Annual report fiscal year

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

CZIC

Pacific
Marine
Environmental
Laboratory
Annual Report for FY 88

GC
58
P325 Department of Commerce
1988
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Environmental Research Laboratories

P A CIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY

ANNUAL REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1988

January, 1989
Property Of CSC

U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON,SC 29405-2413

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, WA 98115

UNITED STATES NATIONAL OCEANIC AND Environmental Research
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Laboratories

C. William Verity William E. Evans Vernon E. Deff
Secretary Under Secretary for Oceans Director
and Atmosphere/Administrator

NOTICE

Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement by
NOAA/ERL. Use of information from this publication concerning proprietary
products or the tests of such products for publicity or advertising purposes is not
authorized.

CONTENTS
Page

INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1

CLIMATE RESEARCH ........................................................ 2

EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS ............................................... 2
WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS ....................................... 4
MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE .........5

MARINE RESOURCES ......................................................... 8

VENTS PROGRAM ....................................................... 8
FISHERIES-OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS (FOCI) .... 11

MARINE OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION .................................... 15

ARCTIC RESEARCH ..................... ............................... 15
TSUNAMIS ............................................................ 17

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ..................................... 19

LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH ..................................... 19

JIMAR ..................................................................... 23

JISAO ...................................................................... 29

CIMRS ..................................................................... 31

PMEL Staff ................................................................. 32

PMEL Seminars .............................................................. 36

JISAO Seminars .............................................................. 39

JIMAR Seminars ............................................................. 42

PMEL Publications ............................................................ 45

JISAO Publications ........................................................... 73

JIMAR Publications ............................................................. 73

CIMRS Publications .......................................................... 76

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ................................................. 77,

INTRODUCTION

E.N. Bernard, Director

The Flacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducts interdisciplinary scientific
investigations in oceanography, marine meteorology, and related subjects. Current PMEL
programs focus on climate, marine observation and prediction, marine resources, and marine
environmental assessment. Studies are conducted to define the forcing functions and the proc-
essesdriving ocean circulation and the global climate system; to improve environmental forecast-
ing capabilities and other supporting services for marine commerce and fisheries; and to improve
our understanding of the complex physical and geochemical processes that determine the extent
of human. effect on the marine environment. The products of this research are environmental
information and predictive models. These products are disseminated to the scientific community
and public in the form of scientific papers, technical reports, and presentations at various scien-
tific gatherings.

PMEL complements its research efforts through three cooperative institutes: the Joint Institute
for Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), with the University of Washington, the Joint
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), with the University of Hawaii and the
Cooperative Institute for Marine Resource Studies (CIMRS) with Oregon State University.
These institutes were established between NOAA and the Universities to provide a bridge
betwe@-,n the academic community and PMEL scientists worldng in climate dynamics, environ-
mental chemistry, tsunami propagation, fisheries oceanography, and seafloor spreading
processes.

CLIMATE RESEARCH

The NOAA Ocean Climate Program was developed following the passage of the National
Climate Program Act in 1978 in response to increased public awareness on the effects of short-
and long-term climatic changes, particularly the effects on -food and energy, and a concern about
the effects of technology and population growth on world climate.

Understanding and forecasting climatic change requires an understanding of the processes of
heat, moisture, and momentum exchange between the ocean and atmosphere as well as the
large-scale transports of heat. within the atmosphere and ocean. PMEL's ocean climate research
program investigates the problem in studies of both local (small-scale) and basirf-wide (large-
scale) ocean dynamics and the coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation. A major research goal is
to determine the relative importance of the physical mechanisms that generate anomalies in
sea-surface temperature distributions in the tropical ocean. A crucial step in reaching that goal is
to develop and validate ocean circulation models that are capable of simulating the evolution of
such globally important events as El Niffo.

Heat transport by major western boundary currents (the Gulf @ Stream and the Kuroshio in the
Northern Hemisphere) is also postulated to have an important effect on world climate. Western
boundary current studies at PMEL continue to focus on the Florida Current as part of the Sub-
tropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS).

PNIEL also conducts two.important marine chemistry research programs for NOAA under the
National Climate Program. These studies relate to the ocean's behavior as a sink for atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2), which has been steadily increasing over the past century. One program
measures the flux of anthropogenic fluorocarbons into the ocean in,order to trace gas diffusion
across the ocean-atmosphere boundary and within the ocean. The other examines the role of
biologically produced, particulate calcium carbonate as a sink of C02 at high latitudes. Together
the programs will help determine the potential of the oceans for absorbing C02 and modifying
global warming.

Accomplishments FY 1988

EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS

In support of the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, PMEL maintains
an array of moored sensors in the vicinity of the Equator in the tropical Pacific. The sensors
measure the vertical distribution of the current velocity and temperature between the surface and
250 m. Off-equatorial measurements of the temperature profile down to 500 m are made from
ATLAS moored thermistor chains. Both types of moorings transmit wind velocity, air tempera-

ture and sea-surface temperature in real time. Wind stations are maintained in the western and
centua Pacific (Kapingamarangi, Nauru, Baker and Christmas Is.).

The data are used collectively, along with other data sets, to diagnose the current state of the
tropical Pacific, to validate the operational ocean general circulation model at the National
Meteorological Center, in research on air-sea interaction processes responsible for annual and
ifiterannual variability of the tropical Pacific, and for a variety of Laboratory investigations.

Current Vatiations Duying the 1986-87 El Nifio-Southern Oscillation Event

Data from the equatorial current meter moorings were used to describe the evolution of the
1986-87 El Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event that terminated in December 1987.
In terms of current variations it is the best documented warming event in the Equatorial Pacific.

Our analysis of the mooring data indicated that remotely forced intraseasonal Kelvin waves with
periods of roughly 2-3 months were an important source of temperature and current variability in
the eastern Pacific during 1986-87. These waves appear as 30-40 m oscillations in thermocline
depth and 20-40 cm S-1 fluctuations in zonal current. These fluctuations are presumably forced in.
the western Pacific in the wind fields that have similar time scales. Superimposed on these
remotely forced oscillations are local wind forced variations.

In contrast, the most striking feature of the currents at 1 10*W during the 1982-83 ENSO was the
disappearance of the Undercurrent in January-February 1983. The undercurrent has long been
assurned to be a permanent feature of the western Pacific equatorial circulation in the region east
of 137*E; this observation is the first documentation of an ENSO-related disappearance in the
western Pacific.

We completed a comparison of buoy-measured surface winds and several operational wind
products, and investigated the effect of SST fluctuations on local wind. We found a major
discrepancy between in-situ observations and tropical wind products. In general, operational
model winds tended to agree with each other better than with the observations. In the eastern
Pacific there was a systematic bias of the models toward a relatively weak southerly component.
A possible contribution to this error is the improper treatment of the atmospheric boundary layer
in the models and a failure to adequately account for the influence of SST gradients on boundary
layer winds. The influence was examined with the moored-buoy data by comparing SST
changes with surface wind changes in the vicinity of the Equatorial SST Front in the eastern
Pacific. Clear evidence of modulation of surface winds by wavelike perturbations in this front
was found, and changes in meridional wind and meridional SST gradient were correlated. The
results of these studies suggest that assimilation of the surface wind into the atmospheric models
may lead to substantially improved tropical surface wind fields.

Hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Nifto

We completed a series of ocean circulation model hindcast- studies of the 1982-83 El Niiio'(1) to
examine the sensitivity of the computed dynamic height field to changes in the wind field, (2) to

evaluate the success of the SST simulations and diagnose the mechanisms of SST change during
this period, and (3) to determine the area over which the winds must beknown in order to
reproduce the equatorial behavior of the standard unmodified computation. We found that
specification of the winds within 7* of the Equator resulted in a very good reproduction of
equatorial conditions but that unacceptable differences resulted when only the winds within 3* of
the Equator were specified. We also found that specifying the winds only in the western Pacific
resulted in poor simulations. These results indicate that the equatorial ocean is forced by winds
mainly near the Equator. They also suggest that there is no need to invoke the propagation of
ocean anomalies poleward of 7* to explain the major aspects of the 1982-83 El Nifio event.

Role of Rossby waves in El Nifio events

Baroclinic Rossby waves, which propagate relatively slowly westward in off-equatorial regions,
have been proposed as a possible mechanism for controlling the quasi-periodic timing of El Niflo
events. For a long time Rossby waves have been thought to be important in the adjustment of the
tropical ocean to variable forcing by the winds but they rarely have been observed clearly.
Evidence that these waves reflect off the American continent after the equatorial anomalies have
propagated poleward along the eastern boundary was sought in an analysis of observations
collected in ship-of-opportunity programs. The depth of the 20*C isotherm, which is a proxy for
thermocline depth, was determined from these data and examined for evidence of the westward
propagation that would be associated with the presence of Rossby waves. We found that the
1972 El Nifio was reasonably well o bserved and a Rossby wave reflection from the North
American continent (5-10 rn depression) could be traced across the entire Pacific basin and was
identifiable more than 5 years after the event. By modeling the expected response to a pulse-like
disturbance using ray theory, we showed the observed thermocline signal to be a baroclinic
Rossby wave. We also concluded that the- thermocline depression that spreads poleward along
the North American coast in the aftermath of El Niho leaks energy in the form.of long baroclinic,
Rossby waves, which can be observed across the entire width of the Pacific. These waves lose
about half their amplitude through dispersion before reaching the western boundary, so it remains
an open question whether: they provide a sufficiently strong trigger for a subsequent El Nifio.

WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS

Observations of the Florida Current transport derived from the cross-stream voltages on an
abandoned cable between Jupiter, Florida, and Settlement Point, Grand Bahama Island (GBI),
and an active telephone cable between West Palm Beach, Florida, and Eight Mile Rock, GBI, are
continuing.

A magnetometer was installed at Settlement Point, which will increase the accuracy in estimating
the geomagnetic noise that is removed from the cable data, thus improving the accuracy of the
tidal estimates and shortening the time for reducing the cable data to transport values from 2
months to a few days. We improved ourmethod for determining the transfer functions that are
needed for removing the geomagnetic induced noise.

We constructed theoretical 2-D electromagnetic models for studies concerning the calibration
factor needed to construct transport values from the cross-stream voltages. The calibration factor
was found to be insensitive to the cfoss-stream spatial variability if the cable length is at least
10 km long. These results have negative implications on using short span electric field recorders
for transport measurements.

MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

One of the significant environmental issues of the next century will be the potential for sys-
tematic changes in the Earth's climate due to increases in the atmospheric burden of C02, and
other greenhouse gases including methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and carbon monoxide.

TracerProgram

We measure chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the sea as time-dependent tracers of water mass
formation and thermocline ventilation of other gases. Information about these processes is used
for assessing the moderating role of the oceans in delaying and damping the global warming
predicted for coming decades.

Two field programs were accomplished in 1988 to collect data on tracer distribution. A spring
expedition aboard the NOAA Ship Oceanographer, from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to American
Samoa, permitted a detailed meridional survey of climate-forcing trace gases and aerosols as a
function of latitude in the central north and equatorial Pacific Ocean. This cruise repeated the
route of the 1983 chemical/hydrographic survey, permitting the evolution of the transient tracers
(CFC-11, CFC-12, fossil fuel C02) in the thermocline during this 5-year interval to be deter-
mined. The water column measurements also included precise determinations of temperature,
salinity, oxygen, and nutrients. The saturation state of the surface waters for the carbon cycle
trace gases C02,, CO, and CH4 was accurately determined by continuous, automated gas
chromatography. The trace gas signature of the surface waters at the equator (25% C02
supersaturation) represented the normal upwelling state following the conclusion of the 86/87
ENSO event.

The second field program was a cooperative Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study
(WEPOCS) (June-July, 1988) with AOML (Miami). PMEL was responsible for the CFC
measurements (2000 samples) to determine the source waters of the equatorial current system
(Equatorial Undercurrent [EUC), North Equatorial Countercurrent [NECC]), and the flow-
through to the Indian Ocean.

A workshop in June brought together ocean C02 researchers to reassess the source/sink character
of the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean from both a modeling and a measurement perspective.
The workshop produced a working agreement and format for reporting and synthesizing existing
and future measurements of pCO2. The goal is to improve climatology for the seasonal and
regional air-sea exchange of C02 of the entire Pacific basin.

The PMEL tracer program contributed to a GFDL general ocean circulation model simulation of
fluorocarbon transients by supplying pan-Pacific chlorofluoromethane (CFM) distribution
measurements for model evaluation. The first model results, although showing general agree-
ment with the measured distributions, revealed a much less efficient invasion of tracer than that
determined by the observations. A second, global ocean CFM tracer simulation with more
realistic forcing and isopycnal formulation is under way and will -probably produce model tracer
fields in much better agreement with the PMEL CFC measurements.

Marine Sulfur

Biogenic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean are a major source of the back-
ground sulfate aerosol particles in the marine troposphere. These particles act as cloud condensa-
tion nuclei and are calculated to have a strong effect on the opacity of marine clouds. In this role,
DMS emissions may be important to the radiative budget of the Earth.

DMS emissions and aerosol particle formation were studied during FY 1988 in the central
Pacific Ocean aboard the NOAA Ship Oceanographer along 170*W from Dutch Harbor, Alaska,
to American Samoa. In the temperate latitudes, the sulfur cycle was dominated by anthropogenic
sulfate presumably from the Asian continent. DMS emissions were higher between 10*N and
10*S, and could account for the atmospheric burden of sulfur dioxide and sulfate.

Plans FY 1989

EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS

- Complete analysis of hydrographic, chemical, and velocity data collected on the TEW section
along 15*S aboard the Researcher (Malcolm Baldrige) and Oceanographer.

- Perform diagnostic analysis of general ocean circulation model hindcast of the 1986-87 El
Nifio with improved surface heat flux parameterization.

- Provide a description of the data collected from current meter and ATLAS moorings,
hydr6graphic casts, and acoustic Doppler current profiling during the 1986-87 El Nifio.

- Expand salinity and real-time current measurement program to the western Pacific.

- Begin analysis of data collected in the EPOCS North Equatorial Countercurrent array centered
at 7*N, 140*W.

- Complete study comparing sea-level and XBT dynamic height indices of the variations of
central Pacific geostrophic surface currents.

WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS

� Compute transfer functions based on data from the magnetic site installed at Settlement Point.

� Compare the atmospheric sea-level pressures over the Northern Hemisphere with the Florida
Current transport variations for climate studies.

MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

Establish a facility at PNML for measuring and interpreting transient tracers (CFCs) in the
North and South Pacific. This facility will more than double the existing annual capacity for
CFC sample analysis, allowing for the extension of the tracer coverage to ships of opportunity
operating in the remote and poorly sampled Southern Ocean.

Continue the program of repeated meridional sections of the Pacific Ocean in order to capture
the time-dependent, basin-wide distributions of anthropogenic chemical tracers (CO2, CFCs,
etc.) entering the thermocline.

Conduct a. major oceanographic/atmospheric expedition to the remote southeast Pacific Ocean
to survey the, latitude distribution of climate-forcing trace species in the marine boundary layer
and upper ocean. Of particular importance will be the penetration of transient tracers (CFM,
tritium, fossil fuel C02) into the Antarctic Intermediate Water of the Southern Ocean.

- Initiate a program of modeling the measured transient tracer fields in the North Pacific
thermocline (1981-1987), using the GFDL ocean general circulation model.

- Continue the collaborative program with GFDL to compare and interpret the measured CFM
tracer fields against those generated by successive generations of the ocean general circulation
CFM tracer simulation.

- Complete the analysis and publication of the existing PMEL CFC surveys in the eastern
(1981-86), central (1983-88) and western (1982-87) North Pacific Ocean. This program has
permitted the basin-wide tracer transient fields to be mapped with 5-year resolution.

Field a state-of-the-art analytical system for automated, precise determination of total C02 in
seawater by the coulometric method on the Southern Ocean expedition.

Refine, document, and improve the prototype system ("data logger") for automated and
continuous measurement of critical atmospheric and oceanographic parameters required to
interpret the air-sea exchange and marine photoch=dstry of climate-forcing trace species-.

� Design and carry out cooperative field programs to quantify the relationship between the flux
of marine sulfur (DMS) to the atmosphere, and the local atmospheric abundance of the sulfate
aerosol particles thought to control cloudiness.

� Improve analytical methods for determining ammonia at natural levels in seawater and rain-
water, and in the atmosphere Oointly with Aeronomy Laboratory).

MARINE RESOURCES

Accomplishments FY 1988

VENTS PROGRAM

Hydrothermal venting processes, which are now known to occur along the entire global seafloor
spreading center system, are a significant source of heat and mass being introduced into the
global ocean. To assess the chemical oceanographic effects of these processes and thereby make
it possible to predict the chemical consequences of hydrothermal venting, the VENTS Program is
engaged in a multidisciplinary effort to (1) determine the effects of hydrothermal venting on
seawater chemistry, and the fate of hydrothermal mass and heat, through chemical and
geochernical studies, (2) determine the physical oceanographic processes whereby hydrothermal.
fluids and gases are distributed throughout the ocean, and, (3) determine the conditions that
control the location and duration of active vent sites, through geological and geophysical studies.

The laboratory and field programs involve collaboration with scientists from the United States
Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of Canada, the Universities of Washington, Oregon
State, Florida, Nfichigan, California, and Hawaii, the University of Victoria (Canada), and
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge

Investigations of-the Juan de Fuca Ridge were concentrated on two principal areas, the southern
and cen tral segments. The southern segment actually comprises two slightly offset segments of
approximately equal length (Rift A and Rift B). Within the region where the ends of the two
subsidiary segments are offset but adjacent, two anomalously large hydrothermal vents have been
observed. These vents have been termed "megaplumes" because they contained massive quan--
tities, of hydrothermal heat and chemicals, comparable with amounts that would be generated by
hundreds to thousands of "normal" high-temperature hydrothermal. vents.

The tectonic or volcanological process (or processes) that generated these anomalous vents
appears to be episodic, -and the physical and chemical characteristics of the vents indicate that
their initial temperatures were several hundreds of degrees centigrade. Another distinctive
characteristic of the megaplumes is that, because of their relatively great buoyancy, they are
found considerably higher in the water column than the plumes associated, with steady-state
hydrothermal low- and high-temperature vents.

Initial interpretations of the field results indicate that (1) the source of the vigorous "normal'
plume found in the vicinity of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge offset may be the very extensive

low-temperature vent fields that were discovered to extend for nearly 2000 meters along the
strike of the tip of the southern, Rift A, segment, and (2) the megaplumes may have originated in
association with extrusion of very young volcanics found along the Rift A ridge axis or, (3) they
may have been caused by fault-induced breaching of large subsurface volumes of trapped
hydrothermal fluids.

During 1988, an intensive program was carried out aboard the Atlantis II and NOAA Ship
Discoverer to map the distributions of hydrothermally derived Si, 3He, Mn, Fe, Rn, C02 and heat
from the vent orifices to distances up to 150 km away fi-om the spreading centers. The results
show that hydrothermal emissions from the southern Juan de Fuca ridge form a 500-m-thick
plume elongated in the direction of net current flow and centered on the 27.69 potential density
surface. The ratios of 3He and Si in the buoyant plume are in good agreement with the low- and
high temperature vent fluids.

These ratios seem to indicate that the anomalous plumes are related to hydrothermal sources
along the northeast spreading-center system and that the volume of output may vary dramati-
cally. Profiles of dissolved Si along the 45*N and 47*N parallels show middle-depth (2100 m)
anomalies that extend across the eastern half of the North Pacific and are segregated into centers
of high and low concentrations. A major question in light of the Megaplume I and II discoveries
is whether the high- versus low-Si anomalies are related to episodic hydrothermal venting out of
the Gorda-Juan de Fuca-Explorer system.

