creek Otter Creek ---------------- Sixes River, Mid. Fork ---------------- Sixes River,- North Fork Sixes River, South Fork ------------- Sugar Creek 201 SIXES RIVER Biological Information Table 6. Estimat.ed Annual Harvest, Angler Days, and Gross Expenditures for Angling in the Sixes River System [78]., Fish Harvest Angler Gross 'Days Expenditures Salmon 2,600 10,400 $192,400 Steelhead 1,200 4,800 88,800 Sea-run 4SO 250 4,62S Cutthroat TOTAL 1S,4SO $28S,82S Includes jack salmon. Big game create the most hunting opportunities of all wildlife in the basin. In order of abundance, they are: black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, black bear, and cougar... Upland game animals include: band-tailed pigeon, ruffed grouse, blue grouse, mourning dove, mountain quail, valley quail, pheasent, and silver-grey squirrel. Waterfowl use of the Sixes area is relatively minor, but can provide some good to excellent shooting at times in certain areas. Species sighted are mallard, pintail, widgeon, coot, ruddy duck, canvasback, green-winged teal, gadwall, readhead, ringnecked duck, scaup, and merganzers. Furbearers trapped most frequently are beaver, muskrat, river otter, raccoon, and mink. The ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus) and sea otter are the most unique animals in the area and have received full protection by the Game Commission [79]. Physical Alterations The only physical alteration near the estuary is the Oregon Coast Highway Bridge (U.S. 101) at river-mile 5.4 [961. 202 SIXES RIVER Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial The only known industrial and commercial uses for the Sixes River are irrigation, mining, and gravel removal. The legal annual depletion is 1,700 ac-ft with the estimated actual annual consumption being 400 ac-ft. The Sixes River has 2 reservoir rights issued for industrial purposes with a total of 464 ac-ft storage capacity and a total surface area of 39 acres. Surface water rights include 3.12 cfs consumptive for domestic, irrigation, and indust- rial use, while 75 cfs nonconsumptive rights are issued for mining purposes. Chromite, gold, platinum, and coal are mined in the watershed [93]. The only manufacturer in Sixes, Oregon is the Lester T. Smith Lumber Co., a logging contractor which has one employee [711. Recreation The principal attraction of the basin is the Pacific Ocean, and the 145 miles of shoreline are dotted with state parks, waysides, and tourist facilities. Fishing, boating, and other water-based sports make extensive use of the basin's stream system. The large forest areas covering the slopes of the Coast Range provide excellent hunting. Parts of the Sixes River flow through the northern portions of the Siskiyou National Forest. Several streams in the basin have outstanding aesthetic values and make a significant contribution simply because they maintain attractive flows, have little stream-side development, and possess watersheds that have not been excessively logged. The entire South Fork of the Sixes River was selected by the Oregon State Game Commission as a stream which should be managed for its aesthetic value [78,93]. 203 Table 7. Surveillance Stations at Sixes River Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period Reference station identifying location area of number (sq.mi.) record Climatological Cape Blanco T32S, R16W 1952- [931 Sec. 2 present Langlois T30S, R15W 1891- Sec. 35 1904 Langlois 2 T13S, R15W 1922- (Formerly Denmark, Sec. 2 present Willow Creek) Port Orford T33S, R15W 1852- (Formerly the Sec. 8 1856, heads) 1905- present Stream Gaging 14327150 At Sixes, T32S, R15W 116 Oct., 1967- [148] Oregon Sec. 9 June, 1970 Water Quality Sixes R. 1 mi. T32S, R15W [148] above HWY 101 Sec. 10 Bridge river mile 7.2 204 TILLAMOOK BAY 20S 6 15 zo 22 zi 2.9 27 -N- n, 35 sly 4t,00K IILL. 6 flu 7 OREGON 17 14 R4 SECWN @NE@ L@A OTH.'R SOVICE$ 4- mcLANo BE@m OF MEAN 4@ WAM9 A40 MEAN H/0y "MR RDELAW MAP . or 77IL4MW,K SAY SCALE IN FEET JL 71- 57A7F OF OREGON ArF DIVI-90N OF $7 LANDS APRIL 1972 206 TILLAMOOK BAY General"Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Tillamook Bay, the second largest of the estuaries included in this report, lies about 50 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Three incorporated towns in the area are Garibaldi, Bay City, and Tillamook. These and other population centers are listed with their 1970 census figures and approximate locations in Table 1. Not included in Table 1 are the U.S. Coast Guard Station to the north of the estuary mouth and the U.S. Naval Air Station about 1 mile southeast of mile 5 of the Trask River. Table 1. 1 Population centers atTillamook Bayl [95,11- 1,:89-mapi name generallocation approximate 1970 distance from population estuary mouth (miles) Barview Tillamook Bay; north side 0 55 at the mouth Garibaldi2 Tillamook Bay; north side 1 1,083 Miami Tillamook Bay (Miami Cove); 3 not listed north side Hobsonville Tillamook Bay; north side 2 not listed Bay City2 (east of Miami Cove) Tillamook Bayi east side 4 898 Idaville Tillamook Bay; 1 mile to 250 the east Juno Tillamook Bay; I mile to no pop the east Cape Meares Tillamook Bay (Briggs Cove); 3.5 50 2 west side Tillamook Trask River; north-side; 9.5 3,968 mile 2 South Prairie Tillamook River; north side; 14.5 not listed . mile 6.9 Pleasant Valley Tillamook River; east side; 18.8 rural mile 11.3 lTidal effects ext end approximately to mile 1.3 of the Kilchis River, mile 0.4 of the Miami River, mile 7.0 of the Tillamook River, mile 4.2 of the 2Trask River, and mile 2.4 of the Wilson River. Incorporated Tillamook Bay is about 6 miles long and 2 miles wide. An average of the surface areas reported by Johnson at HW f551, Marriage t,59], and the Division of State Lands at MHT [70 is approximately 8,660 acres 207 Tillamook Bay of which 50% to 60% is tidelands (Table 2). Other dimensions as given by Johsnon are shown in Table 3. Table 2. Reported surface areas of Tillamook Bay (95,59,70). reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent 8,861 HW 6,589 MSL 4,339 LW [591 8,839 1 5,147 58 .[701 8,289 MHT 4,163 50 4,127 50 4,126 MLT iSpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. Tab, I e 3. Dimensions of Tillamook Bay ss distance from throat.to farthest estuary shore--6.9 miles inlet diemsnions at throat (at MSL): width--1,485 feet average depth--16 feet cross-sectional area--15,700 feet average lagoon depth below MSL--5 feet The five major tributaries of the bay are the Miami River from the north, the Kilchis and Wilson Rivers from the east, and the Trask and Tillamook Rivers from the south. About 19 smaller tributaries also discharge directly into the bay. Table 4 presents the lengths, drainage areas, annual fresh water yields, and the approximate distance from the estuary mouth to the zero river mile of each of these five larger rivers [89,9S- map]. A good deal of information on Tillamook Bay has been compiled by Thos. J. Murry and Associates in "Development Program for Tillamook Bay, Oregon." [120]. The study is referred to frequently here., The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a physical model of Tillamook Bay in 1970 to consider problems developing in connection with the construction of the south jetty [83,115]. This is mentioned in more detail under "Physcial Alterations." Port commissions for the area have their headquarters in Tillamook and Garibaldi and can be contacted at the following addresses and phone numbers: 208 Tillamook Bay Port of Tillamook Bay Port of Bay City P.O. Box 113 P.O. Box 228 Tillamook, Oregon 97141 Garibaldi, Oregon 97118 842-2413 322-3292 322-3279 Table 4. Lengths, drainage areas, and fresh water yields of Tillamook Bay tributaries [89,95]. stream distance from length drainage area average annual estuary mouth to (miles) (sq mi) fresh water zero river milel yield2 (miles) (ac-ft) Miami River 3 13.6 36 Kilchis River 6 13.83 67 Wilson River 6.5 33.24 1,071,600 Trask River 7.5 18.25 176 839,800 Tillamook River 7.5 18.4 61 292,500 lEstimated from[89 -map] 2Estimated for 1933 to 1958 .[,89] 3To the confluence of North Fork and South Fork 4To the confluence of Devils Lake Fork and South Fork 5To the confluence of North Fork and South Fork Drainage Basin Tillamook Bay drains an area,of 540 sq mi [89-map]. The average annual fresh water yield of three of its major tributaries (Wilson, Trask, and Tillamook Rivers).totals 2,203,000 ac-ft. These three rivers drain a.combined are-a of 430 sq mi or about 80% of the drainage basin [85]. Principal trees in the watershed are douglas fir, hemlock, and spruce [121]. Timberlands, owned primarily by large corporations, lie to the north and south of the estuary. Located to the east is an area of 300,000 acres hit by forest fires in 1933, 1939, and 1945 and known as the "Tillamook Burn" [120,121]. Precipitation ranges from an annual averag e of 90 inches along the coast to 150 inches in the north central portion of the watershed [89]. There are severa1climatological stations in the Tillamook Bay area, and precipitation records are available through the OSWRB from at least 2 of them as described in Table 13. Major floods occurred in the Tillamook Bay area in January 1972 and in 1964. The average air temperature at the city of Tillamook is 51OF with recorded extremes of OOF and 101OF [89]. Wind roses there show January winds with speeds of 4 to 31 mph coming from the.south or from the east about 30% of the time. In July, winds are primarily from the northwest (about 35% of the time) and also have speeds generally from 4 to 31 mph f138]. 209 Tillamook Bay Stream profiles for the Tillamook Estuary river systems appear on page Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents Tillamook Bay is described as being well protected from waves at the throat [55]. Tidal effects extend to the following points on its five major tributaries: Kilchis River--mile 1.3, Miami River--mile 0.4, Tillamook River--mile 7.0, Trask River--mile 4.2, and Wilson River--mile 2.4 f69]. The mean tide range is 5.7 feet with a diurnal range of 7.5 feet [5S] and an extreme tidal range of 13.5 feet [86]. Tidal pri@m on mean range is 1.635 x 109 cu ft with a diurnal range of 2.15 x 10, cu ft f551- River Discharges Stream gaging stations are located at mile 11.4 of the Wilson River and at mile 10.4 of the Trask River (Table 13) [140]. Flow rate extremes and means recorded at these two stations are given in Table 5. Table 5. Fl'ow rates of -Tillamook Bay tributaries [140]. stream point of drainage complete flow rate measurement area @water years (Cfs) (river mile) (sq mi)_ of record maximum minimum mean_ Wilson River 11.4 161 40 32,100 34 1,205 (12/22/64) (9/67) Trask River 10.4 145 33 23,000 - 42 959 (12/22/64) (10/52) Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity measurements of the Tillamook River by Burt and McAllister were made once (each month) in October 1957 and January, April, and July 1958 [12]. Maximum intrusion for these four times was on July 23, 1958 when salinity was measured at concentrations of 8.2 ppt (21.90C) on the surface and 8.6 ppt (21.80C) on the bottom (12 feet) at a point 13.2 miles from the ocean. Measurements beyond this were not reported. On the basis of salinity change from top to bottom, Burt and McAllister have classified Tillamook Bay as a two-layered system during January and as a-well-mixed system during April and October 113]. 210 Tillamook Bay Sediments Net littoral drift in this area is to the north [57]. Since the completion of the north jetty in 1933, material has been deposited behind it, and erosion of the shore along the Bayocean Peninsula (to the south of the estuary mouth) has been a problem. In 1952 this erosion reached a point where the southern portion of the peninsula was breached. Four years later a dike (as described under "Physical Alterations") was constructed to help close this gap. A south jetty, also described later, is now being constructed, and although erosion is continuing, it@ is expected that accretion along the peninsula will ,occur as the jetty is completed [57,120,126,129]. Sediments are being deposited in the estuary at an estimated rate of 135,000 tons annually [57], and the estuary is now believed to be about 40% of its original size [53]. Erosion of the drainage basin follow- ing major fires as described earlier has contributed to this filling 153]. To help reduce the quantity of sediments being deposited at the river mouths, it has been suggested that a system of multiple-purpose channels and sediment-settling basins be developed [120]. Analyses of dredge samples taken from the bay at a point 1 mile from the mouth in August 1962 show a void ratio of 0.604 and a mean grain size that of fine sand [i24]. Water Quality Information As of May 1972 data from 12 water surveillance stations in Tillamook Bay were available through the DEQ (Table 13) [67,68]. Records have been kept at most of these stations since 1960 but do not generally include DO, BOD, conductivity, turbidity and PBI data until 1966. The DEQ also conducted two comprehensive studies in 1972 and 1973, in addition to routine surveillance, on the levels of coliform bacteria present in the oyster growing regions of Tillamook Bay. .Water temperature records are available for the Wilson River near mile 11.4 [138] and for the Trask River at mile 10.4 fl4l] (Table 13). Temperatures at the Wilson River station have been reported as adjusted monthly averages and have ranged from 20C for February to 240C.for July. Records from the Trask River station show daily temperature extremes. Between 1962 and 1968, these ranged from 10C (January 1963) to 220C (May of 1967 and 1968). The greatest range of temperature during a single day in 1968 was 40C (180C to 220C). Sewage treatment plants in the Tillamook Bay area are presently in operation for the cities of Tillamook and Garibaldi, Tillamook Creamery Association, and the Tillamook Airport Industrial Park. Also, a treatment plant to serve Bay City is now under construction. Information about these facilities has been summarized in Table 6 1108,120]. 211 Tillamook Bay Table 6. Sewage treatment plants at Tillamook Bay (108,120]. city of city of Tillamook Tillamook city of Tillamook Garibaldi Creamery Airport Bay City Association Industrial Park compIletion (updated 19581 now (11/72) date in 1970) under construction location boat basin about I mile area; south- north of west of city Tillamook shops city area served handles industrial number now 4,000 .1,250 waste and 614 960 serving sewage at the cheese manufacturing plant number 7,000 1,060 2,120 capable of serving. description secondary secondary secondary 14-acre- treatment treatment; treatment lagoon activated treatment sludge and facil ity aerated basin average flow (mgd) rainy 0.4 to 0.6 dry 0.125 (10/20/72) Being replaced by an activated sludge sand filtration plant with secondary treatment; to be capable of serving 2,500. Table 7. Estimated numbers of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the major tributaries of Tillamook Bay [77]. stream chinook coho chum steelhead sea-run spring fall winter summer cutthroat Miami River 90 540 270 2,850 675 50 2,500 Kilchis River 540 2,970 1,890 4,050 4,000 100 3,000 Wilson River 1,800 9,900 6,300 1,500 33,600 2,000 5,000 Trask River 3,150 17,325 23,275 1,000 11,000 200 5,000 Tillamook River 540 2,970 1,890 500 300 50 2,500 ,totals 6,120 33,705 33,625 9,900 49,575 2,400 18,000 ,212 Tillamook Bay Biological Information Estimated numbers of chinook, coho, chum, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat spawning in the five major tributaries of.Tillamook Bay are shown in Table 7 [77]. In comparison with other estuarine rivers and river systems (Table B), these numbers are quite high. Salmon and perch provide excellent sport fishing there, and clam digging, and crabbing are important both recreationally and commercially, as discussed later [38,86,126J. Clams.found in the estuary include gaper and cockle in the northern section, softshells near the southern portion, and some butter, littleneck, and razor clams near the mouth [38,S3,155]. The bay is also the main oyster producer in the state, but the oysters must be seeded in order to grow [89,120,155]. The estuary is used by widgeon, pintail, canvas back., sc,aup, and other ducks during fall and winter, and it is the main black brant wintering area of Oregon [89,155]. A much more complete listing of fish, waterfowl, shore birds, and wildlife found in the area, provided by the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, the OSGC, and the FCO, is presented in the T.J. Murray report [1201, where it is also stated that, according to OSGC and FCO, representatives,there are no endangered species (as defined by Congress in the Endangered Species Act of 1966 and in the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969) in the Tillamook Bay area, Physical Alterations Proposed alterations to the estuary by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers include two jetties, a channel through the ocean bar to Miami Cove and then on to Hobsonvilie, turning basins at Miami Cove and Hobsonville, a small boat basin at Garibaldi, and a dike to close the breach in the Bayocean Peninsula [S5,120,1261129]. The north jetty, channel system to Miami Cove, small-boat basin, and dike have all been completed. The south jetty has been partially constructed as has the turning basin at Miami Cove (most of which is described as being inactive) [126]. The channel from Miami Cove to Hobsonville and the turning basin, also described as inactive [126], have apparently not yet been constructed. Demensions and con struction dates are given in Table 8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredging records from 1959 through 1969 (excluding 1968) show that (1) the entrance bar and inner channel were dredged annually from 1962 through 1966 with an average of 57,232 cu yds being removed; (2) the small boat basin and approach channel were dredged in 1959 with a total of 11,724 cu yds removed; and (3) there was no dredging in 1960, 1961, 1967, and 1969 [SS]. The Corps of Engineers was to issue an invitation for bids for dredging about 200,00 cu yds from the lower 5,000 feet of the Trask River and the lower 8,000 feet of the Wilson River with the bid opening on July 31, 1972 and the dredging to be completed 60 days after the bid [120]. 