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                                           11@ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                           -  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                              NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
                                              OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
                                      "Arls 01 Washington, D,C. 20235




          April 1990



          Nonpoint source pollution control is a major item on the
          environmental agenda of the Administration and Congress in 1990.
          The Administration sees an opportunity in the reauthorization of
          the Coastal Zone Management Act to encourage the coastal states
          to address this significant source of water pollution. Coastal
          management programs are in a unique position to deal with the
          land-based causes of nonpoint source pollution through their
          existing land management capabilities. Already, we have found
          that state coastal management programs have developed innovative
          and successful methods for its control. It is hoped that this
          document will be of interest and help to states that are faced
          with similar problems, as well as to individuals interested in
          the welfare of our Nation's coasts.

          The document is organized into five parts. The first part
          provides a brief overview and summary of nonpoint source
          pollution and its relation to coastal management. The second
          part surveys innovative, successful projects undertaken by
          coastal management programs in eight areas of nonpoint source
          pollution. The third part provides greater detail on six
          specific state efforts. The fourth part of this document
          provides a summary of the Federal coastal management program.
          This section is primarily intended as background for those
          individuals unfamiliar with the program. The fifth part contains
          a list of the state coastal programs.

          This Office sincerely thanks the many state program managers
          who contributed to the information contained in this document.

          For further information on activities highlighted in this report,
          contact the state program manager listed at the end of this
          document or the Coastal Programs Division, 1825 Connecticut Ave.,
          N.W., Washington, D.C. 20235, Tel. (202) 673-5158.


                                        Sincerely,



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                    The Cover. 711is salt pond in Rhode Island is protected by the Coastal Management Progam and the Town of South Kingstown using
                    a variety of nonpoint source pollution controls: development setbacks, vegetative buffers, technical assistance on repairing and
                    maintaining septic systems, stormwater management and runoff controls, reduced zoning density and continued monitoring.









                                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS






                        1.        Introduction: Nonpoint Source Pollution and Coastal Management                             ................. I

                        11.       Survey of Coastal Management Solutions to Nonpoint Source Pollution                              ........ 7

                                                     A. Managing I-and Use: Watershed Management, Buffers
                                                         and Setbacks      .................................................................................. 7

                                                     B. Controlling Urban and Suburban Runoff                    ................................ 11

                                                     C. Improving Sewage Disposal Systems                 ......................................... 13

                                                     D. Controlling Marina Impacts             ........................................................ 15

                                                     E. Siting Landfills and Reducing Plastics and Litter                 .................... 17

                                                     F. Managing Farm Practices            ............................................................ 19

                                                     G. Monitoring Nonpoint Source Pollution                 ..................................... 21

                                                     H. Increasing Information About Nonpoint Source Pollution                         ... 23

                        III.      Detailed Examples of Coastal Management and Nonpoint Source Pollution

                                                     A. Critical Area Program in Maryland                ........................................... 25

                                                     B. Basin Wide Water Quality in Florida                ........................................ 29

                                                     C. Marina Siting in South Carolina             ................................................. 33

                                                     D. Watershed Management in Washington                     ................................... 39

                                                     E. Storm Water Management in New Jersey                     ................................ 41

                                                     F. Local Governments Involved in New York                     .............................. 45

                        IV.       An Overview of Coastal Management                   ..................................................................... 49

                        V.        List of Coastal Programs          ............................................................................................ 53






                      I. INTRODUMON: NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION 'AND COASTAL
                                                        MANAGEMENT

                   What is nopMm!t source pollution?

                          Nonpoint source pollution is defined as all pollution entering the surface water
                   system other than from pipes. Examples include: soil eroding into streams, agricul-
                   ture fertilizer seeping into creeks, failing septic systems polluting bays, and runoff
                   from parking lots into adjacent rivers. Discharges from sewage treatment plants and
                   factories, on the other hand, are called "point source" pollution, because they come
                   from a single point--usually a pipe.

                   How significant is nonpgint source pgHution?

                          Nonpoint sources contribute more than half of the suspended solids, phospho-
                   rus, chromium, copper, lead, iron, zinc and fecal coliform bacteria which pollute our
                   waters.1 The most common nonpoint pollutant is soil eroded from farms, construc-
                   tion sites, and stream banks. The soil destroys aquatic habitat by increasing turbidity,
                   cutting off sunlight to aquatic plants and other organisms and smothering fish
                   spawning areas. Runoff poisoned with fertilizer, pesticides, toxic metals and oils can
                   have worse affects. Excessive nutrients in the water accelerates vegetation growth
                   which can lead to oxygen depletion. The lower oxygen levels can cause fish kills. As
                   the pace of coastal population growth and development continues to increase, there
                   will be more impervious surfaces, septic systems, litter, chemicals and pesticides
                   applied to lawns and gardens--all of which will increase the pollution of coastal
                   waters.


                          The results of pollution from nonpoint sources are serious. Public and private
                   drinking water supplies are threatened. Over 40 percent of the shellfish waters in the
                   contiguous U.S. are closed from point and nonpoint source pollution. Since more than
                   70 percent of commercially important species of fish and shellfish spend some portion
                   of their lifecycle in estuarine waters, pollution significantly affects the $3 billion a year
                   commercial and recreational fishing industry. Also, beach closings resulting from
                   debris washup not only cause lost recreational opportunities but lost revenue for local
                   economies.


                        hasn't nopj@gint source pgflution been stopped?

                          The severity of the nonpoint source pollution problem only recently has been
                   fully recognized. Nonpoint sources are harder to identify, and may initially appear
                   less serious than discharges from industrial point sources. Public awareness is the
                   most important component of efforts to stop the degradation of coastal waters. The
                   farmer who lets cattle stand in a stream to cool off in the summer may not see how
                   their waste could cause much harm. Neither does the homeowner who puts off fixing



                   See U. S. Congress, office of TechnoLogy Assessment, Wastes in marine Environments, 1987 Chapter Three.









                  a faulty septic tank or who dumps used motor oil into a storm sewer. These seemin(T-
                  ly small sources of pollution add up to significant adverse impacts when multiplied by
                  the large number of people living adjacent to our coastal waters.

                  What are the sources of nonppint ppHution?

                         Storm watg runoff, from rainfall and snowmelt, is the major source of
                  nonpoint pollution. It consists of rainwater that is not absorbed into the land,
                  combined with eroding soil, and litter, oil and heavy metals from roads. Unless
                  properly managed, stormwater runoff increases as the land becomes urbanized.
                  Unlike open land in fields or greenways, asphalt and concrete do not allow rain water
                  to be absorbed into the land and filtered before it enters into waterbodies. Also, Until
                  people alter their activities in disposing of household chemical wastes, litter and
                  domestic animal wastes, storm water runoff will be more severe as coastal areas
                  continue to develop.

                         Boats and marinas are potential sources of untreated human and fish wastes,
                  antifouling paints, boat cleaners, petroleum products, and runoff from parking lots.

                         Airborne sources, such as toxic chemicals transported by rain and wind,
                  contribute significantly to coastal water pollution. In Long Island Sound, for example,
                  it is estimated that 23 percent of the total nitrogen load is caused by atmospheric
                  pollution. Airborne sources also account for a significant portion of the nitrogen load
                  in the Chesapeake Bay.

                         Groundwater transport of pollutants into nearby water bodies can result from
                  faulty septic systems and landfills located too close to the water. Rainwater can
                  absorb pollutants as it flows through a landfill with an improper base and then pollute
                  groundwater, which may flow into rivers and streams.

                  What is coastal management?

                         Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act, P.L. 92-583 (CZMA), in
                  1972, to improve the nation's management of coastal resources, which were being
                  irretrievably damaged or lost due to poorly planned development. Specific concerns
                  included the loss of living marine resources and wildlife habitat, decreasing open
                  space for public use, and shoreline erosion. Congress also recognized the need to
                  resolve conflicts between various competing uses of coastal lands and waters.
                  Key elements of the CZMA are:
                         The basic goal of the CZMA is to encourage coastal states to voluntarily
                         develop comprehensive management programs. The CZMA establishes a
                         partnership in which the states take the lead in managing their coastal
                         resources, while the Federal government provides financial and technical
                         assistance and -agrees to act in a manner consistent with the federally-approved


                                                              2









                        management programs. The law als   o establishes a National Estuarine Reserve
                        Research System to designate and preserve specific @stuarine sites.

                        The CZMA was reauthorized in 1976, 1980 and 1986. It is subject to reautho-
                        rization in 1990.

                        The Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), within the
                        National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
                        tion (NOAA) administers the CZMA at the Federal level.

                 Who is re@Wnsj'ble for coastal management?

                        Of the 35 eligible states and territories, 29 participate in the Federal program.
                        At the state level, a lead agency oversees implementation of the CZM program
                        and administers the Federal grant funds. This agency may be solely responsi-
                        ble for all CZM planning, regulation, and management, or it may share imple-
                        mentation authority with other state agencies.

                        Local governments are involved in the implementation of state CZM pro-
                        grams, either formally or informally. In some states, local governments play a
                        central role by developing local coastal programs and by making land use
                        decisions in accordance with state standards.


                        Federal agencies are also involved in the development and implementation of
                        state CZM programs. State and Federal agencies must coordinate during the
                        development of state programs. Once NOAA approves a state coastal pro-
                        gram, other Federal agencies must ensure that their actions are consistent with
                        the state program. Through coastal management, states and Federal agencies
                        cooperate in planning and permit processes, simplifying the regulatory process.

                 What can coastal managrement progmm do about nonpgm:t source ppllution?

                        State coastal management programs are in a unique position to help control
                 nonpoint source pollution because they address land and water use issues within the
                 coastal zone. Traditionally, addressing the shoreside causes of nonpoint pollution has
                 been a state and local government responsibility -through land use decisions. With
                 state permits and support for local governments, coastal management programs can
                 help focus attention on controlling nonpoint source pollution through stormwater
                 regulations, land use planning, and zoning.

                 0      States implementing their programs through state permits often require buffers
                        to set development back from the shore, strict erosion and sedimentation
                        control practices for construction projects, and stormwater control systems in
                        new development, to cite a few examples.


                                                           3








                             States implementing their coastal programs through local governments work
                             with municipalities and counties to improve zoning 'and subdivision ordi-
                             nances to control nonpoint source pollution, including reducing the density
                             of development adjacent to shorelines .

                             Coastal management programs use several non-regulatory mechanisms to
                    address nonpoint source pollution. They provide funds for research, public
                    information and to encourage the voluntary use of best management practices, a
                    term used to include a variety of nonpoint source pollution control techniques.
                    The staff of coastal programs also provide public information and education on
                    effective solutions to nonpoint source problems. Finally, coastal programs initiate
                    purchases of property for wildlife habitat, research and recreation when that ap-
                    pears to be the only method to protect threatened coastal waters.

                    How are noriRgint source efforts being coordinated with other Federal agencies?

                             The Coastal Zone Management Act requires state coastal programs to
                    incorporate the provisions of the Clean Water Act into their programs. Section
                    319(h) of the Clean Water Act requires states to submit to the Environmental
                    Protection Agency (EPA) a Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment Report and a
                    State Management Program. Once the management program has been approved,
                    the state is eligible for implementation grants. For the first time, funding will be
                    available for the Section 319 program in Fiscal Year 1990; $40 million will be
                    available for all fifty states to implement their nonpoint source programs. (The
                    Fiscal Year 1990 appropriation for coastal management is $34 million for 29
                    states).

                             NOAA and EPA have coordinated their nonpoint source pollution efforts
                    by sharing information with state contacts about each others' programs and
                    encouraging the coastal agencies to participate in preparing Section 319 Assess-
                    ment Reports and Management Programs. OCRM has reviewed the Section 319
                    management programs and encourages coastal management programs to give due
                    consideration to the priorities established in these programs.

                             At the state level coordination has varied among states, often increasing in
                    instances where the water quality agency and the coastal agency are in the same
                    department. Even where this is not the case, as in New York, the coastal agency
                    was a member of the task force that developed the Nonpoint Source Pollution
                    Assessment and Management Program. In Florida and South Carolina, the Section
                    319 Assessments recognized the importance of the Federal Consistency provisions
                    of the CZMA (see Part IV of this report) as a tool for implementing some of the
                    nonpoint source reduction goals. Nevertheless, all participants recognize that
                    there needs to be much better coordination. OCRM is working to assure that
                    future revisions to Section 319 management plans incorporate state coastal
                    programs efforts and assets, where appropriate.





                                                                    4








                      In states participating in EPA's National Estuary Program, there are several
                 opportunities to closely coordinate solutions to nonpoint source pollution. NOAA
                 and EPA have signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MOU) toward this effort.
                 In partial fulfillment of this MOU, NOAA and EPA held a regional conference in
                 the Northeast to foster coordination and communication. NOAA continues to
                 evaluate coordination. through OCRM's formal state evaluation process.

                        OCRM has established a working relationship with the U. S. Department
                 of Agriculture (USDA) to address agricultural contributions to nonpoint source
                 pollution. The USDA will spend over $201 million on water quality issues in Fiscal
                 Year 1991.   Other parts of NOAA have contributed in the past to USDA
                 research and database committee activities. OCRM and the Soil Conservation
                 Service (SCS) have met to assure the programs compliment each other and do not
                 duplicate efforts. OCRM has participated in various agricultural forums, such as
                 the National Association of Conservation Districts 1990 conference to explain
                 coastal management programs in nonpoint source control and has invited similar
                 participation by the USDA in its activities.

                        State coastal program staff and SCS extension agents have worked in the
                 field to assure coordinated programs, and have participated on each others
                 advisory boards. In a few instances, CZM has provided partial funding to joint
                 research efforts. Part 11 F of this report provides more specific examples.



























