[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]











                   '0 oly OF
                               BEACH MANAGEMENT
                               PLAN FOR MAUI
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                                                -W.


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                                          Prepared by:

                        University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service

                                              and

                             County of Maui Planning Department








                                          December 1997










                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

                        Section                                                                                                       Page

                        EXECUTIVE SUMMARY             ...............................................................................       iv

                        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS              ..................................................................................     v

                        I. INTRODUCTION           .....................................................................................     1

                        II. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS               ..........................................................................     2

                                   Beaches    ........................................................................................      2

                                   Sand Dunes      ...................................................................................      3

                                   Coral Reef Ecosystems          .....................................................................     4

                        III. COASTAL EROSION, BEACH Loss, AND CORAL REEF DEGRADATION                                 .....................  5

                                   Coastal Erosion       .............................................................................      6

                                   Beach Loss      ...................................................................................      7

                                   Reef Degradation          ..........................................................................     8

                        IV. PROGRESS To DATE             ..............................................................................     9

                        V. OBJECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS                        .......................................................    9

                                   1. Identification of Erosion Hotspots and Erosion Watchspots                    ........................ 9

                                   2. Guidelines for Shoreline Protection Measures                 ....................................     11

                                   3. Beach Nourishment          .....................................................................      I I

                                     Sand Sources for Beach Nourishment               ..................................................    12

                                     Pilot Beach Nourishment Project             ......................................................     14

                                   4. Dune Preservation and Restoration              ..................................................     15

                                   5. Coral Reef Ecosystems, Water Quality, and Upland Activities                      ..................   19

                                   6. Shoreline Setbacks and Coastal Erosion Hazard Data                     .............................  21

                                   7. Proactive Development of Coastal Lands                 ...........................................    22
                                   8. Inter-agency Coordination          ..............................................................     28

                                   9. Structures and Activities within the Shoreline Area                 ..............................    30

                                     Minor Structures         .........................................................................     30

                                     Major Structures         .........................................................................     31
                                   10. Beach Management Districts             .........................................................     32











                                    11. Public Awareness and Education                  ...................................................          33

                                    12. Research        ................................................................................             34

                                    13. Funding Mechanisms              ....................................................................3        )6
                           VI GLOSSARY           ........................................................................................            38

                           VII REFERENCES            ...................................................................................             41



                           LIST OF TABLES

                           Table No. and Title                                                                                                 Page

                           1 .     Beach Management Advisory Committee Members                           ......................................      2
                           2.      Preliminary Erosion Hotspots, Watchspots, and Lost Beaches for Maui                               .............   10



                           LIST OF FIGURES

                           Figure No. and Title                                                                                                Page

                           I .     Common beach features              ......................................................................         3
                           2.      Twenty foot high vegetated dunes, Spreckelsville, Maui                        ................................    4
                           3.      Coral reef      .......................................................................................           5
                           4.      Causes of coastal erosion          .......................................................................        6
                           5.      Coastal erosion vs. beach loss             ................................................................       7
                           6.      Beach width on an armored vs. a natural shoreline, Speckelsville, Maui                             .............. 8
                           7.      Beach Nourishment at Sugar Cove, Spreckelsville, Maui                          ..............................     13
                           8.      Vegetated dune, Kanaha, Maui                ............................................................          15
                           9.      Close up of 'aki'aki        ............................................................................          16
                           10.     Close up of 'akulikuli        ..........................................................................          16
                           11.     Close up of pohuehue, Honokahua, Maui                   ...................................................       17
                           12.     Dune restoration project at Kama'ole Il in 1984                    .........................................      17
                           13.     Dune walkover at Karna'ole 11, Maui                ......................................................         18
                           14.     Example of large setback and open space, Ritz Carlton, Kapalua, Maui                              ............    24
                           15.     Undermined slab on grade sidewalk at Kahikili Park, North Beach, Ka'anapali.....24
                           16.     Different layouts of shoreline development with varying linear frontage                            ............   25
                           17.     Shore-parallel type development, Honokowai, Maui                       .....................................      26
                           18.     Less linear type development. Royal Kahana area, Kahana. Maui                            .....................    26
                           19.     Movable boardwalk constructed using recycled plastic, Karna'ole 1, Kihei, Maui..27
                           20.     Houses built on cement pillars, Paukukalo, Maui                     ........................................      27
                           21.     Launiupoko State Park, Lahaina, Maui                   ....................................................       29
                           22.     Hyatt Regency swimming pool threatened by coastal erosion, Ka'anapali, Maui                                  ...  30
                           23.     USGS - UH beach profile survey                 ..........................................................         35










                   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                   The Beach 11anagement Plan for Maui seeks to promote beach preservation and
                   sustainable development of the coastal zone. The report makes recommendations on how
                   Maui County can better address beach management issues. It is intended to be a guiding
                   policy document, rather than be adopted in its entirety as formal law, although specific
                   recommendations may best be implemented through revisions of existing rules and
                   regulations. Issues discussed in this plan include:
                   ï¿½ Where and why coastal erosion and beach loss have occurred
                   ï¿½ Recommendations for more effective management of shoreline areas and the
                      development of increased options for resource conservation and erosion mitigation.

                   We have identified thirteen areas for implementing more effective beach management
                   practices. Each area has a short introduction followed by a statement of objectives and
                   specific recommendations. Although the sections are numbered, they are not ordered
                   chronologically nor in order of priority or importance.         In fact, many of the
                   recommendations will need to be implemented concurrently in order to be most effective.































                                                             iv










                  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


                  The report is a cooperative effort between the University of Hawaii's Sea Grant
                  Extension Service and the County of Maui's Planning Department.

                  The Maui County Regional Coastal Processes Extension Agent is jointly funded by the
                  University of Hawaii's Sea Grant Extension Service (UH FMIS 9 6-54355), the County
                  of Maui (Grants G-0413 and G-043 ) 3), and Maui Community College.

                  We also thank the Beach Management Plan Advisory Group members for their helpful
                  comments and suggestions.




























                  Robert Mullane
                  Maui County Regional Coastal Processes Extension Agent
                  UH Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service


                  Daren Suzuki
                  Maui County Planning Department








                                                          v










                     INTRODUCTION


                     The natural beauty of Maui's sandy beaches and shoreline areas is an extremelv valuable
                     resource to residents as well as to visitors from throughout the world. Beaches are vital
                     environmental, cultural, recreational, and economic resources. The beach supports the
                     habitat for many marine and terrestrial organisms including many endangered native
                     Hawaiian plants. Healthy beaches are central to the health and vitality of the shoreline
                     area and coastal waters. Beaches buffer ground water discharges into the coastal zone as
                     well as discharges from septic systems and cesspools.

                     Beaches also provide for diverse cultural opportunities including religious activities and
                     traditional ceremonies. Recreational activities tied directly or indirectly to the beach
                     include windsurfing, surfing, snorkeling, sunbathing, walking/jogging, swimming, and
                     picnicking, to mention a few.       Furthermore, this unique attraction with diverse
                     opportunities drives the economy by supporting numerous jobs and providing services to
                     maintain Hawaii's thriving visitor industry.

                     Unfortunately, some of our sandy beaches are eroding and disappearing as a result of
                     natural shoreline processes, development and hardening along the shoreline, and other
                     human impacts. Recognizing the importance of Maui's beach resources, it is imperative
                     that they be preserved, protected and restored where possible.

                     The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has prepared a Coastal
                     Erosion Management Plan (COEMAP) for the State of Hawaii, which reviews shoreline
                     management options and policies in Hawaii. This statewide plan also provides a
                     framework to encourage cooperation between County, State and Federal agencies, as well
                     as community and environmental groups interested in and directly responsible for the
                     management of our shoreline resources. COEMAP was recently adopted by the Board of
                     Land and Natural Resources.


                     This document, the Beach Management Planfor Maui. focuses specifically on shoreline
                     issues for the Island of Maui and is intended as a statement of the Maui County Planning
                     Department's long-term commitment to preserve beach resources through effective beach
                     management practices. Maui citizens can benefit from this plan by understanding coastal
                     processes and potential negative impacts to beaches and related environments. Issues
                     discussed in this plan include:

                     ï¿½ Where and why coastal erosion and beach loss have occurred
                     ï¿½ Recommendations for more effective management of shoreline areas and the
                        development of increased options for resource conservation and erosion mitigation

                     Shoreline processes are the net result of many interrelated systems.              Effective
                     management of shoreline resources requires input from several different fields of study.



                                                                I








                    The Beach Management Plan for Maui has been reviewed by a diverse group of experts
                    (Table 1), and their comments and suggestions have been incorporated in this report.

                    Table 1. Beach Management Advisory Committee Members


                    Eric Brown, coral reef researcher, University of Hawaii-Manoa
                    Warren Bucher, coastal engineer, Oceanit Laboratories
                    Ann Coopersmith, biologist, Maui Community College
                    Charles Fletcher, coastal geologist, University of Hawaii-Manoa
                    Skippy Hau.. marine biologist, Division of Aquatic Resources, State of Hawaii
                     Department of Land and Natural Resources
                    Edward Laws, oceanographer, University of Hawaii-Manoa
                    Phil Ohta, Maui District Land Agent, State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
                     Resources
                    Peter Rappa, coastal resource management extension agent, University of Hawaii-Manoa
                    Glenn Shepherd, marine geologist, Maui Community College
                    Lolly Silva., environmental planner, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                    Kathy Smith, Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                     Service
                    Scott Sullivan, coastal engineer, Sea Engineering
                    Dean Uchida and Sam Lemmo., Land Division, State of Hawaii Department of Land and
                     Natural Resources
                    Wendy Wiltse, West Maui Watershed Coordinator, State of Hawaii Department of Health


                    COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS


                    Beaches

                    A beach is defined as an accumulation of sediment-usually sand or gravel-that
                    occupies a portion of the coast. The active beach, the area of loose sediment subject to
                    transport by wind, waves, and currents, is divided into three regions: the backshore, the
                    foreshore, and the offshore, as shown in Figure 1. The active beach is backed by the
                    coastal upland, which can be a dune, a cliff, a soil embankment, a fossil berm, or an
                    engineering structure such as a seawall or a revetment. Common geomorphic features of
                    the beach include berms, scarps, and offshore sand bars (Figure 1).

