[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
															CZIC








              Pacific
              Marine
              Environmental
              Laboratory
              Annual Report for FY 88


                                               
		GC
		58
          P325      Department of Commerce
          1988
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Environmental Research Laboratories















                  P A CIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY
                    

                               ANNUAL REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1988






                                                      January, 1989
                                                                   Property Of CSC


                                                                  U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                                  COASTAL  SERVICES CENTER
                                                                 2234  SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                                 CHARLESTON,SC 29405-2413





                                      Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
                                               7600 Sand Point Way NE
                                                   Seattle, WA 98115




                     
                             UNITED STATES               NATIONAL OCEANIC AND           Environmental Research
                             DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE      ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION     Laboratories


                             C. William Verity           William E. Evans               Vernon E. Deff
                             Secretary                   Under Secretary for Oceans     Director
                                                          and Atmosphere/Administrator




  




















                                                      NOTICE


                   Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement by
                   NOAA/ERL. Use of information from this publication concerning proprietary
                   products or the tests of such products for publicity or advertising purposes is not
                   authorized.










                                                    CONTENTS
                                                                                                 Page



             INTRODUCTION       .............................................................       1


             CLIMATE RESEARCH        ........................................................       2


                   EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS          ...............................................     2
                   WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS             .......................................    4
                   MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE                     .........5


             MARINE RESOURCES        .........................................................      8


                   VENTS PROGRAM        .......................................................     8
                   FISHERIES-OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS (FOCI)                    .... 11


             MARINE OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION              ....................................  15


                   ARCTIC RESEARCH      .....................   ...............................   15
                   TSUNAMIS     ............................................................      17


             MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT               .....................................  19


                   LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH            .....................................   19


             JIMAR   .....................................................................        23

             JISAO ......................................................................         29

             CIMRS   .....................................................................        31

             PMEL Staff   .................................................................       32

             PMEL Seminars   ..............................................................       36

             JISAO Seminars  ..............................................................       39

             JIMAR Seminars   .............................................................       42

             PMEL Publications  ............................................................      45

             JISAO Publications  ...........................................................      73

             JIMAR Publications  .............................................................    73

             CIMRS Publications   ..........................................................      76

             GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS           .................................................     77,








                                                  INTRODUCTION


                                                     E.N. Bernard, Director


               The Flacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducts interdisciplinary scientific
               investigations in oceanography, marine meteorology, and related subjects. Current PMEL
               programs focus on climate, marine observation and prediction, marine resources, and marine
               environmental assessment. Studies are conducted to define the forcing functions and the proc-
               essesdriving ocean circulation and the global climate system; to improve environmental forecast-
               ing capabilities and other supporting services for marine commerce and fisheries; and to improve
               our understanding of the complex physical and geochemical processes that determine the extent
               of human. effect on the marine environment. The products of this research are environmental
               information and predictive models. These products are disseminated to the scientific community
               and public in the form of scientific papers, technical reports, and presentations at various scien-
               tific gatherings.

               PMEL complements its research efforts through three cooperative institutes: the Joint Institute
               for Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), with the University of Washington, the Joint
               Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), with the University of Hawaii and the
               Cooperative Institute for Marine Resource Studies (CIMRS) with Oregon State University.
               These institutes were established between NOAA and the Universities to provide a bridge
               betwe@-,n the academic community and PMEL scientists worldng in climate dynamics, environ-
               mental chemistry, tsunami propagation, fisheries oceanography, and seafloor spreading
               processes.










                                             CLIMATE RESEARCH



               The NOAA Ocean Climate Program was developed following the passage of the National
               Climate Program Act in 1978 in response to increased public awareness on the effects of short-
               and long-term climatic changes, particularly the effects on -food and energy, and a concern about
               the effects of technology and population growth on world climate.

               Understanding and forecasting climatic change requires an understanding of the processes of
               heat, moisture, and momentum exchange between the ocean and atmosphere as well as the
               large-scale transports of heat. within the atmosphere and ocean. PMEL's ocean climate research
               program investigates the problem in studies of both local (small-scale) and basirf-wide (large-
               scale) ocean dynamics and the coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation. A major research goal is
               to determine the relative importance of the physical mechanisms that generate anomalies in
               sea-surface temperature distributions in the tropical ocean. A crucial step in reaching that goal is
               to develop and validate ocean circulation models that are capable of simulating the evolution of
               such globally important events as El Niffo.

               Heat transport by major western boundary currents (the Gulf @ Stream and the Kuroshio in the
               Northern Hemisphere) is also postulated to have an important effect on world climate. Western
               boundary current studies at PMEL continue to focus on the Florida Current as part of the Sub-
               tropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS).

               PNIEL also conducts two.important marine chemistry research programs for NOAA under the
               National Climate Program. These studies relate to the ocean's behavior as a sink for atmospheric
               carbon dioxide (CO2), which has been steadily increasing over the past century. One program
               measures the flux of anthropogenic fluorocarbons into the ocean in,order to trace gas diffusion
               across the ocean-atmosphere boundary and within the ocean. The other examines the role of
               biologically produced, particulate calcium carbonate as a sink of C02 at high latitudes. Together
               the programs will help determine the potential of the oceans for absorbing C02 and modifying
               global warming.


               Accomplishments FY 1988

               EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS

               In support of the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, PMEL maintains
               an array of moored sensors in the vicinity of the Equator in the tropical Pacific. The sensors
               measure the vertical distribution of the current velocity and temperature between the surface and
               250 m. Off-equatorial measurements of the temperature profile down to 500 m are made from
               ATLAS moored thermistor chains. Both types of moorings transmit wind velocity, air tempera-



                                                                2









               ture and sea-surface temperature in real time. Wind stations are maintained in the western and
               centua Pacific (Kapingamarangi, Nauru, Baker and Christmas Is.).

               The data are used collectively, along with other data sets, to diagnose the current state of the
               tropical Pacific, to validate the operational ocean general circulation model at the National
               Meteorological Center, in research on air-sea interaction processes responsible for annual and
               ifiterannual variability of the tropical Pacific, and for a variety of Laboratory investigations.


               Current Vatiations Duying the 1986-87 El Nifio-Southern Oscillation Event

               Data from the equatorial current meter moorings were used to describe the evolution of the
               1986-87 El Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event that terminated in December 1987.
               In terms of current variations it is the best documented warming event in the Equatorial Pacific.

               Our analysis of the mooring data indicated that remotely forced intraseasonal Kelvin waves with
               periods of roughly 2-3 months were an important source of temperature and current variability in
               the eastern Pacific during 1986-87. These waves appear as 30-40 m oscillations in thermocline
               depth and 20-40 cm S-1 fluctuations in zonal current. These fluctuations are presumably forced in.
               the western Pacific in the wind fields that have similar time scales. Superimposed on these
               remotely forced oscillations are local wind forced variations.

               In contrast, the most striking feature of the currents at 1 10*W during the 1982-83 ENSO was the
               disappearance of the Undercurrent in January-February 1983. The undercurrent has long been
               assurned to be a permanent feature of the western Pacific equatorial circulation in the region east
               of 137*E; this observation is the first documentation of an ENSO-related disappearance in the
               western Pacific.


               We completed a comparison of buoy-measured surface winds and several operational wind
               products, and investigated the effect of SST fluctuations on local wind. We found a major
               discrepancy between in-situ observations and tropical wind products. In general, operational
               model winds tended to agree with each other better than with the observations. In the eastern
               Pacific there was a systematic bias of the models toward a relatively weak southerly component.
               A possible contribution to this error is the improper treatment of the atmospheric boundary layer
               in the models and a failure to adequately account for the influence of SST gradients on boundary
               layer winds. The influence was examined with the moored-buoy data by comparing SST
               changes with surface wind changes in the vicinity of the Equatorial SST Front in the eastern
               Pacific. Clear evidence of modulation of surface winds by wavelike perturbations in this front
               was found, and changes in meridional wind and meridional SST gradient were correlated. The
               results of these studies suggest that assimilation of the surface wind into the atmospheric models
               may lead to substantially improved tropical surface wind fields.


               Hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Nifto

               We completed a series of ocean circulation model hindcast- studies of the 1982-83 El Niiio'(1) to
               examine the sensitivity of the computed dynamic height field to changes in the wind field, (2) to


                                                                3








              evaluate the success of the SST simulations and diagnose the mechanisms of SST change during
              this period, and (3) to determine the area over which the winds must beknown in order to
              reproduce the equatorial behavior of the standard unmodified computation. We found that
              specification of the winds within 7* of the Equator resulted in a very good reproduction of
              equatorial conditions but that unacceptable differences resulted when only the winds within 3* of
              the Equator were specified. We also found that specifying the winds only in the western Pacific
              resulted in poor simulations. These results indicate that the equatorial ocean is forced by winds
              mainly near the Equator. They also suggest that there is no need to invoke the propagation of
              ocean anomalies poleward of 7* to explain the major aspects of the 1982-83 El Nifio event.


              Role of Rossby waves in El Nifio events

              Baroclinic Rossby waves, which propagate relatively slowly westward in off-equatorial regions,
              have been proposed as a possible mechanism for controlling the quasi-periodic timing of El Niflo
              events. For a long time Rossby waves have been thought to be important in the adjustment of the
              tropical ocean to variable forcing by the winds but they rarely have been observed clearly.
              Evidence that these waves reflect off the American continent after the equatorial anomalies have
              propagated poleward along the eastern boundary was sought in an analysis of observations
              collected in ship-of-opportunity programs. The depth of the 20*C isotherm, which is a proxy for
              thermocline depth, was determined from these data and examined for evidence of the westward
              propagation that would be associated with the presence of Rossby waves. We found that the
              1972 El Nifio was reasonably well o     bserved and a Rossby wave reflection from the North
              American continent (5-10 rn depression) could be traced across the entire Pacific basin and was
              identifiable more than 5 years after the event. By modeling the expected response to a pulse-like
              disturbance using ray theory, we showed the observed thermocline signal to be a baroclinic
              Rossby wave. We also concluded that the- thermocline depression that spreads poleward along
              the North American coast in the aftermath of El Niho leaks energy in the form.of long baroclinic,
              Rossby waves, which can be observed across the entire width of the Pacific. These waves lose
              about half their amplitude through dispersion before reaching the western boundary, so it remains
              an open question whether: they provide a sufficiently strong trigger for a subsequent El Nifio.


              WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS


              Observations of the Florida Current transport derived from the cross-stream voltages on an
              abandoned cable between Jupiter, Florida, and Settlement Point, Grand Bahama Island (GBI),
              and an active telephone cable between West Palm Beach, Florida, and Eight Mile Rock, GBI, are
              continuing.

              A magnetometer was installed at Settlement Point, which will increase the accuracy in estimating
              the geomagnetic noise that is removed from the cable data, thus improving the accuracy of the
              tidal estimates and shortening the time for reducing the cable data to transport values from 2
              months to a few days. We improved ourmethod for determining the transfer functions that are
              needed for removing the geomagnetic induced noise.



                                                              4









               We constructed theoretical 2-D electromagnetic models for studies concerning the calibration
               factor needed to construct transport values from the cross-stream voltages. The calibration factor
               was found to be insensitive to the cfoss-stream spatial variability if the cable length is at least
               10 km long. These results have negative implications on using short span electric field recorders
               for transport measurements.


               MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

               One of the significant environmental issues of the next century will be the potential for sys-
               tematic changes in the Earth's climate due to increases in the atmospheric burden of C02, and
               other greenhouse gases including methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and carbon monoxide.


               TracerProgram

               We measure chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the sea as time-dependent tracers of water mass
               formation and thermocline ventilation of other gases. Information about these processes is used
               for assessing the moderating role of the oceans in delaying and damping the global warming
               predicted for coming decades.

               Two field programs were accomplished in 1988 to collect data on tracer distribution. A spring
               expedition aboard the NOAA Ship Oceanographer, from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to American
               Samoa, permitted a detailed meridional survey of climate-forcing trace gases and aerosols as a
               function of latitude in the central north and equatorial Pacific Ocean. This cruise repeated the
               route of the 1983 chemical/hydrographic survey, permitting the evolution of the transient tracers
               (CFC-11, CFC-12, fossil fuel C02) in the thermocline during this 5-year interval to be deter-
               mined. The water column measurements also included precise determinations of temperature,
               salinity, oxygen, and nutrients. The saturation state of the surface waters for the carbon cycle
               trace gases C02,, CO, and CH4 was accurately determined by continuous, automated gas
               chromatography. The trace gas signature of the surface waters at the equator (25% C02
               supersaturation) represented the normal upwelling state following the conclusion of the 86/87
               ENSO event.


               The second field program was a cooperative Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study
               (WEPOCS) (June-July, 1988) with AOML (Miami). PMEL was responsible for the CFC
               measurements (2000 samples) to determine the source waters of the equatorial current system
               (Equatorial Undercurrent [EUC), North Equatorial Countercurrent [NECC]), and the flow-
               through to the Indian Ocean.

               A workshop in June brought together ocean C02 researchers to reassess the source/sink character
               of the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean from both a modeling and a measurement perspective.
               The workshop produced a working agreement and format for reporting and synthesizing existing
               and future measurements of pCO2. The goal is to improve climatology for the seasonal and
               regional air-sea exchange of C02 of the entire Pacific basin.



                                                                5









                The PMEL tracer program contributed to a GFDL general ocean circulation model simulation of
                fluorocarbon transients by supplying pan-Pacific chlorofluoromethane (CFM) distribution
                measurements for model evaluation. The first model results, although showing general agree-
                ment with the measured distributions, revealed a much less efficient invasion of tracer than that
                determined by the observations. A second, global ocean CFM tracer simulation with more
                realistic forcing and isopycnal formulation is under way and will -probably produce model tracer
                fields in much better agreement with the PMEL CFC measurements.


                Marine Sulfur

                Biogenic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean are a major source of the back-
                ground sulfate aerosol particles in the marine troposphere. These particles act as cloud condensa-
                tion nuclei and are calculated to have a strong effect on the opacity of marine clouds. In this role,
                DMS emissions may be important to the radiative budget of the Earth.

                DMS emissions and aerosol particle formation were studied during FY 1988 in              the central
                Pacific Ocean aboard the NOAA Ship Oceanographer along 170*W from Dutch Harbor, Alaska,
                to American Samoa. In the temperate latitudes, the sulfur cycle was dominated by anthropogenic
                sulfate presumably from the Asian continent. DMS emissions were higher between 10*N and
                10*S, and could account for the atmospheric burden of sulfur dioxide and sulfate.


                Plans FY 1989

                EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS

                - Complete analysis of hydrographic, chemical, and velocity data collected on the TEW section
                  along 15*S aboard the Researcher (Malcolm Baldrige) and Oceanographer.

                - Perform diagnostic analysis of general ocean circulation model hindcast of the 1986-87 El
                  Nifio with improved surface heat flux parameterization.

                - Provide a description of the data collected from current meter and ATLAS moorings,
                  hydr6graphic casts, and acoustic Doppler current profiling during the 1986-87 El Nifio.

                - Expand salinity and real-time current measurement program to the western Pacific.

                - Begin analysis of data collected in the EPOCS North Equatorial Countercurrent array centered
                  at 7*N, 140*W.

                - Complete study comparing sea-level and XBT dynamic height indices of the variations of
                  central Pacific geostrophic surface currents.





                                                                 6









               WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS

               ï¿½ Compute transfer functions based on data from the magnetic site installed at Settlement Point.

               ï¿½ Compare the atmospheric sea-level pressures over the Northern Hemisphere with the Florida
                  Current transport variations for climate studies.


               MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

                  Establish a facility at PNML for measuring and interpreting transient tracers (CFCs) in the
                  North and South Pacific. This facility will more than double the existing annual capacity for
                  CFC sample analysis, allowing for the extension of the tracer coverage to ships of opportunity
                  operating in the remote and poorly sampled Southern Ocean.

                  Continue the program of repeated meridional sections of the Pacific Ocean in order to capture
                  the time-dependent, basin-wide distributions of anthropogenic chemical tracers (CO2, CFCs,
                  etc.) entering the thermocline.

                  Conduct a. major oceanographic/atmospheric expedition to the remote southeast Pacific Ocean
                  to survey the, latitude distribution of climate-forcing trace species in the marine boundary layer
                  and upper ocean. Of particular importance will be the penetration of transient tracers (CFM,
                  tritium, fossil fuel C02) into the Antarctic Intermediate Water of the Southern Ocean.

               -  Initiate a program of modeling the measured transient tracer fields in the North Pacific
                  thermocline (1981-1987), using the GFDL ocean general circulation model.

               -  Continue the collaborative program with GFDL to compare and interpret the measured CFM
                  tracer fields against those generated by successive generations of the ocean general circulation
                  CFM tracer simulation.


               -  Complete the analysis and publication of the existing PMEL CFC surveys in the eastern
                  (1981-86), central (1983-88) and western (1982-87) North Pacific Ocean. This program has
                  permitted the basin-wide tracer transient fields to be mapped with 5-year resolution.

                  Field a state-of-the-art analytical system for automated, precise determination of total C02 in
                  seawater by the coulometric method on the Southern Ocean expedition.

                  Refine, document, and improve the prototype system ("data logger") for automated and
                  continuous measurement of critical atmospheric and oceanographic parameters required to
                  interpret the air-sea exchange and marine photoch=dstry of climate-forcing trace species-.

               ï¿½  Design and carry out cooperative field programs to quantify the relationship between the flux
                  of marine sulfur (DMS) to the atmosphere, and the local atmospheric abundance of the sulfate
                  aerosol particles thought to control cloudiness.

               ï¿½  Improve analytical methods for determining ammonia at natural levels in seawater and rain-
                  water, and in the atmosphere Oointly with Aeronomy Laboratory).


                                                                7










                                             MARINE RESOURCES




               Accomplishments FY 1988

               VENTS PROGRAM


               Hydrothermal venting processes, which are now known to occur along the entire global seafloor
               spreading center system, are a significant source of heat and mass being introduced into the
               global ocean. To assess the chemical oceanographic effects of these processes and thereby make
               it possible to predict the chemical consequences of hydrothermal venting, the VENTS Program is
               engaged in a multidisciplinary effort to (1) determine the effects of hydrothermal venting on
               seawater chemistry, and the fate of hydrothermal mass and heat, through chemical and
               geochernical studies, (2) determine the physical oceanographic processes whereby hydrothermal.
               fluids and gases are distributed throughout the ocean, and, (3) determine the conditions that
               control the location and duration of active vent sites, through geological and geophysical studies.

               The laboratory and field programs involve collaboration with scientists from the United States
               Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of Canada, the Universities of Washington, Oregon
               State, Florida, Nfichigan, California, and Hawaii, the University of Victoria (Canada), and
               Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.


               Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge

               Investigations of-the Juan de Fuca Ridge were concentrated on two principal areas, the southern
               and cen tral segments. The southern segment actually comprises two slightly offset segments of
               approximately equal length (Rift A and Rift B). Within the region where the ends of the two
               subsidiary segments are offset but adjacent, two anomalously large hydrothermal vents have been
               observed. These vents have been termed "megaplumes" because they contained massive quan--
               tities, of hydrothermal heat and chemicals, comparable with amounts that would be generated by
               hundreds to thousands of "normal" high-temperature hydrothermal. vents.

               The tectonic or volcanological process (or processes) that generated these anomalous vents
               appears to be episodic, -and the physical and chemical characteristics of the vents indicate that
               their initial temperatures were several hundreds of degrees centigrade. Another distinctive
               characteristic of the megaplumes is that, because of their relatively great buoyancy, they are
               found considerably higher in the water column than the plumes associated, with steady-state
               hydrothermal low- and high-temperature vents.

               Initial interpretations of the field results indicate that (1) the source of the vigorous "normal'
               plume found in the vicinity of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge offset may be the very extensive









               low-temperature vent fields that were discovered to extend for nearly 2000 meters along the
               strike of the tip of the southern, Rift A, segment, and (2) the megaplumes may have originated in
               association with extrusion of very young volcanics found along the Rift A ridge axis or, (3) they
               may have been caused by fault-induced breaching of large subsurface volumes of trapped
               hydrothermal fluids.

               During 1988, an intensive program was carried out aboard the Atlantis II and NOAA Ship
               Discoverer to map the distributions of hydrothermally derived Si, 3He, Mn, Fe, Rn, C02 and heat
               from the vent orifices to distances up to 150 km away fi-om the spreading centers. The results
               show that hydrothermal emissions from the southern Juan de Fuca ridge form a 500-m-thick
               plume elongated in the direction of net current flow and centered on the 27.69 potential density
               surface. The ratios of 3He and Si in the buoyant plume are in good agreement with the low- and
               high temperature vent fluids.

               These ratios seem to indicate that the anomalous plumes are related to hydrothermal sources
               along the northeast spreading-center system and that the volume of output may vary dramati-
               cally. Profiles of dissolved Si along the 45*N and 47*N parallels show middle-depth (2100 m)
               anomalies that extend across the eastern half of the North Pacific and are segregated into centers
               of high and low concentrations. A major question in light of the Megaplume I and II discoveries
               is whether the high- versus low-Si anomalies are related to episodic hydrothermal venting out of
               the Gorda-Juan de Fuca-Explorer system.

               Another important result of this study is that negative anomalies of dissolved phosphate were
               observed directly over the ridge axis with corresponding positive anomalies of phosphorus in the
               particulate phase. Comprehensive analysis of the particulate phases with our scanning electron
               microscope indicate that the phosphorus was being scavenged from solution by newly formed
               iron oxyhydroxides of hydrothermal origin which end up as a phosphorus-rich component of the
               underlying sediments. Mass balance calculations suggest that a minimum of approximately 18%
               of the total annual phosphorus sink in the oceans is due to scavenging by hydrothermal emis-
               sions. Similarly, geochernical evidence for scavenging of the cations Ba, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, and
               oxyanions P, V, Cr, and As by hydrothermal oxyhydroxides was also observed in the water
               column and underlying sediments. These results demonstrate the important role of hydrothermal
               emissions as scavengers of chemicals from seawater. The resulting depletions can also serve as a
               tracer of dispersing plumes.

