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The Planning and Management of California's Coastal Resources USC Sea Grant Institutional Program 1980-81 ANNUAL REPORT UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007 GC 57.2 L619 1980/81 A The Planning and Management of California's Coastal Resources b - S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 USC Sea Grant Institutional Program 1980-81 ANNUAL REPORT UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Property of CSC Library t Uix Special thanks to the staffs of the Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies and USC Sea Grant for their help on this publication. Editor: Karen S. Charest Production: Ellen M. Kin i singer. Annettd'Stephens Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1980-81 Budget Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Program Development Administration and Management R. Friedheim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Program Development R. Friedheim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Marine Education and Training Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 California and the Oceans D. Bjur and J. Rojas . * - * . a . . . . . . 21 Evaluation of a Masters of Public Administration Curriculum Specialization in Port/Harbor Management W. Price and G. Siegel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Graduate Student Trainee Program D. Bjur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Marine Advisory Services Marine Advisory Services S. Ross, J. Fawcett and S. Hudgins . . . . . . . . 41 Socio-Economic Programs The Port Authority as a 'Public Enterprise: Organizational Adjustment to the Conflicting Demands for Economic Versus Environmental Quality Coals H. Boschken and R. Clayton 55 The Impact of Major Interest Conflicts on the Evolution of the Coastal Planning "Partner- ship" Between the Coastal Commission and Local Government L. Wingo and J. Fawcett 61 Residential Resources in the Coastal Zone: The Planning and Regulation of Housing Opportunities for Low and Moderate Income Households W. Baer, D. Bryant and P. Emmi . . . . . . . . . . 65 Living Marine Resources Haterotrophic Metabolism of Marine Dinoflagellates B. Abbott and M. Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Nitrogen Transformations Associated with the Discharge of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant, Los Angeles Harbor R. Dugdale and D. Kiefer . . . . . . . . . . 91 Southern California's Nearshore Marine Environment: A Significant Fish Nursery? G. Brewer and R. Lavenberg . . . . . . . . . *101 Non-Living Marine Resources Gas Exchange Rates at the Air Sea Interface in Coastal Waters T. Dickey, D. Hammond and J. Kremer . . . . . . . 115 Coastal Engineering Waves and Currents in Coastal Regions of Sharply Changing Water Depth J. Lee and L. Wellford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Appendixes IMCS Technical Advisory Panel and California State Resources Agency Sea Grant Advisory Panel . . . * . . . . . . . . . . 131 Research-Related Publications . * . . . 133 I Introduction --- .O*v Introduction Robert L. Friedheim, Director, USC Sea Grant Program This is a report of the University of Southern California's eleventh year of participation in the national Sea Grant program. The Sea Grant program, funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- istration, supports marine research, education and advisory services at several universities in the coastal and Great Lakes regions. Sea Grant research is primarily applied research, and USC, like every Sea Grant program, has a commitment to work with repre- sentatives of the public and industry to solve marine and coastal problems of importance to the region. The theme of our program and the title of this report, "The Planning and Management of California's Coastal Resources," reflects that commitment. At UBC, Bed Grant researchers can draw on substan- tial facilities and a long tradition of excellence in marine research. The Sea Grant program is one of several marine programs within the university's Insti- tute for Marine and Coastal Studiest founded in 1975. The institute administers a marine science center and a conference center on Catalina Island; a major research vessel, the VELERO, IV, and other research ships; a Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Center; a Center for Marine Transportation Studies; a research laboratory on the harbor waterfront; and other facilities. Indi- viaual academic unite at USC, particularly the Allan Hancock Foundation, have been active in marine research since the early 1900s. As a measure of the emphasis on state and local problem-solving in carrying out the research, each Sea Grant program is required to match the federal grant with half again as much funding from private, state or local sources. In California, the state government provided $250,000 in 1980-81 for matching Sea Grant funds, which amount we share with the University of California; and cash or in-kind service has also been contributed by USC itself, a local radio station, city and county government agencies and other sources. Their interest makes our work possible and keeps it relevant. Sea Grant projects run an extensive course of review before funding is awarded. A technical advi- sory panel makes recommendations to the program managers; academic peer reviewers comment,on the professional quality of the work; a panel of state agency representatives comments on the worth of the 3 projects to the state; and a team of scholars and admin- istrdtors from around the country makes an on-site in- spection of the entire program. Members of the IMCS Technical Advisory Panel and the California State Sea Grant Advisory Panel are listed at the end of this report. Each year the USC Sea Grant program supports one or more projects in each of the following areas: socio- economic systems, living marine resources, non-living marine resources, coastal engineering, marine education and advisory services. In 1980-81, the USC Sea Grant Program supported the following projects: Program Development Continuing. Every year, at the director's discre- tion, some projects are initiated apart from the regular funding cycle, for various practical reasons. During 1980-81, Program Development provided an advance start for a 1981-82 project on toxic metals in the marine environment, follow-up funds to complete a 1979-80 pro- ject on sediment accumulation in San Francisco Bay, and funds for a start-up study of the social value-of wetlands. Marine Education and Training Continuing. Thig projact aeaks each year bo en- hance marine awareness in the citizenry of California through the educational process. This year, a cur- riculum guide was accepted for publication; a statewide marine education newsletter was initiated; a graduate level course in the School of Education was proposed and accepted; and marine programs for inner-city minority students were continued. In a separate project, curriculum materials were finished for a series of courses at the graduate level on port and harbor management, and the final two courses in the series were taught. The courses will now become regular offerings of the university. The Graduate Student Trainee Program provides financial support for selected students to work on Sea Grant funded projects related to their degree studies. Marine Advisory Services Continuing. The advisory services program has as its job maintaining a two-way liaison between marine researchers and marine resource users. Highlights of the work for 1980-81 include publication of a confer- ence proceedings of recreational access to the coast, 4 a Sea Grant directory for media reporters, and a book- let on the California Coastal Conservancy. Significant services were provided to the coastal planning commun- ity, to recreational boaters, to Sea Grant researchers and to media organizations. The Port Authority as a Public Enterprise Second of two years. This project is an analysis of how ports respona to the conflictinj pressures to both generate revenue, like a private firm, and to act in the public interest, like a public agency. Ports often face this dilemma in matters of environmental regulation, such as dredging new channels or handling dangerous cargoes. This study finds that a port's organizational structure may have a lot to do with how it behaves in these conflict situations. The State-Local Partnership in Coastal Planning First of one year. This project investigates how the structure and process of planning have changed as a result of the intervention of state government into land-use planning in the coastal zone. Analyzing cases of conflict where the urban fringe meets the rural coast in Southern California, the investigators coded the public documents for the identification of particular issues. in the next phase, supported by project development funds, these issue attributes will be computer analyzed against the observed changes in planning. Residential Resources in the Coastal Zone One year only. This project examined the planning and regulation of housing opportunities in the coastal zone for low and moderate income housing in the local coastal plans; in 1981, the requirement was repealed. This project analyzes the lessons to be learned from the period of regulation and its aftermath. Among the lessons are: that research on how the regulations influenced housing prices is not yet convincing; that providing affordable housing was easier where there was high demand for housing changeovers; and that the coastal act did extend tenants' rights vis-a-vis landowners. Heterotrophic Metabolism of Marine Dinoflagellates Third of three years. The data support the hy- pothesis that marine organisms can metabolize organic compounds in seawater, such as those generated in urban wastes. This project has elucidated the life cycle of dinoflagellates and, during 1980-81, has added new 5 techniques for following metabolic activity of the or- ganisms. The results are significant for a general understanding of water quality and for a specific under- standing of the origins of "red tide" blooms caused by the dinoflagellates. Nitrogen Transformations Associated with the Discharge of the Terminal Island. Treatment Plant First of three years. This study traces the re- actions of dispersal of certain compounds in a major outfall in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor. The compounds studied include nitrates, phosphates and silicates, which are important nutrients for marine organisms. Southern California's Nearshore Marine Environment., A Significant Fish Nursery? Third of three years. This project, which com- plementsd the well-established sampling work further inshore of the California Cooperative Fisheries Inves- tigations as revealed interesting features of the dis- tribution of fish larvae in the nearshore environment. Nearshore areas are relatively more productive than areas further offshore, and different ichthyoplankton dominate the nearshore area. The results are signifi- cant for understanding the effects of marine pollution on the ecosystem and for assessing coastal fishery stocks. Gas Exchange Rates at the Air-Sea Interface in Coastal Waters First of two years. This project explores the mechanisms governing the exchange of oxygen and other gases between the atmosphere and the ocean. Because dissolved oxygen is a critical component of overall water quality and because the atmosphere is a major source of dissolved gases, understanding the inter- actions will be important for environmental management. Waves and Currents in Regions of Sharply Changing Water Depth First of two years. This project builds on ear- lier Sea Grant projects by the same investigator, gradually expanding the range of wave and tidal effects near the coast that can be modeled mathematically. Fo- cusing on the changes -in wave patterns caused by abrupt changes in water depth (such as dredged channels), this project has shown, among other results, that some wave frequencies are not transmitted past such a channel. 6 Budget Summary I 1@0@ 1980-81. Budget Summary Sea Grant State/Local Funds Match Program Management Administration and Management $ 80,145 $ 87,953 Program Development (M-2) $ 9,217 $ 5,000 Marine Education and Training Marine Education in California (E/E-1) $ 77,486 $ 33,559 Evaluation of Curriculum Specialization in Port/Harbor Management (E/CD-1) $ 25,020 $ 22,880 Sea Grant Graduate Student Trainee Program (E/M-1) $ 37,800 $ 5,400 Marine Advisory Services Marine Advisory Services (AS-1) $130,646 $198,958 Socio-Economic Programs The Port Authority as a Public Enterprise (R/CM-12) $ 37,118 $ 18,132 The State-Local "Partnership" in Coastal Planning (R/CM-15) $ 17,873 $ 30,371 Residential Resources in the Coastal Zone (R/CM-17) $ 11,964 $ 27,354 Living Marine Resources Programs Heterotrophic Metabolism of Marine Dinoflagellates (R/EQ-18) $ 38,497 $ 40,848 Nitrogen Transformations Associated with Terminal Island Treatment Plant Discharge (R/EQ-24) $ 38,250 $ 34,300 Southern California's Nearshore Marine Enviroranent: A Signifi- cant Fish Nursery? (R/RD-6) $ 54,458 $170,639 8 Sea Grant State/Local Funds Match Non-Living Marine Resources Programs Gas Exchange Rates at the Air- Sea Interface (R/EQ-26) $ 39,014 $ 16,658 Coastal Engineerin Waves and Currents in Coastal Regions of Sharply Changing Water Depth (R/CE-6) $ 37,492 $ 22,904 TOTAL $635,000 $714,956 9 Program Development \ ------ -20@0@ M-1 Administration and Management Robert L. Friedheim, Director, USC Sea Grant Program Effective November 1980, the management of the USC Sea Grant program changed hands. Robert L. Friedheim reDlaced Donald L, Keach as director of the Sed Grant program. Both men hold other positions in the Insti- tute for Marine and Coastal Studies: Keach as deputy director and Friedheim as associate director for marine policy. Also, Stuart A. Ross replaced D. Patrick Hartney as assistant director of the Sea Grant program. Ross serves as director of advisory services, and Hartney continues as director of administration for the Institute. No major changes of direction have occurred or will occur as a result of the transition; indeed the close cooperation among the four persons provided con- siderable continuity in the themes and activities of the USC Sea Grant program. The new director and assis- tant director are focussing on second-order changes in organization and procedure to ensure the continued quality and relevance of the program. Our general management goals are as follows: 1. To develop, coordinate and implement the USC Sea Grant program and to exercise administrative and fiscal control. 2. To provide leadership to initiate an inte- grated program to assure that the general guidelines of the National Sea Grant Office will be met by cur- rent and projected programs. 3. To work with and assist agencies in Califor- nia to explore and ultimately define resource manage- ment needs and to cooperatively investigate methods of satisfying these needs. 4. To act as a focal point of collaborative programs with other institutions of higher learning, with local, regional and state governments, and with the public. 5. To explore new applications of research, edu- cation and advisory services. 13 M-2 Program Development Robert L. Friedheim, Director, USC Sea Grant Program Each year Sea Grant sets aside limited funds for discretionary allocation to research projects other than those that pass through the annual review cycle. The purpose of the program development fund is to allow USC Sea Grant management sufficient flexibility to respond appropriately to circumstances that are not easily accomoaatea unaer the annual review cycla. Projects to meet emergencies, projects that are interesting but not yet fully developed, projects that must begin early or end late, and other discretionary situations can be covered by the program development funds if they promise sufficient contribution to the Sea Grant program. Sizeable allocations are approved by the national Sea Grant office before execution. In 1980-81, program development funds went pri- marily to these three projects: 1. Sediment Accumulation and the History of Pollutant Accumulation in San Francisco Bay (M-2/11.1). Douglas E. Hammond, Assistant Professor, Geochemistry, University of Southern California. Pollutants entering the sea may become attached to suspended particles and eventually become buried in sediments after the particles settle. In a 1979-80 Sea Grant project, this pathway was studied in San Francisco Bay using naturally occurring radioactive tracers as pollutant analogs. The results suggested that pollutants take approximately a day to attach to suspended particles, that particles settle to the bot- tom in eight to 11 days, and that particles may be resuspended 10-20 times before they are deeply buried. Thus, pollutants may be rapidly transferred to the sediments, but remain available for resuspension for several decadeso This program development project was a continua- tion of the 1979-80 work to allow further research and analysis of data, as well as continued consultation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) staff in the San Francisco Bay area. Throughout the project, the investigators have worked closely with this govern- ment agency to communicate results. 15 2. Microbially Mediated Entry of Pollutants into Marine Food Wel;s (M-2/11.2). Cornelius W. Sullivan, Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Southern California. Toxic substances in the marine environment in- clude naturally occurring inorganic elements, such as heavy metals, and hazardous organic compounds dis- charged from industrial or petrochemical operations. The uptake of these materials by bacterioplankton and phytoplankton at the first levels of the marine food web may be of considerable significance. It is the accumulation of these hazardous sub- stances by bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and organic detritus that can provide the initial step and momentum for the entry and transfer of toxic substances along marine food webs leading to man. The overall goal of this program development pro- ject, which became a formal project approved for 1981- 82, is to begin determination of how and at what rates organic and inorganic pollutants enter marine food webs. A key question , for example, is whether these com- pounds are detoxified or intensified in their toxicity as a result of their interaction with the marine microorganisms. 3. The Social Valuation of Wetlands (M-2/11.3). Lowdon Wingo, Professor, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California. Proposals to develop or preserve wetlands have led to very difficult and controversial decisions. Consid- erable scientific and economic evidence is advanced on both sides. Persons who must make the decisions typi- cally find that no one measure is adequate to the situation. Professor Wingo used program development funding to begin a synthesis of the economic and scientific issues and techniques involved in wetlands evaluation. He conducted a literature search, interviews with eco- logists and social scientists, and a review of wetlands issues in recent official decisions. A bibliography of relevant publications has been assembled. 16 Marine Education 0 0 and Training F- I 000, Marine Education Dorothy M. Bjur, Director, USC Sea Grant Marine Education Program.- Director of Training, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California The education of planners, engineers,,nutrition- ists, politicians, developers, etc., has always been a problem in an industrial society. This education takes on significant consequences where marine education is concerned because these future leaders must be able to resolve the sometime conflicting demands between the evolving maritime and the more traditional terrestrial concerns. Careers and vocational choices are predicated, to a major extent, on what a person learns in school, usually in grades K-12. To help meet the need for pro- fessionals and technicians who have the knowledge and skills for the nation's marine requirements, the USC Sea Grant Marine Education Program developed a series of materials oriented toward the public school student, the university student and the adult decision maker. The goals: to teach marine factors in the bio- sphere from all angles and at all levels, to increase awareness and appreciation of the oceans and, at the same time, contribute to exploration, development and conservation of marine resources through the educa- tional process. Included on the following pages are brief progress reports, outlining the various activities pursued to fullfill the 1980-81 goals of the education programs, funded by the National Sea Grant Program: 1. California and,the Oceans (E/E-1). 2. Graduate Student Trainee Program (E/M-1). 3. Curriculum Developmept in Seaport Management with a New Course in the Application of Systems Analysis and Operations Research to Seaports (E/CD-1). 19 EJE-1 California and the Oceans Dorothy M. l3jur, Director, USC Sea Grant Marine Education Program Jacqueline B. Rojas, Assistant Director, USC Sea Grant Marine Education Program ... the great cluestion today is: Can the sea help mankind survive? What is more, can it help man not only survive but lead a full and rewarding life; in other words, live rather than exist? --Jacques-Ives Cousteau By the year 2100, the world's population is ex- pected to have reached 11 billion. The needs of these 11 billion for food, energy, transportation and recreation present an overwhelming problem in a world with finite possibilities. Can the sea help mankind survive? This is probably our most realistic hope, and the need to.understand the sea's potential becomes eminent. "California and the Oceans," USC's Sea Grant Marine Education Program, was developed for California citizens of all ages and it provides an avenue for dis- covering some of the answers for mankind's continued existence. This program attempts to create a sensitiv- ity toward the marine environment and to cultivate an ocean perspective of a full and rewarding future. Through a multidisciplinary approach, "California and the Oceans" conveys the importance of the quality of the marine environment and its potential deteriora- tion. The program communicates our past, present and future involvement with the marine environment by way of written materials, teacher workshops and a number of special programs and activities for school children, college students and the adult populace. It is aifficult to evaluate the lonu-term impact this program will have upon the lives of our future decision makers (today's student populace). It cannot be evaluated in dollars And cents; however, we do know these students' value systems are formed during their school years. It is our desire to have a positive im- pact on the lives of these students and, thus, their future decisions regarding the environment. 