    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

               The

                  U.S. GLOBAL OCEAN

                                SCIENCE PROGRAM

                                                                 COAASTI@* LZ ONE
                                                             INFORAIATION CENTER

                                             A Strategy for Understanding

                                             the Role of the Ocean in Global Change

                                            d

      GC        Dctober 1987
      lcjo. 2
      U55
      1987

                                               THE

                           U.S. GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE PROGRAM

                                A STRATEGY FOR UNDERSTANDING

                           THE ROLE OF THE OCEAN IN GLOBAL CHANGE

                                   A Report to the Ocean Principals

                                             U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                             COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                             2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                             CHARLESTON , SC  29405-2413

                              U.S. GOSP Interagency Working Group

                                           October 1987

       GC 190.2, U55 1987
    24250850
    DEC 11 1996

                                                                Preface

                      The enclosed interagency report: "The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program" represents the
                      first stage of a coordinated, federal agency, strategic planning effort. The planning began
                      in November 1985 in recognition of the urgency of describing and understanding the
                      central role of the ocean in global change and the multiple effects of the ocean on our
                      society. The planning is timely because of the existence of new insights and the application
                      of new measurement and computing technology to global ocean processes. To carry out the
                      effort, the Ocean Principals agreed to coordinate the development of a national plan for
                      ocean sciences. The goal of the plan was to maintain and strengthen U.S. leadership in
                      ocean science and technology and to develop stronger international cooperation.

                      Planning during the following year in the federal agencies and in the ocean resear        ch
                      community culminated in a workshop held at USGS Headquarters in Reston, Virginia on
                      November 6 and 7, 1986. The workshop included representatives from federal agencies
                      and the academic research community. From the workshop, a statement of opportunities
                      and plans was developed that was presented to the Ocean Principals on February 18,
                      1987. The statement outlined a strategic planning context for a U.S. Global Ocean Science
                      Program.

                      In response to the statement, the heads of the involved agencies requested the National
                      Science Foundation to convene an interagency working group to develop the overall goals
                      and objectives and identify specific scientific components of a U.S. Global Ocean Science
                      Program. In the course of this planning the group was also to develop recommendations on
                      steps needed to begin to implement the program. The planning was to be carried out in the
                      scientific context of active national and international planning for studies of global
                      environmental change.

                      The report presented here is the first stage of that planning effort.       It presents the
                      rationale for the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program, identifies the necessary components
                      of science and technology, lays out the required actions for the short term, provides for
                      continuing coordination, and estimates the level of effort, over a 7-year period centered
                      upon FY 1989, required for the Program's success. The report, which will be updated
                      annually, provides an interagency strategic planning mechanism that allows individual
                      agencies to present a coordinated program structure for FY 1989.

                                                  U.S. Global Ocean Science Program

                                                                 Table of Contents

                        1. Executive Summary        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      1

                        11. U.S. Global Ocean Science Program       ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  3

                               1. Opportunity and Challenge: the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program            . . . .      3

                               2. The Rationale: Importance of Understanding the Global Ocean          . . . . . .         4

                               3. New Developments: Where Do We Stand Today?            . . . . . . . . . . . .            7

                               4. Recognition of Urgency: Why Now?          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                8

                               5. Evolution of the Interagency Program     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  10

                               6. Goals, Objectives, Components, and Coordination          . . . . . . .  0 0 .           11

                               17. Specific Agency Contributions and Required Actions        . . . . . . . . .            19

                        III. Appendices:  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         32

                               A. Acknowledgements
                               B. Attendees at Reston Meeting
                               C. Members of U.S. Global Ocean Science Program Working Group
                               D. Glossary
                               E. Bibliography

                                                       EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

                     The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program is an interagency effort toassess and understand
                     earth's last frontier: the global ocean. The program has been developed in recognition of
                     the fact that, as in all frontier exploration, the nation that explores and understands it
                     earliest and best will benefit most. We know that the ocean plays a central role in global
                     change: It interacts with the atmosphere to cause changes in seasonal weather patterns,
                     and it is the principal driver of long-term climate change. The ocean is a critical source
                     of mineral and energy resources as well as a fertile field for fisheries, yet is subject to
                     extensive waste disposal. As a maritime nation, we have always seen the ocean as key to
                     our national defense. Thus, assessment and understanding of the global ocean and its
                     boundaries have been and should continue to be a national priority.

                     The nation is ready to carry out this global program. Satellites, supercomputers, and
                     other new ways of observing and modelling the ocean are at hand. The opportunity,
                     however, puts the U.S. at a crossroads in ocean science. Historically we have been'the
                     world leader in this field; but our leadership is diminishing as. our investment declines
                     and the investment of other countries grows aggressively. We face a global challenge and
                     we have an unprecedented opportunity: to use our technology and knowledge to move boldly
                     ahead in ocean science.

                     The goal of the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program is to describe and understand more fully
                     the interactive physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes within the global
                     ocean that contribute significantly to the regulation and condition of the earth's global
                     environment and to understand changes, both natural and anthropogenic, in the ocean that
                     affect the health of that environment.

                     Specific objectives include: understanding ocean processes and their effects on global
                     weather and climate; understanding both the natural variability of the global ocean and
                     that due to man's activities, so that the ocean may be used effectively with minimal
                     adverse impact; assessing and managing our coastal oceans and exclusive economic zone; -
                     and assuring national security interests and the safety of vessels and life at sea.

                     The program strategy used to address these issues divides the U.S. Global Ocean Science
                     Program into five major science and three major infrastructure components:

                              - Global Ocean Structure and Dynamics
                              - Global Climate: Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction
                              - Global Ecosystems and Productivity Processes
                              - Global Ocean Lithosphere and Geoprocesses
                              - Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans Processes
                              - Technology for Global Measurements
                              - Facilities and Centers
                              - Data Management Systems

                       ,The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program requires cooperation among federal agencies
                       because ocean processes transcend state and national boundaries and the related issues cut
                       across agency responsibilities. Studies of the ocean are too long-term for the private
                       sector, and too important to the nation's security and future strength to leave leadership to
                       others.   No single agency can marshall all the resources needed to gain a fully
                       comprehensive understanding of the ocean and its role in the earth system. Thus, we must
                       look to a collaborative and cooperative arrangement. The context of global environmental
                       ch ange and the need for interagency cooperation are the overarching rationale and driving
                       force for the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program.

                       In this context, for each of the science and infrastructure components of the program, the
                       Federal agencies including the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and
                       Atmospheric Administration, the Department of the Navy, the National Aeronautics and
                       Space Administration, the United States Geological Survey, the Environmental Protection
                       Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Department of State have developed plans that
                       will be coordinated by an interagency working group. This group will represent those
                       agencies with major roles in the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program as well as those that
                       will collaborate in particular components. Specific agency contributions to each
                       component and plans for coordination are summarized in the report. FY 1989 actions
                       required for the Program's success are identified, and a 7-year level of effort centered on
                       FY 1989 is estimated.

                                                                    2

                                               U.S. Global Ocean Science Program

                          Opportunity and Challenge: the U..S. Global Ocean Science Program

                       In every scientific field, major advances in understanding are driven by new technology
                       that provides a clearer view and different perspective of nature at work. When these
                       advances have an impact on pressing economic issues, major national benefits can accrue.

                       Today we are offered such an opportunity at Earth's last frontier: the global ocean. New
                       instruments, whether satellite-borne, in the ocean, or on the sea floor give us a
                       capability to understand the role of the ocean in the total earth system. Supercomputers
                       and communications technologies link scientists and sources of data so that models of
                       ocean, atmosphere, and sea floor processes can be constructed to provide the basis for
                       better prediction. With the opportunity now offered by new technology and new insights
                       into ocean and seafloor processes, we are ready to accept the challenge of assessing and
                       understanding the global ocean and its role in global environmental change. The payoff
                       will accrue in basic scientific knowledge, in improved national security, and in economic
                       development.

                       The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program describes a Federal plan to assess and understand
                       this last frontier. In recognition of the breadth of agencies and disciplines involved, the
                       plan has been developed by an interagency group. It appears now in recognition of the fact
                       that, as in all frontier exploration, the nation that explores and understands it earliest and
                       best will benefit most.