                                                         5



                                                                                                                                              se"Rid. -',,3, wetJand area oiMered restorec
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The fill at 1'rail's End Resorts hz
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      been blamed for nooding in it,
                                                                                                                                              SEA'                                           d reorganization plan near                                                                               Waha a Road area.
                                                                                                                                              illegal                                                                                                                                                 Thr" wetlands must be create
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      'It (east ts.2 acres next to Starai,
                                                                                                                                              0                                              'rail's End Resorts  hoped that didn't happen.                                                           Lake, one acre north of Trail's En
                                                                                                                                                                                             two months,          an '.The trustee is trying real hard to preserve the                                Road. and one acre east of Trail
                                                                                                                                              he                                             ipany said this      Seaside) iajillty for the benefit of the camp-                                      End Road The latter require
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ground members,    - Simson said. More than 3,000 of                                removing some fill dirt. accordin
                                                                                                                                              0                                              ous issues           those members have filed claims against the                                         to Zajonc's order.
                                                                                                                                                                                             D:;001111. Ubmit a   company.                                                                            Whoever does the work must als
                                                                                                                                              P,                                             N'd Leon             "I don't think it'd do anybody any good it this                                     rebuild streams, create at least fiv
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                                                                                                                                              4utbo "'easi, Ment an b                        lot.
                                                                                                                                              17 S40 title" 4w Uric, t/I                                          If that happened. the Seaside campground would                                      sentatives will review the prolint's
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                                                                                                                                              .at "ect'd 01
                                                                                                                                              that "P4.1 Pq t6at be I @r,a C/,               ;e,                                 ',ine 1986, when Bankruptcy Court Judge
                                                                                                                                              no the '1, 1) ger'ed                                                                                                                                    provide a place to live for mink,
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                                                                                                                                              `9 4op"' Pal, "Itical ft to to a 7-- 11        0-, e@. 19                          nore said Trail's End officials had                                  kinds of birds, Maine said. But
                                                                                                                                              P@,, Cre'. area M "Id ab-t ;                   6 01. 1;@*@                                                                                              more important. they will be home
                                                                                                                                              Were , .1 2,30 , In gain )yh s 1. eet a "ala, h, 1@                                    Alled" the Company before Mit-                                   for "little microscopic creatures'
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                                                                                                                                              ""at. -co -,st .1 th . -(,W                    It                   Is                                            the cost could be about               asterns because they're at the
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                                                                                                                                              or                                             Vn.                                                                                                      base the food chain, he said.
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                                                                                                                                              Photo,','?, ePh C,, On 1,7,, a a dr e 40                            Ce 0,04
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                and Zalone said     they
                                                                                                                                              call t"Itelism, actS                                                                                              how much the        work              ZAJONC'S FINAL ORDER is at.
                                                                                                                                              led the 1, "I"71m, said Ct                     "e, 34 10
                                                                                                                                              a ", Wh ,cb"Alen es' /t,
                                                                                                                                              r,7,e at effort, Afar                                                                  (A
                                                                                                                                              gave "'s @e                                    V                                                                                                        Improvement        over       previous
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                                                                                                                                              R41idL at, Npar PrOteC,                                             oo,, -.,                                      t Neal Maine said                     versions of the plan, said Maine ano
                                                                                                                                              S"maj is the0Itor.                             Ot (9                                                                                                    a
                                                                                                                                              tb March @P/                                   4f- 'e 0                                                               would pay for                     Itorney Donald Potter, both of
                                                                                                                                              fic7                                                                50,            il                                                 c's order         whom represented the Northwest
                                                                                                                                              Plan, all how tough the @' rners,,I                                 I ,> @",-                                                         o
                                                                                                                                                                                             N qJ.
                                                                                                                                              6e they co"t Af to If en"110,1,rf Ole f        01. Oc, 0,                          -6 e3l                                             is long           Environmental Defense Center of
                                                                                                                                              aPd,D Sei,,, an arjiaodepein ent0aluralitcy Cfa@ T 0/0NQ., ",, @, a- 00,           C'p @ 0
                                                                                                                                              PrOce anda' the ging creditors whLi.           Ze -A. ;1@ *Q, I>                                                                      arepre-           Portland.  Irregularly          shaped
                                                                                                                                              in ehaI.                                       .3, L_               ,                                             Ott                 ental             wetlands, more specific wetland-
                                                                                                                                              e fore,We'e I @roductgg Manageme,              @,v, 0^ o0/0 PV
                                                                                                                                              7'he 1 hab Jr $q(il '. Wb*eaJIat reorganization. *e                                                                                                     related terms and the five-year
                                                                                                                                              'each develb n4t 4@T "'.7 cit                                                                                                         the
                                                                                                                                              eof The companies are                          L                                                                                                        ey luation period are among the
                                                                                                                                              Irs edia, Per, en I? control of a trustee,     act                                                                                                      SE-viges, they said.
                                                                                                                                              and 1,-ede4t                                                                       e, 01. Ilk 0    ok             .                                     i
                                                                                                                                              nd COMM Id                                                                                         41                                                   '01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Z                                                                Potter said NEDC wasn't
                                                                                                                                              filling, oral - ent.. John Mitchell of Portlan,
                                                                                                                                              he C,                                          - -                                                                e                                     "entirely happy" wt
                                                                                                                                              Pas                                            X                    co,            `_ ;t&          S              -3,  S,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,., Vj@o                                           ;::@                                 th it* situation.
                                                                                                                                              an", f                                                                                                            ;>                                    -oducts; Management "filled in
                                                                                                                                              COU                                                                                                                                                     @out a permit and got away with
                                                                                                                                              gets                                                                Irtronler control of developmenL                                                         said. "Our group Ideally
                                                                                                                                              CZM
                                                                                                                                              26,0'Vbl'@e                                                         Nebula! NeUbUrger, a Grm Cay                                             0               t like to see any (develop-
                                                                                                                                              acr,,ardt Pellant. donate the pond to the gov.                      resident and Chairman a( the East:                                                           but the DSL clicin't see
                                                                                                                                              Pro & 1, With, egrament "a wildlife SancLilary.                     End Crime Comfouttee, gillsigg &p.
                                                                                                                                              h te aV 7
                                                                                                                                              161 (a e                                       ftitan could reapply for a per. plauded CZ&t*s decision.
                                                                                                                                              Q'Isn', Ifor
                                                                                                                                              Th I
                                                                                                                                              rt N'a ch red                                                                                                                         LI/
                                                                                                                                              I,Ca ife mil, in = days with a 'mare ea-                            "I welcome CZWs position an
                                                                                                                                              r,,1`h`roC, virortmentally preferred project                        this project because the unpact on
                                                                                                                                              C
                                                                                                                                              at                                                                                                                                    P
                                                                                                                                              that leaves the salt pond lotact.".                                 the environment would          be Unfa.                           I
                                                                                                                                              Ph ho                                          .0
                                                                                                                                              Ve, arre, Hazarl said.                                              vorable," he $34 "AIN lhere                                       "a--
                 I'tb - e                                                                                                                     %Wa'k'                                         peltim declined comment Friday wduLd have been no sig'dricaut
                                                                                                                                              a C=J! denial
                d,                                                                                                                            wise
              rM I 'level. .1 Pla
                   9,?//,                                                                                                                     apoi, 170. an what action he plans to take                          employment befulfit            hem. it
                                                                                                                                              on'tru,2"Pla By VENET IA HARVEY nexL But he said he won't seek an   would've been act Impact only on                                                    6 @-3
                                                                                                                                              /aIr sq1IJ !on on St. Croix Bureau alternative site for his project the iniras---
                                                                                                                                              ri.ela because he wanted it to be in coa.                           mensurate
                                                                                                                                              see IN Juriction with nearty (;rm CAY The proj-                                    STOP SHORE SURVEYS
                                                                                                                                              The denial of a permit for a $10A Million Aeve!*;I- blarina. which he awns.d                                                                                                       _0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ice jobs ov4
                                                                                                                                              piluse an
                                                                                                                                              .d praise from local environmentalists who among ggaviromdmeotansts@ who Neub-I
                                                                                                                                              me a" toward tougher scrictinty of d-PL-                            "cleaw''       Ston                           landfills
                                                                                                                                              ist at St. Cra&I Southgate Pond has brought .1;s This proposal, had caused a 3dr

                                                                                                                                              hope it is a msaid the project. which wattid have                   this denial
                                                                                                                                              0(the St. grequilgred goccavatiout at the pond to                   griglid. dim
                                                                                                                                              -We're very. vW7 PI-Sed - Bruce Wilson a 10-foot depth. woLdd distrupit, abe dam tir
                                                                                                                                              Croix Environmental Association said Friday. "U valuable wildlife habitat. welopmeu
                                                                                                                                              ) will came down                                                                   in lagoon says
                                                                                                                                              shows (Coastal Zone Margagemard                SEA members and several other He M                                                                                                  10" i@,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                              hard an devclopmerA 1:1121. Makes *0 59=4 VC01301liag" residents who testified at a March peratariu
                                                                                                                                              callyand eigviromdnlallY-@ public hearing spoke out against
                                                                                                                                              :@@t would like to COMMCW the CZK Committee for the project because they said the
                                                                                                                                              .the urisdarn in *,& decision.' Said SEA V-111QUIL development would 'in his.      Nu'uuli                                            council
                                                                                                                                                                                             significantly        Nazatrial
                                                                                                                                              Fred Slaiden- -no decision was 3 clear -: the dl(' reduce rare bird species that My Jed w", Pala lagoon is now "Sacred                met with ASIG representatives
                                                                                                                                              ference between what is to to reaped in bwO.L% And an those wittlands for survtv*L
                                                                                                                                              what is to be Lot in Value."                   SEA members said the pand is        land" and woe be unto you                          last Sunday to discuss the
                                                                                                                                              home to 96 species of bird& two of                                  goals anxi     vptares attempt to rill and                        enforcement of the ban on the
                                                                                                                                              C=t voted unanimously ranisdtl to reject. the                       a Pro
                                                                                                                                              Dolphin cove prbpaw to develop a do-unit am- which an considered andangersol. rat envurt reclaim it illegally. so pro.                Pala Lagoon shoreline.
                                                                                                                                              CrilifliUrn and marina camp!= ars 22 acres Of UN 4- As we of the few glatizal habitats.X AlIc claims the village of Nu'uuli.          In that meeting the village
                                                                                                                                              dshare remi-ining an this island. Ole pond                          priggent I     The chiefs and dignitaries                         chiefs expressed their unani-
                                                                                                                                              acre Southgate Pond. The pond is an the Acrth atia could be valuable in educatloga effects a, of the village of Nu'uuii have          mous desire to enforce the
                                                                                                                                              cast of C-testiansted.
                                                                                                                                              this and resesurick said Sladen.                                    a Fris         issued a sucing letter request-                    ban. Nu'uWi Putlentil'ti Sialega
                                                                                                                                              CZNI does not recarnmerel'any development V1   The Plan'-was 'A fifilrallogg" AM Phr ing the Lands and Survey                         lelua Lulu said, "in out meet-
                                                                                                                                              so feet a( the edge of the pond. CZ51 E40.1111,- Diroe- we"oods to devotaIs hannagg"agg- ad t- -Branch of the Department of           Ing with the members of gov-
                                                                                                                                              tor Benjamin rilazario saw in his report He 94- That was the insanity of the pm age. puMic Works So impose a ban                      ernment IaFA Sunday. village
                                                                                                                                              AN, Dick
                                                                                                                                              4esited that the 'developer arid ?r*PtAy Own postal, becituout there are thousands 0 Elm on surveying Pala Lagoon                     chiefs agreed to give the gov-
                                                                                                                                              of acres for hamosit availableco                                    the putall
                                                                                                                                              St. Croix." said Wils:                         -                    New            share areas.                                       ernment power to police the
                                                                                                                                                                                             Wilson and Sladen said they hope Sladess, In a letter w the Lands and                  area and devise ways to im-
                                                                                                                                              C=s doggligi Is
                                                                                                                                                                                             @!hl beginning Of    woWd at        Survey Branch, the village                         prove its namird sm."
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  habitat        chiefs size. "it is our wish to                    Local Environmental Pro-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  habitat,       request a gogat ban to be hereby                   tection Agency Director Patk
                                                                                                                                              Xsland sold, saved from development                                 tigualted      placed on the surveying of dw                      Faiai explained to ft meeting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  dowal          said area in Nu'uuIi either for                    thin rules and regulations pro-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 an aiga or for any individual."                    =Ling Marine life mug be ob-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 At a reccrit Village meeting                       served because the lagoon is
                                                                                                                                              Igivals iting ft -YSWM Shrimps                 aidlion. she said.                  with ASG representatives,                          the spawning ground and nat-
                                                                                                                                              .f the iijaad giftliege of Me V_m aaderidic'   .1, frot It for . toed iU-
                                                                                                                                              ruAdf imad d- @#P J, " Koeaw Jr@ a Lmab. to    dollars unftr fair market value.    Savusa Tauileva "spoke ve-                         ural habitat for fish species
                                                                                                                                              isp.a." who mid We land to We                  she =4
                                                                                                                                              &U1. .11kiiii. Pi- to P.Vh.M am"= C(Iiiiie"Ancy, w" U* if the is* wre W pirehase   hemendy on the lack of cn-                         and wildlife.
                                                                                                                                              Ili, -,",iey,                                  p,muda fto@ on 00up. - PM           forcement. He gold the repre-                      The village council will
                                                                                                                                              4... the ,.. . zeu                             teas me
                                                                                                                                              t.d oghi. ch. -.4 few raofidd.                 i.1.111 or                          scmanves Ugat the govemmenir                       consider meting out traditional
                                                                                                                                              be relithed fw connainit about Ift             ?!!T -Id
                                                                                                                                              O.ved W, Owens, diector of                     k n.d=,                             was too leniern with enforcing                     punishmem to anyone call&
                                                                                                                                              0,e N.C Coastal ge".rowof Sal&                                                     the regulations arid should take                   violating the ban it enforce-
                                                                                                                                              pi,ig
                                                                                                                                              Kxdav bad panned 60 lituld a                   an national, sanctuaty. presit"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           happy"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ac, Manage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ecast  could        be about
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                said
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    said
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                @dlh.y