21 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The overall goal for 1980-81 was to enhance marine awareness in the citizenry of California through an ed- ucation process. This process included use of written curriculum materials and the training of teachers in their effective use. The programs were adapted to the varied needs of the different age groups, including minorities, physically and educationally handicapped, and mentally gifted minors. Progress toward the goals and objectives will be reported in three categories: Curriculum materials, public school assistance and outreach programs. Curriculum Materials 1. "Wet and wild," the 400-page supplementary marine education curriculum guide, was written in English and translated into Spanish. It includes six units, each with an introduction, lesson plans, supple- mentary materials and a bibliography. The guide is multidisciplinary in approach. It has received posi- tive evaluation by approximately 40 teachers in Califor- nia and requests for the guide have been received from almost 200 school districts across the nation. The districts have received permission to duplicate the guide for multiple distribution to their teachers. "Wet and Wild" has been accepted for publication by the National Dissemination and Assessment Center for Bilingual Education at California State University, Los Angeles. It is currently undergoing technical editing for publication in English and Spanish. The estimated publication date is spring 1982. 2. Marine Studies Idea Books were developed for X-6 and 7-12 grade levels. The K-6 Idea Book is ap- proximately 80 pages of graphically illustrated ideas, activities and resource materials. The book was orig- inally developed for use in inner-city schools and is now also being used by classroom teachers throughout the school system. It has been translated into Spanish and is being typed. The introduction is being revised for regular classroom implementation. originally, the introduction was written to assist USC students in teaching marine studies in the inner-city schools. The 7-12 Idea Book is similar to the K-6 Idea Book in that it includes activities, ideas and resource materials. This book, also developed for use in inner- city schools, has been expanded to approximately 300 pages. Seven high school teachers are evaluating the book this year. After this revision, the book will be translated into Spanish. 22 3. Mini Information Booklets were developed by Shirley Hudgins, USC Sea Grant communications spe- cialist. Three booklets of approximately 40 pages each were compiled, complete with graphics. Each booklet is divided into sections and contains a series of short descriptions of marine animals. The text is in both English and Spanish. 4. A Teacher Training Handbook for Marine Edu- cators is being developed in conjunction with the science director of the Los Angeles County Superin- tendent of Schools. The handbook is to serve as a guide for marine education teachers in conducting effective workshops. National Marine Education Asso- ciation (NMEA) Conference participants assisted in de- veloping the preliminary outline and worked on various sections of the manual. When completed, the booklet will contain six chapters and will deal with methodo- logies and techniques for conducting workshops; infor- mation on how to effectively use local, state and national agencies; the media; and audio visual ma- erials. The target date for the completion is 1982. The manual will then be submitted to the NMEA Board for consideration. Public School Assistance 1. A joint USC/UC Sea Grant Newsletter, the first statewide marine education publication, was sent out this fall. It was developed and written as a joint USC/ UC education project and mailed to both universities' mailing lists. The response has been overwhelming with requests for materials and program assistance. 2. Statewide cooperation was achieved in produc- ing a new Environmental Education Guide that included lesson plans and ideas from USC marine education mate- rials. This guide, funded by the California Department of Education, will be used in'schools in all 58 coun- ties in California. The USC Sea Grant education staff served on the task force to help develop the guide. 3. A working relationship has been developed be- tween the USC marine education program and the State Department of Fish and Game and the Department of Boating and Waterways. Several meetings have been held and both departments have expressed interest in using the USC-written materials and cooperating in programs. 4. Bilingual programs in both Spanish and Portu- guese met with great success during the year: Spanish. Five conference presentations were given for bilingual teachers and eight workshops conducted 23 with 250 teachers attending. USC bilingual materials and programs are being used by elementary and high school teachers in eight counties in California and internationally. A proposal for a marine science bilingual training program with community participation has been written and submitted to the Ford Foundation for funding. They have expressed interest but no commitment to date. Portuguese. The assistant director of USC marine educa tion qualified for the California bilingual certi- ficate of competency in Portuguese. She has conducted workshops in two school districts for Portuguese-speak- ing.teachers. A biologist in Brazil has translated into Portuguese some of USC curriculum materials and these are being used by teachers in the two Portuguese- speaking school districts. 5. The inner-city program uses USC undergraduate students to teach a series of 10 lessons in an elemen- tary or high school located in Los Angeles inner-city. Six workshops were conducted to teach these college students how to develop lesson plans and how to teach the lessons effectively. The marine education direc- tor and assistant director meet with professors from departments involved with the pr ogram, including biology oceanography and geology to produce a list of topics for teaching kits. This list is available for these undergraduate students in the marine Education Resource Library. @4 Visually-impaired students delight in handling the shells and other marine specimens included in the specially de- signed "lending box," which is; labeled in Braille and lar8e letters. 24 In addition, 32 USC students from four disciplines spent an entire semester preparing the marine studies teaching materials, for a total of approximately 9,600 contact hours. A new program this year permitted 10 black stu- dents, chosen for their interest in science, to take a four@day educational excursion to the IMCS Catalina Marine. Science Center. The students: a) learn how to conduct oceanographic experiments on board the re- search vessel; b) listened to lectures by graduate stu- dents and scientists; and c) went diving and snorkeling in the waters off Catalina. Of the 10 students, one student had never before seen the ocean and seven of the students had never been on a ship. This program was so successful we hope to continue it next year. 772 V@ MLIHERRIN ja C@ C BEACH Greg Pittenger, a graduate stu- .__4 dent at the Catalina Marine Sci- % ences Center, demonstrates equipment used in his research on sharks in the Santa Barbara Channel-a topic of great inter- est to the inner-city high school students who participated in a four-day intensive educational excursion. 25 6. Channel 58 television progr 'ams were developed in cooperation with the Los Angeles Unified School Dis- trict. In addition to developing the scripts for two programs, USC Sea Grant staff accompanied the film crew aboard the Research Vessel SEA WATCH and at the Catalina Marine Science Center to film the programs. These programs will be aired in January 1982 to an audience of more than 344,000. Guides are developed to go along with the series. Approximately 25,000 guides will be distributed to teachers in Los Angeles schools each semester. 7. A Marine Education Resource Library is main- tained by a work study student who completed an in- ventory of all materials available this year and com- piled lists for each resource. Using the library's books, audio-visual materials, Spanish materials, etc., USC students prepare their lessons and do their re- search for lessons in the library. Staff from the following special projects spent full days using the library: UCLA Brentwood Magnet School, Channel Island National Park, Futuristic Education Program in San Bernardino County, Oxnard Union High School (Ventura), Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory Education Program (Monterey County) and the Mobile Marine unit of California State University at Long Beach. 8. During the year a series of teacher and stu- dent workshops were conducted which included regular classroom teachers and special groups. These included presentations for the School of Education at USC, Head Start Program of Yolo County, Project Learning Tree Education Leadership Workshop, visually impaired program, Summer Youth Environmental Education Workshop, Project C.O.L.D. (Climate, Ocean, Land, Discovery), Mentally Gifted Minors, Foundation for the Junior Blind, National Football League Youth Players Associa- tion Career Orientation, and others. Almost 1,800 per- sons attended and/or participated in these workshops. 9. A marine education graduate-level course was proposed to the School of Education and accepted. Credits received from this course will serve for sci- ence methods or bilingual methods requirements, as well as for an elective in curriculum and instruction. The course will be jointly taught by Sea Grant personnel and professors in the Department of Curriculum and In- struction during the summer or fall semester of 1982. Outreach Programs 1. Great enthusiasm was generated by a program in which visually impaired students were taken from three 26 Field-trips to the tidepools at CabFiHo Beach permit visually- 4 Impaired students to experi- ence the pfieF-Hke grip of a starfish. Ilk schools on field trips, and special classroom activi- ties and written materials in braille were prepared. As a result, one of the schools raised money to con- tinue the program and conducted two programs this year for 70 students. The students were instrumental in raising the money through bake sales and other activities. 2. A documentary film about the program for the visually impaired students is being developed. During the past year, existing film was edited, other scenes added, and a fund-raising proposal submitted for the documentary's completion. 3. In cooperation with the Marina Foundation, a day-long program for children from the Foundation for the Junior Blind was conducted in Marina del Rey. More than 300 visual and hearing impaired children attended. 4. This past year, the USC marine education dir- ector was selected to chair the Marine Environmental and Resource Section of Los Angeles Thwn Hall. Lunch- eons are held monthly and a speaker is selected by the chair for a special presentation. This program pro- vides another avenue for reaching the adult populace or's with marine education information, and the direct selection is an acknowledgement of the eduction pro- gram's success. 27 5. Participation as speakers and exhibitors at two science fairs, with approximately 6,000 in atten- dance, provided a means to show the marine education materials and to meet area teachers. As a result, several teachers have acquired USC marine education written materials and others have begun to use the U6C Sea Grant Resource TAbrary. 6. The Southwest Marine Education Association, an official chapter of NMEA, was organized in August 1981. The USC Sea Grant marine education directors are acting officers and were chosen to coordinate the first statewide conference in November 1981. The association also will host the NMEA conference in San Diego in 1982. 7. In order to assess the need for marine educa- tion to be,incorporated into vocational education pro- grams in our area, we formed a joint committee with staff of the Los Angeles Unified School District Divi- sion of Career Education. We conducted a survey to determine job opportunities and trainingneeds in marine-related careers by meeting with administrators of occupational centers and interviewing people from marine industry, etc. This information will serve as background for writing a joint proposal for a marine vocational education program. 28 EICD-1 Evaluation of a Master's of Public Administration Curriculum Specialization in Port/Harbor Management Willard Price, Associate Professor, School of Public Administration, University of the Pacific; Adjunct Research Associate, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California Gilbert Siegel, Professor, School of Public Administration, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The curriculum development research project in seaport management has completed its third year and accomplished its basic objectives! to aevelop a con- cept of seaport management, to design a curriculum specialization, to conduct initial course offerings,to prepare selected teaching materials and, generally, to evaluate the potential for this field of study at USC. Seaports are publ ic enterprises and, as such, rep- resent an important area of study for public adminis- tration. Public enterprises will become increasingly critical as the public sector shifts away from general taxation to more fee-driven programs. Seaports, as the transfer point from a land mode to a water mode of transportation, provide an opportunity for the ocean/ marine disciplines of USC's Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies (IMCS) to interact with disciplines such as coastal resource management, environmental management, urban planning and public administration. The principal investigator's background in civil en- gineering and public works management was especially relevant to work in this-area. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The first three years have been conducted as follows: 1978-79: Develop concepts and curricular designs. 1979-80: Develop syllabi and offer initial course. 1980-81: Complete additional course offerings and evaluate academic field. To date, four course offerings have been com- pleted, 14 teaching materials have been prepared, and several professional presentations and publications have resulted. These items will be detailed in the next section, along with an evaluation of the seaport management field and a plan for future research activities. 29 RESULTS The output of this research effort include syllabi and course offerings, supporting teaching materials, professional papers and interaction with other audi- ences, and as positive evaluation of the appropriate- ness of addressing seaport management in a university setting. In this context, the following graduate course offerings were made through USC's School of Public Administration: 1. Spring 1980 - PA 501a. Introduction to Sea- port Policy and Management. Instructor: Willard Price. Attendance: 7 students 2. Fall 1980 - PA 501b. Port Performance and Financial Management. Instructor: Robert Waters. Attendance: 13 students. 3. Spring 1981 - PA 501c. Seaport Planning and the Coastal Zone. Instructors: Willard Price, James Fawcett and Peri Muretta. Attendance: 7 students. 4. Fall 1981 - PA 501a. Introduction to Seaport Policy and Management. Instructor: Willard Price. Attendance: 6 students. Each of these offerings was completed once, with the initial introduction course offered twice. Several students completed the entire series and will receive certificates signed by the School of Public Administra- tion (SPA) and IMCS. While the attendance figures were not strong, our course attendance certainly allowed a successful test of the course content and also has helped determine how to evolve the seaport offerings in terms of content, format and marketing. In the future, additional courses will need to be routinely offered through SPA or IMCS's new Master's of Marine Affairs (MMA) program. To support the courses, several teaching mate- rials, with readings and exercises, have been prepared to supplement the syllabi. Specifically, the following titles have been prepared and reproduced for distribu- tion to approximately 30 selected seaport-practitioners and academics. These materials will be announced to a broader Sea Grant audience through a planned research publication effort. 1. Cry for Independence: A Case Study of the Port of Los Angeles. 30 2. Port Hueneme: A Small California Port Grapples with its Future. 3. Is There a Federal Port Policy? 4. Marina Management: A Research Study on the Development and Management of Marinas in California. 5. The Influence of Coastal Legislation on Port Development with Application to California. 6, Environmental Mediation; An Alternative to Litigation. 7. Seaport Dredging and Environmental Mitigation: The Case of Coos Bay/North Bend, Oregon. 8. The Cabrillo Project: A Case of Seaport Planning for Public Access. 9. Public Access: An Issue for Seaport Planning. 10. Intermodalism and Seaports. 11. Port Planning and Risk Management. 12. Alternative Service Delivery: A Case Study of the Port of Seattle. 13. Intergovernmental Relations and Seaports. 14. Seaport Management Data Analyses: An Initial Survey. These teaching materials have emphasized the gover- nance and planning of seaports, reflecting the content of the course series. In addition, course materials in finance and systems management are now being developed. The finance content of the second course in the series, "Port Performance and Financial management," was sup- ported by existing cases from the American Association of Port Authorities. But, more contemporary research and materials are needed in seaport finance, particu- larly as ports shift to greater use of private capital for facility development. Regarding systems manage- ment, the current Sea Grant funding (1981-82) is di- rected toward a new course development in "Systems/ Operations Research Applications for Seaports." The principal investigators continue to maintain contacts with the key academics who are concerned about seaports. Attendance at professional meetings and pub- lications resulting from this research are detailed in the next section on communications. 31 The future of the seaport management project at USC will involve the continuation of courses, adapted in order to better serve the market. For instance, courses will have an option of 2 or 4 units of credit to serve the demand of seaport practitioners. It is also possible that no-credit workshops should be con- sidered because many practitioners are not degree oriented. If the MMA program attracts full-time or part-time degree students, then regular 4-unit offer ings would be more appropriate. Another market to be pursued is international students, particularly those from nations newly in- volved in seaport development. These students will likely require some changes in course content, but they do broaden the audience. IMCS recently submitted a proposal to conduct seaport management training for Mexican port authorities. This model could be tested in many countries in Central America, South America, Africa, the Middle East and the Far East. Future efforts will shift the research focus to specific topics because the curriculum development work has been completed and future course offerings ought to become self-sufficient within regular degree programs* As a result, a proposal for 1982-83 Sea Grant funding addresses an important policy question facing West Coast seaports -- whether to respond to opportunities to export additional coal to the Orient. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS The seaport management area has become increas- ingly popular with academics as the complexity of sea- port development bec(xnes better known. The initiatives in coastal zone management have done much to surface the environmental planning issues in the use of coastal resources. The financial crisis in urban gov- ernment has raised the awareness of economists, politi- cal scientists and public administrators about the financial role that a successful public enterprise, such as a seaport, can play in the overall urban finan- cial crisis. This new attention to seaports has in- creased the number of opportunities for professional discussions. As a direct result of this research, the following activities and publications have occurred: Price, W. 1982. Response of West Coast Seaports to the Rediscovery of Coal. Paper presented before the 1982 American Society of Public Administra- tor's national conference, March 1982, Hawaii. 32 Accepted for publication. Seaport Manage- ment: A Research Agenda. Coastal Zone Management Journal. Price, W. and P. Muretta. 1979 and forthccming revi- sion. Seaport Management: A Bibliography. Los Angeles: USC Sea Grant Institutional Program. Cashman, J. 1982. Seaport Management at USC: An Academic Opportunity for Port and Harbor Profes- sionals. Sea Grant Today 12(l): Price, W. 1981. "Seaport as Public Enterprises: Some Policy Implications, in Making Ocean Policy, Frank Hoole, et al. (eds.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1981. Seaports, Public Enterprise and Public Policy. Speech before the Marine Environ- ment and Resources Section, Town Hall of Califor- nia, September 4, 1981, Los Angeles, California. 1981. Public Enterprise and Public Policy: The Case of Seaports. Panelist for the American Society for Public Administrators/Western Govern- mental ReSderch Association regiondl cQnferenQef October 1981, Stockton, California. 1980. Regionalism for Seaports: Selected Concepts with an Example from California. Paper presented before the Regional Port Institutions. Seminar of the New England River Basin Commission, August 1980, Boston, Massachusetts. 33 E/M-1 Graduate Student Trainee Program Dorothy M. Bjur, Director of Training, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California The Graduate Student Trainee Program at USC has provided an opportunity for graduate students to work on degree-related research in real-world situations. Concurrently, their research assists Sea Grant princi- pal investigators to fulfill the goals and objectives of their Sea Grant projects. This continuing program within the USC Sea Grant Program selects its candidates from many disciplines, and each is expected to pursue Sea Grant-related re- search. Students interested in becoming a Sea Grant trainee must submit an application to the Sea Grant trainee coordinator, accompanied by at least three letters of recommendation, a typewritten statement of intent, and a copy of both their transcripts and grad- uate record exam (GRE) scores. A specially appointed selection committee is re- sponsible for identifying the students of highest quali- fication. members of this committee represent differ- ent departments on campus, including the graduate school, Sea Grant and the Institute for marine and Coastal Studies. The trainees have the optimum environment for broadening their intellectual scope, as well as the opportunity for preparing themselves as specialists who can deal effectively with a broad range of social, economic and scientific problems. They work closely with their assigned principal investigator on research, and have the opportunity to interact with the advisory services staff and other Sea Grant-associated profes- sionals to become familiar with the needs of the ulti- mate recipient of this research -- the public. Sea Grant's applicability to the citizen user is certainly enhanced through the endeavors of the trainee. During 1980-81, eight graduate students partici- pated in the graduate student trainee program, repre- senting five departments on campus; biological sci- ences, international relations, geological sciences, urban and regional planning and engineering. one of these eight students has been accepted for another year of traineeship with Sea Grant. Two have received their doctorates in geological sciences, one has fin- ished her master's of planning, and one has taken 35 and passed his written and oral examinations for his doctorate and is presently writing his dissertation. To acquaint the trainees with research being con- ducted through Sea Grant, as well as to provide an op- portunity to exchange information with others and with the directors of the program, monthly luncheon meetings were conducted. Trainees were asked to present verbal reports of their research work at each of these meet- ings, with a discussion period following to involve all those in attendance. The trainees consider these meetings invaluable for becoming more intimately involved in Sea Grant, for keeping abreast of Sea Grant research, and for keeping the communications open with Sea Grant admin- istration. All suggested this program continue next year. The following graduate students participated in the 1980-81 trainee program: Joseph Donoghue, Ph.D. candidate in Geological Sciences - R/EQ-26, Gas Exchange Rates at AirSea Interface in Coastal Waters. William Gorham, Ph.D. candidate in Biological Sciences - R/EQ-18, Heterotrophic Metabolism of Marine Dinoflagellates. Barbara Lichman, M.Pl. candidate in Urban and Regional Planning - R/CM-15, The Impact of Major Interest Conflicts on the Evolution of the Coastal Planning "Partnership" Between the Coastal Commission and Local Government. Marianne Ninos, Ph.D. candidate in Biological Sciences - R/RD-6, Southern California Nearshore Marine Environment: A Significant Fish Nursery? Seyed Sobhani, Ph.D. candidate in Civil Engineering R/CE-6, Waves and Currents in Coastal Regions of Sharply Changing Depths. Scott Thornton, Ph.D. candidate in Geological Sciences - R/RD-12, Mass Movement Processes as Geologic Hazards on Coastal Slopes. William Westermeyer, Ph.D. candidate in International Relations - Program Development. James Yumeji, Ph.D. candidate in Urban and Regional Plan- ning - R/CM-17, Residential Resources in the Coastal Zone: Planning and Regulation of Housing Opportun ities for Low and Moderate Income Households. 