                    The amounts and fluxes of sediment in a beach are collectively known as the littoral
                    budget. Healthy beaches are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, where the net influx of
                    sediment-or sources, equals the net loss of sediment-or sinks. Sources of beach
                    sediment include skeletal material from coral reef ecosystems, onshore transport of sand,
                    longshore transport, headland erosion, volcanic glass, river input, and erosion (scarping)
                    of the coastal upland. Sediment sinks include loss to deep water, harbors, and channels,
                    offshore transport, longshore transport, impoundment by engineering structures, and
                    storm surge overwash. When there is an imbalance between sources and sinks, the
                    6each will either erode or accrete.


                                                               2




















                                                             Coastline



                                              Hkjh-water
                                              shoreline
                                 Low,water
                                  shoreline



                         water
                              LJJ"

                                               'r.
                                                 460










                   Figure 1. Common beach features. (DUXBURY AND DUXBURY, 1996).

                   Coastal processes such Las erosion and accretion are site-specific. season-specific, and
                   interannual. Different beaches have different geomorphic characteristics and are subject
                   to different oceanographic conditions. Beach processes can vary dramatically from one
                   end of a particular beach to the other. Site-specific factors such as extent and health of
                   coral reefs, alterations to dune systems, sediment runoff from upland areas, and other
                   human activities also affect coastal processes.     Wave and current patterns change
                   dramatically from season to season, and from swell to swell. Because of these variations,
                   each segment of each beach will have its own history of erosion and accretion trends.


                   Sand Dunes

                   Dunes are accumulations of wind-blown sand. Although some dunes are bare, most are
                   vegetated with coastal plants, which help stabilize the dune (Figure 2). Vegetation traps
                   wind-blown sand and then grows up through the new sand accumulation. This process is
                   repeated to build larger dunes. The thick root system of native plants slows coastal
                   erosion during high-wave events and helps trap wave- and wind-deposited sand during
                   post-event recovery. Many dunes are host to burial sites and are legitimate environmental
                   systems that support specific ecosystems. Because of their cultural and environmental
                   sensitivity, many dunes are worthy of all due protection.

                   Dunes are dynamic features; they erode during periods of high waves and accrete during
                   normal wave conditions. During a storm or a large swell, waves attack and erode the











                                              Imp






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                                                                    At



                                          I         AW













                    Figure 2. Twenty foot high vegetated dunes, Spreckelsville, Maui.

                    dune. This process, known as searping, releases sand that was stored in the dune to the
                    active beach. The influx of sand is often carried offshore to build sand bars, which help
                    attenuate incoming wave energy. Erosion of pristine coastal dunes does not release silt to
                    the near-shore area. degrade water quality, or harm the coral reef ecosvstem since these
                    dunes are composed of clean sand. When stoim waves subside. normal waves dismantle
                    the offshore bars and rebuild the beach. Although some sand may be permanently
                    removed from the beach system (transported to deep water by sand channels), eventually
                    most of this beach sand is reincorporated into the dune. On undeveloped beaches, the
                    post-storm recoverv of the dunes is often complete.

                    Coral ReqfEcosYsteins
                    Coral reefs are also important components of the beach system.          Reefs are natural
                    breakwaters: they absorb much of the incoming wave energy and help protect the
                    shoreline from wave attack. Without the wave buffering and sand production that coral
                    reefs pro% ide. raLes of coastal erosion and beach loss \\OLI!d be significantly higher.

                    Furthermore, coral reefs provide habitat for a rich diversity of marine life (Figure 3).
                    Several reef organisms build their skeletons and shells out of calcium carbonate. When
                    these organisms die, their skeletal remains are transported  to the be ach or are cemented
                                                                                  I for la





































                    into the framework of the reef. Most of the light-colored   sand on beaches derives from
                    coral reefs.





                                                               4














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                          . . ........
















                     Figure 3.  Coral reef. Photo courtesy of John Pye.

                     Coral reefs are sensitive environments that require pristine coastal water    quality. Corals
                     are very efficient marine organisms that thrive in nutrient-poor environments. This is
                     because coral polyps contain zooxanthellae-unicellular, symbiotic algae that           produce
                     food for their hosts through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires sunlight,        and the
                     depth and intensity of sunlight penetration is reduced by suspended sediments.        Silt can
                     also settle out on corals and interfere with feeding and recolonization.

                     Corals can survive occasional short-term siltation events. When stressed they produce
                     mucus, which helps them shed the fine-grained sediments that have settled upon them.
                     However. repeated or chronic.silt PILIMCS Or a single large event will kill coral. Nutrient
                     loading is also harmful to coral reefs. Excess nutrient levels in coastal waters can lead to
                     algal blooms. which compete with coral colonies for space and light and disrupt the coral
                     reef ecosystem.

                     COASTAL EROSION, BEACH LOSS, AND CORAL REEF DEGRADATION


                     Preliminary examination of a report on shoreline changes from 1949 to 1989 suggests
                     that 62% of the sandy shoreline studied on Maui is eroding at an average rate of 1.25 ft/yr
                     (HWANG AND FLETCHER, 1992), and as much as 30% of Maui's shoreline has experienced
                     beach loss or significant narrowing (MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING, INC. AND SEA
                     ENGINEERING, INC., 1991). Based on field and photographic observations, nearly all of
                     this beach degradation is in front of or adjacent to shoreline armoring such as seawalls
                     and revetments.




                                                                  5









                    Typically, these armoring structures are erected when coastal erosion threatens beachfront
                    development. Armoring the shoreline usually halts coastal erosion and protects property
                    and structures, but on shorelines undergoing long-term retreat, it often leads to beach loss
                    (FLETCHER, ET AL., 1997). The impact that armoring has on the adjoining beach creates a
                    conflict between the rights of coastal property owners to protect their land and the rights
                    of the public to utilize the beach resource.


                    Coastal Erosion

                    Sea-level rise, wave and current impacts, and sediment deficiencies drive coastal erosion
                    (Figure 4). Sea-level rise, currently averaging about 2.5 cm/decade on Maui, causes the
                    littoral system to shift landward by eroding the upland area-usually a coastal dune or
                    the coastal plain. This natural process, known as coastal erosion, has occurred for
                    millennia as sea level has risen nearly I 10 meters since the last ice age. The retreat of the
                    shoreline-and associated loss of coastal lands-is the natural response of the beach to
                    rising sea levels (TAIT AND GRIGGS, 1990) and has been the underlying premise of coastal
                    engineering theory for over thirty years (e.g. "The Bruun Rule", BRUUN, 1962). The
                    influx of sediment released to the active beach by erosion of the coastal upland helps
                    maintain beach width.



                           Sea-Level Rise                         Wave/Current Action

                                             V                             ie
                                    COASTAL EROSION


                                                Sediment Deficiencies

                                                sand mining
                                                dune grading
                                                sand impoundment
                                                      (behind shoreline structures)
                                                water quality degradation
                                                harbor/navigational channel
                                                    construction


                    Figure 4. Causes of coastal erosion. Sea-level rise, wave and current action, and
                    sediment deficiencies drive coastal erosion.



                                                                 6









                         Certain human activities create suanificant sediment deficiencies and aggravate coastal
                         erosion. These include sand mining, dune alteration (e.g., dune grading and building on
                         dunes), construction of shoreline structures such as seawalls. revetments. and groins.,
                         degradation of coral reefs. and construction of harbors and navigational channels.

                         Sand mining on the beach removes sediment from the beach system leading to beach
                         narrowing and deflation. Up until the early 1970's, large volumes of sand were mined
                         from beaches around Maui to provide cement aggregate for construction and time for
                         sugar cane processing.

                         Dune grading entails buildozinv_ the upper portion of the dune to flatten it, often in order
                         to allow an unobstructed view of the ocean or as part of a building's construction. This
                         practice sharply reduces the dune's natural capacity to buffer coastal erosion and other
                         coastal hazards. Furthermore, if the dune is then covered with soil fill, subsequent coastal
                         erosion will release silt and other fine-orained sediments to the ocean, which degrade
                         water quality.

                         Harbors and navigational channels can interfere with sediment transport. Sand moved by
                         nearshore waves and currents is deposited in these artificial depressions and is removed
                         from the littoral system.