213 Tillamook Bay Table 8. U.S. Wmv Corps of Engineers Modifications to Tillamook Bay [55,120,126.,128,129]. Proposed Dimensions (1) Modification Location depth width lenFt-h Date and Status (feet) (feet) North Jetty Entrance 5,700 feet 1933-completed 1965-rehabilitated South Jetty Entrance 8,000 t(2) I965-authorized fee 1969-construction started 1971-completed to 4,200 feet 1974-scheduled for completion Channel Entrance 18(3) Not 1927-completed Specified Channel Entrance to Miami Cove 18(3) 200 3 miles 1927-completed Tu rning Basin Miami Cove 1968 (publication date)- .'most of it inactive" Small-boat Garibaldi 12 1958-completed Basin Channel Miami Cove 16(3) 200 4,000 feet 1968 (publication date)- To Hobson- "Inactive" ville Turning Basin Hobsonville 1968 (publication date)- "Inactive" Dike Bayocean 1.4 miles .1956-completed Peninsula- Between Pitcher Point and Bayocean lLack of completion date does not necessarily signify that the modification has not been constructed. 2Modified to 6,500 feet after scouring at the completed end during the winter of 1971772. 3The possibility of deepening the entrance channel to 40 feet and the inner channel to 30 feet is being considered. 214 Tillamook Bay Navigable lengths of the Tillamook Bay tributaries are as follows: Kilchis River--2 miles, Miami River--0.5 miles, Tillamook River--16.0 miles, Trask River--2.0 miles, and Wilson River--3.0 miles. Between 1960 and 1969, traffic using the channel system averaged 09,000 tons annually, and until 1967, rafted logs accounted for from 20,000 to 70-,000 tons each year. In 1969 traffic reached 250,000 tons and consisted entirely of inbound crushed rock for use in jetty construction [120,129]. Future modifications to the bay as well as plans for continuing (or altering) present projects are being considered.. A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study of the navigation features of Tillamook Bay has been authorized and is ready (July 1972--publication date) for implementation pending decision by the local port authorities as to improvements to be proposed [120]. Examples of projects which are being discussed and questioned include completion of the south jetty, deepening of channels, and a-method of reducing sedimentation in the bay. Concerning the.south jetty, there has been some problem, due to the scouring off its completed end, as to the way work on it should proceed. At one time, the possibility of leaving temporary gaps in the jetty to minimize scour and then filling the gaps as a final stage was to be tested through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers physical model of Tillamook Bay [155]. As of July-1972, however, plans were reportedly to complete the jetty-to a final length of 6,SOO feet by 1974, and no mention of leaving gaps was made [120]. Also under consideration is a proposal to deepen the entrance channel to 40 feet and the inner chapnel to 30 feet [55,120,129]. This is discussed in the T.J. Murray report [120]. To help alleviate the problem of sedimentation at the mouths of the tributaries to the bay, it has also been suggested in that report that a system of multiple purpose channels and sediment settling basins be developed. The Division of State Lands inventory of filled lands in Tillamook Bay has been completed and is now available [69]. Some of the information from it is given injable C. The FCO operates the Trask River Salmon Hatchery located'near the junction of Gold Creek and the Trask River at a point 5 miles east of the city of Tillamook and near mile 7'of the Trask River [54]. Total releases, all coho and spring chinook, from the hatchery to Oregon waters (the TraskRiver, coastal tributaries, and Gold Creek) between July 1, 1968 and June 3, 1969 numbered 1,206,463 [33]. A fishway, located on Fall Creek and called the Fall Creek Fishway, was completed in 1964 under the FCO "Coastal 60-40 Program" [119]. The creek-is a.tributary of the Wilson River at mile 17.2. 215 Tillamook Bay Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Major industries around the bay are those connected with timber, agricultural products, fish and seafoods, and tourism [20,34,89,118,121,155]. A listing of the manufacturers in the area is given in Table'9 [71]. Table 9. Major Manufacturers at Tillamook Bay [71]. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Garibaldi Oregon-Washington sanded plywood 280 Plywood Co. Edmunds Fish and seafoods (canning) 21 Crab Co. Smith Pacific Shrimp shrimp (packaging) 24 Co. 7 manufacturers dealing in lumber and wood products employing less than and food (fish, seafoodsi and meat). 20 Bay City McRae and Sons Inc. furniture; brush parts 20 2 manufacturers dealing in packaged fish and sea- employing less than foods 10 Tillamook Tillamook Veneer Co. plywood 275 Publishers Paper Co.. lumber 200 Diamond Lumber Co. lumber 175 Tillamook County cheese, butter, milk and whey, 150 Creamery Association feeds Crown Zellerbach Corp. logging 140 21 other manufacturers dealing in a variety of products, the employing 20 or under main ones being lumber and wood products Tillamook County is a center of lumber production with its greatest income being derived from forest products fl2l]. About half of its basic industry jobs are provided by independently owned lumber and plywood mills in the Tillamook Bay area 11201. Long-term stabilization of the wood processing industry will reportedly depend on the operations of the major'timberland owners in Tillamook County and on developing both more modern facilities and the capability of utilizing smaller trees [1201. 216 Tillamook Bay The four major wood processing plants in the vicinity of the bay, listed in Table 9, are the Oregon-Washington Plywood Co. (on tidewater at Garibaldi), Publishers Paper Co., Tillamook Division (in the city of Tillamook), Diamond Lumber Co. (southeast of the city of Tillamook in the Tillamook Airport Industrial Park), and the Tillamook Veneer Co. (also in the Tillamook Airport Industrial Park) [71,120]. Crown Zellerbach Corp. and Publishers Paper Co. are the maj .or private timberland owners in the county [120], and the Forest Service and B04 manage extensive acres with the State Forestry Department managing the Tillamook Burn (described earlier) [121]. Commercial fishing activities are centered at the small boat basin at Garibaldi where the commercial fleet is moored with 119 commercial fishing boats having annual moorage and over 200 more delivering to the processing plants, which are also concentrated in that area as indicated in Table 9 [71,120]. With the exception of oysters, commercial harvests directly from the estuary (Table 10) are quite limited; however, landings from the entire area (Table 11) with a total value to'fishermen of over $900,000 during 1971 provide some income [34,77,118]. A comparison with landings received at other estuaries can be made from Tables D and E. Table 10. Commercial Harvest of Clams, Crabs,-and Oysters From Tillamook Bay [77,11.81. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds pounds fishermen pounds fishermen landed landed value landed value Clams 4,770 7,819 $ 1,000 5,948 $1,000 Crabs 47,160 92,465 Oysters 241,929 $236,000 Table 11. Commercial Harvest Food Fish Received at Tillamook, 19710) Species Harvest (pounds round Fishermen weight)-- value Crabs 987,058 $227,000 Shrimp 896,080 109,000 Coho 777,671 243,000 Oysters 239,136 270,000 Albacore Tuna 118,217, 37,000 Groundfish 72,689 6,000 Chinook 18,449 10,000 Clams 5,948 11000 Pinks 2) 5 Miscellaneous( 688 l_'OOO Totals 3,115,941 @_904,000 lIncludes 1971 data presented in Table 10. 2Sand shrimp, crawfish, eel. 217 Tillamook Bay Oysters, which must be seeded for growth to occur, are cultivated in 2,650 acres of Tillamook Bay leased from the FCO. About 85% of the oysters grown in Oregon are seeded and produced there by Hayes Oyster Co., Tillamook Oyster Co., and Olsen Oyster Co. [69,89,120,155]. There are 565 dairy farms in Tillamook County, and the Tillamook County Creamery Association, listed in Table 9, is well known for its dairy products, particularly its cheddar cheese. Located just north of Tillamook on Highway 101, it is reportedly the west's largest cheese plant 189,106,121]. Recreational Fishing, clamming, and crabbing are some of the major aspects of tourism in the area [121]. Species most commonly caught (excluding salmon and trout), as determined in-the FCO study between March and October 1971, include pile perch, kelp greenling, and shiner perch by shore angling; dungeness crab by boat angling; cockle and littleneck clams and relatively few butter clams by clamming; and some black rockfish by scuba diving [38]. Estimates of the recreational harvest of clams and non-game fish are shown in Table 12. Table 12. Estimated Annual Harvest Data for Sport Fishing at Tillamook Bay '177]. ettort Species ann-ual harvest (angler- or Year (total number) digger-days) Non-game 24,500 6,000 1970 bay fish Clams 540,000 18,000 average of data before 1970 Mid April to mid May is the best time for spring chinook fishing. July and August are good for offshore salmon trolling and September through December provides good coho fishing. Mid September to mid October marks the peak fall chinook fishing. The Wilson and Trask Rivers are the most heavily fished areas, although the Tillamook, Miami, and Kilchis Rivers are also popular [58]. Boat landings on the estuary include the Garibaldi ramp at Garibaldi, the Tillamook Bay County boat launch at the south end of t *he bay, the Siskeyville Boat Slide on the Wilson River near mile 12, and the Tillamook Marine Park on Hoquarten Slough near Tillamook [91,121]. Various aspects of recreational boating, including (1) an Oregon State Marine Board Survey of Oregon boating facilities (1971), (2) suggestions for futher development for boat use; and (3) the 1971 number of small boat round-trip crossings of Tillamook Bay, have been presented in the T.J. Murray reference [1201. 218 Tillamook Bay The Wilson River Highway Forest Wayside on the Wilson River near mile 20 and the Trask Guard Station (State Forestry) on the Trask River at approximate river mile 18.5 are State Parks in the area. County Parks include Barview Wayside on the north side of the estuary at the mouth, Wilson River Wayside on the Wilson River at various points between miles 10 and 18, Kilchis on the Kilchis River at approximate river mile 7, and Peninsula Park on the Trask River near mile 13.5 [91,121]. Table 13. Surveillance stations at Tillamook Bay. type of _-_6a_meamd/or approximate drainage period of references station 'identifying location area record number (sq mi) - climatological Bay,City Tillamook Bay; north 1896-1912 (89,90] side; elevation-- 14 feet Tillamook Trask River; mile 2.5; elevation--33 feet 1886*(1960) (8.9,90] Tillamook Naval Trask River; mile 5.5; 1945-1948 Air Station elevation--45 feet Tillamook 12 E; Trask River; mile 18.5; 1909-1912 [89,§0,92,1431 Tillamook 11 E; elevation--320 feet 1940-(1960) Trask; USGS #8504 Tillamook I W; elevation--10 feet 1889* [92P143.11 USGS #8494 stream gaging Trask River near Trask River; 145 7/31*000 Tillamook; mile 10.4 USGS #3025 2 Wilson River near Wilson River; 161 10/14*(1970) E8@,90,98,1401 Tillamook; mile 11.4 USGS #3015 North Fork Wilson Wilson River; 19.9 1913-1917 (89:1901 River near mile 8.5 Tillamook; USGS #3020 DEQ water #1 temp. channel marker 45 2/60-(4/72) 3' surveillance yards N, 15 yards E (92 measurements) BW "A" #2 temp. channel marker 50 yards N, 15 yds E BW "B" #3 pile--near covered 2/60-(4/72) it jetty 70 yards S, (91 measurements) 10 yards E #4 Dick Pt. Dike near North End 145 yards S, 100 Yards E #5 Memaloose Pt. 100 yards 2/60-(4/72) N, 6 yards E/W (92 measurements) #6 Pitcher Pt. 112 mile 2/60-5/72 E, 1/4 mile N (100 measurements) 219 Tillaniook Bay Table 13. Surveillance stations at Tillamook Bay, cont. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of references station identifying location area record number (sq mi) DEQ water #7 opposite Sandstone Pt. 2/60-(5/72) [67,68]3 surveillance 225 yards S, 1.59 (102 measurements) miles W #8 flashing green light 2/60-(5/72) #17, 0.91 mile S (127 measurements) 500 yards W #9 flashing light #19, 2/60-(4/72) 30 yards S, 100 (98 measurements) yards W #10 Hobsonville Point, 700 yards S, 340 yards E #11 Sandstone Point, 100 6/62-(5/72) yards N. 0.55 mile W (34 measurements) #12 Dick Point Dike South .2/72-(4/72) End, 30 yards S, 50 (11 measurements) yards E water quality Wilson River (mile 6.5) [89,90] water Trask River near Trask River; 145 4/62-(9/68) (141] temperature Tillamook mile 10.4 Wilson River Wilson River; near - mile 11.4 161 1/47-(9/62) .[138]@ Tillamook Wilson River (mile 6.8) 8/60 J89.901. Precipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2Monthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 3Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ; records are not complete before 1966. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 220 COLUMBIA SUB-BASIN 3 z 0 w W, -RS11 I I I I E --.N R-R -u-.y VER R-n STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH NEHALEM SUB-BASIN 2 z 0 > w NEKILI. -E. M R V STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH TILLAMOOK SUB-BASIN I Iwo z 0 w j AL.:EMU NORTH COAST DRAINAGE BASIN -SK KI PROFILE STREAM MILES ABOVE MOUTH File No. 1.70246 221 UMPOUA BAY 223 STATE OF OREGON DIVISION OF STATE LANDS TIDELAND MAP OF UMPQUA RIVER JULY 1972 N A 77777 "l- Mph 0,.g- 5@- L- @u 5 lz=.z "I c::;z 11, c, OREGON Scole (9) UMPQUA BAY General Description Of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Located about 180 miles south of the Columbia River mouth, Umpqua Bay ranks third in size of the estuaries. included here CTable A). Its largest and only incorporated town is ReedspoTt. Table 1 lists the locations and 1970 census figures of this and other population centers in the area. Table 1 Population centers at Umpqua Bayl [97,111.1. name general location river mile approximate 1970 'distance from population location estualry mouth (miles) Winchester Bay Umpqua, River; south side 1.7 1.7 500 Gardiner Umpqua River; north side 9.0 9.0 500 Reedsport2 Umpqua River; south side 10.7 to 12.6 10.7 to 12.6 4,039 Murphys Camp Umpqua River 26.3 26.3 no winter population Scottsburg Umpqua River; north side 27.5 27.5 200 Greenacres Umpqua River 30.1 30.1 rural East Gardiner Smith River 1.3 12.8 30 Frantz Smith River 2.7 14.2' no pop lTidal effects extend approximately to mile 28 of the Umpqua River. 21ncorporated Approximate surface area of the estuary is 6,430 acres of which between 20% and 30% is tidelands, as shown in Table 2. These tidelands are found mainly between the mouth and mile 14 (about 1 mile above Reedsport).. Other estuary dimensions are given in Tables 3 and 4. Table 2. Reported surface areas of U,mpqua Bay [55,59,711. .reference surface area - measured at tidelands submerged Tands (acres) acres percent acres percent [5s] 6,749 kW 5,303 MSL 3,845 LW [5.9] 5,712 1 1,548 27 [711 61830 MHT 1,531 22 5,298 78 5,298 MLT ISpecified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. 225 Umpqua Bay Table 3. Dimensions of Umpqua Bay [551. distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--13.5 miles inlet dimensions at throat (at MSL): width--1,980 feet average depth--20 feet cross-sectional area--33,000 sq ft average lagoon depth below MSL--15 feet Table 4. Cross-sectional areas of Umpqua Bay, 1962 [40]. Point of measurement Cross-sectional area (river mile), (sq ft)l 0 22,000 3 30,500 7 14,925 8 28,800 11 5,840 I Taken perpendicular to the main channel for water level at 0 feet above MLLW. Umpqua Bay, in effect, consists of the lower reaches of the Umpqua. River with the estuary mouth and zero river mile being the same point. The major tributary to mile 28 (head of tidewater) is the Smith River at mile 11.5. Mill Creek, at mile 24.2, is the next largest tributary within tidal effects, and there are numerous smaller creeks. Lengths and drainage areas of these three larger streams (the Umpqua and Smith Rivers 'and Mill Creek) are presented in Table S. Table.5. Lengths and drainage areas of Umpqua Bay tributaries [97,99]. stream length, drainage area (miles) (sq mi) Umpqua River 111.71 4,S60 Smith River 89.6 347 Mill Creek 22 135 To the confluence of the North Umpqua River and the South Umpqua River 226 Umpqua Bay At least two physical models have been made of Umpqua Bay--one through Washington State University [40] and the other by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 132]. The Washington State 'University model, completed some time before August 1962 (publication date), was used (1) to determine whether a highly distorted small scale model could be made to operate satisfactorily; and (2) to determine the pollution potential of the Umpqua Estuary under certain outfall conditions [40]. The Corps of Engineers-model was used in a testing program in 1967 and 1968 at the Hydraulics division of the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. The purpose of the program was to determine the optimum plan for the reduction of shoaling and elimination of cross-currents in the navigation channel at the entrance 132]. These studies have been described in detail in the references cited. The port commission and industrial development corporation for the area are located in Reedsport and Roseburg with addresses and phone numbers as follows: Port of Umpqua Umpqua Development Corp. Reedsport, Oregon 97467 410 S.E. Spruce St. 271-3636 P.O. Box 1026 Roseburg, Oregon 97470 672-2648 Drainage Basin The Umpqua River drainage basin.covers 4,560 sq mi and yields 6,700,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually with extremes of 12,000,000 ac-ft and 2,750,000 ac-ft [99]. Precipitation records are available from several climatological stations in the basin (Table 13). The average annual rainfall ranges from 25 to 110 inches with 50 to 110 in the Coastal Range, 25 to 50 inches in the "Central Valley" (the area of the confluence of the North-and South Umpqua Rivers), and 50 to 75 inches in the Cascade Mountains 199]. Average rainfall along the coast (western Douglas County) is 77 inches, and the average air temperature there is 520F [58]. Elevations are from sea level to 3,000 feet in the Coast Range and 9,000 feet in the Cascade Range [99]. 