36, During this past year former USC Sea Grant trainees have been offered and accepted positions at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the United States Congress Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards and Shell Oil Company. 37 Marine Advisory Services www@ AS-1 Marine Advisory Services Stuart A. Ross, Director, Marine Advisory Services; Assistant Director, Sea Grant Program, University of Southern California James A. Fawcett, Coastal Planning Specialist, Sea Grant Program, University of Southern California Shirley J. Hudgins, Communications Specialist, Sea Grant Program, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The goal of Marine Advisory Services (MAS) is to deliver information and expertise needed to help people solve marine resources management and devel- opment problems. It seeks to be the link between on- campus researchers and the communities of California channelling the ideas and research needs of the community to the researchers and delivering the results of research to the appropriate users of that information. At USC, as at other Sea Grant institutions, Marine Advisory Services assists Sea Grant principal investi- gators, other campus offices and groups, and community organizations of many sorts. The progress and activi- ties for 1980-81 will be reported in those categories. Three changes of note occurred during the 1980-81 year* 1. In October 1980, the harbor offices of the Marine Advisory Services moved to an area of the Los Angeles Harbor known as Fish Harbor, where a new labora- tory building was constructed by the Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies (IMCS). The new location provided opportunities for increased Sea Grant inter- actions with marine user groups and with IMCS research- ers. The research ship support facilities and other IMCS activities also will be moved to that location during 1982. 2. The director of Marine Advisory Services was appointed to serve also as assistant director of the Sea Grant program. This change of assignment made con- tinuation of some advisory work to the community more difficult, such as the previous work on marine energy sources, but it facilitated considerably more contact with research activities. 3. In June 1981, Shirley Hudgins left Sea Grant for a job in private industry. After eight years with 41 the USC Sea Grant program, she left behind a substantial body of good work and good precedents. No replacement was found until October 1981, the start of the next Sea Grant reporting year. PROGRESS Sea Grant Principal Investigators Marine Advisory Services supplies information services to principal investigators, and it helps them establish contacts with community groups. Be- cause USC's advisory personnel are trained specialists in their fields, they are able to relate well with faculty members in exchanging communication and exper- tise at many levels. 1. Approximately 25 percent of James Fawcett's time was dedicated to his role as co-principal in- vestigator on Project R/CM-15, "The Impact of Major Interest Conflicts on the Evolution of the Coastal Planning 'Partnership' Between the Coastal Commis- sion and Local Governmment." His role'has facili- tated close and ongoing contact with the faculty of the School of Urban and Regional Planning and has provided a strong communications link between the Sea Grant program and the faculty and students of the planning school. While that link has always been present, it has been strengthened by his close working relationship on this project with Professor Lowdon Wingo of the school. The work also has enhanced communication with the staff of the California Coastal Commission because the principal investigators have coordinated their project with the.staf'f of the state agency from ini- tial design to execution. When completed, the project will provide one method for local governments and-the commission to evaluate their progress in@achieving the goals set out in the California Coastal Act of 1976. of particular interest to the Marine Advisory Services effort is that the coastal planning specialist will be able to provide insights into how the goals have been achieved. Heretofore, this information has been unavailable from any other source,. Program development funds allocated to this pro- ject will facilitate the rapid completion of the project in 1982, in addition to making the results of the research available to local governments and the commission. 42 2. As in previous years, the advisory staff pro- vided computerized literature search services to Sea Grant investigators and trainees as a means of im-- proving proposals and exploring new topics. The major effort in this area consisted of several se arches completed for Professor Willard Price and his assistant in preparing the second edition of "Seaport Management: A Bibliography," first published by USC in 1979 (USCSG-02-79). Other searches were con- ducted on topics such as roll waves, crab habitats, nutrient cycling by phytoplankton, the safety of lique- fied natural gas (LNG), and river basin planning. 3. Advisory staff also assisted investigators by providing them with network contacts. These ef- forts included matching co-investigators on an inter- disciplinary project, arranging for a prospective investigator to visit industry contacts, introducing an investigator to experts in the California Sea Grant College Program, relaying information from a Y, A N N 4 5,V 040L James Fawcett provides ex- pertise in the critical area of coastal planning for the many audiences seeldng aid from the K, -S Marine Advisory Services. 43 University of California advisor about product markets in Santa Barbara to a USC investigator, and establishing an affiliation between the Sea Grant education staff and a group in need of its services. 4. The communications specialist, Shirley Hudgins, assisted investigators through the publication and dis- tribution of research results. An updated catalog of USC Sea Grant publications was published during the year, two articles were written for Sea Grant Today, and several publications -- theses, dissertations, tech- nical reports and reprints -- were distributed. One of the articles for Sea Grant Today, on para- lytic shellfish poisoning, has generated many responses to the investigators, Bernard Abbott and Maria Ross. Other Campus Groups 1. The director of the advisory program, Stuart Ross, taught a 4-unit course on marine policy in the School of Public Administration during the fall of 1980, and he received a non-salaried adjunct appoint- ment in that school. The course covered the major topics of marine policy, such as fisheries and law of the sea, and topics in policy research, such as budgeting and evaluation. James Fawcett, coastal planning specialist, assisted in teaching this class. Starting in 1982, the course, which received very high student evaluation, will become part of the Master's in Marine Affairs degree program offered by the Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies. Stuart Ross also served on the environmental management field committee for the School of Public Administration. 2. In the spring semester of 1981, James Fawcett team-taught an experimental graduate level class entitled "Port Planning and the Coastal Zone" in the School of Public Administration. This was the third of three courses in port management (see Project E/CD-2). Professor Willard Price of the School of Public Admin- istration was the principal investigator on the project and joined in teaching the class. Among the students taking the class were port managers from Los Angeles, Seattle and Portland. The focus of the material was the impact on ports of varied environmental regulation with particular emphasis on coastal zone management regulations. The course offered a unique opportunity for the coastal 44 zone management specialist to deliver information on the coastal zone management process to a group of well- informed professionals and to discuss the material in greater depth than is normally possible with lay audiences. The ultimate result of the course was that the students in the class emerged with a better under- standing of the coastal zone management process and of the literature to which they could refer for additional information. 3. Shirley Hudgins served as a member of the campus-wide Public Information Council, keeping campus publicity groups in touch with marine-related stories. Marine User Groups Advisory personnel assist persons and groups who need information about the ocean through a variety of means: publications, radio broadcasts, group presen- tations, personal consultations and participation in community activities. During 1980-81, we maintained a wide variety of such efforts, with positive results. 1. The Coastal Planning Community. In keeping with the theme of the USC Sea Grant program, "The Planning and Management of California's Coastal Re- sources," the advisory services staff has long placed an emphasis on helping agencies, other organizations and individuals who are concerned with coastal planning in California. James Fawcett, as coastal planning specialist, led this effort during 1980-81. In early 1981, the USC Sea Grant program, in cooperation with the California Sea Grant College Program, published a volume addressing the issue of recreational access to the coastal zone. The confer- ence from which the papers were derived was held in San Francisco in the spring of 1979 and was sponsored by the Sea Grant programs of the University of Califor- nia and the University of Southern California, and the Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Program. James Fawcett co- edited the volume with Andrew T. Manus, currently director of the Delaware Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, and Dr. Jens Sorenson of the California Sea Grant College Program. One thousand copies of the proceedings have been printed, with distribution to the coastal commission, coastal communities and inter- ested citizens. This work represents the first compre- hensive effort at addressing the important issue of how people get to the beach, and it is anticipated that the proceedings may spur other researchers to continue developing research in this area. 45 Recreational access to the coastal zone is addressed in a widely distributed 1981 publl- cation. During the year, James Fawcett has had ongoing communication with the staff of the California Coastal Commission, providing the state office staffs with in- formation not otherwise available to them. In partic- ular, quantities of the Sea Grant-published proceedings on coastal access (mentioned previously), were made available at no cost to the access coordinator on the state staff. He was particularly interested in having his planning staff read the book to make them aware of the academic viewpoint on the work they are doing and he expressed his appreciation for having received an academic volume on a timely topic of general concern. In addition to this and other assistance to the state office of the commission, James Fawcett has had It _44 frequent contacts with district offices during the 46 past year. These staff members provide the specialist with assistance on an item of particular concern to him or to a faculty member for whom he is seeking the information. The coastal planning specialist will, in turn, provide staff members with information from campus researchers or from Sea Grant and other publi- cations. For instance a copy of a bibliography, now out of print, published by the California Sea Grant College program, was lent to the South Coast District Office of the commission. The specialist's availabil- ity as a resource allows the commission staff to oper- ate in a more efficient manner, a significant concern given limited state budgets. Planning departments and other agencies in coastal communities also share information with and benefit from the coastal planning specialist. Often a call from the specialist for information will result in the specialist providing assistance to local govern- ment planners. This assistance can range from providing publications or reference information to arranging direct communications with one or more campus research- ers. This has been an ongoing process and strengthens the relationship between the university and local gov- ernment. These exchanges co-exist naturally with and supplement the research for Project R/CM-15. The coastal planning specialist also assists pri- vate planners, economists, architects and homeowners concerning the past coastal canmission action on devel- opment proposals in a given coastal area. This service is in the traditional role of advisory services: re- counting past commission decisions in the area of the proposed project, explaining commission procedures for -a development proposal, and giving general advice on how to proceed with a project. For example, Dr. Peter Mlynaryk of Harold Davidson Associates, a Los Angeles real estate consulting firm, called during the year for assistance in determining whether a site upon which he was conducting an economic feasibility study was within the coastal zone. The specialist-was able to consult maps and other MAS re- sources in order to determine that, indeed, the project was within the jurisdiction of the coastal commission. The specialist was then able to provide additional in- formation to Dr. Mlynaryk concerning the issues that would be of particular importance in conducting a feasibility study for residential uses on this site in Venice, California. The information received from advisory services probably saved the real estate con- sultant several days of effort in evaluating the pro- ject proposal. 47 Some of the specialist's time is taken up by other occasional requests for assistance on coastal planning. Three examples suffice: He assisted Robert Goodwin, the Sea Grant coastal management specialist in the state of Washing- ton, in obtaining boating statistics for California. -- He was able to provide the director of IMCS with information needed by a member of the National Advisory Committee on Ocean and Atmosphere (NACOA) who was reviewing a project proposal by the Army Corps of Engineers. -- He lectured to two classes in the School of Finance at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, and the instructor stated he will include the specialist's lectures as a regular part of the curriculum. Local officials and others interested in coastal planning also will benefit from the completion of a ..booklet summarizing the activities of the California Coastal Conservancy, an agency that strives to restore .and enhance the coastline through planning and acquisi- tion of important sites. At the end of the reporting year, the booklet was in production, with release ac- complished in early 1982. The booklet is designed as a companion piece to one produced in 1979 by James Fawcett and Barbara Katz (of the California Sea Grant College Program) on the permitting procedures of the California Coastal Commission. The booklet on the Conservancy was researched and written by Peri A. Muretta, a graduate student in Urban and Regional Planning, with the assistance of Stuart Ross and James Fawcett. The work was, of course, reviewed by the Coastal Conservancy staff. Finally, an effort to produce a documentary film on coastal planning in California was continued from the previous year, but the effort was abandoned when fund-raising attempts were unsuccessful. However, commitments of interest from television stations, com- mitments for the narration aAd the music, and the ini- tial drafting of a script had been completed. The film produced in the previous year, "Malibu Lagoon," which describes the values of wetlands and a community clean-up of Malibu Lagoon, was distributed to schools, agencies and other interested citizen groups during the year. 2. Media Groups. Because USC Marine Advisory Services includes and emphasizes communications, one 48 "A Reportees Directory to Sea Grant Marine Research" pro- vides leads for media stories. A REPORTER S DIRECTORY TO 0.uA URANT ATARTNE OOEUAI@WH 4,@ of its principal targets has always been the media as a conduit to much larger audiences than could be reached directly. The major accomplishment for media groups was the completion and distribution of "A Reporter's Directory to Sea Grant Marine Research." The directory, com- piled by Shirley Hudgins, lists current Sea Grant re- search investigators, advisory personnel, educators and communicators, both geographically and by subject matter. Thus, reporters interested in a marine story can find Sea Grant expertise quickly and easily. The assembly of the directory required considerable time and effort;,it was one of the communications special- ist's main projects for the year. The responses to the directory indicate that it has been used extensively. Two USC investigators ap- peared in radio interviews as a result of their listing 49 in the directory; one investigator was contacted by a reForter from the San PedrQ NOWS-Filott CQMpjjMentS come in from writers for the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times and from Walter Cronkite's "Universe" TV show. Requests for extra copies came in from the national office of the Oceanic Society and several ,other organizations. Short articles on marine topics were supplied in both English and Spanish to approximately 50 news- papers on a biweekly basis. These marine fillers, each a few paragraphs long, were well received by the papers and were, as noted in the report by the marine education staff, used in a bilingual marine education booklet. The writing and distribution of these fillers ceased with Shirley Hudgins' departure in June. In addition, James Fawcett was contacted by the West Coast office of NBC to assist in finding sources of marine weather information for their new "Teletext" transmissions. 3. Recreational Boaters. Although USC no longer has an advisory specialist in marine recreation, it has maintained a high visibility and usefulness for that marine group. General and localized marine weather information is broadcast on KNX radio 28 times each weekend to a listenership of 1.4 million persons. The eight-year public service series has been directed by Shirley Hudgins, who coordinated the recruitment and perfor- mance of the half dozen reporters. The series was continued without interruption after her departure through the coordination efforts of James Fawcett. Shirley Hudgins and James Fawcett also served as re- porters for the series. A useful side benefit from the series has been the name recognition it extends to Sea Grant and its advisory personnel. "Weather to Go Boating," a booklet developed by advisory personnel several years ago, has continued to be extremely popular. In January 1981, for example, the Ventura Port District ordered 500 copies of the pamphlet. During the booklet's history, it has been reprinted twice, once by KABC-TV in Los Angeles, and once by the Hartford Insurance Company in Hartford, Connecticut. The booklet offers advice to boaters on how to recognize and cope with various weather condi- tions likely to occur in Southern California. Marine Advisory Services continues to provide funds for additional telephone answering equipment 50 that is needed to handle the numerous requests for marine weather information from the National Weather Service. In the spring of 1981, the llth Coast Guard Dis- trict requested assistance for a team of officers from Washington, D.C., who were attempting to determine the level of recreational boating activity, and, thus, the demand for services from the llth Coast Guard District in the next ten years. In a day's time, the coastal planning specialist was able to provide,these officers with a list of data sources and people in various public and private agencies who would be capable of providing the kinds of information sought. In this case, the specialist was a well qualified resource having done similar research in the Southern California area for a number of years. The commander of the llth District, Admiral Alfred P. Manning, wrote to express his personal appreciation for the assistance rendered these officers. 