                         Beach Loss

                         Armoring shorelines undergoing long-term retreat with structures such as revetments and
                         seawalls halts coastal erosion. but refocuses the erosion onto the beach in front of the
                         structure (TAIT AND GRIGGS, 1990; FLETCHER ET AL., 1997).                                This causes beach
                         narrowing, a decrease in the usable beach width, and beach loss. the volumetric loss of
                         sand from the active beach (Figures 5 and 6). Coastal armoring often aggravates erosion
                         along downdrift properties by decreasing the supply of sediment to downdrift areas.
                                                         Initial shore profile.                      Beach           Initial shore profile.
                                                                                            Seawall  width
                                               Beach
                                                width
                                                                                                  :i7




                                           Shoreline profile after retreat.                 Seawall      Shoreline profile after retreat.
                                                    (no change in width)
                                     Beach
                                      width                                                              Beachloss





                         Figure 5. Coastal erosion vs. beach loss. Coastal erosion does not normally threaten
                         beaches, but armoring to protect coastal lands may lead to beach loss (after TAIT AND
                         GRIGGS, 1990).


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                   Figure 6. Beach width on an armored vs. a natural shoreline, Speckelsville, Maui.

                   The site-specific history of coastal processes for a particular beach segment must be
                   assessed to help guide the most effective beach management practices.              Certain
                   manaaement tools-beach nourishment and dune restoration. for example-can
                   counteract coastal erosion and beach loss. Other management tools-such as requiring
                                                                                                            In
                   sufficient building setbacks and wiser construction codes-can delay or prevent the need
                   to armor the shoreline to protec't beachfront development. Hence. coastal erosion does
                   not necessarily present a conflict between coastal property owners and the public. It can
                   be mitioated throu6 effective beach management strategies.
                          t,         -                                    -

                   Reef'degradation
                   Harbor and navimational channel construction compromise the reef s %@,ave buffering
                   capacity. If a portion of the reef is dredged during harbor and channel construction.
                   larger waves can reach the shoreline and accelerate erosion.

                   Many other human activities deLrade water quality and harm coral reef ecosystems.
                   Since most carbonate sand ultimately derives from the coral reef ecosystem, poor water
                   quality reduces the amount of sand produced by the reef and delivered to the beach.
                   Impacts to water quality caused by human activities include: siltation, nutrient loading,
                   and urban runoff. In addition. over-fishing can deplete the reef ecosystem of certain
                   species of fish and upset the ecological balance necessary for healthy coral reef
                   ecosystems, and introduced species have disrupted the preexisting food web, which also
                   disrupts the reef ecosystem. Finally. anchoring on reefs causes physical damage to coral.
                   as does standing on or touching these sensitive creatures.









                    In some cases, coastal erosion can have adverse effects on water quality and harm the
                    reef The erosion of dirt embankments or coastlines that have been artificially filled
                    releases fine sediments to the nearshore waters. Furthermore. the significant increase in
                    drainage outlets for recent developments and concrete channelization for flood protection
                    have both had significant impacts on near-shore water quality and sediment loads.


                    PROGRESS To DATE


                    Some progress has been made in Maui County and the State of Hawaii to reduce the
                    impact of many of these activities. For example, large-scale sand mining was prohibited
                    in 1986. In 1990, the Maui County Planning Department revised the shoreline setback
                    rules to require some building setbacks to be based on average lot depth. Recently,
                    DLNR's Division of Aquatic Resources in cooperation with the University of Hawaii's
                    Marine Option Program has installed day-use moorings at a few popular snorkel and
                    dive sites (e.g. Molokini) to reduce the amount of anchor damage to coral reefs. While
                    these recent efforts have had a positive impact, much more action is needed.


                    OBJECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS


                    The Beach Nfanagement Plan for Maui seeks to promote beach preservation and
                    sustainable development of the coastal zone. The report makes recommendations on how
                    Maui Countv can better address beach management issues. It is intended to be a guiding
                    policy document, rather than be adopted in its entirety as formal law, although specific
                    recommendations may best be implemented through revisions of existing rules and
                    regulations.

                    We have identified thirteen areas for implementing more effective beach management
                    practices. Each area has a short introduction followed by a statement of objectives and
                    specific recommendations. Although the sections are numbered, they are not ordered
                    chronologically nor in order of priority or importance.           In fact, many of the
                    recommendations will need to be implemented concurrently in order to be most effective.

                    1. Identification of Erosion Hotspots and Erosion Watchspots

                    Erosion hotspots are areas where coastal erosion has threatened shoreline development
                    or infrastructure. They are existing management challenges. In most cases, the shoreline
                    has been armored to protect property and development, and there has been a noticeable
                    environmental impact and/or a decrease in recreational use. Erosion hotspots can be
                    restored, but restoration will require substantial economic resources.             Erosion
                    watchspots are areas where the coastal environment will soon be threatened if shoreline
                    erosion trends continue. A potential conflict between the desire to protect property and
                    the desire to maintain the beach resource exists at erosion watchspots. Lost beaches are
                    a subset of erosion hotspots. Lost beaches lack a recreational beach, and lateral shoreline
                    access is very difficult-if not impossible.



                                                               9









                                It is essential to recognize these existing and potential erosion problem areas when
                                planning developments or redevelopments, regulating, structures, and considering
                                prospective areas for coastal protection or beach nourishment projects.                                                         A list of
                                preliminary hotspot and watchspot erosion areas appears in Table 2. These areas were
                                identified by an analysis of a coastal erosion rate study (MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING,
                                INC. AND SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1991), reports of long-time coastal residents, and site
                                inspections.

                                Table 2. Preliminary Erosion Hotspots, Watchspots, and Lost Beaches for Maui.


                                LOCATION                       iHOTSPOTS                                  WATCHSPOTS                        LOSTBEACHES


                                WEST MAUI                      North end of Puuoa Point                   Hanakaoo Point                    La-haina -Town-
                                  LAHAIWA -TO 14APILI          Hyatt Regency                              Maui Surf (Westin)                Wahikuli State Wayside Park
                                                                                                                                      hj- 'Either side of Honokowai Beach Park
                                                       --'Portions of Kaanapali Beach                     Ends of Kekaa ( -            _    ___     _. __
                                                               Mahana Condominium                         Mala Wharf area                   Either side of Kahana Point
                                                               Honokowai Beach                                                        _____Honokeana Cove
                                                               Honokowai Point
                                                               @HonoKowai Beach Park
                                                               :Kahana Point
                                                               iKahana Sunset (Keonenui Beach)
                                                               !Alaeloa Beach
                                                               iNapili Bay
                                                               iKapalua Bay (shower, steps and
                                                                            sidewalks threatened)


                                SOUTH MAUI I                   East end of Hauoli Street, Maaiaea         Maui Lu to Suda's Store           West end of Hauoli Street, Maalaea
                                  MAALAEA TO KALAMA            Kealia Beach hotspot areas                                                   Kcia Lagoon, Maui Lu area
                                                           -Tm-aipoina oe iau Beach Park                                                    Menehune Shores
                                                                                                                                        _-South     e.nd.o.f Halarna Street - Waimahaihai
                                                               iMaui Sands
                                                               ,Hale Kai 0 Kihei - end of Lipoa St.                                         Kalama Beach Park
                                                               ICentral Part of Halama Street
                                SOUTH MAUI                     i Hale Hui Kai Hotel --No i@eaweka-pu_     M@kapu_ Beach                   ---none
                                  KAMAOLE Td MAKENA- South Keawekapu Beach                             -.Polo Beach
                                                               Ulua Beach                                 PalaueaBeach

                                                                                                       __I@atdwin "a dhRaW         _-Wai mukw-kahului Wastewater Reclamation
                                NORTH SHORE                    Hobron Point to Kaa
                                  KAHULUI HARBOR               !Kaa to Kanaha Beach Park                  Mantokup Bay                                                      Facilities
                                                TO KUAU        Most of Kanaha Beach Park                                                                Sta-bleRoad Beach
                                                               .Spreckelsville Beacin                                                       Baldwin Beach Park lime kiln
                                                               Most of Stable Road Beach                                                    Portions of Kuau Bay
                                                               ISugar Cove (lost, but replenished)                                          Portions of Tavares Bay
                                                               East end of Lower Paia Bay


                                Objective
                                    1.1) To identify existing and potential erosion problem areas along Maui's shoreline


                                Recommendations
                                    1.1a)       Sponsor a study to better identify Maui's erosion hotspots and watchspots and
                                                to analyze the possible causes of erosion
                                    1.1b)       Acknowledge the special nature of erosion hotspots and watchspots when
                                                planning shoreline developments, infrastructure, and restoration projects
                                    1.1c)       Require data on shoreline erosion/accretion trends for any proposed coastal
                                                development


                                                                                                     10












                    2. Guidelines for Shoreline Protection Measures


                    When coastal erosion threatens property, coastal landowners are usually unaware of the
                    different types of coastal protection measures that are available and the applicable
                    environmental concerns and permitting requirements.          Since conventional coastal
                    protection structures such as seawalls and revetments have been shown to cause beach
                    narrowing and loss, the County should identify and recommend more environmentally
                    compatible alternatives.

                    For example, the use of sand bags and large sand-filled geotextile tubes known as sea
                    bags that temporarily control coastal erosion has become popular recently. Another
                    example may be concave or "V" shaped structural hardening designs which may retain
                    sand better than linear structures. This study should discuss how and where these
                    structural alternatives can effectively be used.

                    Currently, the County of Maui has entered into a contract with Oceanit Laboratories, Inc.,
                    to conduct such a study. Oceanit's study is entitled Coastal Protection and Beach
                    Nourishment Study and is expected to be completed by January 1998.