                       This report establishes the goals, objectives, and components of the Program, and
                       illustrates how these will be coordinated. The aim of the report is to set the scientific and
                       technological context for agency programs and plans and to identify specific actions
                       required in the near and far term if the Program is to succeed.

                                                                    3

                          2. The Rationale: Importance of Understanding the Global Ocean

                          Our knowledge of the global ocean with its coastal       and polar margins has expanded
                          dramatically in recent years, bringing insights about the ocean and its role in the complex
                          processes that govern the nature and health of our planet. For example, today we know
                          that the ocean interacts with the atmosphere to cause changes in seasonal weather
                          patterns. It is the principal driver of longer-term climate change. The ocean is a critical
                          source of mineral and energy resources and a fertile field for fisheries. As a maritime
                          nation, we have always seen the ocean as a key element in our national defense. Most of the
                          world's commerce is transported by sea. Better understanding of ocean processes will
                          result in savings associated with improved shipping practices and the protection of vessels
                          and life at sea. We do not have sufficient description or knowledge of ocean processes to
                          enable us to address these major issues adequately. The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program
                          is aimed at expanding our knowledge of this last global frontier to allow us to resolve these
                          issues.

                          Last Frontier

                          The depth, breadth, and complexity of the global ocean, covering over 70% of earth's
                          surface, have challenged our ability to explore, measure, and comprehend its governing
                          processes and to predict its behavior. But today, technology has evolved to the point where
                          we can examine the ocean on a global scale and study the role it plays in the total global
                          earth system. We are also beginning to comprehend the changes mankind is making on the
                          global environment. The little understood physical, chemical, biological, and geological
                          processes at work in the global ocean and their interaction with the other components of
                          the earth system are vital elements in the exploration and understanding of this last
                          frontier. These interactive processes produce our climate, are responsible for the
                          distribution of fishery, mineral, and energy resources, and are essential elements in
                          national security and waste disposal.

                          Changing Climate

                          Changes in climate are a critical factor governing life on Earth, and the ocean plays a key
                          role in such climate changes.             Describing and understanding short-term,
                          atmosphere-ocean processes like El Nino can have immediate economic impact.
                          Agricultural production, and therefore our food supply and economy, is directly affected
                          by both short and long-term climate variations. Understanding the role of the ocean and its
                          high-latitude sea-ice cover in long-term changes in climate, especially those related to
                          changes in atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, are critical for developing a predictive
                          capability so that we can project how best to minimize long-term effects on our society.

                                                                      4

                     Oceanic Crust

                     Global solid earth processes determine the distribution of mineral and energy resources.
                     These processes are often revealed best beneath the ocean where surface erosion and other
                     processes are not present and where geological structure is in many cases simpler than
                     continental crustal structure. Thus, through increased knowledge of the structure of the
                     earth's crust beneath the ocean, the oceanic crust, we will gain new understanding of the
                     processes that generate volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, and that are responsible for
                     the distribution of mineral and energy resources. The majority of the earth's remaining
                     unexplored giant oil fields lie beneath the ocean. The processes leading to the evolution of
                     the continental margins are critically important to understanding the distribution of the
                     basins most fertile for exploration.

                     New Economic Considerat         ions

                     The coastal ocean, with its complex land/sea interactions, provides most of our fishery
                     resources. Its shallow shelves contain energy resources important to the U.S. economy
                     and security.    Because of this, coastal states around the world have assumed new
                     responsibility in the coastal ocean by proclaiming Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). The
                     'U.S. EEZ is nearly equal to the land area of the nation. By the year 2000, 75% of the U.S.
                     population will live within 50 miles of the ocean, making increased demands on estuaries
                     and coastal resources. Moreover, changing processes in the coastal regions 'also affect the
                     global ocean, providing a boundary condition.

                     National Security

                     Mastery of the sea is   essential for national security. The strategic and tactical emphases
                     of maritime defense have become fully global with new geopolitical and technical
                     developments. Thus the. global ocean environment is a major critical factor in national
                     security. The ocean is the Navy's operating medium and a barrier for protection. Yet our
                     knowledge base is poor. As we improve our understanding of processes and their
                     variability in the ocean and at the sea floor, the Navy will better be able to exploit the
                     ocean to advantage. In addition, the sea floor promises to be an important source of
                     strategic minerals, another aspect of national security.

                     Waste Disposal

                     The ocean is the ultimate sink for land, water and many atmospheric discharges.
                     Moreover, as waste disposal sites are filled on land, the ocean is being used increasingly
                     for direct disposal. Protecting the ocean and its food and cultural resources requires an
                     understanding of chemical and biological interactions, the transfer of contaminants
                     through food chains and their fate in the oceanic system. It.also requires a much better
                     understanding of the geological and geophysical processes at the sea floor to define the
                     stability of these regions for potential permanent waste sites.

                                                                   5

                       Summary

                       The broad rationale described above reflects our current awareness of the importance of
                       the global ocean to many of the nation's affairs. The program developed here builds on this
                       rationale and on new developments in science and technology to provide the optimal
                       interagency program for achieving an appropriate U.S. role in the necessary assessment
                       and understanding of the ocean.

                                                                 6

                      3. New. Developments: Where Do We Stand Today?

                      Historic Leadership

                      The U.S. has long been    a maritime power. Since World War 11,    U.S. oceanographers have
                      led the world in ocean science. This position of leadership is beginning to bring the nation
                      major benefits, such as weather and climate prediction, the ability to explore and develop
                      offshore energy and mineral resources, and increased understanding of the ocean as an
                      operating medium for the U.S. Navy and merchant marine.

                      Leadership Diminishing

                      Our nation's lead is growing smaller due to our own lack of major new investment and the
                      continued aggressive position taken by our principal trading partners.          For example,
                      Japan and France have each      built deep-diving submersibles that can reach most-of the sea
                      floor. The U.S. ALVIN, the only deep-submersible widely available to the U.S. research
                      community, can reach only about one-half of the sea floor, and is restricted to working on
                      continental margins or mid-ocean ridges. U.S. oceanographers seeking to carry out major
                      programs in the polar regions have had to look to non-U.S. ships: either the new West
                      German or USSR research icebreakers. Both France and the United Kingdom operate
                      marine multichannel survey systems that, are vastly superior to those available here. On
                      shore, laboratories and analytical instruments at U.S. universities are aged and many       can
                      no longer provide students with training in modern technology. 'Without action, we          will
                      lose our competitiveness.

                      Econoriiic Competitiveness

                      The global challenge and the national opportunity are especially clear today. Our nation is
                      facing aggressive competition from other countries, and we are in danger of losing our
                      scienti.fic and technical leadership with consequent loss of economic competitiveness.      We
                      must be able to reliably assess resources available in the ocean. and at its boundaries to
                      balance the efforts of other nations who aggressively explore their- EEZs and the global
                      ocean. The next generation of developments in ocean science could lead to improved
                      predictions of seasonal and longer term changes in climate and weather predictions, thus
                      helping to protect the nation's agricultural production and permit the nation to better
                      protect life and property . The President's 1987 State of the Union address and the FY
                      1988 Budget submitted to Congress in January 1987 underscore this need. The FY 1988
                      Budget is aimed at providing Federal su   pport for the generation of new knowledge and the
                      provision of an effective and timely transfer of this new knowledge to specific
                      applications. A "global geosciences program to understand the earth, its oceans, and its
                      atmosphere as a unified system" was specifically noted. The U.S. Global Ocean Science
                      Program has been developed to provide a rapid follow-up of that lead.

                                                                    7

                     4. Recognition of Urgency: Why Now?

                     At certain times, developments in basic understanding and technology come together to
                     produce dramatic advances. Such a breakthrough is now possible in ocean science. A
                     major increase in global geosciences research with an interdisciplinary approach
                     exploiting new technology will produce a tremendous increase in our understanding of how
                     the. earth operates as a system. This is nowhere more evident or more applicable than in
                     the ocean.

                     Technical Readiness

                     The task is to assess and understand the ocean on a global scale. We are now prepared to do
                     this, because we have capabilities not available earlier. For example, new satellite-borne
                     instruments permit global observations and provide a capability to describe and
                     understand the role of the ocean in the total earth system. New instruments in the ocean
                     and on the ocean floor and new chemical techniques measure processes more precisely and
                     over longer periods than ever before. Supercomputers now allow us to assimilate and
                     study the enormous quantities of data from these systems.            New communication
                     technologies can link satellites, ships and instruments at sea, and scientific laboratories
                     to provide real-time interaction as well as cost-effective data collection.