Another important result of this study is that negative anomalies of dissolved phosphate were
observed directly over the ridge axis with corresponding positive anomalies of phosphorus in the
particulate phase. Comprehensive analysis of the particulate phases with our scanning electron
microscope indicate that the phosphorus was being scavenged from solution by newly formed
iron oxyhydroxides of hydrothermal origin which end up as a phosphorus-rich component of the
underlying sediments. Mass balance calculations suggest that a minimum of approximately 18%
of the total annual phosphorus sink in the oceans is due to scavenging by hydrothermal emis-
sions. Similarly, geochernical evidence for scavenging of the cations Ba, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, and
oxyanions P, V, Cr, and As by hydrothermal oxyhydroxides was also observed in the water
column and underlying sediments. These results demonstrate the important role of hydrothermal
emissions as scavengers of chemicals from seawater. The resulting depletions can also serve as a
tracer of dispersing plumes.

Compositional stability of the southern Rift A regional plume -chemistry has been observed
through a 5-year time series of annuaf month'-long plume surveys. From this unique time series
for plume chemistry, PMEL investigators have inferred that venting of hydrothermal fluids of
constant chemical composition has occurred at the southern Rift A vent sites for at least 5 years.
This is consistent with direct observations of vent fluid chemistry made at other ridgecrest
spreading centers where decadal-scale compositional uniformity has been observed.

Observations made of the Rift A segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge during the past 3 years have
provided the first full-segment perspective for plume chemistry. Unlike the compositionally
uniform plumes observed at the southernmost Rift A vents, the plumes overlying the north-

central and north regions of the rift are chemically diverse. Such intra-segment chemical diver-
sity must be accounted for in the assessment of hydrothermal input to the regional ocean.

Central Juan de Fuca Ridge

The central segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is dominated by Axial Volcano, a large subma-
rine hotspot volcano situated astride the axis of seafloor spreading. For the past several years, an
active hydrothermal vent field within the volcano's summit caldera has been the focus of a
number of VENTS Program studies. One of Axial's vent fields is uniquely situated for inves-
tigations of hydrothermal processes because it is relatively small but contains a wide variety of
hydrothermal environments including low- to high-temperature vents, massive sulfides, and
extensive and thriving hydrothermal animal communities. Vent fluids within the Axial caldera
also exhibit ortant chemical diversity including fluids that have apparently boiled and sepa-
imp
rated into brine and vapor phases.

From FY 1987 Alvin sampling and photographic data we produced maps of the Axial vent field,
the most detailed and comprehensive maps of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent field in
existence. The maps provide a1ramework for understanding the origin of the vent field as well
as a base for numerous other geophysical, chemical, oceanographic, and biological time series
experiments.

We made significant progress toward the goal of being able to use acoustical backscatter to
recognize and predict various geological environments at reconnaissance scale surveys. New
mathematical approaches, including fractal geometry and spectral analysis, were developed and
tested, which allow the backscattered acoustic signal from sidescan sonar surveys to be statisti-
cally categorized in terms of rock type and bottom roughness. These results are now being
compared with the "ground truth" maps mentioned above.

Samples obtained with the research submersibles Pisces and Alvin at the ASHES vent field at
Axial Volcano during 1986, 1987, and 1988 have confirmed the presence of vapor-rich, and
probably phase-separated and segregated, vent fluids. This is the first documentation of such
highly phase-fractionated fluids. Ongoing study of these fluids presents a unique opportunity for
VENTS investigators to understand the processes and effects of phase separation during venting.
Local deposition from. vented fluids, plume formation and plume chemical evolution are pre-
dicted to be significantly influenced by phase-separated fluids.

Gorda Ridge

The northern 50-km-long segment of the Gorda Ridge has a well-defined rift valley and a
diversity of igneous rock types, unlike the Juan de Fuca Ridge or any of the other intermediate-
to fast-spreading ridges in the Pacific Ocean. Significant advances were made in. locating and
characterizing two hydrothermal venting zones in this northern segment, previously known only
from regional water columns surveys.

Interpretation of a high-resolution sidescan sonar (SeaMarc: IA) survey of the northern segment
performed in August 1987 revealed that the locations of the two venting zones (GR-14 and
GR-15) are controlled by the intersection of a regional fracture trend parallel to the ridge axis,
and that an anomalous transverse trend is related to the local stress regime. This finding both
elucidates the seafloor controls of the hydrothermal activity and targets the two venting zones for
near-field characterization.

A dive series with the U.S. Navy DSV Sea Cliff was organized and conducted (September 1988)
to close range on, and initiate characterization of the high-temperature venting zone at the GR- 14
site. This involved a cooperative scientific team from NOAA, USGS and academia sponsored by
the Gorda Ridge Technical Task Force of USGS's Minerals Management Service,.

Technical Achievements

Following the successful use of the S3 (Submersible-Coupled VENT Fluid Sampling and Sens-
ing System) during the 1987 field season, the system was further refined. The S3 has dramati-
cally increased precision in chemical analyses of the vent fluids, which are a basis for assessing
the chemical oceanographic impact of hydrothermal. activity.

During FY 1988, an in-situ chemical analysis system was deployed to function in two modes--as
a stationary monitor of the temporal chemical variability of active venting systems, and as a
chemical scanner to map the chemistry of seawater/vent fluid mixtures as they are found in
various environments close to, and at a distance from, the vents. The system measures variations
in temperature, iron, manganese, sulfide, and pH. These are chemical and physical characteris-
tics of a typical hydrothermal plume and have key roles in chemical reactions of the vent fluids
with their near-, middle-, and far-field environments.

FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS

PMEL's Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) is a joint effort with the
Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center to study recruitment variability of commercially valuable
fish and shellfish in the Gulf. of Alaska and Bering Sea. The research is aimed at determining (1)
what meteorological, oceanographic, and biological conditions are correlated with historical
year-class success, (2) whether there are interannual variations in transport that affect larval
concentrations, and (3) how small-scale physics, food availability, and predation affect mortality.

We found a relation between estimates of abundance of age-3 pollock recruits and the Northeast
Pacific Pressure Index (NEPPI), a measure of the strength and location of the Aleutian Low. The
relation suggests that as the index increases, the number of recruits decreases. This implies good
recruitment from fish spawned during springs when the Aleutian Low is weak, absent, or dis-
placed.

Comparing 1981 and 1985, we found evidence that physical processes were responsible for a
consistent decline in pollock spawner biomass and mean egg concentration. Data from CTD and

moored current m eters show that there are two modes of larval transport in the region: (1) the
rapidly moving Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) which flows seaward, and (2) the weaker mean
flow toward the southwest shoreward of the ACC. Apparently, cross-channel disturbances
(eddies or meanders) in the flow field incorporated most of the emerging 1985 larval year-class
into the ACC, transporting them away from nursery grounds.

Analysis of long-term, (1978 and 1984-87) current, wind, and freshwater discharge data
elucidated seasonal transitions in the ACC and on the adjacent shelf that could affect larval
concentrations. The spring transition has exhibited two distinct patterns: (1) a steady smooth
decline in currents between December and June, or (2) a more rapid approach to near-zero
currents in February and March, followed by stronger than usual currents in April through May.
The latter was observed in 1985. The strength of the ACC can be such that planktonic material,
including larval pollock, would be removed from the Strait within 2 to 3 weeks, that is, in less
time than it takes the larvae to develop.

Using extensive CTD data, acquired since 1976, we found extreme variability of baroclinic
transport over periods of less than 3 days. Variation may be related to complex flow features
observed in dynamic topography and satellite images. Based on the data since 1976, bottom
water properties varied considerably; in particular, relatively cold freshwater was present during
much of 1986. Abnormally cold conditions may affect egg development and adult pollock
growth and maturation.

Current, temperature, and salinity data from a long-term mooring located on the continental slope
adjacent to the sea valley show a large offshore excursion of the Alaskan Stream during spring.
This resulted in relatively weak flow toward the northeast (i.e., reversed flow) and a change in
water properties in the vicinity of the mooring. More pollock have been observed spawning here
than over other portions of the slope- (although in much smaller numbers than in Shelikof Strait)
and concentrations of eggs and larvae are also relatively high. It is possible that this spring
excursion affects both initiation of spawning and retention of eggs and larvae.

Plans FY 1989

VENTS PROGRAM

Continue the analysis of the heat-3He-Si relationships in off-axis regions to determine the
effects of steady-state and episodic venting on the regional distributions of these constituents
in the North Pacific.

Continue the analysis of dissolved- to particulate-phase relationships for trace elements in the
water column.

Analyze sediment trap. materials for major and trace elements and determine chemical fluxes
to the sediments in on- and off-axis regions west of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

� Collect and analyze vent fluids and overlying plume waters to investigate the relations be-
tween venting sources and the dispersing neutrally buoyant plumes. Determine the relative
contributions of low- and high-temperature venting to plumes, using data from these samples
and determinations.

� Refine our understanding of the rates and processes that control the physical and chemical
evolution of vent fluids as they mix with ambient seawater and are dispersed away. from the
vent field.

� Analyze southern Juan de Fuca photogeological information for the purpose of constraining
the location and effects of megaplume hydrothermal bursts.

� Continue to merge sidescan sonar, water column, and photogeological information into an
integrated digital data base for compilation into detailed hydrothermal-pararneter maps.

� Conduct geological and geophysical, chemical, and physical oceanographic surveys from the
Discoverer at the megaplume sites and at Axial Volcano for the purpose of continuing time
series experiments focused on causes and effects of all scales of hydrothermal venting on
regional ocean chemistry.

- Continue to monitor and analyze bottom pressure recorder data for evidence of tectonic
deformation of the Axial summit caldera.

- Analyze the results of surveys to determine the distribution and- characteristics of hydrothermal
venting along the northern segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

- Continue to refine the quantitative ability of reconnaissance - sidescan sonar survey data to
discriminate specific seafloor geological (including hydrothermal) environments.

- Continue modeling work on the fate of hydrothermal effluents, particularly Mn, in middle and
far fields.

- Continue work on locating and characterizing high-temperature hydrothermal venting sii@s at
.the northern Gorda Ridge, by analyzing and interpreting data sets from September 1988 DSV
Sea Cliff dive series SeaMarc IA high-resolution sidescan sonar records.

FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS

- Extend estimates of age-3 pollock recruitment series back to 1951, and investigate climate-
recruitment relationships for modeling.

- Compare fluctuations in the Gulf of Alaska fishery with those in the Bering Sea, eastern Gulf
of Alaska, northeastern U.S. coast, and Norway.

- Develop a mechanistic model of a larval patch including biotic and abiotic environment.

Develop a pollock. mortality schedule for the first 6 months of life to determine which survival
hurdles are most significant.

Continue long-term monitoring of water properties, Eulerian and Lagrangian currents, and
island-based wind; continue satellite image analysis and pollock egg and larval surveys.

Examine resorption of eggs as a possible factor in determining final egg production.

Examine relationships between spawning and fecundity versus stock size and physical condi-
dons, using observations from 1982 and 1986-88.

� Compare local with synthetic winds to improve estimates of the regional wind field and to
examine forcing for current variability.

� Synthesize Eulerian, Lagrangian, dynamic topographic, and inferred satellite image informa-
tion on dominant scales of current variability and compare with those of zooplankton and
pollock larvae.

� Conduct a field experiment to examine food supply, predation, and dispersion as causes of
mortality.

Develop techniques for acquisition, processing, and analysis of LORAN-C-tracked buoys.

Conduct field and laboratory studies on vertical migration of pollock larvae.

MARINE OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION

Research is directed toward understanding and improving the prediction of phenomena of
concern to marine warning and forecasting services. Research subjects include sea-ice processes,
arctic oceanography, vessel icing, and tsunami propagation. PMEL scientists work closely with
colleagues at operational service components of NOAA such as the National Weather Service
and the Navy-NOAA Joint Ice Center. The Arctic research is also applicable to NOAA's climate
studies. Research is carried out through a combination of field measurements, remote-sensing
techniques, and numerical modeling.

Accomplishments FY 1988

ARCTIC RESEARCH

The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale CircuMon Study

The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale Circulation Study was initiated in the autumn of 1986 and has
included measurements of currents, winds, and ice velocities, as well as observations of state
variables and nutrient distributions in the ocean and state variables in the polar atmosphere,
principally between Barrow and Demarcation Point along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea shelf. Data
collection continued through April 1988 when the remaining current meter moorings were
recovered through the ice and the coastal anemometers were dismantled. 'Me total data set is
extraordinary in the temporal and spatial extent of its coverage, and in the variety of its con-
stituent measurements. The data set is also extremely large, and its full reduction and analysis
will improve our understanding of the shelf circulation and its forcing, and the conditions impor-
tant to the marine ecology of the area.

The FREEZE Experiment

Throughout the polar regions there are oceanic areas that remain nearly ice free when tempera-
ture conditions would favor an ice cover. These ice-free areas are called polynyas and typically
occur along arctic coasts where off-shore winds or currents continually remove the ice as it
forms. Because ice extrudes salt as it forms, continual freezing in a polynya can cause a consid-
erable brine enhancement, which may affect the water density structure and current field beyond
the polynya, through mixing and advection of the brine.

The objectives of PMEL's FREEZE Experiment were to examine the fine-scale process of
freezing in the autumn in the context of the regional environmental conditions just prior to and
during initial freeze-up. In October 1987, we deployed current meter and pressure gauge moor-
ings, set out drifting ice buoys to trace the advancing ice edge, and mapped heat and salt budgets

using data from CTD casts. Additionally, several investigators participated in a 10-day study
involving a series of daily cruises during late November 1987 aboard the tugboat Nanuk III from
Nome, Alaska. The experiment used a CTD attached to a remotely operated vehicle to make
horizontal CTD "casts" in order to observe spatial variability of the brine rejection. Meteorologi-
cal information was also collected by measuring solar radiation, regional sea-level pressure, and
winds.

The initial data analysis suggests that in light to moderate winds there is little structure to the ice
crystal formation and brine rejection. However, in higher wind situations the ftrezing is organ-
ized into rows, and these rows are_ probably formed by secondary circulations driven. by
Langmuir mechanics. This understanding is an important first step toward defining external
parameters for predictive modeling of ice formation.

In yesligadons in the Greenland Sea

The long-term goal of these investigations is to understand the Greenland Sea's role in global
climate and in the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere and the ocean. To do so it is important
to quantitatively understand major water mass transformations and ventilating mechanisms,
regional circulation and mixing, variability of the sea ice.and its relation to the ocean circulation,
and exchanges with the atmosphere.

During FY 1988 efforts were concentrated on the first two issues by conducting hydrographic
and circulation investigations during four cruises. The work is part of the Greenland Sea Project
and cooperative with institutions in Europe and North America.

Analysis of the first hydrographic data set has shed new light on the recently discovered outflow
into the Greenland Sea of saline Arctic Ocean deep water and on the formation of Norwegian Sea
deep water.

High-salinity water in the Greenland Sea originates at middle depths (1600-1700 m) in the
Arctic Ocean.

This water flows southward along the Greenland slope until the bathymetry forces a diver-
gence in the southwestern Greenland Basin. The most saline water-continues southward into
the Iceland Sea, rather than flowing into the Norwegian Sea through gaps in the Mohn Rise.

- Within the Greenland Sea, the saline Arctic Ocean water is mixed with Greenland Sea deep
water in an approximately 3:7 ratio to produce Norwegian Sea deep water.

* The production rate of new deep water with Norwegian Sea properties is about 2 Sv
(2 x 106 M3 S-1), corresponding to a replacement time of about a decade. This is less than
one-half the rate calculated from recent tracer box models, thus suggesting that not all the new
deep water moves into the Norwegian Sea, but rather that a significant portion remains in the
Greenland Sea.

Sea-Ice Processes and Modeling

A - sea-ice, barotropic-ocean model was developed to investigate the coupling of ice motion to
wind-driven Coastal currents. The model emphasizes the ice thickness- strength relation on
downwind.coasts, and resolves the oceanic boundary layers for finite depth situations through the
use of vertical structure functions. The model shows clearly that the ice-thickness/motion
feedback is important on scales smaller than 10 km and that the, relation of ice velocity to wind
stress in coastal seas is variable because the ocean slope current responds only to the alongshore
component of the wind. This is a major step in providing quality forecasts of coastal ice motion.

Arctic Fluxes

We analyzed several data sets collected from aircraft flying over the St. Lawrence polynya in the
Bering and Beaufort Seas in 1982 and 1983. Ile data were collected in an effort to measure the
turbulent transport of heat and momentum across the polynya. An area of predominantly white
young ice produced a measured drag coefficient (CD) Of 1.5 x 10-3, which was in agreement with
previous measurements. An area including three different ice regimes (fiazil ice, grey young ice,
and white young ice) produced a measured Co of 3.2 x 10-3. This high value was traced to more
efficient turbulent mixing due to flow over and around the mountains on St. Lawrence Island.
The air directly in the lee of the mountain was 6*C warmer than surrounding air and the wind
field showed the presence of a strong narrow area of convergent flow where the sensible heat
flux was 1000 W m-2.

TSUNAMIS

Four deep ocean bottom pressure recorders (BPR's) were successfully recovered (and
redeployed) in the Gulf of Alaska and in the Axial Caldera off the U.S. west coast. Analyses. of
the records revealed success in detecting three seismic surface waves and two tsunamis generated
a few hundred kilometers south of Cape Yakataga, Alaska, on - 17 and 30 November 1987 and 6
March 1988. These measurements constitute the first multiple-gauge measurement of tsunamis
in the open ocean.

An agreement was reached with the National Ocean Service for its Ocean Mapping Section to
perform a multibeam bathymetric survey of the Shumagin Seismic Gap, a region along the
Aleutian Trench associated with high seismic potential. Thus, should the predicted tsunamigenic
earthquake occur, this survey would provide pre-event baseline data for comparison with a
post-event survey; together, the data would provide critical information on the vertical and
horizontal extent of ocean bottom deformation corresponding to the tsunami source region.

Plans FY 1989

ARCTIC RESEARCH

- Analyze 2 years of current meter, hydrographic, and meteorological data for the Beaufort Sea
Mesoscale Circulation Study.

- Recover and redeploy current meter moorings and make additional heat and salt content
surveys for the FREEZE Experiment from the NOAA Ship Surveyor during September-
October 1988- and analyze data from the 1987-88 field year.

- Extend the one-dimensional sea-ice barotropic-ocean model for coastal oceans to two dimen-
sions, using the combined Bering-Chukchi shelves as an example.

- Conduct volumetric surveys in the Greenland Sea during November-December 1988 on the
R/V Meteor, during March-April 1989 on the RIV Valdivia, and during June-July 1989 on the
R/V Polarstern.- This work is part of the Greenland Sea Project.

Recover and redeploy instrumented moorings in the Greenland Sea and in Denmark Strait
during June-July 1989 on the R/V Polarstern and on the R/V Cirolana. The work on the
Polarstern is part of the Greenland Sea Project.

Initiate a study of air, -ice, and ocean north of the Greenland Sea, using icebreaker-based
observations from September 1988-February 1989 and NOAA P-3 aircraft observations from
March-April 1989. The work is part of the Combined Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX).

TSUNAMIS

- Prepare report on the three Alaskan tsunamis.

- Perform analyses of coincident BPR and GEOSAT altimeter observations.

- Recover and re-deploy all deep-ocean BPRs.

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Marine environmental assessment at PMEL emphasizes understanding the complex physical and
geochernical processes that ultimately determine the health of marine systems and their ability to
assimilate contaminants. Included are studies of the geochemistry of trace metals and organic
compounds, distributions of hydrocarbons and synthetic organics, coastal and estuarine circula-
tion, and transport processes. Although the geographic focus of these studies has been Pacific
Northwest and Alaskan coastal and estuarine waters, the scientific knowledge acquired and
methodologies developed are applicable to other marine systems.

Accomplishments FY 1988

LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH

In response to the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1982 and the National
Ocean Pollution Research and Development and Monitoring Planning Act of 1978, PMEL has
addressed environmental concerns associated with marine disposal and transport of municipal
and industrial wastewater and the reaction of marine systems to continuing influx of con-
taminants. PMEL is examining the role of suspended particulates in transporting contaminants
and in removing them from marine systems. Researchers have been investigating the mecha-
nisms by which heavy metals and organic pollutants partition between water and particulates and
are subsequently buried in sediments or advected from the estuary. - As these processes become
better understood, the long-term effect of chronic, low-level- input of pollutants on marine
resources will be assessable. Therefore, studies in the Puget' Sound-Strait of Juan de Fuca
estuarine system, under way for many years, are leading to a better understanding of the ability
of estuaries to accommodate pollutant inputs.