               Compositional stability of the southern Rift A regional plume -chemistry has been observed
               through a 5-year time series of annuaf month'-long plume surveys. From this unique time series
               for plume chemistry, PMEL investigators have inferred that venting of hydrothermal fluids of
               constant chemical composition has occurred at the southern Rift A vent sites for at least 5 years.
               This is consistent with direct observations of vent fluid chemistry made at other ridgecrest
               spreading centers where decadal-scale compositional uniformity has been observed.

               Observations made of the Rift A segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge during the past 3 years have
               provided the first full-segment perspective for plume chemistry. Unlike the compositionally
               uniform plumes observed at the southernmost Rift A vents, the plumes overlying the north-



                                                              9









               central and north regions of the rift are chemically diverse. Such intra-segment chemical diver-
               sity must be accounted for in the assessment of hydrothermal input to the regional ocean.


               Central Juan de Fuca Ridge

               The central segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is dominated by Axial Volcano, a large subma-
               rine hotspot volcano situated astride the axis of seafloor spreading. For the past several years, an
               active hydrothermal vent field within the volcano's summit caldera has been the focus of a
               number of VENTS Program studies. One of Axial's vent fields is uniquely situated for inves-
               tigations of hydrothermal processes because it is relatively small but contains a wide variety of
               hydrothermal environments including low- to high-temperature vents, massive sulfides, and
               extensive and thriving hydrothermal animal communities. Vent fluids within the Axial caldera
               also exhibit     ortant chemical diversity including fluids that have apparently boiled and sepa-
                            imp
               rated into brine and vapor phases.

               From FY 1987 Alvin sampling and photographic data we produced maps of the Axial vent field,
               the most detailed and comprehensive maps of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent field in
               existence. The maps provide a1ramework for understanding the origin of the vent field as well
               as a base for numerous other geophysical, chemical, oceanographic, and biological time series
               experiments.

               We made significant progress toward the goal of being able to use acoustical backscatter to
               recognize and predict various geological environments at reconnaissance scale surveys. New
               mathematical approaches, including fractal geometry and spectral analysis, were developed and
               tested, which allow the backscattered acoustic signal from sidescan sonar surveys to be statisti-
               cally categorized in terms of rock type and bottom roughness. These results are now being
               compared with the "ground truth" maps mentioned above.

               Samples obtained with the research submersibles Pisces and Alvin at the ASHES vent field at
               Axial Volcano during 1986, 1987, and 1988 have confirmed the presence of vapor-rich, and
               probably phase-separated and segregated, vent fluids. This is the first documentation of such
               highly phase-fractionated fluids. Ongoing study of these fluids presents a unique opportunity for
               VENTS investigators to understand the processes and effects of phase separation during venting.
               Local deposition from. vented fluids, plume formation and plume chemical evolution are pre-
               dicted to be significantly influenced by phase-separated fluids.


               Gorda Ridge

               The northern 50-km-long segment of the Gorda Ridge has a well-defined rift valley and a
               diversity of igneous rock types, unlike the Juan de Fuca Ridge or any of the other intermediate-
               to fast-spreading ridges in the Pacific Ocean. Significant advances were made in. locating and
               characterizing two hydrothermal venting zones in this northern segment, previously known only
               from regional water columns surveys.



                                                                 10









               Interpretation of a high-resolution sidescan sonar (SeaMarc: IA) survey of the northern segment
               performed in August 1987 revealed that the locations of the two venting zones (GR-14 and
               GR-15) are controlled by the intersection of a regional fracture trend parallel to the ridge axis,
               and that an anomalous transverse trend is related to the local stress regime. This finding both
               elucidates the seafloor controls of the hydrothermal activity and targets the two venting zones for
               near-field characterization.


               A dive series with the U.S. Navy DSV Sea Cliff was organized and conducted (September 1988)
               to close range on, and initiate characterization of the high-temperature venting zone at the GR- 14
               site. This involved a cooperative scientific team from NOAA, USGS and academia sponsored by
               the Gorda Ridge Technical Task Force of USGS's Minerals Management Service,.



               Technical Achievements


               Following the successful use of the S3 (Submersible-Coupled VENT Fluid Sampling and Sens-
               ing System) during the 1987 field season, the system was further refined. The S3 has dramati-
               cally increased precision in chemical analyses of the vent fluids, which are a basis for assessing
               the chemical oceanographic impact of hydrothermal. activity.

               During FY 1988, an in-situ chemical analysis system was deployed to function in two modes--as
               a stationary monitor of the temporal chemical variability of active venting systems, and as a
               chemical scanner to map the chemistry of seawater/vent fluid mixtures as they are found in
               various environments close to, and at a distance from, the vents. The system measures variations
               in temperature, iron, manganese, sulfide, and pH. These are chemical and physical characteris-
               tics of a typical hydrothermal plume and have key roles in chemical reactions of the vent fluids
               with their near-, middle-, and far-field environments.


               FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS

               PMEL's Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) is a joint effort with the
               Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center to study recruitment variability of commercially valuable
               fish and shellfish in the Gulf. of Alaska and Bering Sea. The research is aimed at determining (1)
               what meteorological, oceanographic, and biological conditions are correlated with historical
               year-class success, (2) whether there are interannual variations in transport that affect larval
               concentrations, and (3) how small-scale physics, food availability, and predation affect mortality.

               We found a relation between estimates of abundance of age-3 pollock recruits and the Northeast
               Pacific Pressure Index (NEPPI), a measure of the strength and location of the Aleutian Low. The
               relation suggests that as the index increases, the number of recruits decreases. This implies good
               recruitment from fish spawned during springs when the Aleutian Low is weak, absent, or dis-
               placed.

               Comparing 1981 and 1985, we found evidence that physical processes were responsible for a
               consistent decline in pollock spawner biomass and mean egg concentration. Data from CTD and


                                                                11









               moored current m  eters show that there are two modes of larval transport in the region: (1) the
               rapidly moving Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) which flows seaward, and (2) the weaker mean
               flow toward the southwest shoreward of the ACC. Apparently, cross-channel disturbances
               (eddies or meanders) in the flow field incorporated most of the emerging 1985 larval year-class
               into the ACC, transporting them away from nursery grounds.

               Analysis of long-term, (1978 and 1984-87) current, wind, and freshwater discharge data
               elucidated seasonal transitions in the ACC and on the adjacent shelf that could affect larval
               concentrations. The spring transition has exhibited two distinct patterns: (1) a steady smooth
               decline in currents between   December and June, or (2) a more rapid approach to near-zero
               currents in February and March, followed by stronger than usual currents in April through May.
               The latter was observed in 1985. The strength of the ACC can be such that planktonic material,
               including larval pollock, would be removed from the Strait within 2 to 3 weeks, that is, in less
               time than it takes the larvae to develop.

               Using extensive CTD data, acquired since 1976, we found extreme variability of baroclinic
               transport over periods of less than 3 days. Variation may be related to complex flow features
               observed in dynamic topography and satellite images. Based on the data since 1976, bottom
               water properties varied considerably; in particular, relatively cold freshwater was present during
               much of 1986. Abnormally cold conditions may affect egg development and adult pollock
               growth and maturation.

               Current, temperature, and salinity data from a long-term mooring located on the continental slope
               adjacent to the sea valley show a large offshore excursion of the Alaskan Stream during spring.
               This resulted in relatively weak flow toward the northeast (i.e., reversed flow) and a change in
               water properties in the vicinity of the mooring. More pollock have been observed spawning here
               than over other portions of the slope- (although in much smaller numbers than in Shelikof Strait)
               and concentrations of eggs and larvae are also relatively high. It is possible that this spring
               excursion affects both initiation of spawning and retention of eggs and larvae.


               Plans FY 1989

               VENTS PROGRAM

                 Continue the analysis of the heat-3He-Si relationships in off-axis regions to determine the
                 effects of steady-state and episodic venting on the regional distributions of these constituents
                 in the North Pacific.


                 Continue the analysis of dissolved- to particulate-phase relationships for trace elements in the
                 water column.


                 Analyze sediment trap. materials for major and trace elements and determine chemical fluxes
                 to the sediments in on- and off-axis regions west of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.




                                                               12








                ï¿½ Collect and analyze vent fluids and overlying plume waters to investigate the relations be-
                  tween venting sources and the dispersing neutrally buoyant plumes. Determine the relative
                  contributions of low- and high-temperature venting to plumes, using data from these samples
                  and determinations.


                ï¿½ Refine our understanding of the rates and processes that control the physical and chemical
                  evolution of vent fluids as they mix with ambient seawater and are dispersed away. from the
                  vent field.


                ï¿½ Analyze southern Juan de Fuca photogeological information for the purpose of constraining
                  the location and effects of megaplume hydrothermal bursts.

                ï¿½ Continue to merge sidescan sonar, water column, and photogeological information into an
                  integrated digital data base for compilation into detailed hydrothermal-pararneter maps.

                ï¿½ Conduct geological and geophysical, chemical, and physical oceanographic surveys from the
                  Discoverer at the megaplume sites and at Axial Volcano for the purpose of continuing time
                  series experiments focused on causes and effects of all scales of hydrothermal venting on
                  regional ocean chemistry.

                - Continue to monitor and analyze bottom pressure recorder data for          evidence of tectonic
                  deformation of the Axial summit caldera.


                - Analyze the results of surveys to determine the distribution and- characteristics of hydrothermal
                  venting along the northern segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

                - Continue to refine the quantitative ability of reconnaissance - sidescan sonar survey data to
                  discriminate specific seafloor geological (including hydrothermal) environments.

                - Continue modeling work on the fate of hydrothermal effluents, particularly Mn, in middle and
                  far fields.

                - Continue work on locating and characterizing high-temperature hydrothermal venting sii@s at
                  .the northern Gorda Ridge, by analyzing and interpreting data sets from September 1988 DSV
                  Sea Cliff dive series SeaMarc IA high-resolution sidescan sonar records.


                FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS

                - Extend estimates of age-3 pollock recruitment series back to 1951, and investigate climate-
                  recruitment relationships for modeling.

                - Compare fluctuations in the Gulf of Alaska fishery with those in the Bering Sea, eastern Gulf
                  of Alaska, northeastern U.S. coast, and Norway.

                - Develop a mechanistic model of a larval patch including biotic and abiotic environment.


                                                                13










                Develop a pollock. mortality schedule for the first 6 months of life to determine which survival
                hurdles are most significant.

                Continue long-term monitoring of water properties, Eulerian and Lagrangian currents, and
                island-based wind; continue satellite image analysis and pollock egg and larval surveys.

                Examine resorption of eggs as a possible factor in determining final egg production.

                Examine relationships between spawning and fecundity versus stock size and physical condi-
                dons, using observations from 1982 and 1986-88.

             ï¿½  Compare local with synthetic winds to improve estimates of the regional wind field and to
                examine forcing for current variability.

              ï¿½ Synthesize Eulerian, Lagrangian, dynamic topographic, and inferred satellite image informa-
                tion on dominant scales of current variability and compare with those of zooplankton and
                pollock larvae.

              ï¿½ Conduct a field experiment to examine food supply, predation, and dispersion as causes of
                mortality.

                Develop techniques for acquisition, processing, and analysis of LORAN-C-tracked buoys.

                Conduct field and laboratory studies on vertical migration of pollock larvae.























                                                            14









                            MARINE OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION



                Research is directed toward understanding and improving the prediction of phenomena of
                concern to marine warning and forecasting services. Research subjects include sea-ice processes,
                arctic oceanography, vessel icing, and tsunami propagation. PMEL scientists work closely with
                colleagues at operational service components of NOAA such as the National Weather Service
                and the Navy-NOAA Joint Ice Center. The Arctic research is also applicable to NOAA's climate
                studies. Research is carried out through a combination of field measurements, remote-sensing
                techniques, and numerical modeling.


                Accomplishments FY 1988

                ARCTIC RESEARCH


                The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale CircuMon Study

                The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale Circulation Study        was initiated in the autumn of 1986       and has
                included measurements of currents, winds, and       ice velocities, as well as observations   of state
                variables and nutrient distributions in the ocean and state variables in the polar atmosphere,
                principally between Barrow and Demarcation Point along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea shelf. Data
                collection continued through April 1988 when the remaining current meter moorings were
                recovered through the ice and the coastal anemometers were dismantled. 'Me total data set is
                extraordinary in the temporal and spatial extent of its coverage, and in the variety of its con-
                stituent measurements. The data set is also extremely large, and its full reduction and analysis
                will improve our understanding of the shelf circulation and its forcing, and the conditions impor-
                tant to the marine ecology of the area.


                The FREEZE Experiment

                Throughout the polar regions there are oceanic areas that remain nearly ice free when tempera-
                ture conditions would favor an ice cover. These ice-free areas are called polynyas and typically
                occur along arctic coasts where off-shore winds or currents continually remove the ice as it
                forms. Because ice extrudes salt as it forms, continual freezing in a polynya can cause a consid-
                erable brine enhancement, which may affect the water density structure and current field beyond
                the polynya, through mixing and advection of the brine.

                The objectives of PMEL's FREEZE Experiment were to examine the fine-scale                 process of
                freezing in the autumn in the context of the regional environmental conditions just prior to and
                during initial freeze-up. In October 1987, we deployed current meter and pressure gauge moor-
                ings, set out drifting ice buoys to trace the advancing ice edge, and mapped heat and salt budgets

                                                                  15









               using data from CTD casts. Additionally, several investigators participated in a 10-day study
               involving a series of daily cruises during late November 1987 aboard the tugboat Nanuk III from
               Nome, Alaska. The experiment used a CTD attached to a remotely operated vehicle to make
               horizontal CTD "casts" in order to observe spatial variability of the brine rejection. Meteorologi-
               cal information was also collected by measuring solar radiation, regional sea-level pressure, and
               winds.


               The initial data analysis suggests that in light to moderate winds there is little structure to the ice
               crystal formation and brine rejection. However, in higher wind situations the ftrezing is organ-
               ized into rows, and these rows are_ probably formed by secondary circulations driven. by
               Langmuir mechanics. This understanding is an important first step toward defining external
               parameters for predictive modeling of ice formation.


               In yesligadons in the Greenland Sea

               The long-term goal of these investigations is to understand the Greenland Sea's role in global
               climate and in the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere and the ocean. To do so it is important
               to quantitatively understand major water mass transformations and ventilating mechanisms,
               regional circulation and mixing, variability of the sea ice.and its relation to the ocean circulation,
               and exchanges with the atmosphere.

               During FY 1988 efforts were concentrated on the first two issues by conducting hydrographic
               and circulation investigations during four cruises. The work is part of the Greenland Sea Project
               and cooperative with institutions in Europe and North America.

               Analysis of the first hydrographic data set has shed new light on the recently discovered outflow
               into the Greenland Sea of saline Arctic Ocean deep water and on the formation of Norwegian Sea
               deep water.

                 High-salinity water in the Greenland Sea originates at middle depths (1600-1700 m) in the
                 Arctic Ocean.


                 This water flows southward along the Greenland slope until the bathymetry forces a diver-
                 gence in the southwestern Greenland Basin. The most saline water-continues southward into
                 the Iceland Sea, rather than flowing into the Norwegian Sea through gaps in the Mohn Rise.

               - Within the Greenland Sea, the saline Arctic Ocean water is mixed with Greenland Sea deep
                 water in an approximately 3:7 ratio to produce Norwegian Sea deep water.

               * The production rate of new deep water with Norwegian Sea properties is about 2                     Sv
                 (2 x 106 M3 S-1), corresponding to a replacement time of about a decade. This is less than
                 one-half the rate calculated from recent tracer box models, thus suggesting that not all the new
                 deep water moves into the Norwegian Sea, but rather that a significant portion remains in the
                 Greenland Sea.




                                                                 16










              Sea-Ice Processes and Modeling

              A - sea-ice, barotropic-ocean model was developed to investigate the coupling of ice motion to
              wind-driven Coastal currents. The model emphasizes the ice thickness- strength relation on
              downwind.coasts, and resolves the oceanic boundary layers for finite depth situations through the
              use of vertical structure functions. The model shows clearly that the ice-thickness/motion
              feedback is important on scales smaller than 10 km and that the, relation of ice velocity to wind
              stress in coastal seas is variable because the ocean slope current responds only to the alongshore
              component of the wind. This is a major step in providing quality forecasts of coastal ice motion.



              Arctic Fluxes


              We analyzed several data sets collected from aircraft flying over the St. Lawrence polynya in the
              Bering and Beaufort Seas in 1982 and 1983. Ile data were collected in an effort to measure the
              turbulent transport of heat and momentum across the polynya. An area of predominantly white
              young ice produced a measured drag coefficient (CD) Of 1.5 x 10-3, which was in agreement with
              previous measurements. An area including three different ice regimes (fiazil ice, grey young ice,
              and white young ice) produced a measured Co of 3.2 x 10-3. This high value was traced to more
              efficient turbulent mixing due to flow over and around the mountains on St. Lawrence Island.
              The air directly in the lee of the mountain was 6*C warmer than surrounding air and the wind
              field showed the presence of a strong narrow area of convergent flow where the sensible heat
              flux was 1000 W m-2.



              TSUNAMIS


              Four deep ocean bottom pressure recorders (BPR's) were successfully recovered (and
              redeployed) in the Gulf of Alaska and in the Axial Caldera off the U.S. west coast. Analyses. of
              the records revealed success in detecting three seismic surface waves and two tsunamis generated
              a few hundred kilometers south of Cape Yakataga, Alaska, on - 17 and 30 November 1987 and 6
              March 1988. These measurements constitute the first multiple-gauge measurement of tsunamis
              in the open ocean.

              An agreement was reached with the National Ocean Service for its Ocean Mapping Section to
              perform a multibeam bathymetric survey of the Shumagin Seismic Gap, a region along the
              Aleutian Trench associated with high seismic potential. Thus, should the predicted tsunamigenic
              earthquake occur, this survey would provide pre-event baseline data for comparison with a
              post-event survey; together, the data would provide critical information on the vertical and
              horizontal extent of ocean bottom deformation corresponding to the tsunami source region.







                                                              17










              Plans FY 1989

              ARCTIC RESEARCH

              - Analyze 2 years of current meter, hydrographic, and meteorological data for the Beaufort Sea
                Mesoscale Circulation Study.

              - Recover and redeploy current meter moorings and make additional heat and salt content
                surveys for the FREEZE Experiment from the NOAA Ship Surveyor during September-
                October 1988- and analyze data from the 1987-88 field year.

              - Extend the one-dimensional sea-ice barotropic-ocean model for coastal oceans to two dimen-
                sions, using the combined Bering-Chukchi shelves as an example.

              - Conduct volumetric surveys in the Greenland Sea during November-December 1988 on the
                R/V Meteor, during March-April 1989 on the RIV Valdivia, and during June-July 1989 on the
                R/V Polarstern.- This work is part of the Greenland Sea Project.

                Recover and redeploy instrumented moorings in the Greenland Sea and in Denmark Strait
                during June-July 1989 on the R/V Polarstern and on the R/V Cirolana. The work on the
                Polarstern is part of the Greenland Sea Project.

                Initiate a study of air, -ice, and ocean north of the Greenland Sea, using icebreaker-based
                observations from September 1988-February 1989 and NOAA P-3 aircraft observations from
                March-April 1989. The work is part of the Combined Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX).


              TSUNAMIS


              - Prepare report on the three Alaskan tsunamis.

              - Perform analyses of coincident BPR and GEOSAT altimeter observations.

              - Recover and re-deploy all deep-ocean BPRs.















                                                             18









                           MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT



              Marine environmental assessment at PMEL emphasizes understanding the complex physical and
              geochernical processes that ultimately determine the health of marine systems and their ability to
              assimilate contaminants. Included are studies of the geochemistry of trace metals and organic
              compounds, distributions of hydrocarbons and synthetic organics, coastal and estuarine circula-
              tion, and transport processes. Although the geographic focus of these studies has been Pacific
              Northwest and Alaskan coastal and estuarine waters, the scientific knowledge acquired and
              methodologies developed are applicable to other marine systems.


              Accomplishments FY 1988

              LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH

              In response to the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1982 and the National
              Ocean Pollution Research and Development and Monitoring Planning Act of 1978, PMEL has
              addressed environmental concerns associated with marine disposal and transport of municipal
              and industrial wastewater and the reaction of marine systems to continuing influx of con-
              taminants. PMEL is examining the role of suspended particulates in transporting contaminants
              and in removing them from marine systems. Researchers have been investigating the mecha-
              nisms by which heavy metals and organic pollutants partition between water and particulates and
              are subsequently buried in sediments or advected from the estuary. - As these processes become
              better understood, the long-term effect of chronic, low-level- input of pollutants on marine
              resources will be assessable. Therefore, studies in the Puget' Sound-Strait of Juan de Fuca
              estuarine system, under way for many years, are leading to a better understanding of the ability
              of estuaries to accommodate pollutant inputs.

              In 1988, continuing emphasis was placed on simulation modeling of the present data base and on
              geochernical process studies; descriptive physical and chemical field studies were severely
              reduced while an assessment was conducted of data and knowledge gaps.



              Estuarine Circulation


              The replacement of bottom water in Puget Sound has been studied for many years, because it is a
              dominant process responsible for flushing some contaminants. Previous studies showed that
              bottom-water inflow increases during spring and fall equinoctial periods, when neap tides occur
              and mixing is minimal over the entrance sill. Our studies have now shown that the increased
              inflow starts before minimum neap tides. Our calculations with these data in a simple model
              demonstrate that this is an effect of variations in the horizontal density gradient at the mouth of
              the estuary, caused by salinity variations outside the mouth. This time-dependent process may be


                                                               19









               responsible for changing inflow characteristics on time scales between wind effects and seasonal
               effects, and it may be important in o@ier estuaries.