227 Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The estuary is described as being'fully exposed to waves at the throat [55]. Tidal effects extend up the Umpqua River as far as Scottsburg at river mile 27.5 [99,126]. The.mean tide range is 5.1 feet, the diurnal range 6.9 feet [551, and.the extreme range 11.0 feet (86]. Tidal prism on mean range is 1.18 x 109 cu. ft with a diurnal range of 1.595 x 109 cu ft 1551. River Discharges Records kept between 1905 and 1970 at a stream gaging station (Table 13) located on the Umpqua River at mile 56.8 where the drainage area is 3,683 sq mi (80% of the total basin) show an average discharge of 7,435 efs and extremes of 265,000 cfs (December 23, 1964) and 640 cfs (July 18, 1926) 11401. The average maximum andminimum daily flows at this same spot, but for the 14-year period between 1953 and 1967, were 125,000 cfs and 900 cfs 17]. There are numerous stream gaging stations in the Umpqua River system, but the only other -major tributary for which records will be given here is the Smith River, which has a-station located at mile 28.5 where the drainage area is 206 sq mi (Table 13). The station has been in operation since October 1965 and recorded an-average discharge between then and 1970 of 685 cfs with extremes of 26,700 cfs (January 3, 1966) and 4.3 cfs (August 26,1966) [140]. Salinity and Classification by Mixing In the study by Burt and McAllister, salinity measurements were taken in the Umpqua River in June 1956, October 1957, and January, March, and July 1958 [12]. Of these five times, maximum intrusion was found on October 6, 1957 at HHW when it r.eached a point 16.7 miles from the ocean at concentrations of 1.3 ppt on the surface and 1.5 ppt.on the bottom (5 feet) with a concurrent temperature of 15.80C at both points. Measurements beyond this were not reported. 1. More extensive salinity data were taken by R.J. Callaway through the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, in 1961 [15,16,17]. Also, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers measured surface and bottom salinity at miles I and 2 of the estuary in verifying its physical model of Umpqua Bay 132]. The measurements were taken during 1966 on March 30- 31 and August 3-4. The greatest -range in concentration on the surface was found during the March 30-31 period at-mile I where it ranged from 3 ppt to 26-.5 ppt. Fresh-water discharge at that ti-me was 17,000 cfs. The greatest range on the bottom also occurred during March 30-31, but at mile 2, and was from 5 ppt to 30 ppt. 228 Salinity, velocity and dissolved oxygen data were taken by Callaway [15,16,171, who also observed the intrusion of low dissolved oxygen (<2 ppm) due to upwelling. The estuary as classified by Burt and McAllister on the basis of mixing .was found to be a two-layered system in January and February; a partly- mixed system in March, May, and October; and a well-mixed system in July 113]. Sediments Net transport of-material along the coast near Umpqua Bay seems to be to the south, and there is some erosion south of the south jetty 157]. Movement of sand sediments around the north jetty and into the,-estuary during high tide has been, observed through aerial photographs [53]. Sediments transported to the estuary from its drainage basin are estimated at 564,000 tons annually [85]. Analyses of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge samples taken at numerous points within the estuary from November 1970 to August 1971 show the follow- ing: (1) organic contents ranging from 0.91% to 3.27% (both samples were taken in August 1971--the first from the east side between miles 5.30 and 5.50 and the second from the west side at Buoy #9); (2) void ratios ranging from 0.772 (November 1970 at milepost 80-100 at Barretts upper dike) to 0.967 (August 1971 from the west side at Buoy #9); and (3) mean grain size that of fine sand [1241. Water Quality Information The DEQ operates seven water survei.llance stations in the estuary for which records are available in punch card and printout form for about 25 sampling dates since 1957 [67,68]. Locations of these stations are given in Table 13. Sewage treatment facilities in the area consist of a new plant in Reedsport and a new sanitary district in Gardiner which pumps-into the .Reedsport plant. Plans are underway for construction of a plant in Winchester Bay. The plant in Reedsport is a secondary treatment facility, located on the south side of the Umpqua River between the Highway 101 bridge (mile 11.0) and the Southern Pacific Railroad bridge (mile 11.3). Operating since September 1970, it serves the cities of Reedsport and Gardiner. Daily flow averaged 725,000 gallons in September 1972 and 707,000. gallons in October 1972 (both fairly dry-months); during rainy weather, it peaks at 2,000,000gallons [63,97,110]. A water quality problem has a-risen from logging operations as well as from sand and gravel and agricultural practices in the area. These activi- ties all cause an increase in silt resulting in turbidity and (when high enough in concentration) destruction of eggs in the spawning grounds 229 Biological Information Estimated.numbeTs of adult anad-romous salmonids spawning in the Umpqua and Smith Rivers and in the entire Umpqua River system are shown in Table 6. .In comparison with the other estuarine river systems included in this Table 6. Estimated numbers of adult anadromous salmonids spawnirfg in the Umpqua River system stream chino6k coho sea-run spring fall Winter summer cutthroat Umpqua River 0 2,200 15,000 10,500 0 8,000 Smith River 0 1,000 5,000 10,000 0 10,000 Umpqua River 12,600 5,000 25,000 40,000 12,000 30,000 system report (Table B), the Umpqua has relatively high numbe rs of spring chinook, steelhead (winter and summer), and sea-run cutthroat 179]. Salmon and trout provide good fishing, as do to-mcod, perch, striped bass, and green and white sturgeon (in the upper bay). Dungeness crab and soft shell clams are also commonly taken. The clams are found mainly in the tidal flats n 'ear the northern bend of the estuary around mile 6.5 where near optimum conditions for them exist. Gaper clams are frequently taken in Winchester Bay [38,79,155]. Scaup are found in the upper bay, and other ducks use the estuary in the fall during migration. Band-tailed pigeons exist on the tidal- flats [79,155]. The entire area around the estuary is considered a winter range for big game, which, in order of abundance, include black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, white-tailed deer, black bear, and cougar [79]. Physical Alterations Completed and proposed alterations to the estuary by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers consist of three jetties, a-main channel to Reedsport with a turning basin there, side channels (with turning basins) to Winchester Bay and Gardiner; a channel in Scholfield Creek and one with a passing basin in the Smith River. These have been summarized in Table 7... A s of 1971 (publication date), consideration of the possibility of expanding entrance and river 'channel dimensions was in the primary phase,meaning a public meeting was to be scheduled 1129], 230 Umpqua Bay Table 7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Modifications to Umpqua Bay [SSX1261129,13(@-46004J-28-1- Proposed Dimensions Modification Location depth width len@t-h Date and Status (feet) (feet) North Jetty Entrance 8,00b feet 1940-completed South Jetty Entrance 4,200 feet 1938-extension completed 1963-rehabilitated Training Jetty South Side 5,500 feet 1951-completed of Entrance; Mostly in- side Channel Entrance 26 26 feet completed Channel Umpqua 22 200 11 miles 1941-completed River Uj from the Entrance C`: to Reedsport (2) Turning Basin Reedsport 22 600 1,000 feet appears completed (2) Side Channel From Main 12 100 appears completed Channel to Docks at Winchester Bay (2) Mooring and Winchester 12 175 300 @appears completed, Turning Basin Bay Side Channel From Main 22 200 appears at least partially Channel to completed(2) Gardiner Turning Basin Gardiner 22 500 800 Channel Scholfield 12 100 2 miles 1971 (publication date)- Creek- "Inactive" from its confluence with the Umpqua River Channel Smith River 6 100 16 miles 1957-completed C-) Mouth to C) North Fork Passing Basin Near North 1957-completed LU Fork (mile 16) Channel Smith River 4 75 5 miles From North Fork to Sulphur Springs Lack of completion date does not necessarily m@an that the modification has not been constructed. 20bserved on USCGS chart #6004 (August 15, 1970). 231 The channel systems have been maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and by private contractors. Corps of Engineers,records of dredging activities in the entrance channel from 1959 to 1969 Ce:)ccl-uding 1968) show the 270,151 cu yds removed in 1964 to be a fairly typical amount J50,55]. Private contractors have performed hydraulic dredging in the Smith River near Otter Slough (mile 4.4) and have spoiled either on high land behind water-tight berm Or on the beach as nourishment 150]. Navigation is possible to-mile 30.0 of the Umpqua River, mile, 20.0 of the Smith River, mile 1.0 of the North Fork Umpqua River, and mile 6.0 of Scholfield Creek [69]. Traffic through the Umpqua River project in 1969 weighed 505,000 tons and consisted of about 50% rafted logs; "less than 50V sand, gravel, and crushed rock;-and 13% fuel oil and lumber shipments. Between 1960 and 1969 traffic averaged 810,000 tons annually. On the Smith River project rafted logs constituted about 90% of the traffic during 1969 with sand, gravel, and crushed rock accounting for the remaining 10%. Total traffic using the Smith River project.during the year (1969) was 302,000 tons, which was considerably lower than the annual average (from 1960 to 1969) of 457,000 tons .[129]. "An Inventory of Filled Lands in Umpqua River Estuary, June 1972" has been prepared by the Division of State Lands [69]. According to the report, there are 106.04 acres of landfills on submerged and submersible lands of the estuary. Of that total, 78.73 acres have been used to con- struct the marina and harbor in Winchester Bay, and most of the remaining acres are all marine oriented. Some information from that report is given in Table C, but more details (e.g *, location and ownership of filled lands) can be obtained from the report itself. A rearing pond (Camp Creek rearing pond) was constructed 21 -miles east of Reedsport in 1963 under the FCO "Coastal 60-40 Program" [119]. The OSGC operates the Rock Creek hatchery on the North Umpqua River near the town of Idleyld Park which is almost 148 miles from the estuary mouth [56]. Releases from,the hatchery totaled 956,598 during 1970 and consisted of 726,994 rainbow-trout, 182,914 spring chinook, and 46,690 summer steelhead [80]. Estuary Uses Industrial and.Commercial The economy of the estuary area depends mainly on timbe-r and fish resources, although tourism is also important, as are sand and gravel operations and dairying to some extent. In the Smith and Umpqua River valleys there is some farming and -ranching based on cattle and sheep raising 158,99,110]. As can be seen from the listing of the aTeals-manufacturers given in Table 8, paper, plywood, and lumber-mills 'there are numerous [58,71]. Not listed in Table 8 is the Bohemia Lumber Co. operation now (October 1972) 232 uHinqua bay Table 8. Major Manufacturers at Umpqua Bay [71]. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Winchester Winchester Bay seafood and minkfood 300 Bay Seafood Co. Salmon Harbor canning seafood 5 Seafood Inc. Sportsmens Cannery salmon processing 5 Gardiner International Paper plywood and lumber/chips 650 Co. Gardiner Paper Mill paper products 250 Reedsport Whitcomb Logging Co. contract logger 75 U.S. Plywood fir veneer 50 Reedsport Mill Co. lumber 50 G and C Logging Co. l.ogging 28 12 manufacturers half deal in lumber and.wood employing less products and the remaining 6 in than 10 cheese and butter; newspaper and commercial printing; perfume; concrete building blocks; machine shop and welding; pick-up tops and campers under construction between Reedsport and Gardiner [110]. Statistics of waterborne traffic through the Umpqua.and Smith River projects, presented in more detail under "Physical Alterations," give an@.indication of the extent of timber-related activities in the area. For example@ in 1969 rafted logs accounted for 50% of the 505,000 tons using the Umpqua River Projectand 90% of the 302,000 tons using the Sinith River project [129]. Commercial fishing in the area is based at Winchester Bay where the major industry is the Winchester Bay Seafood Co., which processes a variety of fish, crab,-and shrimp 158,1551. Commercial harvest from the estuary and its tributaries consists mainly of shad and striped bass and some crabs and clams. Statistics are presented in Table 9 [20,118]. Commercial landings from the entire area, shown in Table 10, are high in comparison with landings received at other estuarine ports as shown in Tables D and E. The Umpqua River Navigation Co. maintains an e_xtensive sand and gravel operation with headquarters in Reedsport [58]. Its floating gravel plant is used to dredge, crush, and process river run gravel. The company has removed over 4,216,000 cu yds of gravel from the Umpqua River since 1949 with an annual average (between 1965 and 1970) of 239,868 cu yds 1261. 233 Umpqua Bay Table 9. Commercial Harvest of Shad, Striped Bass. Crabs, and Clams at Umpqua Bay, 1969, 1970, and 1971 T20,1181. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds fishermen pounds Ti @shemen 'Pounds fishermen landed value landed value landed value Shad(') 374,000 $40,000 394,018 $52,000 246,96-8 $34,000 Stripe Bassl') 19,481 3,000 35,473 6,000 56,321 9,000 Crabs(2) 23,049 2,417 700(3) Clams(2) 9,384 10,631 7,459 11000 ISource of reference C20].; data for the Umpqua River system. 2SOurce of reference[118]; data for Umpqua Bay. 3Determined as a percentage of the total value of crab landings given in Table 10. Table 10. Commercial Harvest of FrI Fish Received at Winchester Bay, 1.971 [34].- Species Harvest (pounds round fishermen weight) value Groundfish 4,561,702 $375,000 Crabs 809,070 283,000 Coho 781,611 245,000 Shad 246,968 34,000 Shrimp .81,330 10,000 Striped Bass 56,321 91000 Chinook 26,377 15,000 Albacore Tuna 13,766 4,000 Clams 7,459 1,000 Smelt 5,976 2,000 Pinks 1,580 Green Sturgeon 50 Totals 6,592,210 T978,000 lIncludes data presented in Table 9. 234 Umpqua Bay A study to determine the extent of replenishment of the removed gravel was! completed by CH2M/Hill in June 1971 126]. Use of the channel systems -for transport of sand, gravel, and-rock, as described -under "Physical Alterations" has been especially extensive on the Umpqua River 1881. Recreational As with commercial fishing, Winchester Bay also serves as the center for the sport fishing, having numerous facilities, docks, and -marinas for all types of boats. Facilities for salmon angling are provided at Salmon Harbor on the bay where coho and chinook can be caught from June through September. Salmon fishing on the Umpqua River is good from its mouth to the dam at Winchester located at-mile 7.0 of the North Umpqua River or 118.7 miles from the ocean. Chinook can be taken from the river from mid March through June, and coho enter it after the fall rains and provide their best angling in the sections near the towns of Scottsburg at mile 27.S and Umpqua atmile 102.7 IS8,97j. Species other than salmon and trout-most commonly caught by sports- men at Umpqua Bay, as determined in the FCO study from March to October 1971, include tomcod, redtail perch,-and shiner perch by shore angling; striped bass ' (caught 'mainly in the upper bay), dungeness crab, and relatively few redtail perch by boat angling; and softshells by clamming 138]. The softshell clams are found mostly in the tidal flats near the northern bend in the estuary (approximate river-mile 5) where near optimum conditions for them exist [155].@ Additional species commonly taken include green and white sturgeon, shad, and gaper clams. The sturgeon are caught primarily in the upper bay and the gaper clams in Winchester Bay 179,155]. Annual har- vest data for some of the above-mentioned fish are given in Table 11. Table-11. Estimated Annual Harvest Data For Sport Fishing at Umpqua Bay(l) [791. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 3,000 7,500 $ 222,000 Umpqua River 13,000 52,000 962,000 Smith River 500 2,000 37,000 Ocean 57,000 50,000 4,255,000 Steelhead Umpqua River 8,000 32,000 592,000 Smith River 1,300 5,200 96,000 Shad Umpqua Basin 2,750 1,500 27,750 Striped Bass Umpqua Basin 5,000 12,000 222,000 Sturgeon Umpqua Basin 600 2,000 12,000 Bay fish Umpqua Basin 60,000 10,000 60,000 lAverage of data from past years. 