                     World Climate Research Program

                     The new technology has provided a basis for new international programs. The most recent
                     of these, the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) began in the early 1980s with
                     new in-situ and satellite measurement techniques. The WCRP is aimed at understanding
                     long-term weather variability and climate change. In recognition of the central role of the
                     ocean in these processes, the WCRP has a focus on the interaction of the ocean and the
                     atmosphere with emphasis on tropical interactions (the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere
                     program - TOGA) and on global ocean circulation (the World Ocean Circulation
                     Experiment - WOCE). In addition, the WORP will continue to study the processes which
                     control the energy budget and the exchanges of energy and water within the global climate
                     system. These programs, for which the U.S. is providing major resources, provide a
                     context for much of the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program.

                     International Recognition of Global Change

                     Issues of global environmental change will necessarily require emphasis on a broader
                     range of disciplines than those covered in the World Climate Research Program. In
                     September 1986 the International Council of Scientific Unions approved a new report on
                     the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program: A Study of Global Change. This new
                     program (IGBP) will be aimed at describing and understanding the interactive physical,
                     chemical, and biological processes that regulate the total earth system, the unique
                     environment it provides for life, the changes that are occurring in the system, and the
                     manner by which these changes are influenced by human actions. The IGBP builds on the
                     global and international programs typified by the International Geophysical Year, the

                                                                 8

                      International Biological Program, the International Lithosphere Program, and the now
                      active World Climate Research Program. The IGBP will study such phenomena as acid
                      deposition, ozone depletion, and greenhouse effects, all of which reflect highly coupled
                      systems of oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial processes. The international Joint Global
                      Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), aimed at understanding oceanic biogeoch        emical cycles and
                      budgets and the factors that control long-t erm chemical, and biological dynamics on global
                      scales, will make major contributions to the IGBP. JGOFS, which will- have significant
                      U.S. participation, is' currently in the planning stages under the auspices of the
                      international Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR).

                      International Cooperation: Programs and Partners

                      It is clear from the development of these international programs that the international
                      community of atmospheric and oceanic scientists has come of age. In addition, we have
                      seen that in such programs as the international Ocean Drilling Program, it is now possible
                      to have sign'ificant partnerships between the U.S. and other countries. By participating in
                      these international programs, we leverage our own investments, and thus make it possible
                      to address these global issues. One of the purposes of the U.S. Global Ocean Science
                      Program is to help identify and  facilitate such international cooperation and management
                      arrangements.

                      A Human Resource Base

                      The nation's most *effective long-term response to the challenge of an international
                      knowledge- based economy is an educated human resource base. Investing in research is
                      an effective way to provide educated scientists and engineers and to transfer technology
                      from research projects to industrial practice. The US has an effective ocean research
                      community now, and technology transfer has worked reasonably well, but this community
                      needs to be substantially enlarged to meet the needs of understanding the global ocean and
                      its role in global change.

                      The Federal Response

                      The President's FY 1988    Budget and previous budgets have- responded to. the general
                      recognition that the U.S. must increase its investments in basic research now to develop
                      and expand technologies that can help bolster the nation's economy. A vital part of that
                      investment has been in the ocean sciences, and the return on the investment is becoming
                      apparent in terms of improved scientific understanding and ocean technology. A continuing
                      focus on ocean research through the FY 1989 -and later budgets can ensure          that the
                      benefits of scientific advances in exploiting the ocean and its resources flow to the U.Si

                                                                  9

                        5.   Evolution of the Interagency Program

                       Background - The Foundation

                       For the past several years, informally through the Ocean Principals group and formally
                       through various Committees of the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and
                       Technology (FCCSET), the relevant agencies have loosely coordinated programs that address
                       global ocean science. Long-range planning efforts for new programs and for facilities such as
                       ships and satellites have been developed by individual agencies and various advisory groups.
                       Notable among these are the NSF Long-Range Plan for Ocean Sciences, NASA's plan for
                       Oceanography from Space, the UNOLS and Navy ship replacement plan, and NOAA's Ocean
                       Climate Research Plan. All of these help set the stage for the coordinated, interagency U.S.
                       Global Ocean Science Program.

                       Interagency Approach

                       The Federal agencies have different, but related, needs for understanding the global ocean to
                       meet their mission responsibilities. No single agency, however, can marshaH all the
                       resources needed (people, dollars, and capital assets) to gain a comprehensive understanding
                       of the global ocean. If we are to effectively advance our knowledge, then we must do so in a
                       collaborative and cooperative arrangement. The U.S. ocean research establishment is a
                       unique and highly productive mix of universities, industry, federal agencies, and government
                       laboratories. All sectors have important roles in providing and exploiting new technology and
                       ensuring the availability of new scientific advances to the nation. Moreover, ocean research
                       is properly a major responsibility of the federal government. Ocean processes transcend
                       state and national boundaries, are too long-term for private sector investment, and are too
                       important to the nation's security and future economic strength to leave leadership to other
                       nations. The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program includes strong participation from all of the
                       federal agencies with major ocean science interest and responsibilities. Certain agencies such
                       as NOAA, NSF, NASA, Navy, DOE, and USGS are major participants in the Program, other
                       agencies such as EPA and Department of State anticipate collaboration and participation in
                       specific elements of the Program that relate to each of their missions and activities.

                       An Interdisciplinary and International Context

                       The strategy outlined here is consistent with the evolution of the IGBP to study global
                       environmental change. Fundamental to that program is the concept that no single part -
                       oceans, atmosphere, land and biota - can be understood adequately without study of the other
                       parts. For example"we know that the ocean influences the atmosphere and land, and that only
                       by studying these parts simultaneously can we fully understand the ocean itself. The
                       scientific community and the federal agencies have responded to the need for
                       interdisciplinary planning by developing new integrated programs. NSF has a new initiative
                       in Global Geosciences, NASA plans a program in Earth System Science, NOAA plans an
                       accelerated program in global climate change, and ONR has begun a series of interdisciplinary
                       research initiatives impacting global understanding. The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program
                       presented here builds on these programmatic themes to provide a context and ocean science
                       focus for these broad agency actions.

                                                                    10

                      6. Goal. Objectives, Components, and Coordination

                      Goal and Objectives

                      We have a new challenge to understand the global ocean,           and we have     a new national
                      opportunity to maintain world  leadership role. Recognizing the   challenge and opportunity and
                      with the firm foundation that   has been developed, we can establish a sharp focus for the
                      interests and needs of all the major agencies involved. The purpose of the U.S. Global Ocean
                      Science Program is to provide a focus and overall context so that the total can be greater than
                      the sum of the parts. The overall goal of the Program has been arrived at by mutual
                      agreement of.the interagency group and is the following:

                                To describe and understand more fully the interactive physical, chemical,
                                geological, and biological processes within the global ocean and at the
                                ocean boundaries that contribute significantly to the regulation and
                                condition of the earth's global environment, and to understand the changes,
                                both natural and anthropogenic, in the ocean that contribute directly to the
                                health of the global environment.

                       The specific objectives of the Program derive directly from the overall goal and the
                       program rationale and are aimed at both science and resources:

                                  To understand the physical, chemical, and biological processes       at work within
                                  the ocean and their effects on global weather and climate, and       to assess the
                                  changes caused by mankind in the global ocean.

                       With this global description and understanding, 'we can expect:

                                - To use the ocean more effectively as a source of food, energy, and mineral
                                   resources with minimal adverse effects on the environment,

                                - To better assess and manage our coastal ocean, our Exclusive Economic Zone,
                                   and future coastal development,

                                - To ensure the safety of vessels and life at sea,

                                - To protect national security interests, and

                                - To identify and control those human activities such as ceflain waste discharges
                                  which will irreparably damage renewable resources.

                 Program Strategy

                 In order to meet its goal and objectives, the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program uses a strategy of
                 identifying science and infrastructure components, each of which has a single unifying theme.
                 Agencies contribute to each component with individual agency programs and with complimentary
                 contributions to interagency programs. Identification of critical needs, gaps, and potential overlaps
                 is the responsibility of an interagency working group that provides an overview of the entire
                 program. This document is the first stage in that process.