                    Objective
                      2.1) To establish guidelines for governmental agencies and the coastal community to
                           determine the most appropriate type of coastal protection in a particular location



                    Recommendations

                      2.1a)  Develop a study to provide technical recommendatidns for the restoration of
                             sandy shorelines through beach nourishment
                      2.1 b) Provide suggestions on alternative coastal protection designs where beach
                             nourishment is not feasible

                      2.10   List acceptable structures for emergency (temporary) coastal protection
                      2.1d)  Address permitting requirements for beach nourishment and structural
                             alternatives



                      Beach Nourishment


                    Beach nourishment, a technique used to restore an eroding or lost beach or to create a
                    new sandy shoreline, involves the placement of sand fill with or without supporting
                    structures along the shoreline to widen the beach. It is the only management tool which
                    serves the dual purpose of protecting coastal lands and preserving beach resources.
                    Beach nourishment is a common management practice on the mainland (NATIONAL




                                                               11









                   RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1995). Miami Beach. FL; Myrtle Beach, NC,- Ocean City, MD; and
                   several other locations have ongoing beach nourishment projects.

                   Although Maui has limited experience with beach nourishment, a few small-scale
                   projects have successfully restored lost or eroding beaches (Figure 7). Most restoration
                   projects that have taken place on Maui were privately funded and carried out without a
                   thorough engineering study.

                   Beach nourishment requires large volumes of beach-quality sand.               The initial
                   nourishment project typically requires thousands of cubic meters of sand per kilometer of
                   shoreline, and most beaches need periodic renourishment. Maui should take measures to
                   more effectively manage its limited sources of readily available sand and should build its
                   capacity to tap new, currently unavailable sources of sand.

                   Sand Sourcesfor Beach Nourishment
                   Sand for nourishment projects is from a variety of environments. Terrestrial sources of
                   sand include coastal dunes, coastal plains, and inland sand dunes. Offshore sources
                   include dredge spoils from harbor maintenance, shallow-water sand fields, medium-depth
                   sand channels, and deeper-water sand banks. Harbor spoils can be accessed from land
                   with a clarnshell dredge but comprise only a minor portion of Maui's sand resources.
                   Larger sources of sand must be hydraulically dredged with a suction dredge. Currently,
                   Maui lacks its own suction dredge and hence lacks the capacity to tap large offshore sand

                   resources.


                   To date, most small-scale nourishment and coastal protection projects on Maui have used
                   sand mined from inland dunes. The fine-grained nature of dune sand may not be
                   compatible for high energy beaches that typically have coarser-grained sand. Because
                   some sand dunes contain burial sites, sand should be acquired only from quarries
                   designated free of cultural sites. Inland sand mines on Maui charge $10 to $18 per cubic
                   yard, which is relatively inexpensive. In contrast, dune sand from Kaua'i for the creation
                   of four pocket beaches at Ko'olina Lagoons on O'ahu cost $80/cubic yard in place.
                   Nonetheless, terrestrial sources of sand are limited. Sand shipment off island-primarily
                   for cement companies on 0'ahu-has occurred for decades. This constitutes a loss of
                   valuable Maui sand that could be used for local beach nourishment projects. The export
                   of Maui's sand resources should be restricted, perhaps by introducing new legislation.

                   Maui should build its capacity to tap offshore sand resources. Potential offshore borrow
                   sites should be identified, mapped, and sampled. Local scientists and consulting firms
                   have mapped offshore sand resources for O'ahu (SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993).
                   Although a similar study was done for Maui and Moloka'i in 1971 (CAMPBELL, ET AL.,
                   1971), this study did not include extensive sampling and should be updated. Sampling is
                   necessary because offshore sand may not be suitable for beach nourishment. A recent
                   sand nourishment viability study on O'ahu found that offshore sand is often fined-grained
                   and discolored for beach nourishment (SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993). Funding for



                                                              12





















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                  Figure 7. Beach Nourishment at Sugar Cove, Spreckelsville, Maui. Before and after
                  small-scale beach nourishment project implemented entirely with private funding. Above
                  photo taken June 1996-, below photo taken October 1997.


                                                          I,,









                      the updated offshore sand resource study could be shared by Maui County, DLNR, the
                      University of Hawaii, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE).

                      Pilot Beach Nourishment Project

                      Beach nourishment is the only management tool that protects coastal development
                      without degrading the beach. Preserving or restoring a sandy beach has direct, beneficial
                      impacts on recreational opportunities and property values.                 Some homeowners
                      associations-Sugar Cove Condominiums in Pa'ia, and Karia'i 0 Nalu in Ma'alaea, for
                      example-have implemented small-scale, privately-funded beach nourishment projects.
                      Both of these projects were deemed successes; it was worth the expense to restore the
                      recreational use and value of the beach. The demand for beach nourishment on Maui as
                      well as statewide has grown in recent years and will likely continue to grow. The County
                      of Maui should anticipate this growing demand and take the lead in promoting and
                      implementing beach nourishment.

                      A pilot project is very much needed. It would illustrate the engineering requirements of
                      nourishment as well as surface all the environmental and permitting requirements,
                      problems, and concerns. An action plan for a pilot beach nourishment project should be
                      prepared based on guidelines from the Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment Study.
                      Site selection should consider erosion rates, geographical location, beach configuration,
                      sand availability, cause of erosion, public use and access, and cost sharing. In order to
                      better ensure a successful pilot beach nourishment project, a site-specific, coastal
                      engineering study will likely be necessary.

                      Objective
                        3.1) To promote beach nourishment by more effectively managing the limited sources
                              of readily available sand and building its capacity to tap new, currently
                              unavailable (offshore) sources of sand



                      Recommendations

                        3.1a)   Earmark beach-quality sand that is periodically removed from Maui's harbors
                                for nourishment projects
                        3.1b)   Restrict the export of Maui's dune sand resources, perhaps by introducing new
                                legislation
                        3.1c)   Limit sand mining to quarries designated free of cultural sites
                        3.1 d)  Identify, map, and sample potential offshore borrow sites
                        3.1e)   Consider acquiring a suction dredge to use to tap offshore sand resources,
                                provided offshore borrow sites have sand of good quality, and dredging will not
                                cause long-term environmental impacts
                        3.1f)   Identify and implement one or more pilot beach nourishment projects


                                                                    14












                     4. Dune Preservation and Restoratioll


                     Sand duries are important components of the littoral budget. Dunes trap windblown sand,
                     store excess- beach sand. and serve as natural erosion bl.lffel'S. protecting beach-front
                     property and coastal infrastructure during storms and h1uh-wave events. Pristine dunes

                     are veg
                            Yetated by riative Hawaiian species @LICII as aki'aki.         akalikidi. naIII)aka. and
                     I)ohitelizic. which are salt-tolerant. have dense root svstems. and  are effective wind-breaks
                     and wave bUft'ers i Fi(_IUreS 9 to I I ). Healthy sand dunes are     vital to the health of the
                     beach and nearshore marine environment.
















                                                                                       ;@" I.-WAW

                                                                                      A

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                     Figui-e 8.  Vegetated   dune, Kanalia, Maui.       'Vaillxtka shrub and  'aki'aki and pohuehite
                     (With pUrple flowers) ground cover at center. 'aki'aki (sparse ground cover) in
                     backQrOUnd.


                     Because of the natural erosion buffer that coastal dunes provide. dunes should be
                     preserved and. in some cases. restored. Dune restoration projects took place at Karna'ole
                     I in 1983. Kama'ole II in 1984, and Memorial Beach Park in 1987 (Figure 12). All three
                     of these restoration projects significantly enhanced the recreational value of the beach and
                     upland areas.













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                  Figure 9. Close up of 'aki'aki. Photo froM JOHNSTONE 1997.



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                  Figure 10. Close up of 'akulikidi. Photo from JOHNSTONE. 1997.







                                                          16









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                                              V





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                  Figure 11. Close up of pohitehite, Honolialiua, Maui Common name:   beach moming
                  glory.
























                   Figure 12. Dune restoration project at Kama'ole 11 in 1984.


                                                         17









                        Objectives
                         4.1) To preserve existing sand dunes
                         4.2) To restore degraded sand dunes



                       RecoinnwnclaliO17S

                         4.1a)     Map coastal dunes. and limit development on top of or in front of these dunes
                         4.1 b)    Prohibit aradinu @Ievelinu,) or i-runing of coastal dunes
                         4. 1 c)   Guide landscaping in dune areas (e.g.. limit topsoil fill. encouyaue the planting
                                                                                                              -v               t@
                                   of native coastal species rather than turf grass. which is I'lot consistent with the
                                   natural littoral environment)

                         4. 1 d)   Establish moveable dune ivalkovers to provide pedestrian access without
                                   trampling ClUne veaetation (FILure I'))
                         4.2a)     Encourage and support ClUne restoration efforts idUrle fencing. revegetation.
                                   sand nourishment. etc.)
                         4.2 b)    Publish a handbook detailing the methodology for future ClUne restoration
                                   projects









                                                                      ............................
















                                                                                               uz@


                                                                                                       4A








                        Figure 13. Dune walkover at Kamalole II, Maui.




                                                                         18









                     5. Coral Reef Ecosvstems. Water Ouality. and Upland Activities

                     The health of beaches is closely tied to the health of the coral reef ecosystem, which is
                     itself closely tied to upland land practices. Hence, effective beach management requires a
                     geographically broader approach known as integrated coastal zone management.
                     Although this report has focused mainly on the shoreline area-the beach, the dunes, and
                     the coastal plain-we have included some recommendations for more effective protection
                     of the coral reef ecosystem and better mana2ement of upland land practices.