               Estuarine Transport

               During 1988, the study of the estuarine transport of trace metals moved from the field into the
               laboratory. We performed experiments using ambient Puget Sound seawater to study the rate of
               conversion of dissolved manganese (Mn) to particulate Mn. The kinetic data obtained will be
               incorporated into the laterally averaged model of Puget Sound to provide an understanding of the
               role of Mn oxide surfaces relative to toxic trace metals, which in turn will lay the foundation for
               models attempting to describe the transport and fate of particulate-reactive toxic trace metals
               such as lead (Pb).

               The fate of copper (Cu), unlike metals like Pb, seems to be controlled by the behavior of dis-
               solved and particulate organic matter. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the
               potential of natural and anthropogenic sources to contribute releasable organically bound Cu to
               the bottom waters of Puget Sound. Remobilization of Cu, at depth, as a result of discharge of
               primary effluent, appears to be more significant than remobilization from naturally occurring
               organic matter or diffusion from the sediments.

               Concentrations of both natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons on settling particles differ from
               those on suspended particles in the estuarine water column. Previous studies at PMEL showed
               that the major source of hydrocarbons to the sediments was the particles settling from surface
               waters. Results of a new study comparing hydrocarbon fluxes with fluxes of settling particles
               fractionated by size and density suggested specific hydrocarbon-particle associations that govern
               the flux of hydrocarbons to the sediments. These associations seem to be implicated in differen-
               tial transport and selective sedimentation of particulate hydrocarbons, determining their horizon-
               tal distribution in sediments. They also are probably import     -ant in differential bioturbation, thus
               determining the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the sediment column.

               We examined such associations in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
               PAHs are found worldwide in estuarine sediments. Their relative insolubility in water and
               resistance to degradation make them excellent sedimentary markers for land use changes,
               transport processes, and dating in an estuary, Ten cores from Puget Sound, Washington, were
               dated by 21OPb and analyzed -for combustion-derived PAHs and retene (a naturally occurring
               PAH found in coal and wood). Plots of date vs. PAH concentration showed a distinct PAH
               concentration peak for each core corresponding to 21OPb dates circa 1940; plots of date vs. retene
               concentration also showed peaks corresponding to 21OPb dates ranging between 1880 and 1925.
               The preliminary results suggest that particles to which 21OPb binds are different from those to
               which some hydrocarbons attach, calling into question one of the fundamental assumptions of
               radionuclide dating of sediment horizons.






                                                                  20









               Modeling

               PMEL scientists helped organize and participated in a Workshop on Modeling Physical
               Oceanography of Puget Sound held 4-5 November 1987 at the NOAA Western Regional Center.
               The workshop brought together an international group of modelers and field oceanographers to
               discuss the state of knowledge of physical processes in the Puget Sound region, on-going and
               planned modeling efforts, and potential collaboration.

               We used a turbulence closure model to investigate the effects of finite water depth on the magni-
               tude and direction of the bottom stress due to steady barotropic currents. Accurate estimates of
               bottom stress are important in studies of current dynamics and transport of sediment and
               particulate-bome pollutants. The results show stress maxima 15% to 19% above deep-water
               values and angular deviations at the maxima 8* greater than those in deep water. A set of com-
               putationally efficient formulas have been fitted to the model results for interpretation and use in
               numerical models.


               Formulas for suspended sediment flux were derived for the vertically         integrated flux of sus-
               pended sediment from the classical log-velocity and Rouse-concentration profiles.@ The formulas,
               which closely match results from closure models, indicate that the flux is particularly sensitive to
               the ratio of settling velocity to friction velocity (square root of the kinetic bottom stress). In the
               slow-settling regime the flux varies inversely with the ratio but is much more sensitive in the
               fast-settling regime. The flux is also proportional to the erosion rate, which increases rapidly
               with increasing bottom stress.

               We completed a channel tide model for Puget Sound. Tuned to observed distributions of the M2
               tide, the model provides detailed distributions of tides and cross- sectionally averaged tidal
               currents as well as estimates of tidal prisms and dissipation for this complicated network of
               channels and embayments. There is good agreement between the observed distributions of tides
               throughout the system, primarily because the linear dynamics underlying the model dominate the
               tidal processes in Puget Sound and because the model resolves the complex topography of the
               system. There is also relatively good agreement of the averaged tidal currents at the few sections
               where detailed current observations are available even though the observed tidal currents often
               show major variations both across channels and with depth. The model shows a resonance
               somewhat below the M4 frequency that is relatively weak due to frictional dissipation concen-
               trated mainly in the high-velocity channels.

               The initial version of a laterally averaged model of Puget Sound showed good qualitative results.
               The salient features of currents and circulation were well represented. An increase in landward
               bottom transport in the interior of the Sound, occurring in the model, can only be the result of the
               downwelling of water in the vicinity of the Admiralty Inlet-main basin nexus; such a
               downwelling feature of circulation has long been recognized in the field data. A southward
               circulation over the entire water column in East Passage, shown by observations, can be
               reproduced in the model by imposing a northerly pressure gradient on the flow in Colvos Pas-
               sage. Better geometric and bathymetric definition of the Sound is now being coded into the
               model to improve results quantitatively.



                                                                 21









               The laterally averaged hydrodynamic model provided current fields for a preliminary model of
               the distribution and transport of suspended solids in Puget Sound. The model simulates particle
               movement over the length and depths of the main basin and Admiralty Inlet, and over a 14-day
               period centered about. an intrusion event. The model is required to have both small and large
               particles in the upper water column. The more rapidly settling large particles, thought to be
               macroaggregates, scavenge the more slowly settling fine particles as they fall vertically through
               the water column. With this process in the model, the calculated suspended solid distributions
               show the general features of the suspended particulate data, e.g., a middle-depth minimum down
               the axis of the main basin, but rapid vertical transport of fine particles is also allowed. The
               model poses a number of questions about particle sources and populations that will find answers
               only through additional field measurements and analysis of several existing data sets.

               Pug et Sound consists of a series of deep, stratified reaches separated by shallower sills and
               junctions where the mixing between water masses occurs and most of the rivers enter. On an
               annual time scale the transport of water and salt in each reach can be modeled as a steady
               two-layer advective flow. These flows intermingle in turbulent mixing zones where the flow
               from any incoming layer can be split into two parts: an efflux fraction that continues on into the
               next reach and a reflux fraction that recirculates into its original reach. During the past year we
               determined the efflux-reflux fractions for the mixing zones between the nine principal reaches in
               the S trait of Juan de.Fuca-Puget Sound system.


               Plans FY 1989

               LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH

               ï¿½ Model the vertical distribution of particulate Mn in Puget Sound, using the results of the FY
                 1988 Mn precipitation experiments.

               ï¿½ Apply the results of the FY 1988 Cu remobilization experiments to a bottom layer box model
                 of central Puget Sound and to the reflux model.

               ï¿½ Characterize the nature of Cu-organic interactions in Puget Sound during the FY 1989 field
                 season.


               ï¿½ Extend the Puget Sound tides research to long-term sea level fluctuations and internal tides.

               ï¿½ Develop a steady low-resolution model of trace metal dynamics in stratified estuaries.

               ï¿½ Describe wind effects on flow through a cross section of a fjord.

               ï¿½ Complete code development of the laterally averaged hydrodynamic model of Puget Sound.

               ï¿½ Continue   development of models concerned with the vertical transport of fine suspended
                 solids by macroaggregate scavenging.

               ï¿½ Develop and implement a plan for using quasi-conservative tracers in testing the efflux-reflux.
                 model.


                                                               22








                                                           JIMAR



               The Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), located at the University of
               Hawaii, was formed in 1977, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the National
               Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Hawaii. The principal
               research interests of JIMAR have been equatorial oceanography, climate, and tsunamis. A new
               interest in fisheries oceanography was added in FY 1988.


               Accomplishments FY 1988

               EQUATORIAL OCEANOGRAPHY

               Western Equatorial Paciflc Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS)

               WEPOCS is a joint U.S.-Australian program to- study the distribution of watermass properties
               and circulation in the near-equatorial region north of Papua, New Guinea. Among other objec-
               tives, WEPOCS aims to describe the effects of the northwest monsoon on the upper ocean
               circulation in this region.

               The third U.S. WEPOCS expedition took place in the near-equatorial region north of Papua and
               near the Philippines during June and July 1988. The hydrographic conditions observed com-
               pared well with. observations during WEPOCS I (July 1985) and H (February 1986), and inten-
               sive observations were obtained of the Mindanao Current and the Mindanao coastal circulation in
               the Celebes Sea.


               The analysis of data sets from WEPOCS I and H has concentrated on a complete description of
               the mean circulation based on an isentropic analysis of the hydrographic data. We are assessing
               the influence of the monsoon on the circulation of the WEPOCS region through comparison of
               the water mass distributions during the two cruises and through analysis of the regional response
               of sea level.


               Sea level, wind, and current data collected between WEPOCS I and. H have been analyzed using
               an empirical orthogonal function. The analysis shows that sea level is influenced by the large-
               scale winds in the western Pacific, but there is structure associated with more local dynamics
               such as current flow through Vitiaz Strait, and the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent.


               Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)

               TOGA's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -focuses on the strong
               air-sea interaction that occurs in the "warni pool" region of the equatorial western Pacific and


                                                               .23









               attempts to gain a better understanding of the processes that appear to be important during the
               development of ENSO episodes in that region, especially the role of intermittent strong westerly
               winds in mixing the upper ocean and moving the warm waters eastward. Analysis of historical
               data and concerted modeling efforts have begun as preliminary steps of the experiment.

               United States-Peoples' Republic of China Cruises III and IV were successfully completed in the
               western Pacific; nearly continuous acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data were collected.
               Considerable progress has been made in upgrading the hardware and software used for this
               continuing collaborative research.



               Acoustic Doppler   Current Profiler (ADCP)

               ADCP data from WEPOCS I were processed and documented, the Mindanao Current was
               extensively mapped, and current profiles were made along the track of the Y*TEPOCS III cruise.

               Analysis of the Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics (PEQUOD) current profiles from the central
               equatorial Pacific has concluded, leading to the discovery of three currents below 1500 m that
               may be important parts of the general ocean circulation. A vertical mode analysis of the profiles
               has shown a clear dynamic scale separation in the upper ocean, in which the smaller scales are
               less variable than the larger scales.


               Line Islands Array

               The Line Islands Array consists of subsurface pressure gauges at four of the Line Islands--
               Palmyra, Fanning, Jarvis, and Malden Islands, plus three inverted echo sounders deployed on the
               sea floor at 6% 8% and 10*N along 162*W. Extending from 4*S to 10*N, the array is designed to
               measure sea level variations on time scales from hours to years. No cruise was conducted in
               FY 1988 because of the 16-month array maintenance. Data from the third Line Islands Array
               cruise were processed, along with considerable analysis effort. Intercalibrations between echo
               sounder and subsurface pressure gauge data sets were completed.


               Pacific Sea Level Network and Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Sea Level
               Center


               Three new satellite stations were installed and two existing stations rebuilt, making the network
               29 stations in 17 countries. Nineteen of the stations report via satellite. All but five stations had
               complete data recovery during the year.

               The stations are also part of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), and data from the
               network are used to publish monthly maps of sea level through the International Global Ocean
               Services System. (IGOSS). The network forms a cornerstone in the planning of a sea level
               network for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and provides ground truth for the



                                                                 24









              calibration and verification of satellite altimetry for the GEOSAT and TOPEX (Topographic
              Experiment) missions.


              IGOSS Sea Level Pilot Project (ISLPP)

              The purpose of the project is to make monthly mean sea level data available in a timely fashion
              and to generate products that are valuable for the scientific analysis of climate-related processes.
              The data are used to publish monthly sea level maps, corrected for atmospheric pressure begin-
              ning in 1988.

              In addition, an index of upper-layer volume for the equatorial Pacific, valuable for ENSO studies,
              is generated and published quarterly. An update of indices for the equatorial currents in the
              Pacific, which will be published annually, was included with the January map.


              CLIMATE RESEARCH


              El Niflo-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

              Research focused on the synoptics of the equatorial western Pacific to evaluate the. hypothesis
              that westerly wind bursts in this region may initiate and maintain El Nifio, although the existence
              of such precursors has yet to be firmly established. It was shown that east Asian middle-latitude
              forcing could initiate westerly wind bursts in the equatorial western Pacific. The possibility that
              the well-known quasi-periodic nature of the ENSO could be reproduced from parametric time
              series models was assessed. Results indicate that the. two optimal models produce a dominant
              spectral peak in the range between 3 and 4 years and small power at high frequencies, features
              consistent with those obtained from a conventional frequency-domain approach.

              A study was conducted concerning Hawaiian. drought and the Southern Oscillation (SO). We
              found that major drought winters in the Islands were preceded by a persistently low phase of the
              SO starting in March of the preceding year. Results of scatter diagrams also suggest that changes
              of the SO in summer lead corresponding changes of rainfall by 2-3 seasons.


              Modeling and Analysis

              A simple model of equatorial low-frequency motion was constructed to study the stability of the
              equatorial atmosphere in the presence of quasi-zonal, low-frequency disturbances. The model
              demonstrates that unstable interaction of boundary layer friction-induced moisture convergence
              with condensational heating could cause planetary-scale responses resulting in an asymmetric
              baroclinic structure having the largest flow field amplitude in the upper atmosphere.

              A vertically continuous model describing two-dimensional equatorial motion confirmed              this
              unstable interaction mechanism. Use of the model for analysis of moist Kelvin waves revealed



                                                               25









               that eddy energy is mainly generated in the surface convergence phase, which does not agree
               with the evaporation-wind feedback theory.


               TSUNAMI RESEARCH

               Two tide gauges were deployed in I-Elo. A short course was again taught for the Army Corps of
               Engineers (including Civil Defense. people) on post-tsunami run-up assessment and mapping.

               Numerical modeling of the Shumagin seismic gap continued, using a nonlinear, shallow-water
               program to study the Kowalik and Murty model of the Gulf of Alaska along the Aleutian Islands.
               In the first study we observed, as Kowalik and Murty did, that the tsunami energy was, strongly
               directed south toward Hawaii.



               FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY


               Optimal estimates were made of ocean current fields by means of objective analysis modeling of
               temperature profiles combined with temperature-salinity relationships from one survey around
               Johnston Island and three around Oahu in association with ichthyoplankton surveys. The goal is
               to interpret the distribution of larval fishes relative to the island in light of geostrophic current
               patterns. We found an expected general pattern of westward flow and the presence of a
               mesoscale cyclonic eddy on the north side of Johnston Island. Associated with the eddy is an
               eastward return flow west of the island and astagnant region northwest of the island. The
               Johnston Island area contains unusually high densities of island-associated larval fishes in the
               50-100 m stratum and the current patterns may have a pronounced effect upon larval recruitment
               and population maintenance.

               A workshop, sponsored by JIMAR, was convened by the National Marine Fisheries Service
               (NMFS) at its Honolulu laboratory in May to review scientific understanding of the physical and
               biological factors and processes that affect rates of squid entanglement in driftnets, and to
               explore strategies for collaborative research to improve the understanding of driftnet entangle-
               ment problems in the North Pacific Transition Zone. A framework for a strategic plan was
               developed to provide guidance to the Squid Entanglement Task Force in preparation of a detailed
               set of research options and operating plans to achieve the following objectives: (1) to assess the
               effects of the incidental mortalities on the marine resources of the United States and on the
               benefits derived from them, and (2) to develop and evaluate management options for mitigation
               of the effects.



               Plans FY 1989

               EQUATORIAL OCEANOGRAPHY

               - Analysis of the WEPOCS I and H data sets will continue, to assess the influence of the mon-
                  soon on the circulation of the WEPOCS region, to compare near-surface pressure gradients


                                                                 26









                  across- and along-channel in the Vitiaz Strait with moored current measurements made by the
                  Australians, and to study the role of mixing processes in the circulation of the region.

               -  'Me data from the WEPOCS III expedition are being processed, and much of FY 1989 will be
                  required to finalize the data sets.

               -  A Science Working Group will be formed to develop and implement COARE.

               -  Two U.S.-P.R.C. TOGA cruises are planned, and the processing of the ADCP data will be
                  carried out at sea on these cruises.


               -  Proposals have been submitted to work with RD Instruments in testing its present and new
                  profilers.

               -  A program is being developed for observing the Nfindanao Current over a 2-year period.

               -  The fourth of five cruises under the Line Islands Array program will be conducted in Novem-
                  ber 1988 for the purpose of maintaining the observing array of pressure gauges, inverted echo
                  sounders, and tide gauges.

               -  The TOGA Sea Level Center will continue its current operations and will continue to generate
                  monthly sea level maps.

                  The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) project is designed to provide 5 years of physical,
                  chemical, and biological oceanographic measurements from a deep-ocean site 100 Ian north of
                  Oahu, for the purposes of observing climatological trends and assessing the representativeness
                  of the observations made during the. 5-year WOCE and GOFS programs. Monthly cruises to
                  collect hydrographic measurements to provide a description of the mid-gyre variations of the
                  Pacific Ocean will begin in October 1988.


               CLIMATE RESEARCH


               - Investigations of the origins and evolution of westerly wind bursts and analysis of the wind
                  'field of the tropical Pacific will continue, with emphasis on analysis strategies for the improve-
                  ment of operational wind products.

               - The surface wind variability in the western Pacific and sea level variation in association with
                  equatorial intraseasonal convective disturbances will be studied.

                  A five-level regional mesoscale model will be developed; it will be based on Florida State
                  University's model.






                                                                 27









              TSUNAMIRESEARCH


              ï¿½  Numerical model studies on tsunami source mechanisms will continue, using both shallow-
                 water and three-dimensional codes.


              ï¿½  Available data will be gathered, and the tsunami inundation-evacuation project will be refined
                 according to a recently awarded contract with the State Civil Defense Agency.

              ï¿½  Publication of the Tsunami Journal will continue.



              FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY

              ï¿½  High-resolution, vertically stratified ichthyoplankton data from around Oahu will be analyzed
                 for plankton distribution relative to geostrophic current patterns.

              ï¿½  Two cruises to Southeast Hancock Seamount are planned for sampling. A current meter. string
                 will also be deployed for 4 months. This will allow comparison of current meter measure-
                 ments with the ADCP-derived current data.






































                                                              28









                                                           HSA0



              The Joint Institute for Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) was established to foster
              collaboration between NOAA and the University of Washington. JISAO serves as a vehicle for
              funding grants and postdoctoral Fellows, supporting collaborative research between NOAA and
              University scientists. During the past few years, JISAO has emphasized three core research
              areas: climate, environmental chemistry, and estuaries.

              JISAO's climate research has tended to focus on two main themes: large-scale atmosphere-
              ocean interaction in the tropics and planetary-scale wave-mean flow interaction. JISAO has been
              active in University and NOAA efforts to direct interdisciplinary research toward an understand-
              ing of the global climate system and its sensitivity to human activities. The new Experimental
              Climate- Forecast Center within JISAO was established for this purpose.

              The main research themes in environmental chemistry include marine aspects of the carbon
              dioxide problem and chemical processes involving the deposition of heavy metals. The former
              theme is closely related to climate research and the latter to estuarine research. Recently,
              JISAO's chemistry research has broadened in scope to include other biogeochemical cycles of
              interest for global climate. Of particular interest is the chemistry of sulfur and its influence on
              cloud condensation nuclei and the cycles that involve long-lived radiatively interactive trace
              species such as nitrous oxide and methane.


              Accomplishments FY 1988

              A study was completed that supports the use of doubly periodic models to examine eddy heat
              fluxes in fully turbulent baroclinic flows. The resulting two-layer model is expected to be an
              inexpensive and reliable tool for numerical investigations of parameterization theories used in
              climate research. Extensive numerical experiments have isolated the quasi-geostrophic regime
              that supports persistent, spatially organized storm tracks.

              An investigation of mechanisms of oscillations of coupled ocean-atmosphere models (1) demon-
              strated that the Cane-Zebiak ENSO cycle is distinct from the mechanism responsible for the
              oscillating behavior in several other coupled models, (2) determined conditions that govern the
              selection of the oscillation mechanism, and (3) developed a simple model that captures the
              essence of the oscillation mechanism.


              Work was completed on (1) the influence of the basic state and ocean geometry on interannual
              variability of the tropical atmosphere/ocean system, (2) the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby
              waves during ENSO, and (3) the interannual variability in a. suite of tropical ocean-atmosphere
              models.




                                                               29









               Development was completed on the Electron Capture Sulfur Detector, a new instrument that pre-
               cisely measures oceanic and atmospheric sulfur compound levels. This instrument is used to deter-
               mine the influence of dimethyl-sulfide released by marine organisms upon cloud condensation.

               In support of a meteorological experiment entitled OCEAN STORMS, analysis is under way on
               (1) a comparison of observations of a developing comma cloud with a numerical weather predic-
               tion model, (2) the development of a polar low, and (3) the stratosphere-troposphere exchange at
               a cold front.


               The following student research projects continued: (1) tropical wind variability and the modeled
               ocean response to tropical surface wind stress variability, (2) the dynamic comparison of surface
               wind products for the Equatorial Pacific, (3) the annual variation of temperature in the upper
               tropical Pacific Ocean, (4) the dynamics of wind flow through Shelikof Strait, (5) analysis of
               cloud droplets by aircraft using a Counterflow Virtual Impactor, and (6) the construction of a
               two-dimensional model of the equatorial undercurrent in a stratified environment.

               JISAO Senior Fellows were involved in scientific planning for NOAA's Climate and Global
               Change Program. The planning document ("The Role of the Ocean in NOAA's Program,
               'Climate and Global Change"') details the scientific oceanographic problems that need to be
               solved in order to make predictions on decadal to centennial time scales. This report is expected
               to form the scientific basis for implementing the oceanographic portion of the Climate and
               Global Change Program.

