[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                                                             rI.5.B.







                     COMPREHENSIVE COASTAL INVENTORY PROGRAM


                                     FInAL REPORT

                                        VOLUME I.



                                Coastal Inventory Program
                                Commonwealth of Virginia

                                           and

                             Tidal Rivers Inventory Project
                           Coastal Resource Management Program
                              - Grant No. NA89AA-D-CZ134
                                         Task 2A
                                Grant No.  NA88AA-D-CZ091




                                                                   COASTAL ZONE
                                       Compiled by              INFORMATION CENTER

                                    Marcia R. Berman
                                  J. Berchman Smithson



                                 Under the Direction of

                                 Dr. Suzette M. Kimball
                                Dr. Carl H. Hershner, Jr.


                           Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                               College of William and Mary
                             Gloucester Point, Virginia  23062





      GC                               Submitted To
       1018
       4  .C66               Virginia Council on the Environment
       1991                          Richmond, Virginia
      v.1

i'








                              Property of CSC Lib)SajJ



                   COMPREHENSIVE COASTAL INVENTORY PROGRAM


                                   FINAL REPORT

                                     VOLUME I



                              Coastal Inventory Program
                              Commonwealth of Virginia

                                         and

                           Tidal Rivers Inventory Project
                         Coastal Resource Management Program
                              Grant No. NA89AA-D-CZ134
                                       Task 2A
                              Grant No. NA88AA-D-CZ091



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE               Compiled by
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413
                                  Marcia R. Berman
                                J. Berchman Smithson



                               Under the Direction of

                               Dr. Suzette M. Kimball
                              Dr. Carl H. Hershner, Jr.


                        Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                             College of William and Mary
                          Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062





                                    Submitted To

                         Virginia Council on the Environment
                                 Richmond, Virginia
  a  as.,





















VOLUME I.













                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                                          ........................................ ii

CHAPTER                                                    PAGE

  1. INTRODUCTION ...................................... I

  2. VIMS SHORELINE COVERAGE ........................... 6

  3. VMRC SHORELINE COVERAGE ........................... 60

  4. MAPPING SCALES .................................... 136

  5. VIDEO COVERAGE .144

  6. AERIAL IMAGERY .................................... 145

  7. FLIGHT LINE COVERAGE .............................. 162

VOLUME II.

  8. 1989 SHORELINE COVERAGE ........................... 1

  9. SHORELINE STABILIZATION COVERAGE .................. 8

 10. SEDIMENT SAMPLE COVERAGE .......................... 21

 11. TIDAL MARSH INVENTORY COVERAGE .................... 69

 12. LEFT/RIGHT BANK COVERAGE ........................... 108

 13. RIVER REACH INFORMATION COVERAGE .................. 111

 14. PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING THE HISTORICAL CHANGE IN
      SHORELINE POSITIONS ............................... 143

 15.  PROCEDURE FOR ANAYZING THE EFFECTS OF LANDUSE ON
     VEGETATED WETLANDS ................................ 146

 16. PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
      CHANGES IN WETLAND SPECIES ........................ 161

APPENDIX I ............................................. 167

APPENDIX II ............................................ 172










                           LIST OF FIGURES


FIGURE                                               PAGE

 1. Virginia Marine Resources Commission Shoreline Map
     Index ........................61










                              LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                                          PAGE

  1. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - L6452540 .................................... 12

  2. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - R6452540 ................. .................. 13

  3. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - L6302560 .................................... 15

 4. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - L6602540 .................................... 17

  5. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - L6602520 .................................... 19

  6. Shoreline Stabilization Structures, Westmoreland
     County - R6602520 .................................... 20

 7a. Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
     Westmoreland County - Foreshore ...................... 46

 7b. Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
     Westmoreland County - Foreshore ...................... 48

 8a. Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
     Westmoreland County - Backshore ...................... 50

 8b. Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
     Westmoreland County - Backshore ...................... 53

  9. Westmoreland County Foreshore Slope Inventory ........ 54

10a. Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
     Lancaster County - Foreshore .56

lob.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
     Lancaster County -Foreshore ......................... 57