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           said.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           _e,    .g


















































                                                                                                                                              "We have Initiated a." to 142-und blugano de"logRoeig                              people to court it they are                        Ment Of the law becomes lax.
                                                                                                                                              4.ow. that passibiligy.- 01-M an alarA He %w forted to halt as                     found in violation." a PMU                         Ulci Peau of the Coastal
                                                                                                                                              Zilinat.i9pi iaterl@ "We ib. pm)wd M Seplitimber w1we the
                                                                                                                                              h..* 1.6"al pwt Wage in hand                   The state has low eigis J           relem fmm the Develloprilem                        Management Program told
                                                                                                                                              =Wjgg==o*=                                     gargentia guiecaugnes. be wA
                                                                                                                                              lor jusa ft gyp ad fiellowd- beeson h. bad broa Unable, to                         Flarming Ciffice said.                             Santoa News that another
                                                                                                                                              Vic" PH gimlifflu"Y == tmalowst =                                                  LvIdti and Survey manager                          meeting is plamed with ft
                                                                                                                                              goal -id %@.& Ide,                             .. Migea,
                                                                                                                                              F0"a I "of 4.0011@ "li=desmm& L                I .War, Kwo Wm%,h %ne Uapallim      Meko Aiumu said he was                             chiefs and Orators Of Leone
                                                                                                                                              Owens. 0. Co."                                 111200P. Idaida-rWabovigggsai. hag. aware that the viLlage chiefs                      village On the lagoon them.
                                                                                                                                              OWN iftlectal, "i'll Khan. oe"                 porinada, -ft" ta =
                                                                                                                                              .AKW :r,.6 h&M -W111111 OW WW P.111617         thild 3"llive to if* -Acm b,
                                                                                                                                              ILI W. ' - iiiies, to hal                      mid. eOw woffantli; am
                                                                                                                                              110 tim im q=Wkd (w









                  H. A SURVEY OF COASTAL         MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS SOLUTIONS
                     TO NONPOIEW SOURCE WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS

                A- MANAGING LAN         D USE: WATERSHED NIANAGEMENT, BUFFERS
                      AND SETBACKS

                       One of the most effective methods to protect water quality is to properly
                manage development immediately adjacent to waterbodies. Because state and
                local coastal programs can regulate the use of land, they can require buffers be-
                tween development and the water. Vegetated, undeveloped land can absorb the
                nonpoint source pollution impact of development before it gets to the water. For
                example, a 100-foot buffer in native vegetation between a parking lot and a river
                can strain the oil and grease from cars before it reaches the water. A buffer can
                serve the same purpose in providing some protection from poorly functioning
                septic tanks.

                Alaska CZM* uses buffers to protect rivers rich with salmon.

                       Nearly 50 percent of the United State's entire sockeye salmon
                       production comes from Bristol Bay, Alaska. The local coastal
                       program wanted to assure protection of the coastal waters for salm-
                       on, which is an important commercial and subsistence resource.

                       The Bristol Bay local coastal program establishes a 100-foot buffer
                       for development which does not need to be adjacent to the water.
                       The buffer thus protects the rivers for salmon migration, spawning
                       and rearing and extends to the tributaries that affect those waters.
                       Program policies place high priority on maintaining subsistence
                       activities by natives and controlling the potential water quality
                       impacts from placer mining.

                The.Califomia Coastal Commission addresses nonpoint source pollution through
                its review of permits and local coastal programs.

                       The California Coastal Act contains policies related to controlling runoff
                       and requiring vegetated buffers, which enables the Commission to review
                       individual permits to require grading plans and erosion control provisions.

                       The Commission also reviews local coastal programs developed by cities
                       and counties for consistency with the nonpoint source pollution policies.





                *'Mroughout this document CZM refers to the coastal management agency. Refer to Part V for specific
                agency names and addresses.


                                                          7








                       For example, the Santa Barbara County Local Coastal Program establishes
                       minimum buffers for wetlands and stream corridors. A minimum 100-foot
                       buffer must be maintained in its natural condition along all wetlands. A
                       minimum buffer for major streams in rural areas is 100 feet and 50 feet in
                       urban areas. The local zoning code incorporates these requirements thus
                       assuring their implementation.

                The Rhode Island Coastal Program requires buffers for new development along
                non-bulkheaded waters.


                       Under its permit program, the Coastal Resources Management Council
                       reviews all development within 200 feet of the water. It requires a mini-
                       mum 50 foot setback and requires additional buffers, kept in natural vegeta-
                       tion, of up to 200 feet adjacent to environmentally sensitive waters. In
                       addition, for large residential and commercial projects, other requirements
                       may be imposed such as: 1) conservation easements on buffers, complete
                       with boundary markers; 2) commercial lawn care restrictions built into the
                       condominium articles or individual lot deeds; 3) access and buffer manage-
                       ment plans; 4) restrictive covenants on future activities; 5) education
                       programs put together by the developer regarding the site's sensitive areas;
                       and 6) where sewage treatment plant upgrades are a concern, new develop-
                       ments are phased in with the plant upgrades.

                New York local governments use CZM funds to address nonpoint source pollution
                problems.

                       The Town of East Hampton coastal program has a seven point program to
                       address nonpoint source pollution: (1) setbacks from waters for structures
                       and septic systems and low density zoning; (2) land acquisition and conser-
                       vation easement programs; (3) redesign of street ends to minimize runoff,
                       (4) fertilizer application and land clearing restrictions; (5) a permit system
                       which requires special review of projects near designated natural features;
                       (6) surface water quality monitoring and testing and (7) improved local law
                       enforcement. All of these practices are incorporated into local zoning and
                       are included in the Local Waterfront Revitalization Program which is bind-
                       ing on State agency actions.

                North Carolina requires permits for development projects impacting critical areas.

                       C ZM reviews development in the 575 foot Area of Environmental Concern
                       adjacent to nine waterbodies designated as Outstanding Resource Waters.
                       CZM also reviews all development within 75 feet of tidal wetlands. New
                       development projects cannot add nonpoint source impacts on the critical
                       areas.



                                                         8





                 Ma.1yJand encourages planting buffer zones.'

                       CZM funds have been used to plant trees, shrubs and native ground cover
                       in several areas along the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. The state's
                       "Greenshores Program" promotes the planting of forested buffers along the
                       shoreline of the bay. This activity is especially important because these
                       buffers minimize nonpoint pollution, as well as provide wildlife habitat.

                 In American Samoa, a local village council regulates land use to protect a lagoon.

                       CZM has supported a significant public education effort which
                       combines the protection of wetlands and other natural resources with
                       the preservation of Samoan culture. Meetings in Nu'uuli Village re-
                       sulted in support from the local village council for continued regula-
                       tory and enforcement efforts to protect Pala lagoon from nonpoint
                       pollution sources. This was a significant resource management land-
                       mark in working within the traditional land tenure system in Ameri-
                       can Samoa.


                       A mangrove forest adjacent to the Nu'uuli lagoon was threatened by
                       nonpoint pollution and encroachment by filling. Recognizing the
                       significance of the lagoon, the Coastal Program commissioned a
                       resource management study. As a result, the American Samoa
                       Government obtained EPA funds to construct a sewer line around
                       the lagoon to significantly reduce water quality threats from 400
                       nearby homes.

                 In Massachusetts, coastal Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) along
                 rivers and estuaries are protected.

                       After an area is designated an ACEC, proposed development projects
                       within it are subject to more intense scrutiny under the Commonwealth's
                       regulatory programs and the Massachusetts Environmental Protection Act.
                       For example, every application for a dock or pier located in an ACEC is re-
                       viewed for nonpoint pollution impacts. There are currently 12 ACECs
                       designated, which protect over 145 miles of shoreline.

                 New HamRï¿½       assists local governments to incorporate water quality issues in
                 land use decisions.


                       CZM funds were used to prepare the estuarine portion of the water
                       resource plan for the towns of Newfield and Stratham. A comprehensive
                       resource inventory and maps of resources along the river corridor will be


                                                        9









                       prepared. This information will be used by both towns in making decisions
                       on zoning, subdivision controls, and setbacks.


                Maine requires a 75-foot setback for construction along, marine and fresh waters
                so as to maintain vegetated buffers and reduce non-point source contributions.

                       The CZM program, through the State Shoreland Zoning Law, requires
                       coastal communities to zone all lands within 250 feet of any waterbody.
                       Within this zone it establishes a 75 foot setback along marine waters (100
                       feet along fresh water). In 1990, the law was amended to strictly limit the
                       amount of clearing that can occur so as to maintain a vegetated buffer. No
                       development, other than waterdependent uses, can occur within 75 feet of
                       the water, including construction of roads and parking lots. Furthermore, in
                       1990, the CZM program adopted numerical standards to control sediment
                       and phosphorous contributions to waterbodies.






























                                                         10









                 B. CONTROLLING URBAN AND SUBURBAN RUNOFF

                       Control of stormwater runoff can significantly control pollutants.
                 Stormwater can contain soil from eroding cliffs and construction sites, as well as
                 lawn chemicals, street litter, oil and grease. State coastal programs issuing permits
                 or having other land use authorities often require stormwater prevention tech-
                 niques for new developments to assure that stormwater is controlled.

                       Urban runoff, containing street litter, pet waste, road salt, sand and oil, can
                 be carried by water and winds into adjacent rivers. State coastal programs are
                 beginning to get involved with towns to emphasize the importance of regular street
                 sweeping, catchment basins, and other activities.


                 North Carolina requires new developments to control stormwater and encourages
                 local coastal plans to include stormwater regulations.

                       CZM initiated the development of stormwater runoff regulations which now
                       apply to all new development projects adjacent to estuarine waters.

                       CZM has encouraged local land use plans prepared in coastal counties to
                       include stormwater runoff plans. Nine plans are currently being completed.

                 New York local coastal plans require no increase in stormwater runoff and
                 redesign streets to control runoff.

                       The local waterfront plan of the Village of Mamaroneck instituted
                       stormwater runoff retention regulations which require that peak rates of dis-
                       charge are not increased beyond pre-development or pre-construction levels
                       for all new development. This "zero increase" policy is now a model for
                       other local waterfront plans.

                       The Village of Patchoque used CZM funds to redesign street ends to reduce
                       stormwater flowing directly into the bays and rivers. Included in the
                       redesign were sediment basins and buffers of native planting.

                 In Wisconsin. a Priority Watershed Program protects the Milwaukee River.

                       The coastal program funded a study to control nonpoint source pollution in
                       the Milwaukee River. A model ordinances for construction site erosion
                       control and a development handbook were prepared. Model ordinances for
                       other urban problems are being developed on stormwater, water retention,
                       pet waste and sweeping streets. In agricultural areas, CZM is working with
                       landowners to develop conservation plans.








                 South -Carolina Coastal Council reviews stormwater management plans for new
                 permits.

                        The Coastal Council adopted stormwater guidelines in 1988, which
                        generally require retention of the first inch of rain and requires the
                        release of runoff in excess of one inch to be at a rate no greater than
                        if was undeveloped based on a five-year, 24 hour storm event.

                 Rhode Island requires CZM applicants to submit professionally designed sedimen-
                 tation and erosion control plans and stormwater management plans. They also
                 manage all the poorly flushed estuaries in the state on a watershed basis.

                        All developments subject to CZM jurisdiction (a minimum of 200 feet from
                        the coastal water) are required to have on-site treatment of a one year
                        storm event and are required to keep runoff at pre-development levels.
                        Discharging of run-off directly into the estuaries is prohibited. Run-off from
                        parking lots and roads must be treated to remove oil and sediments, and all
                        driveway and parking areas must be of a pervious material.

                        To protect poorly flushed estuaries, the CZM develops Special Area
                        Management Plans which form interagency agreements at the State and
                        local levels. These agreements are the basis for action plans which outline
                        how various nonpoint source pollution problems are to be regulated and
                        corrected. Thresholds for development which trigger CZM jurisdiction
                        within these areas are subdivisions of six units or more and commercial
                        developments which require one acre or more of impervious surfaces.

                        CZM works with towns and the State Department of Transportation to
                        identify trouble areas in the road drainage systems for retrofit and up-
                        grades.

















                                                            12









                 C. R"ROVING SEWAGE DISPOSALS

                         Poorly located or faulty septic systems are a.major source of pollutants in
                 some rural and suburban waters. As a result shellfish bed closures are often
                 necessitated. Coastal programs have been involved in assisting local governments
                 and homeowners in correcting these problems, and in evaluating and monitoring
                 alternative systems.

                 New York funds promotion of alternative systems.

                         CZM funded Save the River, a non-profit group operating along the St.
                         Lawrence River, to assist riverfront property owners in correcting faulty
                         individual sewage disposal systems that have polluted the river for years.

                         Based on the premise that if people knew they were polluting they would
                         take steps to correct problems if they were shown how, homeowners are
                         provided with free, on-site surveys on the effectiveness of their system.
                         Trained volunteers conduct the surveys using tracer dyes and offer informa-
                         tion about alternative systems such as aerobic tanks, low flush, composting
                         and incinerating toilets.

                         Once a homeowner successfully passes the survey, Save the River awards
                         them a hand-crafted Save the River Clean Water Award. Over 120 surveys
                         were conducted in the summer of 1989; there is currently a waiting list of 45.

                 Rhode Island assists owners to properly maintain or improve septic tanks.

                         CZM awarded grants to the towns of Charleston and South Kingstown to
                         evaluate septic systems that were suspected of having failed near the
                         ecologically fragile salt ponds. A CZM funded brochure about the "care
                         and feeding" of septic systems was mailed with tax bills to property owners.
                         As a result of this effort, South Kingstown established a tax rebate as an
                         incentive for annual pump-outs.