235 Umpqua Bay The band-tailed pigeons found on the tidal flats reportedly provide excellent shooting 1791. The Umpqua Lighthouse State Park is located 5-miles south of Reedsport near the estuary-mouth, and there is another state park (Umpqua Wayside) on the Umpqua River near -mile 23. The former has day-use and camping facilities while the latter is for day-visiters only. Attendance figures show that, while camper use at Umpqua Lighthouse has been fairly constant since 1966, the number.of day visitors has dropped nearly 90%. The situation at Umpqua Wayside has been an increase in use from 1966 to 1968 followed by a -rapid decrease. Some attendance figures for the two parks are given in Table 12.158,82,83]. Windy Cave Park, which is a Douglas County campground, is-located at Sal-mon Harbor 158]. Table 12. Umpqua Lighthouse and Umpqua Wayside Annual Attendance 182,831. Park Users Umpqua Lighthouse Umpqua Wayside 1966 1970 1966 1968 1970 day visitors 478,166 48,367 88,632 111,380 38,264 camper mights 24,637 24,690 - - - 236 Umpqua Bay Table.13. Surveillance stations at Umpqua Bay. type of name and/or approximate drainage period of ri-f-erences station identifying location area record number (sq mi) climatological Gardiner; USGS elevation--15 feet 1889-1914 (92]1 #9940 Reedsport; USGS elevation--94 feet 1937* #7082 Elkton 3 SW; elevation--114 feet 1937* 0211 USGS #2633 Elkton 4 S; USGS elevation--170 feet 1950*1956 p.42, 901@ #2637 Gunter Smith River 1940* stream gaging Umpqua River at Umpqua River; 4,095 1966- Scottsburg; mile 30 USGS #3229 Umpqua River Umpqua River; 3,683 10/05-(1970) L@8,99,1401 2 near Elkton; mile 56.8 USGS #3210 Smith River Smith River; 206 1966-0970) [-98,1.40]2 near Gardiner; mile 28.5 USGS #3231 DEQ water #1 red buoy #6 5/57-(4/72) [6.7,681 3 surveillance (25 measurements) #2 Double Cove Point #3 4 mile green light #4 red buoy #20 #5 Highway 101 bridge It It #6 1 mile up Smith It to River #7 1 mile east of railroad bridge water quality Umpqua River Umpqua River; 3,683 12/65--(9/68) (141] near Elkton mile 56.8 0 sample monthly) water 6/47-0968) "[138,141] temperature Precipitation data available in punch card or printout form through the OSWRB. 2`4onthly and water-year runoff records have been compiled and are available in punch card or printout form throuqh the OSWRB. 3Data available in punch card or printout form through the DEQ. This is the most recent record date found and is not necessarily the last. Period of record is not continuous. 237 238 WINCHUCK RIVER 239 Lu zt 74 C-0 LL LLI CL 4663 T. 40 S. 4662 "Ml 24 4660 51 -J 110 C,.,. ,I,- 4659 40 46 58 0 4657 \7 00 46 55 n .L 4654 @o:zr Ali` 4653 v T. 41 S. x 15000t -22 Ef Bm,63 .FE 400 4651 o - + + P SEY 6 25 ?0 AIRPORT: CRIS 42'00, 13@7 R. 13 W. 1398 990 000 PLEETI 2! 2% 124ol5l 21\ I'-,: -IT CRESCENT CITY 20 MI. NIA (CRESCE C) 21ft 240 WINCHUCK RIVER General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary The Winchuck River Estuary lies approximately 294 miles south of the Columbia River mouth and 1/2 mile north of the Oregon-California state line. It is the smallest estuary in terms of surface area of those included in this report. The population in the area is rural, the closest communities being Harbor and Brookings, Oregonwhich.. are 2 miles to the north,(see Chetco River, Estuary for populations-of. these communities). The HW surface area of the estuary as estimated from 1973 EROS Data Center aerial photographs is 130 acres [135]. The average annual yield of the Winchuck River is 62,400 ac-ft. Minimum recorded flow was in September, 1934 when 3 cfs was recorded for the Winchuck River above the mouth of the South Fork. The Winchuck River source is at river mile 8 of the East Fork (approximately 20 river miles from the mouth) at elevation 1,920 feet [93,96]. Average wind direction in the vacinity of Brookings, Oregon during the period from 1937 to 1942 was as follows: November, December, Jan- uary, February, and MaTch--northeast; April, May, and June--northwest; July and August--south; Sepiember--northwest; October--north [7]. Drainage Basin The Winthuck River drains a total basin area of 70 sq. miles. The Winchuck River Basin consists primarily of woodlands (95.2%; 36,372 acres), cropland (1.4%; 538 acres), and pasture [2.6%; 990 acres).. As of January, 1963, the-Winchuck River had no existing storage ponds or reservoirs, with 3 possible reservoir sites being studied [93]. The average annual precipitation ranges from 80 inches at the mouth of the Winchuck River to 105 inches in the upper reaches. The only climatological station near the Winchuck River estuary is the Brookings station which has precipitation and temperature data from 1912 to the present. The Winchuck River has a length of 12.0 miles, the East Fork having a length of 8.0 miles. The elevation drop from source to mouth is 160 feet for the Winchuck River and 1,760 feet for the East Fork Winchuck River. The average gradient for the Winchuck River'is 13 feet per mile and 230 feet per mile for the East Fork [93,96]. Winchuck River stream profile appears on page 43 in the Chetco River Basin section. 241 WINCRUCK RIVER Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents According to the U.S. Geological Survey the average range of the tide is approximately 5 feet [1441. River Discharges Stream flow records are available from the USGS stream gaging station on the Winchuck River above the South Fork near Harbor. The station is discontinued, but spot observations were taken in 1935, 1936, and 1949-1952. Stream flow averages and extremes appear in Table 1 [148]. Table 1. Stream Gaging Data [148]. Stream Location Drainage Complete Flowrate (cfs) area water years (sq. mi,. of record max. min. mean Winchuck T415, R13W --- 13.7 5.4 10.6 River Sec. 24 Salinity and Classification by Mixing Salinity profiles as a function of depth and distance from the mouth of the -river are presented in Table 2. Data was taken or, August 23, 1973 during a high tide of +4.8 feet 187]. Sediments From Brookings south the coast is flat., with some beach, and the upland is agricultural withmany farms to the Oregon-California border. According to the National Shoreline Study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Aug., 1971), the shoreline from the Chetco River Estuary to the Oregon-California border is experiencing no erosion [125]. The-generalized sediment yield for the Winchuck River basin is 0.1 to 0,.2 ac-ft per sq. mile per year [23].. 242 WINCHUCK RIVER Table 2. Salinity Values for the Winchuck River Estuary. Aug. 23, 1973 [871. Station Distance Salinity % Depth from (ft.) mouth (mi.) top bottom 0.1 12.3 12.3 1 2 0.2 2.0 10.4 6 3 0.3 2.4 .:6.6 6 4 0.4 2.4 10.4 6 5 0.5 2.5 9.0 3 6 0.6 3.0 10.4 3.5 7 0.8 4.3 10.4 4.5 8 1.0 6.6 6.6. 3 9 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 Water Quality Information Miscellaneous flow and temperature measurements for the basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges-. from these sources are presented in Table 3 t78]. DEQ water quality stations are listed in Table S. Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Winchuck Riversystem are as follows: spring chinook-7none, fall chinook--400; coho--50, steelhead--1,500 and sea-run cutthroat-- 1,500. Dace, cottids, red-sided shiners, sticklebacks, lamprey, and suckers are the known rough fish species in the stream systems of the South Coast Basin. 243 WINCHUCK RIVER Table 3. Temperature Extremes for the Winchuck River Drainage Basin [78]. VO int 6f Period-of Observed Temperature.Extremes measurement record (FO) max min. tXpe of observation Winchuck River 4-10-69 to 70 55 spot below Moser Cr. 7-23,69. Winchuck River S-8-69 to 70 56 spot above Bear Cr. 7-23-69 Bear Creek 4-10-69 to 63 49 spot below Bridge Cr. 7-23-69 Wheeler Cr. 4-10-69 to 68 S2- spot 100 yds. above 7-23-69 mouth East Fork 4-10-69 to 70 S2 spot Winchuck River 7-23-.69 mouth East.Fork 4-10-69 to 66 so spot Winchuck River 7-23-69 above.Fourth of July Creek- fourth of July 4-10-69 to 67 52 spot Creek mouth 7-23-69 Biological Information. The streams in this basin are noted for their excellent spawning gravel. The Winchuck River system has 6 streams used by adult anadromous salmonids, S of which have minimum flow recommendations established and 1 protected by the State Water Resources Board. The entire stream of Bear Creek (Winchuck R.) should be protected from gravel removal [781. Table 4 refers t,-- the estimated sport harvest in the Winchuck River system. Figure I is aperiodicity chart showing when adult spawning anadromous.fish are present in the Winchuck River system. A general description of big game, upland game, waterfowl, and furbearers of the basin is given in the Sixes River section on Biological Information. 244 WINCHIRCK RIVER Figure 1. Periodicity Chart for Adult Spawning Anadromous Fish in the Winchuck River System [78]. Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon ----------------------- Steelhead and Cutthroat trout Stream Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. &pril May Winchuck River .................. .................. Bear Creek Wheeler Creek Winchuck River, East Fork Fourth of July Creek Physical Alterations The only physical alteration near the estuary is the Oregon Coast Highway Bridge (U.S. 101), at river mile 0.6 [96]. 245 WINCHUCK RIVER Table 4. Estimated Annual Harvest, Ang;er. Days, and Gross Exp6nditures for Angling in the Winchuck River System E78]. Fish Harvest Angler Gross Days Expenditures Salmon 450 1,800 $33,300 Steelhead 350 1,400 25,900 Sea-run 200 80- -1,480 Cutthroat TOTALS 3,280 $60,680 Includes jack salmon Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial The only industrial or commercial use of the Winchuck River is for the pupose of irrigation. The average annual yield for the river is 621,400 ac-ft. The maximum legal annual. depletion consumptive rights are 120 ac-ft for domestic purposes and 450 ac-ft for irrigation purposes totalling 570 ac-ft. The river has one reservoir right for irrigation purposes with a storage capacity of 1 ac-foot and a surface area of 1 acre. Surface water rights total 1.55 cfs for domestic and irrigation use [42]. The nearest population centers are Harbor and Brookings. Manu- facturers for these areas are listed in Table 3 of the Chetco Bay report. Recreation The Pacific Ocean is the principal attraction of the basin. Sport fishing at Brookings to the north is becoming increasingly popular. Fishing in the Winchuck River system is also quite common while the forested areas in the upper basin provide excellent hunting. Parts of the Winchuck River flow through the Siskiyou National Forest in both Oregon and California. Several streams in the basin have outstanding aesthetic value and make a significant contribution simply because they maintain attractive flows, have litte stieamside development, and possess watersheds which have not been excessively. logged. The entire Winchuck River was selected by the Oregon State Game Commission as a stream.which should be managed for its aesthetic value [761. 246 WINCHUCK RIVER Table S. Surveillance Stations near the Winchuck River. Type of Name and/ or Approximate Drainage Period Reference station identifying location area of number (sq.mi.) record Climatological Brookings T145, R13W --- 1912 [931 (formerly Sec. 7 to Harbor) present Water Quality Winchuck T415, R13W [152] River 1.3 Sec. 24 mi. above river mile 2.5 Hwy. 10 1, Bridge Stream Gaging Winchuck T415, R13W 1935, 1936 [148] River above Sec. 24 1949-19S2 S.Fk. near Harbor 247 248 YAQUINA BAY 249 Nrwpaqr v -N- YA04VINA BAY MLEDO 17 OREGON Ro C z8 z5 5o RIVER M"" GaVA2M LO""'o o"mx soow@ 34 @= COMM @-MMXAOW AM@ AXEVA or 4s" wAnw 55 3z AWAN H&W WAr" M& AND MAP ------ OF rAOU11VA BAr 4- SWE OF OREGON DIVISION OF SWE LANDS SEPMUBER 1972 YAQUINA BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Yaquina Bay lies about 115 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Of the estuaries included here, it is,fourth in size (Table A). The only incorporated towns on the estuary itself are Newport and Toledo, which are listed in Table 1 with other population centers in the area. There is also a U.S. Coast Guard Station on the north side of the Yaquina River at,mile 1.2. Table 1. Population centers at Yaquina Bayl [94,1111. @name. general location river mile 1970 location--@ population Newport2 Yaquina River; north side 0.7 to 1.8 5,188 "South Beach Yaquina River; south side 2.5 300 Yaquina, YaquinA River; north side 4.3 50 Winant Yaquina River; north side 6.8 not listed Oysterville Yaquina River; south side 6.8 not. listed Moody Yaquina River; north side 11.2 rural Toled02 @Yaquina River; north s.ide 12.2 to 13.5 .2,818 Elk City Yaquina River; south side 22.2 25 Pioneer Yaquina River; north side 25.0 .@not listed Chitwood Yaquina River; north side 30.9' rural. lTidal effects extend approximately to mil.e 26 of the Yaquina River. 21ncorporated Surface areas of Yaquina Bay reported by Johnson [55], Marriage [59], and the Division of State Lands [70] are shown in Table 2. Tidelands. Table 2. Reported surface areas of Yaquina Bay reference surface area measured at tidelands submerged lands (acres) acres percent acres percent 4' 233 HW 3:239 MSL 2,245 LW 1@91 2,853 1,751 61 3,910 MHT 1,353 35 2,557 65 2,557 MLT 'Specified by Marriage as the area affected by tidal action. 251 Yaquina Bay (also given in Table 2) cover between 3S% and 61% of the total area and are mostly within three tide flats at Sally's Bend,-King's Slough, and the area between Idaho Point and the Marine Science Center [59,69,70]. Other estuary dimensions are given in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3. Dimensions of Yaquina Bay [551. distance from throat to farthest estuary shore--6.7 miles inlet dimensions at throat (at M.SW: width-.-1,000 feet average depth-719-6 feet cross-sectional area--19,610 sq ft Table 4. Cross-sectional areas of Yaquina Bay [431. point of.measurement distance from, mouth cross-sectional area (miles)l (sq ft) Newport 1.9 35,000 river's bend 5.5 20,600 G. P. dock 10.7 81900 Mill Creek 15.2 3,700 Elk City 22.4 1,200, IMile values were obtained by conversion from the di-sterrns'* reported in feet. The estuary is comprised primarily of its major tributary, the Yaquina River, which has its.zero mile at the mouth of the bay. The river drains 253 sq mi and is relatively short with a length of 58.8 miles to its source. From its mouth to the head of high tide at mile 26, it has one major tributary (Elk Creek at mile 22.3) and about 30 smaller creeks and sloughs discharging into it. Elk Creek is 29.7 miles in length and drains 136 sq mi [88-map, 94]. Information concerning land use and ownership at Yaquina Bay has been presented in "Preliminary Land Use Plan for the Yaquina Bay Area" (1969) prepared by the Bureau of Government Resea-fth'and Service, University of Oregon for the Yaquina Bay Planning Commission [122]. Much of the material from that publication has been included here. Two port commissions serve the area. The Port of Newport (P.O. Box 921, .Newport 97365; 265-7758) is responsible for that section of the estuary from its mouth to just beyond Oneatta Point at mile 5.S. The remaining 252 Yaquina Bay navigable portion of the Yaquina River is under the jurisdiction of the Port of Toledo (P.O. Box 370, Toledo; 336-2221 and 336-2552). The Lincoln Development Corporation is located at #2 Dodd Building, 155 East Olive St., Newport 97365; 265-2271. A relatively large number of scientific studies have been conducted in Yaquina Bay, and reports may be available at the Oregon State University Marine Science Center at Newport. Drainage Basin The 253 sq mi drainage basin yields an average of 780,000 ac-ft of fresh water annually [53,85,891. It consists of 87% (222 sq mi) forests; 4% (9 sq mi) cropland; 2% (4 sq mi) rangeland; and 7%-(18 sq mi) "other" [88]. Annual rainfall averages from 60 inches along the coast to 100 to 110 inches in the eastern portions [53,5S]. Precipitation records from the Newport climatological station (Table 10)are available through the OSWRB in punch card or printout form [92,143], and wind roses are also available for that area. Winds are primarily from the east and southeast during January and from the west and northwest during June [7]. Elevations range from sea level to 2,300 feet [88]. Hydraulic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The bay is described as being moderately exposed to waves at the throat [88]. Tidal influences extend as far as mile 26 of Yaquina River and "several miles" up Elk Creek [43,88]. The mean tide range is 5.9 feet with a diurnal range of 7.9 feet [SS] and an8extreme range of 11.5 feet [86]. Tidal ism on mean range is 8.35 x 10 cu ft with a diurnal p@ range of 11.5 x 10 cu ft [55]. In a study by Goodwin, it was found that (1) amplification of the entrance tidal range occurs throughout the estuary and (2) a phase dif- ference of 90 to 100 degrees exists between tidal elevations and tidal currents [431. A calibrated numerical tidal hydraulic model of the Yaquina has been provided by Goodwin [42]. Currents off Newport are quite variable and reportedly exhibit the characteristics of a large eddy [7]. 253 Yaquina Bay River Discharges There are apparently no stream gaging stations on the Yaquina River (at least no records were found), but its normal flow rate has been esti- mated at 1,078 cfs [86]. Mill Creek, which flows into the Yaquina River from the south at mile 14.9, has a stream gaging station near its mouth where the drainage area is about 4 sq mi (Table 10). Average discharge for the 11-year period from October 1959 to October 1970 was 2.10 cfs with extremes of 609 cfs (January 27, 196S) and 0 (September and October 1961 and September 1962) [140]. Salinity and Classification by Mixing In the study by Burt and McAllister, salinity measurements were taken in the Yaquina River during October, November, December 1957 and January, February, April, May, July 1958 for a total of 11 test dates [12]. The furthest point from the estuary mouth where salinity was detected was mile 19.8 on October 1 and 27, 1957 and on July 7, 1958 at HHW. Of these three dates, concentration was greatest on October 1, 1957 when it was measured at 3.0 ppt on the surface with a.concurrent temperature of 18.20C. Burt and McAllister also reported that, on the basis of salinity. change from top to bottom, the estuary was a well-mixed system in January, August, October, and November and a partly-mixed system in February, April, and May [13]. Surface and bottom salinity and temperature are provided for two loca- tions over the period January 1963 through August 1970 [371. A steady state m'odel which used salinity data for a description of mixing was employed by Burt and Marriage to compute potential pollution in the Ya- quina [111. Methods of computing mixing from salinity data were examined by Bella and Grenney [6]. Callaway, et al., [18] observed the longitudinal distribution of salinity, rainfall, and runoff in the Yaquina and demonstrated a rapid decrease in salinity in response to runoff followed by a gradual increase after termination of the runoff input. A more rigorous classification scheme 1471 is discussed by.Callaway [14] and applied to the Yaquina Estuary above Toledo. Sediments Littoral drift in this area is northward in winter and southward in summer with the dominant drift to the north 17]. Drift from both directions either accumulates on-the south beach or enters the.estuary with the tides; there is little accretion occurring at the north jetty [57]. Sediments deposited in the bay each year by its tributaries total an estimated 30,000 tons f85]. 