11a.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
     Lancaster County - Backshore ......................... 59

llb.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
     Lancaster County - Backshore ......................... 60

 12.  Lancaster County Foreshore Slope Inventory ........... 62










                         LIST OF TABLES (continued)

TABLE                                                          PAGE

 13a.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
      Richmond County - Foreshore ......................... 63

 13b.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
      Richmond County - Foreshore ......................... 64

 14a.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Percentages
      Richmond County - Backshore ......................... 65

 14b.  Sediment Survey Data - Grain Size Statistics
      Richmond County - Backshore ......................... 66

  15.  Richmond County Foreshore Slope Inventory ........... 67

  16. Northumberland County Foreshore Slope Inventory ..... 68










                            APPENDICES


APPENDIX                                                PACE

  1. Completed Topographic Coverages ..........167

  2. High Resolution Shoreline Coverages ........172













                              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


      This project is funded in part by the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the
Virginia Council on the Environment from the Coastal Resource Management
Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant numbers
NA89AA-D-CZ134 and NA88AA-D-CZ091).

      Special thanks to Sharon Dewing, Julie Glover, Anna Kenne, Paula Hill,
Martha Craig, and Rebecca Harrison for their laborious efforts digitizing and
coding the map coverages. Berch Smithson was responsible for data management,
and Gary Anderson and John Posenau provided computer assistance. Sediment
samples were collected by Julie Glover, Jim Perry, George Thomas and Angela
Bryant. Sediment samples were processed by Cindy Fischler at the VIMS
Sediment Laboratory. George Thomas, Carl Hershner, Sr., Bo Dame, Lauro
Calliari, Marcia Berman, and Julie Glover were responsible for field surveying
efforts. Sharon Dewing, Julie Bradshaw, Martha Craig and Laura Grignano
assisted in data entry and delineations.

      Dr. Robert Byrne, Scott Hardaway, Adam Frisch, and the staff of the
Wetlands Research Program at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science provided
data for inclusion in the GIS database.

      Additional thanks should be extended to Ruth Hershner and Sylvia Motley
for their assistance in the final publication.










                               EXECUTIVE SUIIMARY

      The Virginia Institute of Marine Science has completed the first year of
a long-term project designed to map and catalog various components of the
5,000 miles of tidal shoreline in Virginia. Initial investigations have
focused on the geographic region bounded by the Potomac and Rappahannock
Rivers (Northern Neck). Information pertaining to shoreline positions, recent
changes in shoreline positions, boundaries of tidal and non-tidal wetlands,
sediment characteristics, and shore zone slope measurements have been
collected, digitized, and sorted in a vector-based geographic information
system (GIS) and analyzed to determine regional patterns of shore zone
characteristics. In addition, concomitant studies performed under the aegis
of the ongoing Tidal Rivers Inventory Project have demonstrated the utility of
these data to address management issues pertaining to natural pressures, such
as potential sea level rise, and anthropogenic pressures created by
development in the coastal zone. This report represents the combined efforts
of the two programs; the Coastal Inventory Program and the Tidal Rivers
Inventory Project, together known as the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory
Program.





I






I








                                                                         CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION:

















I











                           I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~










                               I. INTRODUCTION


Background.

     The activities incorporated in the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory are
the result of a union of two programs, each in support of initiatives advanced
by either the Executive Office or the General Assembly. One activity is the
development of the Tidal Rivers component of the ECOMAPS project, managed by
the Council on the Environment and designed for broadscale use in state and
local resource management. The second activity is a Coastal Inventory in
support of policy issues relevant to the management of tidal shoreline
erosion. The union of these programs has occurred because of the galvanizing
effect of the the 1988 Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, which addresses land
use management in Tidewater Virginia to protect the water quality and habitats
of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system.