4@ Other Groups. A variety of other groups also benefitted from the activities of Marine Advisory Services. Seafood consumers in California received, through our distribution, seafood recipes from other Sea Grant programs. The effort, started by Shirley Hudgins in the 1979-80 reporting year, generated very positive responses; early publicity for the recipe distribution resulted in many more requests than the clerical staff could handle. Eventually, regular mailing lists of about 25 persons were maintained for several months. (Several of these recipients sent in names of friends or relatives who also wanted the recipes.) The pro- gram was discontinued, however, upon Shirley Hudgins' departure, for lack of staff time to maintain it, and for lack of a USC source of recipes and seafood expertise. Local clubs and organizations profitted from the availability of advisory personnel for presentations on marine subjects. These included talks to a Sierra Club chapter, a Coast Guard Auxiliary flotilla and the Coast Guard Officer's Club. The oceanic Society, Los Angeles Regional Section, benefitted from Shirley Hudgins' continuation as a board member and public relations officer. The newly created Marina Foundation, designed to sponsor marine-related projects and events for the Marina del Rey area and the entire Los Angeles County, benefitted from the participation of the advisory services staff in several projects. These activities 51 included assembling a list of potential advisors to the board, staffing a booth at the annual local boat show, and assisting at an outing for visual and hearing impaired youngsters. Groups concerned with the use of the Santa Barbara Channel -- fishermen, oil companies, preservationists and others -- benefitted from USC's expertise through the participation of the advisory services director in a broadly based effort to address multiple-use problems. At the suggestion of the Admiral of the llth Coast Guard District, the IMCS and the Marine Science Insti- tute of the University of California at Santa Barbara agreed to work with the Coast Guard in planning a major conference on the multiple-use problems of the channel. An advisory committee of 25 persons, repre- senting many user groups, met twice and elicited some commitments of money and in-kind services for the event. Although funding limitationg and format problems forced a postponement of the conference, the planning exercises alone produced contacts and discussions among user groups that would not have occurred other- wise. Sea Grant emerged with strengthened ties to several user groups. CONCLUSION In sum, Marine Advisory Services continued its record of valuable assistance to important marine com- munities, ones that it has been serving for many years. 52 Socio-Economic - - . Programs R/CM-12 The Port Authority as a Public Enterprise: Organizational Adjustment to the Conflicting Demands for Economic Versus Environmental Quality Goals Herman L. Boschken, Assistant Professor, Sacramento Public Affairs Center, University of Southern California Ross Clayton, Professor, Sacramento Public Affairs Center, University of Southern California* INTRODUCTION Historically, ports and harbors have acted as critical trans-shipment points for the economic allo- cation of goods and services. With increased inter- dependence of regional, national and international economies, port authorities have felt enormous pres- sures to maintain and support economic development values. Moreover, acting as a semi-autonomous enter- prise similar to a private firm, the good ports have traditionally provided: a) an enlarged tax base; b) economic development opportunities; and c) a quasi- profit oriented, fiscally independent public agency. On the West Coast, these development activites are likely to become more intense with growing Pacific Rim trade. Over the last decade, however, the equally impor- tant public demands for environmental quality and social planning have been imposed on port authorities. A central orgainzational problem emerges as to whether the structure of port authorities can handle multiple goal implementation or whether organizational adjust- ments can be made to manage the conflict in goals and still meet the traditional expectations of success as a development-oriented public enterprise. The idea for this project came from the emerging focus on maritime port activities over the last five years. Competition over containerization facilities, liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal decisions, the pro- mise of trade with China, Alaskan oil and other devel- opments seem to imply numerous economic benefits for the future, but also raise problems of environmental quality. Ongoing USC Sea Grant research, notably that During the first year of the research, the co-prin- cipal investigator with Herman Boschken was Louis Weschler, formerly associate professor and director, Sacramento Public Affairs Center, who withdrew from the project when he left USC. 55 by Willard Price on port management training, indicates to us a problem of administration. Hence, this study is on port authorities and their changing role in the regional, economical and environ- mental settings in which they are placed. The goal is to make a comparative examination and analysis of port authority policies, patterns of administration, levels of effectiveness regarding multiple goal attainment, causes for administrative failure and potential avenues for improvement. Specific inquiry is devoted to the legal mandates, authorities and roles of port auth- orities; policy formation and implementation; and port operations within an intergovernmental setting. RESULTS Various works have addressed port management. Yet, few seem to address the issues of interest to us: alternative decision-making processes, considerations of organization structure and the interdependency of environmental factors, administrative tasks and output. our approach is different to the extent that we raise new concerns that come from the fields of poli- tical economy and organizational theory. These fields specifically provide a frame for analyzing the contin- gencies and constraints implied by maritime and coastal resources on the administration of harbor developmenti Our hypothesis has been that successful management of ports for both economic development and environmen- tal quality is associated with appropriate administra- tive structure. This interdependency suggests the following questions: 1. To what degree can the port authorities as public enterprises accommodate the conflicting regional demands for economic development, environmental quality and diverse social planning needs? 2. Are appropriate intra- and inter-agency ad- justment mechanisms utilized or available to allow port authorities to adapt to these changing regional realities? 3. Which authorities have proven most effective and under what circumstances? 4. What tradeoffs are made by the public enter- prise regarding continued financial and economic suc- cess vs. achievement of environmental quality and the internalization of adverse externalities? 56 During the 24 months of this study, we have de- veloped an analytical frame that emphasizes the ex- amination of port authorities as autonomous public organizations. Following a causal sequence where technological change and environmental mandates, in part, determine the setting of ports, the analysis has focused on the impact of these external variables on organizational change. Ports used in the study in- cluded Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, Tacoma and Seattle. Six cases of conflict (one for each port) have been developed, in addition to the general comparisons. To date, the research strategy has included: a) background reading sufficient for understanding the organizational, legal, economic and environmental issues facing port authorities in the United States; b) a documentary search for statutes, regulations, and court and regulatory agency decisions that in- fluence or govern port policy; c) a similar search for state statutes and regulations, municipal ordinan- ces and state court decisions that impact port policies and operations in California and Washington; d) extensive review and analysis of port master plans, public relations material, etc.; e) further specifica- tion of the research design; f) design of appropriate tools for describing and cataloging port activities; and g) analysis of six West Coast port authorities and the network of environmental agencies. Port activities of interest to this study include the following: 1. Dredgin . Ports schedule dredging activities, define how deep or how much draft capacity needs to be established or maintained, and determine or contract out what is to be done with the dredged materials. 2. Utilizing Fill. Land fill or dredged mate- rials can be used to generate more dock areas. The ports plan for dock expansion, secure financing, deter- mine source of fill materials, schedule activities, and implement or monitor the development of the docks. 3. Managing H!izardous Cargoes in Port. Ports are recipients and holding areas for a number of hazardous chemicals, explosive materials, and radioactive sub- stances. Consequently, they need to develop structural devices to assure the safe transport of dangerous mate- rials and to respond to emergency situations automati- cally when they do occur. This can require estab- lishing open buffer zones around industrial uses of these materials, providing fire-fighting and rescue equipment and developing an emergency plan in sufficient 57 detail so that emergencies are handled immediately and endangered areas are reached and secured quickly. These actions jointly affect the ports' economic positions and natural environments. The issue of areaging serves to illustrate this interaction. The size of cargo ships has been steadily increasing, and ports are seeking to accommodate containerized ships and neobulk cargo vessels. In addition to the problems of traffic control among large ships (e.g., close passing tolerances, timing for favorable high tides, etc.), ports need to be concerned with the deeper draft vessels requiring deeper channels and harbor accommodations. While the size of vessels is not limitless, it is clear that the existing ships already require deeper water closer to shore, wider channels, and so forth. The ports' shipping or economic interests do not necessarily merge with environmental responsibilities. Dredging and fill operations can result in significant losses of fish food (biomass), feeding grounds, living space for fish and fauna and nursery areas. While this may be obvious, managing these environmental concerns against the objectives of servicing larger vessels is not obvious. In theory, the environmental considera- tions and laws are intended to influence dredging be- havior by establishing appropriate times during the year for dredging, schedules and/or parameters for frequency, depth and/or closeness to shore, and utili- zation of dredged materials. A port's expression of how these two interests merge is frequently manifested in master plans, capital development plans, newsletters, etc. While theory suggests that environmental laws serve as a filter or constraint on port behavior, this may be an oversimpli- fication of the situation. Ports are often autonomous, self-contained legal and financial entities having to respond competetively to market demands. As a consequence, ports tend to keep disclosures about their actual operations vague, broad and generalized ratherthan specific, focused and quantifiable. Moreover, we have found that dif- ferent ports adopt different strategies when inter- acting with the public and other agencies (i.e., Coas- tal Commission, Federal Fish and wildlife Service, Corps of Engineers, etc.). For example, Long Beach, Oakland and Seattle tend to be more open, facilitative and well organized when collaborating with environmental agencies. Tacoma, Los Angeles and San Francisco tend to be less adaptive and sophisticated in this respect. In part this is due 58 to the way the administration is structured and control- led. The latter three ports are dominated by the poli- tics of business interests of the city council or mayor while Long Beach, Oaklana ana geattle have.eviaence of professional authority decentralized into project de- partment specializations. We have more analysis to do, but the evidence suggests a relationship between organi- zation structure, behavior and successful adaptation to conflicting public goals and demands. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Boschken, H. Lo Forthcomingo The Demand of Con- flicting Change on Public Enterprise: West Coast Seaport Development and Environmental Regulation. Public Administration Review. . 1982. Public Enterprise in the Management of Conflict: West Coast Seaport Development and Environmental Regulation. Paper to be presented at the American Society for Public Administra- tion's 1982 annual convention, March 20-26, 1982, Honolulu, Hawaiio 0 1981o Management of Conflict as An Organ- izational Design Problem for Public Enterprise: West Coast Seaport Development and Environmental Regulation. Paper presented at the 1981 annual meeting of the California Chapter of the American Society for Public Administration, October 17, 1981, Stockton, California. 0 1980. Participant in Research Forum for Marine Transportation and Port Management Develop- ment, Sea Grant College, University of California, April 8, 1980, La Jolla, California. 59 R/CM-1 5 The Impact of Major Interest Conflicts on the Evolution of the Coastal Planning "Partnership" Between the Coastal Commission and Local Government Lowdon Wingo, Professor, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California James Fawcett, Coastal Planning Specialist, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION A seminar on the topic of policy analysis and evaluation of coastal planning in 1980 concluded that little was known about the changing structure of planning resulting from: a) the intervention of state government in the traditionally local function of lancl- use planning, and b) the assertion by the state of an interest in the conflict between land development and environmental conservation% Subsequent contact with senior staff members of the California Coastal Commission about this informa- tion gap resulted in encouragement for a study of the situation. Wingo's past work on intergovernmental relations and environmental problems and Fawcett's recent professional work on coastal planning and management were the sources of interest and expertise that went into formulation of the actual project for Sea Grant funding. GOALS AND OBJECTIWS This project was designed around four basic goals: 1. To identify the impact on local coastal plans of a) the sharing of planning responsibility between state and local government, and b) the interaction of major political interests in the planning and regula- tory arena afforded by California's coastal management program. 2. To design a policy analysis to relate coastal resource issues to the broad program goals of state and local government. 3. To develop a policy information system for the evaluation of public policy in such highly politi- cized circumstances. 4. To describe a policy analysis prototype use- ful to other states and agencies involved in coastal planning and management programs. 61 RESULTS Progress to date on this project is best described in the original proposal: 1. "...survey of appropriate public records of local jurisdictions, ...the California Coastal Commis- sion, (and) the State Legislature of California, to identify an issue set relevant to the domain of research;" This task was largely completed in the first quar- ter of the project. For the years 1976-79 and for the California coastal jurisdictions in Ventura( Los Ange- les, Orange and San Diego counties, we examined the minutes of state and regional commissions, staff reports, formal correspondence, consultants' reports, .appellate files, issue identification statements, official guidelines, workable program documents, hearing resumes and other official documents associa- ted with permit appeals to the state commission and the negotiations for approval of local coastal pro- grams* The California Coastal Act of 1976, the regula- tions attendant thereon, and amendments proposed also were studied. An "issue lexicon" was compiled contain- ing approximately 200 issue "subjects" or topics and approximately 100 issue predicates. These together make possible roughly 20,000 issue statements. 2. "Identification of a subset of issues within the issue set for aggregate analysis..." The regulatory phase of this task was carried out during the first half of 1981. It involved a detailed examination of the 102 state commission case. files of appeals from regional commission decisions. This was a 100 percent sample of such cases for which the commission found a substantial issue presented. Coding by the "issue lexicon" resulted in 1,205 issue statements associated with 87 "consolidated" appeals. This data set has been coded for computer analysis and linked to a data set of attribute descriptors by case number. The planning phase of this task began in June 1981 and was about 80 percent complete by Sept. 30, 1981. This phase proceeded more slowly than we had hoped because of the difficulty of acquiring the final installment of planning documents from state agencies, whose ability to assist us was substantially impaired by Proposition 13 and federal coastal manage- ment fund reductions in the summer of 1981. Acquisi- tion of remaining documents continues, and we hope to complete this phase in early 1982. our current estimate is that this phase will produce approximately 62 3,500 issue statements from 200 planning documents gathered by 69 local coastal plan segments along the Southern California coastal zone. 1. "Pull specification of issue attributes far subset issues***" This task is currently underway. The regulatory issue set has been subjected to some preliminary com- puter analysis relating the issue data to the case attribute descriptor data. Preliminary findings will be forthcoming shortly. The planning issue set will be entered into disk memory for preliminary analysis as soon as the set can be judged to be approximately complete. 4. "Nonparametric mul.tivariate analysis to relate the planning impact attributes to the substan- tive and issue attributes to provide us with some specificdtion of the ausociation between content and structure of planning in the coastal zone and the kinds of issues coming forward, the configuration of political interests, and the interest group arguments;" These analyses have been delayed pending the completion of the planning issue data set discussed above. In anticipation of the full set of data, we are formulating decisions about the most productive analyt- ical format and computer programs to employ for the multivariate analyses. 5. "Utilize such analytical outcome as the basis for an intensive interview program with relevant offi- cials, issue participants and interested observers to extend the detail and depth of the overall analysis." initiation of this task has been delayed as dis- cussed above. we are considering reducing the scale of this task to compensate for the time lost in the assembly of the issue data set. The principal achievement of the pro3ect auring this period has been the development of a methodology based on semantic structure'to translate normal adver- sary rhetoric into an "issue language." This has made it possible for us to code thousands of pages of rel- evant documents into machine readable issue statements for computer analysis. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Fawcett, J. Forthcoming, California's Coastal Manage- ment Process (tentative title. Los Angeles: USC Sea Grant Institutional Program. 63 Forthcoming. Intergovernmental Respon- sibility for Natural Regource Planninq! An Analysis of the Implementation of the California Coastal Act of 1976. Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Wingo, L. and J. Fawcett. 1981. Coastal Zone Integra- tion of State and Local Plans, in Coastal Zone '80 Vol. 3, Billy L. Rd9e (ad.). Maw York! Amarican Society of Civil Engineerse pp. 2052-2065. 1980. "State-Local Conflicts in Planning and Development," in the Respective Roles of State and Local Governmnet in Land Policy and Taxation, George Lefcoe (ed.). Los Angeles: The USC Law Center and the Lincoln Institute. Frequent discussions on project progress with members of the staff of the California Coastal Commission in San Francisco and three regional commissions in the Southern California area. Several seminar and doctorate colloquium presentations on environmental issues and the evaluation of public policy for the School of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Southern California REFERENCES Fischer, F. 1980. Politics, Values and Public Policy: The Problem of Methodology. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Goodman, L. A. 1978. Analyzing Qualitative/Categori- cal Data, Jay Magidson (ed.). Cambridge, Massa- chussetsz: Abt Books. Kruskal, 3. P. ana M. Wish. 1078. multidimensional Scaling. California; Sage Publications Inc. McGaw, D. and G. Watson. 1976. Political and Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. North, R. C. et al. 1963. Content Analysis. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. Romney, A. K. et al. (eds). 1972. "Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications," in Behavioral Sciences, Vol. II: Applications. New York: Seminar Press. Shepard, R. N. et al. (eds.). 1972. "Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications," in Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 1: Theory. New York: Seminar Press. 64 R/CM-1 7 Residential Resources in the Coastal Zone: The Planning and Regulation of Housing Opportunities for Low and Moderate Income Households William C. Baer, Dean, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California Don Bryant, Esq., Director, Los Angeles Lawyers for l4ousing Philip C. Ernmi, Assistant Professor, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION Housing prices in urban coastal comunities dur- ing the past decades have increased at rates ranging from 50-150 percent above the general rate of infla- tion. This rapid increase in coastal housing prices is in response to greatly increased demands upon lim- ited residential resources that will continue well into the next century. Various legislative and judicial actions have been taken to slow this trend. In particular, Section 30213 of the California Coastal Act of 1976 required that low and moderate income housing be protected, encouraged and, where feasible, provided within California's coastal zone. To further these objec- tives, the act required each coastal city and county to prepare plans and development regulations, which had to be approved by the Coastal Commission. Though the act provided sufficient public author- ity to permit design of remedies for affordable hous- ing, their successful implementation was not fully insured. On the one hand, local governments resented this usurpation of control over their coastal zone area by the California Coastal Commission. On the other, the pending transer of administrative authority to local units of government was seen by many as a major opportunity to circumvent implementation of the Section 30213 housing mandate. Accordingly, we initially sought to analyze economic, legal and administrative aspects of planning and regulatory options for securing affordable housing opportunities in the California coastal zone. More specifically, we sought to analyze the legal context within which local coastal planning and regulation must be designed, to establish criteria against which housing elements of local coastal plans might be eval- uated and to identify constraints on securing afford- able housing embedded in the current specification of 65 property,rights. But subsequent political events forced a modification in our objectives, although the goals remain the same. $ince 1976# more than 6,000 affordable housing units have been required on development permits issued under the interim authority granted to state and local coastal commissions. Of these, less than one-tenth are now built and occupied. Of the 67 cities and counties that need to prepare local coastal programs (LCP), only 16 had completed the processes by Septem- ber 1981. Many localities have satisfactorily ad- dressed all planning issues except housing. As an indication, the last local coastal status report issued by the South Coast Regional Commission (July 22, 1981) revealed that, of the 34 LCP segments still under review, 25 have housing as one of the major issues still to be resolved. Though the concept of residen- tial development is generally embraced by local govern- ment, the affordable-housing mandate of Section 30213 is an anathema. Thus, it is of no surprise that the California League of Cities, among others, supports SB 626, introduced March 16, 1981. This bill would remove the Coastal Commission's review over housing, transfer- ring it back to local governments, so that housing policies within the coastal zone heed only conform to the goals, policies and objectives of the local hous- ing elements that cover the entire jurisdiction, both in and out of the coastal zone. The introduction of SD 626 Caused us to consider changing our analytical objectives; its passage on Sept. 29, 1981, made this mandatory. The strong legislative inandage in Section 30213, which originally motivated the analysis, had been set aside, and the legal context had been significantly altered. However, a review of related changes in the legal context indicates that California's brief experiment with affordable housing in the coastal zone may assume an unforeseen relevance in the context of recent changes in planning law. We refer specifically to the ccmbined effects of AB 2853 and AB 1151 (California Government Code, Sec- tions 65580 et seq and 654534 et seq). AB 2853 de- tails the contents of housing elements required of all local plans and specific plans. AB 1151 creates pres- sure for local coastal adoption of specific plans. Because specific plans are like local coastal programs, we can identify likely patterns of community response to these bills. This information then aids in the 66 implementation of legislative provisions and their juridical interpretation. Such changes in the legal context significantly affect the regulation of affordable housing oppor- tunities and the California coast. Most of our sub- sequent work addresses basic elements of this changing context. GOALS AND OBJECTNES To date, our inveStiqdtions have focused on five distinct issues: 1. Policy research - the inferential validity of past research on the impact of coastal zone management policies on housing prices in and near the California coast. 