2S4 Yaquina Bay More information on the sediments there is given in a pub @!@ ation by Kulm and Byrne entitled "Sediments of Yaquina Bay, Oregon." Analyses of dredge samples taken from the entrance channel by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers once in 1958, 1964, and 1970 and twice in 1971 show organic contents ranging from 0.49% (May 1971) to 0.79% (September 1970); void ratios of from 0.5761 (May 1971) to 0.749 (September 1964); and a mean grain size that of fine sand [24]. Water Quality The DEQ operates 22 water surveillance stations on Yaquina Bay and eight on various sloughs in the area (Table 10) [67,68]. Records. from most of the bay stations are available since 1960 with the number of. sampling dates ranging from 21 to 93. Turbidity, conductivity, DO, BOD, salinity, PBI, and fecal-coliform counts were not always included before 1967. Records from the stations on the sloughs were generally kept from 1967 to 1968 with seven to eleven sampling dates. A water temperature station is located on Mill Creek near Toledo (Table 10) [138]. Temperatures from November 1959 to September 1969 have been presented as the adjusted average for each month and have ranged from 40C (January, February, March) to 12'C (August). The city of Newport operates a secondary sewage treatment plant located on NW 3rd off highway 101 [64]. It presently serves the Newport population; future plans are to include service for the Marine Science Center and some condominiums. Average daily flow at the plant during October 1972 (relatively dry weather) was 900,000 gallons. During rainy weather it range's from 3 to 5 million gallons. The city of Toledo also operates a secondary sewage treatment plant [48]. Serving Toledo only, its average flow rate is 750,000 to 800,000 gal/day. It is located at Butler Road and South Fir Street, an area where Georgia Pacific also has a secondary treatment plant [1091. Dissolved oxygen, temperature salinity, and zooplankton populations are, provided from January 1963 through August 1970 within Yaquina Bay 137]. The main pollution sources of Yaquina Bay are reportedly at Toledo [29]. 1 Kulm, L.D. and Byrne, J.V., "Sediments of Yaquina Bay, Oregon," Estuaries, American Association For the Advancement of Science, 1967. 255 Yaquina Bay Biological Information Estimates of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the Yaquina River system are as follows: spring chinook-4, fall chinook--2,100, coho--12,600, summer steelhead--O, winter steelhead--2,300, sea-run cutthroat-7,500 [75]. Compared with estimates for other estuarine river systems of Oregon (Table B), these are notably low. From a list of the fishes of Yaquina Bay, those considered as most abundant include threespine stickleback, striped seaperch, black rockfish, bocaccio, kelp greenling, Ling cod, prickly sculpin, buffalo sculpin, staghorn sculpin, saddleback gunnel, English sole, and starry flounder. Frequently found clams are cockle, softshells, and gaper-- the softshells existing mainly in the upper reaches of the bay and the other two in the lower sections. There are some butter and leatherneck clams in the middle reaches and crabs and oysters are also present [38,53,155]. A study was made during 1971 and 1972 in which invertebrates were counted and identified between marker buoy 36 and a point 1.5 miles above marker bouy 47 [154]. Those most often found at given times are as follows: July-August 1. Amphisamytha bioculata 2. Carophium spinicorne 3. Mya arenaria August-September 1. C. spinicorne 2. Pseudopolydarna kempi 3. M. arenaria December 1. Macoma 2. C. spinicorne 3. Balanu5 amplitrite April 1. Macoma 2. C..spinicorne The bay is used during migration and wintering by black brant, several species of ducks, and shore birds t155]. The area around it is a big game winter range--most commonly for black-tailed deer, and to a lesser degree for Roosevelt Elk, black bear, and cougar. Roosevelt Elk are now being transplanted to the Mid-Coast Basin by the OSGC and are increasing in number [75]. 2S6 Yaquina Bay Zooplankton populati ons and temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were collected from January 1963 to August 1970 at close to weekly intervals within Yaquina Bay. The data permits study of year to year variation of abundance and seasonal cycle over 7 1/2years and can aid in distribution patterns within the Bay [37]. A much more thorough description of the fish and wildlife of Yaqui na Bay is given in a special report published in 1968 by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service [137]. Physical Alterations Alterations to Yaquina Bay, Harbor and River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, listed in Table 5, consist of two jetties, channels, and turning and small boat basins. Also, studies were in progress as of 1971 to (1) determine the feasibility of,deepening the channel between Yaquina and Toledo and (2) consider a potential small boat basin project on the south side of Yaquina Bay [129]. Corps of Engineers records of dredging the entrance bar, inner channel, and Depot Slough from 19S9 to 1969 (excluding 1968) show 247,737 cu yds as being fairly typical of quantities removed [55]. That amount was taken from the entrance bar and inner channel in 1962. Navigable length of the Yaquina River is 23 miles [69]. Annual traffic using the channel system during the period from 1960 to 1969 averaged 5@6,000 tons (Yaquina River) and 349,000 tons (Yaquina Bay and Harbor). In 1969, traffic through the Yaquina River project totaled 358,000 tons and consisted mainly (67%) of rafted logs, followed by lumber, fuel oil, and wastes. Traffic through the bay and harbor project was 133,000 tons (Mainly lumber, paper and paperboard, and petroleum products) [129]. The Division of State Lands has completed its inventory of1filled lands in Yaquina Bay and River and has presented its findings in a main report and a supplement to that report [69]. Some information from those 2 papers is given in Table C of the introduction. Two fishways were completed in 1962 under the FCO "Coastal 60-40 Program." One is the Sloop Creek Fishway located 3 miles above,Elk@City, or approximately at mile 25, and the other is the Little Elk Creek Fishway at mile 28.2 [119]. 257 Yaquina Bay Table 5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Modifications to Yaquina Bay r122,1.28,129]. Proposed Dimensions Modification Location depth width length Date and Status (feet) (feet) North Jetty 6,500 feet 1896-completed 1934-repaired 1940-extended 1966-repaired and C.) W extended South Jetty 7,600 feet 1896-completed 1934-repaired. C@ 1971-extended to the ca W same length as the North Jetty Cz Spur Jetty and Channel Side 800 feet 5 groins of South ca Jetty Entrance Channel Entrance 40 400 1968-dredging completed cy >_ Channel Bay (to 30 300 1968-dredging completed Newport) Turning Basin Newport 30 900-1,200 1,400 feet 1968-dredging completed Small Boat -Newport 1949-completed Basin - Channel Newport to 18 200 4.5 miles 1968-dredging completed Yaquina Channel Yaquina to 10 150 10 miles 1914-completed Toledo C> Channel Depot 200 1914-completed Q_ Creek(2) LU Channel Near 011fla 10 150 1968-completed Creek Turning Basin Near Olalla 10 1968-completed 01 Creek 2 Levees with 6 miles south- 1948-co mpleted Tide gates east of and Pile Newport; North Bulkheads Bank of the Yaquina River ILack of completion date doe's not necessarily signify that the modification has not been constructed. 2Depot and Olalla Creeks discharge into the Yaquina River at Toledo. 258 Yaquina Bay Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial As a major industrial estuary, Yaquina Bay is a center for lumbering and commercial fishing activities [88,122,155]. Recreation is also important to the area and is actually growing at a faster rate than the forest pro- ducts industry [122]. Manufacturers in the area are listed in Table 6 [71]. Table 6. Major Manufacturers at Yaquina Bay r.711. Number Location Name Type of Business Employed Newport New England Fish Co. processing fresh and frozen fish 100 of Oregon Yaquina Bay Fish Co. fish, salmon, crab, fillet 40 (packaging) Point Adams Packing crab, shrimp processing 32 Co. Newport News-Times weekly newspaper and 20 commercial printing 14 manufacturers dealing in a variety of products employing less than 10 Toledo Georgia-Pacific Corp. paperboard mill 595 Georgia-Pacific Corp. plywood sheathing and lumber, studs 320 Cascadia Lumber Co. lumber 102 Toledo Shingle Co. Inc. shingles and shakes 45 Guy Roberts Lumber Co. sawmill/planer mill 40 Toledo Products Inc. wooden pallets and fish boxes 26 Newport-News Publishing newspaper and job printing 20 Co., Inc. 5 manufacturers dealing mainly in lumber and wood employing 15.or under products Eddyville WOW Lumber Co. lumber 27 Three B's Logging Co. logging 9 Toledo (particularly its south side) is the focal point of the forest industry processing facilities not only for the estuary and county (Lincoln) [1221, but for the entire Mid-Coast Basin 188]. Most of the major industries there, included in Table 6, are concerned with forest products. The only lumber mill in the estuary area not in Toledo is located at Eddyville (river mile 36.3) [1221. In addition to the manufacturing of wood products, log storage and lumber shipping are also important [155]. Statistics of use of the Yaquina Bay and River projects (presented under "Physical Alterations") show that much of the, traffic using the channel systems. 259 Yaquina Bay consists of rafted logs, lumber, and wood products [129]. Log rafts are under the jurisdiction of the Port of Toledo; total area of the estuary used for their storage could be determined by contacting the industries listed in Table 6 [105,109]. While Toledo is the center of the forest products industry in the Mid-Coast Basin, Newport is the center for c6mmercial fishing activities-- in 1967 there were 450 commercial fishing boats licensed as being moored at Newport [122], and there are numerous fish processing plantsthere (Table 6). During 1971 commercial landings from the estuary itself were fairly limited (Table 7), but those from.the entire area received at Newport (Table 8) were greater than at any of the other estuaries included Table 7. Commercial Harvest of Clams, Crabs, and Oysters From Yaquina Bay [75,118]. Species 1969 1970 1971 pounds fishermen pounds pounds landed value landed landed Oysters 47,530 $56,000 Crabs .15,000 3,750 29,071 5,906 .Clams 1,581 444 1,819 Table 8. Commercial Harvest of Food Fish Received at Newport,- 19710) [34f. Species Harvest (pounds round -Fishermen weight) value Crabs 3,,624,105 $12087,,000 Shrimp 3,601,,879 431,000 Groundfish 223692197 195,000 Coho 1,6952469 531,000 Albacore Tuna 998,262 302,000 Chinook 104,876 63,000 Oysters- 39,560 812000 Green Sturgeon 9,,599 11000 Clams- 2,039 Pinks 1,848 1,000 Smelt 350 Totals 12,447,184 P2692,000 lIncludes 1971 data presented in Table 7. 260 Yaquina Bay here (Tables D and E). In fact, of the entire Oregon coast, the landings received at Newport were exceeded only by those received at Astoria [34]. Recreational Sport fishing is popular, as indicated by the estimated annual harvest data for salmon, sea-run cutthroat, steelhead, and non-salmonid bay fish presented in Table 9 [7S]. Deep sea boats make regular and chartered trips Table 9. Estimated Annual Harvest Data For Sport Fishing At Yaquina Bay(l) [7S]. Species area annual harvest effort gross fished (total number) (angler-days) expenditures Salmon Estuary 2,240 91000 $ 165,760 Yaquina River S60 2,240 41,440 Ocean 41,600 61,800 3,078,400 Sea-run Estuary 540@ 2,700 49,950 Cutthroat Yaquina River 540J Steelhead Yaquina River 200 1,600 14,800 Non-salmonid Estuary 77,000 28,750 172,500 bay fish lAverage of data from past years. on the ocean from May through September. The best time for chinook and coho angling in the estuary is during August f58]. Clams most commonly taken from the bay, as determined in the FCO study from March to October 1971, are cockle, softshell, and some gaper [38]. Cockle and gaper clams Iare found in-the lower sections and softshells in the upper reaches. Most of the recreation sites in the area are along the coast. One of these is Yaquina Bay, a state park for day use only located north of the estuary mouth. Statistics for 1966 to 1970 show a steady increase in the number of visitors there from 974,469 to 1,335,905. A county park is located at Elk City, and within tidewater there are six private boat landings and five charter boat services, [82,122]. A plan for water access in the Yaquina River Basin entitled "Yaquina River Basin, Master Plan forAngler Access and Associated Recreational Uses" published by the OSGC in November 1968 is described in the paper, "Preliminary Land Use Plan for the Yaquina Bay Area" which was mentioned briefly in the first section of this report [122]. 261 'Table 10. Surveillanc@ stations at Yaquina Say. Z- ---- ty;e of ra.,7e and/or approximate drainage @eriod of re,crences, sl@', ti on identifying location area record number (Sc mi) Climatological Ne-@port; 136 IE-37-(1958) [88,92,11-131 US;;S A032 2 3 Newport Bridge (Highway 101) 816--(3172) [67,681 (31 reasuremants) 112 McLean Point (32 rFasurEments) Coquille Point (30 measurem,,-2nts) -st b channal AW (ne--r we I ank 3/63-(t2/633) ards south, 400 yards (60 ra.-su,-2,-rents) 600 ya West #2 flashing liGht #717, 100 3/6 -(7/69) Yards south (62 me-asure-nerits) #3 @-,Ieisar Point, 275 y-,rds; 3150-(31172) #19 marker (68 m@@asurements) f 4 Oneatta Point, 275 yards 3/60-(4172) nOrth, 400 yards (85 maasureTents) -21 nar@er #5 flashing light P25 3/910.-(4/72) (84 m2esurEments) 3/60-(4/72) red channel bouy (89 ri---asurements) 7 Oregon Oyster Co. plariz, 10-3 .0-'4/12) 3/;-: % 10 yards east (87 m@asurr-m-,ts) yads south, Sc red channel buoy i-23 3/69-(4/72) (85 n?-asure.,7erts) 7?) -#9 flashing light #32 3/60-(4/i (93 reasurements) red channel buoy ir34; 375 3/90-(9/70) yards north (60 re-2surenents). 414 red light.#.42 (23 r@--asurements) 05 flashing I ight '47 8160-(3172) (31 reasurem-2nts) P16 below shingle nill 8/50-(7/69) (2-3 r-,e@surz@,=-nts) 07 17 shingle mIll (31 rizuth of Depot Slough 81'6C-(3,172) (30 reasurements) -0/7i) Toledo Bridge 8/60 (24 2 0 Cascadia. 11ill 21 14,111,Cre2%, at m. ou t 8 91,0-(3/72) (26 a S u r Z@,,S V 2 2 1-tala Slou@,h Mouth 0@ 262 z L! Table 10. Surveillance St--tiOnS at Yaq--,Ina Bay. @rox 0 rome ard 'or drainage p@:rlcd of rea:eren cas station identifying jocation area record mi) VEQ water log dump in King Slough, east of (67,6812 surveillance High@@,,ay 101 (7 ireasurerie;tsj. kole't Slough. sou+. side of 2168-(12/63) Y ira River Measurements). eaL Q Flesher's Slough bridr@,, south 1167-(12/63) sidi@ of Yaquina River neasureriants) U 2c,-.n2 Sic Th. bridge n-ear flash nn 6/67 I 1 9 h 3 7 (10 heasur@ireents) Nutes Slough Bridge We5t of 6/67-(12/63) black channel can O_apot Slough bridge on Yaquina 1/67-(12/68) V,@y P-ad (10 mea Is 'a Slough brid.-a, Firecrest Vay Drive 01-211-1 Slou-In Bridge; Cz;ryallis- -14 ghway (8 m2asuremeil,s) HI Vatlir qu a I i tty Yaquina Siy and Fiver; Yaquina River mi i e 4.2 to Toledo water 'MM Creek near Mill Creek; 4, 111594m--5) ro8 38, L o. sp p e r a -ure Toledo; USGS mile Z; 17 M iles from the observations) esNary mouth !Precipitation e--ta available in punch c2rd or printout form through the &SWRB. 40,-.-ta available in punch card or printout forn through the OEQ 4ecords are not *ccriplete before 1967. This is the rost racent record date -1found and is not necessari*;.y the last. 263 264 YOUNG'S BAY 265 CORPS OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY 123'50' P.- 1 .1 (B OJ, 14@7 '@@vn c 142 Eli 0 'P.int -1Z C@ A S T 0 R I A 'EAT CL 1429( -.OR,z -zv veRr, CL. -30,6' 0 101 C? 2 Eb ..... ......... . . ........... 3 P AD ED PROJECT RO ro seesid. Chonnel 10 feet deep 4 and 150 feet wide to bridge, thence 100 feet wide. C L A T 5 0 P C 0 U N T Y 5 CL 'E- C'. 2 6 Data within boxes Pertain to Authorized Project 0 Ups?"recrin LI)In't'. oil Feaervrl Pro,,Ccy Base ftint of Lewis and Clark cevInvefing chanitel is Mile /. 3 of Youngs Bay nitileope. Milear indicated indicated In co/uMblo Riverts 2 ftm outer endofiethes. 7 t. NAIAD oil NAVIGATION upstream limit of YOUNGS BAY AND YOUNGS RIVER, ... AT MILE 8 Federal Prooct PIN 1,5 1: A, OREGON ... .............. .... . .. 3CALE M FEET . ........ 1000, . 0 *00 = 3000 4000 MOD ....... ... .. ........... U.S.ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT,PORTLAND hlelfer QUO/i fy Neek REVISED OCT. I9T2 266 YOUNG'S BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Estuary Young's Bay lies approximately 12 miles above the mouth of the Columbia River. Of the estuaries included herein, it ranks 5th in size. Towns located on or near the estuary are Astoria, Miles Crossing, and Warrenton. Locations and 1970 populations are given in Table 1 [9,953 111,123;129]. Table 1. Population Centers at Youngs Bay [9,95,111,134]. NAME, GENERAL LOCATION RIVER MILE 1970 LOCATION POPULATION Astoria Columbia R., S. Side 13 to 15 10,244 @.Youngs Bay, E. Side 0 to 3 Miles Crossing Lewis and Clark R., E. Side 3 (not Iisted) Warrenton Skipanon R., W. Side 0 to 4.3 Lewis and Clark.R., W. Side 0.4 1,825 Tidal reach is approximately 8.miles in Lewis and Clark River [134]. The estuary measures 12,000 feet at its mouth and covers about 2,870 acres. The width converges to aqroximately 1,800 feet at. the Young's Bay Bridge, river mile 2.9 [1161. The estuary consists of young's Bay and the lower reaches of the Young's, Lewis and Clark, and Skipanon Rivers. The Young's River drains an area of 122 sa. miles with its source at river mile 22.7.