                         CZM funds were also used to provide information to owners about low
                         interest loans and a State grant program to make desired improvements.
                         The towns were influential in obtaining State legislation which enabled
                         special management districts to be created for non-sewered areas. Four
                         districts are now operating which have an inspection system requiring
                         mandatory pumping every three years and the authority to make corrections.

                         CZM permits require upgrading of an inadequate system as a condition for
                         all rehabilitation or enlargement permits of over 150 square feet.



                                                           13










                 D. CONTROLLING MARINA IWAM

                        Wastes from boats can severely degrade shallow estuarine waters. The long-
                 recognized solution for controlling boat wastes has been to require boats to have
                 holding tanks and marinas to have facilities for pumping them out. While there has
                 been some resistance to these approaches in the boating community, CZM
                 programs have often pressed for requirements for pump-out facilities in new
                 marinas. Marinas also cause adverse impacts on waters through their normal
                 operations - i.e., pumping gas, scraping and painting hulls, and engine repairs.
                 CZM permits have been used to control some of these impacts.

                        Poorly sited marinas can destroy habitat and degrade water quality when
                 located in basins with low flushing rates. Marinas can alter circulation patterns and
                 destroy wetlands during construction and maintenance dredging. CZM programs
                 have played an active role in the siting of new marinas, using regulatory permits to
                 direct marinas away from pristine or valuable shellfish areas. Dredging for marinas
                 is also closely reviewed by coastal programs. Another criterion for siting has been
                 assuring that flushing rates and circulation patterns in proposed project areas are
                 adequate to minimize adverse impacts on water quality and habitat protection.

                 Connecticut CZM requires pump-out facilities for new marinas and proposes "No
                 Discharge Zones."

                        The State requires pump-out and other marina sanitation facilities as a
                        condition of approval for all permits for new marinas and significant marina
                        expansions. CZM has proposed legislation which would establish "no
                        discharge zones," requiring marinas and other dock facilities to provide
                        pump-out facilities, and allowing inspection of vessels and docking facilities
                        for compliance with the  new regulations.

                 New Jers  - CZM requires pump-out facilities for new marinas and controls siting
                 of marinas in critical areas.

                        The CZM permit requires pump-out facilities for new or expanding marinas.
                        The permit may require dockside restrooms. CZM has proposed legislation
                        to recover some of the fuel tax from recreational boaters to subsidize pump-
                        out facilities at existing marinas.

                        CZM has been actively involved in improving water quality along the St.
                        Georges watercourse in Brigantine, Atlantic County. In addition to initiating
                        a Special Area Management Plan to address many coastal issues, CZM has
                        been denying permit applications for the construction of marinas, docks and
                        piers because of the presence of valuable, harvestable shellfish resources. As
                        a result, there has been a continuing improvement of water quality.


                                                           15









                       CZM has completed a shellfish mapping project which identifies areas of
                       high density shellfish resources. These maps are used by permit review staff
                       in decisions on siting marina development in the coastal zone.

                Delaware CZM has supported marina retrofitting legislation.

                       The CZM agen   cy will promulgate final regulations on marina siting and
                       operations in March 1990. The regulations will include requirements that
                       existing marinas develop operations and maintenance plans. These plans
                       must address the 1988 marina pump-out law, which requires existing and
                       new marinas to provide pump-out facilities for all vessels, and direct slipside
                       pump-outs for liveaboards.

                The South Carolina Coastal Council minimizes marina impacts on wetlands and
                marine resources.


                       The Council not only regulates siting of marinas but also their opera-
                       tions. See Part III D of this report for details.





























                                                         16









                 E. SITING LANDFTLLS AND REDUCING PLASTICS AND L=R

                        Solid waste landfills often have been placed adjacent to rivers with little
                 thought given to their impact on the adjacent waters. Landfills can leach toxics
                 and nutrients into the groundwater and from there into adjacent rivers. Direct
                 contamination can occur during floods.

                 Litter often is washed directly into waterways with stormwater or through combined
                 sewer outfalls. Coastal programs have been involved in several efforts to control
                 solid waste, including leading a massive, nationwide beach cleanup effort every fall.
                 (See Coastal Management: Solutions to Our Nation's Coastal Problems, December
                 1988 for details.)*

                 Some Alaska local programs prohibit hazardous waste in landfills.

                        The Juneau local coastal plan prohibits hazardous landfill materials within
                        100 feet of a floodplain, in order to protect the waters from any leaching
                        from the landfill.


                        In addition, no new development which will involve the storage of hazardous
                        materials will be permitted in the 100 year floodplain unless there is no
                        feasible and prudent alternative and unless safety measures are provided to
                        prevent accidental discharges.

                 Alabama requires solid waste sites to control impact on coastal waters.

                        CZM funds have been used recently to conduct a solid waste monitoring
                           dy of unpermitted solid waste. sites in the coastal zone. Sites were inven-
                        toried using aerial reconnaissance and field inspections. Property ownership
                        Stu

                        was determined. After notification, the State negotiated with owners to
                        clean up the sites and has initiated several administrative and enforcement
                        procedures against owners still not complying.

                 New Jersey encourages street sweeping and improves solid waste handling.

                        As part of its coastal development permit, CZM has required regular street
                        sweeping when litter is likely to be a major pollutant. CZM and the U.S.
                        EPA worked together to examine sources, types, and movement of marine
                        debris along the New Jersey coast. A major debris wash-up in August 1987
                        of medical waste, wood, and glass was investigated. It was found that the


                   Copies available from OCRM, see address in Preface.



                                                          17









                       solid waste handling, transfer, and disposal procedures of New York City
                       were the major source of floating debris. The City and New Jersey have
                       since reached agreement to reduce inadvertent releases of trash as it is
                       moved by barges.

                Nfissimippi
                           CZM enforces strong pollution legislation.

                       The CZM initiated legislation which made the State the first to adopt the
                       marine pollution provisions of Annex V of the Protocol of 1978 of the Inter-
                       national Convention of Pollution. CZM now monitors and enforces this
                       State law and promotes increased public awareness through information
                       programs.

                       The legislation prohibits the discharge of any litter from land, any size
                       marine vessel, oil rigs, or the air. It regulates the discharge of all types of
                       plastics, garbage, food and human wastes. Boaters will also be held liable
                       for accidental spills, dumping or disposal of materials into State waters.

                California Coastal Commission encourages recycling as part of its Adopt-A-Beach
                program.

                       A specific goal of the Commission's Adopt-A-Beach program, a year-round
                       coastal clean-up program, is to increase the number of beaches where
                       recycling occurs. Currently, all beaches operated by Los Angeles County
                       have recycling programs for beach debris.




















                                                         18










                 F. NIANAGMG FARM PRACTICES

                        Farming practices can be a significant source of nonpoint pollution. Fertiliz-
                 ers, chemicals for weed control, soil tilling in a manner that causes runoff into the
                 waters, and animal waste can all cause pollution. Minor changes to farming
                 operations by farmers can limit these impacts. Coastal programs have worked with
                 local soil conservation officials and rural governments to assist farmers to use best
                 farm management practices on a voluntary basis and occasionally have used the
                 regulatory process to require such practices.

                 Delaware funds a unique solution to the animal disposal problem.

                        Numerous large poultry growers operate in Delaware; manure and
                        bird carcasses create a significant nonpoint source pollution problem.
                        Local conservation districts, which operate with CZM funds, have
                        developed a dead bird composting program in cooperation with
                        extension services and state universities. Farmers first add a mixture
                        of manure and water to bird carcasses. The compost pile then
                        ftcooks" the carcasses through natural processes until only compost
                        remains. The process is virtually odor-free and produces a quality
                        compost. Although the program is only in the pilot stage, the results
                        are encouraging.


                 MgUland requires conservation plans and best management practices on agricultur-
                 al lands.

                        The Maryland Critical Area Program requires soil conservation and water
                        quality plans to be developed for agricultural lands and best management
                        practices implemented to minimize runoff from agricultural lands. See III A
                        for details about the Critical Area Program.


                 The Maine.CZM program adopted revisions in 1990 to the Shoreland Zoning Law
                 which require more stringent municipal management of agricultural activities along
                 marine waters.

                        New agricultural activities (e.g., tilling, grazing, and manure storage) along
                        marine waters must be performed consistent with requirements applied to
                        construction activities (e.g.., buildings, parking lots, etc.). Furthermore,
                        existing manure storage facilities within 75 feet of the shore must be re-
                        moved or reconstructed to meet a "no discharge" standard by 1995.




                                                           19










                In Washington CZM conducted a study which found farming practices contributed
                to pollution and developed procedures for improvements.

                       Better pasture management, including fencing along the creeks, were
                       initiated as a result of a CZM study. The success of this small study
                       led to a larger effort by the State to develop a Basin Water Quality
                       Plan which was partially funded by CZM. See Part III C of this
                       report for more details.





































                                                         20









                G. MONITORING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION

                       The specific relationships between development and nonpoint source
                pollution are not completely understood nor are the solutions. State CZM pro-
                grams have initiated unique research and monitoring activities to increase their
                understanding of these relationships.

                Rhode Island CZM monitors septic systems and establishes "Pond Watchers".

                       CZM, working with the University of Rhode Island(URI), and URI Sea
                       Grant, funded research to monitor and field check an innovative denitrifica-
                       tion septic system which CZM had required homeowners to use in an
                       extremely sensitive cove. The ongoing study has found that standard septic
                       systems remove much less nitrogen than scientists previously believed.

                       The "Pond Watchers Program" has been established with citizens monitoring
                       water quality turbidity and other physical and chemical parameters. Their
                       information is forwarded to CZM for analysis and action. This program has
                       been so successful that the State has expanded it to certain rivers.

                New HamiDshire CZM monitors the Great Bay.

                       CZM has identified nonpoint source pollution as a potential problem in the
                       Great Bay area and is funding a project through the Jackson Estuarine
                       Laboratory to study the significance of high volume runoff storm events on
                       bacterial and nutrient loading.

                       The study results will be used to develop improved criteria for municipal
                       water resources plans which are now required by the Water Protection
                       Assistance Program Act. These plans are a prerequisite for either adopting
                       or amending local zoning ordinances.

                In Washington, coastal funds are used to investigate freshwater wetlands for
                nonpoint pollution control.

                       Kings County used CZM funds in a multiphased research program to
                       investigate the viability of using freshwater wetlands for urban surface water
                       management and nonpoint source pollution control. The project involves
                       collecting baseline data, sampling, analyzing, and monitoring the wetlands
                       and interpreting the results to devise policy and management guidelines that
                       protect wetlands and downstream waterbodies.

                       In 1989, CZM funded the design of a monitoring program to diagnose
                       sources of bacterial contamination of shellfish beds. Since its completion, a


                                                        21








                        number of water resource managers have used the monitoring program in
                        other localities.


                 South Carolina CZM funded instream monitoring.

                        CZM funded Section 208 Clean Water Act updates for communities located
                        in the coastal zone. As part of the update for the Charleston area, CZM
                        funded instream monitoring for water pollutants and sources in the Ashley
                        and Waccamaw Rivers.



                 Northern Mariana Islands provided staff and funds for water quality monitoring
                 activities.


                        CZM has provided staff and funding to support the Commonwealth's water
                        quality monitoring program, within the Division of Environmental Quality.
                        In addition, special studies have been conducted such as the Suspended
                        Sediment Load Study for Saipan Lagoon and Lau Lau Bay, which was com-
                        pleted in August 1989.

                 New York CZM scientifically studies two strearn corridors.

                        CZM, with the Long Island Regional Planning Board, is developing recom-
                        mendations for maintaining and improving fresh and marine water quality in
                        stream/river corridors feeding into the Great South Bay. The study will be
                        conducted using one semi-rural and one urban stream corridor. The
                        purpose of the study is to identify linkages between land and water uses and
                        activities and impaired water quality and, based on those linkages, recom-
                        mend the most effective action needed to cope with stream corridor
                        pollution.

                 In Florida, over $30 million in State funds in 1987 and 1988 were directed to water
                 basin monitoring and planning.

                        CZM developed the administrative procedures to guide the program
                        and administers the trust fund grants to water management districts.
                        CZM also manages the State review of completed basin plans. See
                        Part III B of this report for more details.

                        Using CZNIA funds, CZM developed guidelines for interpreting metal
                        concentrations in coastal sediments. The guidelines have been used to
                        identify the extent of nonpoint source pollutant metals in several estuaries.



                                                         22










                 H. INCREASING INFORMATION ABOUT NONPOINT SOURCE POLLU-
                    TION


                         Because nonpoint source pollution is difficult to control and some of its
                 reduction requires citizens to alter their actions, there is a large role for public
                 education. Coastal programs have been actively involved in information exchange
                 on a broad spectrum of problems by providing newsletters and other publications
                 which have proven useful in increasing public understanding. In addition, coastal
                 programs have worked with special interest groups, such as developers, who have
                 specific technical information needs which can be met through publications and
                 training sessions.

                 Northern Mariana Islands sponsors Stormwater Control Handbook.

                         CZM contracted with the SCS to prepare a handbook to assist developers
                         and farmers in minimizing erosion and sedimentation of marine waters. The
                         handbook includes soil and rainfall information specific to the inhabited is-
                         lands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota, as well as technical guidance for control-
                         ling runoff during construction and farming operations.

                         Other state CZM programs which have prepared similar handbooks are
                         New jersa, South CgLolina, Virgi-ma, Rhode Island and Mqulan

                 New York cosponsored three workshops on nonpoint source pollution.

                         In 1989, the coastal program cosponsored three workshops focusing on the
                         Peconic Bays to address: 1) boater pollution 2) septic systems and 3)
                         nonpoint source pollution. Experts from other states were brought in to de-
                         scribe their experiences, and over 150 people attended. Written summaries
                         of the results of the workshops are available.

                 Rhode Island distributes an information letter to all permittees on care and
                 maintenance of buffer areas.