2. Policy context - the basic precepts of coastal zone management as an approach to social choice among alternative modes of control over resource use* 3. Analytic bases for plan desi2n - the ccmpo- nents of both the technicial and the analytical bases for the design and evaluation of coastal resource man- agement plans with special reference to the LCP hous- ing element. 4. Legislative requirements the California Coastal Act's low and moderate income housing requirements and related legislative provision bearing upon the housing mandate, including the likely effects of SB 626 on the provision of afford- able housing in the coastal zone. 5. Recent legal developments - the range and limitations in the exercise of property rights from three perspectives-that@of the public, the owner, and the tenant--as an issue central to policies affecting the provision of affordable housing. RESULTS Policy Research Statistical research on the Coastal Commission's impact on housing prices bears upon the mutual compati- bility of environmental quality and social policy objectives. The quality of this research is still very primitive in its design. We found only three investigations of sufficient methodological sophisti- cation to merit serious evaluation (Frech and Lafferty, 67 1976; Kneisel, 1979; Frech and Lafferty, 1980). The latter two use an interrupted time series analysis to identify the effects of regulation on price. These are of particular interest because that type of quasi- experimental design is the most appropriate for inves- tigating this kind of question (Cook and Campbell, 1979). However, the validity of their statistical conclusions about the effects of coastal regulation is clouded by the usually surmountable problamg of auto- correlation, multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity. Moreover, the validity of their casual inference is threatened by a failure to control for other plaus- ible explanations of their statistical findings includ- ing, particularly, the rapid increase in the demand for clean air, an increase in the demand for housing as an investment commodity and the'interaction of these two changes on the price of coastal housing. In short, we do not yet possess valid empirical evidence on the purported incompatibility of simul- taneously pursuing environmental quality and social policy objectives. In the absence of such research, we would do well to consider the issue of providing affordable housing in its broader context. Policy Context Housing policy in.the coastal zone cannot be dealt with in isolation from other issues. Form- ulation of basic precepts of coastal zone management sets the housing issue into a broader policy context. This context also covers issues of community develop- ment, land management and environmental quality. The policy context of coastal zone management, therefore, is sufficiently broad as to present classic problems in social choice. Problems in social choice have to do with the aggregation of individual preferences to serve as a guide to public decisions. Archetypically, aggrega- tion is done either through a market mechanism or a political mechanism -- or in short, a pure market economy or a pure public economy (Ditton, Seymour, and Swanson, 1977). However, both of these extremes are generally .thought to be inefficient; net social benefits are maximized at some intermediate mode that contains facets of both (Figure 1). Coastal resource manage- ment, then, can be thought of as a problem of choosing one of these intermediate modes of control over coas- tal resources in an effort to maximize the net social benefits generated by their use. 68 Figure 1 Net Social Benefits of Alternative Modes of Control Over Resource Use Net Social Benefits Pure government Government dominant Business dominant Pure market economy over business economy over government economy economy Version A. Important Differences Among Alternatives Net Social Benefits Pure government Government dominant Business dominant Pure market economy over business economy over government economy economy Version B: Little Difference Among AlternatIves Net Social Benefits Pure government Government dominant Business dominant Pure market economy over business economy over government economy economy Version Q Uncertain Differences Among Alternatives *Horizontal a;ds after Ditton, Seymour and Swanson (1977:185). Movement toward a more beneficial mode entails a respecification of property rights between owners of coastal zone land, the rental tenantry and the public. But the choice of the most beneficial mode also is influenced by constantly changing claims on these rights. These claims change with awareness of beneficial and harmful effects of development and with shifts in the relative value placed on these ef- fects. The continuing contest for power among groups with conflicting claims will move the dominant mode of resource control back and forth along the continuum between private and public economics. Perfecting the technical aspects of these modes of control and finding the right balance between them is a fundamental task for those concerned with coastal resource use and man- agement. Ana"c Basis for Plan Design Moving from one mode of resource control to an- other requires political action, legislative direction, local discussion, analysis, compromise, agreement, administrative decision and a plan. The design and evaluation of planning options for coastal resource management requires at least two kinds of analysis: the technical and the politico-economic. Analysis of the technical basis is the simpler of the two. Taking the following steps will help identify an appropriate blend of roles and respon- siblities for both private and public sector institu- t1ons: 1. Identify domains of public/private conflict (i.e., issue areas) and their interrelationships. 2. Identify norms and standards of'behavior. 3. Identify the impacts of typical actions in each issue area.on the exercise of private, state state, and communal property rights (i.e., learn what values are at stake and how they are affected). 4. Identify technical possibilities for the resolution of conflicts in the exercise of property rights as currently specified. 5. Design and evaluate planning options. 6. Identify the dominant options. Analyzing the politico-economic bases of manage- ment planning is a more complex task. Its purpose is to improve upon the modes of coastal resource control so as to shift upward the net social benefit curves 70 of Figure 1. The method of analysis identifies prob- able dimensions of institutional failure and aids in the design of appropriate coping mechanisms. A samp- ling of coping mechanisms relevant to the allocation of residential resources among alternative coastal uses might include: a) tenant, neighborhood and home- owners associations; b) alternative modes of property ownership such as the limited equity cooperative; c) self-enforcing regulatory mechanisms such as unit pricing of services, changes in the burden of proof and changes in liability rules; d) a housing court; and e) clarified responsbility of private developers, vis- a-vis the relocation of displaced persons. Legislative Requirements Under authority provided by Section 30213, the California Coastal Commission promulgated regulations controlling dwelling unit demolition, condo/co-op con- version and new construction. Programs for the reloca- tion and inclusion of low and moderate income house- holds were economically feasibile wherever the demand for inventory change remained high. A major conclusion to be drawn from this four and one-half'year "experi- ment" is that the stock of affordable housing need not be entirely threatened during periods of high demand and constrained supply. In times of a stagnating econ- omy, however, this conclusion may not hold. The "experiment" has shown that what is at issue is not our technical ability but, rather, our political will. The modifications contained in SB 626 relax the strict standards of providing affordable housing within the coastal zone by permitting placement within a larger three-mile zone. Moreover, the requirement for low income housing has been weakened to allow provision for moderate income housing only. Perhaps more sign 'ificant. from our perspective is SB 626's deletion 'of administrative mechanisms for resolving disputes among owners, tenants and the state. Now, the only resort in cases of conflict will be to more expensive and time-consuming litigation. More- over, the courts traditionably have not been willing to closely scrutinize local planning and plan imple- mentation. Thus, we conclude that the important issues that remain to be decided concern the procedures, standards and scope of appellate court review concerning the adequacy and implementation of the housing element to a local general plan and the housing element to a spe- cific plan. It appears that protection and provision of affordable housing opportunities in California 71 presently rest heavily upon the resolution of this rather small set of juridical issues. Recent Legal Developments Finally, the possibility of moving to a superior policy position is often limited by constraints embedded in the current specification of property rights. We have, therefore, examined the concept of property rights as they relate to the provision of affordable housing from three perspectives: the public's, the owner's and the tenant's. The basis and extent of regulatory authority, as well as the constitutional constraints to the exercise of that authority, are fundamental to the public's perspective on property rights. Issues considered include: a) use of the police power to promote pub- lic health, safety and welfare, and Wthe taking issue as it relates to exactions/dedications, inverse condemnation, inclusionary programs and voluntary par- ticipation in density bonus programs. The right to the benefits of use, sale and capi- tal gains are fundamental to the owner's perspective. Legislation (including the California Coastal Act), legal precedents and custom are considered dS are their implications for achieving social objectives. We fur- ther found that the housing "experiment" authorized by Section 30213 clarified the disposition of many overlapping rights which, when exercised, used to be mutually incompatible. Conflict over the disposition of property rights from the tenants perspective have historically been resolved in favor of either the public or the owner. Under the coastal act, we found that tenant rights were extended in several ways: a) tenants were allowed to participate in decisions affecting the supply of affor- dable housing via the permit hearing process; b) their right to security of tenure was enhanced by require- ments to provide relocation and replacement housing; and c) to the extent that coastal regulations dis- couraged property speculation, the rental tenantry was spared the neighborhood instability occasioned by such behavior. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Testimony before the Natural Resources Committee of the California State Assembly regarding proposed legislation to amend the anaftal actla affordable housing requirements, LCP review standards and permit procedures, July 1981. 72 Testimony before the California Coastal Commission regarding low and moderate income housing perfor- mance, June 1981. Testimony before the California Coastal Commission regarding amendments to the California Coastal Commission's New Residential Construction Guide- lines, June 1981. Testimony before the San Mateo County Planning Commis- sion, San Mateo County, May 1981. Testimony before the San Mateo County Board of Supervi- sors, October 1990, April 1981 and May 1981, Testimony before the California Coastal Commission regarding the San Mateo County local Coastal Pro- gram, November 1980. REFERENCES Cook, To Do and Do To Campbell. 1979. The Design and Analysis of Quasi-Experiments in Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally. Ditton, R. B., J. L. Seymour and Go C. Swanson. 1977. Coastal Resource Management: Beyond Bureaucracy and the Market. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath. Frech, H. E., III, and R. No Lafferty. 1976. "The Economic Impact: Land Use and Land Values" in The California Coastal Plan: A Critique, M. B. Johnson (edo)o San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. pp. 69-62o 1980o The Effects of the California Coast- al Commission on Housing Prices. Working Paper in Economics #152. Economics Department, Univer- sity of California, Santa Barbara*. Kneisel, Ro 1979. The Impact of the California Coastal Zone Commission on the Local Housing Marketo Ph-Do dissertation. Riverside: Univer- sity of California. Nijkamp, P. 1980. Environmental Policy Analysis. New York: John Wiley. 73 L 00 iving Marine Resources R/EQ-18 Heterottophic Metabolism of Marine Dinofiagellates Bernard C. Abbott, Professor, Biological Sciences; Director, Cellular Biology Section; Director, Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Center, University of Southern California Maria R. Ross, Hancock Fellow, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The marine dinoflaqellates are among the most im- portant members of the phytoplankton, the producers of the primary biological material that supports the rest of the ocean food web. They are also a common cause of phytoplankton blooms in enriched areas because they are often autoheterotrophs. This means that while they can photosynthesize their supplies, they are also opportun- ists and will ingest metabolites available in the sea water. Blooms that occur in the Los Anqeles-Long Beach Harbor are often below the visible discoloration level, which can be evidenced by taking cell counts of water samples; however, blooms do lead to r ed tides. At the level of primary productivity, the occurrence of red tides has been an unpleasant indicator of uncontrolled levels of high productivity. The accepted view of sincerely interested conser- vationists has been that the effluent, other than natural run-off, is potentially damaging to the marine ecosystem. The occurrence of a series of major oil spills in the ocean triggered this awareness of marine pollution dangers. We believe that not all waste ef- fluent is harmful and that waste material discharged under supervised conditions can enhance the natural re- sources of the sea. We interpret the continuing se4'uence of blooms to be due to the presence and utili- zation of useful nutrient materials in the water from urban run-off, as well as from waste discharge. This belief led us to ask the question, "Are marine dino- flagellates able to switch from autotrophic to hetero- trophic metabolism when challenged with organic substrates?" We, therefore, proposed to test the hypo- thesis of marine dinoflagellate heterotrophy. Using radioactively labelled substrates under varying illum- ination conditions and in total darkness so that photo- synthesis could not proceed, we obtained positive results with three dinoflagellates species taken from the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor and isolated from bloom conditions: Gonyaulax polyedra, Scrippsiella trochoidea and Gymnodinium sanguinium. 77 We realize that it is probable that much of the organic material is processed through bacteria in harbor waters; however, some recent work from two schools (Wheeler, et al, 1977, and Khailov et al, 1978) suggest strongly that the uptake of organic materials may be greater in the phytoplankton than in small bacteria. In addition to the overall goals of the project, side issues of axenicity, which arose during the course of the study, have also been pursued. The study of -heterotrophy and the incorporation of amino acids has been completed (Ross and Abbott, 1979). The effect of antibiotics on the incorporation of organic substrates by the experimental species was studied (Ross and Abbott, 1980). To obtain bacteria-free cultures for the heterotrophic uptake studies, antibiotics were used to completely inhibit bacterial contaminants but no re- ports exist on the problem of permanent alterations, if any, of the dinoflagellates. Droop (1967) alludes to the fact that algal cells exposed to antibiotics may be altered. RESULTS The experimental organisms, Gonyaulax polyedra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Gymnodinium sanguinium, were isolated from bloom conditions in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor by Morey-Gaines (1976). Each was identi- fied as the dominant species of the particular bloom condition. The unialgal cultures were made axenic by antibiotic treatment (Droop, 1967), as modified by Ross (1979). The axenic unialgal cultures are maintained in our laboratory and are continuously monitored for bac- terial contamination. The incubation temperature is 180 C, which simulates in situ conditions (Morey-Gaines, 1976). Sea water enriched with F/2 metals and vitamins is used as the growth medium (Guillard and Ryther, 1962). Cultures for the experiments are used 18 hours after innoculation (young culture) and five days after innoculation (old culture). Total volume for experi- mental cultures is 25 ml. Labeled substrates used are 4,5 3H-leucine and 14C-phenylalanine, which are added to the cultures at a final concentration of 2.15xlO-7m; 0.1 PCi/ml of medium; specific activity 460 Pci/vmole. Time of incubation and illumination conditions are varied for the three species of dinoflagellates. One-milliliter samples are removed for: a) cell counting with a Coulter Counter Model B-100p window; b) protein determination using bovine serum albumin as a standard; and c) incorporation measurements (Byfield and Scherbaum, 1966) as modified by Ross (1970) on 78 'Whatman glass fiber (GF/A) filters to be counted in a Beckman scintillation counter Model LS 100 using the external standard ratio method. Results are expressed as cprft/cell as a function of incubation time in hours or cpm/pg protein vs. in- cubation time in hours. The incorporation of the amino acids phenylalanine and leucine by Gonyaulax polyedra, Scrippsiella tro- choidea, and Gymnodinium sanguinium was examined: Phenylalanine, because it is directly incoporated into protein, equilibrates rapidly with intracellular pool and is not converted to other amino acids (Morgan, et al, 1971); Leucine because while it is rapidly incor- porated for protein synthesis, it is also readily metabolized into other fractions of the cell. We have only measured that portion which is incor- porated into the trichloroacetic (TCA) precipitable and ether-ethanol insoluble fractions. The results from the'incorporation studies with 14C-phenylalanine and leucine, under all conditions of illumination. The dark incubated cultures incorporated these amino acids at a much greater rate and concentration, which further supports our hypothesis. The difference in the rates of incorporation and the change in preference of amino acids between the young (18 hours old) and old (5 days old) cultures suggests, perhaps, synthesis of different kinds of pro- teins during the life span of the cultures. The lower incorporation observed in the older cultures suggests that metabolism may slow down with age and/or bypro- ducts of metabolic processes into the growth medium (Fogg and Nalwaijko, 1964; Hellebust, 1967a; and Helle- bust, 1967b) are inhibitory to the organisms. Although Droop (1967) alludes to the fact that algal cells exposed to antibiotics may be altered, no reports dealing with this problem are available. In order to test the hypothesis of heterotrophy, the cul- tures must be unialgal and axenic (i.e., free of bac- terial symbionts). Bacteria can alter incorporation results, growth study results and enzyme kinetic data. The effect of antibiotic treatment on both the growth and the incorporation of the amino acids phenylala- nine and leucine was studied. The results of these studies suggest that the cultures incorporate the amino acids to a much lesser degree in the presence of antibiotics irrespective of illuminating conditions. The incorporation with nontreated cultures is always higher, as expected, because both bacterial and dino- flagellates incorporations are additive. 