                 Components of the Program

                 The science aspects of the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program are divided programmatically into five
                 science components which will have interlocking parts:

                                � Global Ocean Structure and Dynamics

                                � Global Climate: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions

                                � Global Ecosystems and Productivity Processes

                                � Global Ocean Lithosphere and Geoprocesses

                                � Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans Processes

                 If we can achieve major advances in our understanding of each of these component areas, then we
                 will begin to have the understanding we need to make a major step towards our goal of describing
                 and understanding the ocean; its role in global environmental change; and the specific objectives
                 listed previously. However, it will not be possible to mount the associated science programs
                 without simultaneous improvement in the infrastructure to support these programs. In order to
                 fulfill the goal and hence to meet the objectives, we need global measurement systems in place; we
                 need communication networks that can deliver data as required to researchers and operational users
                 in government, private industry, and academia; and we need to develop and validate models that can
                 use the new global data sets. Thus we also identify the infrastructure components of the Program:

                                - Technology

                                - Facilities and Centers

                                - Data Management Systems

                 Support in these areas will ensure that we have the necessary instruments, that basic facilities. are
                 in place, and that new data sets can be handled efficiently. The science and infrastructure
                 components together with the coordinating mechanism make up the heart of the U.S. Global Ocean
                 Science Program. Below we describe the overall aims of each of the components, address the vital
                 issue of manpower needs, and identify the coordination mechanism. In the next section, we will
                 identify critical elements of each of these, and show 'how these can be met with on-going programs
                 and new proposals. The following diagram illustrates this approach to developing the interagency
                 plan.

                                                                   12

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                  Science Components

                           Global Ocean      Structure and Dynamics
                           This component must develop a quantitative description and understanding of the global
                           ocean with emphasis on relating ocean circulation to driving forces and boundary
                           conditions, developing and validating predictive models, understanding internal
                           dynamics and mass and energy transfers, and relating scales of motion and mixing
                           from small to large. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), sponsored by
                           the WCRP, is a key element here.

                           Global. Climate: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions
                           This componen   "t must develop a quantitative understanding of air-sea interactions with
                           emphasis on understanding the role of the ocean in global climate, determining the
                           transports of heat, momentum, energy, moisture, and chemical substances through
                           the interface, assessing climate-related feedbacks among ice, ocean, and atmosphere,
                           and understanding near-surface and deeper processes that affect biological and
                           chemical exchanges, abundances and distributions. The Tropical Ocean-Global
                           Atmosphere (TOGA) program, sponsored by the WCRP is a key element.

                           Global Ecosystems and Productivity Processes
                           This component must develop a quantitative understanding of ocean ecosystem
                           dynamics on a global scale, including biological productivity, recruitment processes,
                           and the full food web; and of the physical, chemical, and biological processes
                           important in affecting the origins, distributions, and variability of oceanic biological
                           and chemical species. The Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS,) now being planned, is a
                           Key element. A new Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GOED) program will be
                           proposed here.

                           Global Ocean Lithosphere and Geoprocesses
                           This component must develop a quantitative understanding of the ocean lithosphere.
                           The emphasis is on determining geologic structure and on describing and
                           understanding geoprocesses ranging from the upper lithosphere, ridge crest, and
                           hydrothermal venting processes to those controlling the structure and shape of the
                           seafloor and continental margins. The program will aim to understand the influence of
                           these geoprocesses on the global ocean environment and the production of energy and
                           mineral resources.

                           Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans Processes
                           In order to understand global phenomena, this component must develop a quantitative
                           understanding of those critical processes that occur in coastal andpolar regions. The
                           emphasis is on the role of the coastal ocean in global ocean climate, in biological
                           productivity, in  biogeochernical cycles, and in geological processes. The coastal
                           component of GOFS, under active development, is an important element. The component
                           includes consideration of the effect of high latitude processes (such as bottom water
                           formation) on global ocean circulation, on climate variability, on gas and chemical
                           exchange, and on renewable and non-renewable resources.

                                                                     14

                 Infrastructure Components

                          Technology
                          Here we look to new in-situ techniques and instruments, new supercomputers and
                          communication technologies, and new satellite-borne instrumentation. There have
                          been great strides in the past decade, but we need now to apply the technology on a
                          global scale. Examples of needs include development of "smart" CTDs, pop-up
                          drifters, "intelligent" collecting nets, automated systems for long-term data
                          collection, and new satellite instruments.

                          Facilities and Centers
                          Ocean science, as all U.S. science, suffers from a lack of adequate facilities ranging
                          from platforms (ships, moorings, island and coastal stations, satellites) to
                          laboratories to large specialized facilities. Special needs include modernizing the
                          federal and the academic fleet, providing access to modern physical, chemical, and
                          biological laboratories, and supporting special large facilities such as satellite
                          systems and accelerator mass spectrometers.

                          Data Management Systems
                          Traditional oceano graphic data systems have depended on individuals or individual
                          institutions for maintenance and support.-Today, with enormous amounts of new data
                          coming in from a variety of new instruments, and with much more likely from new
                          satellites that will come at the end of the decade, more formal arrangements are
                          required. This topic is one of much interest among the federal agencies; one very
                          successful management arrangement has been developed by NOAA's National
                          Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). This joint arrangement between NODC and one or
                          more oceanographic institutions has the advantage of providing expertise from both
                          sides in science and data; more such imaginative arrangements need to be considered.

                                                                 15

                       Manpower Requirements

                       As we approach each of the initiatives in the US Global Ocean Science Program there is a
                       need to attract the research capability of the best students and scientists available.
                       Manpower is a critical requirement, and we must support innovative concepts to achieve
                       our technical goals. In order to attract the best students into earth sciences and ocean
                       sciences in particular, we need to support the development of exciting new educational
                       programs including field work for students at all levels. This is best done by the agencies
                       working together with the academic oceanographic community. Joint industry programs
                       that allow students real hands-on experience are also available. These issues need to be
                       more fully explored and an education initiative developed for early funding. An example is
                       the ONR program to apprize professors from leading undergraduate colleges and
                       universities of scientific opportunities in oceanography that are available to students.

                       Coordination

                       The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program will continue to be coordinated through an
                       interagency working group which will periodically review agency initiatives and
                       interagency programs in the context of this and other global planning efforts. The
                       interagency group will analyze and identify needs, critical elements, and gaps in cross
                       cutting analyses. Individual agency representatives on the group will be responsible for
                       integrating the needs of the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program into each year's budget
                       planning process.

                       Within the Federal Government, the interagency group will look to the Ocean Principals
                       and the FCCSET Committee on Earth Sciences for guidance. Input from the academic and
                       industrial communities would come through individual agency advisory committees, the
                       National Academy of Science and the National Academy of Engineering. Specific actions for
                       FY 1989 are identified in the next section of this plan. In addition, the interagency group
                       will be responsible for taking the long-term view of the Program's needs, and ensuring
                       that the right pieces are in place in each agency for the Program's long-term success.

                       The following section and diagram summarize the major components of this plan and their
                       integration.