               JISAO supported a Distinguished Visitor (its first) from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
               in February 1988. The Visitor's research interests include problems on the equatorial undercur-
               rent in the ocean and the equilibrium of finite amplitude baroclinic waves in the atmosphere.
               JISAO also invited a number of scientific visitors (domestic and foreign) to give seminars and
               interact with faculty, students, and PMEL scientists during the 1987 General Assembly of the
               International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (held in Vancouver, B.C.). In addition, many of
               the JISAO affiliated scientists and students attended the conference on Waves and Stability
               sponsored by the American Meterological Society.


               Plans FY 1989

               - Work with NOAA to develop an expanded program to address scientific issues relating to
                 global climate change.

               - Establish a climate modeling capability to serve as a focus         for research on coupled
                 atmosphere-ocean interaction and biogeochernical cycles.

               - Continue research on the predictability of ENSO, the effects of cloud radiation feedback on the
                 coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and the dynamics and the maintenance of the Intertropical
                 Convergence Zones in a General Circulation Model.

               ï¿½ Assess the mass flux from the stratosphere into the troposphere in extratropical cyclones.

               ï¿½ Continue a vigorous visitor and seminar program.


                                                               30









                                                           CIMRS



               The Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) was established in 1982 to
               foster collaborative research between NOAA and Oregon State University in the areas of
               oceanography, fisheries, aquaculture and other marine-related fields and to serve as a center at
               which researchers may work on problems of mutual interest relating to the living and non-living
               components of the marine and estuarine environment and their interrelationships. Oregon State
               University is currently involved in research efforts that parallel NOAA/PMEL's VENTS Pro-
               gram, objectives in the area of assessing the effect of spreading center hydrothermal vents on the
               marine environment. CIMRS often serves as a vehicle for funding grants which support col-
               laborative research efforts between NOAA and University scientists. This annual report ad-
               dresses only the collaborative efforts between CIMRS and NOAA/PMEL's VENTS Program.

               In FY 1988, NOAA, through CIMRS, funded related research on radiochemical studies in
               hydrothermal samples from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The purpose of this research is to determine
               the time that hydrothermal deposits were initially emplaced, their rate of accumulation, the length
               of time the hydrothermal fluid resided in the crust before the deposits were formedl and to
               investigate the scavenging processes occurring in the dispersing hydrothermal plume.

               Six CIMRS- research assistants contribute directly to the VENTS Program in various components
               of, computer programming, analysis of side-scan sonar and photographic data of seafloor features
               from the Juan de Fuca Ridge system.


               Accomplishments FY 1988

                  Developed a FORTRAN subroutine which allows iterativej least-squares fitting of discrete,
                  observational data such as seafloor bottom data by a nonlinear function. Use of this technique
                  will allow the development of complex numerical models of natural systems.

                  Developed a computer algorithm to smooth towed camera navigation data (side-scan sonar)
                  using a least-squares cubic spline. In the testing stage is an iterative method for nonlinear
                  surface fitting with the eventual objective of obtaining statistical information from navigated
                  sidescan images that will allow classification of geological features on the seafloor.










                                                                31









                                                     PMEL STAFF



                                               OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
                                                   Eddie N. Bernard, Director
                                              James R. Holbrook, Deputy Director
                                          LCDR Terry D. Jackson, Associate Director

                 Bernard, Eddie N.                                      Director
                 Holbrook, James R.                                     Supervisory Oceanographer
                 Jackson, Terry D., LCDR                                NOAA Corps
                 Roper, Ridelle A.*                                     Secretary (Typing)
                 Wilson, Belle                                          Secretary (Typing)


                                   TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
                                         Cynthia L. Loitsch, Program Support Officer

                 Anderson, James W..                                    Photographer
                 Collins, Beverly J.                                    Budget Assistant
                 Cooke, Florence K.                                     Travel Clerk
                 Curl, Virginia M.                                      Illustrator
                 Elkins, Gayle L.                                       Motor Vehicle Operator
                 Loitsch, Cynthia L.                                    Program Support Manager
                 Perry, Richard M.                                      Motor Vehicle Operator
                 Register, Joy G.*                                      Illustrator (Scientific)
                 Smith, Claudia J.                                      Photographer
                 Snyder, Susan                                          Program Support Assistant
                 Thomasson, Norma H.                                    Support Services, Supervisor
                 Taylor, Stashia                                        Clerk-Typist
                 Vose, Virginia                                         Computer Clerk
                 Whitney, Ryan L.                                       Computer Operator


                                                   COMPUTER SUPPORT
                                                  Paul Lu, Computer Manager

                 Angkico, Susana. L.                                    Computer Programmer
                 Barzel, Ronald -                                       Communications Specialist
                 Bathurst, William                                      Computer Programmer
                 Beard, Emily, LTJG                                     NOAA Corps
                 Bishop, Richard L.*                                    Computer Programmer
                 Borg-Breen, David                                      Computer Systems Programmer
                 Kay, Sharon                                            Computer Aid
                 Lu, Paul                                               Computer Specialist
                 McCarty, Laura C.                                      Computer Programmer
                 McKenna, Rory*                                         Computer Clerk


                No longer affiliated with PMEL


                                                                32








                 Renton, Mark                                           JISAO/Research Scientist
                 Richards, Russel                                       Computer Equipment Analyst
                 Tanigawa, Dale                                         Computer Operator
                 Vance, Tiffany C.                                      Computer Programmer
                 Walker, Andrew D.                                      Computer Operator


                                       ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
                                               Hugh B. Milburn, Division Leader

                 Delizo, Stan W.                                        Engineering Technician
                 Gable, James R.                                        Electronics Technician
                 Holzer, Dennis E.                                      Instrument Maker
                 Jackson, Thomas G.                                     Electronics Technician
                 Mader, Floyd W.                                        Electronics Technician
                 McLain, Patrick D.                                     Electronics Engineer
                 Milburn, Hugh B.                                       Supervisory General Engineer
                 Miller, Hendrick                                       Engineering Technician
                 Nakamura, Alex 1.                                      Electronics Engineer
                 Newman, Roy                                            Electronics Technician
                 Schattgen, Paul L., LTJG                               NOAA Corps
                 Shanley, John C.                                       Engineering Aid
                 Stapp, Michael F.                                      Electronics Technician


                                      MARINE ASSESSMENT RESEARCH DIVISION
                                              Herbert C. Curl, Jr., Division Leader

                 Cannon, Glenn A.                                       Oceanographer
                 Cokelet, Edward D.                                     Oceanographer
                 Curl, Herbert C. . Jr.                                 Supervisory Oceanographer
                 Froberg, Sharon L.                                     Physical Science Technician
                 Herzog, Carolyn                                        Secretary
                 Lavelle, John W.                                       Oceanographer
                 Lytle, Lisa                                            Physical Science Aid
                 Mofjeld, Harold 0.                                     Oceanographer
                 Murphy, Paulette P.                                    Chemist
                 Pashinski, David J.                                    Oceanographer
                 Paulson, Anthony J.                                    Oceanographer
                 Podber, David*                                         Mathematician


                                      MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH DIVISION
                                            Stephen R. Hammond, Division Leader

                 Appelgate, Bruce                                       CIMRS/Graduate Student
                 Baker, Edward T.                                       Oceanographer
                 Burger, Richard S.*                                    Physical Science Technician
                 Dziak, Robert                                          CIMRS/Research Assistant
                 Eastham, Robin                                         CIMRS/Clerk Typist
                 Embley, Robert W.                                      Geophysicist


                No longer affiliated with Pl@ffil,


                                                               33








                 Feely, Richard A.                                      Oceanographer
                 Fox, Christopher                                       Physical Scientist
                 Geiselman, Terri L.                                    Oceanographer
                 Gendron, James F..                                     Chemist
                 Hammond, Stephen R.                                    Supervisory Oceanographer
                 Hanneman, Susan                                        CIMRS/Research Assistant
                 Jones, Frederick J., CDR                               NOAA Corps
                 Lau, Andy                                              CIMRS/Research Assistant
                 Lebon, Geoffrey, LTJG                                  NOAA Corps
                 Massoth, Gary J.                                       Oceanographer
                 Murphy, Kim                                            CIMRS/Research Assistant
                 Nitchman, Catherine, LTJG:.                            NOAA Corps
                 Restrepo, Maria                                        CIMRS/Research Assistant
                 Roberts, Marilyn F.                                    Physical Science Technician
                 Rodarmel, Kimberly                                     Secretary
                 Roe, Kevin K.                                          Oceanographer
                 Salem, Brian                                           Oceanographer
                 Seem, Dennis, LT                                       NOAA Corps
                 Tennant, David A.                                      Oceanographer
                 Waddell, Jessica                                       CIMRS/Administrative Assistant
                 Walker, Sharon L.                                      Oceanographer


                                       MARINE SERVICES RESEARCH DIVISION
                                              James E. Overland, Division Leader

                 Aagaard, Knut                                          Oceanographer
                 Blake, Wade J., LTJG                                   NOAA Corps
                 Bond, Nicholas                                         JISAO/Postdoctorate
                 Darnall, Clark                                         JISAO/Research Engineer
                 DeWitt, Carol                                          Physical Science Technician
                 Dickson, Karen*                                        Secretary (Typing)
                 Eble, Marie                                            Oceanographer
                 Galasso, George, LTJG*                                 NOAA Corps
                 Gonzalez, Frank I.                                     Oceanographer
                 Gray, Judith G.                                        Meteorologist
                 Jenkins, Nora*                                         Computer Programmer
                 Kachel, David G.                                       Computer Programmer
                 Lackmann, Gary M.                                      JISAO/Research Assistant
                 Long, Virginia L.                                      Physical Science Technician
                 Macklin, Stewart A.                                    Meteorologist
                 Mattens, David M., LTJG                                NOAA Corps
                 Overland, James E.                                     Supervisory Oceanographer
                 Parker, William J.                                     Field Operations Specialist
                 Pease, Carol H.                                        Oceanographer
                 Proctor, Peter D.                                      Physical Science Aid
                 Reed, Ronald K.                                        Oceanographer
                 Roach, Andrew                                          Oceanographer
                 Salo, Sigrid                                           Oceanographer
                 Saucier, Suzanne                                       Clerk-Typist
                 Schumacher, James D.                                   Oceanographer


                No longer affiliated with PNEEL


                                                                34








                  Turet, Philip                                            Statistician
                  Walter, Bernard A.                                       Physical Scientist


                                         OCEAN CLIMATE RESEARCH DIVISION
                                                  Bruce A. Taft, Division Leader

                  Bates, Timothy S.                                        Research Chemist
                  Coho, Carolyn S., ENS                                    NOAA Corps
                  Cole, Richard D.                                         Physical Science Technician
                  Davison, Jerry C.                                        JISAO/Research Scientist
                  Freitag, Howard P.                                       Oceanographer
                  Gammon, Richard                                          Supervisory Chemist
                  Gearin, Linda.                                           Oceanographer
                  Giese, Benjamin S.                                       JISAO/Research Assistant
                  Gifford, Sue E.                                          Secretary (Typing)
                  Hankin, Steven                                           Computer Programmer
                  Harrison, Don E.                                         Oceanographer
                  Hayes, Stanley P.                                        Supervisory Oceanographer
                  Hirst, Susan J.*                                         JISAO/Research Scientist
                  Johnson, James E.                                        JISAO/Research Scientist
                  Kelly, Kimberly C.                                       Oceanographer
                  Kessler, William S.                                      JISAO/Research Assistant
                  Larsen, Jimmy@ C.                                        Oceanographer
                  Lee, Daniel                                              JISAO/Scientific Programmer
                  Lynch, Jean*                                             Oceanographer
                  Mangum, Linda J.                                         Oceanographer
                  Manke, Ansley, B.                                        Computer Programmer
                  McCarty, Marguerite                                      JISAO/Computer Programmer
                  McPhaden, Michael                                        Oceanographer
                  McTaggart, Kristine                                      JISAO/Research, Assistant
                  Meenen, Marilyn                                          Clerk-Typist
                  Menzia, Fred                                             JISAO/Research Scientist
                  Moore, Ben A.                                            Electronics Tech  nician
                  Paul, Daniel*                                            Oceanographer
                  Pullen, Patricia E.                                      Oceanographer
                  Sarachik, Edward S.*                                     Oceanographer
                  Shepherd, A  'ndrew J.                                   Electronics Technician
                  Soreide, Nancy N.                                        Computer Programmer
                  Taft, Bruce A.                                           Supervisory Oceanographer
                  Verschell, Mark A.                                       JISAO/Scientific Programmer
                  Wilson, Clifford C., LUG                                 NOAA Corps
                  Wisegarver, David P.                                     Chemist










                No longer affiliated with MR,


                                                                  35









                                                   PMEL SEMINARS



               Dates                 Name and Affiliation                  Seminar Topic


               1987


               10 September          Dr. Joel Picaut                       Use of the geostrophic relation to
                                     ORSTROM                               monitor the 1979-1985 equatorial
                                     Noumea, New Caledonia                 Pacific currents

               20 October            Dr. John Harvey                       Ile transport and mixing of water
                                     University of East Anglia             masses by eddies: including some
                                     United Kingdom                        results of the Tourbillon Experiment

               17 November           Dr. Eric Johnson                      Characteristics of mean current,
                                     Scripps Institution of                instabilities in the upper equatorial
                                       Oceanography                        Pacific determined from Doppler
                                     La Jolla, CA                          acoustic velocity and CTD density
                                                                           sections


               29 December           Dr. Stuart Godfrey                    Global calculation of the Sverdrup
                                     CSIRO                                 transport
                                     Hobart, Australia,



               1988


               4 February            Dr. Bruce Howe                        Ocean acoustic tomography:      mesoscale
                                     ,Applied Physics Laboratory           velocity
                                     University of Washington

               18 February           Dr. Wen-Sen Chu                       Modeling tides and tidal transport in
                                     Dept. of Civil Engineering            central Puget Sound
                                     University of Washington

               1 March               Dr. Anthony Clarke                    Light absorbing aerosols in the remote
                                     University of Hawaii                  environment
                                     Honolulu, HI

               4 March               Dr. Margaret Leinen                   Late Pleistocene variations in hydro-
                                     University of Rhode Island            thermal sedimentation in the Juan de
                                     Kingston, RI                          Fuca region


                                                                   36.









               1 April             Dr. Michael Perfit                  Petrologic and geochernical constraints
                                   University of Florida               on origin of magmas and massive
                                   Gainesville, FL                     sulfides along the eastern Galdpagos
                                                                       Rift


               12 April            Dr. David Griffin                   The density tide
                                   University of British Columbia
                                   Vancouver, B.C., Canada

               26 April            Dr. Alan Mearns                     Marine life and oceanography along the
                                   Coastal and Estuarine Assessment    U.S. West Coast
                                    Branch, NOAA/NOS/OAD
                                   Rockville, MD

               10 May              Dr. James K.B. Bishop               Global patterns of particulate matter
                                   Lamont-Doherty Geological           chemistry and flux
                                    Observatory
                                   Columbia University
                                   Palisades, NY

               23 May              Dr. Horst B6ttger                   Operation and general information
                                   Meteorological Division of the      on the European Centre for Medium-
                                    European Centre for Medium-        Range Weather Forecasts
                                    Range Weather Forecasts,
                                   Reading, England

               24 May              Dr. Russ McDuff                     Some effects of hydrothermal vent
                                   University of Washington            chemistry on plume behavior

               1 June              Dr. V.K. Gusiakov                   Tsunami research in the Soviet Union
                                   Computer Center
                                   Novosibirsk, USSR

               1 June              Dr. Taro Takahashi                  Air-sea C02 exchange of the global
                                   Lamont-Doherty Geological           oceans
                                    Observatory
                                   Columbia University
                                   Palisades, NY

               2 June              Dr. C.S. Wong                       1986-87 El Nifto and pCO2/hutrient
                                   Institute of Ocean Sciences         distributions in the equatorial Pacific
                                   Sidney, B.C., Canada





                                                               37









             7 June             Dr. Jim Todd                       Exchange rates in coastal oceanic waters
                                Oceanic and Atmospheric            using Ra-224
                                  Research, NOAA
                                Rockville, MD

             27 July            Dr. Hermann Gucinski               The sea surface microlayer: biophysical
                                Ann Arundel Community College      interactions of environmental
                                Arnold, MD                         significance











































                                                           38









                                                   JISAO SEMINARS



                Date                 Name andAffiliation                  Seminar Topic

                1987

                6 August             Dr. Heinrich Quenzel                 Potential of space-born backscatter lidar
                                     University of Munich                 and a planned German space- shuttle
                                     Munich, W. Germany                   experiment

                                     Dr. Theodore Shepherd                Implications and applications of
                                     Cambridge University                 nonlinear wave activity conservation
                                     Cambridge, U.K.

                17 August            Dr. H. Tennekes                      Why worry about predictability?
                                     Royal Netherlands Meteorological
                                      Institute
                                     The Netherlands


                24 August.           Dr. Isaac Held                       Intraseasonal tropical variability in an
                                     GFDL                                 idealized GCM
                                     Princeton University
                                     Princeton, NJ

                                     Dr. I.M. James                       Antarctica and the. Southern Hemisphere
                                     University of Reading                circulation
                                     Reading, U.K.

                                     Dr. John C. Marshall                 Thermal equilibration of planetary
                                     Imperial College                     waves
                                     London, U.K.

                26 August            Dr. I.M. James                       Baroclinic -instability in planetary
                                     University of Reading                atmospheres
                                     Reading, U.K.

                2 September          Dr. Bruce Long                       The Lyapunov stability of steady ideal
                                     Scripps Institution of               fluid flow
                                      Oceanog@aphy
                                     La Jolla, CA




                                                                  39








              21 October           Dr. John Harvey                       The contribution of water mass analysis
                                   University of East Anglia             to understanding North American
                                   United Kingdom                        circulation

              1988


              7 January            Dr. Tim Barnett                       Interaction of Asian snow cover, Asian
                                   Scripps Institution of                monsoon and El Nifio
                                     Oceanography
                                   La Jolla, CA

              27 January           Dr. Lynn Shay,                        Vertical structure of the ocean current
                                   Naval Postgraduate School             response to hurricanes
                                   Monterey, CA

              29 January           Dr. Ping Chang                        Oceanic adjustment in presence of mean
                                   GFDL                                  currents: the role of discrete and
                                   Princeton University                  continuous modes
                                   Princeton, NJ

              .5 February          Dr. Tim Palmer                        Medium and extended range prediction
                                   ECMWF                                 and the stability of the PNA mode
               -                   Reading, U.K.

              8 February           Dr. Tsuyoshi Nitta                    Relationship between ENSO and climate
                                   Meteorological Research               anomalies.over the western Pacific
                                     Institute
                                   Tsukuba,Japan

              19 February          Dr. Joseph Pedlosky                   Nonlinear dynamics of unstable
                                   Woods Hole Oceanographic              baroclinic waves
                                     Institution
                                   Woods Hole, MA

              26 February          Dr. Yochanan Kushnir                  Low frequency variability in a 39-year
                                   JISAO                                 500-mb data record
                                   University of Washington

              7 March              Dr. Uwe Send                          Flow relaxations on the continental
                                   Scripps Institution of                shelf
                                     Oceanography
                                   La Jolla, CA






                                                                40








              10 May             Dr. Yi-Hong Pan                    Correlation analysis of the sea-surface
                                 NOAA/NOS                           temperature over the world oceans with
                                 Observational Division             those in the east equatorial Pacific based
                                 Greenbelt, MD                      on the COADS data

              19 May             Dr. Ignacio Galindo                ENSO effects along the Pacific coast of
                                 Dept. of Geophysics                Mexico
                                 University of Mexico
                                 Mexico City, Mexico









































                                                            41









                                                   JIMAR SEMINARS



               Date                  Name and A liation                      Seminar Topic


               1987


               9 October             Dr. Mark L. Morrissey                   Report on the Workshop on Low
                                     Department of Meteorology               Frequency Oscillations in the
                                     University of Hawaii                    Atmosphere held at NCAR, July 1987
                                     Honolulu, HI

               16 October            Dr. Bin Wang                            Dynamics of the 40-50 day oscillation
                                     Department of Meteorology               of the tropical atmosphere
                                     University of Hawaii
                                     Honolulu, HI

               10 November           Dr. J.M. Verstraete                     The zonal and meridional pressure
                                     ORSTOM                                  gradients in the equatorial Atlantic
                                     Institute Oceanographique               in response to the trade winds and
                                     Paris, France                           African monsoon in 1983 and 1986



               1988


               12 January            Dr. Mark Wirnbush                       Current and temperature fluctuations on
                                     University of Rhode Island              southeast U.S. continental shelf
                                     Narragansett, RI

               20 January            Dr. Bruce Taft                          On monitoring the tropical Pacific
                                     PMEL/NOAA                               geostrophic circulation by XBT lines
                                     Seattle,IWA                             and sea level

               28 March              Dr. Ray Schmitt                         Salt fingers in the western tropical north
                                     Department of Physical                  Atlantic
                                       Oceanography
                                     Woods Hole Oceanographic
                                       Institution
                                     Woods Hole, MA

               14 April              Mr. Ben Giese                           Modeling the oceanic response to a
                                     PMEL@NOAA                               westerly wind burst
                                     Seattle, WA


                                                                    42









               3 May               Dr. Raymond Pollard                 3-dimensional circulation at the oceanic
                                   Institute for Oceanographic         ftont
                                     Sciences
                                   Wormley, Godalming
                                   United Kingdom
               5 May               Dr. Kelvin Richards                 Rotating flow over topography-flow
                                   Department of Oceanography          separation and mixing
                                   The University of Southampton
                                   United Kingdom

               24 May              Ms. Jane Verall                     Application of pseudo random coding to
                                   Institute of Ocean Studies          acoustic signal analysis
                                   Sydney, Australia

               15 July             Dr. Francis Ting                    Summary of doctoral dissertation on
                                   W.M. Keck Laboratory of             wave interactions with submarine trench
                                     Hydraulics and Water Resources    in a density-stratified fluid
                                   California Institute of Technology
                                   Pasadena, CA

               21 July             Dr. M. Kimberly Smith               Biology and management of the fisheries
                                   Mexican National Fisheries          resources of Campeche Sound, Mexico
                                     Institute
                                   Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche
                                   Mexico


               26 July             Dr. John Gulland                    Antarctic marine resources - exploration,
                                   Center of Environmental             protection, or management?
                                     Technology
                                   Imperial College
                                   University of London
                                   Londonj England

               17 August           Dr. Julian McCreary                 A hierarchy of models of coastal
                                   Ocean Sciences Center               currents along eastern ocean boundaries
                                   Nova University
                                   Dania, FL

               16 August,          Dr. Greg Holland                    Tropical cyclone motion
                                   Bureau of Meteorology Research
                                     Center
                                   Melbome, Australia




                                                               43








             18 August         Dr. Allan Clarke                Inertial wind path and sea surface
                               Department of Oceanography      temperature patterns near the Gulf of
                               Florida State University        Tehuantepec and Gulf of Papagayo
                               Tallahassee, FL


















































                                                       44









                                             PMEL PUBLICATIONS




              AAGAARD, K. Some thoughts on the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean. Preprints,
              Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, WI, March 29-31, 1988.
              American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1-3 (1988).