                     In many cases, improper control of runoff at agricultural lands and construction sites,
                     even those far from the coast, has degraded the water quality of coastal areas. For
                     example, recent construction without adequate erosion control measures for the Maui
                     Ocean Center has led to frequent silt plumes in Ma'alaea Bay and negative impacts on the
                     coral reef. Silt diminishes light penetration and eventually settles out on the seafloor.
                     This harms coral and other marine organisms (e.g.,foraminifera, an important component
                     of beach sand) and limits safe and enjoyable ocean recreation. Runoff also transports
                     nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants to coastal waters compounding the impacts on
                     water quality.

                     Golf courses, resorts, and other urban developments have impacts on water quality
                     through the overuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and the leaching of other pollutants,
                     including chlorine from the drainage of swimming pools. In some cases, nutrient loading
                     of coastal waters has led to algal blooms. Most upland runoff can be prevented from
                     polluting the coastal waters through adherence to the best management practices (BMPs)
                     outlined in the West Maui Watershed Owners Manual (WEST MAUI WATERSHED
                     MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE, 1997), which is available to the public from the
                     Hawaii Department of Health. Major recommendations for agriculture and construction
                     are highlighted below.    The West Matti Watershed Owners Manual also provides
                     recommendations for landscaping.

                     According to the West Maui Watershed Owners Manual, best management practices for
                     agriculture include, but are not limited to, the following.
                     ï¿½  Expanded use of sediment retention basins
                     ï¿½  Regular maintenance of sedimentation basins and other erosion control measures
                     ï¿½  Use of diversions, terracing, contour farming, and crop residue to intercept and slow
                        sheet flow and stabilize the surface
                     ï¿½  Improved water management practices
                     ï¿½  Development of precision agriculture in order to insure efficient application of
                        fertilizer and pesticides based on local soil/crop needs

                     Best management practices for construction sites include the following.
                     ï¿½ Use of detention basins to prevent runoff
                     ï¿½ Use of dust suppression measures such as dust screens and watering



                                                              19









                           Limiting the surface area of exposed soil and coordinating activities with periods of
                           low rainfall


                       Other recommendations in the West Maui PVatershed Owners Manual include

                       ï¿½ Revising the Grading Ordinance to reduce soil erosion
                       ï¿½   Providing training and education for contractors, developers, and equipment operators
                       ï¿½ Improving inspection and enforcement of requirements for erosion control

                       Upland activities such as landscaping, agriculture, and construction must become more
                       environmentally responsible. Currently, the county Department of Public Works and
                       Waste Management (DPWWM) and state Department of Health (DOH) are responsible
                       for enforcing compliance with proper environmental controls at construction sites.
                       Communities and non- governmental organizations can assist DPWWM and DOH in
                       enforcement. To facilitate this. public awareness should be increased. Contracting firms
                       and developers should attend workshops on environmentally sound construction practices
                       and have their projects certified as "reef-friendly."

                       Objective
                          5.1) To reduce impacts to water quality and coral reef ecosystems


                       Recommendations
                          5.1 a)   Continue to educate the public-especially the ocean recreation users such as
                                   ocean activity centers and dive/snorkel tour boat operators-on the importance
                                   of coral reef ecosystems and how to reduce damage to these resources
                          5.1b)    Support studies to determine the status of Maui's coral reef ecosystems
                          5.1c)    Insure that upland construction and agricultural practices become more
                                   environmentally responsible by increasing public awareness
                          5.1d)    Amend the grading ordinance to implement best management practices for dust
                                   and sediment control, as approved by the Natural Resource Conservation
                                   Service, and the Department of Public Works and Waste Management (This is
                                   currently being considered by the Maui County Council.)
                          5.1e)    Provide BMP workshops to contractors at construction sites
                          5.1f)    Improve enforcement of the grading ordinance
                          5.1g)    Implement suggestions of the FVest Maui PVatershed Owners Manual including
                                   guidelines for the reduction of soil erosion and the development of and
                                   adherence to best management practices protective of coastal water quality
                          5.1h)    Promote sand fill along shoreline properties rather than soil fill
                          5.1i)    Review existing water quality standards, testing, and enforcement
                          5.1i)    Support a study of nearshore circulation patterns to help determine
                                   environmental impacts of various drainage master plans


                                                                         20










                    6. Shoreline Setbacks and Coastal Erosion Hazard Data


                    The intent of shoreline setbacks is to establish a coastal-hazard buffer zone to protect
                    beach-front development from high-wave events and coastal erosion. Adequate setbacks
                    allow the natural erosion and accretion cycles to occur and help maintain lateral beach
                    access. Furthermore, setbacks provide open space for the enjoyment of the natural
                    shoreline environment.


                    It is the experience of the Planning Department that the generally applied 40-foot
                    shoreline setback was often inadequate because setbacks are not determined by historical
                    site-specific rates of coastal erosion. Along much of the Maui coastline, this setback has
                    failed to protect developed beach-front property from coastal erosion and has failed to
                    provide adequate environmental open space for coastal processes. An analysis of coastal
                    erosion trends would provide data on a property scale to enhance decision making in the
                    coastal zone area.


                    Historical erosion rates can be determined on a parcel by parcel scale and used to project
                    the future erosion hazard area along the shoreline. Maps of the projected 30-, 60-, and
                    90-year shorelines can be prepared assuming that future shoreline trends will be similar to
                    historical trends. The areas makai of the projected shorelines are known as the 30-, 60-,
                    and 90-year erosion hazard zones. Maps of erosion-hazard zones provide a scientific
                    basis for more effectively regulating proposed structures and activities in beachfront lots.

                    Coastal-erosion hazard maps could be used to establish rate-based building setbacks.
                    Setbacks would be site-specific-literally at the property scale-to reflect the site-
                    specific nature of coastal erosion. These setbacks would also incorporate the proposed
                    style of development. Construction-style considerations would include the size and
                    expected lifetime of the planned structure. Larger, immovable buildings and those with
                    lifetimes of more than 50 years would have deeper setbacks than small, movable
                    structures. For instance, a ten-story, 200-unit condominium would have a deeper setback
                    than a single-family house built on posts.

                    Establishing setbacks that reflect site-specific coastal processes and building styles could
                    be incorporated directly into the Shoreline Setback Rules for the Maui Planning
                    Commission along with certain construction and land-use performance standards for
                    areas that fall within a particular erosion-hazard zone. Site-specific setbacks would also
                    offer a basis for dune conservation.


                    Variable-rate setbacks may be difficult to adopt. Projected erosion rates along shorelines
                    with a history of severe coastal erosion could significantly limit the buildable area of a
                    beach-front parcel. The projected hazard-zone may even consume the entire property.
                    Provisions for possible exceptions to rate-based shoreline setbacks would need to be
                    included with any rule changes. Even if variable shoreline setbacks are not adopted by
                    the Planning Commission, erosion-hazard maps would still provide valuable data that
                    would be used during planning, developing, and redeveloping coastal properties. For


                                                               21









                   example, erosion hazard maps could be used to identify areas prone to high rates of
                   coastal erosion and help determine the causes of and methods to address coastal erosion.

                   Objectives
                    6.1) To provide relevant information for governmental agencies and the coastal
                          community when purchasing shoreline property and/or planning and designing
                          any development along the shoreline
                    6.2) To provide a scientific basis to assess and regulate proposed structures and
                          activities within projected shoreline erosion hazard zone



                   Recommendations

                    6.1a)   Develop a detailed coastal erosion hazard analysis that will determine historical
                            shoreline positions and map the projected position of the shoreline 30, 60, and
                            90 years in the future. (Maui County has already prepared and advertised an
                            RFP to develop such a study.)
                    6.1b)   Quantify the amount of beach loss that has occurred to help identify the possible
                            causes and potential mitigation of coastal erosion
                    6.2a)   Incorporate site-specific erosion rate data and performance standards (e.g.,
                            construction style and estimated lifetime of structure) into the determination of
                            shoreline building setbacks
                    6.2b)   Initiate meetings with neighborhood associations to help develop performance
                            standards for variable setbacks in areas with high rates of coastal erosion


                   7. Proactive Development of Coastal Lands

                   Proactive management occurs in the planning stages of new developments or
                   redevelopments along the shoreline, well before project layout is finalized. This type of
                   planning is beneficial to coastal landowners and developers who are not always aware of
                   shoreline processes, coastal hazards, and the potential impacts of development on the
                   beach and other nearshore areas. The permitting agency should apprise the applicant of
                   the recommendations listed below during project layout. Incorporating the advice of the
                   Planning Department would streamline the permitting process and decrease the risk of
                   coastal hazards.


                   Developers and landowners should be encouraged to pre-consult wi    th various experts and
                   governmental agencies familiar with coastal erosion in order to get appropriate
                   recommendations on project design.           Developers and landowners should also
                   acknowledge that developments along the shoreline are subject to the risk of coastal
                   erosion and high wave events and that any request to protect structures and property with
                   shoreline armoring is currently discretionary based on grounds of hardship and impacts
                   on the environment.