In 1988, continuing emphasis was placed on simulation modeling of the present data base and on
geochernical process studies; descriptive physical and chemical field studies were severely
reduced while an assessment was conducted of data and knowledge gaps.

Estuarine Circulation

The replacement of bottom water in Puget Sound has been studied for many years, because it is a
dominant process responsible for flushing some contaminants. Previous studies showed that
bottom-water inflow increases during spring and fall equinoctial periods, when neap tides occur
and mixing is minimal over the entrance sill. Our studies have now shown that the increased
inflow starts before minimum neap tides. Our calculations with these data in a simple model
demonstrate that this is an effect of variations in the horizontal density gradient at the mouth of
the estuary, caused by salinity variations outside the mouth. This time-dependent process may be

responsible for changing inflow characteristics on time scales between wind effects and seasonal
effects, and it may be important in o@ier estuaries.

Estuarine Transport

During 1988, the study of the estuarine transport of trace metals moved from the field into the
laboratory. We performed experiments using ambient Puget Sound seawater to study the rate of
conversion of dissolved manganese (Mn) to particulate Mn. The kinetic data obtained will be
incorporated into the laterally averaged model of Puget Sound to provide an understanding of the
role of Mn oxide surfaces relative to toxic trace metals, which in turn will lay the foundation for
models attempting to describe the transport and fate of particulate-reactive toxic trace metals
such as lead (Pb).

The fate of copper (Cu), unlike metals like Pb, seems to be controlled by the behavior of dis-
solved and particulate organic matter. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the
potential of natural and anthropogenic sources to contribute releasable organically bound Cu to
the bottom waters of Puget Sound. Remobilization of Cu, at depth, as a result of discharge of
primary effluent, appears to be more significant than remobilization from naturally occurring
organic matter or diffusion from the sediments.

Concentrations of both natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons on settling particles differ from
those on suspended particles in the estuarine water column. Previous studies at PMEL showed
that the major source of hydrocarbons to the sediments was the particles settling from surface
waters. Results of a new study comparing hydrocarbon fluxes with fluxes of settling particles
fractionated by size and density suggested specific hydrocarbon-particle associations that govern
the flux of hydrocarbons to the sediments. These associations seem to be implicated in differen-
tial transport and selective sedimentation of particulate hydrocarbons, determining their horizon-
tal distribution in sediments. They also are probably import -ant in differential bioturbation, thus
determining the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the sediment column.

We examined such associations in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
PAHs are found worldwide in estuarine sediments. Their relative insolubility in water and
resistance to degradation make them excellent sedimentary markers for land use changes,
transport processes, and dating in an estuary, Ten cores from Puget Sound, Washington, were
dated by 21OPb and analyzed -for combustion-derived PAHs and retene (a naturally occurring
PAH found in coal and wood). Plots of date vs. PAH concentration showed a distinct PAH
concentration peak for each core corresponding to 21OPb dates circa 1940; plots of date vs. retene
concentration also showed peaks corresponding to 21OPb dates ranging between 1880 and 1925.
The preliminary results suggest that particles to which 21OPb binds are different from those to
which some hydrocarbons attach, calling into question one of the fundamental assumptions of
radionuclide dating of sediment horizons.

Modeling

PMEL scientists helped organize and participated in a Workshop on Modeling Physical
Oceanography of Puget Sound held 4-5 November 1987 at the NOAA Western Regional Center.
The workshop brought together an international group of modelers and field oceanographers to
discuss the state of knowledge of physical processes in the Puget Sound region, on-going and
planned modeling efforts, and potential collaboration.

We used a turbulence closure model to investigate the effects of finite water depth on the magni-
tude and direction of the bottom stress due to steady barotropic currents. Accurate estimates of
bottom stress are important in studies of current dynamics and transport of sediment and
particulate-bome pollutants. The results show stress maxima 15% to 19% above deep-water
values and angular deviations at the maxima 8* greater than those in deep water. A set of com-
putationally efficient formulas have been fitted to the model results for interpretation and use in
numerical models.

Formulas for suspended sediment flux were derived for the vertically integrated flux of sus-
pended sediment from the classical log-velocity and Rouse-concentration profiles.@ The formulas,
which closely match results from closure models, indicate that the flux is particularly sensitive to
the ratio of settling velocity to friction velocity (square root of the kinetic bottom stress). In the
slow-settling regime the flux varies inversely with the ratio but is much more sensitive in the
fast-settling regime. The flux is also proportional to the erosion rate, which increases rapidly
with increasing bottom stress.

We completed a channel tide model for Puget Sound. Tuned to observed distributions of the M2
tide, the model provides detailed distributions of tides and cross- sectionally averaged tidal
currents as well as estimates of tidal prisms and dissipation for this complicated network of
channels and embayments. There is good agreement between the observed distributions of tides
throughout the system, primarily because the linear dynamics underlying the model dominate the
tidal processes in Puget Sound and because the model resolves the complex topography of the
system. There is also relatively good agreement of the averaged tidal currents at the few sections
where detailed current observations are available even though the observed tidal currents often
show major variations both across channels and with depth. The model shows a resonance
somewhat below the M4 frequency that is relatively weak due to frictional dissipation concen-
trated mainly in the high-velocity channels.

The initial version of a laterally averaged model of Puget Sound showed good qualitative results.
The salient features of currents and circulation were well represented. An increase in landward
bottom transport in the interior of the Sound, occurring in the model, can only be the result of the
downwelling of water in the vicinity of the Admiralty Inlet-main basin nexus; such a
downwelling feature of circulation has long been recognized in the field data. A southward
circulation over the entire water column in East Passage, shown by observations, can be
reproduced in the model by imposing a northerly pressure gradient on the flow in Colvos Pas-
sage. Better geometric and bathymetric definition of the Sound is now being coded into the
model to improve results quantitatively.

The laterally averaged hydrodynamic model provided current fields for a preliminary model of
the distribution and transport of suspended solids in Puget Sound. The model simulates particle
movement over the length and depths of the main basin and Admiralty Inlet, and over a 14-day
period centered about. an intrusion event. The model is required to have both small and large
particles in the upper water column. The more rapidly settling large particles, thought to be
macroaggregates, scavenge the more slowly settling fine particles as they fall vertically through
the water column. With this process in the model, the calculated suspended solid distributions
show the general features of the suspended particulate data, e.g., a middle-depth minimum down
the axis of the main basin, but rapid vertical transport of fine particles is also allowed. The
model poses a number of questions about particle sources and populations that will find answers
only through additional field measurements and analysis of several existing data sets.

Pug et Sound consists of a series of deep, stratified reaches separated by shallower sills and
junctions where the mixing between water masses occurs and most of the rivers enter. On an
annual time scale the transport of water and salt in each reach can be modeled as a steady
two-layer advective flow. These flows intermingle in turbulent mixing zones where the flow
from any incoming layer can be split into two parts: an efflux fraction that continues on into the
next reach and a reflux fraction that recirculates into its original reach. During the past year we
determined the efflux-reflux fractions for the mixing zones between the nine principal reaches in
the S trait of Juan de.Fuca-Puget Sound system.

Plans FY 1989

LONG-RANGE-EFFECTS RESEARCH

� Model the vertical distribution of particulate Mn in Puget Sound, using the results of the FY
1988 Mn precipitation experiments.

� Apply the results of the FY 1988 Cu remobilization experiments to a bottom layer box model
of central Puget Sound and to the reflux model.

� Characterize the nature of Cu-organic interactions in Puget Sound during the FY 1989 field
season.

� Extend the Puget Sound tides research to long-term sea level fluctuations and internal tides.

� Develop a steady low-resolution model of trace metal dynamics in stratified estuaries.

� Describe wind effects on flow through a cross section of a fjord.

� Complete code development of the laterally averaged hydrodynamic model of Puget Sound.

� Continue development of models concerned with the vertical transport of fine suspended
solids by macroaggregate scavenging.

� Develop and implement a plan for using quasi-conservative tracers in testing the efflux-reflux.
model.

JIMAR

The Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), located at the University of
Hawaii, was formed in 1977, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Hawaii. The principal
research interests of JIMAR have been equatorial oceanography, climate, and tsunamis. A new
interest in fisheries oceanography was added in FY 1988.

Accomplishments FY 1988

EQUATORIAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Western Equatorial Paciflc Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS)

WEPOCS is a joint U.S.-Australian program to- study the distribution of watermass properties
and circulation in the near-equatorial region north of Papua, New Guinea. Among other objec-
tives, WEPOCS aims to describe the effects of the northwest monsoon on the upper ocean
circulation in this region.

The third U.S. WEPOCS expedition took place in the near-equatorial region north of Papua and
near the Philippines during June and July 1988. The hydrographic conditions observed com-
pared well with. observations during WEPOCS I (July 1985) and H (February 1986), and inten-
sive observations were obtained of the Mindanao Current and the Mindanao coastal circulation in
the Celebes Sea.

The analysis of data sets from WEPOCS I and H has concentrated on a complete description of
the mean circulation based on an isentropic analysis of the hydrographic data. We are assessing
the influence of the monsoon on the circulation of the WEPOCS region through comparison of
the water mass distributions during the two cruises and through analysis of the regional response
of sea level.

Sea level, wind, and current data collected between WEPOCS I and. H have been analyzed using
an empirical orthogonal function. The analysis shows that sea level is influenced by the large-
scale winds in the western Pacific, but there is structure associated with more local dynamics
such as current flow through Vitiaz Strait, and the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent.

Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)

TOGA's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -focuses on the strong
air-sea interaction that occurs in the "warni pool" region of the equatorial western Pacific and

.23

attempts to gain a better understanding of the processes that appear to be important during the
development of ENSO episodes in that region, especially the role of intermittent strong westerly
winds in mixing the upper ocean and moving the warm waters eastward. Analysis of historical
data and concerted modeling efforts have begun as preliminary steps of the experiment.

United States-Peoples' Republic of China Cruises III and IV were successfully completed in the
western Pacific; nearly continuous acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data were collected.
Considerable progress has been made in upgrading the hardware and software used for this
continuing collaborative research.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

ADCP data from WEPOCS I were processed and documented, the Mindanao Current was
extensively mapped, and current profiles were made along the track of the Y*TEPOCS III cruise.

Analysis of the Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics (PEQUOD) current profiles from the central
equatorial Pacific has concluded, leading to the discovery of three currents below 1500 m that
may be important parts of the general ocean circulation. A vertical mode analysis of the profiles
has shown a clear dynamic scale separation in the upper ocean, in which the smaller scales are
less variable than the larger scales.

Line Islands Array

The Line Islands Array consists of subsurface pressure gauges at four of the Line Islands--
Palmyra, Fanning, Jarvis, and Malden Islands, plus three inverted echo sounders deployed on the
sea floor at 6% 8% and 10*N along 162*W. Extending from 4*S to 10*N, the array is designed to
measure sea level variations on time scales from hours to years. No cruise was conducted in
FY 1988 because of the 16-month array maintenance. Data from the third Line Islands Array
cruise were processed, along with considerable analysis effort. Intercalibrations between echo
sounder and subsurface pressure gauge data sets were completed.

Pacific Sea Level Network and Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Sea Level
Center

Three new satellite stations were installed and two existing stations rebuilt, making the network
29 stations in 17 countries. Nineteen of the stations report via satellite. All but five stations had
complete data recovery during the year.

The stations are also part of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), and data from the
network are used to publish monthly maps of sea level through the International Global Ocean
Services System. (IGOSS). The network forms a cornerstone in the planning of a sea level
network for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and provides ground truth for the

calibration and verification of satellite altimetry for the GEOSAT and TOPEX (Topographic
Experiment) missions.

IGOSS Sea Level Pilot Project (ISLPP)

The purpose of the project is to make monthly mean sea level data available in a timely fashion
and to generate products that are valuable for the scientific analysis of climate-related processes.
The data are used to publish monthly sea level maps, corrected for atmospheric pressure begin-
ning in 1988.

In addition, an index of upper-layer volume for the equatorial Pacific, valuable for ENSO studies,
is generated and published quarterly. An update of indices for the equatorial currents in the
Pacific, which will be published annually, was included with the January map.

CLIMATE RESEARCH

El Niflo-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Research focused on the synoptics of the equatorial western Pacific to evaluate the. hypothesis
that westerly wind bursts in this region may initiate and maintain El Nifio, although the existence
of such precursors has yet to be firmly established. It was shown that east Asian middle-latitude
forcing could initiate westerly wind bursts in the equatorial western Pacific. The possibility that
the well-known quasi-periodic nature of the ENSO could be reproduced from parametric time
series models was assessed. Results indicate that the. two optimal models produce a dominant
spectral peak in the range between 3 and 4 years and small power at high frequencies, features
consistent with those obtained from a conventional frequency-domain approach.

A study was conducted concerning Hawaiian. drought and the Southern Oscillation (SO). We
found that major drought winters in the Islands were preceded by a persistently low phase of the
SO starting in March of the preceding year. Results of scatter diagrams also suggest that changes
of the SO in summer lead corresponding changes of rainfall by 2-3 seasons.

Modeling and Analysis

A simple model of equatorial low-frequency motion was constructed to study the stability of the
equatorial atmosphere in the presence of quasi-zonal, low-frequency disturbances. The model
demonstrates that unstable interaction of boundary layer friction-induced moisture convergence
with condensational heating could cause planetary-scale responses resulting in an asymmetric
baroclinic structure having the largest flow field amplitude in the upper atmosphere.

A vertically continuous model describing two-dimensional equatorial motion confirmed this
unstable interaction mechanism. Use of the model for analysis of moist Kelvin waves revealed

that eddy energy is mainly generated in the surface convergence phase, which does not agree
with the evaporation-wind feedback theory.

TSUNAMI RESEARCH

Two tide gauges were deployed in I-Elo. A short course was again taught for the Army Corps of
Engineers (including Civil Defense. people) on post-tsunami run-up assessment and mapping.

Numerical modeling of the Shumagin seismic gap continued, using a nonlinear, shallow-water
program to study the Kowalik and Murty model of the Gulf of Alaska along the Aleutian Islands.
In the first study we observed, as Kowalik and Murty did, that the tsunami energy was, strongly
directed south toward Hawaii.

FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY

Optimal estimates were made of ocean current fields by means of objective analysis modeling of
temperature profiles combined with temperature-salinity relationships from one survey around
Johnston Island and three around Oahu in association with ichthyoplankton surveys. The goal is
to interpret the distribution of larval fishes relative to the island in light of geostrophic current
patterns. We found an expected general pattern of westward flow and the presence of a
mesoscale cyclonic eddy on the north side of Johnston Island. Associated with the eddy is an
eastward return flow west of the island and astagnant region northwest of the island. The
Johnston Island area contains unusually high densities of island-associated larval fishes in the
50-100 m stratum and the current patterns may have a pronounced effect upon larval recruitment
and population maintenance.

A workshop, sponsored by JIMAR, was convened by the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) at its Honolulu laboratory in May to review scientific understanding of the physical and
biological factors and processes that affect rates of squid entanglement in driftnets, and to
explore strategies for collaborative research to improve the understanding of driftnet entangle-
ment problems in the North Pacific Transition Zone. A framework for a strategic plan was
developed to provide guidance to the Squid Entanglement Task Force in preparation of a detailed
set of research options and operating plans to achieve the following objectives: (1) to assess the
effects of the incidental mortalities on the marine resources of the United States and on the
benefits derived from them, and (2) to develop and evaluate management options for mitigation
of the effects.

Plans FY 1989

EQUATORIAL OCEANOGRAPHY

- Analysis of the WEPOCS I and H data sets will continue, to assess the influence of the mon-
soon on the circulation of the WEPOCS region, to compare near-surface pressure gradients

across- and along-channel in the Vitiaz Strait with moored current measurements made by the
Australians, and to study the role of mixing processes in the circulation of the region.

- 'Me data from the WEPOCS III expedition are being processed, and much of FY 1989 will be
required to finalize the data sets.

- A Science Working Group will be formed to develop and implement COARE.

- Two U.S.-P.R.C. TOGA cruises are planned, and the processing of the ADCP data will be
carried out at sea on these cruises.

- Proposals have been submitted to work with RD Instruments in testing its present and new
profilers.

- A program is being developed for observing the Nfindanao Current over a 2-year period.

- The fourth of five cruises under the Line Islands Array program will be conducted in Novem-
ber 1988 for the purpose of maintaining the observing array of pressure gauges, inverted echo
sounders, and tide gauges.

- The TOGA Sea Level Center will continue its current operations and will continue to generate
monthly sea level maps.

The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) project is designed to provide 5 years of physical,
chemical, and biological oceanographic measurements from a deep-ocean site 100 Ian north of
Oahu, for the purposes of observing climatological trends and assessing the representativeness
of the observations made during the. 5-year WOCE and GOFS programs. Monthly cruises to
collect hydrographic measurements to provide a description of the mid-gyre variations of the
Pacific Ocean will begin in October 1988.

CLIMATE RESEARCH

- Investigations of the origins and evolution of westerly wind bursts and analysis of the wind
'field of the tropical Pacific will continue, with emphasis on analysis strategies for the improve-
ment of operational wind products.

- The surface wind variability in the western Pacific and sea level variation in association with
equatorial intraseasonal convective disturbances will be studied.

A five-level regional mesoscale model will be developed; it will be based on Florida State
University's model.

TSUNAMIRESEARCH

� Numerical model studies on tsunami source mechanisms will continue, using both shallow-
water and three-dimensional codes.

� Available data will be gathered, and the tsunami inundation-evacuation project will be refined
according to a recently awarded contract with the State Civil Defense Agency.

� Publication of the Tsunami Journal will continue.

FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY

� High-resolution, vertically stratified ichthyoplankton data from around Oahu will be analyzed
for plankton distribution relative to geostrophic current patterns.

� Two cruises to Southeast Hancock Seamount are planned for sampling. A current meter. string
will also be deployed for 4 months. This will allow comparison of current meter measure-
ments with the ADCP-derived current data.

HSA0

The Joint Institute for Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) was established to foster
collaboration between NOAA and the University of Washington. JISAO serves as a vehicle for
funding grants and postdoctoral Fellows, supporting collaborative research between NOAA and
University scientists. During the past few years, JISAO has emphasized three core research
areas: climate, environmental chemistry, and estuaries.

JISAO's climate research has tended to focus on two main themes: large-scale atmosphere-
ocean interaction in the tropics and planetary-scale wave-mean flow interaction. JISAO has been
active in University and NOAA efforts to direct interdisciplinary research toward an understand-
ing of the global climate system and its sensitivity to human activities. The new Experimental
Climate- Forecast Center within JISAO was established for this purpose.

The main research themes in environmental chemistry include marine aspects of the carbon
dioxide problem and chemical processes involving the deposition of heavy metals. The former
theme is closely related to climate research and the latter to estuarine research. Recently,
JISAO's chemistry research has broadened in scope to include other biogeochemical cycles of
interest for global climate. Of particular interest is the chemistry of sulfur and its influence on
cloud condensation nuclei and the cycles that involve long-lived radiatively interactive trace
species such as nitrous oxide and methane.

Accomplishments FY 1988

A study was completed that supports the use of doubly periodic models to examine eddy heat
fluxes in fully turbulent baroclinic flows. The resulting two-layer model is expected to be an
inexpensive and reliable tool for numerical investigations of parameterization theories used in
climate research. Extensive numerical experiments have isolated the quasi-geostrophic regime
that supports persistent, spatially organized storm tracks.

An investigation of mechanisms of oscillations of coupled ocean-atmosphere models (1) demon-
strated that the Cane-Zebiak ENSO cycle is distinct from the mechanism responsible for the
oscillating behavior in several other coupled models, (2) determined conditions that govern the
selection of the oscillation mechanism, and (3) developed a simple model that captures the
essence of the oscillation mechanism.