                  No abstract.



              AAGAARD, K., C. DARNALL, A. Foldvik, M. Steg, and T. TOrresen. Fram. Strait current
              measurements 1985-1986. Joint Data Report, University of Bergen Report No. 66/PMEL Report
              Contribution No. 1021, Bergen, Norway, 43 pp. (1988).

                  No abstract.



              AAGAARD, K., C.H. PEASE, and S.A. SALO.                      Beaufort Sea mesoscale circulation
              study--preliminary results. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-82 (PB89-121693), 171 pp. (1988).

                  The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale Circulation Study was initiated in the autumn of 1986 and
                  included measurements of currents, winds, and ice velocities, as well as observations of state
                  variables and nutrient distributions in the ocean and state variables in the polar atmosphere,,
                  principally between Barrow and Demarcation Point along the American Beaufort Sea shelf.
                  This report describes the preliminary results from observations made during the first year of
                  the project, including current velocity results from meters recovered through the ice in April
                  1987, hydrographic and nutrient sections completed in October 1986 and April 1987, wind
                  velocity, air pressure and temperature records recovered continuously through the end of
                  1987, ARGOS buoy tracks through 1987, and a representative sample of analyzed weather
                  maps during the first year. Data collection continued through April 1988. The total data set
                  is extraordinary in the temporal and spatial extent of its synoptic coverage, and in the variety
                  of its constituent measurements. The data set is also extremely large, and its full reduction
                  and analysis. will provide an exceptional opportunity for improving our understanding of the
                  shelf circulation and its forcing, as well as conditions important to the rnarine ecology of the
                  area.



              .AAGAARD,      K., S. SALO,     and K. Krogslund.      Beaufort Sea mesoscale circulation study:
              Hydrography helicopter operations, April, 1987.       NOAA -DR ERL PMEL-22 (PB88-203658),
              25 pp. (1988).


                  No abstract.


                                                                45









               Andreae, M.O., H. Berresheim, T.W. Andreae, M.A. Kritz, T.S. BATES, and J.T. Merrill.
               Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions, and radon over the northeast
               Pacific Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 6:149-173 (1988).

                    Dimethylsulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methanesulfonate (MSA), nonsea-salt sulfate
                    (nss-SO42-), sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO) were determined in samples
                    collected by aircraft over the open ocean in postfrontal maritime air masses off the northwest
                    coast of the United States (3-12 May 1985). Measurements of radon daughter concentrations
                    and isentropic trajectory calculations suggested that these air masses had been over the
                    Pacific for 4-8 days since leaving the Asian continent. The DMS and MSA profiles showed
                    very similar structures, with typical concentrations of 0.3-1.2 and 0.25-0.31 nmol m-3 (STP)
                    respectively in the mixed layer, decreasing to 0.01 -0. 12 and 0.03-0.13 nmol m-3 (STP) at
                    3.6 km. These low atmospheric DMS concentrations are consistent with low levels of DMS
                    measured in the surface waters of the northeastern Pacific during the study period. The
                    atmospheric S02 concentrations always increased with altitude from <0. 16-0.25 to
                    0.44-1.31 nmol m-3 (STP). The nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO24-) concentrations decreased with
                    altitude in the boundary layer and increased again in the free troposphere. These data suggest
                    that, at least under the conditions prevailing during our flights, the production of S02 and
                    nss-S02- from DMS oxidation was significant only within the boundary layer and that
                          4
                    transport from Asia dominated the sulfur cycle in the free troposphere. The existence of a
                    of sea-salt inversion layer" was reflected in the profiles of those aerosol components, e.g., Na+
                    and NO@., which were predominantly present as coarse particles. Our results show that
                    long-range transport at mid-tropospheric levels plays an important role in determining the
                    chemical composition of the atmosphere even in apparently "remote" northern hemispheric
                    regions.


               BAKER, E.T., H.B. MILBURN, and D.A.. TENNANT. Field assessment of sediment trap
               efficiency under varying flow conditions. Journal of Marine Research 46:573-592 (1988). @

                    Knowledge of the collection efficiency of sediment traps, particularly under conditions of
                    varying current speed, is presently more a matter of hope than confidence. We report here on
                    a field experiment designed to determine, for a particular trap geometry, the effect of current
                    speed and particle fall velocity on the collection efficiency of a moored trap relative to the
                    presumably unbiased efficiency of an identical drifting trap. The experiment was performed
                    in a deep estuarine tidal passage where a smoothly varying unidirectional flow and a spatially
                    homogenous particle population mimicked laboratory flume conditions. A multiple-sample
                    sediment trap integrated to a current meter partitioned the mass flux collected by the moored
                    trap into one of four chambers according to the following speed intervals: <12, 12-<30,
                    30-<50, and @t50 cm/s. The magnitude and particle characteristics of the flux collected at <12
                    cm1s were indistinguishable from those simultaneously collected by drifting traps. At higher
                    speeds, the relative efficiency of the moored trap ranged between I % and 24% and the mean
                    size and density of the trapped particles increased. These results support predictions based
                    on laboratory studies that collection efficiency decreases with an increase in the trap
                    Reynolds number or a decrease in particle fall velocity. The study demonstrates that con-
                    sideration must be given to scaling both trap diameter and aspect ratio according to the


                                                                46








                   expected flow conditions, and that knowledge of flow conditions at the trap mouth is neces-
                   sary to properly interpret the flux data.


               Barnett,  T.P., and R.W. PREISENDORFER. Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal
               forecast  skill for United States surface air temperatures determined by canonical correlation
               analysis. Monthly WeatherReview 115(9):1825-1850 (1987).

                   Statistical techniques have been used to study the ability of SLP, SST and a form of persist-
                   ence to forecast cold/warm season air temperatures over the United States and to determine
                   the space-time evolution of these fields that give rise to forecast skill. It was found that
                   virtually all forecast skill was due to three climatological features: a decadal scale change in
                   Northern Hemisphere temperature, ENSO-related phenomena, and the occurrence of two
                   distinct short-lived, but large-scale, coherent structures in the atmospheric field of the North-
                   ern Hemisphere. The physical mechanisms responsible for the first two signals are currently
                   unknown. One of the large-scale, coherent features seems largely independent of the ENSO
                   phenomena, while the second is' at least partially related to ENSO and may be part of a
                   recently discovered global mode of SLP variation. Both features resemble various, combina-
                   tions of known teleconhection patterns. These large-scale coherent structures are essentially
                   stationary patterns of SLP variation that grow in place over 2 to 3 months. The structures
                   decay more rapidly, typically in I 'month, leading to a highly asymmetric temporal life cycle.
                   The average forecast skills found in this study are generally low, except in January and
                   February, and are always much lower than expected from studies of potential predictability.
                   Increase in the average skills will require new information uncorrelated with any of the data
                   used in this study and/or prediction schemes that are highly nonlinear. However, the concept
                   of an average skill may be misleading. A forecast quality index is developed and it is shown
                   that one can say in advance that some years will be highly predictable and others not. Use of
                   the classical definition of "winter" in forecast work may not be advisable since each of the
                   months thatmake up winter are largely uncorrelated and predicted by different atmospheric
                   features.



               BERNARD, E.N. (ed.). Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, Vancouver,
               British Columbia, Canada, August 18-19-, 1987.             International Union of Geodesy and
               Geophysics, ERL Special Report (PB89-100895), 340 pp. (1988).

                   No abstract.



               BERNA    RD, E.N., R.R. BEHN, G.T. Hebenstreit, F.I. GONZALEZ, P. Krumpe, J.F. Lander, E.
               Lorca, P.M. McManamon, and H.B. MILBURN. On mitigating rapid onset natural disasters:
               Project THRUST. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 69(24):649-661
               (1988).

                   Rapid onset natural hazards have claimed more-than 2.8 million lives worldwide in the past
                   20 years. This category includes such events as earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, tornados,


                                                                 47








                  floods, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and tsunamis. Effective hazard mitigation is particu-
                  larly difficult in such cases, since the time available to issue warnings can be very short or
                  even nonexistent. This paper presents the concept of a local warning system that exploits and
                  integrates the existing technologies of risk evaluation, environmental measurement, and
                  telecommunications. We describe Project THRUST, a successful implementation of this
                  general, systematic approach to tsunamis. The general approach includes pre-event emer-
                  gency planning, real-time hazard assessment, and rapid.warning via satellite communication
                  links.



               BERNARD, E.N., R.R. BEHN, and H.B. MILBURN. A tsunami early warning system. Pro-
               ceedings of  the International Tsunami Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
               August 18-19, 1987. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, ERL Special Report
               (PB89-100895),276-290 (1988).

                  A pilot local (=100 km) tsunami warning system has been developed to deliver tsunami
                  warning information within 2 minutes of earthquake origin time. Tsunami Hazards Reduc-
                  tion Utilizing Systems Technology (THRUST) system was installed in Valparaiso, Chile to
                  evaluate its value in mitigating tsunami hazards in countries without regional warning
                  systems. The satellite-linked system consists of a pre-tsunami preparedness program and
                  real-time data collection and information dissemination instruments. To develop the
                  preparedness program, an examination of past tsunami wave heights supplemented by
                  numerical simulations of potential tsunamis provided the basis for evacuation areas in
                  Valparaiso's emergency operations plan. Instruments used to collect geophysical data
                  include an accelerometer to measure earthquake intensity and a water pressure gauge to
                  measure tsunami activity. Once the acceleration threshold has been exceeded, a signal is
                  transmitted that prompts the GOES satellite to automatically broadcast an alert message.
                  Receivers in Valparaiso and other warning locations under the GOES communications
                  coverage (Honolulu, Hawaii; Seattle, Washington; and Boulder, Colorado) continuously
                  monitor the satellite for this alert message and take predetermined action once received. Cost
                  for the essential THRUST equipment is about $15,000, exclusive of installation. Evaluation
                  of the real-time equipment over a 1 -year test revealed an average communications time of 1.6
                  minutes from accelerometer signal to printed message at the receiver site and an equipment
                  reliability factor in excess of 90%. THRUST is an example of a systems approach to natural
                  hazards mitigation management that blends new technologies with existing operations for the
                  benefit of affected populations.


               BOND, N.A., and R.G. Fleagle. Prefrontal and postfrontal boundary layer processes over the
               ocean. Monthly Weather Review 116(6):1257-1273 (1988).

                  Measurements taken during the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment (STREX) are used
                  to analyze boundary layer structures and processes in North Pacific storms. Heat and mois-
                  ture transfers at the surface and through the top of the boundary layer are evaluated for three
                  cases with warm, southerly flow ahead of cold fronts and two cases of cooler, westerly and
                  northern flow behind fronts. The prefrontal boundary layers are nearly neutrally stratified


                                                               48








                  and surface heat and moisture fluxes are small. Surface fluxes tend to be downward just
                  ahead of the fronts and are of greater magnitude during stronger storms. Entrainment fluxes
                  are the top of the prefrontal boundary layers are generally larger than surface fluxes and are
                  the dominant sources of heating for the boundary layers. Entrainment rates determined from
                  budgets compare well with laboratory studies of shear-driven entrainment. In the postfrontal
                  cases, surface heat and moisture fluxes are the dominant sources of total heating within the
                  boundary layers. Entrainment velocities are larger in postfrontal than prefrontal regions, but
                  entrainment has only a small and positive net effect on the total heat content. In postfrontal
                  transition layers the Richardson numbers are large, and entrainment is forced by turbulence
                  generated by buoyancy in the surface layers and radiative and evaporative cooling from the
                  tops of stratocumulus clouds. Cumulus-scale penetrative convection represents the major
                  sink of boundary layer moisture for one case with a long atmospheric fetch over the ocean.


              Businger, S., and B. WALTER. Comma cloud development and associated rapid cyclogenesis
              over the Gulf of Alaska: A case study using aircraft and operational data. Monthly Weather
              Review 116(5):1103-1123 (1988).

                  The NOAA P-3 aircraft was used to collect data in a genesis region for niesoscale comma
                  clouds over the Gulf of Alaska. Aircraft measurements in the genesis region showed that
                  rainbands with spacings of 65-75 km and orientations along the mean wind shear were
                  present.- Possible mechanisms for the formation of the rainbands, including conditional
                  symmetric instability (CSI) and modified wave-CISK were investigated, but the data did not
                  allow the formation of the rainbands, to be conclusively ascribed to a particular mechanism.
                  The existence of low static stability in the genesis region was also documented and its role in
                  mesoscale comma-cloud development explored. Careful analysis of images from NOAA
                  polar orbiter and GOES satellites together with synoptic analyses made it possible to trace the
                  life cycles of several mesoscale comma clouds as the genesis region moved across the Gulf
                  of Alaska. As the genesis region approached a preexisting polar frontal cloud band, a wave
                  cyclone formed on the front and absorbed one of the comma clouds. The resulting cyclone
                  central pressure dropped 25 mb in 12 hours. The intensity of this development was underes-
                  timated by operational forecast models.


              CANNON, G.A. Flow variations through sections across Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on
              Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority,
              103-107 (1988).

                  Flow in the Puget Sound estuarine system is important in determining the fate of con-
                  taminants within the system. Research since the early 1970's has focused on determining
                  circulation characteristics, space and time variations, and the dominant physical processes
                  causing these variations. During the course of this research some of our earlier ideas have
                  changed, and this paper presents a brief overview of our present understanding of the domi-
                  nant physical processes affecting the Puget Sound system. Cross-channel observations of
                  currents recently made at a few locations suggest residual fluxes about half those estimated
                  earlier from midchannel observations. Variations in the residual circulation (tides removed)


                                                               49








                   are dominated by two physical processes. Wind effects account for about 50% of the residual
                   energy, and density driven deep-water intrusions account for about 20%. The winds appear
                   to have effects both near the surface and at middepths. Previous studies have shown that
                   major bottom-water inflow events occur during neap tides when mixing over the sill is least
                   and propagate along the main basin and into some side basins. New observations show the
                   onset also may be the result of salinity variations across the sill caused by changes in the
                   Strait of Juan de Fuca estuary which in turn may be partly caused by coastal storms.


               COKELET, E.D., R.J. Stewart, and C.C. Ebbesmeyer. The annual mean transport and refluxing
               in Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19,
               1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 108-119 (1988).

                   No abstract.



               CONWAY, T.J., P. Tans, L.S. WATERMAN, K.W. Thoning, K.A. Masarie, and R.H. GAM-
               MON. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-84.
               Tellus 40B:81-115 (1988).

                   The carbon  dioxide concentration has been measured in air samples collected approximately
                   once per week at 22 globally distributed sites during 1981-84. All samples were analyzed on
                   the same non-dispersive infrared analyzer apparatus at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in
                   Boulder. The measured concentrations are directly traceable to the WMO primary C02
                   standards. Samples which do not contain well-mixed, regionally representative air or which
                   have been contaminated during or subsequent to sampling, have been identified. The se-
                   lected data have been analyzed using an objective curve fitting method which enables im-
                   proved estimation of uncertainties associated with derived parameters. The latitudinal
                   distribution of annual mean C02 concentration at the network sites shows significant interan-
                   nual variability possibly related to the 1982-83 El Nifio/Southem Oscillation event. No
                   evidence was found for significant interannual variations or trends in the phase or amplitude
                   of the seasonal cycle. Significant interannual and interstation variability in the C02 growth
                   rate was observed. A growth rate minimum during 1982 was followed by a growth rate
                   maximum in 1983, in association with the intense 1982-83 ENSO event. 'Me mean global
                   growth rate for 1981-84 was 1.22 pprn yr-1.


               Crecelius, E.A., and H.C. CURL, JR. Temporal trends of contamination recorded in sediments
               of Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19,
               1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 21-32 (1988).

                   No abstract.








                                                              50








              CURL, H.C., JR. Assimilative capacity: A "discredited" idea whose time is yet to come. First
              Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water
              Quality Authority, 247-255 (1988).

                  No abstract.



              CURL, H.C., JR., E.T. BAKER, T.S. BATES, G.A. CANNON, R.A. FEELY, T.L. GEISEL-
              MAN, M.F. LAMB, P.P. MURPHY, D.J. PASHINSKI, A.J. PAULSON, and D.A. TENNANT.
              Contaminant transport from Elliott and Commencement Bays. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-78
              (PB88-219456), 136 pp. (1988).

                  Major sources of contamination to Puget Sound are concentrated in the urban embayments.
                  Most of these contaminants are particulates or adhere to particles. If these particulates are
                  dense, they tend to fall out of the water column near the source; thus analysis of the sediment
                  within urban embayments can provide an indication of the level of contamination, and by
                  proximity, of the probable source of that contamination. The question remains however, to
                  what degree are contaminants transported, away from the original source, out of the embay-
                  ment, and are carried into the main basin of the Sound. In other words, to what extent is
                  incoming contamination localized, or Sound-wide in nature. In order to determine this we
                  attempted to answer the following research questions: 1) What is the relative importance of
                  the surface, fresh water plume versus the bottom resuspended (nepheloid layer)? 2) How
                  much does transport vary seasonally,, particularly as affected by winter runoff? 3) Is there
                  loss to the bottom from the surface plume? 4) Are contaminants remobilized from the bottom
                  sediments? During spring and summer 1985, and again in January 1986, the Pacific Marine
                  Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) of NOAA made a series of observations designed to
                  determine to what degree contaminants in Elliott and Commencement Bays could leave the
                  bays and enter the main basin of Puget Sound. The approach employed in this study was to
                  map the distributions of water properties (salinity, suspended particulate matter or SPM, and
                  toxic trace metals and organics) during a period of high river runoff (April 4-5, 1985, Elliott
                  and Commencement Bay) and during combined sewer overflow (CSO) events (January 8-9,
                  1986, Elliott Bay only) after heavy rainfall. Current meters and sediment traps were
                  deployed in Elliott Bay south of the Pier 90 anchorage and in Commencement Bay in the
                  ,outer, center of the bay. Thecurrent meters provide a continuous record of salinity, tempera-
                  ture, current speed and direction which allows a calculation of horizontal transport.


              Ebbesmeyer, C.C., C.A. Coomes, J.M. Cox, G.A.. CANNON, and D.E. Bretschneider. Decade-
              long regimes of a fjord basin's oceanography, hydrology, and climatology: Puget Sound,
              1916-1987. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
              Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 50-57 (1988).

                  Data collected. at eleven sites in the Pacific Northwest during 1916-1987 indicate that the
                  flow pattern in Puget Sound's Main Basin. oscillates between two regimes (1, 11) each typi-
                  cally lasting a decade and having distinct oceanographic, hydrologic, and climatic charac-
                  teristics.


                                                               51









               EMBLEY, R.W., L.D. Kulm, G. MASSOTH, D. Abbott, and M. Holmes. Morphology, struc-
               ture, and resource potential of the Blanco transform fault zone. Geology and Resource Potential
               of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins--Beaufort Sea
               to Baja, California, D.W. Scholl, A. Grantz, and J.G. Vedder (eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for
               Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, Vol. 6, 549-561 (1987).

                   A series of rhombohedral basins along the 350-km-long Blanco transport fault zone (BTFZ)
                   are oceanic analogs to pull-apart basins along major divergent wrench fault systems on the
                   continent. In plan view, the BTFZ is similar to the Gulf of California; a series of long
                   strike-slip faults (as much as 100 krn long) are separated by short extensional basins
                   (<20 km) that have internal structures oriented at a large angle to the master faults. In the
                   Blanco region, continual reorientation of the transform fault in response to changes in plate
                   motion during the past few million years provides a mechanism for the formation of these
                   basins. A series of back-tilted, inward-facing fault blocks covered with uplifted turbidite
                   beds brackets the largest of the depressions (Cascadia), which may be a sea-floor-spreading
                   center. Deformed Holocene and Pleistocene turbidite sequences are present within the
                   depression, and there is substantive morphologic and sedimentologic evidence of rapid
                   Holocene subsidence of the floor of the Cascadia Depression. A large water-column methane
                   signal of unknown origin is present, but to date there is no direct evidence of a sea-floor
                   hydrothermal system. However, the probable presence of intrusive bodies within the sedi-
                   mentary sequence of the Cascadia Depression could give rise to sediment-hosted sulfide
                   bodies such as those of the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of Californi& The depressions at
                   either end of the BTFZ (the Gorda and Blanco Depressions) are largely unexplored, but
                   sulfide-veined greenstone breccias and hydrothermal sediments have been recovered from
                   them. Oceanic transform fault zones such as the Blanco may also have hydrothermal systems
                   associated with deep fracturing and high topographic relief.