- elevation 1,040 feet. Tributaries of the Young's River includethe Walluski River (length-12.0 miles; source-700 feet) and the Klaskanine River (length- 2.8 miles; North.Fo-kth-11.1 miles, source 1,350 feet; leouth Fork-12.1 miles, source-1,240 feet). The mouth of the Walluski River is located on the East bank of the Young's River at mile 1.7 while the Klaskanine River, also on the East bank, is located at mile 6.5. The Lewis and Clark River drains an area of 62 sq. miles with its source at river mile 27.2, elevation 1,920 feet. The Skipanon drains 16 sq. miles with its source at Cullaby Lake, mile 7.8. elevation 10 feet. The source of Cullaby Lake is another 6.7 miles u-b Cullaby Creek at'elevation 150 feet. (Elevations are water elevations based on mean flow with zero occuring at the mouths of each stream) [124]. The Port of Astoria is located at Astoria and can be contacted at P.O. Box 569, Astoria, Oregon, 97103, telephone number 325-4521 [7]. Dimensions taken from maps included in [116]. 267 YOUNG'S BAY General Description of Estuary and Drainage Basin Drainage Basin The Young's--Lewins and Clark--Skipanon system drains a total basin area of 200 sq. miles. The average yearly freshwater yields of the Young's Ri,ver is 403,300 ac-ft,.with an average annual precipitation of 92 inches; the Lewis and Clark yields 184,700 ac-ft. with 94 inches; and the Skipanon yields 35,900 ac-ft, with 80 inches. Total average yearly @reshwater yield of the system is 623,900 ac-ft [133]. The Young's River Basin consists primarily of forests (76.3%; 67,100 acres), cropland (4.8%; 4,200 acres) and rangeland (0.6%; 500 acres). Lewis and Clark River Basin: forests (79%; 34,600 acres), cropland (8%; 3,500 acres),.and rangeland (1.6%; 700 acres), Skipanon River Basin: forests (78.1%; 8,180 acres), cropland (8.6%; 900 acres), and rangeland (0.5%; 50 acres). Frequently flooded areas average 600 acres on the Young's River, 400 acres on the Lewis and Clark River, and 200 acres on the Skipanon River. As of June 1966, the Young's River had 3 existing storage ponds with 5 potential reservoir sites being studied; the Lewis and Clark River had 1 existing storage reservoir with 4 potential reser- voir sites being studied, and the Skipanon had 4stprage ponds with'no studies for future sites. (Reconnaissance data for these possible re- servoir sites may be fournd in reference [1331). Average annual precipitation ranges from 75 inches at Young's Bay to m@r 110 inches at the headwaters of the Lewis and Clark. There are two climatological stations in the Young's Bay vicinity. The Astoria Experiment Station has recorded data from 1918 to the present and Astoria WSO has recorded data from 1953 to the present [143]. Wind roses from Astoria show annually averaged winds to occur from the northwest, west, southwest, south, and southeast, each 15% of the time at speeds from 4 to 31 mph. Wind roses for July indicate winds from the northwest 40% of the time with speeds for 4 to 31 mph [84]. The Young's Bay river profiles appear on page 221 in the Tillamook Basin section. Hydrualic Description of Estuary Tides and Currents The dirunal range of tidesis about 8.6 feet and the extreme tidal variation amounts to about 12 feet (mean lower low water is used as the plane of reference). Tides at the mouth of the Columbia River exhibit the diurnal inequality that is typical of.the Pacific.Coast of North America. 268 YOUNG'S BAY Hydraulic Description of Estuary River Discharges Stream flow records are available from USGS stream gaging stations on the Young's River and North Fork of the Klaskanine River (Table 8) [146,147]. The Young's River station, located at approximately river mile 9, was discontinued in 1958. The Klaskanine River station, located at approximately river mile 5, was discontinued in 1955. Stream flow averages and extremes for these two stations are given in Table 2A [146,147]. No records of river stage or flow have been kept for the Lewis and Clark River, but based on records for the nearby Young's River, the maximum average monthly discharge is estimated to exceed 600 cubic feet per second [123]. Average monthly flows for the Young's and Lewis and Clark Rivers are given by Oregon State Water Resources Board, 1972, in Table 2B and 2C. Table 2A. Stream gaging data [146,147]. Stream Location Drainage Complete Flowrate (river mile) area water (cfs) (sq. mi.) years of record max. min. mean Youngs R. 9 40.1 31 47SO 3.3 178 N. Fork Aug. 1949 Klaskanine R. S 14.0 Sept. 1955. 829 1.5 66.3 Salinity add Classification by Mixing No.information was found for this area. Sediments Although quantitative data on the sedimentation rate-is lacking, considerable filling of the Lewis and Clark River -has been:occuring during recent years. The Geological survey reports that a "turbidity maximum" normally develops in the Columbia River estuary (of which Young's Bay and the lower Young's and Lewis and Clark Rivers are part) because of a net circulation pattern in which dense saline water flows landward in the bottom layers and less dense fresher water flows seaward in the surface layers. The turbidity maximum is an area within which concentrations of suspended sediment, including some sand, are substanially higher than they are either downstream toward the mouth of the estuary or upstream in the Columbia River. Sample results taken near Astoria are presented in Table 3. 269 YOUNG'S BAY Table 2B. Average Monthly Flows for Youngs River [140] Average Monthly Flows, (cfs) 20% 50% 80% October 176 91 26 November 456 291 138 December 598 389 262 January 571 392 248 February 536 392 254 March 403 286 193 April 273 186 109 May 119 78 48 June 69 27 July 29 20 12 August 14 11 8 September 24 12 7 Total S.M. 7- Correlated with S.M. 9.7 by.Area-Precipitation Area = 36 Sq. Mi. Area-Precip. 194,210 Ac.-Ft. [Calculated by SWRB 172] 270 YOUNG'S BAY Table 2C. Average Monthly Flows for Lewis and Clark River [140] Average Monthly Flows (cfs) 20% 50% 80% October 241 125- 36 November 624 398 189 December 817 532 359 January 780 536 339 February 733 536- @347 March 551 392 264 April 374 255 149 May 162 107 66 June 94 63 37 July 40 27 16 August 19 is 10 September 33 16 9 Total S.M. 4- Correlated with Youngs River at S.M. 9.7 by Area-Precip. Area= 50 sq. mi. Area-Precip.= 265,530 AC.- Ft. [Calculated by SWRB 172] 271 YOUNG'S BAY Hydraulic Description of Estuary Table 3. Sediment Quality Characteristics. Sediment Analysis EPA Tentative Criteria Sample No. 1427 1428 1429 Particle Size Distribution Gravel ( 6 mesh) 0% 1% 0% No standard established Sand 70% 51% 93% If Silt & Clay 30% 48% 7% (-200 mesh) Chemical Characteristics (Cone % Dry wt.) Volatile Solids 4.5 4.8 2.2 6.0% Chemical Oxygen 3.8 2.7 2.0 5.0% Demand (C)D) Initial Oxygen 0.45 0.49 0.26* No standard Demand (IDOD) established Oxygen-Reduction -0.13 -0.11 +0.01 Potential Sulfides 0.13 0.25 0.04 Total Phosphorus 0.78 0.84 0** 74 Kjeldahl Nitrogen 0.084 0.118* 0.049 0.10 0411 4 Grease 0.061 0.101 0.031 0.15 *Grab sample locations noted on map. *Exceeds EPA Tentative Criteria [123]. Sediments According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers environmental statement on dredging of the Lewis and Clark connecting channel, the maximum inten- sifies, abates, and moves back and forth with the tide. It is most fully developed at about the time of peak velocities. The highest sediment concentrations are usually associated with low salinities and develope in the reach where net flow at the bottom is near zero. Maximum d 'eposition often occurs in that area. During moderate river flow, the durbidity maximum develops highest Values at about Columbia River mile 9 or 10 (the mouth of oung's Bay being at mile 12) [123]. 272 YOUNG'S BAY Water'Quality Information Water temperature data was taken at the North Fork Klaskanine River gating station near Olney, Oregon for the period of May 1950 to September 1954. (Table 8) [145]. Also miscellaneous flow and temperature measure- ments for the basin were made by the Oregon State Game Commission. Temperature ranges for these sources are presented in Table 4 (77,145]. Table 4. Temperature Extremes for Youngs Bay Drainage Basin [77,145]. Point of @Period of Observed temperature extremes measurement record (F-) maximum minimum type of, observation USGS-- May 1950 N. Fork Klaskanine Sept. 1954 650 340 continuous 4 mi. SE of Olney, Ore. OSGC__ Jan. 1971 N. Fork Klaskanine, Aug. 1971 660 440 spot mouth S. Fork Klaskanine 670 440 mouth Youngs R. 710 440 below Wawa Cr. Lewis and Clark R. 700 440 below Klickitat Cr. Jable 5 describes water quality characteristics for the Lewis,and Clark River obtained at a site 1/2 mile above Peterson Slough at -river mile 4.3, as reported by the-Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality. Extensive bottom deposits of bark from log storage may create a physical barrier to the development of a healthy community of benthic organisms [123]. As of December 1967, there were two sewerage w ,orks projects needed in the Young's gay area according to the Oregon State Sanitary Authority. Astoria needed a new sewer system and sewage treatment plant. The pre-, liminary engineering study was underway. Schedule completion was July 1972. Warrenton needed sewer extensions, replacement or improvements and a new sewage treatment plant. As of December 1967, the preliminary engineering study and report had been completed. For further information contacet the.Oregon State Sanitary Authority,[84]. DEQ water quality stations are lised in Table 8. 273 Table 5. Water Quality Characteristics, Lewis and Clark River 1/2 mile upstream of Peterson slough, river mile 4.3. [123]. Analysis 6/3/69 8/19/69 10/7/69 3/10/70 4/11/72 Time 1430 1400 1215 1445 ph (field) 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.6 temperature 18.0 20.0 11.0 8.5 6.5 Orig. DO 8.2 6.3 9.1 11.4. 11.9 Final DO 7."S 5.6 8.3 10.6 10.5 BOD 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.4 1.4 PBI --- --- --- --- --- Cond. 78 120 MPN (total) 2400 230 230 620 230 ph (lab) 6.8 7.0 6.7 --- 6.5 Color .7 10 --- 10 Turbidity 29 7 8 5 Solids (to tal) 91 1259 112 --- 55 Solids (susp.) 17 20 19 --- Alkalinity 14 22 13 --- 9 14.8 Hardness 20 198 18.7 --- so 7.1 7.4 9.7 --- 4.S9 4 NH 3-N 0.11 0.07 0.06 0..05 0.04 NO 3-N 0.24 0.07 0.25 0.21 0.25 PO 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 4- Cl- 8.8 594 22.4 --- 12.2 Na --- 6.5 --- --- --- 1.5 Fecal Coliform 230 230 --- 60 Fecal Strep. --- 245 62 274 YOUNG'S BAY Biological Information Estimates of the number of adult anadromous salmonids spawning in the young's--Lewis and Clark River systems are as follows: fall.chinook-- 500, coho--17,700, chum--200, winter steelhead--2,800, and sea-run cutthroat--1,000. A breakdown appears in Table 6 [77]. Non-anadromous fishinclude shad, chub, carp, sculpin, dace, and chisel mouth [123]. Table 6. Adult Anadromous Saimonid Spawning Estimate [7", stream Chinook Coho Chum Steelhead Sea-run Cutthroat Spring Fall Winter Summer Lewis & Clark so 3,000 50 750 --- Soo Youngs so 200 SO so --- 200 Klaskanine 400 14,000 100 2000 --- 300 The Oregon State Game Commission recommends that the Lewis and 'Clark River be protected from gravel removal above the South Fork. It was also determined that possible reservoir sites in the North Fork of the North Fork of the Klaskanine River (T7N-R8W-Sl7) and Young's River (T7N-R9W-S27) are thought compatible'with fishery resources [77]. Species of wil life present in the region in significant numbers are Black-tai.1 d-eer, Roosevelt elk, marten, fisher, weasel, striped and spotted skunks, raccoon, oppossum, bobcat, cougar, nutria, muskrat, mink, and, bt@aver. Many species of waterfowl frequent the regions, primarily as migrants on the Pacific flyway. The most numerous ducks sighted are pintail and scaup. Upland birds include hummingbirds and wr,ens. ..Three major plankton groups were.found.in the,estuary. The freshwater (0.1% salinity or less) plankton were dominated by a copepod Cyclops vernalis, and cladocerans, Daphnia longispina and Bosmina spp. Seasonally abundant species included the cladoc rans Diaphano@oma brachyurum (summer), and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (summer-fall), juvenile amphipods Corophium salmoinis (winter-springil -the rotifers Brachionis spp (summer), and copepod Diaptomus ashlandi (spring and summer). In brackish waters the copepod Eurytemora hirundoides made up 90-100% of the plankton population. In the waters of the salt intrusion, principal species were Acartia clausi, A. longiremus, and Psuedocalanus minutus; while seasonally abundant species included Oithana similis (fall), Acartia tonsa and Corycacus affinis (fall), and Evadne nordamanni (summer-fall). 275 YOUNG'S BAY Physical Alterations A channel 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide form the Columbia River to. the foot of Haren Island, a distance of about 2 1/2 miles across Youngl@ Bay and 4 miles in Young's River, was authorized by the River and Harbor Act of 30 August 1935 and completed in 1938. Project, as modified under Section A7 of the 1960 River and Harbor Act, amended by Section 310 of the 1965 River and Harbor Act, and approved 7 January 1970, provided for a channel in Lewis and Clark River 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide from Young's Bay Channel to the State Highway 105 Bridge to the end of the pro- ject, a distance of about 4 1/2 miles. Total federal cost through June 1970 was: $9,000 construction; $50,000 maintenance. Estimated federal cost of the Lewis and Clark channel is $190,000 [129]. Records of bank protection, dock, launch ramp, log dump, piling, cable, wire, and pipe permits in the estuary are kept by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. The Skipanon Waterway at the mouth of the Skipanon River was con- structed June 1950 and is 30 feet deep [116]. Bridges over the estuary include the U.S. 101 Bridge, the Spokane, Portland, and Seattle Railroad Bridge (horizontal clearance 1301, verticai clearance 181) the Young's Bay Bridge, U.S. 26 (horizontal clearance 1201, vertical.clearance 30.61) and the Oregon Coast Highway Bridge across the Lewis and Clark River (horizontal clearance 921, vertical clearance 25.21) [116,123]. Estuary Uses Industrial and Commercial Lumbering, dairying, stock raising, tourism, boat building, and fish- ing provide the economic base for the region. Seafood processing is an important industry. The lowlands beside the navigable reaches of the Lewis and Clark River and Young's River are cleared and in agricultural use. Most other lands in the basin are mountainous and are managed for timber product ' ions. Second-growth timber is the principal natural resource of the basin. Exist- ing commerce consists mainly of rafted logs. Table 7 lists major manufact- urers in the Young's Bay area [71,116,123]. Recreational The main recreational activities in the area are fishing, hunting, sightseeing, picknicing, boating, clam digging, and crabbing. One of the more popular places of interest in the area is the Fort Clatsop National Memorial The site of Fort Clatsop was preserved by the Pregon Historical Society and lated donated to the people of the United States. The 125-acre Fort Clatsop National Memorial was authorized by Congress in 1958 to commemorate the winter encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition following its successful crossing of the North American Continent [116,123,1331. 276 Table 7. Major manufacturers at Youngs Bay. [71] Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Astoria Curtis Olson Logging 6 Logging, Inc. Herman F. 1 Labiske Logging Johnson Logging 20 & Dairyman, H.B. Nygaard 20 Logging Co., M. W & W Logging Co. 47 Astoria Plywood Veneer and Plywood 235 Corp. Mayflower Farms Fluid milk 9 Barbey Packing Canned and cured Fish so Corp. and Seafoods Bumble-Bee Soo Seafoods-Astoria Union Fishermans 115 Coop. Pkg. Co. Astoria Fish Fresh or Frozen Packaged 25 Factors Inc. Fish and Seafood Astoria Seafood H Co. Ocean Foods of 65 Astoria Inc. Coca-Cola Bottled and Canned soft 7 Bottling Co. drinks and Carborated water Van Dusen if 8 Beverages Astorian-.Budget Newspapers-Publishing, 50 Publishing Co. Publishing and Printing Astoria Printing Books-Publishing, Publishing 42 Co. and Printing Consolidated 5 Printing and Stationery Inc. 277 Table 7. (cont. Location Name Type of Business Number Employed Astoria Sunset Crushed Minerals and Earths, Ground 6 Rock Co. or Otherwise treated American Can Co. Metal cans is Phillips-Drucker Pumps, Air and Gas Compressors 35 Div. and Pumping Equipment Astoria Marine Shipbuilding and Repairing 23 Construction Co. Warrenton Pacific Shrimp Canned and Cured Fish and 17 Inc. Seafoods New England Fresh or Frozen Packaged Fish 45 Fish Co. and Seafoods Bioproducts Prepared Feed for Animals and so Inc. Fowls Warrenton Sawmills and Planing Mills 85 Lumber Co. Lektro Inc. Industrial Trucks, Tractors, 20 Trailers, and Stackers Carruthers Co., Food Products Machinery 16 E.H. 278 Table 8. Surveillance Stations at Youngs Bay Type of Name &/or Approximate Drainage Period References Station Identifying Location Area of record number Cumatologi.cal Astoria Experiment Lat. 460 091 1918-1971 [143] Station Long. 1230 491 El. 48 Astoria WSO Lat. 460 091 1953-1971 Long. 1230 531 El. 8 Water Quality N. Fork Klaskanine R. Lat. 460 041 May 1950- [145] near Olney, Ore. Long. 1230 421 14.0 Sept. 1954 Stream Gaging Youngs R. near Lat. 460 041 40.1 Aug 1929 [147] Astoria Long. 123' 471 Sept. 1958 N. Fork Klaskanine R. Lat. 460 041 14.0 Aug 1949 [1461 near Olney, Ore. Long. 1230 421 Sept. 1955 Water Quality Skipanon R. River mile 2.2 [152] near Dam and 8th St. Skipanon R. River mile 4.7 near Clatsop Sta. Rd. Skipanon R. River mile 7.4 near Cullaby L. Lewis and Clark R. River mile 4.3 1/2 mile above Peterson Slough Lewis and Clark R. River mile 7.9 below Klickitat Cr. Youngs R. near River mile 9.1 Ore. 1 Br. S. Fork Klaskanine R. River mile 0.01 near mouth Water Quality N. Fork Klaskanine R. River mile 0.5 below Fish Hatchery N. Fork Klaskanine R. River mile 3.5 above Fish Hatchery 279 280 REFERENCES 1. Arnerson, R.J. "Seasonal Variation of Tidal Dynamics, Water Quality and Sediments of the Coos Bay Estuary," MS Thesis., Department of Civil Engineering, Ocean Engineering Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, (in preparation). 