                                                                   16

                                                                 .5 L mm_ M

                                            U.S. Global Ocean Science Program: Components

                       Global Ocean Structure and Dynamics
                             To describe and understand the global ocean emphasising:
                                    - Circulation, driving forces and boundary conditions
                                    - Predictive models
                                    - Internal dynamics, mass and energy transfers

                       Global Climate: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions
                             To understand air-sea interactions emphasising:
                                    � Role of the ocean in climate and hydrologic cycles
                                    � Transports of heat, momentum, energy, moisture, and chemical substances
                                      through the interface
                                    � Climate-related feedbacks
                                    � Chemical and biological exchanges and distributions

                       Global Ecosystems and Productivity Processes
                             To understand oceanic ecosystem dynamics on a global scale emphasising:
                                    � Productivity, recruitment, food web
                                    � Origin, distribution, variability of species
                                    � Chemical and biological exchanges and distributions

                       Global Ocean Lithosphere and Geoprocesses
                             To understand the ocean lithosphere emphasising:
                                      Geoprocesses of upper lithosphere
                                      Influence on environment, mineral resource distribution

                       Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans Processes
                             To understand effects of coastal margin and polar oceans on:
                                    � Global climate, circulation, and productivity
                                    � Biogeochemical cycles, geological processes
                                    � Renewable and non-renewable resources

                       Technology
                             To develop the necessary new jazsiW techniques and instruments emphasising:
                                    - Measurements of large scale systems
                                    - Potential real-time monitoring

                       Facilities and Centers
                             To provide capital infrastructure including:
                                    � Platforms
                                    � Laboratories
                                    � Specialized measurement facilities such as satellite systems

                       Data Management Systems
                             To provide data handling schemes for global data sets including:
                                    - New techniques for data management
                                    - Data Networks linking institutions
                                    - New joint Federal/University/Industry arrangements

                                                                    17

                                        U.S. Global Ocean Science Program: Components

                                                     cle

                                         V$@0
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                                                         Facilities
                              Ul
                                                           and
                                                         Centers

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                                                     Global Ocean
                                                     Lithosphere
                                                   & Geoprocesses

                                                          18

                     7. Specific Agency Contributions and Required Actions

                     The Global Ocean Science Program involves coordinated activities by several agencies in
                     both the science and infrastructure components. As part of the planning for the Program,
                     the interagency group has looked carefully at on-going and proposed interagency and
                     agency'activities in each of the Program components to identify specific needs, critical
                     elements, and gaps, that have not yet been addressed. From these, specific FY 1989
                     requirements have been identified. Even with these required actions, however, not all the
                     gaps are filled. A summary of unfinished business is therefore also provided. This will be
                     a long-term program. For illustration of the continuing effort required, an assessment of
                     the current and recommended level of effort from FY 1986 through FY 1992 in,each of the
                     components has been developed to show the support that these components will need to
                     make the Program successful.

                                                                19

                   Global Ocean Structure and, Dynamics

                   In this component the Program requires a broad      range of research and technology aimed      at
                   describing the physics of global circulation. Studies in this component will interact: closely
                   with studies in the climate and ecosystem components, and will require infrastructure
                   support in technology (ocean instruments), facilities (operational and -research satellites,
                   accelerator mass spectrometer),. and data management (new joint institutes).

                   Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                       World Ocean Circulation. Experiment (NSF, NASA, NOAA, Navy)
                       Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Program (NOAA, NSF, DOE)
                       Global Sea Level Measurement Network (NOAA, NSF, DOE)
                       Research Satellites: Altimeter and Scatterometer (NASA, NSF, Navy, NOAA)
                       Research on Global Circulation (NSF, NASA, NOAA, Navy, DOE)
                       Research on Mesoscale Circulation (Navy, NSF, NOAA)
                       Global Chemical Tracer Measurements (NSF, NOAA, DOE)
                       Bilateral and Multi-lateral Programs (DOS, technical agencies)

                   Gaps
                     Further efforts needed in:
                       Fully Global in-situ Sea Level Network
                       NROSS for flight of scatterometer and other instruments not yet approved
                       International management arrangements for WOCE, JGOFS
                       Research ships, data management

                   FY 89 Actions Required
                     NSF:    Maintain Global Geosciences growth (including Global Circulation, Climate and
                             Productivity), advanced computing, data management
                     NASA:   Maintain TOPEX, NSCAT (for flight on NROSS)
                     NOAA:   Enhance large-scale ocean observing systems (including global sea level) and ocean
                             circulation studies related to global climate change
                     Navy:   Ship initiative, modelling and mesoscale processes, NROSS approval

                  Projected Level of Effort
                  The timing for this component is largely determined by the flight schedules of satellites.
                  TOPEX/POSEIDON and NROSS are currently planned for 1991. There is a buildup to 1989,
                  followed by a gradual decline since the next generation of technology will be developed by that time.

                                                                                               Agency Programs
                          3.0                                                                   Interagency Programs
                          2.5

                  LU      2.0
                          1.5
                  (D      1.0

                          0.5
                          0. 0  0220

                                FY '86     FY '87      FY 188     FY 189     FY '90      FY '91     FY '92

                                                                  20

                  Global Climate: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions

                  In this component the Program requires a broad range of climate-related research including
                  the effects of air-sea exchange, ice interactions, the hydrologic cycle, and chemical and
                  biological processes that affect climate. This component interacts with the Global Ocean
                  Structure and Dynamics and the Global Ecosystem and Productivity Processes components,
                  and will require support from each of the infrastructure components. Examples of such
                  infrastructure are air-sea exchange instrument development, climate data management, and
                  operational weather satellites.

                  Critical Elements and Contributing Agen           cies
                       Seasonal and Interannual Climate Research including Tropical Ocean-Global
                        Atmosphere Program (NOAA, NSF, DOE)
                       Trace Gases (Climate/Air Quality)(NOAA, NSF, DOE)
                       Arctic System Sciences (ARCSS)(NSF, Navy, NOAA, NASA)
                       Research on Air-Sea Exchange/Marine Meteorology (Navy, NSF, NOAA, DOE)
                       Research related to the satellite wind scatterometer (NASA, NSF, Navy)
                       Climate Modelling Diagnostics and Data Management (NOSS, NSF, NASA, Navy)
                       Bilateral and Multi-lateral Programs (DOS, technical agencies)

                  GV9
                   Further efforts needed in:
                       Sea Level in the Indian Ocean
                       NROSS (not yet approved)
                       Global Trace Gases Chemistry
                       Data Management for global climate studies

                  FY  89 Actions Required
                    NOAA:   Maintain full TOGA program; accelerate work on global          climate change including
                            trace gas studies, historical climate proxy studies, climate modelling and
                            diagostics, and data management
                    NSF:    Maintain Global Geosciences        growth   (TOGA,   WOCE,     trace gases), advanced
                            computing, data networks
                    NASA:   Maintain NSCAT support, data management
                    Navy:   NROSS approval, modelling, ship initiatives, bio-physical      interactions

                  Projected Level of Effort
                  This component is underway. TOGA began in 1985. Tropical studies          will enter a new stage in
                  approximately 1991, when new global satellite data will be available for tropical winds and
                  ocean currents. The level of effort is already close to maximum, building slightly to 1989 with
                  the addition of initiatives such as paleoclimate studies after which it remains roughly constant.

                           3.0
                           2.5                                                             El Agency Programs
                  LU       Z.U
                  "6       1.5                                                             El Interagency ProgramE
                           1.0
                           0.5                           ON         go
                           0.0                           Wom        MM          MOM

                                 FY '86      FY '87     FY '88      FY 189      FY 190     FY '91      FY '92

                                                                  21

                     Global Ecosystems and Productivity Processes

                     In this component the Program requires, support of. a broad range of ecosystem research.
                     Because of the importance of ther physical climate system, this component must be carried
                     out in the context of the Global Ocean Structure and Dynamics and the Global Climate
                     components. This component will,;' require support from the Technology component for new
                     sampling and.analysis instruments;.

                     Critical Elements and Contributing       Agencies
                          Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS) (NSF, Navy, NOAA, DOE)
                          Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program (NSF, Navy, NOAA)
                          Research related to satellite ocean color measurements (NASA, NSF, Navy, NOAA)
                          Physical/Biological interactions studies (Navy, NSF, NOAA)
                          Fish eries/Oceanography interactions (NOAA, NSF)
                          Bilateral and Multi-lateral Programs (DOS, technical agencies)

                      Further efforts needed in:
                          Satellite Ocean Color Instrument
                          NROSS (not yet approved)
                          Global Ocean Ecosystem Studies
                          New sampling techniques

                     FY 89 Actions Required
                        NSF:   Maintain Global Geosciences growth (including JGOFS); Establish Global Ocean
                               Ecosystem Dynamics program
                        NASA:  Support Sea-Wifs ocean color instrument for flight on Landsat-6
                        NOAA:  Support fisheries related oceanographic research and expand global             marine
                               ecosystem studies
                        Navy:  Modelling, bio-physical interactions, increase in bio optics and particle dynamics.
                               NROSS approval
                        DOE:   Expansion of C02 program to include biological interactions

                     Projected Level of Effort
                     This program is just beginning, and will depend strongly on the Global Ocean Structure and
                     Dynamics and Global Climate components for basic physical and chemical understanding. Major
                     funding begins in FY 1989 for field activities beginning in FY 1991 to coincide with the Global
                     Ocean Structure and Dynamics c6mpon.ent. Funding during the prior years is for process
                     studies and technology development aimed at better global sampling of biota and processes.