Work was completed on (1) the influence of the basic state and ocean geometry on interannual
variability of the tropical atmosphere/ocean system, (2) the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby
waves during ENSO, and (3) the interannual variability in a. suite of tropical ocean-atmosphere
models.

Development was completed on the Electron Capture Sulfur Detector, a new instrument that pre-
cisely measures oceanic and atmospheric sulfur compound levels. This instrument is used to deter-
mine the influence of dimethyl-sulfide released by marine organisms upon cloud condensation.

In support of a meteorological experiment entitled OCEAN STORMS, analysis is under way on
(1) a comparison of observations of a developing comma cloud with a numerical weather predic-
tion model, (2) the development of a polar low, and (3) the stratosphere-troposphere exchange at
a cold front.

The following student research projects continued: (1) tropical wind variability and the modeled
ocean response to tropical surface wind stress variability, (2) the dynamic comparison of surface
wind products for the Equatorial Pacific, (3) the annual variation of temperature in the upper
tropical Pacific Ocean, (4) the dynamics of wind flow through Shelikof Strait, (5) analysis of
cloud droplets by aircraft using a Counterflow Virtual Impactor, and (6) the construction of a
two-dimensional model of the equatorial undercurrent in a stratified environment.

JISAO Senior Fellows were involved in scientific planning for NOAA's Climate and Global
Change Program. The planning document ("The Role of the Ocean in NOAA's Program,
'Climate and Global Change"') details the scientific oceanographic problems that need to be
solved in order to make predictions on decadal to centennial time scales. This report is expected
to form the scientific basis for implementing the oceanographic portion of the Climate and
Global Change Program.

JISAO supported a Distinguished Visitor (its first) from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
in February 1988. The Visitor's research interests include problems on the equatorial undercur-
rent in the ocean and the equilibrium of finite amplitude baroclinic waves in the atmosphere.
JISAO also invited a number of scientific visitors (domestic and foreign) to give seminars and
interact with faculty, students, and PMEL scientists during the 1987 General Assembly of the
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (held in Vancouver, B.C.). In addition, many of
the JISAO affiliated scientists and students attended the conference on Waves and Stability
sponsored by the American Meterological Society.

Plans FY 1989

- Work with NOAA to develop an expanded program to address scientific issues relating to
global climate change.

- Establish a climate modeling capability to serve as a focus for research on coupled
atmosphere-ocean interaction and biogeochernical cycles.

- Continue research on the predictability of ENSO, the effects of cloud radiation feedback on the
coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and the dynamics and the maintenance of the Intertropical
Convergence Zones in a General Circulation Model.

� Assess the mass flux from the stratosphere into the troposphere in extratropical cyclones.

� Continue a vigorous visitor and seminar program.

CIMRS

The Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) was established in 1982 to
foster collaborative research between NOAA and Oregon State University in the areas of
oceanography, fisheries, aquaculture and other marine-related fields and to serve as a center at
which researchers may work on problems of mutual interest relating to the living and non-living
components of the marine and estuarine environment and their interrelationships. Oregon State
University is currently involved in research efforts that parallel NOAA/PMEL's VENTS Pro-
gram, objectives in the area of assessing the effect of spreading center hydrothermal vents on the
marine environment. CIMRS often serves as a vehicle for funding grants which support col-
laborative research efforts between NOAA and University scientists. This annual report ad-
dresses only the collaborative efforts between CIMRS and NOAA/PMEL's VENTS Program.

In FY 1988, NOAA, through CIMRS, funded related research on radiochemical studies in
hydrothermal samples from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The purpose of this research is to determine
the time that hydrothermal deposits were initially emplaced, their rate of accumulation, the length
of time the hydrothermal fluid resided in the crust before the deposits were formedl and to
investigate the scavenging processes occurring in the dispersing hydrothermal plume.

Six CIMRS- research assistants contribute directly to the VENTS Program in various components
of, computer programming, analysis of side-scan sonar and photographic data of seafloor features
from the Juan de Fuca Ridge system.

Accomplishments FY 1988

Developed a FORTRAN subroutine which allows iterativej least-squares fitting of discrete,
observational data such as seafloor bottom data by a nonlinear function. Use of this technique
will allow the development of complex numerical models of natural systems.

Developed a computer algorithm to smooth towed camera navigation data (side-scan sonar)
using a least-squares cubic spline. In the testing stage is an iterative method for nonlinear
surface fitting with the eventual objective of obtaining statistical information from navigated
sidescan images that will allow classification of geological features on the seafloor.

PMEL STAFF

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
Eddie N. Bernard, Director
James R. Holbrook, Deputy Director
LCDR Terry D. Jackson, Associate Director

Bernard, Eddie N. Director
Holbrook, James R. Supervisory Oceanographer
Jackson, Terry D., LCDR NOAA Corps
Roper, Ridelle A.* Secretary (Typing)
Wilson, Belle Secretary (Typing)

TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
Cynthia L. Loitsch, Program Support Officer

Anderson, James W.. Photographer
Collins, Beverly J. Budget Assistant
Cooke, Florence K. Travel Clerk
Curl, Virginia M. Illustrator
Elkins, Gayle L. Motor Vehicle Operator
Loitsch, Cynthia L. Program Support Manager
Perry, Richard M. Motor Vehicle Operator
Register, Joy G.* Illustrator (Scientific)
Smith, Claudia J. Photographer
Snyder, Susan Program Support Assistant
Thomasson, Norma H. Support Services, Supervisor
Taylor, Stashia Clerk-Typist
Vose, Virginia Computer Clerk
Whitney, Ryan L. Computer Operator

COMPUTER SUPPORT
Paul Lu, Computer Manager

Angkico, Susana. L. Computer Programmer
Barzel, Ronald - Communications Specialist
Bathurst, William Computer Programmer
Beard, Emily, LTJG NOAA Corps
Bishop, Richard L.* Computer Programmer
Borg-Breen, David Computer Systems Programmer
Kay, Sharon Computer Aid
Lu, Paul Computer Specialist
McCarty, Laura C. Computer Programmer
McKenna, Rory* Computer Clerk

No longer affiliated with PMEL

Renton, Mark JISAO/Research Scientist
Richards, Russel Computer Equipment Analyst
Tanigawa, Dale Computer Operator
Vance, Tiffany C. Computer Programmer
Walker, Andrew D. Computer Operator

ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
Hugh B. Milburn, Division Leader

Delizo, Stan W. Engineering Technician
Gable, James R. Electronics Technician
Holzer, Dennis E. Instrument Maker
Jackson, Thomas G. Electronics Technician
Mader, Floyd W. Electronics Technician
McLain, Patrick D. Electronics Engineer
Milburn, Hugh B. Supervisory General Engineer
Miller, Hendrick Engineering Technician
Nakamura, Alex 1. Electronics Engineer
Newman, Roy Electronics Technician
Schattgen, Paul L., LTJG NOAA Corps
Shanley, John C. Engineering Aid
Stapp, Michael F. Electronics Technician

MARINE ASSESSMENT RESEARCH DIVISION
Herbert C. Curl, Jr., Division Leader

Cannon, Glenn A. Oceanographer
Cokelet, Edward D. Oceanographer
Curl, Herbert C. . Jr. Supervisory Oceanographer
Froberg, Sharon L. Physical Science Technician
Herzog, Carolyn Secretary
Lavelle, John W. Oceanographer
Lytle, Lisa Physical Science Aid
Mofjeld, Harold 0. Oceanographer
Murphy, Paulette P. Chemist
Pashinski, David J. Oceanographer
Paulson, Anthony J. Oceanographer
Podber, David* Mathematician

MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH DIVISION
Stephen R. Hammond, Division Leader

Appelgate, Bruce CIMRS/Graduate Student
Baker, Edward T. Oceanographer
Burger, Richard S.* Physical Science Technician
Dziak, Robert CIMRS/Research Assistant
Eastham, Robin CIMRS/Clerk Typist
Embley, Robert W. Geophysicist

No longer affiliated with Pl@ffil,

Feely, Richard A. Oceanographer
Fox, Christopher Physical Scientist
Geiselman, Terri L. Oceanographer
Gendron, James F.. Chemist
Hammond, Stephen R. Supervisory Oceanographer
Hanneman, Susan CIMRS/Research Assistant
Jones, Frederick J., CDR NOAA Corps
Lau, Andy CIMRS/Research Assistant
Lebon, Geoffrey, LTJG NOAA Corps
Massoth, Gary J. Oceanographer
Murphy, Kim CIMRS/Research Assistant
Nitchman, Catherine, LTJG:. NOAA Corps
Restrepo, Maria CIMRS/Research Assistant
Roberts, Marilyn F. Physical Science Technician
Rodarmel, Kimberly Secretary
Roe, Kevin K. Oceanographer
Salem, Brian Oceanographer
Seem, Dennis, LT NOAA Corps
Tennant, David A. Oceanographer
Waddell, Jessica CIMRS/Administrative Assistant
Walker, Sharon L. Oceanographer

MARINE SERVICES RESEARCH DIVISION
James E. Overland, Division Leader

Aagaard, Knut Oceanographer
Blake, Wade J., LTJG NOAA Corps
Bond, Nicholas JISAO/Postdoctorate
Darnall, Clark JISAO/Research Engineer
DeWitt, Carol Physical Science Technician
Dickson, Karen* Secretary (Typing)
Eble, Marie Oceanographer
Galasso, George, LTJG* NOAA Corps
Gonzalez, Frank I. Oceanographer
Gray, Judith G. Meteorologist
Jenkins, Nora* Computer Programmer
Kachel, David G. Computer Programmer
Lackmann, Gary M. JISAO/Research Assistant
Long, Virginia L. Physical Science Technician
Macklin, Stewart A. Meteorologist
Mattens, David M., LTJG NOAA Corps
Overland, James E. Supervisory Oceanographer
Parker, William J. Field Operations Specialist
Pease, Carol H. Oceanographer
Proctor, Peter D. Physical Science Aid
Reed, Ronald K. Oceanographer
Roach, Andrew Oceanographer
Salo, Sigrid Oceanographer
Saucier, Suzanne Clerk-Typist
Schumacher, James D. Oceanographer

No longer affiliated with PNEEL

Turet, Philip Statistician
Walter, Bernard A. Physical Scientist

OCEAN CLIMATE RESEARCH DIVISION
Bruce A. Taft, Division Leader

Bates, Timothy S. Research Chemist
Coho, Carolyn S., ENS NOAA Corps
Cole, Richard D. Physical Science Technician
Davison, Jerry C. JISAO/Research Scientist
Freitag, Howard P. Oceanographer
Gammon, Richard Supervisory Chemist
Gearin, Linda. Oceanographer
Giese, Benjamin S. JISAO/Research Assistant
Gifford, Sue E. Secretary (Typing)
Hankin, Steven Computer Programmer
Harrison, Don E. Oceanographer
Hayes, Stanley P. Supervisory Oceanographer
Hirst, Susan J.* JISAO/Research Scientist
Johnson, James E. JISAO/Research Scientist
Kelly, Kimberly C. Oceanographer
Kessler, William S. JISAO/Research Assistant
Larsen, Jimmy@ C. Oceanographer
Lee, Daniel JISAO/Scientific Programmer
Lynch, Jean* Oceanographer
Mangum, Linda J. Oceanographer
Manke, Ansley, B. Computer Programmer
McCarty, Marguerite JISAO/Computer Programmer
McPhaden, Michael Oceanographer
McTaggart, Kristine JISAO/Research, Assistant
Meenen, Marilyn Clerk-Typist
Menzia, Fred JISAO/Research Scientist
Moore, Ben A. Electronics Tech nician
Paul, Daniel* Oceanographer
Pullen, Patricia E. Oceanographer
Sarachik, Edward S.* Oceanographer
Shepherd, A 'ndrew J. Electronics Technician
Soreide, Nancy N. Computer Programmer
Taft, Bruce A. Supervisory Oceanographer
Verschell, Mark A. JISAO/Scientific Programmer
Wilson, Clifford C., LUG NOAA Corps
Wisegarver, David P. Chemist

No longer affiliated with MR,

PMEL SEMINARS

Dates Name and Affiliation Seminar Topic

1987

10 September Dr. Joel Picaut Use of the geostrophic relation to
ORSTROM monitor the 1979-1985 equatorial
Noumea, New Caledonia Pacific currents

20 October Dr. John Harvey Ile transport and mixing of water
University of East Anglia masses by eddies: including some
United Kingdom results of the Tourbillon Experiment

17 November Dr. Eric Johnson Characteristics of mean current,
Scripps Institution of instabilities in the upper equatorial
Oceanography Pacific determined from Doppler
La Jolla, CA acoustic velocity and CTD density
sections

29 December Dr. Stuart Godfrey Global calculation of the Sverdrup
CSIRO transport
Hobart, Australia,

1988

4 February Dr. Bruce Howe Ocean acoustic tomography: mesoscale
,Applied Physics Laboratory velocity
University of Washington

18 February Dr. Wen-Sen Chu Modeling tides and tidal transport in
Dept. of Civil Engineering central Puget Sound
University of Washington

1 March Dr. Anthony Clarke Light absorbing aerosols in the remote
University of Hawaii environment
Honolulu, HI

4 March Dr. Margaret Leinen Late Pleistocene variations in hydro-
University of Rhode Island thermal sedimentation in the Juan de
Kingston, RI Fuca region

36.

1 April Dr. Michael Perfit Petrologic and geochernical constraints
University of Florida on origin of magmas and massive
Gainesville, FL sulfides along the eastern Galdpagos
Rift

12 April Dr. David Griffin The density tide
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B.C., Canada

26 April Dr. Alan Mearns Marine life and oceanography along the
Coastal and Estuarine Assessment U.S. West Coast
Branch, NOAA/NOS/OAD
Rockville, MD

10 May Dr. James K.B. Bishop Global patterns of particulate matter
Lamont-Doherty Geological chemistry and flux
Observatory
Columbia University
Palisades, NY

23 May Dr. Horst B6ttger Operation and general information
Meteorological Division of the on the European Centre for Medium-
European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts
Range Weather Forecasts,
Reading, England

24 May Dr. Russ McDuff Some effects of hydrothermal vent
University of Washington chemistry on plume behavior

1 June Dr. V.K. Gusiakov Tsunami research in the Soviet Union
Computer Center
Novosibirsk, USSR

1 June Dr. Taro Takahashi Air-sea C02 exchange of the global
Lamont-Doherty Geological oceans
Observatory
Columbia University
Palisades, NY

2 June Dr. C.S. Wong 1986-87 El Nifto and pCO2/hutrient
Institute of Ocean Sciences distributions in the equatorial Pacific
Sidney, B.C., Canada

7 June Dr. Jim Todd Exchange rates in coastal oceanic waters
Oceanic and Atmospheric using Ra-224
Research, NOAA
Rockville, MD

27 July Dr. Hermann Gucinski The sea surface microlayer: biophysical
Ann Arundel Community College interactions of environmental
Arnold, MD significance

JISAO SEMINARS

Date Name andAffiliation Seminar Topic

1987

6 August Dr. Heinrich Quenzel Potential of space-born backscatter lidar
University of Munich and a planned German space- shuttle
Munich, W. Germany experiment

Dr. Theodore Shepherd Implications and applications of
Cambridge University nonlinear wave activity conservation
Cambridge, U.K.

17 August Dr. H. Tennekes Why worry about predictability?
Royal Netherlands Meteorological
Institute
The Netherlands

24 August. Dr. Isaac Held Intraseasonal tropical variability in an
GFDL idealized GCM
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ

Dr. I.M. James Antarctica and the. Southern Hemisphere
University of Reading circulation
Reading, U.K.

Dr. John C. Marshall Thermal equilibration of planetary
Imperial College waves
London, U.K.

26 August Dr. I.M. James Baroclinic -instability in planetary
University of Reading atmospheres
Reading, U.K.

2 September Dr. Bruce Long The Lyapunov stability of steady ideal
Scripps Institution of fluid flow
Oceanog@aphy
La Jolla, CA

21 October Dr. John Harvey The contribution of water mass analysis
University of East Anglia to understanding North American
United Kingdom circulation

1988

7 January Dr. Tim Barnett Interaction of Asian snow cover, Asian
Scripps Institution of monsoon and El Nifio
Oceanography
La Jolla, CA

27 January Dr. Lynn Shay, Vertical structure of the ocean current
Naval Postgraduate School response to hurricanes
Monterey, CA

29 January Dr. Ping Chang Oceanic adjustment in presence of mean
GFDL currents: the role of discrete and
Princeton University continuous modes
Princeton, NJ

.5 February Dr. Tim Palmer Medium and extended range prediction
ECMWF and the stability of the PNA mode
- Reading, U.K.

8 February Dr. Tsuyoshi Nitta Relationship between ENSO and climate
Meteorological Research anomalies.over the western Pacific
Institute
Tsukuba,Japan

19 February Dr. Joseph Pedlosky Nonlinear dynamics of unstable
Woods Hole Oceanographic baroclinic waves
Institution
Woods Hole, MA

26 February Dr. Yochanan Kushnir Low frequency variability in a 39-year
JISAO 500-mb data record
University of Washington

7 March Dr. Uwe Send Flow relaxations on the continental
Scripps Institution of shelf
Oceanography
La Jolla, CA

10 May Dr. Yi-Hong Pan Correlation analysis of the sea-surface
NOAA/NOS temperature over the world oceans with
Observational Division those in the east equatorial Pacific based
Greenbelt, MD on the COADS data

19 May Dr. Ignacio Galindo ENSO effects along the Pacific coast of
Dept. of Geophysics Mexico
University of Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico

JIMAR SEMINARS

Date Name and A liation Seminar Topic

1987

9 October Dr. Mark L. Morrissey Report on the Workshop on Low
Department of Meteorology Frequency Oscillations in the
University of Hawaii Atmosphere held at NCAR, July 1987
Honolulu, HI

16 October Dr. Bin Wang Dynamics of the 40-50 day oscillation
Department of Meteorology of the tropical atmosphere
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI

10 November Dr. J.M. Verstraete The zonal and meridional pressure
ORSTOM gradients in the equatorial Atlantic
Institute Oceanographique in response to the trade winds and
Paris, France African monsoon in 1983 and 1986

1988

12 January Dr. Mark Wirnbush Current and temperature fluctuations on
University of Rhode Island southeast U.S. continental shelf
Narragansett, RI

20 January Dr. Bruce Taft On monitoring the tropical Pacific
PMEL/NOAA geostrophic circulation by XBT lines
Seattle,IWA and sea level

28 March Dr. Ray Schmitt Salt fingers in the western tropical north
Department of Physical Atlantic
Oceanography
Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
Woods Hole, MA

14 April Mr. Ben Giese Modeling the oceanic response to a
PMEL@NOAA westerly wind burst
Seattle, WA

3 May Dr. Raymond Pollard 3-dimensional circulation at the oceanic
Institute for Oceanographic ftont
Sciences
Wormley, Godalming
United Kingdom
5 May Dr. Kelvin Richards Rotating flow over topography-flow
Department of Oceanography separation and mixing
The University of Southampton
United Kingdom

24 May Ms. Jane Verall Application of pseudo random coding to
Institute of Ocean Studies acoustic signal analysis
Sydney, Australia

15 July Dr. Francis Ting Summary of doctoral dissertation on
W.M. Keck Laboratory of wave interactions with submarine trench
Hydraulics and Water Resources in a density-stratified fluid
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA

21 July Dr. M. Kimberly Smith Biology and management of the fisheries
Mexican National Fisheries resources of Campeche Sound, Mexico
Institute
Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche
Mexico

26 July Dr. John Gulland Antarctic marine resources - exploration,
Center of Environmental protection, or management?
Technology
Imperial College
University of London
Londonj England

17 August Dr. Julian McCreary A hierarchy of models of coastal
Ocean Sciences Center currents along eastern ocean boundaries
Nova University
Dania, FL

16 August, Dr. Greg Holland Tropical cyclone motion
Bureau of Meteorology Research
Center
Melbome, Australia

18 August Dr. Allan Clarke Inertial wind path and sea surface
Department of Oceanography temperature patterns near the Gulf of
Florida State University Tehuantepec and Gulf of Papagayo
Tallahassee, FL

PMEL PUBLICATIONS

AAGAARD, K. Some thoughts on the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean. Preprints,
Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, WI, March 29-31, 1988.
American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1-3 (1988).