                         The letter describes the property owner's responsibilities and potential legal
                         repercussions for violations.










                                                            23




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                III.DETAH-M EXAM[PLES OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT AND'NONPOINT
                                    SOURCE POLLUTION

                AL CRITICAL AREA PROGRAM IN MARYLAND

                Overview and proble

                       In passing the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Act (Critical Area
                Act) in 1984, the Maryland General Assembly recognized that the cumulative
                effects of human activity have resulted in deteriorating water quality and productiv-
                ity of the Bay and its tributaries. The primary purpose of the Critical Area Law is
                to foster more environmentally sensitive development within Chesapeake Bay's
                critical areas thereby minimizing damage to water quality and natural habitats.

                       The bay has experienced three centuries of human use and neglect. Rapidly
                increasing population and development pressures, and agricultural and urban
                runoff have caused an increase in bay nutrients which deplete the oxygen supply
                for fish and aquatic life. Uncontrolled agricultural practices and urban develop-
                ment have increased sedimentation of the Bay, blocking the light needed for
                submerged aquatic vegetation and filling navigational channels. Finally, toxic laden
                runoff and dredge material disposal have adversely affected the diversity and health
                of bay species.

                The Cbesappake ft

                       The Chesapeake Bay is the nation's largest estuary and one of its most
                valuable natural resources. Located within Maryland and Virginia, its mainstream
                is over 195 miles long and 3.4 to 35 miles wide. The bay drains 64,000 square '
                miles with over 150 rivers, creeks and streams flowing through portions of six states
                and the District of Columbia.


                       The bay provides an abundant fishery and wildlife habitat of national
                importance. Its extensive finfish and shellfish harvest represents an annual
                commercial value of approximately one billion dollars. In addition to the riches
                from its waters, the extensive 7,000 miles of shoreline and over 200,000 acres of
                wetlands support more than 2,700 species of animals and plants, and are a major
                stopover for migratory birds along the Atlantic flyway.

                Development and administration of the Chesapgake Bgy Critical Area ProgLarn

                       In 1983, the Governor of Maryland appointed a task force to address the
                declining health of the Chesapeake Bay. The task force proposed that the State
                enact a Critical Area Act. During initial discussions, the Maryland Coastal Zone
                Management Program's (MCZMP) Coastal Resources Advisory Committee


                                                       25








                 (CRAC) played an important role in the development of the Critical Area Act.
                 The CRAC, with over 100 members from local governments, state agencies,
                 Federal agencies, and private interests, is supported by CZM funds, and advises       the
                 Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) on coastal issues.

                        In June 1984, the Critical Area Act was enacted and the new Critical Area
                 Commission (Commission) began developing the criteria to guide local government
                 development and implementation of local Critical Area Plans. The 26 member
                 Commission is composed of local officials and broadbased interest group members
                 from each coastal county, as well as state officials. After much public input, the
                 Commission promulgated criteria in December 1985, which were then signed into
                 law in May 1986. Local plan development then started and by January 1990, 55 of
                 the 60 local plans were completed and are being implemented. The five remaining
                 plans are nearing completion. Since 1983, approximately $1.4 million in federal
                 CZM funds have been used by the MCZMP, the Commission, and CRAC in the
                 development and implementation of the Critical Area Law. State funds for the
                 Critical Area Program have totaled more than $10.4 million.

                        The Critical Area Program includes all Chesapeake Bay tidal waters and
                 tidally submerged lands, the 100-year tidal floodplain and extends 1,000 feet beyond
                 the landward boundaries of state or private wetlands. Local governments may
                 expand the boundaries of their critical area, but they cannot reduce it below the
                 1,000 foot minimum area. Within the 1,000 foot management boundary, local
                 jurisdictions are required to incorporate the Commission's criteria into their plans
                 and permit process. The criteria contain policies addressing habitat protection,
                 water dependent facilities, agriculture, surface mining, and development.

                        The primary responsibility for implementing the Critical Area Act lies with
                 the local governments which are required to develop management programs to
                 carry out three protective goals: (1) minimize adverse impacts on water quality;
                 (2) conserve fish, plant and wildlife habitat; and (3) establish land use policies for
                 development in the Critical Area.

                 Criteria for controlling ngDpgint pgllution through the Critical Area Program

                        To minimize the impact of growth on water quality, the Commission
                 designated three land use categories: Resource Conservation Areas, Limited
                 Development Areas, and Intensely Developed Areas.

                        Resource Conservation Areas (RCAs) generally have less than one dwelling
                        unit per five acres, no public water or sewer, and are mostly composed of
                        wetlands, forest, and uncultivated and cultivated fields. Development in
                        RCAs is limited to an overall density of one residential dwelling unit per 20
                        acres. Local governments are directed to conserve, protect, and enhance

                                                            26







                       ecological values, biological productivity, and species diversity in the critical
                       area. Development activities in the RCA must also comply with the Limited
                       Development Area criteria.

                       Limited Development Areas (LDAs) are characterized by one dwelling unit
                       per five acres up to four units per acre. The LDAs have water arid/or
                       sewer, and land use is mixed but not dominated by agriculture, wetlands,
                       forest or open space. Nonpoint source pollution controls for LDAs include
                       restricting the removal of forested land to 20% for any one development
                       project, limiting impervious areas to 15% of a site, encouraging clustering of
                       dwelling units, criteria restricting stream alteration, and requirements for
                       replacing cleared forest land elsewhere in the critical area on a one-to-one
                       basis.


                       Intensely Developed Areas (IDAs) are characterized by dense residential or
                       commercial uses. IDAs have four or more dwelling units per acre and/or
                       have public sewer and water serving three or more units per acre. Reducing
                       nonpoint source pollution in IDAs is accomplished by reducing pollutant
                       loadings by 10% from pre-development loads for redevelopment projects,
                       protecting remaining wooded areas and enhancing vegetation for new
                       developments, and requiring local government water quality assessments and
                       programs that improve water quality and protect remaining natural habitats.


                       Up to five percent of a county's RCA may be redesignated as IDAs or
                LDAs, excluding the RCA acreage in tidal wetlands or federally owned property.
                No more than one-half of this expansion may occur in the RCA.

                       Specific nonpoint source pollution control policies which apply to the entire
                Critical Area include: establishing a minimum 100-foot buffer landward from the
                mean high water line of tidal waters, streams, and wetlands; a minimum 25-foot
                buffer around non-tidal wetlands; limiting timber harvesting 50 feet from the Bay
                and perennial tributary streams; developing agricultural soil conservation plans and
                best management practices; and maintaining a 25-foot filter strip along tidal waters
                until a soil conservation plan is implemented.

                Evaluation and future efforts


                       Local Critical Area Plans are now being implemented. The success of the
                program depends on adequate enforcement at both the state and local levels. In
                addition, sufficient funds will be needed by the Commission and the local govern-
                ments to fulfill their responsibilities. While the Commission is already seeing an
                increase in forested areas due to the criteria and better development designs, there
                is growing concern that the program which promises to do much for the health of


                                                         27









               the Chesapeake Bay may be inadequate by itself. Many believe that increased
               growth along the entire bay watershed, may, in the long run, overwhelm efforts to
               improve water quality unless stricter controls and stronger growth management
               policies are applied. In response to this concern, the Governor of Maryland
               appointed the 2020 Chesapeake Bay Growth Management Commission to examine
               this problem. Recommendations from the Commission are expected in the fall of
               1990.




















































                                                       28









                  B. BAS114WIDE WATER QUALITY IN FLORrDA

                  Overview and Droblern

                         The State of Florida is growing at a tremendous pace. Despite the econom-
                  ic benefits of development, rapid growth exerts pressures on the natural systems
                  including wetlands and water quality. Urban development within the state and
                  increased agriculture has increased stormwater and waste water loading in many
                  watersheds in the State. Florida responded to these pressures by setting up a
                  variety of statewide, regional and local initiatives to address water quality issues.
                  Two of these important programs are described below:

                  Development and administration: SVVTM progam

                         The Surface Water Improvement and Management Act (SWIM) was signed
                  into law by Governor Martinez on June 29, 1987. This landmark legislation set up
                  a program and provided initial funding to begin the cleanup and restoration of
                  polluted surface water in Florida, along with the preservation of threatened
                  waterbodies within the State. The State's five water management districts are
                  responsible for implementing the law.

                         Each water management district is required to address priority waterbodies
                  named by the legislature within its area and prepare a priority list of other
                  waterbodies in need of restoration, conservation and/or preservation.

                         Funds are provided through a trust fund administered by the state Depart-
                  ment of Environmental Regulation (DER). The Coastal Management Program,
                  within the DER, is responsible for reviewing and recommending actions pertaining
                  to SWIM waterbody plans, projects, and funds.. The Coastal Zone Management
                  grants have provided significant influence over the direction taken by the water
                  management districts' SWIM activities.

                  Criteria to control nonppLmt source pgHution: SWIM progra

                         After they identify priority watersheds, each water management district
                  develops a plan to address the identified water quality problem for each watershed.
                  Besides biological and physical descriptions of the waterbody, the plans contain
                  land use and nonpoint source assessments which will help determine overall
                  impacts of land use within the basin and lead to revised best management practic-
                  es. The plans identify legal frameworks, needed coordination efforts between state
                  and local entities, and public information programs required for the success of the
                  overall effort. The plans include a timetable for bringing all sources into compli-
                  ance with state water quality standards and a strategy to restore those water bodies



                                                             29








                  in need of restoration. Finally, the plans will describe projected cost and revenue
                  capability in order to reach each intended water- body goals'.

                  Evaluation and future efforts: SWIN4 Drogram

                         The Coastal Zone Section within DER's Bureau of Surface Water Manage-
                  ment has played a pivotal role in overseeing the SWIM program. Coastal zone
                  staff produced the administrative procedures used to guide the statewide program
                  and administer the SWIM trust fund grants to the water management districts.
                  The coastal zone staff also directly manages the State's review of proposed SWIM
                  plans including coordination of DER and other State agency comments. These
                  efforts have been essential to the success of the program to date.

                         As of August 1989, the DER had approved SWIM plans for 18 waterbodies,
                  including, among others, Tampa and Biscayne Bays, Apalachicola River and Bay,
                  and the Suwannee River. Plans for such critical areas as the Everglades Natural
                  Park/Florida Bay, Indian River Lagoon and the lower St. Johns River were either
                  conditionally approved or are under development.

                  Development and administration: Estuarine Initiative

                         For several years, CZM funds have been a catalyst for interagency investiga-
                  tions to assess the overall health of the several major estuarine areas, to identify
                  priority management problems, and to provide direction and leadership for
                  coordinated intergovernmental management. Major improvements have been
                  made in Florida's ability to cope with present and future problems affecting these
                  areas due to the actions funded through this program. The importance of CZM
                  funding in making these achievements possible is significant.

                  Little Manatee River Project This project is one of four main estuarine areas
                  being funded through the Estuarine Initiative. The objective of this project is to
                  develop a comprehensive, basin-wide management program- for the Little Manatee
                  River watershed, involving Federal, state, regional, and local agencies. The project
                  will also serve as a prototype for similar efforts in other watersheds in the Tampa
                  Bay system, with the long term goal of enhancing the overall health of the bay.

                         The Tampa Bay area is one of the fastest growing regions in the State.
                  Impacts of this growth on the Tampa Bay estuarine system have been the subject
                  of numerous scientific investigations and have triggered a variety of efforts related
                  to controlling point sources of pollution, habitat destruction and other negative
                  activities. The State recognizes that if they are to be successful, these projects
                  must be better coordinated and must be conducted within a broader, basin-wide
                  management perspective. They must also focus clearly on controlling nonpoint
                  source pollution, maintaining historic freshwater inflows to the estuary, and


                                                             30








                 integrating consideration of living resource management efforts in local and
                 regional capital improvement programs and comprehensive plans.

                        The Little Manatee River is a priority tributary of Tampa Bay, providing
                 nursery habitat for many fish species, and is critical to the quality of the state
                 aquatic preserve in the area. This area is the last major river of the Tampa Bay
                 system remaining in relatively natural condition. Although there has been consid-
                 erable state, regional and local interest in the area, local governments have been
                 unable to develop a comprehensive management plan for the watershed primarily
                 due to a lack of funding and intergovernmental support. The Initiative will foster
                 such a comprehensive plan.

                        Phases 1 and 2 of the project have been completed. Work elements
                 completed during Phase 1 include the collection of chemical, hydrological, and
                 biological data from the Little Manatee River and identification of sources and
                 acquisition of land use information for incorporation into a geographic information
                 system (GIS). In Phase 2, riverin*e data was analyzed to develop a hydrological
                 characterization of the watershed, rating curves and fluxes of dissolved and
                 particulate nutrients, and characterization of biological communities. The land use
                 information was entered into the GIS.


                 Evaluation and future efforts: Estuarine Initiative


                        Phase 3 of the proj ect, now underway, involves a coordinated effort by
                 DER/CZM, Department of Natural Resources, Southwest Florida Water Manage-
                 ment District, and Hillsborough County to develop the management plan for the
                 Little Manatee River. As a result of the progress made using CZM support, the
                 Phase 3 effort is being jointly supported by CZM and the Florida SWIM program.

                        The CZM funds have provided the management tools and leadership focus
                 necessary to leverage State, regional and local funding and provided continuity of
                 effort toward achieving priority goals and objectives. This has influenced State
                 legislation and made possible ongoing State, regional and local programs to help
                 manage the Tampa Bay system.

                        Project results are intended to improve the overall management of local and
                 State programs affecting the Tampa Bay area and provide the basis for integrating
                 local land use, environmental protection and stormwater management programs
                 with the ongoing effort of State agencies charged with water quality and habitat
                 protection.