               EMBLEY, R.W., I.R. Jonasson, M.R. Perfit, J.M. Franklin, M.A. Tivey, A. Malahoff, M.F.
               Smith, and T.J.G. Francis. Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the
               Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone, and differentiated lavas. Canadian
               Mineralogist 26,517-539 (1988).,

                   Fifteen dives along the Galapagos Ridge in the region between 85*49W and 85*55'W were
                   made to examine the detailed relationships among tectonics, hydrothermal activity and lava
                   compositions. Extensive tectonic activity and physical weathering have exposed the inner
                   parts of large Cu-Zn sulfide mounds and the uppermost part of the underlying stockwork
                   zone. The mineralization occurs at the top and southern base of a horst block, 40 to 80 m
                   high, that separates the present Neovolcanic Zone to the north from an older rift valley to the
                   south. The lavas in the Neovolcanic Zone are homogeneous MORB pillows; those on the
                   horst block and within the southern valley are evolved MORB to andesite pillow and sheet
                   flows. The alteration zone exposed beneath the sulfide mounds comprises a network of
                   fracture-controlled pipe and sheet-like bodies of highly altered material which changes
                   outward into relatively fresh but similarly closely fractured rocks. The hydrothermal upflow
                   zone is extensively brecciated on a centimeter scale and encloses a stockwork of veinlets now
                   filled largely by silica, clays and sulfides. The most highly altered rocks are strongly


                                                                52








                   depleted in Ca, Na, K and Mn, and are enriched in S, Fe, Cu and Zn relative to their fresh
                   analogs. Si and Mg are variable, the latter showing local depletions and enrichments accord-
                   ing to the proportion and distribution of chlorite. Depletions in 180 with increasing 87Sr/86Sr
                   suggest extensive seawater-rock interaction (W/R up to 100:1) at T up to 350*C. Deep-tow
                   and ALVIN-based magnetic profiles have a relative magnetization low centered over the
                   southern valley and the horst block that could reflect more extensive hydrothermal alteration
                   zones associated with the older seafloor. The Galapagos stockwork is most analogous to the
                   alteration zones associated with massive sulfide deposits in the ophiolites of Cyprus and
                   Oman.


               FEELY, R.A., M. LEWISON, G.J. MASSOTH, G. Robert-Baldo, J.W. LAVELLE, R.H. Byrne,
               K.L. Von Damm, and H.C. CURL, JR. Composition and dissolution of black smoker particu-
               lates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research
               92(B 11): 11347-11363 (1988).

                   During two Atlantis II/Alvin cruises to the Juan de Fuca Ridge in 1984 active high tempera-
                   ture (140*-284*C) vents were sampled for black smoker particulates using the Grassle Pump.
                   Individual mineral phases were identified using standard X-ray diffraction and petrographic
                   procedures. In addition, elemental compositions and particle morphologies were determined
                   by X-ray energy spectrometry and scanning electron microscope/X-ray energy spectrometry
                   techniques. The vent particulates from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge vent sites were
                   highly enriched in S, Si, Fe, Zn, and Cu and were primarily composed of sphalerite, wurtzite,
                   pyrite, pyrrhotite, barite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, hydrous iron oxides, and elemental sulfur.
                   Two additional unidentified phases which were prevalent in die samples included an Fe-Si
                   phase and a Ca-Si phase. The grain sizes of the individual particle phases ranged from
                   <2 pm for the sphalerite and Fe oxide particles to >100 gm for the Fe-Si particles. Grain size
                   and current meter data were used in a deposition model of individual phase dispersal. For
                   many of the larger sulfide and sulfate particles, the model predicts dispersal to occur over
                   length scales of only several hundreds of meters. The high-temperature black smokers from
                   the more northerly Endeavour Segment vents were highly enriched in Fe, S, Ca, Cu, and Zn
                   and were primarily composed of anhydrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, barite, sulfur, pyrite, and
                   other less abundant metal sulfide minerals. The grain sizes of the individual particles ranged
                   from <10 gm to slightly larger than 500 gm. The composition and size distributions of the
                   mineral phases are highly suggestive. of high-temperature mixing between vent fluids and
                   seawater. A series of field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the rates of
                   dissolution of several sulfate and sulfide minerals. The dissolution rates ranged over more
                   than three orders of magnitude, from 3.2 x 10-8 cm s-1 for anhydrite to 1.2 x 10-12 CM S-1 for
                   chalcopyrite. The results indicate that for some minerals, particularly anhydrite and mar-
                   casite, total dissolution occurs within a few hours to a few weeks of their formation. For
                   other more stable minerals, including pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, the time required for
                   total dissolution is much longer. and consequently, individual crystals may be expected to
                   persist in the sediments for considerable periods of time after deposition.





                                                                53









                FEELY, R.A., A.J. PAULSON, H.C. CURL, JR., and D.A. TENNANT. The effect of the..
                Duwarnish River plume on horizontal versus vertical transport of dissolved and particulate trace
                metals in Elliott Bay. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March
                18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 172-184 (1988).

                    No abstract.



                Fleagle, R.G., N.A. BOND, and W.A. Nuss. Atmosphere-ocean interaction in mid-latitude
                storms. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 38:50-63 (1988).

                    Surface fluxes of heat, latent heat, and momentum, and entrainment fluxes, and vertical
                    motion at the top of the boundary layer have been calculated for limited regions of several
                    mid-latitude -ocean storms. Results have been combined to describe distributions of boundary
                    layer processes which are characteristic of such storms. Surface heat fluxes have important
                    effects in the region west of cold or occluded fronts and are relatively unimportant with a
                    band of about 200 kin width east of fronts. Entrainment in pre-frontal regions is driven
                    largely by vertical shear at the top of the boundary layer, while in post-frontal regions is is
                    driven largely by surface heat flux. Boundary layers are well defined in regions more than
                    roughly 200 Ian east or west of fronts; but closer to fronts boundary layers are not well
                    defined due to the combined effects of entrainment, condensation, and vertical motion
                    associated with the distribution of surface stress.



                Foldvik, A., K. AAGAARD, and T. TOrresen... On the velocity field of the East Greenland
                Current. Deep-Sea Research 35(8):1335-1354 (1988).

                    Year-long moored measurements from the East Greenland Current near 79*N show its mean
                    southward transport above 700 in to be about 3 Sv and with no obvious seasonal variability.
                    About one-halfof this transport appears to be barotropic. There is a rich mesoscale structure
                    in the records, much of which can be interpreted as trains of eddies and eddy-pairs with
                    cross-stream length scales of order 10 km. The lower frequency perturbations -typically
                    extend to at least 400 m. Despite the abundance of eddies.. their contribution to the heat flux
                    is very small even in the vicinity of the polar front. Local baroclinic instability is therefore
                    not a major source of eddies.


                FOX, C.G., K.M. MURPHY, and R.W. EMBLEY. Automated display and statistical analysis of
                interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs. Marine Geology 78:199-216 (1988).

                    An automated system for interpreting and displaying deep-sea bottom photographs has been
                    developed which allows rapid compilation and analysis of geological information. Initially,
                    collected photographs are classified using a scheme similar to those applied to deep-sea
                    volcanic and hydroiliermal terrains by other workers. Towed-camera positions from a
                    transponder navigation system are smoothed using a cubic spline technique to obtain a more
                    accurate model of the tow-vehicle track. Line scan recorded data of the camera's height


                                                                 54










                  above the seafloor and camera lens characteristics are used to calculate the field of view for
                  each photograph. These data sources are integrated to produce a graphic output which
                  combines the location, orientation, field of view, geological, and biological information for
                  all photographs in a single color display. An illustration of the technique is presented for a
                  photographic data set collected within the calder-a of Axial Seamount (45*57'N, 130*03'W), a
                  site of active high and low temperature hydrothermal. venting on the central Juan de Fuca
                  Ridge. Results confirm the existence and pinpoint the locations of several areas of known
                  hydrothermal activity within the caldera. Quantitative analyses of the data base indicate
                  statistical associations between various geological and hydrothermal parameters. In par-
                  ticular, rigorous statistical testing indicates that hydrothermal activity is associated with
                  regions dominated by sheet flow lavas and fracturing.


              FREITAG, H.P., and M.J. MCPHADEN. EPOCS moored temperature, current and wind
              measurements: 0% 140*W; May-June, 1987.        NOAA DR ERL PMEL-23 (PB88-219415), 31 pp.
              (1988).


                  No abstract.



              Froelich, P.N., M.A...,1%,rthur, W.C. Burnett, M. Deakin, V. Hensley, R. Jahnke, L. Kaul, K.-H.
              Kim, K. ROE, A. Soutar, and C. Vathakanon. Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru conti-
              nental margin sediments: phosphorite precipitation. Marine Geology 80:309-343 (1988).

                  Pore water chemistry (total dissolved C02, N144, NO3, N029 P04, Si(OH)4, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn,
                  S04, 112S and F, and titration alkalinity), solid phase chemistry (Corg, POrg, Crorr, NTOT,
                  PTOT, F, Si0pAL and SH), and sediment characteristics (porosity, dry bulk density and forma-
                  tion factors) were determined on a centimeter-scale spacing in the upper 20-40 cm of sedi-
                  ments under intense upwelling areas on the Peru continental shelf. These data demonstrate
                  that carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) is precipitating from pore waters in the upper few centime-
                  ters of a gelatinous mud with high organic carbon content (up to 20% Cg), very high
                  porosity (>0.96 ml cm73) and very low dry bulk density (<O. I g cm-3). Dissolved phosphate
                  concentrations at the sediment-water interface range from 20 to 100 jiM, orders of magnitude
                  higher than bottom-water concentrations, and much higher than predicted from regeneration
                  of organic matter. The mechanism of this interfacial phosphate release is unclear, but is
                  apparently uncoupled from carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and thus may be linked either to
                  dissolution of fish debris or to the presence of a microbial mat in surficial sediments.
                  Fluoride is incorporated into CFA by diffusion from the overlying seawater, and carbonate
                  ions are provided from pore-water alkalinity. Magnesium concentrations in this reaction
                  zone are not significantly different from those of seawater, suggesting that magnesium
                  depletion is not a necessary prerequisite for CFA precipitation. The environment of
                  precipitation is interface-linked rather than driven by organic diagenesis of phosphorus
                  deeper in the sediment. Most of the cores display a wide range of diagenetic characteristics
                  below the immediate interfacial region, but almost all show the precipitation signature near
                  the interface. This interface-linked early diagenetic pore-water envi ronment for the precipita-
                  tion of CFA explains many of the geochernical characteristics of phosphorites and provides a


                                                               55









                    "testable" model to compare the modem phosphogenic analog with ancient phosphorite
                    deposits. Two of the cores display very high solid phase phosphorus and fluoride contents
                    reflecting the presence of apparently modem pelletal apatites.


                GONZALEZ, F.I., E.N. BERNARD, H.B. MILBURN, D. Castel, J. Thomas, and J.M. Hernsley.
                The Pacific Tsunami Observation Program (PacTOP). Proceedings of the International Tsunami
                Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 18-19, 1987, International Union of
                Geodesy of Geophysics, ERL Special Report (PB89-100895), 3-19 (1988).

                    PacTOP is a cooperative effort by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                    (NOAA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to establish a monitoring network
                    capable of acquiring high quality tsunami data in the deep ocean and at exposed coastal sites.
                    The network is designed to monitor major portions of the seismically active Aleutian trench
                    which possess high potential for tsunamigenic earthquakes, and is thus focused on tsunami
                    events which would threaten Alaska, the U.S. west coast and Hawaii. This network is in its
                    second year of development, and presently consists of five NOAA deep ocean bottom
                    pressure recorder (BPR) stations, six primary USACE pressure gauges at shallow water
                    coastal sites exposed to the open ocean, and three secondary USACE stations inside of
                    coastal inlets. Station locations, instrument characteristics, and data collection procedures are
                    described.



                GONZALEZ, F.I., C. FOX, and E.N. BERNARD. Tsunami source definition through pre- and
                post-event seafloor mapping. Proceedings of the Third Biennial National Ocean Service Intema-
                tional Hydrographic Conference, Baltimore, MD, April 12-15, 1988, 102-108 (1988).

                    Accurate specification of a tsunami source is a serious and long-standing research problem.
                    Existing seafloor mapping technology could provide estimates of permanent seafloor dis-
                    placements through pre- and post-event surveys taken before and after major oceanic
                    earthquakes. It is probable that the next major tsunamigenic earthquake which threatens the
                    United States will occur shoreward of the Aleutian trench near the Shumagin Islands, in a
                    region known as the Shumagin Seismic Gap. We urge the expeditious mapping of this area
                    to ensure that a pre-event survey is completed before the.predicted earthquake.


                GRAY, J. Scales of adjustment of offshore-directed winds along a mountainous coast. Fourth
                Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Ahaheim, CA, Jan. 3 1 -Feb.
                5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 12-17 (1988).

                    No abstract.



                HARRISON, D.E. Monthly mean island surface winds in the central tropical Pacific and El
                Nifio events. Monthly Weather Review 115(12):3133-3145 (1987).



                                                                 56









                 The monthly mean surface wind changes during recent ENSO events, as observed from 11
                 islands in the tropical Pacific, are described. Two different composite ENSO wind fields are
                 evaluated and compared. The month-to-month wind changes during each event are also
                 discussed. The wind changes for each event between 1953 and 1980 except 1969 show
                 several common features: (i) Westerly anomalies appear first west of the dateline and then at
                 the dateline sometime in summer (0) to fall (0), then intensify over the following several
                 months. The anomalies are confined to within ï¿½3* of the equator during this stage. (ii) In
                 either November (0), December (0), or January (+1) there is an abrupt southward shift of the
                 narrow band of westerly anomalies, so that the maximum anomaly is then at,-5*S latitude at
                 the dateline, and nearly normal conditions prevail north of the equator. (iii) Westerly
                 anomalies are gone or greatly reduced one to two months after the southward shift. The
                 event-to-event variations are considerable, particularly prior to July (0) and after February
                 (+I), so that composites show much reduced anomaly amplitude and much smaller month-
                 to-month anomaly changes than are typical of any given event. The large amplitude months
                 of the composites show similarities with a composite by Rasmusson and Carpenter, but a
                 number of significant differences are   identified. These findings, and, their relationship to
                 existing simple ideas concerning tropical Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions, are
                 discussed.



             HARRISON,      D.E. Ocean circulation model hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Niho. Japan-U.S.
             Workshop on the ENSO. Phenomenon, T. Matsuno and M. Blackmon (eds.), Meteorological
             Research Report 88-1, Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo,
             March, 1988, 179-184 (1988).


                 No abstract.



             HARRISON, D.E. Recent tropical Pacific surface wind variability studies. Japan-U.S. Work-
             shop on the ENSO Phenomenon, T. Matsuno and M. Blackmon (eds.), Meteorological Research
             Report 88-1, Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, March, 1988,
             94-98 (1988).


                 No abstract.



             HARRISON, D.E., and B.J. Giese. Remote westerly wind forcing of the eastern equatorial
             Pacific; some model results. Geophysical Research Letters 15(8):804-807 (1988).

                 An ocean circulation model is used to examine modes of eastern Pacific ocean response to an
                 episode of surface westerly winds in the western Pacific. This episode resembles the May
                 1986 tropical cyclone pair event. The ocean changes resulting from this episode are isolated
                 by subtracting the circulation that would otherwise have been present. First and second mode
                 baroclinic Kelvin pulses have comparable surface eastward flow, and cause local warming
                 when the surface temperature gradient is negative. The Kelvin pulses also introduce modula-
                 tions of the eastern Pacific instability waves, which initially increase the mid-ocean warming


                                                             57









                    and then damp it out. South American coastal warming is substantial, but occurs many
                    months after the wind event because it results primarily from the second baroclinic mode
                    response. Recent analyses of the ocean response to the cyclone event have concentrated on
                    the first mode Kelvin pulse response; this work indicates that only a very incomplete view of
                    the response is possible from this perspective.


                HARRISON, D.E., W.S. Kessler, and B.S. Giese. Model-data comparisons for the 1982-83 El
                Nifio: The XBT tracks. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-79 (PB88-221668),61 pp. (1988).

                    Five different analyses of 1982-83 monthly average surface wind stress fields have been used
                    to force an ocean general circulation model of the tropical Pacific, in a series of El Nifio
                    hindcast experiments like that reported by Philander and Seigel (1985). The results of these
                    hindcasts are compared here with the variability of upper ocean dynamic height, sea surface
                    temperature and subsurface temperature as observed from XBT data obtained along the three
                    main ship of opportunity tracks. During 1982-83 there were prominent departures from
                    climatology in the.surface wind stress field. However, there are so few observations of
                    surface wind available that efforts to produce fields of wind stress must fill in considerable
                    gaps in data coverage, with the result that the various tropical surface analyses tend to differ
                    considerably; the differences between analyses, along the ship tracks, are described. Gener-
                    ally the operational analyses produced by the meteorological centers (National Meteorologi-
                    cal Center (NMC), European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), and
                    Fleet Numerical Ocean Central (FNOC)) had weaker surface stress and weaker spatial
                    gradients than the special research products (Florida State University (FSU) and Sadler
                    (SADLER)). The ocean underwent several major changes during this period according to the
                    XBT data; these changes are summarized. The model hindcasts are examined to determine
                    the extent to which the observed major ocean changes were reproduced. Within the
                    equatorial waveguide, dynamic height changes are hindcast with quantitative skill using each
                    wind stress field; the best hindcasts differ from the observations by only a few dyn cm more
                    than the estimated uncertainty in the observations. The large waveguide dynamic height
                    hindcast skill found here indicates that the major elements of the 1982-83 El Nifio are con-
                    tained in the 1982-83 surface wind stress field, rather than in any particular aspect of the state
                    of the ocean during late 1981. Sea surface temperature changes are generally hindcast with
                    some qualitative skill; the correlation between hindcast and observed SST is usually sig-
                    nificantly positive, but the RMS difference between any hindcast and the observations is
                    generally greater than the RMS signal in the observations. Subsurface temperature variability
                    is hindcast with differing levels of skill, depending upon stress field, region and depth. The
                    vertical temperature gradients and mixed layer temperatures, as well as the depth of the
                    thermocline, undergo substantial changes (especially in the eastern Pacific); primitive equa-
                    tion physics appear necessary to model these observations. Outside the waveguide, hindcast
                    skill is generally much reduced; although qualitatively correct behavior is often hindcast,
                    amplitudes can be seriously in error. The most striking inconsistency found involves the
                    NMC hindcast in the region of the North Equatorial Counter Current. The special research
                    products generally give more accurate hindcasts of dynamic height, but the operational fields
                    often produce better SST hindcasts. A clear- deficiency of the operational fields is the charac-
                    ter of their wind stress curl fields, compared either with climatology or the special research


                                                                  58








                 analyses; because Ekman pumping is a major factor in thermocline adjustment outside the
                 waveguide, wind stress curl must be correctly represented if adequate hindcasts are to be
                 obtained. Although improved parameterization of upper ocean mixing, and better knowledge
                 of the surface heat flux appear needed to improve SST hindcast skill, these results establish
                 that a most serious need for improved hindcast performance is better knowledge of the
                 surface wind stress field.



             HAYES, S.P. Benthic currents in the deep ocean. In The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific
             Ocean, P. Halbach, G. Friedrich, and U. von.Stackelberg (eds.). Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stut-
             tgart, 90-102 (1988).

                 No abstract.



             HAYES, S.P. Wind coherence estimates along 165*E. Proceedings U.S. TOGA Western Pacific
             Air-Sea Interaction Workshop, September 16-18, 1987, R. Lukas and P. Webster (eds.),
             UCAR-USTOGA 8,155-161 (1988).


                 No abstract.



             Jacobson, R.S., L.D. Bibee, R.W. EMBLEY, and S.R. HAMMOND. A microseismicity survey
             of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
             77(l):160-172 (1988).

                 An array of ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones were deployed within the caldera
                 of Axial Seamount, located at the intersection of the Cobb-Eickelberg Seamount Chain and
                 the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Recent manned submersible dives have discovered the presence of
                 two distinct hydrothermal vent fields. The objective of the microseismicity survey was to
                 determine baseline information necessary for designing an optimal experiment.to monitor
                 seismicity associated with submarine volcanic and hydrothernial systems. With an instru-
                 ment deployment period of eight days, over 1500 events were recorded and examined. Most
                 events occurred within three periods of swarm activity. The location of the swarm events is
                 believed to be within the low temperature vent field in the northwest portion of Axial's
                 caldera. These impulsive, high-frequency events are interpreted to be tectonic in origin. No
                 harmonic tremor-like events were observed on any of the instruments, indicating a lack of
                 magmatic movement. Only nine local events were recorded on more than one instrument,
                 and none of these could be located unambiguously. Monochromatic 20-Hz signals were also
                 recorded and are interpreted to originate from whales observed in the immediate vicinity.


             JOHNSON, J.E., and J.E. Lovelock. Electron capture sulfur detector: reduced sulfur species
             detection at the ferntomole level. Analytical Chemistry 60:812-816 (1988).

                 We have developed a new technique to detect reduced sulfur compounds by fluorination with


                                                             59








                   F2 (at 200 ppm) on a heated Ag catalyst after GC separation. The excess F2 is removed by
                   conversion to HF by reaction with H2 on a- heated Pd catalyst. The fluorination product,
                   presumably SF6, is then detected in an electron capture detector (ECD). The Pd catalyst also
                   destroys the response from halocarbons making the system sulfur specific. This ECD sulfur
                   detector has a calculated minimum detectable level (MDL) for H2S, OCS, C113SH, DMS, and
                   CS2 of less than 2 fmol/s for each compound, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the best FPD
                   systems. The ratio of the detected molar response of each of these sulfur compounds to the
                   molar response of SF6 ranges from 2% to 20% and increases with increasing AgF2 tempera-
                   ture.