No abstract.

AAGAARD, K., C. DARNALL, A. Foldvik, M. Steg, and T. TOrresen. Fram. Strait current
measurements 1985-1986. Joint Data Report, University of Bergen Report No. 66/PMEL Report
Contribution No. 1021, Bergen, Norway, 43 pp. (1988).

No abstract.

AAGAARD, K., C.H. PEASE, and S.A. SALO. Beaufort Sea mesoscale circulation
study--preliminary results. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-82 (PB89-121693), 171 pp. (1988).

The Beaufort Sea Mesoscale Circulation Study was initiated in the autumn of 1986 and
included measurements of currents, winds, and ice velocities, as well as observations of state
variables and nutrient distributions in the ocean and state variables in the polar atmosphere,,
principally between Barrow and Demarcation Point along the American Beaufort Sea shelf.
This report describes the preliminary results from observations made during the first year of
the project, including current velocity results from meters recovered through the ice in April
1987, hydrographic and nutrient sections completed in October 1986 and April 1987, wind
velocity, air pressure and temperature records recovered continuously through the end of
1987, ARGOS buoy tracks through 1987, and a representative sample of analyzed weather
maps during the first year. Data collection continued through April 1988. The total data set
is extraordinary in the temporal and spatial extent of its synoptic coverage, and in the variety
of its constituent measurements. The data set is also extremely large, and its full reduction
and analysis. will provide an exceptional opportunity for improving our understanding of the
shelf circulation and its forcing, as well as conditions important to the rnarine ecology of the
area.

.AAGAARD, K., S. SALO, and K. Krogslund. Beaufort Sea mesoscale circulation study:
Hydrography helicopter operations, April, 1987. NOAA -DR ERL PMEL-22 (PB88-203658),
25 pp. (1988).

No abstract.

Andreae, M.O., H. Berresheim, T.W. Andreae, M.A. Kritz, T.S. BATES, and J.T. Merrill.
Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions, and radon over the northeast
Pacific Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 6:149-173 (1988).

Dimethylsulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methanesulfonate (MSA), nonsea-salt sulfate
(nss-SO42-), sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO) were determined in samples
collected by aircraft over the open ocean in postfrontal maritime air masses off the northwest
coast of the United States (3-12 May 1985). Measurements of radon daughter concentrations
and isentropic trajectory calculations suggested that these air masses had been over the
Pacific for 4-8 days since leaving the Asian continent. The DMS and MSA profiles showed
very similar structures, with typical concentrations of 0.3-1.2 and 0.25-0.31 nmol m-3 (STP)
respectively in the mixed layer, decreasing to 0.01 -0. 12 and 0.03-0.13 nmol m-3 (STP) at
3.6 km. These low atmospheric DMS concentrations are consistent with low levels of DMS
measured in the surface waters of the northeastern Pacific during the study period. The
atmospheric S02 concentrations always increased with altitude from <0. 16-0.25 to
0.44-1.31 nmol m-3 (STP). The nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO24-) concentrations decreased with
altitude in the boundary layer and increased again in the free troposphere. These data suggest
that, at least under the conditions prevailing during our flights, the production of S02 and
nss-S02- from DMS oxidation was significant only within the boundary layer and that
4
transport from Asia dominated the sulfur cycle in the free troposphere. The existence of a
of sea-salt inversion layer" was reflected in the profiles of those aerosol components, e.g., Na+
and NO@., which were predominantly present as coarse particles. Our results show that
long-range transport at mid-tropospheric levels plays an important role in determining the
chemical composition of the atmosphere even in apparently "remote" northern hemispheric
regions.

BAKER, E.T., H.B. MILBURN, and D.A.. TENNANT. Field assessment of sediment trap
efficiency under varying flow conditions. Journal of Marine Research 46:573-592 (1988). @

Knowledge of the collection efficiency of sediment traps, particularly under conditions of
varying current speed, is presently more a matter of hope than confidence. We report here on
a field experiment designed to determine, for a particular trap geometry, the effect of current
speed and particle fall velocity on the collection efficiency of a moored trap relative to the
presumably unbiased efficiency of an identical drifting trap. The experiment was performed
in a deep estuarine tidal passage where a smoothly varying unidirectional flow and a spatially
homogenous particle population mimicked laboratory flume conditions. A multiple-sample
sediment trap integrated to a current meter partitioned the mass flux collected by the moored
trap into one of four chambers according to the following speed intervals: <12, 12-<30,
30-<50, and @t50 cm/s. The magnitude and particle characteristics of the flux collected at <12
cm1s were indistinguishable from those simultaneously collected by drifting traps. At higher
speeds, the relative efficiency of the moored trap ranged between I % and 24% and the mean
size and density of the trapped particles increased. These results support predictions based
on laboratory studies that collection efficiency decreases with an increase in the trap
Reynolds number or a decrease in particle fall velocity. The study demonstrates that con-
sideration must be given to scaling both trap diameter and aspect ratio according to the

expected flow conditions, and that knowledge of flow conditions at the trap mouth is neces-
sary to properly interpret the flux data.

Barnett, T.P., and R.W. PREISENDORFER. Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal
forecast skill for United States surface air temperatures determined by canonical correlation
analysis. Monthly WeatherReview 115(9):1825-1850 (1987).

Statistical techniques have been used to study the ability of SLP, SST and a form of persist-
ence to forecast cold/warm season air temperatures over the United States and to determine
the space-time evolution of these fields that give rise to forecast skill. It was found that
virtually all forecast skill was due to three climatological features: a decadal scale change in
Northern Hemisphere temperature, ENSO-related phenomena, and the occurrence of two
distinct short-lived, but large-scale, coherent structures in the atmospheric field of the North-
ern Hemisphere. The physical mechanisms responsible for the first two signals are currently
unknown. One of the large-scale, coherent features seems largely independent of the ENSO
phenomena, while the second is' at least partially related to ENSO and may be part of a
recently discovered global mode of SLP variation. Both features resemble various, combina-
tions of known teleconhection patterns. These large-scale coherent structures are essentially
stationary patterns of SLP variation that grow in place over 2 to 3 months. The structures
decay more rapidly, typically in I 'month, leading to a highly asymmetric temporal life cycle.
The average forecast skills found in this study are generally low, except in January and
February, and are always much lower than expected from studies of potential predictability.
Increase in the average skills will require new information uncorrelated with any of the data
used in this study and/or prediction schemes that are highly nonlinear. However, the concept
of an average skill may be misleading. A forecast quality index is developed and it is shown
that one can say in advance that some years will be highly predictable and others not. Use of
the classical definition of "winter" in forecast work may not be advisable since each of the
months thatmake up winter are largely uncorrelated and predicted by different atmospheric
features.

BERNARD, E.N. (ed.). Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, August 18-19-, 1987. International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, ERL Special Report (PB89-100895), 340 pp. (1988).

No abstract.

BERNA RD, E.N., R.R. BEHN, G.T. Hebenstreit, F.I. GONZALEZ, P. Krumpe, J.F. Lander, E.
Lorca, P.M. McManamon, and H.B. MILBURN. On mitigating rapid onset natural disasters:
Project THRUST. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 69(24):649-661
(1988).

Rapid onset natural hazards have claimed more-than 2.8 million lives worldwide in the past
20 years. This category includes such events as earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, tornados,

floods, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and tsunamis. Effective hazard mitigation is particu-
larly difficult in such cases, since the time available to issue warnings can be very short or
even nonexistent. This paper presents the concept of a local warning system that exploits and
integrates the existing technologies of risk evaluation, environmental measurement, and
telecommunications. We describe Project THRUST, a successful implementation of this
general, systematic approach to tsunamis. The general approach includes pre-event emer-
gency planning, real-time hazard assessment, and rapid.warning via satellite communication
links.

BERNARD, E.N., R.R. BEHN, and H.B. MILBURN. A tsunami early warning system. Pro-
ceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
August 18-19, 1987. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, ERL Special Report
(PB89-100895),276-290 (1988).

A pilot local (=100 km) tsunami warning system has been developed to deliver tsunami
warning information within 2 minutes of earthquake origin time. Tsunami Hazards Reduc-
tion Utilizing Systems Technology (THRUST) system was installed in Valparaiso, Chile to
evaluate its value in mitigating tsunami hazards in countries without regional warning
systems. The satellite-linked system consists of a pre-tsunami preparedness program and
real-time data collection and information dissemination instruments. To develop the
preparedness program, an examination of past tsunami wave heights supplemented by
numerical simulations of potential tsunamis provided the basis for evacuation areas in
Valparaiso's emergency operations plan. Instruments used to collect geophysical data
include an accelerometer to measure earthquake intensity and a water pressure gauge to
measure tsunami activity. Once the acceleration threshold has been exceeded, a signal is
transmitted that prompts the GOES satellite to automatically broadcast an alert message.
Receivers in Valparaiso and other warning locations under the GOES communications
coverage (Honolulu, Hawaii; Seattle, Washington; and Boulder, Colorado) continuously
monitor the satellite for this alert message and take predetermined action once received. Cost
for the essential THRUST equipment is about $15,000, exclusive of installation. Evaluation
of the real-time equipment over a 1 -year test revealed an average communications time of 1.6
minutes from accelerometer signal to printed message at the receiver site and an equipment
reliability factor in excess of 90%. THRUST is an example of a systems approach to natural
hazards mitigation management that blends new technologies with existing operations for the
benefit of affected populations.

BOND, N.A., and R.G. Fleagle. Prefrontal and postfrontal boundary layer processes over the
ocean. Monthly Weather Review 116(6):1257-1273 (1988).

Measurements taken during the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment (STREX) are used
to analyze boundary layer structures and processes in North Pacific storms. Heat and mois-
ture transfers at the surface and through the top of the boundary layer are evaluated for three
cases with warm, southerly flow ahead of cold fronts and two cases of cooler, westerly and
northern flow behind fronts. The prefrontal boundary layers are nearly neutrally stratified

and surface heat and moisture fluxes are small. Surface fluxes tend to be downward just
ahead of the fronts and are of greater magnitude during stronger storms. Entrainment fluxes
are the top of the prefrontal boundary layers are generally larger than surface fluxes and are
the dominant sources of heating for the boundary layers. Entrainment rates determined from
budgets compare well with laboratory studies of shear-driven entrainment. In the postfrontal
cases, surface heat and moisture fluxes are the dominant sources of total heating within the
boundary layers. Entrainment velocities are larger in postfrontal than prefrontal regions, but
entrainment has only a small and positive net effect on the total heat content. In postfrontal
transition layers the Richardson numbers are large, and entrainment is forced by turbulence
generated by buoyancy in the surface layers and radiative and evaporative cooling from the
tops of stratocumulus clouds. Cumulus-scale penetrative convection represents the major
sink of boundary layer moisture for one case with a long atmospheric fetch over the ocean.

Businger, S., and B. WALTER. Comma cloud development and associated rapid cyclogenesis
over the Gulf of Alaska: A case study using aircraft and operational data. Monthly Weather
Review 116(5):1103-1123 (1988).

The NOAA P-3 aircraft was used to collect data in a genesis region for niesoscale comma
clouds over the Gulf of Alaska. Aircraft measurements in the genesis region showed that
rainbands with spacings of 65-75 km and orientations along the mean wind shear were
present.- Possible mechanisms for the formation of the rainbands, including conditional
symmetric instability (CSI) and modified wave-CISK were investigated, but the data did not
allow the formation of the rainbands, to be conclusively ascribed to a particular mechanism.
The existence of low static stability in the genesis region was also documented and its role in
mesoscale comma-cloud development explored. Careful analysis of images from NOAA
polar orbiter and GOES satellites together with synoptic analyses made it possible to trace the
life cycles of several mesoscale comma clouds as the genesis region moved across the Gulf
of Alaska. As the genesis region approached a preexisting polar frontal cloud band, a wave
cyclone formed on the front and absorbed one of the comma clouds. The resulting cyclone
central pressure dropped 25 mb in 12 hours. The intensity of this development was underes-
timated by operational forecast models.

CANNON, G.A. Flow variations through sections across Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on
Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority,
103-107 (1988).

Flow in the Puget Sound estuarine system is important in determining the fate of con-
taminants within the system. Research since the early 1970's has focused on determining
circulation characteristics, space and time variations, and the dominant physical processes
causing these variations. During the course of this research some of our earlier ideas have
changed, and this paper presents a brief overview of our present understanding of the domi-
nant physical processes affecting the Puget Sound system. Cross-channel observations of
currents recently made at a few locations suggest residual fluxes about half those estimated
earlier from midchannel observations. Variations in the residual circulation (tides removed)

are dominated by two physical processes. Wind effects account for about 50% of the residual
energy, and density driven deep-water intrusions account for about 20%. The winds appear
to have effects both near the surface and at middepths. Previous studies have shown that
major bottom-water inflow events occur during neap tides when mixing over the sill is least
and propagate along the main basin and into some side basins. New observations show the
onset also may be the result of salinity variations across the sill caused by changes in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca estuary which in turn may be partly caused by coastal storms.

COKELET, E.D., R.J. Stewart, and C.C. Ebbesmeyer. The annual mean transport and refluxing
in Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19,
1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 108-119 (1988).

No abstract.

CONWAY, T.J., P. Tans, L.S. WATERMAN, K.W. Thoning, K.A. Masarie, and R.H. GAM-
MON. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-84.
Tellus 40B:81-115 (1988).

The carbon dioxide concentration has been measured in air samples collected approximately
once per week at 22 globally distributed sites during 1981-84. All samples were analyzed on
the same non-dispersive infrared analyzer apparatus at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in
Boulder. The measured concentrations are directly traceable to the WMO primary C02
standards. Samples which do not contain well-mixed, regionally representative air or which
have been contaminated during or subsequent to sampling, have been identified. The se-
lected data have been analyzed using an objective curve fitting method which enables im-
proved estimation of uncertainties associated with derived parameters. The latitudinal
distribution of annual mean C02 concentration at the network sites shows significant interan-
nual variability possibly related to the 1982-83 El Nifio/Southem Oscillation event. No
evidence was found for significant interannual variations or trends in the phase or amplitude
of the seasonal cycle. Significant interannual and interstation variability in the C02 growth
rate was observed. A growth rate minimum during 1982 was followed by a growth rate
maximum in 1983, in association with the intense 1982-83 ENSO event. 'Me mean global
growth rate for 1981-84 was 1.22 pprn yr-1.

Crecelius, E.A., and H.C. CURL, JR. Temporal trends of contamination recorded in sediments
of Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19,
1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 21-32 (1988).

No abstract.

CURL, H.C., JR. Assimilative capacity: A "discredited" idea whose time is yet to come. First
Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water
Quality Authority, 247-255 (1988).

No abstract.

CURL, H.C., JR., E.T. BAKER, T.S. BATES, G.A. CANNON, R.A. FEELY, T.L. GEISEL-
MAN, M.F. LAMB, P.P. MURPHY, D.J. PASHINSKI, A.J. PAULSON, and D.A. TENNANT.
Contaminant transport from Elliott and Commencement Bays. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-78
(PB88-219456), 136 pp. (1988).

Major sources of contamination to Puget Sound are concentrated in the urban embayments.
Most of these contaminants are particulates or adhere to particles. If these particulates are
dense, they tend to fall out of the water column near the source; thus analysis of the sediment
within urban embayments can provide an indication of the level of contamination, and by
proximity, of the probable source of that contamination. The question remains however, to
what degree are contaminants transported, away from the original source, out of the embay-
ment, and are carried into the main basin of the Sound. In other words, to what extent is
incoming contamination localized, or Sound-wide in nature. In order to determine this we
attempted to answer the following research questions: 1) What is the relative importance of
the surface, fresh water plume versus the bottom resuspended (nepheloid layer)? 2) How
much does transport vary seasonally,, particularly as affected by winter runoff? 3) Is there
loss to the bottom from the surface plume? 4) Are contaminants remobilized from the bottom
sediments? During spring and summer 1985, and again in January 1986, the Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) of NOAA made a series of observations designed to
determine to what degree contaminants in Elliott and Commencement Bays could leave the
bays and enter the main basin of Puget Sound. The approach employed in this study was to
map the distributions of water properties (salinity, suspended particulate matter or SPM, and
toxic trace metals and organics) during a period of high river runoff (April 4-5, 1985, Elliott
and Commencement Bay) and during combined sewer overflow (CSO) events (January 8-9,
1986, Elliott Bay only) after heavy rainfall. Current meters and sediment traps were
deployed in Elliott Bay south of the Pier 90 anchorage and in Commencement Bay in the
,outer, center of the bay. Thecurrent meters provide a continuous record of salinity, tempera-
ture, current speed and direction which allows a calculation of horizontal transport.

Ebbesmeyer, C.C., C.A. Coomes, J.M. Cox, G.A.. CANNON, and D.E. Bretschneider. Decade-
long regimes of a fjord basin's oceanography, hydrology, and climatology: Puget Sound,
1916-1987. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 50-57 (1988).

Data collected. at eleven sites in the Pacific Northwest during 1916-1987 indicate that the
flow pattern in Puget Sound's Main Basin. oscillates between two regimes (1, 11) each typi-
cally lasting a decade and having distinct oceanographic, hydrologic, and climatic charac-
teristics.

EMBLEY, R.W., L.D. Kulm, G. MASSOTH, D. Abbott, and M. Holmes. Morphology, struc-
ture, and resource potential of the Blanco transform fault zone. Geology and Resource Potential
of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins--Beaufort Sea
to Baja, California, D.W. Scholl, A. Grantz, and J.G. Vedder (eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for
Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, Vol. 6, 549-561 (1987).

A series of rhombohedral basins along the 350-km-long Blanco transport fault zone (BTFZ)
are oceanic analogs to pull-apart basins along major divergent wrench fault systems on the
continent. In plan view, the BTFZ is similar to the Gulf of California; a series of long
strike-slip faults (as much as 100 krn long) are separated by short extensional basins
(<20 km) that have internal structures oriented at a large angle to the master faults. In the
Blanco region, continual reorientation of the transform fault in response to changes in plate
motion during the past few million years provides a mechanism for the formation of these
basins. A series of back-tilted, inward-facing fault blocks covered with uplifted turbidite
beds brackets the largest of the depressions (Cascadia), which may be a sea-floor-spreading
center. Deformed Holocene and Pleistocene turbidite sequences are present within the
depression, and there is substantive morphologic and sedimentologic evidence of rapid
Holocene subsidence of the floor of the Cascadia Depression. A large water-column methane
signal of unknown origin is present, but to date there is no direct evidence of a sea-floor
hydrothermal system. However, the probable presence of intrusive bodies within the sedi-
mentary sequence of the Cascadia Depression could give rise to sediment-hosted sulfide
bodies such as those of the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of Californi& The depressions at
either end of the BTFZ (the Gorda and Blanco Depressions) are largely unexplored, but
sulfide-veined greenstone breccias and hydrothermal sediments have been recovered from
them. Oceanic transform fault zones such as the Blanco may also have hydrothermal systems
associated with deep fracturing and high topographic relief.