2. Bandon Chamber of Commerce, Bandon, Oregon, brochure, 1972. 3. Battelle, "An Inventory and Evaluation of Areas of Environmental Concern in Oregon for the State of Oregon Executive Department and Natural Resources Agencies." Richland, Washington, April, 1973. 4. Bell, G., ed., "Oregon Blue Book. 1971-1972,11 compiled and-published by- Clay Myers, Secretary of State, Jan., 1971. S. Bella, D.A., "Environmental Considerations for Estuarine Benthal Systems," Water Research, Vol. 6, pp 1409-1418.1 1972. 6. Bella, D.A., and Grenney, W.J., "Estimating Dispersion Coefficients in Estuaries" Technical note, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,,American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 98, No. HY3, pp 583-589, March, 1972. Three methods of computing one-dimensional mixing in estuaries based on salinity data are examined. The errors asso@iated with steady state models are discussed. 7. Bourke, R.H., Glenne, B., and Adams' B.W., "The Nearshore Physical Oceanographic Environment of the Pacific Northwest Coast," Oregon State University Reference 71-45, Dept. of Oceanography, OSU, Corvallis, Ore., Feb., 1971. 8. Bowers, D., Supt., Coos Bay Sewage Disposal Plant, Coos Bay, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 9. Bureau of Governmental Research and Service, School of Community Service and Public Affairs, University of Oregon, 111940-1970 Population and Housing Trends, Cities and Counties of Oregon," Eugene, Ore., December 1971. 10. Burt, W.V., and Queen, J., "Tidal Overturning in,Estuaries," Science No. 8, Vol. 126, pp 973-974, 1957 A density overturning which provides vertical mixing during flood tide is described for Coos Bay, Oregon. 11. Burt, W.V., and Marriage, L.D., "Computation of Pollution in the Yaquina River Estuary," Sewage and Industrial Waste, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp 1385-1385, December 1957. A one-dimensional steady state mixing model was uses to compute potential pollution in the Yaquina. 281 12. Burt, W.V., and McAllister, B., "Hydrography of Oregon Estuaries, June 1956 to September 1958," Office of Naval Research Reference S8-6, School of Science, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore., 1958. 18 pp. Gives temperature and salinity data in tabulated form for Alsea, Columbia, Coos, Nehalem, Netarts, Siletz, Siuslaw, Tillamook, Umpqua, and Yaquina estuaries between June 1956 and September 1958. 13. Burt, W.V., and McAllister, W.B., "Recent Studies in the Hydrology of Oregon Estuaries," Research Briefs, Vol. 7,.No. 1, Fish Commission of Oregon, July, 1959, pp 14-27. Classifies Oregon estuaries by mixing characteristics and mentions biological applications and pollution and engineering problems. 14. Callaway, R.J., "Application of Some Numerical Models to Pacific Northwest Estuaries," Proceedings, 1971, Tech. Conf. in Estuaries of the Pac. NW. OSU, Corvallis, Ore., Eng. Expt. Stat. Circ. #42. pp 29-97, 1971. 15. Callaway, R.J., "Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data, Umpqua River Estuary, Ore. Part II: January 25-26, 1961,11 U.S. Dept. of HEW, Portland, Ore., Feb.,,1961. 9 pp Abstract: "Oceanographic data collected in the Umpqua River Estuary, Oregon, during the period January 25-26, 1961 are tabulated. Temperature, salinity, velocity, and dissolved oxygen were observed at various depths over the tidal cycle at one station. Temperature and salinity observations were made from the ocean to 11.5 miles upstream upon completion of the 25-hour station. A brief discussion of results is presented." 16. Callaway, R.J., "Physical and Chemical Data, Umpqua River Estuary, Oregon., Part III: March 21-:22, 1961,11 U.S. Dept. of HEW, Portland, Ore., April, 1961. 6 pp. and tables. Abstract: "Oceanographic data collected in the Umpqua River Estuary, Oregon during the period March 21-22, 1961, are tabulated. Temperature, salinity, velocity, and dissolved oxygen were observed at various depths over one tidal cycle at a mid-channel anchor station located near the mouth of the river." 17. Callaway, R.J., "Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data, Umpqua River Estuary, Oregon, Part-IV: April 26-27, 1961,11 U.S. Dept of HEW, Portland, Ore., May, 1961. 4 pp. and tables. Abstract: "Oceanographic data collected in the Umpqua River Estuary, Oregon, during the period April 26-27, 1961, are tabulated. Temperature, salinity, velocity, and dissolved oxygen were, observed at various depths over one tidal cycle at a mid-channel anchor station located near the mouth of the river.." 18. Callaway, R.J., Ditsworth, G.R., and Cut chin, D.L., "Salinity, Runoff, and Wind Measurements, Yaquina Estuary, Oregon," April, 1967-October 1968. Working Paper No. 70. FWQA$ Pacific NW Water tab., Corvallis, Ore., 42 pp.s 1970. 19. Capman, D.W., Corliss, J.F., Phillips, R.W., and Demory, R.L., "Alsea Watershed Study," Miscellaneous Paper No. 110, Oregon Agricultural Experinient Station, Corvallis (?), Ore., April, 1961. 282 20. Case, E., Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Ore., personal communication, 1972. .21. City of Waldport, Waldport, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 22. Cole, D.L., Curator, Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore., personal communication, Nov., 9, 1972. 23. Columbia--North Pacific Technial'Staff, Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission, "Water Resources Appendix V, Columbia--North Pacific Region, Comprehensive Framework Study, Vol. 2, Sub-Tegions 7-12,11 Vancouver, Wash., April, 1970. 24. Coos Bay Area Chamber of Commerce, Coos Bay, Ore., brochure, 1972. 25. Coquille Chamber of Commerce, Coquille, Ore., map and brochure, 1972. 26. Cornell, Howland, Hayes, and Merryfield, "Umpqua River Gravel Study," for the Umpqua River Navigation Co., Eugene, Ore., June,.1971. 22 pp. A study of six-mile stretch of the Umpqua River just downsream from Scottsburg to determine whether the natural deposits of gravel within the study area are naturally replenished after being removed for commercial purposes. 27. Correspondence by mail with Glenn J. Akins, Planning Coordinator, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, 519 Coast Highway, P.O. Box N, Florence, Ore., 97439. Telephone'997@8248. 28. Deahl, R., Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Ore., personal communication, March, 1973. 29. Dept. of Civil Engineering, OSU, "Tidal Flats in Estuarine Water Quality Analysis," progress report, research grant WP-01385-01, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Sept. 30, 1969. 45 pp. Describes the tidal flat system; gives data on benthal oxygen uptake, free sulfides in overlying water, particle sizes, volatile solids, and salinity profiles. 30. Ditsworth, G.R., "Environmental Factors in Coastal and Estuarine Waters," Bibliographic Series, Vol. 1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Publication WP-20-2, 61 pp, October, 1966'. References to literature pertaining to the marine waters of Oregon are provided. 31. Division of State Lands, copy of a,public notice concerning dredging of Isthmus Slough, Salem, Ore., July 3, 1972 (mimeo). 32. Fisacherly, G.M., "Estuary Entrance, Umpqua River, Oregon Technical Report H-70-6, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Ore., May, 1970. 20 pp. plus 263 tables, photographs, and plates. Using an Umpqua River Estuary model capable of reproducing and measuring tides, tidal cur-rents, waves, salinity intrusion, fresh water inflow, and shoaling distribution, the optimum plan for the reduction of shoaling and the elimination of cross currents in the navigation channel at the entrance was determined. 33. Fish Commission of Oregon, "Biennial Report, 1968-1970 Salem' Ore. Describes the organization of the FCO, its regulatory actions concerning foodfish resources, and its various research programs. Also gives tables showing the following: financial statement, commercial fish,landings in Oregon, information on licenses issued, and statistics of hatchery returns, egg take, and salmon and steelhead liberations. 34. Fish Commission of Oregon, tables giving fish landings received at Oregon ports with the value to fishermen for 1971, Portland, Ore., April, 1, 1972. 2 pp. Table. 35. Florence@ Area Chamber of Commerce, Florence, Ore., brochure, 1972. 36. Florence sewage treatment plant, Florence, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 37. Frolander, H.F., Flynn, M.J., Spring, C.S., Zimmerman, S.T., and Miller, C.B., "Yaquina Bay Zooplankton Survey I," Data Report 48, reference 71-21, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., pp@27, August, 1971. Report provides 7 1/2 years of data on zooplankton, temperature dis- solved oxygen and salinity within Yaquina Bay. 38. Gaumer, T., Demory, D., Osis, L., 15 reportson Estuarine Resources use now-in printing, by Fish Commission of Oregon. 39. Giger, R.D., "Some Estuarine Factors Influencing Ascent of Anadromous Cutthroat Trout in Oregon," Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Estuaries of the Pacific Northwest, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., March, 1972. 40. Gladwell, J.S., and Tinney, E.R., "Umpqua Estuary Model Study," Washington State Institute of Technology Bulletin,265, Pullman, Wash., Aug., 1962. 107 pp. Describes the Umpqua model (equipped for accurate reproduction and measurement of prototype phenomena) used for pollution tests. 41. Glanzman, C.F., Glenne, B., Burgess, F.J., "Tidal Hydraulics, Flushing Characteristics, and Water Quality of Coos Bay," Engineering Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., pp 103, Jan., 1971. This report studies the mixing characteristics of Netarts Bay with emphasis given to potential pollution impacts. 42. Goodwin, C.R., "Estuarine Tidal Hydraulics--One-Demensional Model and Predictive Algorithm," PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Ocean Engineering Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., (in preparation). This study provides a calibrated, numerical.tidal hydraulic model of the Alsea, Siletz and Yaquina. 43. Goodwin, C:.R., Emmet, E.W., and Glenne, B.j' "Tidal Study of Three Oregon Estuaries," Bulletin No. 45, Engineering Experiment.Station, OSU, Corvallis, Ore., May, 1@70. 33 pp, Discusses tidal elevations and tidal currents in Yaquina, Alsea, and Siletz estuaries. 284 44 Gray, C., U.S. Dept. of Environmental Quality, Portland, Ore., personai communication, 1972. 4S. Haas, J., Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, personal communication, Feb. 27, 1973. 46. Hamilton, S., Division of State Lands, Salem, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 47. Hansen, D.V., and Rattray, M., "New Dimensions in Estuary Classification," Limn. and OCEAN, 11(3), 319-326, 1966. 48. Hart, L., Toledo City Manager, Toledo, Ore., persona communication, 1972. 49. Helland, R.0 "Water Power of the Coast Streams of Oregon," U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Feb., 1953. 46 pp. Gives a general description of Oregon coastal streams and discusses them in terms of water supply and storage sites and plan of development, with conclusions regarding potential for power. Includes.@ the Nehalem River, Wilson and Trask Rivers (Tillamook Bay),,Nestucca River, Siletz River, Alsea River, Siuslaw River, Coos River, and Coquille River. 50. Hopman, R., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, Ore., personal communication, 1972. Sl. Interstate Electronics Corporation and Environmental Production Agency, "Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Oregon and Washington," by D.A. Milne, Report -45-B6, April, 1973. 52- Jacobson-, L., Oregon State Highway Division, Salem, Ore., personal communication, August 8, 1972. 53. James, W., "A Photographic Analysis of Oregon Estuaries,." Dept. of Civil Engineering, OSU, Corvallis, Ore., 1970(?). 72 pp. Includes general descriptions, photogra hs, and photographic P analyses of the following Oregonestuaries: Tillamook, Alsea, Coos, Umpqua, Siletz, Siuslaw, Nestucca, Nehalem, Coquille, Salmon River, Sand Lake, Netarts, and Yaquina. 54. Jefferies., E., Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Ore., personal communication, March, 1973. 55. Johnson, J.W., "Tidal Inlets on the California, Oregon, and Washington Coasts," Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory HEL 24-12, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., Feb., 1972. -56 pp. Discusses factors affecting the stability of tidal inlets and gives characteristics of California, Oregon, and Washington coastal inlets including number of jetties, tidal data, bay dimensions, and wave climate. 56. Kernan, G., Oregon State Game Commission, Portland, Oregon, personal communication, March, 1973. 285 57. Klingeman, P.C., et. al., "Coastal Processes--Oregon Coastal Littoral Drift," Marine Geotechnique Preliminary Study, OSU, Corvallis, Ore., 1969 (mimeo report). Glass papers from CE 572 (Dept. of Civil Engineering) on littoral drift along the Oregon coast with bibliographies. 58. Lower Umpqua Chamber of Commerce, Reedsport, Ore., brochure and personal communication, 1972. S9. Marriage, L.D., "The Bay Clams of Oregon," Fish Commission of Oregon, Educational Bulletin #2, Portland, Ore., 1958. 29 pp. Describes the various types of clams generally found in Oregon estuaries and also lists the types present in each specific estuary. Also gives estuary surface areas. 60. Matson, A.L., "Zooplankton and Hydrography of Alsea Bay, Oregon, September 1966 to September 1968,11 thesis presented to Oregon State University at Corvallis, Ore., in June, 1972, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 61. McAllister, W.B., and Blanton, J.O., "Temperature, Salinity and Current Measurements for Coos Bay, Oregon," Data Report No. 10, Reference 63-23, Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., pp 33, October, 1963. Temperature, salinity and current measurements extending over one or more tidal cycles were.made at various times during the three year period 1960-1963. 62. McKenzie, D.R., "Seasonal Variation of Tidal Dynamics, Water Quality and Sediments of the Alsea Estuary," MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Ocean Engineering Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 63. Murphy, K., Reedsport Sewage Treatment Plant, Reedsport, Ore., personal communication, Nov. 14, 1972. 64. Newport Sewage Treatment Plant, Newport, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 65. North Bend Sewage Treatment Plant, North Bend, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 66. Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, "Coastal Wetlands of Oregon," August, 1973. 159 pp. Includes descriptions, management practices, And an inventory of Oregon's wetlands. 67. Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality, "An Informational Guide for Interpreting Oregon Estuary Data," Oregon.State Sanitary Authority, 1969, (mimeo). 68. Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality, water quality data from estuarine surveillance stations, Portland, Ore., 1972. 286 69. Oregon Division of State Lands, Inventories of filled lands 'is Alsea, Nehalem, Nestucca, Salmon, Sand Lake, Siuslaw, Tillamook, Umpqua, and Yaquina Estuaries (separate reports), Salem, Ore., 1972. Each report gives a brief description of the estuary and drainage basin; map of the estuary with landfill locations; individual maps of the parcels on which landfills are located; and tables showing parcel ownership, date filled, construction dates, usage (past and present), permit information and fill acreage. 70. Oregon Division of State Lands, preliminary information for wetlands reports to be printed in March, 1973, Salem, Ore. 3 pp. Gives material on the following estuaries: Tillamook, Netarts, Sand Lake, Nestucca, Siuslaw, Salmon, Umpqua, Nehalem, Yaquina, Alsea, and Siletz including MHT and MIT surface areas, ownership and deed information, drainage basin area, fresh water yield, and the amount of accretion at jetties. 71. Oregon Economic Development Divison, "Directory of Oregon Manufacturers, 1972," Portland, Ore. Lists the names of all Oregon manufacturing establishments alphabetically, by location, and according to their Standard Industrial Classification CSIC) code with information such as address, phone number, head, products, and number employed. 72. Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, "Geology of the Southwestern Oregon Coast West of the 124th meridian," Bulletin 69, 1971. 63 pp. Describes Tectonic settings, rock types and formations, and economic geology of the area. 73. Oregon State Division of State Lands Tideland Ownership Maps. TiLudeland Maps compiled from May 1970 and January 1971 aerial photography, 1973. 74. Oregon State Division of State Lands, "Oregon Estuaries," Salem, Ore., June, 1973. General descriptions and maps of Oregon's estuaries. 75. Oregon State Game Commission, "Environmental Investigations. Mid-Coast Basin" Portland, Ore., March, 1972._ 98 pp. See [79]. 76. Oregon State Game Commission, "Environmental Investigations.. North Coast Basin," Portland, Ore., 1968. 