                                                             22










                      Objectives
                        7.1) To encourage proactive shoreline developments and increase awareness of coastal
                              hazards

                        7.2) To increase awareness of the discretionary nature of permitting shoreline
                              armoring to protect property



                     Recommendations

                        7.1a)    Encourage developers and landowners to pre-consuit with various experts and
                                 governmental agencies familiar with coastal erosion in order to get appropriate
                                 recommendations on project design
                        7.1b)    Make the Beach Management Plan for Vaui available to developers,
                                 contractors, and landowners as a reference guide
                        7.1c)    Encourage greater setbacks for erosion hotspots and watchspots and other areas
                                 with a high rate of erosion (Figure 14)
                        7.1d)    Discourage slab-on-grade construction (Figure 15)
                        7.1e)    For major condominium/hotel type developments, encourage layouts with less
                                 linear frontage (Figures 16, 17, and 18)
                        7.1f)    Encourage minor structures to be non-permanent and portable (Figure 19)
                        7.1g)    Encourage major structures to be hurricane/tsunami resistant (ie., built on posts)
                                 (Figure 20) and located away from areas of high coastal hazard
                        7.1h)    Encourage developers to construct building additions on the mauka side of the
                                 structure rather than within the shoreline setback area

                        7.1i)    Encourage use of sand fill and native vegetation for shoreline landscaping
                        7.2a)    Require developers and landowners to acknowledge that shoreline armoring is
                                 discretionary and based on grounds of hardship and impacts on the environment
















                                                                     23





































                                        77                                r


                        WANN
                                                             ;@: NWI







                  Figure 14. Example of large setback and open space, Ritz Carlton, Kapalua, Maui.







                                                                                 El



                                 .im






                                                                          7


                                                                                     ...4
                                                                     102
                  Figure  15. Undermined slab on grade sidewalk at Kahekili Park, North Beach,
                  Ka'anapali. This sidewalk is very hazardous to beach users and interferes with coastal
                  processes. This structure should have been readily movable when coastal erosion posed a
                  threat.



                                                         24








                                                                Makal


                                                                                                                         Shoreline



                                                                                          ............
                                                                                   . . .........
                                                                                      ...... ..........
                                                                                          ..... ...
                                                                                        .. ..........
                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                          ..........
                                            Building-




                                                     33 % of the, structure@ threatened by coastal hazards.



                                                                Makai


                                                                                                                         Shoreline
                                                                               M


                                             Building-




                                                       20% of the. structure threatened by coastal hazards
                                                                    I
                                                                 Makal


                                                                                                                          Shoreline



                                                                                           M: iT..

                                                                                           ...........................


                                             Building-







                                                        7'0/@-oftha-structure-.threatened..by,:coastal.'hazards
                          Figure 16. Different layouts of shoreline development with varying linear frontage.
                          V-shaped IaN@outs confine the risk of high-wave events and coastal erosion to a small
                          portion of the building instead of the entire structure.



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                                                                  Honokowai, Maui.
                  Figure 17.   Shore-parallel type development,                        Maui Kai and
                  Mahana Condominiums.    Revetments front both condominiums.



                                                                         J."




                                     ..' tl_
                           Q

















                  Figure 18.  Less linear t-NIpe development, Royal Kahana area, Kahana, Maui. Note
                  sandbagging is limited to the corner portions of the structure closest to the ocean.


                                                         2 6

















                                                                                    AvAt



                                   A


                 Figure  19. Movable boardwalk    constructed using  recycled plastic, Kama'ole 1,
                 Kihei, Maui.






                                                                                  TIO
                                           771
                                           -JOHIS






                                         4 t'
















                  Figure 20. Houses built on cement pillars, Paukukalo, Maui.



                                                       27










                    8. Inter-agency Coordination


                    Much of the coastline of Maui consists of parks, highways, and other public works
                    projects, which are threatened or will soon be threatened by erosion and other coastal
                    hazards. Inter-agency communication and education is necessary to more effectively plan
                    for or mitigate coastal hazards and implement more environmentally sound projects.
                    Better inter-agency coordination would also reduce delays, duplications, paperwork, and
                    resource demands in permit processing, resulting. in cost-savings to both permit
                    applicants and governmental agencies.

                    For example, the Department of the Army has proposed a General Permit for beach
                    nourishment and restoration in Hawaii. The purpose of the General Permit is to expedite
                    the authorization of minor non-controversial projects (e.g., beach nourishment and
                    offshore submerged berms).       Activities that do not conform to the provisions and
                    limitations of this permit will still require an individual permit from the USACOE and/or
                    a project-specific DOH Section 401 Water Quality Certification and a Coastal Zone
                    Management (CZM) Federal Consistency determination. This General Permit has
                    already been reviewed for Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program Federal
                    Consistency.

                    Beach nourishment projects and other shore protection measures often fall within two or
                    more jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., Federal and State, State and County, or Federal,
                    State, and County). This leads to jurisdictional conflicts. Each agency is often not fully
                    aware of the other agencies' permitting requirements and the status of pending
                    applications.

                    Some progress has recently been made towards the coordination of county and state
                    shoreline management efforts. Maui County and the State DLNR are discussing the
                    formation of improvement districts (see section on Beach Management Districts), the
                    selection of pilot beach nourishment sites, and data-management needs through the
                    Coastal Erosion Management Planfor the State of Hawaii.

                    However, more interagency communication is needed. For example, better cooperation
                    between State Parks and the County Parks and Recreation should be sought since many
                    of our beach parks are maintained by these departments. In addition, discussions should
                    be enhanced with the State Department of Transportation (DOT), because some highway
                    facilities are threatened or will soon be threatened by coastal erosion. In most cases, state
                    highway facilities are the major or only thoroughfare between regions.               Proactive
                    planning of new highway construction, widening, and realignment could reduce the threat
                    of coastal erosion, high-wave hazards, and beach loss by anticipating future shoreline
                    trends (Figure 21).

                    Maui County should continue to work with the Federal and State agencies to improve
                    coordination on shoreline matters in order to avoid duplication, expedite permit
                    processing, and encourage more environmentally sensitive shoreline protection measures.


                                                                28

















                                               .7












                      71




                                                         1A



                                                                           -7







                      Figure 21. Launiupoko State Park, Lahaina, Maui.             This section of the state highway
                      is being threatened by ongoing coastal erosion and is earmarked for a revetment project
                      by the State DOT and the USACOE. However. the project was questioned by the County
                      since it seemed to be a short-term solution to a Ion(-T-term problem and would likely
                      promote construction of other similar structures. Beach nourishment with cobbles or
                      hiuhway relocation may be more appropriate solutions.


                      Objectives
                        8.1)  To enhance coordination with federal. state. and other governmental agencies with
                              jurisdiction over shoreline management 1SSUes-Army Corps of Engineers.
                              Natural Resource Conservation Service. State and County Parks Departments. the
                              State Department of Transportation @Hiuhwa%,s and Harbors Division) the State
                              Department of Land and Natural Resources. State Department of Health. and the
                              Count%- Department of Public Works
                        8.2) To develop an atmosphere which allows commUnities to act proactively to meet
                              demands for shore protection and preservation



                      R e co n7n? e ncla t io i is

                        8. 1 a)  'Vlaintain on(loing discussions and improve coordination on shoreline matters
                                 with other agencies in order to avoid duplication. expedite permit processing,
                                              C@
                                 and encourage more environmentally sensitive shoreline protection measures
                        8.2a)    Proactively plan highway construction, park improvements, and other
                                 infrastructure projects



                                                                    ')9










                    9. Structures and Activities \\ ithin-flie Shorel me Area


                    Certain shoreline structures have been shown to have an impact on coastal processes.
                    Although pre-consultation and cooperation with governmental agencies results in more
                                                                      t@'             Z:@
                    effective. proactive management and planning. certain recommendations on shoreline
                    development must be fori-riahzed through adoption of rule changes.


                    Minor Siructures

                    Concrete sidewalks. in-around swimming pools. and other beach-use facilities
                    historicaltv have been permitted within the shoreline setback area as **rninor structures".
                    Some of these existina structures  are threatened by coastal erosion or hinder the normal
                    coastal processes (Figure 22).



                                                       A















                                .6;.










                    Figure 22.      Hyatt Regency      swimming pool threatened by coastal             erosion.
                                               In
                    Ka'anapali. Maui. Also refer to Figure 15.

                    The shoreline setback rules should be amended to regulate these type of permanent and
                    immovable structures within the shoreline area bv limiting minor structures to those that
                    are portable. expendable. or under a certain dollar value (see Figure 19). If the structure
                    is threatened by coastal erosion or has an adverse effect on shoreline processes, the
                    structure should be conditionally relocated or removed.

                    Permit processing on the County level for sand nourishment projects that would stabilize
                    and enhance the shoreline area should be expedited to the extent possible. Sand is
                    dynamic, it comes and goes naturally, depending on the tides. wind. seasons, and wave



                                                               '0









                     action. Furthermore, nourishment may have a beneficial impact to surrounding properties
                     and often will increase the recreational value of a particular beach. By streamlining this
                     environmentally sensitive method of erosion control, the construction of illegal shoreline
                     hardening structures may be deterred. Guidelines, however, must be created to regulate
                     sand compatibility with the existing beach and sand cleanliness to minimize adverse
                     impacts on water quality and marine resources.

                     Major Structures

                     Major structures include buildings and extensions, patios and paved areas, and parking
                     lots. Although these are usually restricted from the shoreline setback area, the criteria for
                     granting a shoreline setback variance, is currently very broad. For example, shoreline
                     hardening structures have been historically permitted in the setback area for coastal
                     erosion control.


                     Unfortunateiv, shoreline hardening along coasts undergoing long-term coastal erosion has
                     led to widespread beach loss on Maui. The county is very concerned about possible
                     environmental impacts of coastal armoring and other major structures, especially with
                     regard to beach processes. The Planning Department critically reviews each proposed
                     shoreline setback variance and discouracyes the use of permanent coastal armoring
                     structures along sandy shorelines. A proposed major structure in the setback area should
                     be justified only after a thorough analysis of: 1) practicable alternatives, 2) reasonable
                     use of land, 3 )) desire to protect private property and structures, 4) shoreline erosion rates,
                     5) impacts to the environment, and 6) loss of public benefit.