EMBLEY, R.W., I.R. Jonasson, M.R. Perfit, J.M. Franklin, M.A. Tivey, A. Malahoff, M.F.
Smith, and T.J.G. Francis. Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the
Galapagos Ridge: Sulfide mounds, stockwork zone, and differentiated lavas. Canadian
Mineralogist 26,517-539 (1988).,

Fifteen dives along the Galapagos Ridge in the region between 85*49W and 85*55'W were
made to examine the detailed relationships among tectonics, hydrothermal activity and lava
compositions. Extensive tectonic activity and physical weathering have exposed the inner
parts of large Cu-Zn sulfide mounds and the uppermost part of the underlying stockwork
zone. The mineralization occurs at the top and southern base of a horst block, 40 to 80 m
high, that separates the present Neovolcanic Zone to the north from an older rift valley to the
south. The lavas in the Neovolcanic Zone are homogeneous MORB pillows; those on the
horst block and within the southern valley are evolved MORB to andesite pillow and sheet
flows. The alteration zone exposed beneath the sulfide mounds comprises a network of
fracture-controlled pipe and sheet-like bodies of highly altered material which changes
outward into relatively fresh but similarly closely fractured rocks. The hydrothermal upflow
zone is extensively brecciated on a centimeter scale and encloses a stockwork of veinlets now
filled largely by silica, clays and sulfides. The most highly altered rocks are strongly

depleted in Ca, Na, K and Mn, and are enriched in S, Fe, Cu and Zn relative to their fresh
analogs. Si and Mg are variable, the latter showing local depletions and enrichments accord-
ing to the proportion and distribution of chlorite. Depletions in 180 with increasing 87Sr/86Sr
suggest extensive seawater-rock interaction (W/R up to 100:1) at T up to 350*C. Deep-tow
and ALVIN-based magnetic profiles have a relative magnetization low centered over the
southern valley and the horst block that could reflect more extensive hydrothermal alteration
zones associated with the older seafloor. The Galapagos stockwork is most analogous to the
alteration zones associated with massive sulfide deposits in the ophiolites of Cyprus and
Oman.

FEELY, R.A., M. LEWISON, G.J. MASSOTH, G. Robert-Baldo, J.W. LAVELLE, R.H. Byrne,
K.L. Von Damm, and H.C. CURL, JR. Composition and dissolution of black smoker particu-
lates from active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research
92(B 11): 11347-11363 (1988).

During two Atlantis II/Alvin cruises to the Juan de Fuca Ridge in 1984 active high tempera-
ture (140*-284*C) vents were sampled for black smoker particulates using the Grassle Pump.
Individual mineral phases were identified using standard X-ray diffraction and petrographic
procedures. In addition, elemental compositions and particle morphologies were determined
by X-ray energy spectrometry and scanning electron microscope/X-ray energy spectrometry
techniques. The vent particulates from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge vent sites were
highly enriched in S, Si, Fe, Zn, and Cu and were primarily composed of sphalerite, wurtzite,
pyrite, pyrrhotite, barite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, hydrous iron oxides, and elemental sulfur.
Two additional unidentified phases which were prevalent in die samples included an Fe-Si
phase and a Ca-Si phase. The grain sizes of the individual particle phases ranged from
<2 pm for the sphalerite and Fe oxide particles to >100 gm for the Fe-Si particles. Grain size
and current meter data were used in a deposition model of individual phase dispersal. For
many of the larger sulfide and sulfate particles, the model predicts dispersal to occur over
length scales of only several hundreds of meters. The high-temperature black smokers from
the more northerly Endeavour Segment vents were highly enriched in Fe, S, Ca, Cu, and Zn
and were primarily composed of anhydrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, barite, sulfur, pyrite, and
other less abundant metal sulfide minerals. The grain sizes of the individual particles ranged
from <10 gm to slightly larger than 500 gm. The composition and size distributions of the
mineral phases are highly suggestive. of high-temperature mixing between vent fluids and
seawater. A series of field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the rates of
dissolution of several sulfate and sulfide minerals. The dissolution rates ranged over more
than three orders of magnitude, from 3.2 x 10-8 cm s-1 for anhydrite to 1.2 x 10-12 CM S-1 for
chalcopyrite. The results indicate that for some minerals, particularly anhydrite and mar-
casite, total dissolution occurs within a few hours to a few weeks of their formation. For
other more stable minerals, including pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, the time required for
total dissolution is much longer. and consequently, individual crystals may be expected to
persist in the sediments for considerable periods of time after deposition.

FEELY, R.A., A.J. PAULSON, H.C. CURL, JR., and D.A. TENNANT. The effect of the..
Duwarnish River plume on horizontal versus vertical transport of dissolved and particulate trace
metals in Elliott Bay. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March
18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 172-184 (1988).

No abstract.

Fleagle, R.G., N.A. BOND, and W.A. Nuss. Atmosphere-ocean interaction in mid-latitude
storms. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 38:50-63 (1988).

Surface fluxes of heat, latent heat, and momentum, and entrainment fluxes, and vertical
motion at the top of the boundary layer have been calculated for limited regions of several
mid-latitude -ocean storms. Results have been combined to describe distributions of boundary
layer processes which are characteristic of such storms. Surface heat fluxes have important
effects in the region west of cold or occluded fronts and are relatively unimportant with a
band of about 200 kin width east of fronts. Entrainment in pre-frontal regions is driven
largely by vertical shear at the top of the boundary layer, while in post-frontal regions is is
driven largely by surface heat flux. Boundary layers are well defined in regions more than
roughly 200 Ian east or west of fronts; but closer to fronts boundary layers are not well
defined due to the combined effects of entrainment, condensation, and vertical motion
associated with the distribution of surface stress.

Foldvik, A., K. AAGAARD, and T. TOrresen... On the velocity field of the East Greenland
Current. Deep-Sea Research 35(8):1335-1354 (1988).

Year-long moored measurements from the East Greenland Current near 79*N show its mean
southward transport above 700 in to be about 3 Sv and with no obvious seasonal variability.
About one-halfof this transport appears to be barotropic. There is a rich mesoscale structure
in the records, much of which can be interpreted as trains of eddies and eddy-pairs with
cross-stream length scales of order 10 km. The lower frequency perturbations -typically
extend to at least 400 m. Despite the abundance of eddies.. their contribution to the heat flux
is very small even in the vicinity of the polar front. Local baroclinic instability is therefore
not a major source of eddies.

FOX, C.G., K.M. MURPHY, and R.W. EMBLEY. Automated display and statistical analysis of
interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs. Marine Geology 78:199-216 (1988).

An automated system for interpreting and displaying deep-sea bottom photographs has been
developed which allows rapid compilation and analysis of geological information. Initially,
collected photographs are classified using a scheme similar to those applied to deep-sea
volcanic and hydroiliermal terrains by other workers. Towed-camera positions from a
transponder navigation system are smoothed using a cubic spline technique to obtain a more
accurate model of the tow-vehicle track. Line scan recorded data of the camera's height

above the seafloor and camera lens characteristics are used to calculate the field of view for
each photograph. These data sources are integrated to produce a graphic output which
combines the location, orientation, field of view, geological, and biological information for
all photographs in a single color display. An illustration of the technique is presented for a
photographic data set collected within the calder-a of Axial Seamount (45*57'N, 130*03'W), a
site of active high and low temperature hydrothermal. venting on the central Juan de Fuca
Ridge. Results confirm the existence and pinpoint the locations of several areas of known
hydrothermal activity within the caldera. Quantitative analyses of the data base indicate
statistical associations between various geological and hydrothermal parameters. In par-
ticular, rigorous statistical testing indicates that hydrothermal activity is associated with
regions dominated by sheet flow lavas and fracturing.

FREITAG, H.P., and M.J. MCPHADEN. EPOCS moored temperature, current and wind
measurements: 0% 140*W; May-June, 1987. NOAA DR ERL PMEL-23 (PB88-219415), 31 pp.
(1988).

No abstract.

Froelich, P.N., M.A...,1%,rthur, W.C. Burnett, M. Deakin, V. Hensley, R. Jahnke, L. Kaul, K.-H.
Kim, K. ROE, A. Soutar, and C. Vathakanon. Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru conti-
nental margin sediments: phosphorite precipitation. Marine Geology 80:309-343 (1988).

Pore water chemistry (total dissolved C02, N144, NO3, N029 P04, Si(OH)4, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn,
S04, 112S and F, and titration alkalinity), solid phase chemistry (Corg, POrg, Crorr, NTOT,
PTOT, F, Si0pAL and SH), and sediment characteristics (porosity, dry bulk density and forma-
tion factors) were determined on a centimeter-scale spacing in the upper 20-40 cm of sedi-
ments under intense upwelling areas on the Peru continental shelf. These data demonstrate
that carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) is precipitating from pore waters in the upper few centime-
ters of a gelatinous mud with high organic carbon content (up to 20% Cg), very high
porosity (>0.96 ml cm73) and very low dry bulk density (<O. I g cm-3). Dissolved phosphate
concentrations at the sediment-water interface range from 20 to 100 jiM, orders of magnitude
higher than bottom-water concentrations, and much higher than predicted from regeneration
of organic matter. The mechanism of this interfacial phosphate release is unclear, but is
apparently uncoupled from carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and thus may be linked either to
dissolution of fish debris or to the presence of a microbial mat in surficial sediments.
Fluoride is incorporated into CFA by diffusion from the overlying seawater, and carbonate
ions are provided from pore-water alkalinity. Magnesium concentrations in this reaction
zone are not significantly different from those of seawater, suggesting that magnesium
depletion is not a necessary prerequisite for CFA precipitation. The environment of
precipitation is interface-linked rather than driven by organic diagenesis of phosphorus
deeper in the sediment. Most of the cores display a wide range of diagenetic characteristics
below the immediate interfacial region, but almost all show the precipitation signature near
the interface. This interface-linked early diagenetic pore-water envi ronment for the precipita-
tion of CFA explains many of the geochernical characteristics of phosphorites and provides a

"testable" model to compare the modem phosphogenic analog with ancient phosphorite
deposits. Two of the cores display very high solid phase phosphorus and fluoride contents
reflecting the presence of apparently modem pelletal apatites.

GONZALEZ, F.I., E.N. BERNARD, H.B. MILBURN, D. Castel, J. Thomas, and J.M. Hernsley.
The Pacific Tsunami Observation Program (PacTOP). Proceedings of the International Tsunami
Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 18-19, 1987, International Union of
Geodesy of Geophysics, ERL Special Report (PB89-100895), 3-19 (1988).

PacTOP is a cooperative effort by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to establish a monitoring network
capable of acquiring high quality tsunami data in the deep ocean and at exposed coastal sites.
The network is designed to monitor major portions of the seismically active Aleutian trench
which possess high potential for tsunamigenic earthquakes, and is thus focused on tsunami
events which would threaten Alaska, the U.S. west coast and Hawaii. This network is in its
second year of development, and presently consists of five NOAA deep ocean bottom
pressure recorder (BPR) stations, six primary USACE pressure gauges at shallow water
coastal sites exposed to the open ocean, and three secondary USACE stations inside of
coastal inlets. Station locations, instrument characteristics, and data collection procedures are
described.

GONZALEZ, F.I., C. FOX, and E.N. BERNARD. Tsunami source definition through pre- and
post-event seafloor mapping. Proceedings of the Third Biennial National Ocean Service Intema-
tional Hydrographic Conference, Baltimore, MD, April 12-15, 1988, 102-108 (1988).

Accurate specification of a tsunami source is a serious and long-standing research problem.
Existing seafloor mapping technology could provide estimates of permanent seafloor dis-
placements through pre- and post-event surveys taken before and after major oceanic
earthquakes. It is probable that the next major tsunamigenic earthquake which threatens the
United States will occur shoreward of the Aleutian trench near the Shumagin Islands, in a
region known as the Shumagin Seismic Gap. We urge the expeditious mapping of this area
to ensure that a pre-event survey is completed before the.predicted earthquake.

GRAY, J. Scales of adjustment of offshore-directed winds along a mountainous coast. Fourth
Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Ahaheim, CA, Jan. 3 1 -Feb.
5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 12-17 (1988).

No abstract.

HARRISON, D.E. Monthly mean island surface winds in the central tropical Pacific and El
Nifio events. Monthly Weather Review 115(12):3133-3145 (1987).

The monthly mean surface wind changes during recent ENSO events, as observed from 11
islands in the tropical Pacific, are described. Two different composite ENSO wind fields are
evaluated and compared. The month-to-month wind changes during each event are also
discussed. The wind changes for each event between 1953 and 1980 except 1969 show
several common features: (i) Westerly anomalies appear first west of the dateline and then at
the dateline sometime in summer (0) to fall (0), then intensify over the following several
months. The anomalies are confined to within �3* of the equator during this stage. (ii) In
either November (0), December (0), or January (+1) there is an abrupt southward shift of the
narrow band of westerly anomalies, so that the maximum anomaly is then at,-5*S latitude at
the dateline, and nearly normal conditions prevail north of the equator. (iii) Westerly
anomalies are gone or greatly reduced one to two months after the southward shift. The
event-to-event variations are considerable, particularly prior to July (0) and after February
(+I), so that composites show much reduced anomaly amplitude and much smaller month-
to-month anomaly changes than are typical of any given event. The large amplitude months
of the composites show similarities with a composite by Rasmusson and Carpenter, but a
number of significant differences are identified. These findings, and, their relationship to
existing simple ideas concerning tropical Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions, are
discussed.

HARRISON, D.E. Ocean circulation model hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Niho. Japan-U.S.
Workshop on the ENSO. Phenomenon, T. Matsuno and M. Blackmon (eds.), Meteorological
Research Report 88-1, Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo,
March, 1988, 179-184 (1988).

No abstract.

HARRISON, D.E. Recent tropical Pacific surface wind variability studies. Japan-U.S. Work-
shop on the ENSO Phenomenon, T. Matsuno and M. Blackmon (eds.), Meteorological Research
Report 88-1, Division of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, March, 1988,
94-98 (1988).

No abstract.

HARRISON, D.E., and B.J. Giese. Remote westerly wind forcing of the eastern equatorial
Pacific; some model results. Geophysical Research Letters 15(8):804-807 (1988).

An ocean circulation model is used to examine modes of eastern Pacific ocean response to an
episode of surface westerly winds in the western Pacific. This episode resembles the May
1986 tropical cyclone pair event. The ocean changes resulting from this episode are isolated
by subtracting the circulation that would otherwise have been present. First and second mode
baroclinic Kelvin pulses have comparable surface eastward flow, and cause local warming
when the surface temperature gradient is negative. The Kelvin pulses also introduce modula-
tions of the eastern Pacific instability waves, which initially increase the mid-ocean warming

and then damp it out. South American coastal warming is substantial, but occurs many
months after the wind event because it results primarily from the second baroclinic mode
response. Recent analyses of the ocean response to the cyclone event have concentrated on
the first mode Kelvin pulse response; this work indicates that only a very incomplete view of
the response is possible from this perspective.

HARRISON, D.E., W.S. Kessler, and B.S. Giese. Model-data comparisons for the 1982-83 El
Nifio: The XBT tracks. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-79 (PB88-221668),61 pp. (1988).

Five different analyses of 1982-83 monthly average surface wind stress fields have been used
to force an ocean general circulation model of the tropical Pacific, in a series of El Nifio
hindcast experiments like that reported by Philander and Seigel (1985). The results of these
hindcasts are compared here with the variability of upper ocean dynamic height, sea surface
temperature and subsurface temperature as observed from XBT data obtained along the three
main ship of opportunity tracks. During 1982-83 there were prominent departures from
climatology in the.surface wind stress field. However, there are so few observations of
surface wind available that efforts to produce fields of wind stress must fill in considerable
gaps in data coverage, with the result that the various tropical surface analyses tend to differ
considerably; the differences between analyses, along the ship tracks, are described. Gener-
ally the operational analyses produced by the meteorological centers (National Meteorologi-
cal Center (NMC), European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), and
Fleet Numerical Ocean Central (FNOC)) had weaker surface stress and weaker spatial
gradients than the special research products (Florida State University (FSU) and Sadler
(SADLER)). The ocean underwent several major changes during this period according to the
XBT data; these changes are summarized. The model hindcasts are examined to determine
the extent to which the observed major ocean changes were reproduced. Within the
equatorial waveguide, dynamic height changes are hindcast with quantitative skill using each
wind stress field; the best hindcasts differ from the observations by only a few dyn cm more
than the estimated uncertainty in the observations. The large waveguide dynamic height
hindcast skill found here indicates that the major elements of the 1982-83 El Nifio are con-
tained in the 1982-83 surface wind stress field, rather than in any particular aspect of the state
of the ocean during late 1981. Sea surface temperature changes are generally hindcast with
some qualitative skill; the correlation between hindcast and observed SST is usually sig-
nificantly positive, but the RMS difference between any hindcast and the observations is
generally greater than the RMS signal in the observations. Subsurface temperature variability
is hindcast with differing levels of skill, depending upon stress field, region and depth. The
vertical temperature gradients and mixed layer temperatures, as well as the depth of the
thermocline, undergo substantial changes (especially in the eastern Pacific); primitive equa-
tion physics appear necessary to model these observations. Outside the waveguide, hindcast
skill is generally much reduced; although qualitatively correct behavior is often hindcast,
amplitudes can be seriously in error. The most striking inconsistency found involves the
NMC hindcast in the region of the North Equatorial Counter Current. The special research
products generally give more accurate hindcasts of dynamic height, but the operational fields
often produce better SST hindcasts. A clear- deficiency of the operational fields is the charac-
ter of their wind stress curl fields, compared either with climatology or the special research

analyses; because Ekman pumping is a major factor in thermocline adjustment outside the
waveguide, wind stress curl must be correctly represented if adequate hindcasts are to be
obtained. Although improved parameterization of upper ocean mixing, and better knowledge
of the surface heat flux appear needed to improve SST hindcast skill, these results establish
that a most serious need for improved hindcast performance is better knowledge of the
surface wind stress field.

HAYES, S.P. Benthic currents in the deep ocean. In The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific
Ocean, P. Halbach, G. Friedrich, and U. von.Stackelberg (eds.). Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stut-
tgart, 90-102 (1988).

No abstract.

HAYES, S.P. Wind coherence estimates along 165*E. Proceedings U.S. TOGA Western Pacific
Air-Sea Interaction Workshop, September 16-18, 1987, R. Lukas and P. Webster (eds.),
UCAR-USTOGA 8,155-161 (1988).

No abstract.

Jacobson, R.S., L.D. Bibee, R.W. EMBLEY, and S.R. HAMMOND. A microseismicity survey
of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
77(l):160-172 (1988).

An array of ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones were deployed within the caldera
of Axial Seamount, located at the intersection of the Cobb-Eickelberg Seamount Chain and
the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Recent manned submersible dives have discovered the presence of
two distinct hydrothermal vent fields. The objective of the microseismicity survey was to
determine baseline information necessary for designing an optimal experiment.to monitor
seismicity associated with submarine volcanic and hydrothernial systems. With an instru-
ment deployment period of eight days, over 1500 events were recorded and examined. Most
events occurred within three periods of swarm activity. The location of the swarm events is
believed to be within the low temperature vent field in the northwest portion of Axial's
caldera. These impulsive, high-frequency events are interpreted to be tectonic in origin. No
harmonic tremor-like events were observed on any of the instruments, indicating a lack of
magmatic movement. Only nine local events were recorded on more than one instrument,
and none of these could be located unambiguously. Monochromatic 20-Hz signals were also
recorded and are interpreted to originate from whales observed in the immediate vicinity.

JOHNSON, J.E., and J.E. Lovelock. Electron capture sulfur detector: reduced sulfur species
detection at the ferntomole level. Analytical Chemistry 60:812-816 (1988).

We have developed a new technique to detect reduced sulfur compounds by fluorination with

F2 (at 200 ppm) on a heated Ag catalyst after GC separation. The excess F2 is removed by
conversion to HF by reaction with H2 on a- heated Pd catalyst. The fluorination product,
presumably SF6, is then detected in an electron capture detector (ECD). The Pd catalyst also
destroys the response from halocarbons making the system sulfur specific. This ECD sulfur
detector has a calculated minimum detectable level (MDL) for H2S, OCS, C113SH, DMS, and
CS2 of less than 2 fmol/s for each compound, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the best FPD
systems. The ratio of the detected molar response of each of these sulfur compounds to the
molar response of SF6 ranges from 2% to 20% and increases with increasing AgF2 tempera-
ture.

LACKMANN, G.M. Evaluation of the Rossby Radius for offshore-directed flow near a moun-
tainous coast. Preprints, Fourth Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal
Zone, Anaheim, CA, Jan. 31-Feb. 5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1-5
(1988).

No abstract.

LAVELLE, J.W. A laterally averaged model of currents in Admiralty Inlet and the main basin of
Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 89-92 (1988).

No abstract.

LAVELLE, J.W., and H.O. MOFJELD. Closure to "Do critical stresses for incipient motion and
erosion really exist?" Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 114:962-963 (198 8).