                              3.0                                                                 Agency Programs
                              2.5                                                                 Interagency Programs
                      LU      2.0

                      0       1.5
                      'Zi     1.0
                      (D
                      _J      0.5
                              0.01           1
                                    FY '86     FY '87     FY '88     FY '89     FY 'go     FY '91     FY '92
                                                                       - MI.

                                                                  22

                    Global Ocean Lithosphere and Geoprocesses

                    In this component, the Program requires a variety of measurements of the structure of the
                    sea floor and continental margins to enhance our understanding of the global geoprocesses
                    that control the solid,- but dynamic, earth. This component interacts primarily with the
                    Global Ocean Structure and Global Ecosystems components, through cross cutting interests
                    in the chemistry at ridge crests, the paleoclimate aspects of global climate, (since the
                    sediments record the history of global change), and programs in continental geology and
                    geophysics.   Infrastructure needs include long-term bottom observatories and satellite
                    measurements of gravity and magnetic field.

                    Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                         Processes at plate boundaries and other active regions (NSF, USGS, NOAA, Navy, DOE)
                         Global network of seismometers (NSF, USGS, Navy)
                         Coastal Ocean geoprocesses (Navy, NSF, USGS, NOAA)
                         High Latitude Drilling (NSF, Navy, USGS)
                         Satellite measurements of Gravity and Magnetic Field (NASA, Navy, NOAA)
                         Bilateral and Multi-lateral Programs (DOS, technical agencies)

                    Gaps
                      Further efforts needed in:
                         Ridgecrest processes, back arc spreading and vent program
                         Ocean Bottom Seismometers
                         Arctic Drilling
                         Coastal Ocean Dynamics and Fluxes
                         Satellite missions for gravity and magnetic field
                         Morphology of the floor of the global ocean

                    FY 89 Actions Required
                       NSF:   Maintain Growth of Global Geosciences Program (includes Ridgecrest Processes and
                              Vents Program)
                       Navy:  Ship initiative, ULF/VLF, Increase in particle dynamics and ridge crest processes
                       DOE:   Development of isotopic chemistry (young time markers)
                       NOAA:  Expand studies of ridge crest processes, including the VENTS program
                       USGS:  Multichannel seismic studies of the U.S. continental margin

                    Projected Level of Effort
                    This program, with major agency components such as the Ocean Drilling Program already well
                    underway, is at a relatively high level of effort. Major gaps include satellite measurements of
                    gravity and magnetic field and Arctic drilling. As critical interagency elements are developed,
                    broad support increases to develop and integrate different techniques.

                             3.0                                                                   Agency Progra  .ms
                             2.5
                    0
                                                                                                    Interagency Programs
                             2.o

                             1.5
                    -6       1.0
                    (D
                             0.5

                             0.0
                                  FY '86     FY '87     FY '88     FY '89     FY '90     FY '91     FY '92

                                                                  23

                    Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans Processes

                    This component of the Program addresses physical, chemical, biological, and geological
                    processes along coastal margins and in polar oceans. These areas provide key elements in
                    the transition between processes on land and the global ocean. Infrastructure issues include
                    satellite measurements in coastal oceans, computers, data management, and ships.

                    Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                         Coastal interactions with global ocean fluxes (NSF, Navy, USGS, NOAA, DOE)
                         Interactions of land and coastal ocean processes (NSF, NOAA, USGS, DOE)
                         Arctic ai r-sea-ice -biology interactions (Navy, NSF, NOAA)
                         Coastal erosion programs (USGS)
                         Satellite measurements in polar regions (NASA, NOAA, Navy, NSF)
                         Ice edge studies (NSF, Navy, NASA)
                         Coastal transition studies (Navy, USGS, NOAA)
                         Bilateral and Multi-lateral Programs (DOS, technical agencies)

                    Gaps
                      Further efforts needed in:
                         Coastal part of Global Ocean Flux Study
                         Global Scale Ocean and Margin Dynamics
                         Land/Sea Interface studies
                         Coastal vessels
                         Arctic System Science studies
                         Dedicated Ice programs

                    FY 89 Actions Required
                      NSF: Maintain Global Geosci   'ences growth, Coastal Ocean Dynamics and Fluxes (including
                             the coastal component of GOFS), Arctic system sciences, Land/Sea Interaction
                      USGS:Coastal erosion program
                      NOAA:Maintain coastal ocean and marine resource research and enhance research on
                             air-sea-ice biologic interactions and estuarine. science
                      DOE: Regional Marine Program, Shelf Edge Exchange Program (SEEP), California Basin
                             (CABS)
                      Navy: Ship Initiative, Increases in coastal and arctic sciences, Arctic oceanography
                             initiative

                    Projected Level of Effort
                  ".Like the Global Ocean Lithosphere component, this program is largely agency-based at the
                    present time. Beginning in FY 1989, we look to increasing, parallel, support of interagency
                    programs.   Projecting the total level of support including logistics is difficult beyond 1992.
                    Although global logistics requirements are less than for other components the diversity of
                    coastal and polar environments can still increase logistics costs.
                             3.0                                                                 Agency Programs
                             2.5
                    LLJ      2.0                                                                 Interagency Programs
                    0       .1.5
                             1.0

                             0.5

                             0.0
                                  FY '86     FY '87     FY '88      FY '89     FY '90     FY '91     FY '92

                                                                  24

                 Technology, Sensors and Sampling

                 The need for new technology ranging from sensor development to new sampling techniques is
                 evident all across the range of science components above. Specific items of technology are being
                 addressed as part of broader initiatives as noted below.

                 Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                    Global Ocean Structure: Large-scale measurement techniques (NSF, Navy, NOAA, NASA, DOE)
                    Global Climate: Air-Sea Interaction measurement techniques (NOAA, NSF, Navy, DOE, NASA)
                    Global Ocean Ecosystems: Biological Sampling techniques (Navy, NSF, NOAA, DOE)
                    Global Ocean Lithosphere: Cores, drilling, seismics, geochemistry (NSF, USGS, DOE)
                    Coastal Margins and Polar Oceans: Under-ice measurements, near-shore/wave zone
                        techniques, bottom dynamics measurement (Navy, NOAA, NSF, USGS, DOE)

                 Gaps
                   Further effort needed in:
                    Techniques to measure large-scale phenomena
                    Air-Sea Interaction packages
                    Biological sampling techniques
                    Under-ice and near-shore/wave zone techniques
                    Long-term, real-time, in-situ monitoring techniques

                 FY 89 Actions Required
                    NSF:   Global Geosciences Instrumentation: large-scale techniques, air-sea interaction,
                           biological sampling
                    NOAA:  New water mass tracer techniques .(e.g. freon); large-scale ocean observing
                           techniques; and air-sea interaction technology
                    USGS:  Coastal instrumentation as part of Coastal Erosion program
                    DOE:   New and improved isotopic tracer systems; Biological sampling
                    Navy:  Instumentation/sensor development incentive, improved Arctic sensors, bio
                           optical/acoustical sensors, acoustic tomography

                 Projected Level of Effort
                 A steadily growing level of effort in support of global ocean programs is projected. Reflecting
                 the costs of instrument development, the level of effort is an order of magnitude less than those
                 of the field programs.

                                                                                          Agency Programs
                          3.0                                                             Interagency ProgramE
                          2.5
                   M      2.0
                   0      1.5

                          1.0
                   W
                          0.5
                          0.01
                                FY '86      FY '87     FY '88     FY '89      FY 'go     FY '91     FY '92

                                                                25

                      Facilities and Cent6rs for Global Ocean Sciencg

                      New facilities and Centers are important for the Global Ocean Science Program. Without a
                      global reach, our shipboard capability cannot produce the scale of measurements we need.
                      Without satellites, we cannot produce the global view essential for the program. Without
                      advanced computing, -there will be no way to handle the new data sets- and to make the
                      physically correct models essential to understanding interactions and predicting future
                      ocean behavior.     Finally, we need major laboratory facilities for measurement and
                      calibration of samples and instruments.