102 pp. Describes fish and game resources of the North Coast Basin and a streamflow study with recommended minimum flows for fish life, miscellaneous flow and temperature (air and water) measurements, and biological requirements of fish. 77. Oregon State Game Commission, "Environmental Investigations. North Coast Basin. Supplement," Portland, Ore., Jan., 1972. S2 pp. Reviews recreational uses and economic considerations of the fish and wildlife resources of the North Coast Basin. Shellfish and commercial harvest data provided by the FCO. 78. Oregon State Game Commission, "Environmental Investigations. South Coast Basin," Portland, Ore., April, 1972. 98 pp. See [79]. 287 79. Oregon State Game Commission, "Enviornmental Investigations. Umpqua River Basin,'! Portland, Ore., Feb., 1972. 127 pp. Discusses fish and game resources, a streamflow study with recommended minimum and optimum streamflows for fish life, and fish and wildlife importance. Includes table and maps. 80. Oregon State Game Commission, Fishery Division, "1970 Annual Report," C.J. Campbell and F.E. Locke, ed., Salem(?), Ore. Included numerous table (e.g., fish counts, trap-net and gill-net collections, catch statistics, anadromous fish counts, angler success) and also gives hatchery names, fish distribution and propagation, Fishery Div. expenditures, habitat improvements, Oregon salmon and steelhead sport catch. 81. Oregon State Game Commission, Portland, Ore., mimeo, reports on Coquille, Rogue,' and Chetco Rivers to be used in the OKC 1972 publication, "Environmental Investigations. South Coast Basin." Describes the three above-mentioned areas in terms of wildlife and industrial uses. 82. Oregon State Highway Division, State Parks and Recreation Section, "Day- Visitors--Attendance," Salem, Ore., Sept., 1971 (mimeo). 3 pp. Lists the annual number of day visitors at Oregon State parks for 1966-67 through 1970-71. 83. Oregon State Highway Division, State Parks and Recreation Section, "Overnite Camping by the Public," Salem, Ore., Oct., 1971 (mimeo). .2 pp. Lists annual number of camper nights spent at Oregon State campgrounds for 1966-67 through 1970-71. Oregon State Sanitary Authority, "Water Quality Control in Oregon," Portland, Ore., 1966-67, Vol. 1, 113 pp., Vol. 11, 29 pp., Vol. II, supplement, 65 pp. Summary of Oregon's Air and Water Quality Control Programs for 1966-67. 85. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore., "Dredge Spoil Distribution and Estuarine Effects," Research proposal submitted'to NSF, May 28, 1971. 86. Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography, "Comprehensive Inventory of Scientific Information Relating to the Physical and Biological Characteristics of the Estuaries of Oregon," preliminary proposal, Corvallis, Ore., March, 1971. 87. Oregon State University, Water Resources Research Institute, Data Collection during July and August, 1973 by Chet Sutterlin, Civil Engineering, and Steve Klug, Fisheries. 88. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Mid-Coast Basin," Salem, 6re., May, 1965. 121 pp. Describes the Mid-Coast Basin, including the Salmon, Siletz, Yaquina, Alsea, Yachats, and Siuslaw Rivers and their drainage basins, as follows: physical features, economic factors, surface water and ground water, water use and associated problems, water control, and developfnental potential. Includes maps. Work on an updated version.is underway and scheduled for publication in 1974. 288 89. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "North Coast Basin," Salem, Ore., June, 1961. 142 pp. See [881. 90. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "North Coast Basin Hydrological Summary 1.200-5,11 Salem, Ore.,.May, 1961. 122 pp. Listing of stream gaging stations, water temperature stations and climatological stations with locations, USGS number, name, drainage area, gage-type, period of record, and other information. Also names agencies having stream gaging, water temperature, water quality, and climatological records. 91. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "North Coast Basin Recreation Areas Summary," Salem, Ore., June, 1961. 9 pp. Lists North Coast Basin forest camps, state parks, roadside rest areas, county parks, and boat landings shown on the OSWRB chart #1.70146/107. 92. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Precipitation Stations--Oregon. Monthly Precipitation Records on Punch Cards by Calendar and Water Year through September 1967," Salem, Ore., 1968. 41 pp. Describes format used in recording precipitation records available in punch card or printout form. Records are to be updated. 93. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "South Coast Basin," Salem, Ore., Jan., 1963. 125 pp. Gives descriptions of the South Coast Basin (Coos, C.oquille, and Chetco River areas) as in [26]. 94. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Stream Mile Summary. Mid-Coast Basin," Salem, Ore., 1967. 29 pp. See [95]. 95: Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Stream Mile Summary. North Coast Basin," Salem, Ore., 1967. 24 pp. Lists stream systems and coordinates stream miles.of major rivers with landmarks. 96. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Stream Mile Summary. South Coast Basin," Salem, Ore., 1967. 17 pp. See [95]. 97. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Stream Mile Summary. Umpqua Basin," Salem, Ore., 1967. 25 pp. See [95]. 98. Oregon State Water Resources Board, "Surface Water Gaging Stations, Oregon," Salem, Ore., 1968. Describes the format used in recording monthly and water-year runoff records from certain surface-water gaging stations with a listing of stations including locations and periods of record. Data can be obtained in either punch card or printout form from the OSWRB at cost. 99. Oregon State Wate r Resources Board, "Umpqua River Basin," Salem, Ore., July, 1958. 182 pp. See [88]. 289 100. Payne, E.W., Harbormaster, Port of Coos Bay, Coos Bay, Ore., personal - icommunic.ation, 1972. 101. Pierce, D., Bandon Sewage Treatment Plant, Bandon, Ore., personal communication, Nov. 14,,1972. 102. Port of Alsea, Waldport,,Ore., personal communication, 1972. .103. Port of Bandon, Bandon, Ore.,. personal communication, 1972. 104. Port of Nehalem, Nehalem, Or6., personal communication, 1972. 105. Port of Newport, Newport, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 106. Port of Portland, "Oregon Port Directory." Feb., 1972. 16 pp. 107. Port of Siuslaw, Florence, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 108. Port of Tillamook Bay, Tillamook, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 109. Port of Toledo, Toledo, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 110. Port of Umpqua, Reedsport, Ore., personal communication, 1972. 111. Rand McNally and Co., 1972 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, R.L. Forstall, ed., Chicago., Ill., 1972. 112. Rauw, C-.I., "Seasonal Variation of Tidal Dynamics, Water Quality and Sediments of the Siletz Estuary," MS Thesis, Department of Civil .Engineering, Ocean Engineering Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 113. Renfro, W.C., McCauley, J.E., Glenne, B., Bourke, R.H., Hancock, D.R., and Hager, S.W., "Oceanography of the Nearshore Coastal Waters of the Pacific Northwest Relating To Possible Pollution (Parts I and II)," Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, 16070 EDK 07/71j 744 pp., July, 1971. This report provides an extensive review of the Pacific Northwest Nearshore Oceanography. Numerous references are provided. This report maybe cataloged under the Environment Protection Agency as the authors names were not included due to a policy of EPA. 114. Siletz Bay Regional Planning Advisory Committee,-minutes,of monthly meetings, July 5, 1972, Siletz, Ore. 115. Simmons, H., "The Potential of Physical Models to Investigate Estuarine Water Quality Problems," Proceedings, 1971 Technical Conference on Estuaries of the Pacific Northwest, OSU, Corvallis, Ore., Engineering Expt. Station Circular No. 42, 1971, pp. 4-28. Describes existing physical models of Columbia River, Umpqua, Grays .Harbor, and Tillamook estuaries and gives their uses. 290 116. State of Oregon, Department of Geology and-Mineral Industries, "Environmental Geology of the Coastal Region of Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, Oregon," Bulletin 74, Portland, Ore., 1972. 164 pp. Describes geography, geologic units, economic mineral resources, engineering characteristics of geologic units, and geologic hazards. 117. Stevens, Thompason, and Runyan, Inc., "Coos-Curry Environmental Protection Program," 19.80 interim sewerage plan for the Coos Bay/ Coos River Basin and Chetco River Basin for the Coos-Curry Council of Governments, Feb., 1971. 118. Snow, D., Fish Commission of Oregon, Newport, Ore., personal communication, Oct. 4, 1972. 119. Summers, V.C., and Neubauer, E.K., Closing Report for the Coastal Stream Improvement and Rehabilitation Program," Fish Commission.of Oregon, Portland, Ore., March, 1965. 120. Thomas J. Murray and Associates, "Development Program for Tillamook Bay, Oregon," for Tillamook County, Port of Bay City, and Port of Tillamook Bay, Ore., July, 1972. 81 pp. A study to investigate a development program for Tillamook Bay following completion of the now south jetty. 121. Tillamook Chamber of Commerce, Tillamook, Ore., brochures, 1972. 122. University of Oregon, Bureau of Government Research and Service, "Preliminary Land Use Plan for the Yaquina Bay Area," for the Yaquina Bay Planning Commission, 1969. 123. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Final Environmental Statement, "Dredging of Lewis and Clark Connecting Channel, Clatsop County, Oregon," Portland, Ore., June, 1973. Includes proposed action, existing conditions, environmental impact, alternatives, and coordination of the project. 124. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, gradation curves from the North Pacific Division Testing Laboratory, Portland, Ore., 1958 to 1972. Results of analyses of dredge samples from Siuslaw River, Tillamook Bay, Rogue River, Chetco River, Columbia River, Baker Bay (Washington), Yaquina Bay, Umpqua River, Coquille River, and Coos Bay. Includes information on sieve analyses, void ratios, densities, percent organic material, and roundness grade. 125. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, "National Shoreline Study, Inventory Report Columbia--NoTth Pacific Region, Washington and-Oregon," August, 1971. 80 pp. Describes physical characteristics, changes, littoral drift, ownership, and use of the Washington and Oregon shorelines. 126. U.S. Army,Corps of.Engineers, "Oregon Coastal Harbors," Portland, Ore., 1968. pp. Briefly describes jetty and channel projects at Oregon Estuaries. 127.. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Shore Protection, Planning and Design," Technical Report No. 4. U.S. Government,Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 291 128. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Study of Hopper Dredging Coastal Harbor Entrances and Columbia River Estuary Bars, States of Oregon and Washington," Portland, Ore., Nov., 1971. 293 pp. Gives detailed descriptions of dredging projects at Tillamook, Yaquina, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Coos, Coquille, Rogue, and Chetco including history, status, and use. 129. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,-"Water Resources Development by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Oregon," North Pacific Division, Portland, Ore., 1971. (1971--149,p.) Published biennially since 19S5. Gives multiple purpose development, navigation development, and flood control developemnt information by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Oregon. 130. U.S. Coast and Geodedic Survey, charts, published at Washington, D.C. by the U.D. Dept. of Commerce,.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, 1970, 1971, and 1972. 131. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "USDA Report on Water and Related Land Resources, South Coast Drainage Basin, Oregon," Feb., 1962. 120 pp. Includes description, forest management, agriculture recreation, an& water related problems and opportunities of the basin. 132. U.S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station "Soil Survey of Curry Area, Oregon ,11 Jan., 1970. 70 pp. Soil maps, descriptions, use and management, formation and classification, labratory data, and general nature of the'area of Curry County, Oregon. 133. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Oregon River Basin Survey Staff, "USDA Report on Water and Related Land Resources, North Coast Drainage Basin,, Oregon," Salem, Ore., June, 1966. 148 pp. Includes descriptions, forest man 'agement, agriculture, -recreation, and water related problems and opportunities of the basin. 134. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, "Number of Inhabitants, Oregon," July,,1971. 33 pp. Population data for Oregon. 135. U.S. Department of the Interior, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57198. Aerial photographs from NASA-Ames Reserach Center, May 11, 1973, Roll 73-074B, Accession Number 01171, Frames 1247, 1277, 1281, and 1284. 136. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Centrol Administration, "Report of the Committee on Walter Quality Criteria," Washington, D.C., April.- 1968. 137. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, "Fish and Wildlife of Yaquina Bay, Oregon," Portland, Ore., Nov., 1968 - 23 pp. A special report on a preliminary survey organized as follows: Part 1. Some Ecological and Biological Aspects of Yaquina Bay-Estuary; Part II. An Evaluation of Fish and Wildlife Resources o 'f Yaquina Bay; Part III. Factors Affecting Fish and Wildlife Utilization and Value of Yaquina Bay Recommendations. Includes maps showing eel grass and oyster locations and clam, fish, and wildlife habitats. 292 138. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, "Compilation of Water Temperature Data for Oregon Streams," Portland, Ore., 1964. 134 pp. Gives the monthly mean, maximum, and minimum water temperature for all years of record through 1962. Also includes station locations, drainage areas, and periods of record. 139. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, "Water Quality Records in Oregon," Portland, Ore., 1964. 134 pp. 140. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, "Water Resources Data for Oregon, Part I. Surface Water Records," Portland, Ore., 1970. Annual publications in which daily flow rates recorded at Oregon stream gaging stations during the year are given. Also include the station locations, drainage.-areas, andperi6ds of reco-rd.with the average discharge and extreme flow rates for the year-and for the period of record. 141. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, "Water Resources Data for Oregon, Part II. Water Quality Records," Portland, Ore., 1966, 1967 and 1968. (1968--143 pp.) Annual publications in which daily maximum and minimum water temperature recorded at Oregon stations during the year are given. Also include the station locations, drainage areas, and periods of record with extremes for.the year and for the period of record and daily suspended sediment and mean daily discharge. For some years (approximately from .1964 to 1967), sediment size analyses are given. 142. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, "Natural Resources, Ecological Aspects Uses and Guidelines for the Management of Coos Bay, Oregon," Special Report, June, 1971. This is a comprehensive report which discusses the Coos Bay ecosystem, man's impact, insitutional management, planning guidelines and recommendations. 143. U.S. Environmental Data Service, "Hourly Precipitation Data, Oregon," Vo. I-, Ashville, N.C., 1951-. Gives hourly precipitation and monthly totals measured at recording stations throughout Oregon. Tables. 144. U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangel Maps. Gold Beach, 1954; Mt. Emily, 19S4; Cape Blanco, 1954; Langlois, 1954. 145. U.S. Geological Survey--Water Supply Paper 1353, "Quality of Surface Waters of the United States 1954," Parts 9-14. 146. U.S. Geological Survey--Water Supply Paper 1398, "Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1955," Part 14. 147. U.S. Geological Survey--Water Supply Paper 1568, "Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1958," Part 14. 148. U.S. Geological Survey--Water Supply Paper 213S, "Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1966-1970,11 Part 14. 293 149. U S. Siuslaw National Forest Service, "Cascade Head-Salmon River Land Use and Ownership Plan," Pacific-Northwest Region, Forest Service, USDA, June 22, 1972. 70 pp. Recommendations assembled after public meetings held to discuss the possibility of including the Cascade Head-Salmon River area on the Siuslaw National.Forest. 150., U.S. Siuslaw Nationa Forest Service, 'I.Cascade Head-Salmon-River Study Area," 1972. 5 pp. Report, assembled prior to public meetings, describing the Cascade Head-Salmon River area in terms of ownership, uses, fish and wildlife, timber and vegetation, community development, history, geology, surface drainage, soils and slope. 151. Utt, M.E., "Seasonal Variation of Tidal Dynamics, Water Quality and Sediments of the Siuslaw Estuary," MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Ocean Engineering Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis., Oregon, (May 1974). 152. Visit to DEQ lab, Warren C. Westgarth, PhD., Administrator, 8148 S.W. Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway, Beaverton, Ore., December 13, 1973. 153. Waldport Community Chamber of Commerce, Waldport, Ore., brochure and personal communication, 1972. 154. Walker, D., Preliminary data, "Invertebraes of Yaquina Bay, 1971-72; from marker buoy 36 to 1.5 miles above marker buoy 47,11 Oregon State University Marine Science Center, Newport, Ore., 1972. 155. Wick, W.Q., "Crisis in Oregon Estuaries," OSU Sea Grant Exte nsion Marine Advisory Program, Newport, Ore., May, 1970, 8 pp. Gives a brief description of the major Oregon estuaries and the possible crises occurring at each. 254 Xet us find Cmeanling in tkal wkick is not measuralle, n@ju I t fi r0fi \-J-1a e n tkat wkick is no talle, and Joy In all tkings. L-11, and lella [@3 6668 00001 1397