79 When the experimental cultures are completely axenic and the antibiotic concentration has been di- luted to an asymptotic z ero level, the incorporation resumes at a higher rate. If there is true inhibition caused by the antibiotic treatment, it appears to be temporary. The growth studies support the temporary inhibition, which is obviated by a lag period in the growth cycle. From the data obtained so far, our hy- pothesis of dinoflagellate heterotrophy is again con- fimed, To be completely certdin that our cultures are axenic and remain axenic after antibiotic dilution, sterility tests are performed with bacterial broth at 180 C, which is the normal growth incubation tempera- ture for the cultures, and at 300 C, which accelerates the proliferation of the bacterial symbiont. We have demonstrated that some cultures that proved to be bacteria free in bacterial broth medium at 180 C for many weeks were shown not to be free of bacterial con- tamination when a duplicate set of cultures was incubated at 300 C. From growth studies with the exper- imental organisms at 300 C our results clearly show that. the dinoflagellates are destroyed and any endobacteria present would then be released into the medium. This could be supportive evidence for endonuclear bacteria (Silva, 1978); however this does not relieve us of the necessity and obligation to prove that our cultures are absolutely bacteria free. Due to these findings, we adopted more stringent criteria for axenicity of our experimental cultures so that cultures claimed to be axenic would remain clear indefinitely when incubated in bacterial broth at 180 C and 300 C. It was and remains quite a task to maintain stringent axenicity for long periods. Through an unfortunate situation, our cultures became contaminated once again. This time, to our horror, the contamination was not because of what we had presumed to be endobacteria. Instead, unforeseen contamination of our cultures had introduced a foreign bacterial contaminant that was extremely difficult to eliminate. This halted our incorporation studies be- cause bacterial heterotrophy would cloud the results for the dinoflagellate species. The enzyme studies, ..which we had proposed as one of our goals, could not be carried out as long as the bacterial association was present. It became imperative for us to begin with the isolation and identification of the bacteria, as well as testing for a proper antibiotic against the bacteria. This study is still going on and will continue until we obtain axenicity once again. In the meantime, we have looked into other procedures and methods that will allow us to test the heterotrophy hypothesis in the presence of bacteria, but without interference by them. 80 In order to study intracellular incorporation directly using autokadiography, we have studied the morphology of the cell cycle of the experimental Gonyaulax polyedra and photographed each stage in the cell cycle (Figures la-f, 2a-f and 3a-f). The cell W A- la lb Nl@ 41 1C ld Pigure 1: Formation of asexual, nonmotile Gonyaulax polyedra cell (T=theca; A=asexual V nonmotile cell). 1 a: normal "e. motile cell. 1b: initiation of ec- dysis, loosening of thecal plates. 1c: cell begins to emerge from theca. I d: ecdysis of cell nears completion. I e: discarded theca (E=epicone- apical fragment; H=hypocone- antapical fragment). 1 f. freed resting cell. le -if 83 2a 2b 4", 2c 2d Figure 2: Development of nonmotile Gonyaulax pol@yedra cell and pellicle production (A=asexual, nonmotile cell; P=pellicle). 2a-c: elogation of resting cell 2d: initial stage of 7- - J7, emergence from pefficle, a thin clear outer wall, distinct from PI the cellulosic thecal plates of the vegetative cell. 2e: cell emergence near completion 2f- freed cell and discarded pellicie. 2e 2f 82 14 3a 3b 14@ OF JA V Figure 3: Division of motile vegetative Gonyaulax polyedra cell (T=theca; C=cytoplasm; L_ D=daughter cells). 3a: vegeta- 3c 3d tive cell after losing flagellae in preparation for cell division. 3b: cytokinesis and synthesis of A new thecae. 3c: cytokinesis nears completion. 3d: cell divi- sion completed (blurred im- ages are result of active motion of daughter cells). Resting Gonyaulax polyedra cysts from Santa Monica Bay surf zone during 1981 red tide conditions (S=spines). 3e: partially developed. 3f- fully developed. 3e 3f 83 cycle of Scrippsiella trochoidea and Gymnodinium sangu- inium appear to be similar. By means of histochemical stain techniques, we have gtudiad tha morphclogy of @_he nuclei oE the experi- mental dinoflagellates. The specific stains used delineate the nucleus and the DNA from other cytoplasmic tissue elements. Feulgen stain is specific for nuclear DNA, which stains deep red with clear cytoplasm (Figure 4). When the cells are counter-stained with fast green dye, the nucleus stains red Violet while the cytoplasm appears green (Figures 5a and b, and 6). Hematoxylin, another vital stain, identifies the nucleus, the nuclear DNA and cytoplasm by differential ,staining. Within a very pink cytoplasm, the nucleus and nuclear DNA are stained deep blue (Figures 7, Sa and b, 9a and b, and 10a and b). In all three species of dinoflagellates, nuclear DNA activity can be ob- served and stages of mitosis are clearly demonstrated. T T C Figure 4: Feulgen stained Scrippsiella trocholdea shows N DNA containing nucleus (N) stained deep red; cytoplasm (C) remained clear; only periphery of theca (T; not stained) can be seen. DNA syn- thesis can be followed with use of radioactive@y labeled 4 5a substrates by photoautoradiography. Figures 5a and b and 6 (on page at right): Feulgen-Fast Green stained Gonyaulax polyedra (5a and b) and Scdppsiella trochoidea (6) shows nuclear DKA stained red violet (changes in nuclear shape and position of nucleus within the cytoplasm during cell division can be followed); cyto- F plasm stained green (vegeta- tive cell emerging from its theca can be observed); theca does not stain but is visible (opening of the plates of the theca and the emergence of the vegeta- tive cell can be followed). 5b 84 7 N Figures 7, 8a and b, 9a and b, 10a and b- Hematoxyfin stained Scrippsiefla trocholdea (7 and 8a and b), Gonyaulax polyedra (9a and b), and Gym- 8a 8b nodinium sanguinium (10a and b) shows nucleus (N) and any other DNA present stained T@ deep blue; cytoplasm (C), deep pink; and theca (T), light pink. 7: changes in nuclear shape can be followed. vegetative cell can be observed within its theca; thecal plates observed opening to allow vegetative cell A to emerge and continue its di- vision cycle. 8a: vegetative cell is observed as it emerges from the theca. 8b: chromosomes seen in late anaphase and early 9a 9b Al telophase also stained deep blue; mitotic figures can be ob- served during cell division cy- cle. 9a and b: changes in nu- clear shape and position of nu- cleus within cytoplasm can be observed. 9b: opening of theca and emergence of cell is seen. 10a and b: a single nucleus is present in 10a, but two nuclei within the cytoplasm are ob- served in 1 Ob; because Gym- nodinium sanguinium is not a thecate dinoflagellate, no theca can be observed. 10a 10b 85 Figures 11 and 12: Methyl Green-Pyronin stained Gonyaulax polyedra (11) and Scrippsiella trocholdea (12) show cytoplasm (C) containing RNA stained red; theca (T) not J stained, but visible; nucleolus should also stain red, but none A can be seen. 11: cell appears to be synthesizing RNA, staining NMI" method distinqui3hes between RNA and chromatin; chromatin should stain bright green, but is masked here due to large 12 amounts of RNA. 12: large amounts of RNA also block ob- servance of chromatin. A methyl green-pyronin combination distinguishes both DNA and RNA in the same cell. Nuclear DNA stains blue-green while RNA, which is less polymerized in the cytoplasm, stains red (Figures 11 and 12). We have also tested other vital stains to locate lipids in our cultured cells. Preliminary studies using Gonyaulax polyedra collected from red tide conditions in Marina del Rey on October 1981 (Figures 13a and b), reveal an abundance of lipid material which was stained with Oil Red 0. This may be indicative of an aging culture. From the stained preparations of the cultures, we have identified the shape of the nucleus, its location within the cell cytoplasm, stages of nuclear division, nuclear DNA, RNA, cytoplasm of the cell, lipid content in the cell, and theca, when present. Photomicrographs have been prepared. From the histochemical preparations, we are con- vinced that the best way to continue and cmplete our studies of incorporation of radioactively labeled nucleic acids into DNA and RNA as further test of our hypothesis will be by photoautoradiography. This will allow us to show exactly 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA and 14C-thymidine into DNA. The incorporation by the bacteria can be accounted for and will not inter- fere with the resultso The results will be communicated to the Sea Grant office at the University of Southern California and prepared for publication in appropriate journals with acknowledgement of Sea Grant support. In carrying out the morphological studies prepar- ative to autoradiography, we observed a number of stages in the life cycle of dinoflagellates. A series of plates taken by time-lapse photography of a single Gonyaulax: polyedra experimental cell is shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3a and b. The escape from the theca 86 and subsequent escape from the temporary pellicle are illustrated. Subsequent cell division, although taken from a different celli is illustrated in Figures 3c and a. A cell will aiviae ana swim away if nu+_rlanta ar-A available and the temperature conditions are favorable. on the other hand, if unfavorable conditions prevail, the cell will form a resting cyst, sink to the bottom where it will remain or be carried by water currents to other locations to excyst under favorable conditions. Resting cysts from a sample of Gonyaulax polyedra taken from a patch of red tide are seen in Figures 3e and f. 0' @_W 71 13a 7 'J ---------- M, Vl@ -;A6 -4, I-- V 0- W 01 Figures 13a and b: Gonyaulax polyedra cells collected from a @A 'W" red tide condition in Marina del Rey, September 19, 1981, M stained Oil Red 0 for Hpids (L). Upids stain orange-red or bril- Hant red, depending on the lipid molecules present during the particular stage of the cell cycle; cells observed at different stages in cell cycle: empty dis- thecae (T) not stained, but cernible in both samples. 13b 87 PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Andrasi, A. Forthcoming. Asexual (Pellicle) cysts of California Species in the Genus Gonyaulax (Dinophysiales): Effects of Nitrate, Phosphate and Oxygen Deprivation on Formation, Viability and Regeneration of the Motile Form. Ph.D. disserta- tion. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Yazdandoust, M. Forthcoming. Dinoflagellates as Food Source for the Crab Larvae (Cancer anthonyi). Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Ross, M. R. and B. C. Abbott. 1990. Heterotrophic Metabolism of the Marine Red Tide Dinoflagellates. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Abstract of Second Winter Meeting. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Morey-Gaines, G. 1979. The Ecological Role of Dino- flagellate Blooms in the Los Angeles,-Long Beach Harbor. Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: Uni- versity of Southern California. Yazdandoust, M. 1979. The Efficiency of Dinoflagel- lates as a Food Source for Larval Development of the Yellow Rock Crab (Cancer anthonyi). master's thesis. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Ng, L. 1978. Growth and Reproduction of Scrippsiella Trochoidea Cultures Supplemented with Amino Acids. Paper presented at the Committee for Advanced Science Training (CAST) conference. (CAST is a National Science Foundation program for high school students.) REFERENCES Byfield, J. E. and 0. H. Scherbaum. 1966. A Rapid Radioassay Technique for Cellular Suspensions. Analytical Biochemistry 17:434-443. Droop, M. R. 1967. A Procedure for Routine Purifica- tion of Algal Cultures with Antibiotics. British Phycological Bulletin 3(2):295-297. Fogg, G. E. and C. Nalewaijko. 1964. Gylcolic Acid as an Extracellular Product of Phytoplankton. Yerhandlungen d@r Internationalah Vgrainigunq fur Theoretische uhd Angewandte Limnologie 15: 806-810. 88 Guillard, R. R. L. and J. H. Ryther. 1962. Studies of Marine Planktonic Diatoms. 1. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8:229-239. Hellebust, J. A. 1967a. "Excretion of Organic Com- pounds by Cultured and Natural Populations of Marine Phytoplankton," in Estuaries, G.H. Lauff (ed.). American Association for the Advancement of Science Publications 83. 1967b. Excretion of Organic Compounds by Marine Phytoplankton. Journal of Limnology and Oceanography 10:192-206. Khailov, K. M. et al. 1978. On the Relation of Organo- trophy of Marine Unicellular Algae to the Density of their Experimental Populations and Individual Weights of Cells. Marine Science Communication 4(2):153-173. Morey-Gaines, G. 1976. Phytoplankton Studies: Prog- ress Report. Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, Cd1ifQrnia, Part 12. Los Angeles: Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies (USCSG-5-76). pp. 269-277. Morgan, H. E. et al. 1971. Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Heart Muscle. I. Effect of Amino Acid Levels on Protein Synthesiso Journal of Biological Chemistry 246:2152-2162o Ross, M. Ro 1970. Mechanism for Acetate Metabolism in Euglena gracilis. Master's thesis. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Silva, E. Sousa eo 1978. Endonuclear Bacteria in Two Species of Dinoflagellateso Protistologica T. XIV, fasc. 2:113-119. Wheeler, P. et al. 1977. Update of Glycine by Natural Phytoplankton Communities. Journal of Limnology and Oceanography 22(3):900-910o 89 R/EQ-24 Nitrogen Transformations Associated with the Discharge of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant, Los Angeles Harbor Richard C. Dugdale, Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Southern California Dale A. Kiefer, Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The discharge of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant (TITP) contains high concentrations of nitro- genous compounds, including organic nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, the concentrations of such com- pounds being several orders of magnitude higher than in the coastal waters of the Southern California Bight. Studies have shown that the effluent from the tuna canneries provides a major nutrient input to the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbors (Allan Hancock Foun- dation, 1976). Recently, secondary treatment of sewage from the canneries has been instituted. In effect, secondary treatment increases the supply of inorganic nitrogen that is used readily by phytoplankton. Particularly important blooms of phytoplankton in the harbor are those produced by dinoflagellates. Red-tide forming dinoflagellates, although beneficial as food to higher trophic levels, become a problem when they are: a) of a toxic variety or in a toxic phase, even in low con- centrations, or b) in such large concentrations that they are unsightly and can deplete the oxygen of enclosed harbor waters. Secondary treatement will likely lower heterotrophic populations of bacteria because of decreased organic nitrogen. On the other hand, the conditions for,bacteria that can use nitrate for respiratory purposes (for electron acceptors) are improved, and the nitrate produced during secondary treatment may be converted to nitrate, ammonia or volatile nitrogen compounds. The other primary phytoplankton nutrients -- phos- phorus and silicon -- also are supplied in the dis- charge of the treatment plant, and the final nutrient environment results from mixing concentrations of pri- mary nutrients in the disharge. In the receiving waters, the response of the phytoplankton and bacteria depends largely on the resulting concentration of the primary nutrients in the euphotic zone, on the pre- existing phytoplankton population, and on the advective regime of the harbor. 91 The purpose of this project is to determine the fate of inorganic nitrogen within the first two days of discharge and acquire sufficient quantitative data to model the processes involved. The measurements being made in the harbor by this project should: 1. Identify the limiting nutrient regime. 2. Describe the relative rates and characteris- tic uptake kinetics of photosynthetic inorganic nitro- gen assimilation. 3. Expand our knowledge of the association be- tween inorganic nutrient supply and dinoflagellate blooms. 4. Determine the extent of inhibitory effects of secondary-treated effluent on inorganic nitrogen up- take by phytoplankton. If outfalls are ever to be managed for the bene- fit, instead of the detriment, of receiving waters, these kinds of data are urgently needed. RESULTS Four two-day cruises have been completed in this study. During this period, the configuration of the Terminal Island Treatment Plant (TITP) outfall has changed considerably because of a landfill project in the harbor. On the first cruise (March 1980), access to the point of outfall discharge was limited by its location in shallow water; on the second and third cruises (December 1980 and April 1981, respectively) access was further restricted by dredging activities in the area; by the fourth cruise (October 1981), the extension of the TITP outfall beyond the landfill pro- ject had been completed and direct access to the point of discharge was possible. In spite of the vasried access to the point of discharge, the resulting maps of surface nutrient concentrations indicate that the outfall is the major nutrient source in the area and that the discharge is rich in nitrate, ammonia, silicate and phosphate (Fig- ures I through 5). Within the study area, almost all the nutrients measured are sometimes depleted to con- centrations near zero away from the outfall. The only exception is silicate with minimal concentrations of about 4 pg-at/liter., Approximate maximal concentra- tions observed during the four cruises were, in pg-at/ liter, 31 of nitrate, 1 of nitrite, 31 of ammonia, 2 of phosphate, and 21 of silicate. The high ammonia 92 3r W 45' LOS ANGELES. HARBOR -)Y 42 is 10 20 .5 HA 20 331' + 10 x SAN PEDRO BAY 5 4 01 3 2 2 .5 2 3 .3T 3 3 + 43' + NITRATE 26 MAR. 80 a-m 5 tollo 10 to 20 N >20 V 42' + 42' Woulleal Mile 112 118*17, 11;1U, I Figure 1: Nitrate distribution in surface waters around the Terminal Island Treatment Plant (TITP) outfall in its original location and with southwest winds. 93 33P 45' 45' . . . . . . . . . . . LOS ANGELES HARBOR 5 4 32- 25 ISLAN :-TITP WT h .25- 4321 1 + SAN PEDRO BAY t:M@ .5.25 5. .5 ;5 OF 3 + + 43' 43" AMMONIA 26 MAR. 80 aAL > 5.0 N + .3r 33'. + + 42' 42 Figure 2: t4onia distribution in surface waters around T Tp outfan in s gin I Inraflem Nautical Mile 0 1/2 lllrl3' 94 33, 46' V7 LOS ANGELES HARBOR TERMINAL ISLAND 10 0 2 HA 0 R + 20 SAN PEDRO BAY 10 10 5 3 + 4P + 10 6 SILICATE 26 MAR. 80 &m 0 >20 33 N W 42' + + + 4Z Nautical Mile li2 i I Figure 3: Silicate distribution in surface waters around the TrrP outfall in its qriginal location. 95 31' 45_ ZZ 4S' LOS ANGELES HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . -TITPOLUITFA + + M .0 SAN PEDRO BAY 4f. J2 W 43" + + + .3r 43' .......... 44:7 A10- 09,V3 -113(. ;Dj-)7- 3r. 47 + + r + 42' Nautical MRS V- V2 new Figure 4: Nitrate-plus-nitrite distribution in surface waters around the TITP outfall during the period the outfall was located within the landfill dikes. 96 45- 4 A6 -LOS ANGELES HARBOR V. TERKIINAL ISLAND %-;@-TTP TFAL"" + SAN PEDRO BAY 3 + + .3r + .33*. 42' + + N /oaf - + V 9 Ila 11@w Figure 5: Nitrate-plus-nitrite distribution in surface waters around the TITP outfall in the outfall's new location. 97 concentrations suggest that the secondary treatment is not entirely effective. The shape of the nutrient plume resulting from the outfall is influenced strongly by local winds and currents. For example, the change in nitrate distri- bu@ion between March 26 ana 27, 1080 (Figures I and 6, respectively), is associated with a wind shift from southwesterly to southeasterly. The uptake of nutrient phytoplankton also influences nutrient distributions. A red tide, dominated by the dinof.lagellate Gymnodinium 4 j 4 LOS ANGELtS'HAR13OR .25 .. ........ ISLA .6 H-0- .25 + 05 SAN PEDRO SAY 5 .26 .25 33 3!. 4 + + 43' .6 NITRATE & NITRITE 27 MAR 80 a-rm 3r. N 42' + + + 2' Houtleal M116 Ila 118-W F1gure6: Nitrate-plus-nitfite in surface waters around the TITP outfall In the outfall's original location and with southwest winds. 98 sanguinium (personal communication, G. Kleppel), was encountered on the third cruise (April 1981). These intense concentrations of phytoplankton removed nitrate from the water at a 'rate of about 4 pg-at/liter/ hour during the day, and in less than 24 hours removed almost 2 pg-at/liter of phosphate (Figure 7). The details of inorganic nitrogen utilization in the harbor are contained in sets of experiments done with 15N labelled nitrate and ammonia. The mass spectrometric analysis of these samples is complete for the first three cruises and underway for the fourth. The analysis of these data is not complete. Bacterioplankton biomass was measured at specific stations during the October 1981 cruise. In terms of carbon, the measured values ranged from 10.3-20.5 pg/liter. Chloro.,ohyll-a and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration also were measured on this cruise. Inside the harbor, but downstream somewhat from the direct area of outfall discharge, the chlorophyll values ranged from 10.6-15.2 pg/liter and correlated well with ATP values (personal communication, G. Taylor). These results indicate that at those stations phytoplankton was the major component of the biocarbon. However, at the outfall station, chlorphyll was rela- tively low (2.87 pg/liter). Because the ATP values did not show the same relative decline, less of-the 28-29 Aprfl. 1981 3 7- 9L X Z: S_ S. AL 0 0 0 0 Time/PDT FIgure7: The decflne of nitrate and phosphate In the presence of a dense population of dinoffageHates. 99 particulate carbon at this station may be attributed to the phytoplankton than at the other stations in the harbor* It is not clear at this point whether phyto- plankton growth is inhibited by components of the dis- charge, but now that direct access to the discharge point is possible, experiments are being done to deter- mine if such inhibition takes place. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS At this stage of data collection and analysis, no formal communications have been produced from this project. Certain of the specialized data having wide and basic biological significance are being used to complement larger data sets that are being prepared for publication, and all of the data processed at this time are ready for inclusion in a data report. The time-series nature of the project prevents a full analysis of the data until all the cruises have been completed. 