                     Finally, one of the major flaws in the current shoreline setback rules is that parcels must
                     "abut the shoreline" in order to be subject to these rules. In other words, properties
                     fronted by even a sliver of a State beach reserve may construct major structures near the
                     makai edge of the property boundaries. This constitutes a major loophole in the current
                     shoreline setback regulations with potentially serious consequences to both the beach
                     environment and the property owner.

                     Objective
                       9.1) To regulate certain structures and activities within the shoreline area in a manner
                             consistent with proactive planning recommendations


                     Recommendations
                       9.1a)   Limit minor structures to those that are portable, expendable, or under a certain
                               dollar value, and require them to be relocated or removed if shown to adversely
                               affect shoreline processes
                       9.1b)   Expedite permit processing for sand nourishment projects, provided that
                               guidelines are created through the Shoreline Setback Rules to minimize adverse
                               impacts on water quality and marine resources









                        9.1c)   Specifically define the criteria for granting a shoreline variance for major
                                structures

                         9.1d)  Require that shoreline setback rules apply to all lands that abut the shoreline or
                                abut a state beach reserve

                         9.1e)  Consider incorporating other recommendations in this plan as formal rule
                                changes (e.g., prohibition of soil fill and sand dune grading along the shoreline)


                      10. Beach Manasiement Districts


                      Beach management districts should be established on a neighborhood scale to help
                      maintain or restore nearby beaches and other shoreline areas. A beach management
                      district (BMD) is a special designation for a group of neighboring coastal properties that
                      provides a mechanism for implementing erosion mitigation projects at multi-property
                      scales.   BMDs streamline the permitting requirements for beach preservation and
                      restoration projects and facilitate cost sharing between the group of neighborhood owners
                      and countv. state, and federal agencies.           Further details about establishing beach
                      management districts and the advantages and challenges of establishing them are
                      thoroughly discussed in a 1992 report entitled Beach Management Plan with Beach
                      Management Districts by Hwang and Fletcher.

                      Certain beach management projects (e.g., large beach restorations) affect several
                      beachfront properties. The formation of a beach manaaement district allows a group of
                      adjacent landowners to address shoreline issues as a unit rather than as individual
                      property holders (HWANG AND FLETCHER, 1992). As a beach management district, the
                      group can pool its resources and streamline the permitting process for such projects.
                      Often, county. state. and federal agencies will participate in cost sharing for a particular
                      project, if it benefits the public. Some condominium associations and neighborhood
                      boards already act as defacto beach management districts.

                      Objective
                        10.1) To encourage and implement beach management districts in order to coordinate
                                beach management on a neighborhood scale



                      Recommendation
                        10.1a) Establish beach management districts at erosion hotspots, especially those
                                 proposing to implement a beach restoration project
                        10.1b) Set up a mechanism at the county and/or state levels for evaluating petitions to
                                  form a beach management district






                                                                    32










                   11. Public Awareness and Education


                   Coastal and marine environments are greatly influenced by the activities of humankind.
                   Increasing public awareness of the sensitivity of these environments would sharply
                   decrease human impacts. Policy makers and agency personnel should be provided with
                   guidance for more effective beach management practices.           Equally important is
                   increasing awareness and education of general public. Although Maui has many well-
                   informed individuals with stewardship attitudes, both the private sector and the public
                   need to become more aware of coastal and marine resource issues.


                   Policy makers and agency personnel need to be better informed so that their decisions are
                   envirom-nentally and economically responsible. The same applies to developers and
                   contractors, especially those working at shoreline properties. A better informed public
                   will support decisions that need to be made.

                   Hawaii Sea Grant and Maui Community College should develop a public awareness and
                   education program on coastal and marine resource issues. Sea Grant should team up with
                   local scientists and environmental groups to sponsor K-12 teacher training workshops.
                   Maui Community College can support post-secondary education and research by
                   continuing to offer marine science courses through its Marine Option Program. Offering
                   a bachelor's degree program in Marine Science should be a longer-term goal at Maui
                   Community College.

                   Public awareness can also be increased through educational presentations to various
                   groups (e.g., community associations, neighborhood boards, rotary clubs, ocean activity
                   owners and County commissions). Other ways to increase awareness include creating a
                   web site on coastal processes and development guidelines, issuing press releases,
                   publishing information in booklets, and giving presentations at conferences and
                   symposiums similar to the Coral Reef Symposium and the Coastal Zone Management
                   Conference, both of which took place on Nlaui in September 1997.

                   Objective
                     11.1) To increase public and private sector awareness and education on coastal and
                           marine resource protection



                   Recommendations
                     11.1a)  Identify key target audiences (e.g., schools. community associations,
                             neighborhood boards, rotary clubs. developers and contractors, ocean activity
                             owners, county commissions, etc.)
                     11.1b)  Continue disseminating information by issuing press releases, publishing
                             booklets and posters, and giving presentations at conferences and to key user
                             groups




                                                             3 3









                     11.1c) Sponsor the creation of a web site on coastal processes, development
                             guidelines, and beach management
                     11.1d) Partner with local scientists and environmental groups to sponsor K-12 teacher
                             training workshops


                    12. Research


                    Several University of Hawaii research projects have focused on Maui County's coastal
                    and marine resources. These projects have greatly increased our knowledge of the coastal
                    and marine environments and processes and have led to improved management of the
                    coastal zone. Further research is necessary to increase our understanding of coastal and
                    marine science and to insure the effective and efficient management of the coastal zone.

                    Hawaii Sea Grant can help identify new projects and potential funding partnerships. The
                    most likely partners would be Sea Grant, DLNR. DOH, DBEDT's Coastal Zone
                    Management Program. the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental
                    Protection Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and NOAA's Hawaii
                    Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.

                    An important component of research is monitoring. Monitoring involves the periodic
                    collection of data to study changes in an environment through time. Two important
                    studies relevant to beach management carried out by volunteers on Maui include the
                    monitoring of algal blooms and the biannual collection of beach profiles (Figure 23). The
                    collection of data on nuisance algal blooms was initiated in 1995 by Na Maka'ala and is
                    currently being carried Out by Na Pale 0 Ke Kai. Na Pale 0 Ke Kai also collects water
                    samples and analyzes turbidity.

                    The monitoring of beach profiles is an on-going UH-Manoa and USGS cooperative
                    effort. Researchers involved in this joint study have monitored 32 profile lines on Maui
                    beaches twice yearly since January 1995. The analysis of sequential beach profiles
                    provides data on seasonal and longer-term changes in beach volume. This information is
                    needed to complement aerial photograph analyses of coastal erosion and to help plan
                    beach restoration projects.

                    Vertical aerial photographs of the shoreline provide valuable information to coastal zone
                    planners and developers. Recent aerial photographs of a given shoreline area can be
                    compared with historical aerial photographs to determine rates of coastal erosion. The
                    county currently maintains a limited archive of aerial photographs. with complete sets
                    from 1967, 1988, and 1993. This database should be updated at least every 5 years.








                                                              34




















































                      r




                      Figure 23.   USGS - UH beach profile survey.

                      Objective
                        12.1) To continue to help fund research in coastal and marine science and marine
                               polic"
                        12.2) To continue to closely monitor shoreline trends SLIch as coastal erosion and beach
                               loss as well as algal blooms


                        1,2.1a)   Commission new research projects in coastal and marine science and marine
                                  policy on ail scales
                        12.1 b)   Fund studies that seek to better understand site-specific causes of coastal
                                  erosion and beach loss

                        12.1c)    Help fund a study that quantifies sand production on corai reefs
                        1,2.1d)   Help sponsor a study of the economic. legal. and political challenges associated
                                  with requiring rate-based building setbacks
                        12.1e)    Encourage Maul Community College to take a more active role in marine
                                  science education and research by further developing its Marine Option
                                  Prouram









                      12.1f)   Seek participation in research on marine issues from other universities, ocean
                               user groups, and other government agencies
                      12.2a)   Update the County's database of coastal aerial photographs at least every five
                               years so that county planners can make informed decisions with reasonably up
                               to date information on shoreline development
                      12.2b)   Help maintain and expand the island-wide network of beach profiles
                      12.2c)   Help support the continued collection of data on water quality and algal blooms


                     13. Fundiniz Mechanisms


                     Two effective tools for managing coastal erosion and beach loss include beach
                     nourishment and the acquisition of coastal lands. Large beach nourishment projects and
                     the purchase of shoreline properties can cost several millions of dollars. Additionally,
                     continued research in coastal and marine sciences and beach monitoring will require
                     continued funding.

                     The funding of these projects should be shared by federal, state, county, and private
                     sources. Grants from outside agencies (e.g., federal agencies, Sea Grant, the DLNR, and
                     the Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism's Coastal Zone
                     Management Program) can be leveraged from relatively small seed funding allocated by
                     the County. Monetary and in-kind support from non-governmental organizations and
                     environmental groups should also be sought.

                     The County could propose setting up a dedicated beach management fund. This fund
                     would help pay for beach nourishment and dune restoration projects as well as research
                     and monitoring needs. Some of the money for this fund could be gathered from CZM-
                     related permit processing fees (SMAs and SSVs) and fines collected from various
                     violations. Additional funds could be allocated in County budget. Even a small, perhaps
                     voluntary, visitor donation for beach preservation of as little as $0.50 per person per day
                     could generate millions annually.