No abstract.

LAVELLE, J.W., E. Ozturgut, E.T. BAKER, D.A. TENNANT, and-S.L. WALKER. Settling
speeds of sewage sludge in seawater. Environmental Science and Technology 22(10):1201-1207
(1988).

Laboratory analyses of sludges from four treatment plants were performed to determine solid
content, size distributions, and settling spectra of sludge particulates in sewawater. The
settling experiments were conducted after partitioning samples, by sieving into coarse and
fine particulate fractions. For the fine fraction, experiments proceeded after controlled
mixing of samples with filtered seawater to particulate concentrations low enough
(-10 mg/L) that flocculation was limited during subsequent measurement periods. Results
show that 14.6-47.3% of the sludge particulates by weight had diameters greater than 63 pim,
with at least 5% exceeding 250 gm. Median settling velocities of this fraction ranged from
6 x 10-2 to 3 x 10-1 crn/s. The bulk of the particulates were smaller in diameter, and these
flocculated in seawater. Resulting aggregates had median settling velocities by volume

ranging from 7 x 10-4 to 3 x 10-3 cm/s, with less than 10% of the particles settling more
slowly than 10-4 cm/s.

LYNCH, J.M., L.J. MANGUM, and S.P. HAYES. CTD/02 measurements during 1986 as part
of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS). NOAA DR ERL PMEL-24 (PB89-
102859), 261 pp. (1988).

During 1986, CTD -data were collected in the eastern equatorial Pacific as part of the
Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) program, which began its field program
in 1979. Summaries of CTD data from three cruises in 1986 are presented. Station locations,
meteorological conditions and profiles of temperature, salinity, sigma-T, and oxygen are
shown for each cast. Additionally, T-S diagrams and section-plots along 110*W, 140*W,
15*S and the equator are presented.

MACKLIN, S.A. Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) surface
meteorological observations at -Cherni Island and Ugaiushak Island--Fiscal Year 1986. NOAA
DR ERL PMEL-21 (PB88-179270),15 pp. (1988).

No abstract.

MACKLIN, S.A. Structure of a mountain-gap wind blowing over a coastal inlet. Preprints,
Fourth Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Anaheim, CA, Jan.
3 1-Feb. 5, 1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 6-11 (1988).

No. abstract.

MACKLIN, S.A., G.M. LACKMANN, and J. GRAY. Offshore-directed winds in the vicinity of
Prince William Sound, Alaska. - Monthly Weather Review 116(6):1289-1301 (1988).

The thermal contrast between told air over continental Alaska and relatively warm marine air
over -the Gulf of Alaska causes frequent, low-level, offshore-directed winds over the south-
central Alaskan coast during -the cold season. Coastal mountains affect these winds by
inhibiting low-level mixing of continental and -marine air masses near the coast, by providing
channels that'focus and accelerate drainage winds, and by exciting mountain-lee waves.
Offshore-directed winds were observed twice with a research aircraft. The strongest winds
were measured at the mouth of the Copper River and over and downwind of Resurrection
Bay. The synoptic weather pattern and its orientation to local topographic features influ-
enced wind magnitude. With the pressure gradient perpendicular to the coast, offshore-
directed flow was light, except at the Copper River and Resurrection Bay drainages. When
the pressure gradient was aligned with the'shore, regional surface winds were stronger and
more uniform, although the Copper RiVer and Resurrection Bay drainages were still discern-
ible. Evaluation of local force balances showed the largest ageostrophy at coastal locations

downwind of bays and river valleys. Seaward from the coast, ageostrophic accelerations and
cross-isobaric wind components were smaller, indicating a transition toward geotriptic
equilibrium. This spatial adjustment pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that equilibrium
is achieved within a distance similar to the regional Rossby radius of deformation.

MCPHADEN, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, and J. Picaut. Observations and wind-forced model
simulations of the mean seasonal cycle in tropical Pacific sea surface topography. Journal of
Geophysical Research 93(C7):8131-8146 (1988).

We examine simulations of the mean seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific using a multiple
vertical mode linear numerical model forced with three different surface wind stress products
averaged over the period 1979-1981. The model is run to-equilibrium for each of four
vertical modes, and results are summed. Simulated mean seasonal cycles in dynamic height
and sea level are then compared with observed variations based on expendable bathyther-
mograph and island tide gauge data averaged over the same 1979-1981 period. All simula-
tions show characteristic features of the mean meridional ridge-trough structure in surface
topography. However, north and south equatorial ridges at 20*N and 20*S are much higher
than those observed, only weak equatorial ridges are generated near 4*N, and none of the
simulations exhibits a significant equatorial trough. These discrepancies are due principally
to limitations in model physics and in the wind forcing. Observed and modeled mean
seasonal variations in surface height are of the order of a few centimeters. Coherence esti-
mates of 0.5-0.7 are found between the model simulations and the observations for the 1
cycle per year harmonic, which dominates the seasonal cycle over most of the tropical
Pacific. This suggests that about 25-50% of the variance in the observed annual surface
height is accounted for -by the linear model, given current estimates of the surface wind field.
Harmonics higher than the annual are less well modeled because of their weaker signal
levels. Regional patterns are observed in coherence levels between modeled and observed
variability; i.e., longitudinally, the eastern Pacific is most poorly modeled, while latitudinally,
the equatorial band (5*N to 5*S) is best modeled. However, no wind stress product is clearly
superior to the others for simulating the mean seasonal cycle. Thus uncertainty in the surface
stress field remains a fundamental obstacle to more accurate modeling of the variability in
tropical Pacific sea surface topography.

MCPHADEN, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, I Picaut, and G. Raymond. A model study of potential,
sampling errors due to data scatter around expendable bathythermograph transects, in, the tropical
Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(C7):8119-8130 (1988).

We describe a series of sampling sensitivity experiments to examine potential errors due to
data scatter around expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transects in the tropical Pacific. We
use a linear, multiple vertical mode model forced with three different monthly mean wind
stress sets for the period 1979-1983. The model is sampled along approximately straight
lines of grid points corresponding to the mean positions of XBT tracks in the eastern, central,
and western Pacific and then sampled again at the dates and locations of actual XBT casts for
1979-1983. Model dynamic heights are calculated with a resolution of 1* of latitude and I

month, then processed to a monthly mean seasonal cycle and anomalies associated with the
1982-1983 El Niflo. When results are compared for the two methods of sampling, the model
indicates that data scattered zonally around XBT transects in general can lead to about
2 dyn cin error in dynamic height (equivalent to a 10-ni error in model pycnocline displace-
ment) in composite sections of XBT data. This magnitude of error generally does not ob-
scure anomalies associated with the 1982-1983 El Niflo or the annual and semiannual har-
monics of the mean seasonal cycle in the model, though frequencies higher than the semian-
nual can be adversely affected, Errors larger than 2 dyn cm, occur in regions where XBT
sample spacing in the zonal direction is insufficient to resolve Rossby wave variations in the
model (for example, from 16*N to 20*N in the central Pacific and from 8*S to 20*S in the
eastern Pacific). These conclusions are insensitive to the choice of monthly mean wind stress
used to force the model.

MCPHADEN, M.J., H.P. FREITAG, S.P. HAYES, and B.A. TAFT. The response of the
equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986. Journal of Geophysical Re-
search 93(C9):10589-10603 (1988).

Western Pacific westerly wind, bursts of 1 - to 3-week duration are potentially important in
triggering and sustaining El Nifio-Southem Oscillation events. One. such burst of 10-day
duration and maximum speeds of greater than 10 m s-i occurred in May 1986 west of the date
line. The response to this westerly wind burst is documented from equatorial current meter
moorings, thermstor chain moorings, and sea level and hydrographic data. At 0% 165*E in
the western Pacific the thermocline was depressed by 25 m, sea surface temperature dropped
by 0.3*-0.4*C, and sea level rose by 10-15 cm a few days after the maximum in westerly
wind speed. Likewise, the South Equatorial Current rapidly accelerated -eastward and at-
tained speeds in excess of 100 cm s-1. Vertical shear in an approximately 100 m deep surface
layer reversed within a few days of the winds, consistent with a simple model of equatorial
mixed layer dynamics in which vertical eddy viscosities are inferred to be 0(100 cm2 s-1). A
sharp Kelvin wavelike pulse in sea level propagated out of the directly forced region into the
central and eastern Pacific. The pulse took 45 days to travel from Tarawa (I*N, 173*E) to La
Libertad (2*S, 81*W) on the South American coast, at an average phase speed of about
300 cm s-1. This is of the same order of magnitude as, but significantly higher than, the
phase speed of a first baroclinicniode Kelvin wave and is probably the result of Doppler
shifting by the Equatorial Undercurrent. A rise in sea surface temperature of about 1*C in 2
days occurred at ON, I 10*W with the passage of the pulse. However, coincidental
meridional advection of a sharp sea surface temperature front, rather than zonal advection of
downwelling associated with the pulse, appears to be responsible for this warming. The
relevance of this wind-forced pulse to the subsequent evolution of the 1986-1987 El Nifio-
Southern Oscillation event is discussed in the light of these observations.

Mobley, C.D. A numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural waters
with wind-roughened surfaces, Part II: Users' guide and code listing. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-
81 (PB88-246871), 170 PP. (1988).

This report is a users' guide for and listing of the FORTRAN V computer code that imple-
ments a numerical procedure for computing radiance distributions in natural waters. The
mathematical details of the numerical radiance model are described in a companion report (A
numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural waters with wind-
roughened surfaces, by Curtis D. Mobley and Rudolph W. Preisendorfer, NOAA Technical
Memorandum ERL PMEL-75). The present report describes how to run the computer model
and therefore addresses questions such as which routines perform which calculations, what
input is required by the various programs, and what is the file structure of the overall
program.

Mobley, C.D., and R.W. PREISENDORFER. A numerical model for the computation of
radiance distributions in natural waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-
75 (PB88-192703), 195 pp. (1988).

This report is a repository of the details of derivation of a numerical procedure to determine
the unpolarized radiance distribution as a function of depth, direction, and wavelength, in a
natural hydrosol such as a lake or sea. The input to the model consists of (i) the incidence
radiance distribution at the air-water surface, (ii) the state of randomness of the air-water
surface as a function of wind speed, (iii) the volume scattering and volume attenuation
function of the medium as a function of depth and wavelength, and (iv) the type of bottom
boundary. The fundamental mathematical operation in the development of the numerical
model is the discretization. over direction spaceof the continuous radiative transfer equation.
The directionally discretized radiances, called quad-averaged radiances, are the averages over
a finite set of solid angles of the directionally continuous radiance. The quad-averaged
equations are azimuthally decomposed using standard Fourier analysis to obtain equations for
the quad-averaged radiance amplitudes. These amplitude equations are then developed in
terms of reflectance and transmittance functions. The reflectances and transmittances are
continuous functions of depth and are governed by a set of Riccati equations which is easily
integrated. The depth-dependent, quad-averaged radiances are assembled from the solution
reflectances and transmittances of the water body, in combination with the boundary condi-
tions. The model has an expandable library of derived quantities that are of use in various
applications of optics to natural waters, such as marine biological studies, underwater visual
search tasks, remote sensing, and climatology.

MOFJELD, H.O. Review of "Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, A Handbook for Engineers
and Scientists," by D.T. Pugh. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
69(37):850 (1988).

No abstract.

MOFJELD, H.O. Seasonal and interannual variations of tidal mixing and excursions in Ad-
miralty Inlet. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988,
Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 99-102 (1988).

No abstract.

MOFJELD, H.O. and J.W. LAVELLE. Formulas for velocity, sediment concentration and
suspended sediment flux for steady uni-directional pressure-driven flow. NOAA TM ERL
PMEL-83 (PB89-109995), 26 pp. (1988).

A level 2 turbulence closure model for steady pressure-driven currents and suspended
sediment concentrations in an unstratified channel leads to analytic formulas for the velocity
and the concentration of each settling constituent. The level 2 model uses a parabolic form
for the mixing length that increases linearly upward near the bottom and is a maximum at the
surface. The model assumes a balance between local turbulence production and dissipation,
and the sediment concentrations are assumed to be dilute. The level 2 velocity is found to
follow closely the log velocity profile, being only -0.5u. less than the log-profile at the
surface, where u. is the friction velocity (square root of the kinematic bottom stress). The
level 2 concentration matches closely a modified form,of the Rouse formula in which the
actual depth H is replaced by H' = 1.07 H. The model results provide a theoretical basis for
the use of the log velocity and Rouse concentration profiles over the water column based on
turbulence closure theory. The vertically integrated flux of suspended sediment (suspended
load transport) per unit width computed numerically from the level 2 model are approximated
well by the. flux derived from the pure log velocity and unmodified (H' = H) Rouse con-
centration profiles. When normalized by the ratio of erosion rate to the settling velocity ws,
explicit formulas for the log-Rouse flux are functions of the two parameters P = WVKU. and
z./H (K being the von Kdrmdn constant 'z. the bottom roughness and H the water depth) and
is most sensitive to P; it is proportional to* D-1 in the slow settling regime P < 0. 1 and decreas-
ing rapidly as p-1(D_l)-2 in the fast settling regime D > 2. The flux is a strong function of the
bottom stress through the erosion rate which dominates the stress dependence in the slow
settling regime.

J.N. Mourn, D.R. Caldwell, and P.J. STABENO. Mixing and intrusions in a rotating cold-core
feature off Cape Blanco, Oregon. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18(6):823-833 (1988).

During August 1986, a large cold anomaly was observed in satellite and in situ measurements
near Cape Blanco at 42*N, 126*30'W off the Pacific Coast. Detailed vertical profiles of tempera-
ture, conductivity, turbulent dissipation, and horizontal currents showed 1) surface water tem-
perature changes as large as 2 degrees in 1 kilometer (but smaller gradients at depth); 2) a
structure in the mean currents resembling that of either a cyclonic eddy or a current meander; 3) a
current field in geostrophic balance on scales of 10 km and greater; 4) a region of intrusions on
the northern side of the eddy; 5) a concentration of turbulence (as indicated by the kinetic-energy
dissipation rate) on the edges of the eddy and in the region of intrusions, the core of the eddy
being turbulence-free; and 6) a substantial change in the surface structure in 24 hours.

Muench, R.D., J.D. SCHUMACHER, and S.A. SALO. Winter currents and hydrographic
conditions on the northern central Bering Sea shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research
93(Cl):516-526 (1988).

Current observations obtained from the northern Bering shelf region in winter 1984-1985
indicate that midwinter circulation patterns differed from those during the rest of the year.
Annual mean circulation in this region is dominated by vigorous northward currents (from
10 cm/s in Shpanberg Strait to more than 50 cm/s in Bering Strait). These northward currents
are accompanied by a weak northwestward coastal flow south of St. Lawrence Island. In
February-April 1985, however, flow was weakly (0-5 cnx/s) southward through Shpanberg
Strait and southeastward south of St. Lawrence Island while remaining northward through,
Anadyr and Bering straits. Comparison with current data obtained from previous years
suggests'that midwinter reversal of flow in Shpanberg Strait is a recurrent winter feature. It
generally occurs at about the same time that the winter ice cover undergoes its major ad-
vance, and it is associated with strong northerly winds. Northward flow through Anadyr
Strait persists, conversely, through the winter and is the northward extension of a western
intensified northward flow over the Bering Shelf. Its source is Bering Sea water farther
south, rather than water from the northern central shelf. The resultant "trapping" of shelf
water on the northern central shelf, coupled with intensive regional ice formation during the
same period as the flow reversal, led in 1985 to significant (about 1.517bo) brine enrichment.
This salinity increase agrees qualitatively with historical data, which suggest that the northern
central Bering shelf is the site both of sluggish winter circulation and of elevated salinities
due to brine enrichment from ice formation.

MURPHY, P.P., T.S. BATES, H.C. CURL, JR., R.A. FEELY, and R.S. BURGER. Retention of
organic pollutants in Puget Sound. First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA,
March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 195-199 (1988).

Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured on suspended particulates and on surficial
marine sediments in the urban fjord-like estuary of Puget Sound, Washington. These data
were combined with sediment deposition rates, suspended particulate concentrations and
circulation data to assess hydrocarbon distributions and fates. Evaluation of major sinks for
petroleum hydrocarbons (UCM) and polycyclic -aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the urban
estuary indicates that >93% of the hydrocarbons which are associated with suspended
particulates in the main basin of Puget Sound are deposited in the estuarine sediments.
Approximately 63% of the PAH and 100% of the UCM associated with particles in the main
basin settle directly to the sediments. The remainder is carried to the main basin sediments
via horizontal transport from other areas. Trends in PAH ratios are used to identify major
sources of PAH. Estimated sources of PAH are balanced by the estimated sinks.

OVERLAND, J.E. A model of the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice during winter.
Preprints, Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, March 29-31, 1988,
Madison, WI, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 69-72 (1988).

No abstract.

OVERLAND, J.E. Icebergs. The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago, IL, Vol. 10, 17-18
(1988).

No abstract.

PAULSON, A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL,.JR., E.A. Crecelius, and T. GEISELMAN. The
impact of scavenging on trace metal budgets in Puget Sound. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
52:1765-1779 (1988).

The distributions of dissolved and particulate Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn in Puget Sound, its
tributaries, and its sediments were determined to illustrate the impact of scavenging reactions
on trace metal budgets of a large fjordlike estuary. About 75% of the dissolved Pb dis-
charged into the main basin of Puget Sound was scavenged from the dissolved phase. The
high particulate Pb concentrations in regions of high particulate Mn concentrations and the
significant correlations between Pb and Mn concentrations on suspended particles demon-
strate the importance of hydrous manganese oxide phases in scavenging Aissolved Pb. Since
particles are effectively retained, within the main basin, scavenging results in the sedimenta-
tion of about 70% of the total Pb added to the main basin. Only isolated.. instances of
scavenging of dissolved Cu and Zn were observed and the discharge rates of dissolved Cu
and Zn from known sources were equal to their rates of advective removal within the errors
of the budget. The remineralization of organically-bound particulate Cu is partly responsible
for its quasi-conservative behavior within the main basin of Puget Sound. The fates of Cu
and Zn are controlled mainly by physical processes such as advection and settling of par-
ticles. Advection removes about 60% of the total Cu and Zn added to the main basin while
40% is deposited in the sediments of Puget Sound.

PAULSON, A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL, JR., E.A. Crecelius, and G.P. Romberg. Contrast-
ing sources and fates of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in the main basin of Puget Sound. First Annual
Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Seattle, WA, March 18-19, 1988, Puget Sound Water Quality
Authority, 185-194 (1988).

No abstract.

PAULSON,A.J., R.A. FEELY, H.C. CURL, JR., E.A. Crecelius, and G.P. Romberg. Sources
and siriks of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn in the main basin of Puget Sound. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-77
(PB88-219464), 26 pp. (1988).

Municipal, industrial and atmospheric sources contributed 66% of the total Pb added to the
main basin of Puget Sound. Advective inputs were the major sources of total Cu and Zn
(-40%) while riverine and erosional sources contributed about 30%. The discharge of the
particle-bound trace metals from rivers minimized the impacts of particulate anthropogenic
sources, which constituted 50%, 23% and 18% of the total particulate Pb, Cu and Zn inputs,
respectively. While advective transport was the major source of dissolved Cu and Zn (-60%
of all dissolved inputs), industrial, municipal and atmospheric inputs contributed 85%, 30%
and 39% of the dissolved Pb, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Diffusion of dissolved Mn was
the major source of Mn to the main basin. About 75% of the dissolved Pb discharged into
the main basin of Puget Sound was lost from the dissolved phase and was balanced by a
similar gain in the particulate phase. Because of the effective retention of particles within the
main basin, extensive scavenging resulted in about 70% of the total Pb added to the main
basin being retained in the underlying sediments. The sources of dissolved and particulate
Cu and Zn were comparable with the sinks within the errors of the analyses indicating their
quasi-conservative nature. Advection removed about 60% of the total Cu and Zn added to
the main basin while 40% 'was deposited in the sediments of Puget Sound. The rapid oxida-
tive precipitation allowed only 10% of the dissolved Mn added to the main basin to leave the
main basin in the dissolved form.