100 R/RD-6 Southern California's Nearshore Marine Environment: A Significant Fish Nursery? Gary D. Brewer, Research Scl@ntlst, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California Robert J. Lavenberg, Curator, Section of Ichthyology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History; Adjunct Associate Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The oceanographic characteristics of the pelagic zone off Southern California-result from a blend of water masses from the north, south and west, and from upwelling. The product of these seasonally variable influences is an ecological transition region, charac- terized by relatively high productivity and a rich, diverse fish fauna that is exploited by both commercial and recreational fishemen, CoaStal hdbitdtS within the Southern California Bight are even more complex as a result of nearshore phenomena that include boundary effects, shoreline topography, local wind conditions, runoff from sporadic rainfall and anthropogenic influ- ences. Municipal, industrial and thermal wastes from at least 24 discrete outfalls are discha-rged within the bight. Prior to this Ichthyoplankton Coastal and Harbor Studies (ICHS) project, which began in 1978, virtually nothing was known about the relative importance of shallow coastal habitats off Southern Calfornia as spawning and nursery grounds for sport and commercial fishes. Data on the species occurrence and abundance of fish eggs and larvae were simply not available to those responsible for managing fishery resources. Baseline data on ichthyoplankton from a variety of nearshore habitats are required before environmental impacts from coastal industries (electricity gener- ating) and construction (harbors, marinas) can be assessed. The importance of ichthyoplankton data cannot be overemphasized. Such data are vital to life history studies of economically or ecologically important fishes. Because the eggs and larvae of fishes are generally more amenable to quantitative sampling tech- niques than are juvenile or adult stages, the data on egg and larvae abundance can be used in fishery stock 101 estimates. The presence of a variety of spawning adult fishes, as indiGdted by the presence of their eggs, and the subsequent growth and survival of their larvae are indicative of a balanced, healthy ecosystem, and an excellent indicator of good water quality. While the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisher- ies Investigations (CalCOFI) has surveyed offshore waters for fish eggs and larvae for three decades, the data can not be extrapolated into shallow waters where different environmental conditions occur. The ICHS project was initiated in 1978 to assess the significance of nearshore habitats in Southern California as spawning grounds for coastal marine fishes. We planned a field survey that would make it possible: ,1. To study the kinds, abundance, distribution and seat6nality of the fish eggs and larvae at tran- sects along the coast directly inshore of existing latitudinal CalCOFI stations and at stations in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor and San Diego Bay. 2. To standardize quantitative catch data from plankton tows to equivalent estimates of egg and lar- vae abundance under unit areas of sea surface (i.e., complement existing CalCOFI data analysis). 3. To correlate the distribution of eggs and lar- vae with selected biological, chemical and physical parameters including chlorophyll, zooplankton, nutri- ents, temperature, salinity and oxygen. 4. To compare and contrast the abundance and age structure of larval fishes between existing CALCOFI stations and the proposed inshore stations. 5. To estimate egg and larval mortality and as- sess recruitment potential between inshore and off- shore waters. 6. To understand and, if necessary, mitigate im- pacts of entrainment losses for power plants and other coastal industries using significant volumes of sea water when data from this proposed study are used in conjunction with systematic, on-site analyses. The objectives of ICHS during the past 12 months were analysis, interpretation and summarization of an unprecedented data set based on 26 consecutive monthly sampling periods (June 1978-July 1980) in the nearshore Southern California Bight. 102 RESULTS The geographic extent and basic sampling scheme of the nearshore studies are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. For purposes of this report, the ICHS stations represent a nearshore region that extends from just above Point Conception to just below the United States- Mexico border and offshore to the 43 m isobath. This area encompasses about 2,650 km2, or about 3.8 percent of the area within CalCOFI Region 7 (Figure 2). Data from CalCOFI Region 7 have been used for comparing ichthyoplankton densities with data from the shallow ICHS region. The ICHS computer data base includes information on the onshore-offshore, longshore, vertical and tem- poral structure of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentration from June 1978 to July 1980. Similar data on nitrate-plus-nitrite concentra- tions are available, but only for the first 12 months of our survey. The parameters listed above were re- corded to characterize the spawning habitats of coastal SHORE STATION 08 1 N CX IVID-- CX STA CX TION 15 N E7-0- 8 E. CXN c@ CX CX M.D. Oe STATION 22 NE7 X CX &N CX X MR-im- 15 E.--*-- CXX CXN '6Q @\111_ STATION 36 NEUSTO ------- 0. -.0 CXN CX, CX CX CX 22 E. X I 10 CX CX CX X 2: 1 MID DEPTH--,9@' CXN Air I Lij 25 X 0 1 CX 3 BENTHIC_____,. I CXN Figure 1: lchthyoplankton Coastal and Harbor Studies (ICHS) /N EPI :15iv_ sampling strategy for the Southern California Bight (HE=neus- ton tow; MD=mid-depth tow-, C=chlorophyll-a sample; X=temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH record; E=epibenthic). 103 .:,..PT CONCEPTION LOS ANGELES HARBOR A GO CA E P MENDOCINO VOC SAN DI EGO Ic P - es A BAY .7% SAN FRANCISCO .4 @,G C e P 0) 00 P POINT CONCEPTION e P 'o IP A SAM DIEGO v Ile 1P v d: P P CEA Qce) PA CIFIC 0 P - - qP 4@1 A\ 'P. 0 0,W5 P -P. So C* A 'P. .4 le Ap- P P 'P. C 'oe I(P. . P P WNA A A A E@EWIA 1P 119 A P A "A P Figure 2: Location of ICHS transects in relaition to adjacent '0'. CalC0FI regions (inset). The ICHS region includes the area - L-,@N from shore to the 43 m isobath, appro)dmately 3.8 percent of the area within Region 7. fish populations. we hoped to achieve some perspective on the degree of variability in both time and space scales within the Southern California Bight, and ultimately interpret how the variability (or lack of it) correlated with spawning fishes and the survival of their larvae. Figure 3 graphically summarizes the surface water temperatures recorded by ICHS during a 12-month sampling period. This three-dimensional, computer- generated picture spotlights major features and does not determine precise temperatures at a given station each month. Noteworthyis the homogeneity of the bight-wide sea surface temperatures during the winter, and the extreme variability during the spring and early summer. Santa Monica-Bay (transects MU,87, and RB) stands out as particularly warm. The "valleys" probably indicate localized upwelling plumes. while peaks in chlorophyll-a (i.e., plant biomass) as shown 30 22m Temperature CC) COm depth) 20 JUL JUN MAY APR MAR .FEB JAN DEC NOV OCT SEP CD 93 AUG DR RN 83 OB 8S U 87 RB V 88 BA 90 So Pigure 3: Surface temperatures at stations over the 22 m isobath. This three-dimensional illustration gives transect (ab- scissa), month (August 1979-July 1980, ordinate), and tem- perature (vertical dimension). 105 in Figure 4, coincide in time with upwelling periods, the concentration of chlorophyll does not coincide in space (i.e., by transect) with nitrate concentrations (if we assume that nitrate distribution in 1978-79, illustrated in Figure 5, is typical). Most of the ni- trate in surface waters is believed to be associated with upwelling. Nitrate concentration is known to be the major controlling factor in plant production. ichthyopldnkton off Southern Cdlifornid was most abundant in late winter and early spring when tempera- tures, chlorophyll and zooplankton biomass were in- creasing. This trend did not hold for all taxa. Pacific sardine larvae occurred most frequently during the fall when temperatures were decreasing, and chlor- ophyll and zooplankton concentrations were low. The ichthyoplankton data includes more than 900 fish larvae samples collected by Bongo nets towed obliquely during 20 months. The vertical distribution of the eggs and larvae is being determined on the basis 400 Total Chlorophyll a (22m stations) 300 208 100 JUL JUN MAY APR MAR FEB JAN DEC NOV OCT SEP CD 93 AUG 80 DR 81 RN 83 OB 85 MU 87 B PV SA 90 So Figure 4: Average chlorophyfl-a concentration over the 22 m isobath. Dimensions as in Figure 3, vAth chlorophyll in the vertical dimension. 106 of another 900 samples taken with neuston, middepth and epibenthic plankton samplers. This information is sum- marized by taxa as numbers of larvae per unit volume of water filtered and per unit area of sea surface. When expressecl as numbers per unit area, the abundance of larvae within the ICHS region can be estimated and com- pared directly with CalCOFI data. Such comparisons are making it possible to evaluate the importance of the coastal ICHS region versus offshore areas as spawning grounds for many species. As a specific example, ICHS and CalCOFI data on northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sar- dine (Sardinops sagax caeruleus) were presented recently at the annual CalCOF1 conference. Table I summarizes the estimated abundance of these taxa with- 14.0 MEANS OF 3G-m STATIONS 12.0 10.0 Bottom 8.0 :L 6.0 4.0- Z Middepth 2.0 r 0.0 F C 0 M 0 a- 0 C CL :3 tm E 0 0 W cn _j L9 0 V) Figure 5: Nitrate-plus-nitrite concentrations along the 36 m isobath (data collected between June 1978-July 1979). The data recorded for the Trancas transect excludes one month's data, which was missed because of bad weather, the dashed line estimates the probable values. 107 Table 1: Summary of egg. and larvae abundance of northerm anchovy and larvae abundance of Pacific sardine from ICHS cruises during 1978-60. Engraulis larvae EMraulis eggs Sardinops larvae Est.#larvae Est.#eggs Est.#larvae #Sta./ R larvae ICHS r5ion #Sta./ x eg2 ICHS re #Sta./ x laEpe ICMS riic)n . t-2 10 . 9 05ion Cruise Dates Positive Ste-Dev. (x Positive - M Std.Dev. (x 10 Positive Std.Dev. (x 10 1 12-24 Jun. 38/36 24.47 38.93 64.89 38/16 9.18 41.78 24.35 38/06 0.:10 0.33 0.27 2 10-21 Jul. 37/33 8.78 13.52 23.27 37/20 21-27 76.31 56.41 37/03 0.06 0.25 0.16 3 14-25 Ag. 4 18-29 Sep. 39/35 12.76 18.93 33.85 39/18 11.67 44.27 30.95 39/03 0.04 0.13 0.10 5 16-27 Oct. 39/33 16.98 36.73 45.03 39/22 492.25 2878.47 1305.40 39/04 OX4 0.14 0.11 6 06-17 Ncyv. 7 04-15 Dec. 39/36 32.18 45.64 85.33 @39/27 14.69 54.12 38.96 39/01 0.01 0.09 0.04 8 08-19 Jan. 39/39 27.54 27.10 73.05 39/25 8.04 20.08 21.32 39/04 0.05 0.14 0.12 9 12-28 Feb. 10 12-23 Mar. 39/38 75.49 104.98 200.19 39/35 172.96 333.73 458.69 39/07 0.18 0.56 0.47 11 02-21 Apr. 39/38 55.15 65.95 146.27 39/31 119.75 332.27 317.58 39/01 0.01 0.05 0.02 12 14-25 May 13 11-22 Jun. 14 10-18 Jul. 15 13-24 Aug 46/45 19.83 35.51 52.58 46/29 37.69 160.60 99.96 46/15 0.18 0.72 0.48 16 10-21 sep. 46/46 15.05 27.60 39.90 46/24 2.61 6.90 6.93 46/21 0.31 0.66 0.83 17 08-18 Oct. 46/39 4.20 6.45 11.13 46/18 22.21 63.93 58.91 46/23 1.45 3.94 3.85 18 05-16 Ncyv. 46/25 2.73 9.66 7.25 46/25 15.11 46.76 40.07 46/12 0.18 0.44 0.49 19 03-13 Dec. 46/36 9.36 15.67 24.83 46/33 69.49 121.86 184.28 46/11 0.61 1.70 1.62 20 07-19 Jan. 46/42 80.55 149.11 213.62 46/42 69.65 159.18 184.72 46/11 0.28 0.65 0.75 21 11-28 Feb. 46/46 91.49 121.13 242.63 46/43 191.09 717.70 506.76 46/05 0.04 0.11 0.10 22 10-22 Mar. 46/45 195.18 196.46 517.63 46/44 294.88 651.95 782.02 46/09 0.13 0.33 0.36 23 07-17 Apr. 46/46 49.90 54.38 132.34 46/40 124.21 367.51 329.41 46/06 0.12 0.42 0.31 24 12-25 May 46/43 22.17 38.47 58.79 46/33 33.92 111.21 89.96 46/10 1.93 11.43 5.11 25 16-26 Jun. 46/40 7.07 11.86 18.75 46/24 5.73 16-97 15.21 46/03 0.04 0.16 0.10 26 14-25 Jul. 46/30 1.63 2.24 .4.31 46/15 4.26 23.54 11.29 46/00 0.00 0.00 0.00 in the ICHS region. Figure 6 compares the abundance of northern anchovy larvae in the ICHS region versus Ca1C0FI Region 7 from nine concurrent cruises during 1978-1980. These data suggest that the abundance of northern anchovy larvae in the ICHS region reflects their overall abundance in a much larger offshore area. The density of anchovy larvae were comparable between the two regions; hence, we concluded that the nearsho,re region off Southern California was not a pre- ferred habitat for the adult spawning biomass. How- ever, additional data suggest that the importance of the coastal zone as a nursery ground for northern an- chovy may not be a direct function of numbers of eggs spawned. The ratio of anchovy eggs to anchovy larvae and the length frequencies of the larvae within the ICHS region may indicate passive or active movements of the early life stages toward shore, or higher mortality rates at stations over deeper isobaths. In cooperation with Dr. Paul Smith and Roger Hewitt of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center, we are working to clarify these relationships. Specifically, the sizes of anchovy larvae are being compared as a measure of survivorship between the two regions. one surprising outcome of these studies was the occurrence of relatively large numbers of Pacific sardine larvae in coastal waters. There was an 14000-- x 1- 12000-- Z 0 Z5 IOOOO__ W 8000-- 0 6000-- 4000-- W 2OOO__ Figure 6: Monthly estimates of northern anchovy larvae in the .100 200 300 400 500 ICHS region vs. CaIC0FI Re- 9 gion (y=1530.0+25.65(X)-, LARVAE IN ICHS REGION (X 10 r2=0.92). 109 apparent increase in the numbers of Pacific sardine larvae between 1978-79 and 1979-80. Collections of sardine larvae offshore were infrequent. Similar analyses are in progress for other econom- ically and ecologically important species. Clearly, the wealth of data accumulated by ICHS necessitates a major ongoing effort to communicate the information to other interested scientists. We will utilize the USC Sea Grant Technical Report Series and peer- reviewed journals to describe, in detail, the results of our studies. Four manuscripts are in various stages of completion, and still others have been out- lined. Another OUtStdnding result of the work, spon- sored by Sea Grant and Southern California Edison, has been the development of an ichthyoplankton reference collection of Southern California coastal fishes. The collection, which includes contributions from consul- ting firms and other universities, is curated at the Los Angeles.County Museum of Natural History. This resource has provided and will continue to provide an invaluable collection of comparative material for tax- onomic studies and ecological surveys for all quali- fied investigators interested in the ichthyoplankton of the nearshore Southern California Bight. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Ninos, M. Forthcoming. Larval Distribution, Settle- ment and Associated Morphological and Behavioral Changes in Three Co-occurring Species of the Genus Hypsoblennius. Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Brewer, G. and P. Smith. 1981. Northern Anchovy and Pacific Sardine Spawning off Southern California during 1978-80: Preliminary observations on the Imp ortance of the Nearshore Coastal Region. Cali- fornia Cooperative oceanic Fisheries Investiga- tions Annual Meeting, October 26-29, 1981. Brewer, G., R. Lavenberg and G. McGowen. 1980. Fish Reproduction in the Nearshore Southern California Bight: An Overview Based on Ichthyoplankton Sur- veys. American Society of Zoologists Annual Meeting, December 27-30, 1980, Seattle, Washington. Brewer, G., G. McGowen and R. Lavenberg. 1980. ocean- ographic Features and Associated Ichthyoplankton Distribution in the Shallow Southern California Bight. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Annual Meeting, October 20-23, 1980. 110 1979. Nearshore-Distribution of Icthyo- plankton in the Southern California Bight. Cali- fornia Coopertive Oceanic Fisheries Annual Meeting, October 22-25, 1979. Hudgins, S. 1979. Catching Up. Sea Grant '70s 9(11): 5-6. Watson, W. and G. McGowen. 1979. Identification of the Atherinid Larvae in the Southern California Bight. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Annual Meeting, October 22-25, 1979. Brewer, G. and D. Cooksey. 1979. The Biology of the Northern Anchovy in Relation to its Biomass Utilization. Biosources Digest 6(2):115-129. USCSG-R-04-79. Brewer, G., R. Lavenberg and G. McGowen. 1979. Abun- dance and Vertical Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Southern California Bight: June and October 1978. Report to the Southern Califor- nia Edison Company Research and Development Series 79-RD-20. Ninos, M. 1979. Distinguishing Characters of the Late Pelagic Larvae of Hypsoblennius in Southern Cali- fornia. Southern California Academy of sciences Annual Meeting, May 11-12, 1979, California State University at Northridge. Brewer, G., R. Lavenberg and G. McGowen. 1979. Abundance and Vertical Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Southern California Bight: June and October 1978. International Symposium on the Early Life History of Fishes. International Council for the Exploration of the,Sea, April 2-5, 1979, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. McGowen, G. 1979. Composition, Distribution and Sea- sonality of Ichthyoplankton Populations Near an Electricity Generating Station in south San Diego Bay, California. International Symposium on the Early Life History of Fishes. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, April 2-5, 1979, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Brewer, G., R. Lavenberg and G. McGowen. 1978. The University of Southern California's Ichthyoplank- ton Coastal and Harbor Studies (ICHS): Techniques and Preliminary Observations. California Coopera- tive Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Annual Meeting, October 31-November 2, 1978. ill .Non-Living Marine Resources @0@ RIEQ-26 Gas Exchange Rates at the Air-Sea Interface in Coastal Waters Tommy Dickey, Research Associate, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies; Assistant Professor, Geological Sciences, University of Southern California Douglas Hammond, Associate Professor, Geological Sciences, University of Southem California James Kremer, Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION The motivation for this project is a widely rec- ognized need to predict the dynamics of several dis- solved gases in aquatic environments. Information on gas dynamics is needed by the general community in- volved in aquatic environmental engineering and water quality management. For example, dissolved oxygen levels are critical to the health of aquatic systems. In many systems, these levels will depend largely on the balance be- tween biological oxygen demand (BOD) loading and the exchange rate of oxygen across the air-water interface Predictive models for the response of dissolved oxy- gen to changes in BOD loading cannot be made without accurate estimates of gas exchange rates. A second example is the problem posed by con- structing budgets for nitrogen. In coastal waters and in some estuaries, productivity is limited by the availability of nitrogen. Yet accurate budgets cannot be constructed because of a lack of information on the air-sea exchange rates of nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N20)- Without such budgets, decisions to estab- lish acceptable levelg of nutrient loading cannot be made. The exchange rates of dissolved gases at the air-sea interface are presumed to be controlled primarily by turbulence in the upper portion of the water column and by waves. Few direct field measure- ments of gas fluxes have been made, and many of those have used expensive techniques. Various theoretical and empirical models have been proposed to estimate gas exchange rates, but the lack of information concerning turbulence in the water column has led to disagreement. If this is to be resolved, the relation- ship between intensities and length scales of turbu- lence and the flux of dissolved gases across the air- sea interface must be determined. Only then can we 115 imrmg @h6 prdaid@_Ion of excbange ra+-es ot (lissolved gases for coastal and estuarine waters. Few direct measurements of gas fluxes have been made, with varying success, and none of these have been accompanied by an adequate description of the tur- bulence regime. Due to the difficulty in making such measurements in the field, development of a theory allowing predictions of the exchange rate based upQn d reasonable number of fairly easily measured turbulent quantities would be a valuable achievement. GOALS AND OBJECTMS The overall goals of this project are: 1. To develop a model that will enable the pre- diction of gas exchange for a broad range of turbulent parameters. Initially, this model will be based on laboratory measurements. 2. To make field measurements of gas exchange rates and turbulence in the water column in order to test the predictive model under various environmental conditions (i.e., in estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters under different wind and current forcing con- ditions). Modification of the model may result from the analysis of field data. 3. To attempt to resolve the theoretical dis- agreement about the functional dependence of gas fluxes on molecular diffusivity. Surface renewal models predict a square root dependence, while stagnant film models predict a linear dependence. Work to date has suggested that neither is satisfactory alone, and we feel that a laboratory study with a detailed des- cription of the turbulence may allow the formulation of a composite model. During the previous 12 months, laboratory exper- iments were emphasized and field work was initiated. The goals for this period included: 1. Constructing a tank capable of generating tur- .bulence at various scales under controlled conditions. 2. Determining the flux of gases (oxygen, nitro- gen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and radon) in rela- tion to the turbulence field. 3. Initiating development of a model capable of predicting exchange rates for a broad range of turbu- lent and mean flow parameters. 116 4. Establishing which flow and environmental parameters must beMeasured in the field in order to predict gas exchange rates accurately. 5. Assessing the accuracy of floating chamber techniques for determining gas exchange rates in the laboratory and in the field. RESULTS As indicated on our proposed work schedule, the construction of an experimental tank system was the goal of our first four months of funded research. The experimental tank has been constructed of plexi- glass (Figure 1). The design and construction of a precision turbulence-generating grid mechanism has been completed. The optics and optical accessories are mounted on a metal support system. A camera and tripod, mercury vapor lamps, and a light power supply have been obtained to complete the streak photographic system. Neutrally buoyant beads, which act as tracers, also have been received. A light-chopping wheell power supply and DC motor have been assembled to con- trol the light exposure. The pump and storage tanks Figure 1: Experimental appara- tus includes (from front to 401 back) the light source, the lenses and light chopping wheel, the grid and the tank, and the framework used to EX support and oscillate the grid Mor inside the tank. As set up, pho- tographs are taken from a di rection perpendicular to the fight beam. 117 used for filling the tanks also are ready for use. Preliminary stirring experiments have led to our final design of the grid stirring system. A series of jet experiments were completed and the streak photographic method was refined (Figure 2). A set of oscillating grid experiments has led to an optimization of the system parameters (e.g., light intensity, bead streak length, etc.). The complete turbulence-generating system is now ready for produc- tion runs. The data reduction scheme for analyzing the streak photographs is ahead of schedule. Our GTCO digitizing machine is now operational; interfacing with the IBM-370 university computer has been established. L", R, INS 10i _55@ 410" 6". Figure 2: In this typical streak photograph, the length of each streak Is proportional to the local water velocity. (The in tense scattering of light on the side nearest the light source in this early photo has since been eliminated.) A lie Analytical techniques to measure the fluxes of five dissolved gases (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, methane and radon) have been developed. These consist of alpha scintillation counting for radon and gas chromatograph- ic analysis of 1 ml water samples for nitrogen, oxygent carbon dioxide and methane. Five-laboratory experiments of gas .exchange rate have.been performed to date using the turbulence gene- rating system. The data from one of these runs are shown in Figure 3. These data enable the mass transfer coefficient for each gas to be calculated for the tur- bulence conditions generated by the grid. Experiments now in progress are investi5ating the relationship GAS CONC. vs. rimE RUN NUMBER 5 Ln X X .P @0 LO X co@ X cnc:) LLJCD ri2 U zc@. A ED U LO crc, Om Figure 3: Changes in concen- tration of four dissolved gases in the experimental tank during 02 one run. The mass transfer co- efficients for gases can be de- termined simultaneously under a specified turbulent regime. CD @CH. The data were obtained at a grid oscillation rate of 3.5 Hz with an amplitude of 3 cm, and with the grid 6 cm below the air-water interface. The fines represent the fit of a model used to obtain 0 0.00 61.00 112. CIO I IF3. 