                      Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                          A Global Fleet: operation, modernization, construction of research ships (NSF, Navy,
                              NOAA, USCG)
                          Satellites: Research and Operational (NASA, NOAA, Navy)
                          Computers:     Supercomputing capabilities and Links (NSF, NOAA, Navy, DOE)
                          Major Laboratory Facilities: For example, the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS)
                              for 14C determinations, Natural Synchotron Light Source (NSF, DOE)

                      GVs
                       Further efforts needed in:
                          Satellite Ocean Color facility
                          NROSS capability
                          New Ship Construction
                          Supercomputer capabilities and links

                      FY 89 Actions Required
                        NSF:   Advanced scientific computing capability, AMS, Research vessel modernization
                        Navy:  Research vessel construction and modernization; NROSS approval
                        NASA:  Sea-Wifs Ocean Color satellite instrument for Landsat-6, maintain TOPEX, NSCAT
                        NOAA;  Advanced computing capabilities; research vessel modernization; specialized
                               facilities and research centers (NURP, Sea Grant program)
                        DOE:   Super computer links

                      Projected Level of Effort
                      Because of the heavy demand of ocean sciences for facilities, the required support level is high.
                      To meet the needs of developing programs and large field efforts beginning in the early 1990s,
                      this component builds to a steady-state level by 1990. After that funds are needed largely for
                      replacement of existing facilities. Shared use of facilities by the U. S. and othercountries will
                      relieve the load on the U.S., hence the slight decrease in 1991 and 1992.

                                                                                          Agency Programs
                                                                                       E.9 Interagency Programs

                              3.0
                              2.5
                      0
                      Z:=
                      LU      2.o
                      16      1.5
                      -6      1.0
                      (D
                              0.5

                              0.0
                                    FY '86     FY '87      IFY '88    FY '89     FY '90      FY '91     FY '92

                                                                    26

                    Data Management Systems

                    New techniques for collecting global data require management systems to make that data
                    available in usable form to researchers and operational users. Both new satellite missions
                    (U.S. and international) and in-situ instruments will yield large quantities of global data-
                    that must be processed, archived, and accessible. We need to upgrade our national data
                    centers, to provide for joint university and/or industry links with government agencies,
                    and to establish networks that link data centers, research institutions, and supercomputing
                    centers. A new interagency committee on data management chaired by NOAA will provide
                    coordination for data management for earth sciences in general.

                    Critical Elements and Contributing Agencies
                        Research satellite data management systems (NASA, NSF)
                        Operational satellite data management systems (NOAA, Navy)
                        In-situ data management systems (NOAA, NSF, Navy, DOE)
                        National Data Centers/Interaction with users (NOAA, NASA,Navy)
                        Database management system for ocean sciences (Navy, NOAA)

                    GRps
                      Further efforts needed in:
                        Interagency data programs
                        Joint Govern me nt/U niversity/I ndustry data arrangements
                        Network development
                        Database management systems
                        International Links

                      FY 89'Actions Required
                      NSF:    Global Geosciences (data management)
                      NOAA.   Data management for global climate change studies; international data exchange;
                              general improvements to NOAA-wide data management capabilities. including systems
                              upgrades and quality control
                      Navy:   Database management system
                      NASA:   Maintain support for data and information systems; international data exchange
                      USGS:   Geonet
                      DOE:    C02 data management

                    Projected Level of Effort
                    This is an effort that will continually grow and be distributed roughly equally between agency
                    and interagency programs. The level of effort generally reflects the combination of rapidly
                    increasing need with a technology that is becoming more efficient and cost-effective.

                            3.0                                                        Agency Programs
                            2.5
                     0                                                                  Interagency Programs
                            2.0
                     0      1.5
                            1.0

                            0.5

                            0.0
                                  FY '86      FY '87     FY '88     FY 189     FY 190     FY '91     FY '92

                                                                 27

                Summary of Specific FY 1989 Required Actions

                in summary, we list the FY 1.989 required actions that are identified as crucial by the Global
                Ocean Science Program.

                   NSF:   Maintain Global Geosciences Growth
                          Advanced Scientific Computing
                          Ship Modernization
                          Ocean Instrumentation
                          Land/Sea Interaction
                          Coastal Ocean Dynamics and Fluxes
                          Artic Systems Science

                   NOAA:  Large-scale ocean observing system, including global sea level
                          Global climate prediction including TOGA, ocean circulation trace gas and
                             historical proxy studies, satellite applications; climate modelling,
                             diagnostics and data management
                          Global marine ecosystems and fisheries-oceanography studies
                          Advanced computing capabilities
                          Research vessel modernization
                          Data management upgrades, including data management capabilities for global
                             climate studies

                   NASA:  Sea-Wifs Color Scanner for Landsat-6, Maintain TOPEX,.NSCAT

                   Navy-  NROSS approval
                          Ship Initiative
                          Ocean Instrumentation
                          Compute rs/Mode [ling
                          Database Management System

                   USGS:  Geonet data system
                          Coastal Erosion Initiative
                          Multi-channel seismic studies, of the continental margin

                   DOE:   Expansion of C02/Biology/Ocean Interactions Program
                          Development of Isotopic Tracer System
                          Shelf Edge Exchange Program Expansion
                          Supercomputer Network
                          Biologic Sampling Instrumentation

                   DOS:   Strengthen and develop new bilateral and multilateral programs (in cooperation
                             with the technical agencies)

                                                    28

                     Level of Effort Summaries

                     Science and Infrastructure

                     The following table il lustrates the estimated level of effort for the science components and
                     infrastructure components and the relative agency and interagency contributions. In the
                     case of science, there is a rapid growth (by roughly a factor of 2) to FY 1989, and then a
                     relatively level activity. This reflects a build-up of field programs that will culminate in
                     the early 1990s simultaneously with the flight of satellite missions planned for that period.
                     The infrastructure programs show a similar structure, with some decrease after FY 1990
                     reflecting the fact that much of the necessary infrastructure will be in place by then.

                                                                     29

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  06

                                                                                                                                                                                                     Total GOSP Level of Effort                                                                                                                                                                                                       Total GOSP Level of Effort
                                                                                         z                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
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                  The Unfinished Agenda

                     This plan for the U.S. Global Ocean Science Program is the beginning of a long-term
                     effort. Not all the issues can be addressed immediately. There are unfinished agenda items.
                     Prime among these are international cooperation and site and data access, and recruitment
                     of new scientists into the field.

                     We have emphasized the global aspect of ocean science and the need to pool resources
                     between the U.S. and other countries. Therefore we must cooperate in international
                     programs with oceanographic communities of other nations; several such international
                     programs have been discussed.

                     With the expansion of exclusive economic zones to cover much of the global ocean, we need
                     access to foreign waters. In all global programs, there is a need to make measurements in
                     waters that may be claimed by a particular country. The best way to make such
                     arrangements is to involve fully the scientists of the country in the program. We are
                     working hard to do this. For example, in the Ocean Drilling Program which is currently
                     circling the world, scientists from nations near the drilling operations are regularly
                     brought on board for joint projects. Even with these arrangements, however, clearances
                     are often denied. This problem is becoming worse, and we need new ways of addressing it.

                     We also need to address, at the earliest educational levels, the development of the next
                     cadre of scientists into the field. These programs offer a splendid opportunity for young
                     people to enter the field of science. As was stated at the very beginning of the report, an
                     educated human resource base is an overall rationale and requirement for the U.S. Global
                     Ocean Science Program over the long-term. In order to attract the best students into earth
                     sciences in general and ocean sciences in particular, we need to support the development of
                     exciting new educational programs including field work for students at all levels.

                     A Final Note

                     Ocean Science, perhaps more than any other, is global and international in the full sense of
                     the word. Our arena is international, our scientific colleagues are international, and we
                     work with many governments to collect and study the processes that shape our
                     environment. We have learned the ways of many different kinds of, organizations, ranging
                     from those under UNESCO to the non-governmental bodies of the International Council of
                     Scientific Unions, and we have worked directly with bilateral arrangements. We are now
                     looking to new programs and new facilities that will allow a new understanding of this
                     global resource. The U.S. Global Ocean Science Program can help put all this together.

                                                                 31

                                                Appendix A - Acknowledgements

                     The Working Group acknowledges helpful imputs and comments from many members of the
                     U.S., oceanographic community. Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated provided
                     staff support for the work of the group and the development and production of the report.