      The Tidal Rivers Inventory Project was initiated in 1987 with funding
from NOAA/CZM via the Virginia Council on the Environment. This activity, a
subset of the larger-focus ECOMAPS Program, directed by the Council on the
Environment, addresses the estuarine and tidal freshwater environments.
Initial phases of the Tidal Rivers Project have been devoted to the
development of an integrated data base within the framework of a computerized
geographic information system (GIS) in support of the needs of resource
planners and managers. Achievements within the first two years of the Tidal
Rivers Initiative have been documented in a series of annual final reports.
Through this activity, the importance was demonstrated of a state-wide GIS
capability to examine the spatial relationships between environmental and
cultural attributes and obtain quantitative data on the interactions among the
attributes at any map scale selected.

      Concurrent with the Commonwealth's efforts to coordinate a state-wide
Virginia Rivers Inventory, House Joint Resolution No. 46 (1986) established
the Joint Subcommittee Studying the Commonwealth's Shoreline Erosion Policy to
"study whether the Commonwealth's shoreline erosion policy reflects an
appropriate balance between the rights of individual property owners and the
Commonwealth's responsibility to protect the environment." (House Document
No. 41, 1987, p. 3). During a two-year period, the Study Committee examined
many of the issues, studied alternate approaches used in other states and
recommended some changes in policy. (House Document No. 41, 1987; House
Document No. 44, 1988).

      Pursuant to those activities, the Study Committee recommended the
development of a Coastal Inventory that focused on the physical aspects and
natural processes associated with the Commonwealth's tidal shorelines. As
part of that inventory, the Committee also recognized the need to establish a
methodology for determining the boundaries of lands that may be in state
ownership. In response to a specific request from the Joint Subcommittee, a
proposal (House Document No. 44, 1988) for a Coastal Inventory was developed.






                                   I










                In a separate but relevant activity, the 1988 General Assembly passed
          into law the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, the roots of which rest in the
          recommendations of the Governor's Land Use Roundtable. That act vests in a
          state/local program the stewardship of the use of lands in Tidewater Virginia
          such that water quality and habitat value of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine
          system are protected from further degradation. The program is fundamentally
          dependent on the capabilities of local governments to delineate various
          ecological and physical parameters in coastal reaches and to evaluate the
          responses of these areas to various natural and anthropogenic stresses.

                The primary focus of a Coastal Inventory, as proposed to the General
         Assembly, is to delineate environmentally sensitive areas for management
          considerations. The Study Committee recognized the utility of a Coastal
0         Inventory to efforts of several state agencies, including the Chesapeake Bay
          Local Assistance Department; boards and commissions, including the Chesapeake
          Bay Local Assistance Board and the Board for the Conservation and Development
          of Public Beaches; and the partner localities of Tidewater Virginia.
          Throughout all discussions there remained the concept that the Coastal
          Inventory and the Tidal Rivers Inventory are strongly linked in terms of
          intent, goals, and methodology.  In fact, these efforts are seen each as a
          part of the total ECOMAPS Project that will provide additional data layers to
          the program. As such, standards relating to quality assurance, format,
          dissemination of information, and regional priorities that have been developed
          in Richmond by the Council on the Environment are applied to each inventory
          component.

                The Coastal Inventory and the Tidal Rivers Inventory differ in the
          specific data layers that they seek to delineate. However, they are so
          strongly interrelated for application of decisions on land use management and
          the development of critical preservation areas, that they must continue in
          tandem as a unified Comprehensive Coastal Inventory (CCI). Reporting of
          activities will henceforth incorporate aspects of both initial programs under
          the comprehensive program.


          General Objective.

                The specific objective of the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory is to
          develop, create, update, and maintain a GIS-format inventory of the Virginia
          tidal shoreline. The focus will be the delineation of environmentally
          sensitive zones for shoreline management programs. The flexibility of the GIS
          base will allow the system to be queried for quantitative assessments of
          shoreline conditions. Subsequent research efforts may allow the development
          of causal models from the data base.  The following elements are specifically
          targeted for coverage:

                Tidal wetlands inventories
                Watersheds
                First-order streams
                Transportation network
                Elevation
                Shoreline position (tidal datum)



                                              2










                Shoreline erosion/accretion
                Dune/bluff presence and characteristics
                General nearshore bathymetry
                Nearshore sediment characteristics
                General wind and wave climate
                Nearshore land use
                Distribution of shoreline structures
                Land ownership:  State and public claims

          In addition, it is anticipated that an interface will be developed with other
          projects in the ECOMAPS Program, including soils information, non-tidal
          wetlands, shellfish beds, submerged aquatic vegetation and critical habitats.