                                                          31









                  C. MARINA MING IN SOUTH CAROLINA

                  Overview and iDroblem

                         The South Carolina coastal zone contains more tidal marsh than any other
                  Atlantic coast state. The ecological importance of wetlands and other estuarine
                  aquatic habitats is well established. Population growth, development and recre-
                  ational demands, however, continue to threaten wetlands, jeopardizing their value
                  as wildlife habitat, nurseries for finfish and shellfish, and as filters for natural and
                  man-made pollutants.

                         Marina construction can destroy productive estuarine areas through dredg-
                  ing and bulkheading. Shading, maintenance dredging, and various forms of water
                  quality degradation create continuing stresses on wetlands adjacent to marinas.
                  Improper marina siting and design can heighten wetland stress through inadequate
                  tidal flushing, sedimentation control, and stormwater management practices.
                  Marinas often indirectly create adverse effects through increased residential and
                  commercial development, road construction, and related activities.

                  Development and administration

                  Two state agencies play a key role in reviewing marina permits in South Carolina:

                         The South Carolina Coastal Council (SCCC) is responsible for permitting in
                         tidal areas. The SCCC considers permits in the context of its marina
                         policies and other coastal zone management considerations established in
                         the South Carolina Coastal Management Program; and

                         The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
                         (DHEC) issues a water quality certification under ï¿½401 of the Clean Water
                         Act. Additionally, marinas,must meet DHEC requirements for sanitation,
                         fuel, sewage, and related facilities.

                         Under the South Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1977, the SCCC has
                  direct permitting authority for activities in the "critical area," which includes
                  estuarine and salt marsh areas, and indirect permitting authority through certifica-
                  tion reviews throughout the eight coastal counties. The SCCC has signed agree-
                  ments with State agencies outlining the consultation process. The SCCC is active
                  in developing a regulatory framework to protect tidal wetlands. Anticipating in-
                  creased demands for new marina construction and recognizing problems in existing
                  marina operations, the SCCC in 1984 developed comprehensive requirements for
                  new marina siting and operations.




                                                              33









                 Marina siting criteria

                 According to SCCC policies, marinas should be sited and designed to:

                        Minimize adverse effects on wetlands, wildlife habitat, and marine
                            resources; .                                                                         I
                        Take advantage of physical characteristics so as to minimize dredging and
                        shoreline fill and excavation;

                        Avoid disrupting currents and ensure that all docking areas, turning basins,
                        and navigation channels flush adequately with the tides;

                        Build where possible open dockage which leads to deep water instead of
                        boat basins, and where feasible, dry storage instead of wet slips;

                        Provide for proper handling of petroleum products, sewage, waste and other
                        refuse consistent with DHEC specifications; and

                        Construct boat maintenance facilities on dry land and provide for residue
                        control.


                        Finally, marina developers must demonstrate to SCCC satisfaction that
                 public demand for the facility exists.

                        To assist marina developers, the SCCC published a document detailing step-
                 by-step procedures for engineering and environmental analyses which are required
                 in the permit application. The Council published a marina operations handbook,
                 presenting the policies for managing the primary environmental risks in coastal
                 marinas. The operations manual also recommends management rules and regula-
                 tions to help protect adjacent waters.

                        Before filing a permit application, developers must meet with SCCC and
                 DHEC for a pre-application conference to discuss the project, identify major
                 obstacles to constructing the proposed marina, (such as proximity to shellfish beds)
                 and decide on the scope and depth of the Coastal Marina Report (CMR) required
                 by the permit application. The C  'MR includes engineering evaluations of marina
                 siting and design, environmental assessments of the site, and technical studies of
                 dredging requirements, tidal flushing, and other considerations.







                                                           34








                       The CMR is a comprehensive review of the proposed marina and its effects
                and includes:

                       A description of the proposed project (siting justification, dredging and spoil
                       disposal plans, construction drawings, and a demonstration that the marina
                       project is needed);

                       A description of the existing environment (hydrology, water quality studies,
                       soils characterization, a review of the area's terrestrial and aquatic ecosys-
                       tem, historical and archeological sites, the local economy and land uses, and
                       an evaluation of the available public facilities), and consideration of aes-
                       thetic values;

                       An environmental impact assessment (a review of pollution loadings from
                       stormwater runoff, and direct boat discharges in the context of state water
                       quality standards,, impacts on soils, and effects on the aquatic and terrestrial
                       ecosystems);

                       A review of measures taken to mitigate the effects described in the envi-
                       ronmental impact assessment;

                       A summary of unavoidable adverse and beneficial impacts on water quality,
                       ecosystems, historical sites, local economy, public infrastructure, and aesthet-
                       ic values; and

                       A complete marina operations and maintenance plan.

                Marina opprations criteria

                       As part of the permit application package, the marina developer submits a
                marina operations and maintenance (O&M) plan acceptable to the SCCC, DHEC,
                and the U.S. Coast Guard. Should the SCCC issue the permit, the operations and
                maintenance plan becomes* a permit condition. Required components of the O&M
                plan include:

                       Water quality management: O&M plans must address sewage disposal, fuel
                       pumping precautions, and a complete regime of water. quality sampling and
                       testing. Where appropriate, the SCCC consults with DHEC and/or requires
                       DHEC certification of procedures and equipment.

                       Maintenance dredging/disposal and shoreline construction operations   The
                       plan must describe the extent of maintenance dredging anticipated and
                       mitigation measures to be taken. The plan must certify that all spoil will be


                                                        35







                       disposed of in permanent upland sites and must describe those'sites and
                       their preparation. Further, the SCCC must be notified of any maintenance
                       dredging 30 days before it takes place; a report of the activity must be filed
                       with the SCCC upon conclusion of each maintenance dredging activity.
                       Dredging is permitted only from December 1 to March 1.

                       Shoreline construction approved in the permit must follow accepted practic-
                       es such as the use of silt screen and/or absorbent material to isolate con-
                       struction activity from natural waters. The O&M plan must include a
                       description of all techniques used to protect the environment.

                       Oil pollution management: The O&M plan must contain a comprehensive
                       oil spill response and clean up plan. The O&M plan must also include
                       procedures for transferring and handling fuel and other petroleum products.

                       Sewage pollution management: Plans must include a comprehensive sewage
                       spill response plan and procedures for transferring and handling sewage.
                       No liveaboards are permitted.

                       Hurricane/severe weather operations: Marina operators must develop a
                       hurricane response plan and have on hand necessary equipment and sup-
                       plies. The plan must include standard operating procedures for early
                       planning, evacuation, and recovery.

                       The SCCC issues a three-year renewable marina permit. Should the
                Council modify its policies and requirements, those modifications may become
                permit conditions either during the life of a permit or at the renewal stage. During
                renewal proceedings, the Coastal Council may reduce the size of or change the
                configuration of the marina to prevent further water quality degradation. The
                SCCC will also consider the marina's pattern of compliance with permit conditions
                and the efficacy of monitoring and other required programs already in place.

                       The SCCC enforcement staff regularly inspects coastal marinas for compli-
                ance with permit conditions and terms. The Council may impose administrative
                fines and penalties.

                Evaluation and future efforts

                       The policies and guidelines developed by the Coastal Council have helped
                ensure that coastal marinas minimize estuarine resources loss, including wetlands
                and other adverse environmental effects, during a time of significant population
                growth and demand for new marina facilities. However, recognizing that such
                growth will continue indefinitely, the Council has launched a review of its marina


                                                         36








                regulations to evaluate whether e3dsting regulations are adequate to protect
                wetlands, water quality, and coastal
                resources.


                Among policies under evaluation are:

                       Zoning waters under SCCC jurisdiction to prohibit or severely restrict
                       marinas and other uses of non-degraded estuarine areas;

                       Replacing wet slip construction with dry stack or lock basin marinas unless
                       such alternatives are not possible; and

                       Encouraging local governments to develop comprehensive shoreline use
                       plans and zoning regulations.

                       At this time, there is no agreement within the SCCC on the appropriate
                scope of these policies, or whether they should be adopted.




























                                                         37










                 D. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN WASHINGTON


                 Overview and r)roblem

                        Historically, Burley Lagoon and Minter Bay, located within Pierce and
                 Kitsap Counties, have been very productive for clam, oyster, and mussel rearing,
                 spawning, and harvesting. Increasing nonpoint source fecal coliform. bacterial
                 contamination of these watersheds has resulted in the partial or complete closure
                 of shellfish beds since 1978.


                        As a rural area, the nonpoint sources of contamination from the various
                 land uses include agricultural waste from farms, inadequate on-site sewage disposal
                 systems, and construction related impacts. A marked expansion of rural develop-
                 ment and population, particularly along small creeks and streams which ultimately
                 discharge to the watersheds, has resulted in an increase of bacterial contamination,
                 and a detrimental impact on water quality in the watersheds.

                        Since 1984, the Washington State Department of Ecology's (DOE)
                 Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program has taken an active role in the
                 effort to correct the bacterial problems in Burley Lagoon and Minter Bay. DOE
                 has conducted an extensive water quality survey the purpose of which was to
                 analyze existing nonpoint pollution sources, reduce the inundation of fecal coliform
                 contamination, and work towards the reopening of commercial and recreational
                 shellfish beds. DOE is lending further support by funding the development of a
                 Basin Water Quality Plan, and providing both technical assistance and regulation
                 enforcement.


                 DeveWment and administration

                        The Washington State Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS)
                 routinely uses fecal coliform. levels to determine the viability of commercial shellfish
                 operations. Due to rising fecal coliform levels in the late 1970's, Burley Lagoon
                 was closed for commercial harvesting of oysters in 1981, followed by Minter Bay in
                 1982. These two areas remain closed.

                        In March 1984, DOE, through its State Shellfish Protection Strategy,
                 completed a comprehensive study that analyzed the existing water quality condi-
                 tions within the Burley and Minter watersheds. The objectives for this study were
                 to:

                        Determine baseline levels of fecal coliform bacteria;

                        Locate specific sources of bacterial contamination;

                        Evaluate nonpoint source pollution associated with various land uses;

                        Estimate the total annual fecal coliform. load;


                                                          39









                        Relate environmental and water quality data to levels of shellfis h contamina-
                        tion;

                        Recommend methods for reducing or controlling e3dsting coliform sources
                        and preventing further pollution; and

                        Develop a standardized approach for investigating future sanitation prob-
                        lems.


                        The study concluded that the main contributors to fecal coliform contamina-
                 tion were the nonpoint sources of failing on-site septic systems, and wastes from
                 domestic animals.


                 Evaluation and future efforts


                        In response to the study, Pierce County adopted new, more stringent
                 requirements related to minimum soil absorption levels, and the installation of
                 septic systems, while Kitsap County adopted larger minimum lot sizes.

                        Several important projects have been completed, including fencing of creeks,
                 stormwater runoff control, and better pasture management have been completed:
                 thirteen farm plans were adopted; 7,620 feet of fencing was installed; 500 feet of
                 stream bank stabilization measures were instituted; 566 acres of pasture were
                 protected; 2.9 miles of vegetative strearnside buffers were created; 950 on-site
                 septic systems were inspected; and 49 septic systems were found failing and
                 corrected.


                        The study concluded that the most effective long-term solution to the
                 pollution problem in the Burley and Minter watersheds was to implement regulato-
                 ry measures to manage drainage, animal keeping practices, and on-site septic
                 systems. To this end, Pierce and Kitsap Counties received grants from DOE to
                 develop a Basin Water Quality Plan (plan) which was completed in 1988.

                        Throughout the plan's development, the counties have worked closely with
                 state agencies, including DOE, which participated in the citizen meetings during
                 which where most of the implementation measures were proposed. As the plan is
                 implemented, the counties and state will continue to coordinate activities to assure
                 that implementation is proceeding effectively. The plan recommends that DOE
                 conduct water quality monitoring in conjunction with, or in addition to, monitoring
                 by the County Health Department, and provide technical assistance for the plan's
                 implementation and future evaluation. The plan further states that continued
                 financial support from Federal programs, such as Section 205j of the Clean Water
                 Act and the Coastal Zone Management Program, for projects directed at improv-
                 ing water quality will be sought.




                                                         40









                E. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN NEW JERSEY

                Overview and problem

                       The New Jersey Coastal Program provides a good example of how a coastal
                program has served as a catalyst to regulate new development for stormwater
                impacts improve stormwater standards. The Coastal Program adopted stormwater
                runoff policies in 1986 and uses them in reviewing all permits in the coastal zone. In
                1989, the Coastal Program completed a report entitled Stormwater Management in
                the New Jersey Coastal Zone, which evaluated existing practices and recommended
                several innovative techniques for the regulatory program.

                       Stormwater management is designed to compensate for the added
                stormwater runoff and pollution caused by development. When land that was
                formally undeveloped becomes covered with parking lots and buildings, rain water
                can no longer be absorbed into the ground. Unless properly managed, this excess
                water can overflow into streams causing erosion and downstream flooding. Most
                stormwater management ordinances require that peak flows be controlled on site
                and that the pollutants gathered in the stormwater be cleansed. Ideally, storm-
                water controls will apply along an entire watershed, not just along the coast, thus
                capturing the nonpoint pollutants at upstream sources.

                The Atlantic Basin Watershed


                       The Atlantic Basin, with a drainage area of 2,059 square miles, stretches
                from just south of Sandy Hook to just north of Cape May. Generally, it encom-
                passes the State's Atlantic coastline. The Atlantic Basin has a population of over
                1.2 million and is rapidly growing.

                       For that portion of the watershed which is not subject to a coastal permit,
                development projects are subject to town zoning and building codes. New Jersey
                published a compendium of design guidelines for erosion and sediment control in
                1974, which have been incorporated into most municipal ordinances within the
                Atlantic Basin. Some counties within the basin also have specific design criteria for
                subdivisions which emphasize groundwater recharge of stormwater.

                Develgprnent and administration

                       The New Jersey Coastal Program, located in the Division of Coastal
                Resources in the Department of Environmental Protection, issues permits for all
                development immediately adjacent to the coast and for large scale development up
                to 24 miles inland. The Coastal Program also passes Federal CZM funds through
                to localities to encourage better land use decisions at their level.