                                                               32

                                                   Appendix B
                             Attendees, Reston Workshop on Ocean Research              Priorities

                      J. Baker, Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated
                      J. Carey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                      R. Corell, University of New Hampshire
                      F. Eden, Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated
                      E. Frieman, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      G. Gross, National Science Foundation
                      G. Hill, United States Geological Society
                      M. Katsouros, National Academy of Sciences
                      J. Kermond, National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges
                      A. Maxwell, University of Texas at Austin
                      W. Merrell, National Science Foundation
                      J. McCarthy, Harvard University
                      W. McCloskey, Office of Naval Research
                      T. Offield, United'States Geological Survey
                      J. Orcutt, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      N. Ostenso, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                      J. Perry, National Academy of Sciences
                      D. Spencer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
                      S. Wilson, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

                      Additional Reviewers of Reporl

                      D. Boesch, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium
                      F. Spiess, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                      W. Munk, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

                                                                   33

                                                                Appendix C

                                                Members U.S. Global Ocean Science Program

                                Agency                                                           Member

                            Department of Commerce (NOAA)                                   Michael Hall, Alan Thomas
                            Department of Defense (ONR)                                     Thomas Spence, David Evans
                            Department of Defense (OCNAV)                                   Robert Feden
                            Department of Energy                                            Helen McCammon
                            Department of the Interior                                      David Barna
                            Department of the Interior (USGS)                               Gary Hill
                            Department of State                                             William Erb, William Sullivan
                            Department of Transportation (U.S. Maritime Admin.)             William Creelman
                            Department of Transportation (Ice Operations Division)          Richard Hayes
                            Environmental Protection Agency                                 Peter Jutro
                            National Aeronautics and Space Administration                   Stanley Wilson
                            National Science Foundation                                     Grant Gross
                            Office of Science and Technology Policy                         Robert Chapman
                            Chairman                                                        Robert Corell

                                                                        34

                                                 Appendix-13 - Glossary

                      AMS - Accelerator Mass Spectrometer
                      ARCSS - Arctic Systems Science
                      AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
                      CAC - Climate Analysis Center
                      CAMP - Circum Atlantic Mapping Program

                      CMAN - Coastal Marine Automated Network
                      CPMP - Circurn Pacific Mapping Program
                      DARPANet - Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Network
                      DMSP - Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

                      EEZ - Exculsive Economic Zone

                      EROS - Earth Resources Observation Systems
                      ERS-1 - European Remote Sensing Satellite No. 1-
                      FCCSET - Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and Technology
                      FNOC - Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center
                      GEDIP - Global Environmental Data Information Program
                      GEONEt - Geological Survey Network
                      GEOSAT - Navy's Geodetic Satellite Mission
                      GFDL - Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
                      G & G Archive - Geolgical and Geophysical Archive
                      GLORIA - Sidescan Sonar System
                      GLOSS - Global Ocean sea Level System
                      GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
                      GOFS - Global Ocean Flux Study
                      GRM - Geopotential Research Mission
                      GSGP - Global Sedimentary Geology Program
                      GSP - Greenland Sea Project
                      HEBIBLE - High Energy Benthic Boundary Layer Experiment
                      IGIBP - International Geosphere-Biosphere Program
                      IGCP - International Geological Correlation Program
                      IGOSS - Integrated Global Ocean Services System
                      ILP - International Lithosphere Program

                                                               35

                     LIMEX - Laborador Ice Margin Experiment
                     LOBO - Longterm Ocean bottom Observations
                     MIZEX - Marginal Ice Zone Experiment
                     MPBL - Marine Planetary Boundary Layer
                     NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research
                     NGWLG - Next Generation Water Level Gauge
                     NMC - National Meteorological Center
                     NNODDS - Navy/NOAA Ocean Data Distribution System

                     NODC - National Ocean Data Center

                     NODS - NASA Ocean Data System
                     NOMSS - National Oceanic and Meteoric. Support System
                     NSCAT - NASA Scatterometer for flight on NROSS
                     NROSS - Navy Remote Ocean Sensing Satellite
                     NURP - National Undersea Research Program

                     OPC - Ocean Products Center

                     OTS/IWP - Ocean Turbulence Surface/internal Wave Processes

                     PIPOR - Program of International Polar Ocean Research
                     POES - Polar Operational Environmental Satellite

                     SCOR - Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

                     SEAS - Shipboard Environmental Data Acquisition System
                     Sea-WiFS - Wide-field sensor (color scanner) flight on Landsat-6
                     SPAN - Space Physics Analysis Network
                     STRESS - Shelf Transportation Experiment: Slopes and Shelves
                     SYNOPS - Synoptic Ocean Prediction
                     TOGA - Tropical Ocean Global Atmospheric Program
                     TOPEX - Ocean Topography Experiment
                     UNIDATA - University Data Network
                     UNOLS -University National Oceanographic Laboratory System
                     VENTS - Vents-Ocean Ridge Crest Program
                     WCRP -World Climate Research Program
                     WOCE - World Ocean Circulation Experiment

                                                            36

                                                  Appendix E - Bibliography

                     A Program for In  ternational Polar Ocean Research (PIPOR), PIPOR Science Working
                         Group Report, European Space Agency, ESA SP-1074, September, 1985.

                     A Strategy for a National Ocean Science Program: Understanding the Global Ocean, Report
                         to the Ocean Principals Group of a Workshop held in Reston, VA, November,1986.

                     Changing Climate and the Oceans, Oceanus Magazine, special issue, Vol. 29, no. 4, winter
                         1986/87, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

                     Continental Margins - Geological and Geophysical Research Needs and Problems, National
                         Academy of Sciences,'1979.

                     Earth System Sciences Overview: a Program for Global Change, NASA Earth System
                         Science Committee, (appointed by NASA Advisory Council), F. Bretherton, chairman.
                         May, 1986.

                     FY  1988 Global Geosciences Program, National Science Foundation, Directorate for
                         Geosciences and the Directorate for Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences, July
                         1987.

                     Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, Initial Priorities for an lGBP, U.S. Committee
                         fo( an IGBP, Jack Eddy, chairman. National Academy Press, 1986.

                     Global Ocean Flux Study: Proceedings of a Workshop, National Academy Press, Washington,
                         D.C., 1984.

                     Greenland Sea Project: An International Plan of the Arctic Ocean Sciences Board, National
                         Academy Press,1987.

                     Marine Minerals: Exploring Our New Ocean Frontier, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology
                         Assessment, OTA-0-342, U.S. Government Printing Office, July, 1987.

                     Oceanography From Space: A Research Strategy for the Decade 1985-1995. Part 1. Joint
                         Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated, July, 1984.

                     Oceanography From Space: A Research Strategy for the Decade 1985-1995. Part 2:
                         Proposed Measurements and Missions, Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated,
                         July, 1984.

                     Opportunities in the Geologic Sciences, Board of Earth Sciences, National Academy Press,
                         1983.

                     Report of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling, Joint Oceanographic Institutions for
                         Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), November 16-18, 1981.

                                                                 37

                       Report of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling, Jo int Oceanographic Institutions for
                           Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), July 6-8, 1987 (in press).

                       Scientific Plan for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, World Climate Research
                           Program, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1986.

                       Scientific Plan for the World, Climate Research Programme, World Climate Research
                           Programme (WCRP) Publications Series No. 2, September, 1984.

                       System Concept for Wide- Fie Id-of-View Observations of Ocean Phenomena From Space,
                           Report of the Joint EOSAT/NASA SeaWiFS Working Group, August, 1987.

                       The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change, ICSU Ad Hoc
                           Group on Global Change, August, 1986.

                       The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study; Proceedings of a Meeting of the ICSU Scientific
                           Committee for Oceanic Research Meeting, 17-19 February, 1987.

                       The Mid Oceanic Ridge - A Dynamical Global System: Proceedings of a Workshop, Ocean
                           Studies Board, National Academy Press (in press).

                       The Polar Regions and Climatic Change, Polar Research Board, National Academy Press,
                           1984.

                       Tropical Oceans/Global Atmosphere: An International Scientific Plan, World. Climate
                           Research Program, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1985.

                                                                  38

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