00 2111. CIO 3'0. CIO 315.00 the mass transfer coefficient for TIME (MIN) r12 each side. 119 between the mass transfer coefficient of each gas and the turbulence of the tank water. Field verification of techniques developed in the laboroatory is another portion of our program. We have made two expeditions to San Francisco Bay to estimate gas exchange rates using the radon technique. This technique requires the deployment of benthic flux chambers to determine the input of radon from sediments to the water column. A mass balance for radon in the water column can t-hen be constructea to estimate the rate of gas exchange., The modeling of our results is not yet complete, but preliminary cal- culations indicate the rate of gas exchange in this system is characterized by a mass transfer coeffi- cient that ranges between 0.7 and 1.2 m/day, depending on wind speed. We have also deployed floating charrt-- bers in the bay to determine the validity of this approach in the field. These chambers indicate com- parable gag exchange rateg at low wind gmeas, but rates that are too large at high wind speeds* A manu- script summarizing these results is in preparation. On the theoretical side, we feel that some of our related research will be applicable to the final model of gas exchange rates. A series of recently completed papers (Dickey and Simpson, 1981; Simpson and Dickey, 1981a, and Simpson and Dickey, 1981b) has centered on the development of a high resolution numerical model which will better simulate vertical mixing in the upper ocean, an important element for establishment of the gas exchange rates. REFERENCES Dickey, T. D. and J. J. Simpson. 1981. The Diurnal Response of the Upper Ocean. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 60. Simpson, J. J. and T. D. Dickey. 1981a. The Relation- ship Between Downward Irradiance and Upper Ocean Structure. Journal of Physical Oceanography 11: 876. . 1981b. Alternative Parameterizations of Downward Irradiance and their Dynamical Signifi- cance. Journal of Physical Oceanography 11:309. 120 Coastal Engineering @0@ R/CE-6 Waves and Currents in Coastal Regions of Sharply Changing Water Depth Jiin-Jen Lee, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Southern California Landon C. Wellford Jr., As3ociate Profmor, Civil Engineering, University of Southern California INTRODUCTION To design harbors and other coastal facilities, it is necess ary to be able to predict the behavior of waves and currents propagating in the coastal region. This codstdl wdve and current propagation has been known to be the most complicated phase of the general propagation process because the coastal region has an irregular topography that is complicated by the con- struction of coastal structures in the nearshore re- gion. When the water depth i s slowly varying, tech- niques exist for defining the wave propagation process. However, in many instances, the water depth varies rapidly and sometimes discontinuously. Harbors with dredged channels are an obvious and important example. The problem of predicting the behavior of propa- gating waves and currents in regions with rapidly varying depths is difficult and is the subject of this research activity. GOALS AND OBJECTMS For this study, four overall goals and objectives were established: 1. To study through analytical and numerical means the response of harbor basins and coastal regions to incident waves and currents. The flow region con- sidered would involve sharply discontinuous water depth. The direction of the propagation of waves and currents would not be restricted to one preferred direction. Both periodic and randam waves will be considered. 2. To discover the mechanism of energy trapping associated with regions of rapidly varying water depth and horizontal plane form. 3. To conduct experiments for verification and modification of the analytical and numerical techniques developed. 4. To explore the use of the developed techniques in application to problems of the design of harbor modifications. For example, to assess the impact of 123 channel dredging on the wave and current environment in a harbor region. 1980-81 Objectives 1. To develop analytical and numerical models for the prediction of the steady-state response of harbors to incident wave trains. The harbor con- sidered would have discontinuous depth variation. The direction of wave propagation would be arbitrary. Therefore, the problem considered would be three-dimen- sional, 2. To conduct experiments to verify the results of the analytical models. RESULTS Significant progress has been achieved to date in the study problems involving the propagation of waves into harbors or coastal regions with sharply discontin- uous water depth. An effective and versatile analyti- cal and numerical method for treating problems of wave propagation over arbitrarily shaped submarine channels has been developed. Results of this application have been included in the written version of the Proceeding of 17th International Coastal Engineering Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers (Lee, et al, 1980). For this application, an analytical solution based on eigen function expansion and a boundary integral equa- tion method are matched at an imaginary common boundary. With this method the problem of assessing the impact of a submarine channel on the propagating wave field can be readily made. Most importantly, the shape of the sharp discontinuity can be arbitrary; therefore, one can com- pute as close to the prototype geometry as desired. This is a very relevant engineering problem. For example a natural trench leading to the harbor area of .Botany Bay near Sydney, Australia, protects the harbor area much like a breakwater because a significant por- tion of the incoming wave energy is reflected by the trench. With the present method, this phenomenon can be computed by theoretical means without using the hy- draulic method tests. Figure 1 shows the effect of a trapezoidal-shaped submarine channel on the propagating waves. The ordi- nate of Figure 1 is the ratio of the transmitted wave height to the incident wave height. The abscissa is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of water depth (h) to wave length (X). Therefore, a different value of h/X would correspond to different wave period. The result shown in Figure 1 is obtained by computer. 124 Figure 1: Transmission coeffi- I. DO . . . . . . . . . cient as a function of relative wave length, predicted by the computer model or the relative dimensions of the trench shown. D. 63-5/8" L L 0- Los 0.10 0.15 0. L2O 0.'25 Ratio of Water Depth to WM Ungth (h/A) Confirmation of the computer-generated result with ex- perimental data has been done for other submarine channel geometry (Lee and Ayer, 1981, and Lee, et al, 1980). In another aspect of the problem, progress has been made on an analytical and numerical method of determining the wave field generated by an impulsive bed motion in three dimensions involving a discon- tinuity in the bottom (as might be caused by a sub- marine earthquake). Figure 2 shows a different three-dimensional wave field obtained by a special computer graphic technique developed in the study. Figures 2a and 2b show some samples of.the wave patterns from different viewing angles at both the frontside and the backside of the coastal boundary. These are wave patterns for two specified times (t) after the initial bed motions have been completed. (The symbol g is gravitational acceleration; h is the water depth.) It is evident from the computer plots shown in Figure 2 that the focusing effect of the coastal bound- ary contributes to large variations of the wave ampli- tude along the coastal boundary. This aspect of the results is in full agreement with many historical data that showed large variations of recorded wave heights along the coastal boundary whenever a tsunami is gen- erated in the offshore region. The detailed technical presentation is in the Ph.D. dissertation of J.J. Chang, (1981), This work is the first to model such a problem in three dimensions. For a detailed analysis of how a harbor basin responds to a steady-state incident wave, an effective finite-element numerical model for computing the re- sponse has been developed by Dr. L. C. Wellford and 125 M. Ganaba, his doctoral student (Ganaba, forthcoming). The model solves the linearized momentum equation, including the laminar and turbulent (eddy) viscous effect. An arbitrary harbor shape is considered. The water depth in the harbor can be either constant depth, variable depth or piecewise discontinuous depth. There- fore, this computer model is capable of considering both dissipation and discontinuous depth variations in harbor response problems. This work on the response of harbors to incident wave trains clearly supplements and elaborates upon the earlier USC Sea Grant project on currents induced by tidal action (Project R/CE-4, 1978-80). Some conclusions of the work can be drawn as follows: 1. Both dissipation and discontinuous depth can be considered in harbor response models. 2. Harbor frequency response can be determined using efficient finite-element computer programs. 3. In shallow harbors, the laminar viscosity effects on dissipation will be the dominant viscous dissipation mechanism. 4. To in deep harbors, the contribution of eddy viscosity is often more important than the laminar viscosity in the total viscous dissipation. CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been achieved to date on a series of interrelated coastal engineering prob- lems in regions of sharply changing water depth. Coastal Boundary Back View tVrg-/h = 29.43 Front View Coastal Boundary Vlewlng Angle: N = 0. = 600 126 Coastal Boundary Back View tVg-lh 29.43 Front View Coastal Boundary Viewing Angle: O@ 0, 45- Back View Coastal Boundary tVg-/h = 33.63 Front View Coastal Boundary Viewing Angle: Oh 60' Coastal Boundary Back View tV-g/h 33.63 Figure 2: The eight computer graphics (left and right) show three-dimensional pictures of Front View water pattern from dipole dislo- Coastal Boundary cation bed motion (A/B=2) under the effect of an irregular Viewing Angle: Oh 0. 45' coastal boundary. Back V ,ew Back Ir lew tV @@Frot View tV, @@Frot View 127 Wave patterns generated by impulsive bed motion (which would result in sharp discontinuity of water depth of a three-dimensional nature) was first studied. The linear dispersive wave theory and the special computer graphic techniques developed in the study would allow one to compute the wave field all the way to the region closest to the harbor basin where there often exists a submarine channel or man-dredged navi- gation channel. Efforts in this study have been suc- cessful in developing a method of analysis as these waves propagate over the dredged channel. This series of efforts is connected and interrelated in an efficient manner not only from the point of view of the prob- lem itself, but also the method of approach of the analysis technique. Such a successful link, together with further exploration, is essential for achieving the final goals, items 2 and 4, of the project. PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS Ganaba, M. Forthcoming. A Numerical Model for Response of a Three-Dimensional Harbor Basin to Incident Waves. Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angelest Univer- sity of Southern California. Chang, J. 1. 1981. Water Wave Generated by Three- Dimensional Bed Motion. Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Chang, J. j., and J. J. Lee. 1981. Water Wave Generated by Three-Dimensional Bed Motion, in Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, May 25-29, Sendai-Ofunato, Japan. Tsunami Commis- sion, International Union of Geodesy and Geo- physics, pp. 52-55. Levey, D. 1981. "Wave Changes in Regions with Discon- tinuities," in Research in Ocean Engineering - University Sources and Resources 3:2. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant Program. Lee, Je Je, and R* M. Ayer. 1981. Wave Propagation over a Rectangular Trench. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 110:335-347. Lee, J. J., R. M. Ayer and W. L. Chiang. 1980. "Interactions of waves with Submarine Trenches," in Proceedings of the 17th International Coastal Engineering Conference, March 23-28, 1980, Sydney, Australia* New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 812-822. 128 Appendixes 00000'- Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies Technical Advisory Panel Collectively and individually, these persons provide valuable counsel on the programs of Institute for Marine and coastal Studies. one of their principal functions is to review the Sea Grant proposals each year Victor Adorian, Director, Los Angeles County Depart- ment of Small Craft Harbors. Gary L. Bane, General Manager, Ocean Engineering Department, Interstate Electronics. Richard A. Geyer, Professor Emeritus, Texas A&M University. Captain Jack Boller, Executive Director, Marine Board, National Research Council. Colonel Ted Gillenwaters, Attorney, Newport First Investment Services. George Hatchett, President, Hydro Products. Robert Kleist, Director of Trade Development, Port of Los Angeles. Robert Krueger, Esq.., Nossaman, Krueger and Marsh. Captain William C. Lynch, Professor, California Western School of law. George Mueller, President, Systems Data Corporation. Wheeler J. North, Department of Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology. Richard J. Seymour, State of California, Department of Boating and Waterways* Howard Talkington, Head, Ocean Technology Department, Naval Oceans Systems Center. Captain T.K. Treadwell, Professor, Department of 0cean- ography, Texas A&M University. Rear Admiral O.D. Waters Jr., USN (Ret.). Donald E. Wilson, Director, Teacher Education, University of Southern California. Donald B. Bright, Donald B. Bright and Associates. 131 Ex Officio Member Don Walsh, Director, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California. California State Resources Agency Sea Grant Advisory Panel This panel also reviews Sea Grant proposals each year and provides counsel to the State Resources Agency, which adminigters 9tate-authorized funas to match federal monies. B.C. Fullerton (Chairman), Director, Department of Fish and Game. Representing that department. Tom Tobin, California Coastal Commission. Representing that agency. Jeffrey D. Frautschy, Assistant-Director, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Representing the University of California. Tom Gay, Chief Deputy State Geologist, Department of Conservation. Representing that department. Wilbur M. Thompson, Manager, Long Beach Operation, California State Lands Commission. Representing that commission. Don Walsh, Director, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California. Representing private institutions participating in the national Sea Grant program. Richard Ridenhour, Humboldt State University. Representing the California State University and Colleges. Marty Mercado, Director, Department of Boating and Waterways. Representing that department. Elmer Wheaton, Vice President (Ret.), Lockheed California Corporation. Representing the ocean engineering industry. Rob Ross, Northern California Seafood Institute. Representing the fishing industry. Hugh Staton, Vice President, California Marine Associates. Representing the aquaculture industry. 132 Research-Related Publications The following are communications and publications resulting from USC Sea Grant research projects completed during the two previous years, 1978-79 and 1979-80. Chiang, W. L. and J. J. Lee. Forthcoming. Simulation of Large-Scale Circulation in Harbors. Journal of Waterways, Port, Coastal and ocean Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 1981. Tide Induced Currents in Harbors of Arbitrary Shape. USCSG-TR-01-81. 19800 Numerical Simulation of Tide-In- duced Circulations in a Harbor. Presented at the 2nd Congress of the Asian and Pacific Regional Division of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, International Conference on Water Resources Development, May 1980, Taipei, Taiwan. Devinny, J. S., S. Fallaahi and J. Ghazanshahi. 1981. "An Introduction to the Effects of Recreational Use on Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems," in Pro- ceedings of a Forum on Recreational Access to the Coastal Zone, J. A. Fawcett and A. T. Manus (eds.). Los Angeles: Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies. USCSG-AS-03-81. 155 pp. Fuller, C. Forthcoming. The Use of Radioisotopes as Traces for Sediment Transport in San Francisco Bay. Master's thesis. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Hammond, D. g. Nutrient Exchange Across the Sediment- Water Interface in San Francisco Bay. Transaction of the American Geophysical Union 62:925. Hammond, D. E. 1981. Diffusion in Interstitial Waters and Transport Across the Sediment-Water Interface. River Inputs to Ocean Systems. New York: UNE- UNESCO. pp. 275-282. Hammond, D.E. and C. Fuller. 1979. "The Use of Radon- 222 to Estimate Benthic Exchange and Atmospheric Rates in San Francisco Bay," in San Francisco Bay: The Urbanized Estuary. San Francisco: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 213-223. Herold, D. and C. W. Sullivan. 1980. The Uptake of Vitamin B12 by Natural Marine Plankton Popula- tions. American Society of Limnology and 133 Oceanography, winter meeting, January 31-February 4, 1980, Los Angeles, California. Korosec, M. 1979. The Effects of Biological Activity on Transport of Dissolved Species Across the Sedi- ment-Water Interface in San Francisco Bay. Los Angeles: Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies. USCSG-TD-04-79. Kremer, J. No 1980o A Model of Transient Anoxic Con- ditions in the Benthic waters of a Tidal Lagoon. Paper presented before the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, winter meeting, Janu- ary 31-February 4, 1980, Los Angeles, California. Kremer, Jo No and P. Kremer. 1979. Systems Ecology of a Small Coastal Lagoon. Paper presented before a conference at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, June 1979, Kingston, Rhode Islando Krempin, Do et al. 1981o Orthosphosphate Uptake by Bacterioplankton and Phytoplankton from the Los Angeles Harbor and Southern California Coastal Waters. Marine Biology 64:23-33. USCSG-R-08-81. McGrath, So and C. Wo Sullivano 1981. Community Meta- bolism of Total Adenylates by the Microheterotrophs from the Los Angeles Harbor and Southern California Coastal Waters. Marine Biology 62:217-226. USCSG-R-07-81. 1979. Community Metabolism of Total Adenylates by the Microorganisms of the Los Angeles Harbor and Southern California Coastal Waterso Paper presented before the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 42nd annual meeting, June 18-21, 1979, Stony Brook, New Yorko Mokhtari-Saghafi, M. and Ro H. Osborneo 1981. Commer- cial Profitability of Offshore Sand and Gravel Mining in Southern California: An Analysis for New Entrieso Oceans 180. Seattle: Murray Pub- lishing Company. USCSG-R-06-81o . 1980. An Economic Appraisal of Mining Offshore Sand and Gravel Deposits, May 1980. Los Angeles: Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies. USCSG-TR-01-80. Murphy, R. C. and J. No Kremer. 1980. Oxygen Consump- tion in a Shallow Subtidal Commuinityo Paper pre- sented before the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, winter meeting, January 31- February 4, 1980, Los Angeles, Californiao 134 Nardin, T. R. and T. L. Henyey. 1981. Holocene Sea- Level Curves for Santa Monica Shelf, California Continental Borderland. Science 213:331-333. USCSG-R-05-81. Nardin, T. R. and T. L. Henyey. 1978. Pliocene-Ple- istocene Diastrophism of Santa Monica and San Pedro Shelves, California Continental Borderland. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 62(2):247-272. Osborne, R. et al. 1980. Quaternary Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments, Santa Monica Bay, Southern California. 1980 Quaternary Depositional Environments of the Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 4 Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. pp. 143-156. USCSG-R-01-80. . 1979. Potential Sand and Gravel Resources in Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays, Southern Cali- fornia. oneans '79, pp. 590-597. USCSG-R-07-79. Palmisano, A. C. and C. W. Sullivan. 1980. The Fate of 51Cr(III) in Seawater. Uptake by Microoganisms and Molecular Filtration of the Dissolved Fraction. Paper presented before the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, winter meeting, January 31-February 4, 1980, Los Angeles, California. Siegal, J. and J. N. Kremer. 1980. Role of Nitrogen in the Blooming of the Green Alga Enteromorpha in Colorado Lagoon. Paper presented at the American Society of Limnnology and Oceanography, winter meeting, January 31-February 4, 1980, Los Angeles California. Slaviciamijic, et al. 1981. Factors Determining Recreational Use Intensity at Beaches. Paper pre- sented before the 7th annual conference of the Coastal Society, October 1981, Galveston, Texas. Sullivan, C. W. et al. 1980. The Flux of Dissolved Materials into Marine Microbial Plankton on Southern California Coastal Waters. Paper pre- sented before the International Symposium of Microbiology and Ecology, September 7-12, 1980, University of Warwick, England. Taylor, G. and C. W. Sullivan. 1979. The Ingestion and Utilization of 14C-Labeled Marine Bacteria by Bactivorous Plankton from Los Angeles Harbor and Southern California Coastal Waters. Paper pre- sented before the American Society of Limnology 135 and oceanography, 42nd annual meeting, June 18-21, 1979, Stony Brook, New York. Thornton, S. E. 1981. Holocene Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Processes in Santa Barbara Basin: Influence of Tectonics, Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Mass Movements. Ph.D. Dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California . 1981. Holocene Stratigraphy and Sedi- mentary Processes in Santa Barbara Basin: Influ- ence of Tectonics, Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Mass Movements. Paper presented before the annual meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, annual meetings, January 1981, San Francisco, California. Turner, Naomi. 1981. Demographic Factors of Develop- ment in the South Pacific. Sociology Department, February 1981. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. 136 fili M lllmlll mill 611111 3 6668 00001 5224