                                                       41











                 Stormwater criteria

                    The Coastal Program requires that stormwater criteria be met for any develop-
                 ment needing a coastal permit. All development immediately adjacent to wetlands
                 and coastal waters also needs such a permit. Only larger scale developments need
                 permits further inland (i.e., housing developments of more that 24 units, commer-
                 cial areas providing more than 300 parking spaces). A permit is based on a three-
                 step process which takes into consideration the location of the project, the pro-
                 posed land use and the resource policies.

                        The regulations addressing stormwater runoff are contained within the
                 resource policies. These policies call for best available technology to minimize off-
                 site runoff, increase on-site infiltration, simulate natural drainage systems and
                 minimize off-site discharge of pollutants to ground or surface water, and encourage
                 natural filtration functions.


                        Best available technology may include measures such as retention basins,
                 recharge trenches, porous paving and piping, contour terraces, and swales.
                 Eliminating curbs, reducing roadway widths and rooftop recharge basins are
                 strongly encouraged.

                        The key standard relevant to flood and erosion control is that detention
                 requires that volumes and rates be controlled so that after development, the site
                 will not generate a greater peak runoff than prior to development. The key
                 standard relevant to water quality control is to detain a one year frequency 24-hour
                 storm or a storm of 1.25 inches of rainfall in two hours.

                        Because of concern for impacts on groundwater infiltration, the State has
                 discouraged detention ponds in areas where there are seasonally high water tables,
                 and has required that detention ponds or swales be sited as far horizontally from
                 surface water and as far vertically from ground water as is practical.

                 Evaluating best management practices and future efforts

                        The  Coastal Program has just completed a review of the stormwater
                 practices they have been requiring and have made several findings.

                        More attention needs to be placed on "Minimum Disturbance/Min-
                        imum Maintenance Site Development" which stresses the importance
                        of vegetated buffers. Particular emphasis is placed on using vegeta-
                        tion which does not need chemical fertilizer applications. Given that
                        much of e)dsting and projected development in the Atlantic coastal
                        drainage is seasonal or tourism related, the elimination of costly and


                                                          42









                       time-consuming maintenance requirements such as lawn mowing, fertilizing
                       and spraying, may be attractive to absentee owners and to the growing
                       retirement oriented population.

                       More use of porous paving is recommended because it is an effective
                       way of naturally. removing pollutants, assuming that necessary soil and
                       other standards are met. Maintenance of paving and monitoring of
                       nearby wells would be required with a permit.

                       Dual purpose detention basins for impervious or paved area runoff
                       are recommended in nontidal areas. Dual purpose basins will not
                       only detain stormwater but will capture the "first flush" of storm-
                       water which contains the bulk of pollutants--i.e. particulate matter
                       and hydrocarbons. These basins can capture from 40 to 90 percent
                       of pollutants and yet can add little to the construction of a retention
                       basin already needed for flood control purposes.






























                                                        43









                 F. NEW YORK INVOLVES LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

                 Overview and problem

                    One of the problems in implementing nonpoint source policies and best
                 management practices has been to incorporate them into regular day-to-day land
                 use decisions. With the exception of a few states which require a state permit for
                 development projects, local governments have the primary authority to implement
                 nonpoint pollution policies.

                     The New York Coastal Program addresses nonpoint source pollution through a
                 number of ways including the Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs (LWRP).
                 Locally developed LVVRPs identify nonpoint source pollution problems and
                 develop implementation techniques to prevent and control nonpoint source
                 pollution by developing water quality goals and non-point source prevention and
                 control standards.


                     This approach to addressing nonpoint source pollution has several advantages.
                 It takes advantage of existing land use regulatory processes and hence does not
                 require new legislation. Cities, towns and villages implement their nonpoint
                 policies by revising zoning, subdivision and other ordinances. The other advantage
                 is that standards may differ depending upon local circumstances. Intensely
                 developed communities tend to rely more upon structural controls and techniques,
                 such as requiring the collection, treatment, and disposal of runoff prior to release
                 into,ground or surface waters, while less developed communities tend to rely upon
                 development-limiting, non-structural controls, including the adoption of restrictive
                 zoning standards which limit the type and intensity of land use in coastal areas.

                 Criteria for best management practices by local ggverrunents

                      The most common approaches taken by coastal communities include develop-
                 ing nonpoint source runoff standards in local zoning ordinances or other local laws.
                 Typical standards or best management practices include the following:

                        Deleting from calculations of minimum lot size, lot yield, density, building
                        and coverage, those "environmentally sensitive lands" such as steep slopes,
                        freshwater and tidal wetlands, areas of shallow groundwater, highly erodible
                        soils and bluffs. This would result in less land being developed and more
                        left in open space.

                        Adopting a "Zero Additional Runoff'standard which prohibits runoff from
                        sites during and after construction that is greater than predevelopment
                        conditions. In some cases, a "zero runoff' standard may be applied, requir-
                        ing that all runoff be contained and recharged on-site using such techniques

                                                           45








                        as leaching catch basins, sediments basins, detention Ponds, recharge basins,
                        biofiltration basins and wetlands.

                        Requiring the retention of natural drainage swales, land contours and native
                        vegetation, and minimizing grading operations on construction sites.

                        Prohibiting the installation of street curbs in selected areas in order to allow
                        runoff to infiltrate soils adjacent to roadways, rather than being channeled
                        to a body of water, and by restricting the width of roadways in new subdivi-
                        sions to reduce runoff by reducing impermeable paved areas.

                        Requiring buffer areas adjacent to wetlands and surface waters, and prohib-
                        iting the removal or disturbance of native vegetation in buffer areas to allow
                        settling of particulates and biological uptake of nutrients and pollutants by
                        vegetation.

                        Limiting impermeable paved surfaces near surface waters and in drainage
                        basins by limiting the amount of land that may be covered by buildings and
                        impermeable surfaces, and by requiring the use of permeable materials in
                        parking areas near surface waters.

                        Prohibiting land uses and activities in coastal areas which contribute to
                        substandard water quality or which have the potential to pollute.

                        Requiring during the site plan review process, that roadways, pathways,
                        driveways and structures be located as far from surface waters as possible,
                        and requiring that certain natural features such as drainage swales are
                        retained.


                        Authorizing the "Transfer of Development Rights" in order to move activi-
                        ties and uses which contribute to nonpoint source pollution out of sensitive
                        coastal areas.


                        Rezoning wetlands and floodplain areas as "conservation and open space"
                        zones, and rezoning underwater lands and lands below mean high water as
                        Itestuarine" zones. Conservation and open space zones serve primarily as
                        buffer and treatment areas, while estuarine zones restrict uses and activities
                        to those uses and activities which are less likely to result in contributions to
                        substandard water quality.

                        Authorizing cluster zoning to preserve open space and to reduce imperme-
                        able surfaces.





                                                          46








                         Establishing local vessel waste no-discharge zones, requiring the installation
                         of vessel waste pump-out facilities at new and expanded marinas, and
                         requiring public restroom facilities at all marinas.

                         In those communities which regulate dredging and dredge spoil disposal,
                         requiring dredging "windows" which restrict dredging activities to the late fall
                         and winter months, and prohibiting reintroduction of polluted sediments into
                         surface waters, on underwater lands, or in proximity to surface waters, and
                         requiring the use of sediment control techniques including sediment curtains,
                         hay bales and berms to prevent pollutants and sediments from re-entering
                         surface waters.


                         Restricting motorized vessel operation in shallow nearshore areas and
                         wetlands to reduce erosion, sedimentation, and sediment and pollution
                         suspension due to vessel wakes and propeller wash.

                  Evaluation and future efforts


                         Local governments use different techniques to implement these practices.
                  Some may be applying the policies only to new developments, while others may be
                  requiring that existing development meet new runoff standards or implement
                  nonpoint source best management practices by "phasing in" standards over time or
                  within five years of adoption of the standards.

                         During local waterfront plan development there has been recognition of the
                  need for more data and more specific techniques to address nonpoint sources.
                  CZM and participating communities are undertaking specific studies, such as the
                  stream corridor study described on page 22 to, in part, determine if techniques to
                  address specific nonpoint source pollution problems can be identified now, and if
                  not, to determine what information and/or research is needed to do so.

                         There are 250 coastal municipalities in the New York coastal zone. Partici-
                  pation in the coastal program is voluntary. Over 115 municipalities are now
                  participating in developing local waterfront revitalization plans. This represents 70
                  percent of the coastline and 90 percent of the coastal population. To date, 22
                  municipalities have completed their plans, all of which incorporate nonpoint source
                  pollution policies.









                                                             47







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                                                                                                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                              as creating coastal and natural resource                                                   r
                                                                         Reservation of half of the finds for local activim   "eats; developing regulatigns to impl                                                      0@- off.,
                                                                         des is a long-stwdial; commitment the Common-        land use plan and an environmental revi
                                                                         wealth made with the NOAA in establishing the        dating a plan to set standards for urban                        4,
                                                                                                    ePro6am.                  and man%ement to ensure coastal pro
                                                                         Vb==esan sixftoldegs-,nd towns are                   adding a orebe mariagement section                              o r/
                                                                         sharing the funds to coodu t'ects ran                dated comprehensive plan, empbasizing                           q0                         &^oQ
                                                                                                                                                                                              e
                                                                                          c
                                                                         from $10,000 to SMODO. Almost of the                 and water qualitir establishing guider                          A0
                                                                         are related to development or revision of local      velopment; and revi sig county dev                                                                                                        A;
                                                                         comprehensive plans in order to protect the juris.   dinances to enable Finadlin of mr -
                                                                         clictions'sensitive coastal zone resources.          menial pressures.                                               @ @@ '),r '., ,@ '3
                                                                                                                                                                                              0, 44 'C', 2", -4 , /
                                                                                                                                                                                              14, k., '/ - '1'4@
                                                                         Local matching money totals $Ic' 78.7. Added                 ojects to protect r                                     ,                          too.
                                                                         to the federal funds, the locpl* q0 ectswill         cludoe: @adrcFdoq of a positior                                 C' '04 @@' "'Pao' 4>, 01 6' 'P, 0
                                                                                                                                                                                              I@p e, 6                   " Co
                                                                                                                                                                                              Z4 p o" o"                 N, or, 5
                                                                                                                                                             %                                                           o
                                                                         cost about $L2S million.                 es are      for land-use plarming ant' @,Z.
                                                                         contributing almost                                                                                                  0/,                        0,
                                                                                                                              ment of stormwater W,          re, Wq                           -,14@ le % 1@,             4-
                                                                         allocationS.                                         fine and Kill; George                                           "e,                        `,,, or,, 4, #k o,-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0 C4, , 0,
                                                                         Overall -                                                                                                                                       V.
                                                                         I.,                                                                                                                  -1@ co @b 0
                                                                         $3.3                                     -M          Wight County a zr              co. e                            ob, Co eq,
                                                                                                                  I           the rela
                                                                                                                                   tionship
                                                                                                                                       .      , -1 ?",                                        'op,
                                                                                                                              meaL tectle      Ip
                                                                                                                                            "                ". '%
                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                              tion oFenvir, ),,.OA;;         "1, 0 ^1' -                      0 S
                                                                                                                                                             1), 0, V @A                      oo
                                                                                                                              meat of a , '@, 1              0- 4o 4o 1/0, '1) INS, 0-
                                                                                                                              e.   .   0 41@o to             ok 0 4 4,                        04, P@* *// x/
                                                                                                                              ;Ouw., & ,, A-                                                  @, % ?%' ;P                4,, 1
                                                                                                                                                V/r 04 0,                                     44, 0^
                                                                                                                                                             16. 1, o                         M
                                                                                                                                                                                              0, V! e
                                                                                                                                                                                              ;P
                                                                                                                              0,   4,                        oe @Io e^1,. 0.0 S
                                                                                                                  ovot              0@,                      4.
                                                                         W,                                                   -40      0                     '0,t, "41 'P('"/'
                                                                         so@                                      04
                                                                         W                                                    ep
                                                                         R.1
                                                                                                                                   k An,
                                                                                                                                   , ,, , 0
                                                                         &tion to CPO IM 0'@#                     e&                   1@                                                     I*                         tate enlarging role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         S
                                                                                    act
                                                                         In addid   el
                                                                         trict Comim,               Ccurt affirms development curbs                                                                                      in preserving sites
                                                                                    s @,ep,
                                                                                                    T
                                                                                                                  some farmland, coastal zones                                                                           WAILUKU - The state w!U    vated site.
                                                                                                    or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         take a more active role in pro- The reburial agreement pro-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         tecting prehistoric and historic vides for the remains taken out
                                                                                                                                                             R.                                                          sites. the deputy director of the last year to be returned to ap-
                                                                                                                                                             ;I-J" ;-                                                    Department of Land and Vatu- proximately the same place
                                                                                    '01                                                  DEP
                                                                                                                                                   :c7"='Z=
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ral Resources said yesterday. from which they were re.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Libert Landgraf said the de- moved. Kapalua will be respon-
                                                                                                                              UM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         partment will make its historic sibie for the restoration and
                                                                                    14, 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         sites office a separate division maintenance of the burial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         within the department with ground.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         greater a@ithonty to deal with There would be public access
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         historic preservation issues. across the site to the beact-.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         The move was mandated in the and the site itself would be
                                                                         ("F I:p (b ;t
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         last legislative s ion.    open to the public. It would be
                                                                                    4@,;Nj                                                                                                                               ese
                                                                                    (k.,  j
                                                                                    'P, ,, '4 -:1. @ - _- -_ --. P=                                                                           '4                         At the same time. land de- nominated for listing on the
                                                                         l-N N"                                                                                                                                          partment Director William Pa-
                                                                                    N                                                                                                                                                               state and national registers of
                                                                         r,/, #x                                                                                                                                         tv is setting up advisory coun- historic sites.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         cils to review and make    The excavation controversy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         recommendations on historic also fueled legislative interest
                                                                         @41., -4,4/4                                                                        " _'I P=12'7                                                sites on each island. Landgraf in protection of other ancient
                                             "4#4-h (ovy'i"                         e44,;Fl Ji
                                                                                    , Ob-                                                                                                                                said.                      Hawaiian burial sites and ar-
                                            16 04,                                  10@, 4
                                          e4 e -6*4 ob                                                                                                                                                                   Landgraf offered the com-  chaeological sites.
                                                                         A.         I'/,-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ments during a ceremony to Tavares and Lancigraf said
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         sign an agreement to restore yesterday they expect the Leg-
                                                                                                                                                                                              0                          the Honokahua burial site at islature to develop new laws
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         t
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         esort.                     0
                                                                                                    7                                                                                                                    he Kapalua R               n historic preservation. The
                                 S, o +                                  e,                         Z, "'                     SP oa@                         -A"Cp                            t
                            4-                                                                                                                                                                                           The Office of Hawaiian At- upgraded historic sites division
                                                                         10 0" 0/0, e,A                                                                                                                                                                  well have greater author-
                                                                         --A 4 ,- 4       M6        .A@, @4@,
                                                                         &                                                                                                                                               fairs representatives of a Ha
               oint effort backed on watershed regulatioln
                                                                                    long 'debated whose watershed                                            toward arriving at a regional                                          . total lot size. Wake allows ul
                                   WUL"                                             restrictions are the toughest. The                                       watershed standard.                                                      percent hard surfaces on it,
      Ilpff WNW                                                                     regulations are important be-                                                                             Wake commissioner Larry B.              dential lots in the primary N
                                                                         ur                                                        degree of
            In a move to bring                                           AlformIty to cause they control the                                                 Zieverink said in an interview that                                      shed-
        inconsistent rules governing de-                                            development allowed in the water-                                        he welcomed the Raleigh proposal                                              During a rain, water (
                                                                                    shed, which drains into Raleigh's                                        and agreed that it would boost the                                       rapidly off hard surfacek
              opment                the Falls                            wa-        primary source of drinking water,                                        effort to arrive at regional water-                                      Picks Up impurities as it r
                                                                         TH mp
                                                                         hore-are en