               LACKMANN, G.M. Evaluation of the Rossby Radius for offshore-directed flow near a moun-
               tainous coast. Preprints, Fourth Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal
               Zone, Anaheim, CA, Jan. 31-Feb. 5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1-5
               (1988).


                   No abstract.



               LAVELLE, J.W. A laterally averaged model of currents in Admiralty Inlet and the main basin of
               Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
               Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 89-92 (1988).

                   No abstract.



               LAVELLE, J.W., and H.O. MOFJELD. Closure to "Do critical stresses for incipient motion and
               erosion really exist?" Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 114:962-963 (198 8).

                   No abstract.



               LAVELLE, J.W., E. Ozturgut, E.T. BAKER, D.A. TENNANT, and-S.L. WALKER. Settling
               speeds of sewage sludge in seawater. Environmental Science and Technology 22(10):1201-1207
               (1988).

                   Laboratory analyses of sludges from four treatment plants were performed to determine solid
                   content, size distributions, and settling spectra of sludge particulates in sewawater. The
                   settling experiments were conducted after partitioning samples, by sieving into coarse and
                   fine particulate fractions. For the fine fraction, experiments proceeded after controlled
                   mixing of samples with filtered seawater to particulate concentrations low enough
                   (-10 mg/L) that flocculation was limited during subsequent measurement periods. Results
                   show that 14.6-47.3% of the sludge particulates by weight had diameters greater than 63 pim,
                   with at least 5% exceeding 250 gm. Median settling velocities of this fraction ranged from
                   6 x 10-2 to 3 x 10-1 crn/s. The bulk of the particulates were smaller in diameter, and these
                   flocculated in seawater. Resulting aggregates had median settling velocities by volume


                                                              60








                 ranging from 7 x 10-4 to 3 x 10-3 cm/s, with less than 10% of the particles settling more
                 slowly than 10-4 cm/s.


             LYNCH, J.M., L.J. MANGUM, and S.P. HAYES. CTD/02 measurements during 1986                       as part
             of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS). NOAA DR ERL PMEL-24 (PB89-
             102859), 261 pp. (1988).

                 During 1986, CTD -data were collected in the eastern equatorial Pacific as part of the
                 Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program, which began its field program
                 in 1979. Summaries of CTD data from three cruises in 1986 are presented. Station locations,
                 meteorological conditions and profiles of temperature, salinity, sigma-T, and oxygen are
                 shown for each cast. Additionally, T-S diagrams and section-plots along 110*W, 140*W,
                 15*S and the equator are presented.


             MACKLIN, S.A.            Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) surface
             meteorological observations at -Cherni Island and Ugaiushak Island--Fiscal Year 1986. NOAA
             DR ERL PMEL-21 (PB88-179270),15 pp. (1988).

                 No abstract.



             MACKLIN, S.A. Structure of a mountain-gap wind blowing over a coastal inlet. Preprints,
             Fourth Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Anaheim, CA, Jan.
             3 1-Feb. 5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 6-11 (1988).

                 No. abstract.



             MACKLIN, S.A., G.M. LACKMANN, and J. GRAY. Offshore-directed winds in the vicinity of
             Prince William Sound, Alaska. - Monthly Weather Review 116(6):1289-1301 (1988).

                 The thermal contrast between told air over continental Alaska and relatively warm marine air
                 over -the Gulf of Alaska causes frequent, low-level, offshore-directed winds over the south-
                 central Alaskan coast during -the cold season. Coastal mountains affect these winds by
                 inhibiting low-level mixing of continental and -marine air masses near the coast, by providing
                 channels that'focus and accelerate drainage winds, and by exciting mountain-lee waves.
                 Offshore-directed winds were observed twice with a research aircraft. The strongest winds
                 were measured at the mouth of the Copper River and over and downwind of Resurrection
                 Bay. The synoptic weather pattern and its orientation to local topographic features influ-
                 enced wind magnitude. With the pressure gradient perpendicular to the coast, offshore-
                 directed flow was light, except at the Copper River and Resurrection Bay drainages. When
                 the pressure gradient was aligned with the'shore, regional surface winds were stronger and
                 more uniform, although the Copper RiVer and Resurrection Bay drainages were still discern-
                 ible. Evaluation of local force balances showed the largest ageostrophy at coastal locations


                                                                61









                      downwind of bays and river valleys. Seaward from the coast, ageostrophic accelerations and
                      cross-isobaric wind components were smaller, indicating a transition toward geotriptic
                      equilibrium. This spatial adjustment pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that equilibrium
                      is achieved within a distance similar to the regional Rossby radius of deformation.


                  MCPHADEN, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, and J. Picaut. Observations and wind-forced model
                  simulations of the mean seasonal cycle in tropical Pacific sea surface topography. Journal of
                  Geophysical Research 93(C7):8131-8146 (1988).

                      We examine simulations of the mean seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific using a multiple
                      vertical mode linear numerical model forced with three different surface wind stress products
                      averaged over the period 1979-1981. The model is run to-equilibrium for each of four
                      vertical modes, and results are summed. Simulated mean seasonal cycles in dynamic height
                      and sea level are then compared with observed variations based on expendable bathyther-
                      mograph and island tide gauge data averaged over the same 1979-1981 period. All simula-
                      tions show characteristic features of the mean meridional ridge-trough structure in surface
                      topography. However, north and south equatorial ridges at 20*N and 20*S are much higher
                      than those observed, only weak equatorial ridges are generated near 4*N, and none of the
                      simulations exhibits a significant equatorial trough. These discrepancies are due principally
                      to limitations in model physics and in the wind forcing. Observed and modeled mean
                      seasonal variations in surface height are of the order of a few centimeters. Coherence esti-
                      mates of 0.5-0.7 are found between the model simulations and the observations for the 1
                      cycle per year harmonic, which dominates the seasonal cycle over most of the tropical
                      Pacific. This suggests that about 25-50% of the variance in the observed annual surface
                      height is accounted for -by the linear model, given current estimates of the surface wind field.
                      Harmonics higher than the annual are less well modeled because of their weaker signal
                      levels. Regional patterns are observed in coherence levels between modeled and observed
                      variability; i.e., longitudinally, the eastern Pacific is most poorly modeled, while latitudinally,
                      the equatorial band (5*N to 5*S) is best modeled. However, no wind stress product is clearly
                      superior to the others for simulating the mean seasonal cycle. Thus uncertainty in the surface
                      stress field remains a fundamental obstacle to more accurate modeling of the variability in
                      tropical Pacific sea surface topography.


                  MCPHADEN, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, I Picaut, and G. Raymond. A model study of potential,
                  sampling errors due to data scatter around expendable bathythermograph transects, in, the tropical
                  Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(C7):8119-8130 (1988).

                      We describe a series of sampling sensitivity experiments to examine potential errors due to
                      data scatter around expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transects in the tropical Pacific. We
                      use a linear, multiple vertical mode model forced with three different monthly mean wind
                      stress sets for the period 1979-1983. The model is sampled along approximately straight
                      lines of grid points corresponding to the mean positions of XBT tracks in the eastern, central,
                      and western Pacific and then sampled again at the dates and locations of actual XBT casts for
                      1979-1983. Model dynamic heights are calculated with a resolution of 1* of latitude and I


                                                                    62









                month, then processed to a monthly mean seasonal cycle and anomalies associated with the
                1982-1983 El Niflo. When results are compared for the two methods of sampling, the model
                indicates that data scattered zonally around XBT transects in general can lead to about
                2 dyn cin error in dynamic height (equivalent to a 10-ni error in model pycnocline displace-
                ment) in composite sections of XBT data. This magnitude of error generally does not ob-
                scure anomalies associated with the 1982-1983 El Niflo or the annual and semiannual har-
                monics of the mean seasonal cycle in the model, though frequencies higher than the semian-
                nual can be adversely affected, Errors larger than 2 dyn cm, occur in regions where XBT
                sample spacing in the zonal direction is insufficient to resolve Rossby wave variations in the
                model (for example, from 16*N to 20*N in the central Pacific and from 8*S to 20*S in the
                eastern Pacific). These conclusions are insensitive to the choice of monthly mean wind stress
                used to force the model.



            MCPHADEN, M.J., H.P. FREITAG, S.P. HAYES, and B.A. TAFT. The response of the
            equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986. Journal of Geophysical Re-
            search 93(C9):10589-10603 (1988).

                Western Pacific westerly wind, bursts of 1 - to 3-week duration are potentially important in
                triggering and sustaining El Nifio-Southem Oscillation events. One. such burst of 10-day
                duration and maximum speeds of greater than 10 m s-i occurred in May 1986 west of the date
                line. The response to this westerly wind burst is documented from equatorial current meter
                moorings, thermstor chain moorings, and sea level and hydrographic data. At 0% 165*E in
                the western Pacific the thermocline was depressed by 25 m, sea surface temperature dropped
                by 0.3*-0.4*C, and sea level rose by 10-15 cm a few days after the maximum in westerly
                wind speed. Likewise, the South Equatorial Current rapidly accelerated -eastward and at-
                tained speeds in excess of 100 cm s-1. Vertical shear in an approximately 100 m deep surface
                layer reversed within a few days of the winds, consistent with a simple model of equatorial
                mixed layer dynamics in which vertical eddy viscosities are inferred to be 0(100 cm2 s-1). A
                sharp Kelvin wavelike pulse in sea level propagated out of the directly forced region into the
                central and eastern Pacific. The pulse took 45 days to travel from Tarawa (I*N, 173*E) to La
                Libertad (2*S, 81*W) on the South American coast, at an average phase speed of about
                300 cm s-1. This is of the same order of magnitude as, but significantly higher than, the
                phase speed of a first baroclinicniode Kelvin wave and is probably the result of Doppler
                shifting by the Equatorial Undercurrent. A rise in sea surface temperature of about 1*C in 2
                days occurred at ON, I 10*W with the passage of the pulse. However, coincidental
                meridional advection of a sharp sea surface temperature front, rather than zonal advection of
                downwelling associated with the pulse, appears to be responsible for this warming. The
                relevance of this wind-forced pulse to the subsequent evolution of the 1986-1987 El Nifio-
                Southern Oscillation event is discussed in the light of these observations.


            Mobley, C.D. A numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural waters
            with wind-roughened surfaces, Part II: Users' guide and code listing. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-
            81 (PB88-246871), 170 PP. (1988).



                                                            63









                     This report is a users' guide for and listing of the FORTRAN V computer code that imple-
                     ments a numerical procedure for computing radiance distributions in natural waters. The
                     mathematical details of the numerical radiance model are described in a companion report (A
                     numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural waters with wind-
                     roughened surfaces, by Curtis D. Mobley and Rudolph W. Preisendorfer, NOAA Technical
                     Memorandum ERL PMEL-75). The present report describes how to run the computer model
                     and therefore addresses questions such as which routines perform which calculations, what
                     input is required by the various programs, and what is the file structure of the overall
                     program.



                 Mobley, C.D., and R.W. PREISENDORFER. A numerical model for the computation of
                 radiance distributions in natural waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-
                 75 (PB88-192703), 195 pp. (1988).

                     This report is a repository of the details of derivation of a numerical procedure to determine
                     the unpolarized radiance distribution as a function of depth, direction, and wavelength, in a
                     natural hydrosol such as a lake or sea. The input to the model consists of (i) the incidence
                     radiance distribution at the air-water surface, (ii) the state of randomness of the air-water
                     surface as a function of wind speed, (iii) the volume scattering and volume attenuation
                     function of the medium as a function of depth and wavelength, and (iv) the type of bottom
                     boundary. The fundamental mathematical operation in the development of the numerical
                     model is the discretization. over direction spaceof the continuous radiative transfer equation.
                     The directionally discretized radiances, called quad-averaged radiances, are the averages over
                     a finite set of solid angles of the directionally continuous radiance. The quad-averaged
                     equations are azimuthally decomposed using standard Fourier analysis to obtain equations for
                     the quad-averaged radiance amplitudes. These amplitude equations are then developed in
                     terms of reflectance and transmittance functions. The reflectances and transmittances are
                     continuous functions of depth and are governed by a set of Riccati equations which is easily
                     integrated. The depth-dependent, quad-averaged radiances are assembled from the solution
                     reflectances and transmittances of the water body, in combination with the boundary condi-
                     tions. The model has an expandable library of derived quantities that are of use in various
                     applications of optics to natural waters, such as marine biological studies, underwater visual
                     search tasks, remote sensing, and climatology.


                 MOFJELD, H.O. Review of "Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, A Handbook for Engineers
                 and Scientists," by D.T. Pugh. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
                 69(37):850 (1988).


                     No abstract.









                                                                  64









             MOFJELD, H.O. Seasonal and interannual variations of tidal mixing and excursions in Ad-
             miralty Inlet. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
             Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 99-102 (1988).

                 No abstract.



             MOFJELD, H.O. and J.W. LAVELLE. Formulas for velocity, sediment concentration and
             suspended sediment flux for steady uni-directional pressure-driven flow. NOAA TM ERL
             PMEL-83 (PB89-109995), 26 pp. (1988).

                 A level 2 turbulence closure model for steady pressure-driven currents and suspended
                 sediment concentrations in an unstratified channel leads to analytic formulas for the velocity
                 and the concentration of each settling constituent. The level 2 model uses a parabolic form
                 for the mixing length that increases linearly upward near the bottom and is a maximum at the
                 surface. The model assumes a balance between local turbulence production and dissipation,
                 and the sediment concentrations are assumed to be dilute. The level 2 velocity is found to
                 follow closely the log velocity profile, being only -0.5u. less than the log-profile at the
                 surface, where u. is the friction velocity (square root of the kinematic bottom stress). The
                 level 2 concentration matches closely a modified form,of the Rouse formula in which the
                 actual depth H is replaced by H' = 1.07 H. The model results provide a theoretical basis for
                 the use of the log velocity and Rouse concentration profiles over the water column based on
                 turbulence closure theory. The vertically integrated flux of suspended sediment (suspended
                 load transport) per unit width computed numerically from the level 2 model are approximated
                 well by the. flux derived from the pure log velocity and unmodified (H' = H) Rouse con-
                 centration profiles. When normalized by the ratio of erosion rate to the settling velocity ws,
                 explicit formulas for the log-Rouse flux are functions of the two parameters P = WVKU. and
                 z./H (K being the von Kdrmdn constant      'z. the bottom roughness and H the water depth) and
                 is most sensitive to P; it is proportional to* D-1 in the slow settling regime P < 0. 1 and decreas-
                 ing rapidly as p-1(D_l)-2 in the fast settling regime D > 2. The flux is a strong function of the
                 bottom stress through the erosion rate which dominates the stress dependence in the slow
                 settling regime.


             J.N. Mourn, D.R. Caldwell, and P.J. STABENO. Mixing and intrusions in a rotating cold-core
             feature off Cape Blanco, Oregon. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18(6):823-833 (1988).

                 During August 1986, a large cold anomaly was observed in satellite and in situ measurements
                 near Cape Blanco at 42*N, 126*30'W off the Pacific Coast. Detailed vertical profiles of tempera-
                 ture, conductivity, turbulent dissipation, and horizontal currents showed 1) surface water tem-
                 perature changes as large as 2 degrees in 1 kilometer (but smaller gradients at depth); 2) a
                 structure in the mean currents resembling that of either a cyclonic eddy or a current meander; 3) a
                 current field in geostrophic balance on scales of 10 km and greater; 4) a region of intrusions on
                 the northern side of the eddy; 5) a concentration of turbulence (as indicated by the kinetic-energy
                 dissipation rate) on the edges of the eddy and in the region of intrusions, the core of the eddy
                 being turbulence-free; and 6) a substantial change in the surface structure in 24 hours.


                                                                65









                  Muench, R.D., J.D. SCHUMACHER, and S.A. SALO. Winter currents and hydrographic
                  conditions on the northern central Bering Sea shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research
                  93(Cl):516-526 (1988).

                      Current observations obtained from the northern Bering shelf region in winter 1984-1985
                      indicate that midwinter circulation patterns differed from those during the rest of the year.
                      Annual mean circulation in this region is dominated by vigorous northward currents (from
                      10 cm/s in Shpanberg Strait to more than 50 cm/s in Bering Strait). These northward currents
                      are accompanied by a weak northwestward coastal flow south of St. Lawrence Island. In
                      February-April 1985, however, flow was weakly (0-5 cnx/s) southward through Shpanberg
                      Strait and southeastward south of St. Lawrence Island while remaining northward through,
                      Anadyr and Bering straits. Comparison with current data obtained from previous years
                      suggests'that midwinter reversal of flow in Shpanberg Strait is a recurrent winter feature. It
                      generally occurs at about the same time that the winter ice cover undergoes its major ad-
                      vance, and it is associated with strong northerly winds. Northward flow through Anadyr
                      Strait persists, conversely, through the winter and is the northward extension of a western
                      intensified northward flow over the Bering Shelf. Its source is Bering Sea water farther
                      south, rather than water from the northern central shelf. The resultant "trapping" of shelf
                      water on the northern central shelf, coupled with intensive regional ice formation during the
                      same period as the flow reversal, led in 1985 to significant (about 1.517bo) brine enrichment.
                      This salinity increase agrees qualitatively with historical data, which suggest that the northern
                      central Bering shelf is the site both of sluggish winter circulation and of elevated salinities
                      due to brine enrichment from ice formation.



                  MURPHY, P.P., T.S. BATES, H.C. CURL, JR., R.A. FEELY, and R.S. BURGER. Retention of
                  organic pollutants in Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA,
                  March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 195-199 (1988).

                      Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured on suspended particulates and on surficial
                      marine sediments in the urban fjord-like estuary of Puget Sound, Washington. These data
                      were combined with sediment deposition rates, suspended particulate concentrations and
                      circulation data to assess hydrocarbon distributions and fates. Evaluation of major sinks for
                      petroleum hydrocarbons (UCM) and polycyclic -aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the urban
                      estuary indicates that >93% of the hydrocarbons which are associated with suspended
                      particulates in the main basin of Puget Sound are deposited in the estuarine sediments.
                      Approximately 63% of the PAH and 100% of the UCM associated with particles in the main
                      basin settle directly to the sediments. The remainder is carried to the main basin sediments
                      via horizontal transport from other areas. Trends in PAH ratios are used to identify major
                      sources of PAH. Estimated sources of PAH are balanced by the estimated sinks.








                                                                   66









             OVERLAND, J.E. A model of the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice during winter.
             Preprints, Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, March 29-31, 1988,
             Madison, WI, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 69-72 (1988).

                 No abstract.



             OVERLAND,       J.E. Icebergs. The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago, IL, Vol. 10, 17-18
             (1988).


                 No abstract.



             PAULSON, A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL,.JR., E.A. Crecelius, and T. GEISELMAN. The
             impact of scavenging on trace metal budgets in Puget Sound. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
             52:1765-1779 (1988).

                 The distributions of dissolved and particulate Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn in Puget Sound, its
                 tributaries, and its sediments were determined to illustrate the impact of scavenging reactions
                 on trace metal budgets of a large fjordlike estuary. About 75% of the dissolved Pb dis-
                 charged into the main basin of Puget Sound was scavenged from the dissolved phase. The
                 high particulate Pb concentrations in regions of high particulate Mn concentrations and the
                 significant correlations between Pb and Mn concentrations on suspended particles demon-
                 strate the importance of hydrous manganese oxide phases in scavenging Aissolved Pb. Since
                 particles are effectively retained, within the main basin, scavenging results in the sedimenta-
                 tion of about 70% of the total Pb added to the main basin. Only isolated.. instances of
                 scavenging of dissolved Cu and Zn were observed and the discharge rates of dissolved Cu
                 and Zn from known sources were equal to their rates of advective removal within the errors
                 of the budget. The remineralization of organically-bound particulate Cu is partly responsible
                 for its quasi-conservative behavior within the main basin of Puget Sound. The fates of Cu
                 and Zn are controlled mainly by physical processes such as advection and settling of par-
                 ticles. Advection removes about 60% of the total Cu and Zn added to the main basin while
                 40% is deposited in the sediments of Puget Sound.


             PAULSON, A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL, JR., E.A. Crecelius, and G.P. Romberg. Contrast-
             ing sources and fates of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in the main basin of Puget Sound. First Annual
             Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality
             Authority, 185-194 (1988).

                 No abstract.



             PAULSON,A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL, JR., E.A. Crecelius, and G.P. Romberg. Sources
             and siriks of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in the main basin of Puget Sound. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-77
             (PB88-219464), 26 pp. (1988).


                                                              67










                     Municipal, industrial and atmospheric sources contributed 66% of the total Pb added to the
                     main basin of Puget Sound. Advective inputs were the major sources of total Cu and Zn
                     (-40%) while riverine and erosional sources contributed about 30%. The discharge of the
                     particle-bound trace metals from rivers minimized the impacts of particulate anthropogenic
                     sources, which constituted 50%, 23% and 18% of the total particulate Pb, Cu and Zn inputs,
                     respectively. While advective transport was the major source of dissolved Cu and Zn (-60%
                     of all dissolved inputs), industrial, municipal and atmospheric inputs contributed 85%, 30%
                     and 39% of the dissolved Pb, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Diffusion of dissolved Mn was
                     the major source of Mn to the main basin. About 75% of the dissolved Pb discharged into
                     the main basin of Puget Sound was lost from the dissolved phase and was balanced by a
                     similar gain in the particulate phase. Because of the effective retention of particles within the
                     main basin, extensive scavenging resulted in about 70% of the total Pb added to the main
                     basin being retained in the underlying sediments. The sources of dissolved and particulate
                     Cu and Zn were comparable with the sinks within the errors of the analyses indicating their
                     quasi-conservative nature. Advection removed about 60% of the total Cu and Zn added to
                     the main basin while 40% 'was deposited in the sediments of Puget Sound. The rapid oxida-
                     tive precipitation allowed only 10% of the dissolved Mn added to the main basin to leave the
                     main basin in the dissolved form.