PEASE, C.H. Meridional heat transport by the ice and ocean in the western arctic. Preprints,
Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, V*rN, March 29-31,
1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 16-19 (1988).

No abstract.

PREISENDORFER, R.W. Eigenmatrix representations of radiance distributions in layered
natural waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-76 (PB88-188701),
93 pp. (1988).

This report develops analytic, closed-form solutions for radiance distributions in natural
waters such as lakes and seas. The solutions are valid in layered water bodies for which each
layer has inherent optical properties (absorption and scattering functions) which are inde-
pendent of depth within that layer. The water body is assumed free of internal light sources.
The effects of a wind-blown air-sea surface are included. This work extends to the radiance
level certain results which were previously known to hold for irradiances. The eigenmatrix
formalism developed here is convenient for numerical computation of radiance distributions,
given the inherent optical properties of the water and the desired boundary conditions at the
water surface and bottom (the direct problem). Moreover, the formalism suggests an algo-
rithm for solving the inverse problem: the determination of the inherent optical properties
from measurements of the radiance distribution within a water body.

PREISENDORFER, R.W. Principal Component Analysis in Meteorology and Oceanography.
C.D. Mobley (ed.), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 425 pp. (1988).

No abstract.

PREISENDORFER, R.W., and C.D. Mobley. Theory of fluorescent irradiance fields in natural
waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D9):10831-10855 (1988).

The theory of heterochromatic irradiance fields is developed from the fundamental principles
of radiative transfer. The irradiance field in natural waters that have fluorescing stratified
layers of chlorophyll and other organic material is determined. This is the direct solution of
the irradiance field and assumes knowledge of the depth distribution of the inherent optical
properties, in particular the spectral absorption and scattering,functions. Conversely, these
optical properties are determined from in situ irradiance measurements by inverting the direct
solution for the irradiance field. This is the inverse solution of the irradiance field. These
direct and inverse solutions provide the mathematical framework for optical assays of
fluorescing matter in lakes and seas, using measurements of the irradiance field within such
media. In particular, the concentrations of the various fluorescing substances within the
water are determined from in situ spectral irradiance measurements.

PREISENDORFER, R.W-., C.D. Mobley, and T.P. Barnett. The principal discriminant method
of prediction: theory and evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D9):10815-10830
(1988).

The Principal Discriminant Method (PDM) of prediction employs a novel combination of
principal component analysis and statistical discriminant analysis. Discriminant analysis is
based on the construction of discrete category subsets of predictor values in a multidimen-
sional predictor space. A category subset contains those predictor values which give rise to a
predictand (or observation) in that particular category. A new predictor value is then as-
signed to a particular category (i.e., a forecast is made) through the use of probability distri-
bution functions which have been fitted to the category subsets. The PDM uses principal
component analysis to define the multidimensional probability distribution functions associ-
ated with the category subsets. Because of its underlying discriminant nature the PDM is
also applicable to problems in:data. classification. The PDM is applied to prediction problems
using- both artificial and actual data sets. When applied to artificial data the PDM shows
forecast skills which are comparable to those of standard forecast techniques, such as linear
regression and classical discriminant analysis, When applied to actual data in a@ forecast of
the 1982-1983 El Nifio, the PDM performed poorly. However, in forecasting winter air
temperatures over North America, the PDM proved superior to other forecast techniques,
after suitably filtering or smoothing the raw data in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
It is expected that the PDM will show its greatest advantage over other forecast techniques
when the relation between predictors and predictand is nonlinear.

Quinn, PX., R.J. Charlson, and T.S. BATES. Simultaneous observations of ammonia in the
atmosphere and ocean. Nature 335:336-338 (1988).

Ammonia, being the dominant base other than sea salt in the remote marine troposphere,
plays an important role in the acid-base chemistry of the atmosphere. An understanding of
the cycling of ammonia through the marine environment has, until now, been hampered by
the lack of concurrent measurements of key acidic and basic atmospheric and seawater
species. Reported here are the result of simultaneous concentration measurements of these
species during May 1987 in the coastal north-east Pacific Ocean environment. Gas (g) and
particulate (p) phase data suggest that low concentrations of NH3 (g) in the marine atmos-
phere lead to partly neutralized H2SO4 in aerosol particles and in rainwater. Gas-phase
concentrations combined with seawater concentration measurements indicate that for the
region and time period studied the ocean was a local source of atmospheric ammonia. These
data, combined in a simple box model, suggest a marine boundary layer residence time of
3.6 h and 22 h for NH3 (g) and NH41 (p), respectively.

REED, R.K., J.D. SCHUMACHER, and A.T. ROACH. Geostrophic flow in the central Bering
Sea, fall 1986 and summer 1987. NOAA TR ERL 433-PMEL 38 (PB88-174354),13 pp. (1988).

Data from a synoptic CTD survey over a large region in the central Bering Sea in fall 1986
are used to derive the major features of circulation. Geopotential topographies reveal the
following flows: (1) a well-developed eastward flow that subsequently turned toward the
northwest; (2) a cyclonic gyre north of Amukta' *Pass; and (3) a weak flow, with some local
intensifications, paralleling the continental slope. Volume transports, relative to 1000 db, in
these branches (in the order above) were approximately (1) 4 x 106 S3 S-1; (2) 2 x 106 s3 s-1;
and (3) 1 X 106 generally, but -4 x 106 S3 S-I in two locations. Also, a northward inflow
through Amukta Pass was inferred from subsurface temperature. Data from a cruise in
summer 1987 reveal a relatively strong northward flow. through Amchitka Pass but the
absence of inflow in Amukta Pass. Previous climatological and synoptic data sets have
shown numerous eddylike features that appear to be transient. Comparison of results from
various circulation patterns suggests that the eastward flow that turns toward the northwest
frequently occurs.

SALO, S., R.D. Muench, and J.D. SCHUMACHER. Oceanographic conditions on the northern
Bering Sea shelf- 1984-1985. NOAA TM ERL PMEL-80 (PB88-231758), 55 pp. (1988)

No abstract.

SOREIDE, N.N., and S.P. HAYES. A, system for management, display an d analysis of
oceanographic time series and hydrographic data. Preprints, Fourth International Conference on
Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology,
Anaheim, CA, Jan. 31-Feb. 5,1988. American Meteorological Society, Boston, J20-J22 (1988).

No abstract.

VAN HEESWUK, M., and C.G. FOX. Iterative method and FORTRAN code for nonlinear
curve fitting. Computers and Geosciences 14(4):489-503 (1988)..

A FORTRAN subroutine is presented which allows the iterative, least-squares fitting of
discrete, observational data by a nonlinear function. The function may have any number of
parameters, provided that partial derivatives with respect to each of the parameters can be
calculated. A brief discussion of the mathematical theory is presented, instructions for use of
the subroutine are provided, and examples and performance tests of the algorithm are dis-
cussed.

WALKER, S.L., and E.T. BAKER. Particle-size distributions within hydrothermal plumes over
the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Marine Geology 78:217-226 (1988).

The particle-size distributions of suspended particles in neutrally buoyant hydrothermal
plumes from two vent sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge were measured with a Coulter counter.
Hydrothermal particle populations were characterized by high volume concentrations of
particles with diameters of <2 gm. Particle populations dominated by larger particles were
rare and observed only. ,-very near active vent. sources because of rapid settling and dilution.
Particle-size distributions from particle plumes of hydrothermal origin can be readily distin-
guished from those of benthic nepheloid layers by the fine-particle tail, which is expressed on
a cumulative number distribution by a slope much steeper than the oceanic norm of -3. The
predominance of particles with diameters <2 gm within neutrally buoyant hydrothermal
plumes demonstrates that the bulk of hydrothermal precipitates are capable of being dis-
persed over wide areas.

WALTER, B.A. The role of the St. Lawrence Polynya in the downwind modification of the
planetary boundary layer over the BeringSea ice pack. - Preprints, Second Conference on Polar.
Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, WN, March 29-31, 1988. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, 61-64 (1988).

No abstract.

WISEGARVER, D.P. and R.H. GAMMON. A new transient tracer: measured vertical distribu-
tion Of CC12FCCIF2 (F- 113) in the north Pacific subarctic gyre. Geophysical Research Letters
15(2):188-191 (1988).

The first quantitative marine measurements of trichlorotrifluoroethane (F- 113) were made in
the North Pacific subarctic gyre in July of 1986, using a modification of the analytical
procedure developed for the transient tracers F- I I and F- 12 (Gammon et al., 1982; Wisegar-
ver and Cline, 1985). The measured mixed layer concentration was 0.29 � 0.2 pM/L; the
corresponding atmospheric mixing ratio was 35 � I pptv (Rasmussen scale). Below a
subsurface maximum both F- 11 and F- 113 were found to fall off exponentially with increas-
ing depth, F- 113 reaching effective blank levels first. The significance of adding F-1 13 to the
existing suite of measurable oceanic transient tracers rests in the possibility of age-dating
water masses by their (F- 1 13/F- 11) ratio with near annual resolution for the period since
1977.

JISAO PUBLICATIONS

Bond, N.A., and R.G. Fleagle (1988): Prefrontal and postfrontal boundary layer processes over
the ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1257-1273.

Fleagle, R.G. (1987): The case for a new NOAA Charter. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 68, 1417-1423.

Fleagle, R.G., N.A. Bond, and W.A. Nuss (1988): Atmosphere-ocean interaction in rnid-latitude
storms. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 38, 50-63.

'Johnson, J.E., and J.E. Lovelock (1988): The ECD-Sulfur Detector: Oceanographic sulfur
species measurement at the ferntornole level. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 812-818.

Kushnir, Y. (1987): Retrograding wintertime low-frequency disturbances over the North Pacific
Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2727-2742.

Mobley, C.D. (1988): A numerical model for the computation of radiance distributions in natural
waters with wind-roughened surfaces. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-75, 195 pp.

Panetta, R., I.M. Held, and R.T..Pierrehumbert (1987): External Rossby waves in the two-layer
model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2924-2933.

Roach, A.T., J.D. Schumacher, and P.J. Stabeno (1987): Observations of currents, surface winds
and bottom pressure in Shelikof Strait,, Autumn, 1984. NOAA Tech. Memo, ERL PMEL-
74, 116 pp.

JIMAR PUBLICATIONS

Boehlert, G.W. (1988): An approach to recruitment research in insular ecosystems. Proceedings
of the IREP (OSLR) Workshop-on Recruitment in Tropical Coastal Demersal Communities,
Cuidad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico, April 1986, A. Yanez-Arancibia, D. Pauly, and J.
Czirke (eds.), IOC Workshop Report No. 44, Supplement, 33-44.

Boehlert, G.W. (1988): Current-topography interactions at mid-ocean seamounts and the impact
on pelagic ecosystems. First Pacific Symposium on Marine Sciences, Nakhodka, USSR.
GeoJournal, 16,45-52.

Boehlert, G.W. (1988): Fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone: The potential for island-
related resources. Proceedings of Pacific Basin Management of the 200-Nautical Mile
Exclusive Economic Zone, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1987. Pacific Basin Development
Council, Honolulu, 177-182.

Boehlert, G.W., M. Kusakari, and J. Yamada (1987): Reproductive mode and energy costs of
reproduction in the genus Sebastes. Proceedings of the International Rockfish Symposium,
Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Report, 87-2, 143-152.

Boehlert, G.W., and B.C. Mundy (1987): Recruitment dynamics of metamorphosing English
sole, Parophrys vetulus, to Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Est. Coastal Mar. Sci., 25, 261-28 1.

Boehlert, G.W., and B.C. Mundy (1988): The role of behavioral and physical factors in fish
recruitment to estuarine nursery areas. Amer. Fish. Soc., Symposium 3, 51-67.

Boehlert, G.W., and M.M. Yoklavich (1987): Longterm cycles of growth in Sebastes: extracting
information from otoliths. Proceedings of the International Rockfish Symposium,
Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Report, 87-2, 197-207.

Chiswell, S.M., M. Wimbush, and R. Lukas (1988): Comparison of dynamic height measure-
ments from an inverted echo sounder and an island tide gauge. J. Geophys. Res., 93,
2277-2283.

Curtis, G.D. (1988): Instrumentation and data for a wind energy battery storage system (WEBS).
In: Proceedings of the Symposia on Stationary Energy Storage, 'Me Electrochemical
Society, 408 pp.

Firing, E. (1987): Deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Mar. Res., 45,
791-812.

Firing, E. (1988): Shallow equatorial jets. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9213-9222.

Firing, E., and D. Moore (1988): Report from the WOCE Tropical Workshop held in Honolulu,
Hawaii, September 21-23, 1987. U.S. WOCE Planning Report No. 12, 44 pp.

Kendall, A.W., Jr., M.E. Clarke, M.Y. Yoklavich, and G.W. Boehlert (1987): Distribution,
feeding, and growth of larval walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, from Shelikof
Strait, Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, 85, 499-52 1.

Lander, M.A., and M. Morrissey (1988): Genesis of twintyphoons associated with a west wind
burst in the equatorial western Pacific: a case study. Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA
Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987, R.
Lukas and P. Webster (eds.), U.S. TOGA Rept.. No. 8,.163-174.

Lindstrom, E., R. Lukas, R. Fine, E. Firing, S. Godfrey, G. Meyers, and M. - Tsuchiya (1987):
The Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study. Nature, 330, 533-537.

Lukas, R. (1987): Horizontal Reynolds stresses in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys.
Res., 92, 9453-9463.

Lukas, R. (1988): Interannual fluctuations of the Mindanao Current inferred from sea level. J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 6744-6748.

Lukas, R. (1988): On the role of western Pacific air-sea interaction in the El Nifio/Southem
Oscillation phenomenon. Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA Western Pacific Air-Sea Interac-
tion Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987, R. Lukas and P. Webster (eds.), U.S.
TOGA Rept. No. 8,43-69.

Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom (1987): The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Proceedings of the 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop on the Dynamics of the
Oceanic Surface Mixed Layer, Honolulu, Hawaii, P. Muller and D. Henderson (eds.),
Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Special Publication, 67-94.

Lukas, R., and P. Webster (eds.) (1988): Proceedings of the U.S. TOGA Weste m Pacific Air-
Sea Interaction Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1987. U.S. TOGA Rept. No. 8,
207 pp.

Mader, C.L., and G. Mitchum (1988): Tsunami modeling using personal computers. In: Pro-
ceedings of the Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Technology, PACON '88,
OST6/28.

Mader, C.L., M. Vitousek, and S. Lukas (1987): Numerical modeling of atoll reef harbors. In:
Natural and Man-made Hazards, P. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands,
215-225.

Mitchum, G.T., and R. Lukas (1987):. Latitude-frequency structure of Pacific sea level variance.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17,2362-2365.

Morrissey, M., M. Lander, and J. Maliekal, (1988): A preliminary evaluation of ship data within
the Equatorial Western Pacific. J. Ocean Atmos. Tech., 5, 251-258.

Olney, J.E., and G.W. Boehlert (1988): Nearshore ichthyoplankton associated with seagrass
beds in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology: Progress Series, 45, 33-43.

Santiago-Mandujano, F., and E. Firing (1988): Acoustic doppler current profiles from the first
U.S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS), June-
July, 1985. . Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 004,
JIMAR Contribution No. 88-015 1, University of Hawaii, 34 pp.

Wang, B., and I. Orlanski (1987): Study of heavy rain vortex formed over the eastern flank of
the Tibetan Plateau. Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1370-1393.

Wang, B. (1987): On the development mechanism for warm Tibetan Plateau vortices. J. Atmos.
Sci., 44, 2978-2994.

Wang, B. (1988): The dynamics of tropical low frequency waves: An analysis of moist Kelvin
waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2051-2065.

Wyrtki, K. (1987): Indonesian throughflow and the associated pressure gradient. J. Geophys.
Res., 92 (C 12), 12941-12946.

Wyrtki, K., K. Constantine, B.J. Kilonsky, G. Mitchum, B. Miyamoto, T. Murphy, S. Nakahara,
and P. Caldwell (1988): The Pacific island sea level network. Joint Institute for Marine and
Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 002, JIMAR Contribution No. 88-0137, University
of Hawaii, 71 pp.

Wyrtki, K., B. Kilonsky, and S. Nakahara (1988): The. IGOSS Sea Level Pilot Project in the
Pacific. Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Data Report No. 003, KMAR
Contribution No. 88-0150, University of Hawaii, 59 pp.

Yoklavich, M.M., and G.W. Boehlert (1987): Daily growth increments in otoliths of juvenile
black rockfish, Sebastes melanops: an evaluation of autoradiography as a new method of
validation. Fish. Bull, U.S. 85, 826-832.

CIMRS PUBLICATIONS

Fox, C.G., K.M. Murphy, and R.W. Embley (1988): Automated display and statistical analysis
of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs. Mar. Geol., 78, 199-216.

Kadko, D., and W. Moore (1988): Radiochemical constraints on the crustal residence time of
submarine hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52,
659-668.

van Heeswijk, M., and C.G. Fox (1988): Iterative method and Fortran code for nonlinear curve
fitting. Computers and Geosciences, 14(4), 489-503.

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

ADCP: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
AID: Agency for International Development
AOML: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
APEX: Arctic Polynya Experiment
ARGOS: French satellite used to telemeter data to shore stations (not an acronym)
ASG: Administrative Support Group
ATLAS: Automated Temperature Line Acquisition System
CIRES: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
CIMRS: Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies
COADS: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
CSG: Computer Support Group
CTD: Conductivity, Temperature, Depth
EDD: Engineering Development Division
ENSO: El Niflo-Southern Oscillation
EOF: Empirical Orthogonal Function
EPOCS: Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies
ERL: Environmental Research Laboratories
FAST: Flow Actuated Sediment- Trap
FGGE: First GARP Global Experiment
FOCAL: French Program Ocean-Climat Atlantique Equatorial
FOCI: Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Initiative
FOCUS: Fisheries Oceanography Cooperative Users System
FOX: Fishery-Oceanography Experiment
GARP: Global Atmospheric Research Program
GFDL: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
GMCC: Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Division, ERL
GOES: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
HMSC: Hatfield Marine Science Center
IAM.AP/IAPSO: International Association of Meterology and Atmospheric Physics/ Intema-
tional Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean
IGOSS: International Global Ocean Services System
IOC: International Oceanographic Commission
IRIS: International Recruitment Investigations in the Subarctic
ITCZ: Intertropical Convergence Zone
JIC: Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center
JIMAR: Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research
JISAO: Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean
L-RERP: Long-Range Effects Research Program
MARD: Marine Assessment Research Division
MIZ: Marginal Ice Zone

MIZEX: Marginal Ice Zone Experiment
MMS: Minerals Management Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior
MRRD: Marine Resources Research Division
MSRD: Marine Services Research Division
NCAR: National Center for Atmospheric Research
NESDIS: National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
NIC: NOAA Information Center
NMC: National Meteorological Center
NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOS: National Ocean Service
NORPAX: North Pacific Experiment
NWAFC: Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center
NWS: National Weather Service
OAR: Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
OCRD: Ocean Climate Research Division
PENTAFLUX: Fifth Flux Experiment
PEQUOD: Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics
PMEL: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Ri: Richardson Number, a dimensionless number related to stability of stratified
flow
RJE: Remote Job Entry
SCOR: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
SEABEAM: A shipboard multi-transducer swath echo sounding system
SLAR: Side-Looking Airborne Radar
SLEUTH: System for Locating Eruptive Underwater Turbidity and Hydrography
SLP: Sea Level Pressure
S3T: Sequentially Sampling Sediment Trap
SST: Sea Surface Temperature
STACS: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Study
TAG: Trans Atlantic Geotraverse
THRUST: Tsunami Hazard Reduction Using System Technology
TOGA: Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere
TOPS: Total Ocean Profiling System
USGS: United States Geological Survey
VENTS: Name of hydrothermal venting research program (not an acronym)
WEPOCS: Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study
WMO: World Meteorological Organization
XBT: Expendable Bathythermograph

*U.S. GPO: 1989-692-390

DATE DUE

GAYLORDINo. 2333 IRINTED IN U'S A,

3 6668 14106 8694