                                                                                                                                                                                              ecl
                                                                                                                                                                                              q
                                                                                                                                                                                              emeni


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                                                                                                                              '10'
                                                                                                                              eat


                                                                                                                              to



















                hed, a City Council panel                                           Falls Lake.                                                              shed controls.                                                           through the watershed, thu,
                 mmended Monday that a                                                    i4rithiis is            an attempt to resolve                                                       "Everybody lives in someone's           tributing to pollution.
        joint. city-county committee be                                             that and get it straightened out all                                     watershed, and we need to get the
                     ted to draft consistent wa-                                    at once," committee chairman                                             state to take a more active role in                                           While no suggestions
      g= regulations.                                                               Charles C. Meeker said in an                                             this," Zieverink said.                                                   made about specific regula
            17he recommendation by the                                              interview. "Our hope is that we                                                                           While bo%.jgveTr!ents                   Louis A. Jones, a RaJeigh re
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         limit        who often awears before c@
        council's Public Works                                           Commit-          n %0rP0 nn A Rtantiard that will                                   - 'A-+i@l                                                   -# #@









                              IV. AN OVERVIEW OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT


                What is the coastal zone?

                        The coastal zone is the dynamic area where the land meets the sea. It
                        includes coastal waters and the adjacent shorelands; areas which strongly
                        influence one another. It is composed of open waters, estuaries, bays, inlets,
                        lagoons, marshes, swamps, mangroves, beaches, dunes, bluffs, and coastal
                        uplands.

                        The United States has over 95,000 miles of shoreline, including the Great
                        Lakes. The shoreline ranges from the rocky cliffs of Maine to the broad
                        Louisiana wetlands to the rich Hawaiian coral reefs, The wide climatic
                        range is seen in the frozen coastal plain of Alaska and the mangrove
                        swamps of Florida.

                        The uses of the coastal zone are as diverse as its physical forms, including:
                        housing, recreation, wildlife habitat, resource extraction, fishing, aquaculture,
                        transportation, energy generation, commercial development, and waste
                        disposal.

                      is it imWrtant?

                        More than half of the U.S. population resides in the coastal counties, on less
                        than 10 percent of the nation's land. The coastal counties are five times
                        denser in population than non-coastal 'Counties, 10 times denser along the
                        Atlantic coast. This population continues to grow dramatically.

                        The 189 commercial ports in the U.S. coastal zone moved 1.3 billion tons of
                        cargo in 1986 alone.

                        Almost 40% of the industrial facilities in the U.S. are within the drainage
                        basin of the Great Lakes. Over half of Canada's industry is within the
                        Great Lakes drainage basin.

                        Wetlands currently number about 11 million acres within the coastal zone.
                        Wetlands serve as spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds for over 60
                        percent of the saltwater fish and shellfish harvested annually in the U.S.
                        This harvest is valued at over $30 billion. The commercial and recreational
                        fishing industries contribute $17 billion and $13.5 billion, respectively, to the
                        U.S. economy annually.




                                                         49









                        Marine aquaculture is a growing industry. In 1986, the culture of Pacific
                        salmon, shrimp, mussels, clams and oysters totaled 52,000 tons, valued at
                        $89 million.

                        Development pressure is three to four times greater in coastal areas than in
                        the rest of the country. Peoples' desire to be near the coast has resulted in
                        the development of areas vulnerable to coastal storms. The Federal Flood
                        Insurance Program, which insures structures in flood prone areas, represents
                        the Federal government's second greatest liability, second only to Social
                        Security. As of August 1987, there were 64,000 policies under the Flood
                        Insurance Program in coastal high hazard areas or v-zones; coverage valued
                        at $5.2 billion.

                        Coastal recreational facilities and water dependent uses, such as energy
                        development and ports, must be sited in limited shoreline areas. Accommo-
                        dation of such competing uses is important and extremely challenging.

                        Coastal areas provide habitat for millions of waterfowl and other wildlife, in-
                        cluding 100 threatened and endangered species.

                 What must state CZM programs address?

                        The requirements for state coastal programs, set forth in Federal regula-
                        'tions, emphasize the need for comprehensive, predictable, and enforceable
                        policies to guide coastal regulatory, planning, and public investment pro-
                        grams. The requirements identify the range of issues that states must
                        consider in developing their programs (e.g., wetlands protection, erosion
                        control, public access, water-dependent facility siting), yet provide flexibility
                        for criteria that allow states to design programs that meet their particular
                        needs. Broad public review of the programs by state agencies, Federal
                        agencies, and interest groups is achieved through public hearings in the
                        states and National Environmental Policy Act review prior to OCRM
                        approval of the state CZM programs.

                 What ]dnd of funding does the CZMA provide

                        States have an incentive to participate in the Federal program because of
                        the availability of Federal funds. Section 305 program development funds,
                        awarded from 1972-1979, have been phased out. Section 306 program
                        implementation funds continue to be available and are allocated to states
                        with approved programs based on a formula set by state coastal population
                        and shoreline mileage. In Fiscal Year 1990, 29 states and territories will
                        receive Section 306 grants totalling $35.3 million. Eight states receive the


                                                          50










                        maidmum award of $2 million and five states received a minimum award of
                        less than $500,000.

                        The average award was $1.15 million. States are required to match the
                        Federal funds, dollar for dollar. Over the last decade, increases in the
                        number of states with approved programs and inflation have drastically
                        reduced Federal implementation funds available to states. Funding has
                        remained relatively constant at $33 million per year.


                 What are the other important aspects of the CZMA?

                        The Federal consistency provisions under Section 307 of the CZMA provide
                        another important incentive for state participation. Federal activities,
                        permits, or funding, which significantly affect a state's coastal zone, must be
                        consistent with the enforceable elements of the state's federally-approved
                        CZM program. The intent of the Federal consistency process is to ensure
                        that Federal agencies adhere to the state comprehensive plans and to foster
                        consultation and coordination between Federal and state agencies in order
                        to resolve conflicts at the earliest stages of project/program development.

                 What is the future of coastal management?



                        Coastal management programs are dynamic. They are changing to address
                        emerging coastal issues such as sea level rise, coastal pollution, marine
                        debris, and wetlands protection. States respond by developing new program
                        policies or regulations, often with Federal funds. OCRM encourages states
                        to improve their management programs through recommendations resulting
                        from the periodic evaluation of state programs.
















                                                         51










                                            V. LISr OF STATE COASTAL PROGRAMS


                  Alabama                                                    Hawaii *
                  Coastal Resources Div.                                     Office of State Planning
                  Dept. of Economic and Community Affairs                    State Capitol, Room 700
                  P.O. Box 2939                                              Honolulu, HI 96813
                  Montgomery, AL 36105                                       (808) 548-3026
                  (205) 284-8778
                                                                             Louisiana
                  Alaska                                                     Coastal Mgmt. Div.
                  Division of Governmental Coordination                      Dept. of Natural Resources
                  431 North Franklin                                         P.O. Box 44487
                  Juneau, AK 99811-0165                                      Baton Rouge, LA 70804
                  (907) 465-3562                                             (504) 342-7591

                  American Samoa                                             Maine
                  Development Planning Office                                State Planning Office
                  Government of American Samoa                               State House Station #38
                  Pago Pago, AS 96799                                        Augusta, ME 04333
                  (684) 633-5155                                             (207) 289-3261

                  California                                                 Maryland
                  California Coastal Commission                              Coastal Resources Div.
                  631 Howard Street, 4th floor                               Dept. of Natural Resources
                  San Francisco, CA 94105                                    Tawes State Office Bldg.
                  (415) 543-8555                                             Annapolis, MD 21401
                  Connecticut                                                (301) 974-2794
                  Dept. of Environmental Protection                          Massachusetts
                  18-20 Trinity Street                                       Office of Environmental Affairs
                  Hartford, CT 06106                                         100 Cambridge Street
                  (203) 566-7404                                             Boston, MA 02202
                  Delaware                                                   (617) 727-9530
                  Dept. of Natural Resources                                 Michigan
                   and Environmental Control                                 Land & Water Mgmt. Div.
                  89 Kings Highway                                           Dept. of Natural Resources
                  Dover, DE 19903                                            P.O. Box 30028
                  (302) 736-4403                                             Lansing, MI 48909
                  Florida                                                    (517) 373-1950
                  Dept. of Environmental Regulation                          Mississip.E@I
                  Twin Towers Office Bldg.                                   Coastal Programs
                  2600 Blair Stone Road                                      Bureau of Marine Resources
                  Tallahassee, Fl, 32301                                     2620 West Beach Blvd.
                  (904) 488-6221                                             Biloxi, MS- 39531
                  Guam                                                       (601) 385-5860
                  Bureau of Planning                                         New Hampshire
                  P.O. Box 2950                                              Office of State Planning
                  Agana, GU 96910                                            2 1/2 Beacon Street
                  (671) 472-4201                                             Concord, NH 03301
                                                                             (603) 271-2155



                                                                        53











                 New Jersey                                                Rhode Island
                 Dept. of Environmental                                    Coastal Resource Mgmt. Council
                  Protection, CN 401                                       Stedman Office Bldg.
                 Trenton, NJ 08625                                         Tower Hill Road
                 (609) 292-2795                                            Wakefield, RI 02879
                                                                           (401) 277-2476
                 New York
                 Department of State                                       San Francisco Bgy Conservation
                 162 Washington Street                                      & Development Commission
                 Albany, NY 12231                                          30 Van Ness Avenue, Room 2011
                 (518) 474-3643                                            San Francisco, CA 94102
                                                                           (415) 557-3686
                 North Carolina
                 Div. of Coastal Mgmt.                                     South Carolina
                 Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural                 S.C. Coastal Council
                 . Resources                                               AT&T Capitol Center
                 512 N. Salisbury Street                                   1201 Main Street, Suite 1520
                 Raleigh, NC 27611                                         Columbia, SC 29201
                 (919) 733-2293                                            (803) 737-0880

                 Northern Mariana Islands                                  U.S. Virgin Islands
                 Coastal Resources Mgmt. Office                            Dept. of Planning and Natural Resources
                 Nauru Building                                            Nisky Center, Suite 231
                 Saipan, MP 96950                                          No.45A Estate Nisky
                 (670) 234-6623                                            St. Thomas, VI 00802
                                                                           (809) 774-3320
                 Ohio
                 Dept. of Natural Resources                                Virdni
                 Fountain Square                                           VA Council on the Environment
                 1930 Belcher Drive                                        903 Ninth St. Office Bldg.
                 Columbus, OH 43224                                        Richmond, VA 23219
                 (614) 265-6877                                            (804) 786-4500

                 Oregon                                                    Washington
                 Dept. of Land Conservation                                Department of Ecology
                  and Development                                          State of Washington (PV-11)
                 1175 Court Street, N.E.                                   Olympia, WA 98504
                 Salem, OR 97310                                           (206) 459-6777
                 (503) 378-4017
                                                                           Wisconsin
                 Pennsylvania                                              Coastal Mgmt. Program
                 Div. of Coastal Zone Mgmt.                                Dept. of Administration
                 Dept. of Env. Resources                                   101 South Webster, 6th floor
                 P.O. Box 1467                                             Madison, WI 53707
                 Harrisburg, PA 17120                                      (608) 266-3687
                 (717) 541-7808

                 Puerto Rico
                 Dept. of Natural Resources
                 P.O. Box 5887
                 Puerta de Tierra, PR 00906
                 (809) 724-5516




                                                                     54





            State Coastal Management Progra




                                                                     * 29 A

                                                                    0 Cover
                                                                        Natio
                                                                        (89PI






                             Not Pictured                           Approve
                             Nordiern Marian Wands                  Develop
                             Guam, US. Vwgin Islands               Non-P
                             American Samoa, Puerto Rico




































































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