                 PEASE, C.H. Meridional heat transport by the ice and ocean in the western arctic. Preprints,
                 Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, V*rN, March 29-31,
                 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 16-19 (1988).

                     No abstract.



                 PREISENDORFER, R.W. Eigenmatrix representations of radiance distributions in layered
                 natural waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-76 (PB88-188701),
                 93 pp. (1988).

                     This report develops analytic, closed-form solutions for radiance distributions in natural
                     waters such as lakes and seas. The solutions are valid in layered water bodies for which each
                     layer has inherent optical properties (absorption and scattering functions) which are inde-
                     pendent of depth within that layer. The water body is assumed free of internal light sources.
                     The effects of a wind-blown air-sea surface are included. This work extends to the radiance
                     level certain results which were previously known to hold for irradiances. The eigenmatrix
                     formalism developed here is convenient for numerical computation of radiance distributions,
                     given the inherent optical properties of the water and the desired boundary conditions at the
                     water surface and bottom (the direct problem). Moreover, the formalism suggests an algo-
                     rithm for solving the inverse problem: the determination of the inherent optical properties
                     from measurements of the radiance distribution within a water body.





                                                                   68









             PREISENDORFER, R.W. Principal Component Analysis in Meteorology and Oceanography.
             C.D. Mobley (ed.), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 425 pp. (1988).

                 No abstract.



             PREISENDORFER, R.W., and C.D. Mobley. Theory of fluorescent irradiance fields in natural
             waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D9):10831-10855 (1988).

                 The theory of heterochromatic irradiance fields is developed from the fundamental principles
                 of radiative transfer. The irradiance field in natural waters that have fluorescing stratified
                 layers of chlorophyll and other organic material is determined. This is the direct solution of
                 the irradiance field and assumes knowledge of the depth distribution of the inherent optical
                 properties, in particular the spectral absorption and scattering,functions. Conversely, these
                 optical properties are determined from in situ irradiance measurements by inverting the direct
                 solution for the irradiance field. This is the inverse solution of the irradiance field. These
                 direct and inverse solutions provide the mathematical framework for optical assays of
                 fluorescing matter in lakes and seas, using measurements of the irradiance field within such
                 media. In particular, the concentrations of the various fluorescing substances within the
                 water are determined from in situ spectral irradiance measurements.


             PREISENDORFER, R.W-., C.D. Mobley, and T.P. Barnett. The principal discriminant method
             of prediction: theory and evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D9):10815-10830
             (1988).

                 The Principal Discriminant Method (PDM) of prediction employs a novel combination of
                 principal component analysis and statistical discriminant analysis. Discriminant analysis is
                 based on the construction of discrete category subsets of predictor values in a multidimen-
                 sional predictor space. A category subset contains those predictor values which give rise to a
                 predictand (or observation) in that particular category. A new predictor value is then as-
                 signed to a particular category (i.e., a forecast is made) through the use of probability distri-
                 bution functions which have been fitted to the category subsets. The PDM uses principal
                 component analysis to define the multidimensional probability distribution functions associ-
                 ated with the category subsets. Because of its underlying discriminant nature the PDM is
                 also applicable to problems in:data. classification. The PDM is applied to prediction problems
                 using- both artificial and actual data sets. When applied to artificial data the PDM shows
                 forecast skills which are comparable to those of standard forecast techniques, such as linear
                 regression and classical discriminant analysis, When applied to actual data in a@ forecast of
                 the 1982-1983 El Nifio, the PDM performed poorly. However, in forecasting winter air
                 temperatures over North America, the PDM proved superior to other forecast techniques,
                 after suitably filtering or smoothing the raw data in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
                 It is expected that the PDM will show its greatest advantage over other forecast techniques
                 when the relation between predictors and predictand is nonlinear.




                                                               69









                 Quinn, PX., R.J. Charlson, and T.S. BATES. Simultaneous observations of ammonia in the
                 atmosphere and ocean. Nature 335:336-338 (1988).

                     Ammonia, being the dominant base other than sea salt in the remote marine troposphere,
                     plays an important role in the acid-base chemistry of the atmosphere. An understanding of
                     the cycling of ammonia through the marine environment has, until now, been hampered by
                     the lack of concurrent measurements of key acidic and basic atmospheric and seawater
                     species. Reported here are the result of simultaneous concentration measurements of these
                     species during May 1987 in the coastal north-east Pacific Ocean environment. Gas (g) and
                     particulate (p) phase data suggest that low concentrations of NH3 (g) in the marine atmos-
                     phere lead to partly neutralized H2SO4 in aerosol particles and in rainwater. Gas-phase
                     concentrations combined with seawater concentration measurements indicate that for the
                     region and time period studied the ocean was a local source of atmospheric ammonia. These
                     data, combined in a simple box model, suggest a marine boundary layer residence time of
                     3.6 h and 22 h for NH3 (g) and NH41 (p), respectively.


                 REED, R.K., J.D. SCHUMACHER, and A.T. ROACH. Geostrophic flow in the central Bering
                 Sea, fall 1986 and summer 1987. NOAA TR ERL 433-PMEL 38 (PB88-174354),13 pp. (1988).

                     Data from a synoptic CTD survey over a large region in the central Bering Sea in fall 1986
                     are used to derive the major features of circulation. Geopotential topographies reveal the
                     following flows: (1) a well-developed eastward flow that subsequently turned toward the
                     northwest; (2) a cyclonic gyre north of Amukta'   *Pass; and (3) a weak flow, with some local
                     intensifications, paralleling the continental slope. Volume transports, relative to 1000 db, in
                     these branches (in the order above) were approximately (1) 4 x 106 S3 S-1; (2) 2 x 106 s3 s-1;
                     and (3) 1 X 106 generally, but -4 x 106 S3 S-I in two locations. Also, a northward inflow
                     through Amukta Pass was inferred from subsurface temperature. Data from a cruise in
                     summer 1987 reveal a relatively strong northward flow. through Amchitka Pass but the
                     absence of inflow in Amukta Pass. Previous climatological and synoptic data sets have
                     shown numerous eddylike features that appear to be transient. Comparison of results from
                     various circulation patterns suggests that the eastward flow that turns toward the northwest
                     frequently occurs.


                 SALO, S., R.D. Muench, and J.D. SCHUMACHER. Oceanographic conditions on the northern
                 Bering Sea shelf- 1984-1985. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-80 (PB88-231758), 55 pp. (1988)


                     No abstract.












                                                                 70









             SOREIDE, N.N., and S.P. HAYES. A, system for management, display an                  d analysis of
             oceanographic time series and hydrographic data. Preprints, Fourth International Conference on
             Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology,
             Anaheim, CA, Jan. 31-Feb. 5,1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, J20-J22 (1988).


                 No abstract.



             VAN HEESWUK, M., and C.G. FOX. Iterative method and FORTRAN code for nonlinear
             curve fitting. Computers and Geosciences 14(4):489-503 (1988)..

                 A FORTRAN subroutine is presented which allows the iterative, least-squares fitting of
                 discrete, observational data by a nonlinear function. The function may have any number of
                 parameters, provided that partial derivatives with respect to each of the parameters can be
                 calculated. A brief discussion of the mathematical theory is presented, instructions for use of
                 the subroutine are provided, and examples and performance tests of the algorithm are dis-
                 cussed.



             WALKER, S.L., and E.T. BAKER. Particle-size distributions within hydrothermal plumes over
             the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Marine Geology 78:217-226 (1988).

                 The particle-size distributions of suspended particles in neutrally buoyant hydrothermal
                 plumes from two vent sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge were measured with a Coulter counter.
                 Hydrothermal particle populations were characterized by high volume concentrations of
                 particles with diameters of <2 gm. Particle populations dominated by larger particles were
                 rare and observed only. ,-very near active vent. sources because of rapid settling and dilution.
                 Particle-size distributions from particle plumes of hydrothermal origin can be readily distin-
                 guished from those of benthic nepheloid layers by the fine-particle tail, which is expressed on
                 a cumulative number distribution by a slope much steeper than the oceanic norm of -3. The
                 predominance of particles with diameters <2 gm within neutrally buoyant hydrothermal
                 plumes demonstrates that the bulk of hydrothermal precipitates are capable of being dis-
                 persed over wide areas.


             WALTER, B.A. The role of the St. Lawrence Polynya in the downwind modification of the
             planetary boundary layer over the BeringSea ice pack. - Preprints, Second Conference on Polar.
             Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, WN, March 29-31, 1988. American Meteorological
             Society, Boston, 61-64 (1988).

                 No abstract.



             WISEGARVER, D.P. and R.H. GAMMON. A new transient tracer: measured vertical distribu-
             tion Of CC12FCCIF2 (F- 113) in the north Pacific subarctic gyre. Geophysical Research Letters
             15(2):188-191 (1988).


                                                              71










                      The first quantitative marine measurements of trichlorotrifluoroethane (F- 113) were made in
                      the North Pacific subarctic gyre in July of 1986, using a modification of the analytical
                      procedure developed for the transient tracers F- I I and F- 12 (Gammon et al., 1982; Wisegar-
                      ver and Cline, 1985). The measured mixed layer concentration was 0.29 ï¿½ 0.2 pM/L; the
                      corresponding atmospheric mixing ratio was 35 ï¿½ I pptv (Rasmussen scale). Below a
                      subsurface maximum both F- 11 and F- 113 were found to fall off exponentially with increas-
                      ing depth, F- 113 reaching effective blank levels first. The significance of adding F-1 13 to the
                      existing suite of measurable oceanic transient tracers rests in the possibility of age-dating
                      water masses by their (F- 1 13/F- 11) ratio with near annual resolution for the period since
                      1977.


















































                                                                   72









                                         JISAO PUBLICATIONS



           Bond, N.A., and R.G. Fleagle (1988): Prefrontal and postfrontal boundary layer processes over
                the ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1257-1273.

           Fleagle, R.G. (1987): The case for a new NOAA Charter. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 68, 1417-1423.

           Fleagle, R.G., N.A. Bond, and W.A. Nuss (1988): Atmosphere-ocean interaction in rnid-latitude
                storms. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 38, 50-63.

           'Johnson, J.E., and J.E. Lovelock (1988): The ECD-Sulfur Detector: Oceanographic sulfur
                species measurement at the ferntornole level. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 812-818.

           Kushnir, Y. (1987): Retrograding wintertime low-frequency disturbances over the North Pacific
                Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2727-2742.

           Mobley, C.D. (1988): A numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural
                waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-75, 195 pp.

           Panetta, R., I.M. Held, and R.T..Pierrehumbert (1987): External Rossby waves in the two-layer
                model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2924-2933.

           Roach, A.T., J.D. Schumacher, and P.J. Stabeno (1987): Observations of currents, surface winds
                and bottom pressure in Shelikof Strait,, Autumn, 1984. NOAA Tech. Memo, ERL PMEL-
                74, 116 pp.



                                        JIMAR PUBLICATIONS


           Boehlert, G.W. (1988): An approach to recruitment research in insular ecosystems. Proceedings
                of the IREP (OSLR) Workshop-on Recruitment in Tropical Coastal Demersal Communities,
                Cuidad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico, April 1986, A. Yanez-Arancibia, D. Pauly, and J.
                Czirke (eds.), IOC Workshop Report No. 44, Supplement, 33-44.

           Boehlert, G.W. (1988): Current-topography interactions at mid-ocean seamounts and the impact
                on pelagic ecosystems. First Pacific Symposium on Marine Sciences, Nakhodka, USSR.
                GeoJournal, 16,45-52.



                                                          73








                Boehlert, G.W. (1988): Fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone: The potential for island-
                     related resources. Proceedings of Pacific Basin Management of the 200-Nautical Mile
                     Exclusive Economic Zone, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1987. Pacific Basin Development
                     Council, Honolulu, 177-182.

                Boehlert, G.W., M. Kusakari, and J. Yamada (1987): Reproductive mode and energy costs of
                     reproduction in the genus Sebastes. Proceedings of the International Rockfish Symposium,
                     Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Report, 87-2, 143-152.

                Boehlert, G.W., and B.C. Mundy (1987): Recruitment dynamics of metamorphosing English
                     sole, Parophrys vetulus, to Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Est. Coastal Mar. Sci., 25, 261-28 1.

                Boehlert, G.W., and B.C. Mundy (1988): The role of behavioral and physical factors in fish
                     recruitment to estuarine nursery areas. Amer. Fish. Soc., Symposium 3, 51-67.

                Boehlert, G.W., and M.M. Yoklavich (1987): Longterm cycles of growth in Sebastes: extracting
                     information from otoliths.     Proceedings of the International Rockfish Symposium,
                     Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Report, 87-2, 197-207.

                Chiswell, S.M., M. Wimbush, and R. Lukas (1988): Comparison of dynamic height measure-
                     ments from an inverted echo sounder and an island tide gauge. J. Geophys. Res., 93,
                     2277-2283.


                Curtis, G.D. (1988): Instrumentation and data for a wind energy battery storage system (WEBS).
                     In: Proceedings of the Symposia on Stationary Energy Storage, 'Me Electrochemical
                     Society, 408 pp.

                Firing, E. (1987): Deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Mar. Res., 45,
                     791-812.


                Firing, E. (1988): Shallow equatorial jets. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9213-9222.

                Firing, E., and D. Moore (1988): Report from the WOCE Tropical Workshop held in Honolulu,
                     Hawaii, September 21-23, 1987. U.S. WOCE Planning Report No. 12, 44 pp.

                Kendall, A.W., Jr., M.E. Clarke, M.Y. Yoklavich, and G.W. Boehlert (1987): Distribution,
                     feeding, and growth of larval walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, from Shelikof
                     Strait, Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, 85, 499-52 1.

                Lander, M.A., and M. Morrissey (1988): Genesis of twintyphoons associated with a west wind
                     burst in the equatorial western Pacific: a case study. Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA
                     Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987, R.
                     Lukas and P. Webster (eds.), U.S. TOGA Rept.. No. 8,.163-174.

                Lindstrom, E., R. Lukas, R. Fine, E. Firing, S. Godfrey, G. Meyers, and M. - Tsuchiya (1987):
                     The Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study. Nature, 330, 533-537.


                                                              74










           Lukas, R. (1987): Horizontal Reynolds stresses in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys.
                Res., 92, 9453-9463.

           Lukas, R. (1988): Interannual fluctuations of the Mindanao Current inferred from sea level. J.
                Geophys. Res., 93, 6744-6748.

           Lukas, R. (1988): On the role of western Pacific air-sea interaction in the El Nifio/Southem
                Oscillation phenomenon. Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA Western Pacific Air-Sea Interac-
                tion Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987, R. Lukas and P. Webster (eds.), U.S.
                TOGA Rept. No. 8,43-69.

           Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom (1987): The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
                Proceedings of the 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop on the Dynamics of the
                Oceanic Surface Mixed Layer, Honolulu, Hawaii, P. Muller and D. Henderson (eds.),
                Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Special Publication, 67-94.

           Lukas, R., and P. Webster (eds.) (1988): Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA Weste      m Pacific Air-
                Sea Interaction Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987. U.S. TOGA Rept. No. 8,
                207 pp.

           Mader, C.L., and G. Mitchum (1988): Tsunami modeling using personal computers. In: Pro-
                ceedings of the Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Technology, PACON '88,
                OST6/28.


           Mader, C.L., M. Vitousek, and S. Lukas (1987): Numerical modeling of atoll reef harbors. In:
                Natural and Man-made Hazards, P. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands,
                215-225.


           Mitchum, G.T., and R. Lukas (1987):. Latitude-frequency structure of Pacific sea level variance.
                J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17,2362-2365.

           Morrissey, M., M. Lander, and J. Maliekal, (1988): A preliminary evaluation of ship data within
                the Equatorial Western Pacific. J. Ocean Atmos. Tech., 5, 251-258.

           Olney, J.E., and G.W. Boehlert (1988): Nearshore ichthyoplankton associated with seagrass
                beds in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology: Progress Series, 45, 33-43.

           Santiago-Mandujano, F., and E. Firing (1988): Acoustic doppler current profiles from the first
                U.S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS), June-
                July, 1985. . Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 004,
                JIMAR Contribution No. 88-015 1, University of Hawaii, 34 pp.

           Wang, B., and I. Orlanski (1987): Study of heavy rain vortex formed over the eastern flank of
                the Tibetan Plateau. Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1370-1393.



                                                          75









                  Wang, B. (1987): On the development mechanism for warm Tibetan Plateau vortices. J. Atmos.
                       Sci., 44, 2978-2994.

                  Wang, B. (1988): The dynamics of tropical low frequency waves: An analysis of moist Kelvin
                       waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2051-2065.

                  Wyrtki, K. (1987): Indonesian throughflow and the associated pressure gradient. J. Geophys.
                       Res., 92 (C 12), 12941-12946.

                  Wyrtki, K., K. Constantine, B.J. Kilonsky, G. Mitchum, B. Miyamoto, T. Murphy, S. Nakahara,
                       and P. Caldwell (1988): The Pacific island sea level network. Joint Institute for Marine and
                       Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 002, JIMAR Contribution No. 88-0137, University
                       of Hawaii, 71 pp.

                  Wyrtki, K., B. Kilonsky, and S. Nakahara (1988): The. IGOSS Sea Level Pilot Project in the
                       Pacific. Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 003, KMAR
                       Contribution No. 88-0150, University of Hawaii, 59 pp.

                  Yoklavich, M.M., and G.W. Boehlert (1987): Daily growth increments in otoliths of juvenile
                       black rockfish, Sebastes melanops: an evaluation of autoradiography as a new method of
                       validation. Fish. Bull, U.S. 85, 826-832.




                                              CIMRS PUBLICATIONS



                  Fox, C.G., K.M. Murphy, and R.W. Embley (1988): Automated display and statistical analysis
                       of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs. Mar. Geol., 78, 199-216.

                  Kadko, D., and W. Moore (1988): Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of
                       submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52,
                       659-668.


                  van Heeswijk, M., and C.G. Fox (1988): Iterative method and Fortran code for nonlinear curve
                       fitting. Computers and Geosciences, 14(4), 489-503.










                                                                 76









                                    GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS



           ADCP:             Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
           AID:              Agency for International Development
           AOML:             Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
           APEX:             Arctic Polynya Experiment
           ARGOS:            French satellite used to telemeter data to shore stations (not an acronym)
           ASG:              Administrative Support Group
           ATLAS:            Automated Temperature Line Acquisition System
           CIRES:            Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
           CIMRS:            Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies
           COADS:            Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
           CSG:              Computer Support Group
           CTD:              Conductivity, Temperature, Depth
           EDD:              Engineering Development Division
           ENSO:             El Niflo-Southern Oscillation
           EOF:              Empirical Orthogonal Function
           EPOCS:            Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies
           ERL:              Environmental Research Laboratories
           FAST:             Flow Actuated Sediment- Trap
           FGGE:             First GARP Global Experiment
           FOCAL:            French Program Ocean-Climat Atlantique Equatorial
           FOCI:             Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Initiative
           FOCUS:            Fisheries Oceanography Cooperative Users System
           FOX:              Fishery-Oceanography Experiment
           GARP:             Global Atmospheric Research Program
           GFDL:             Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
           GMCC:             Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Division, ERL
           GOES:             Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
           HMSC:             Hatfield Marine Science Center
           IAM.AP/IAPSO:     International Association of Meterology and Atmospheric Physics/ Intema-
                             tional Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean
           IGOSS:            International Global Ocean Services System
           IOC:              International Oceanographic Commission
           IRIS:             International Recruitment Investigations in the Subarctic
           ITCZ:             Intertropical Convergence Zone
           JIC:              Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center
           JIMAR:            Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research
           JISAO:            Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean
           L-RERP:           Long-Range Effects Research Program
           MARD:             Marine Assessment Research Division
           MIZ:              Marginal Ice Zone


                                                           77









                 MIZEX:           Marginal Ice Zone Experiment
                 MMS:             Minerals Management Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior
                 MRRD:            Marine Resources Research Division
                 MSRD:            Marine Services Research Division
                 NCAR:            National Center for Atmospheric Research
                 NESDIS:          National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
                 NIC:             NOAA Information Center
                 NMC:             National Meteorological Center
                 NMFS:            National Marine Fisheries Service
                 NOAA:            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                 NOS:             National Ocean Service
                 NORPAX:          North Pacific Experiment
                 NWAFC:           Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center
                 NWS:             National Weather Service
                 OAR:             Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
                 OCRD:            Ocean Climate Research Division
                 PENTAFLUX:       Fifth Flux Experiment
                 PEQUOD:          Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics
                 PMEL:            Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
                 Ri:              Richardson Number, a dimensionless number related to stability of stratified
                                  flow
                 RJE:             Remote Job Entry
                 SCOR:            Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
                 SEABEAM:         A shipboard multi-transducer swath echo sounding system
                 SLAR:            Side-Looking Airborne Radar
                 SLEUTH:          System for Locating Eruptive Underwater Turbidity and Hydrography
                 SLP:             Sea Level Pressure
                 S3T:             Sequentially Sampling Sediment Trap
                 SST:             Sea Surface Temperature
                 STACS:           Subtropical Atlantic Climate Study
                 TAG:             Trans Atlantic Geotraverse
                 THRUST:          Tsunami Hazard Reduction Using System Technology
                 TOGA:            Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere
                 TOPS:            Total Ocean Profiling System
                 USGS:            United States Geological Survey
                 VENTS:           Name of hydrothermal venting research program (not an acronym)
                 WEPOCS:          Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study
                 WMO:             World Meteorological Organization
                 XBT:             Expendable Bathythermograph









                                                                                            *U.S. GPO: 1989-692-390



                                                             78























                                                                                                   DATE DUE




















                                                                                GAYLORDINo. 2333                                  IRINTED IN U'S A,




















                                                                                          3 6668 14106 8694