                     Currently, the County is limited in the amount of coastal lands it can acquire. These
                     lands may be more efficiently funded through a practice called land banking. Land
                     banking is defined as the practice of acquiring land by reason of opportunity, crisis, or
                     prudent planning, and then holding the land for either a specific or unforeseen use-the
                     use being in the public interest. This funding mechanism. falling outside of the normal
                     process of budget appropriations, will provide a way to regularly set aside ftinds for
                     future land acquisitions in both good and bad economic times (Anthony Rankin, pers.
                     comm.).

                     The Maui County Council recently unanimously endorsed a bill calling for increased
                     county funding for public land acquisition through a surcharge on the existing state



                                                                 36









                   conveyance tax. This stable funding would greatly enhance the ability of the county to
                   acquire coastal lands for public use.

                   Objective
                     13.1) To sharply increase funding for beach management. coastal lands acquisition,
                           and research and monitoring and seek to attract outside sources of funding

                   Recommendations

                     13.1a)  Allocate a portion of the annual budget to a dedicated beach management fund,
                             which would not only be used for land banking and beach nourishment projects
                             but also for continued coastal zone research and monitoring
                     13. 1 b) Identify strategies for generating more revenue earmarked for beach
                             management
                     13.1 c) More effectively pursue matching funds from outside agencies through
                             leveraging
                     13.1d)  Support and recognize volunteer efforts of non-governmental agencies and
                             community groups who are active in beach stewardship































                                                            37










                     GLOSSARY


                     Accretion - the deposition of sediment. sometimes indicated by the seaward advance of a
                      shoreline indicator such as the water line, the berm crest. or the vegetation line.
                     Active beach - the portion of the littoral system that is frequently (daily or at least
                         seasonally) subject to transport by wind. waves, and currents.
                     Algal bloom - a sudden increase in the amount of marine algae (seaweed) often caused
                         by high levels of phosphates, nitrates, and other nutrients in the nearshore area.
                     Armoring - the placement of fixed engineering structures. typically rock or concrete, on
                         or along the shoreline to reduce coastal erosion.       Armoring structures include
                         seawalls, revetments. bulkheads, and rip rap (loose boulders).
                     Backshore - the generally dry portion of the beach between the berm crest and the
                         vegetation line that is submerged only during very high sea levels and eroded only
                         during moderate to strong wave events.
                     Beach - an accumulation of loose sediment (usually sand or gravel) along the coast.

                     Beach loss - a volumetric loss of sand from the active beach.

                     Beach management district - a special designation for a group of neighboring coastal
                         properties that is established to facilitate cost sharing and streamline the permitting
                         requirements for beach restoration projects.
                     Beach narrowing - a decrease in the useable beach width caused by erosion.
                     Beach nourishment - the technique of placing sand fill along the shoreline to widen the
                         beach.

                     Beach profile - a cross-sectional plot of a shore-normal topographic and geomorphic
                         beach survey, usually in comparison to other survey dates to illustrate seasonal and
                         longer-term changes in beach volume.
                     Berm - a geornorphological feature usually located at mid-beach and characterized by a
                         sharp break in slope, separating the flatter backshore from the seaward-sloping
                         foreshore.
                     Building setback - the county-required seaward limit of major construction for a coastal
                         property. Building setbacks on Maui vary from 25 feet to 150 feet landward of the
                         certified shoreline.
                     Coastal dunes - dunes within the coastal upland, immediately landward of the active
                         beach.
                     Coastal erosion - the wearing away of coastal lands. usually by wave attack, tidal or
                         littoral currents, or wind. Coastal erosion is synonymous with shoreline (vegetation
                         line) retreat.
                     Coastal plain - the low-lying, gently-sloping area landward of the beach often containing
                         fossil sands deposited during previously higher sea levels.









                    Coastal upland - the low-lying area landward of the. beach often containing
                        unconsolidated sediments. The coastal upland is bounded by the hinterland (the
                        higher-elevation areas dominated by bedrock and steeper slopes).
                    Day-use mooring - a buoy or other device to which boats can be secured without
                        anchoring.
                    Deflation - a lowering of the beach profile.
                    Downdrift - in the direction of net longshore sediment transport.
                    Dune - a landform characterized by an accumulation of wind-blown sand, often
                        vegetated.
                    Dune restoration - the technique of rebuilding an eroded or degraded dune through one
                        or more various methods (sand fill, drift fencing, revegetation, etc.).
                    Dune walkover - light construction that provides pedestrian access without trampling
                        dune vegetation.
                    Dynamic equilibrium - a system in flux, but with influxes equal to outfluxes.
                    Erosion - the loss of sediment, sometimes indicated by the landward retreat of a shoreline
                        indicator such as the water line, the berm crest, or the vegetation line.
                    Erosion hotspots - areas where coastal erosion has threatened shoreline development or
                        infrastructure. Typically, the shoreline has been armored and the beach has narrowed
                        considerably or been lost.
                    Erosion watchspots - areas where the coastal environment will soon be threatened if
                        shoreline erosion trends continue.

                    Foreshore - the seaward sloping portion of the beach within the normal range of tides.
                    Hardening - see Armoring.
                    Improvement districts - a component of a beach management district established to help
                        facilitate neighborhood-scale improvement projects (e.g., beach nourishment).
                    Land banking - the purchase of shoreline properties by a government, presumably to
                        reduce development pressure or to preserve the parcel as a park or as open space.
                    Littoral budget - the sediment budget of the beach consisting of sources and sinks.
                    Littoral system - the geographical system subject to frequent or infrequent beach
                        processes. The littoral system is the area from the landward edge of the coastal
                        upland to the seaward edge of the near-shore zone.
                    Longshore transport - sediment transport down the beach (parallel to the shoreline)
                        caused by longshore currents and/or waves approaching obliquely to the shoreline.
                    Lost beaches - a subset of erosion hotspots. Lost beaches lack a recreational beach, and
                        lateral shoreline access is very difficult if not impossible.
                    Monitoring - periodic collection of data to study changes in an environment over time.









                    Nutrient loading - the input of fertilizing chemicals to the nearshore marine
                        environment, usually via non-point source runoff and sewaize effluent. Nutrient
                        loading often leads to algal blooms.
                    Offshore - the portion of the littoral system that is always submerged.
                    Overwash - transport of sediment landward of the active beach by coastal flooding
                        during a tsunami, hurricane, or other event with extreme waves.
                    Revetment - a sloping type of shoreline armoring often constructed from large,
                        interlocking boulders. Revetments tend to have a rougher (less reflective) surface
                        than seawalls.
                    Scarp - a steep slope, usually along the foreshore and/or at the vegetation line, formed by
                        wave attack.

                    Scarping - the erosion of a dune or berm by wave-attack during a storm or a large swell.
                    Sea bags - large sand-filled geotextile tubes used in coastal protection projects.
                    Seawall - a vertical or near-vertical type of shoreline armoring characterized by a smooth
                        surface.

                    Shoreline setback - see Building setback.
                    Siltation - the input of non-calcareous fine-grained sediments to the nearshore marine
                        environment, or the settling out of fine-grained sediments on the seafloor.
                    Storm surge - a temporary rise in sea level associated with a storm's low barometric
                        pressure and onshore winds.
                    Urban runoff - the input of hydrocarbons. heavy metals, pesticides. and other chemicals
                        to the nearshore marine environment from densely populated areas.
                    Zooxanthellae - unicellular. symbiotic algae living within coral Polyps that produce food
                        for their hosts by photosynthesis and help efficiently recycle low-levels of nutrients.



















                                                               40










                   REFERENCES


                   BRUUN. P.. 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Journal of Waterways &
                       Harbors Division, ASCE, 88: 117-130.

                   CAMPBELL, J.F., RoSENDAHL, B.R., COULBOURN, W.T., AND MOBERLY, R.M., 1971.
                       Reconnaissance Sand Inventory: Off Leeward Molokai and Maui. HIG-71-17. Hawaii
                       Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii-Manoa.
                   DUXBURY, A.B. AND DUXBURY, A.C., 1996. Fundamentals of Oceanography. 308 p.
                   FLETCHER, C.H., MULLANE, R.A., AND RICHMOND, B.R., 1997. Beach loss along armored
                       shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 13, 1, 209-215.
                   HWANG. D.J. AND FLETCHER, C.H., 1992. Beach Management Plan with Beach
                       Management Districts. Hawaii Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management
                       Program, Honolulu, 192 p.
                   JOHNSTONE, H.W., 1997. Mo'omomi, West Moloka'i: a Coastal Treasure. University of
                       Hawal"i at Manoa, Sea Grant Extension Service, Honolulu., 56 p.
                   MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING, INC. AND SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1991. Aerial Photograph
                       Anal'ysis of'Coastal Erosion on the Islands of Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and
                       Haivai'i. Hawaii Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program,
                       Honolulu, 199 p.
                   NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1995. Beach Nourishment and Protection. Committee on
                       Beach Nourishment and Protection, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and
                       Technical Systems, Washington, DC, 3334 p.
                   TAIT, J.F., AND GRIGGS, G.B., 1990. Beach response to the presence of a seawall. Shore
                       and Beach, 5 8, 11-2 8.
                   SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993. Beach Nourishment Viability Study. Hawaii Office of
                       State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program. Honolulu. 95 p.
                   WEST MAUI WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE, 1997. West Maui
                       Watershed Owners Manual. 92 p.
















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