0         Specific Objectives:  1989-1990.

                * Develop and refine hardware and software capabilities

                * Complete the data-layer coverages of the above-listed parameters
                for the Northern Neck region: Westmoreland, Lancaster, Richmond, and
                Northumberland Counties

                * Provide a narrated video coverage of current coastal conditions to
                each of the affected local governments in the Northern Neck region

                * Provide digital data sets to the Virginia Rivers Inventory for
p                each of the elements surveyed

                * Provide map folios and data descriptions for each layer of data

                * Continue to develop a river system analytical framework (Pamunkey)

I                *  Develop procedures to coordinate local needs with specific data


          Summary of Results:  1989-1990.

                The 1989-1990 data collection effort was limited geographically to the
p         four counties commonly referred to as the Northern Neck:  Westmoreland,
          Lancaster, Richmond, and Northumberland. Data acquisition methodologies,
          storage and retrieval techniques, and applications software were tested. In
          addition, field tests were made of surveying and mapping accuracy and tests of
          the impacts of scale on map precision and replication were completed (ref.
          Chapter 4). Of the 14 layers of data targeted for eventual inclusion, seven
          primary coverages were completed in-house.  These include:

                Tidal wetlands inventories
                Shoreline position (3 levels: 1:1,000,000; 1:24,000; 1:5,000)
                Shoreline erosion/accretion
                Dune/bluff presence and characteristics (qualitative)
                Nearshore bathymetry (limited to subaerial and intertidal areas)
                Sediment characteristics
                Shoreline structures (qualitative)



                                              3










      In addition, nearshore land use and elevation data have been supplied by
the Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water
Conservation, so that the linkage between data collected for this program and
those collected through the VIRGIS mapping effort may be established. First
order stream and transportation network data were provided through the
U.S.G.S. Digital Line Graph database. Quantitative assessments of watershed
boundaries, public oyster grounds, and wind and wave climatology are underway.
An assessment of state and public claims to coastal lands was completed for
Accomack County and will be reported separately.

      Selected accomplishments relative to specific task elements are detailed
below:

      1.  Vertical aerial imagery was collected for each of four counties in
the Northern Neck: Westmoreland, Lancaster, Northumberland and Richmond.
Coverage included all tidal shorelines, to the head of each tidal creek (ref.
Chapter 6). Imagery was photographed by VIMS photographers from the VIMS
research aircraft (1953 de Haviland Beaver) at a scale of 1:7200 (1"=600').
The imagery will be used to update shoreline positions for calculations of
erosion and accretion and to update the wetlands inventories.  The 1989 aerial
imagery was organized into annotated reference notebooks for each county that
explained methodology, flight lines, reference locations, and other
information pertinent to the interpretation of the photography.

      2. Oblique video imagery was acquired for all tidal shorelines in each
of the four Northern Neck counties (ref. Chapter 5).  The imagery was filmed
at an altitude of 500 ft using 20-minute broadcast quality video cassettes.
The tapes have been edited and narration added. The narrative explains basic
concepts of shoreline processes and how those processes can be used to provide
better management in coastal areas. The specific physical, biological, and
anthropogenic conditions of each segment of tidal shoreline are explained.

      3. The most important data set that has been acquired for this project
is a high-resolution, accurate, baseline shoreline measurement, against which
all other data sets are plotted (ref. Chapter 3). The Virginia Marine
Resources Commission (VMRC) mapped a high-resolution, double-precision
shoreline data set from 1976 aerial photography. Research shows these to be
the most accurate shoreline maps currently available in the Commonwealth.
Through a cooperative arrangement with the VMRC, these maps have been made
available for digitizing and entering into the Comprehensive Coastal
Inventory. Digitizing has been completed for the Northern Neck area.

      4. Sediment size data and shoreface slope measurements are necessary to
forecast potential storm surge incursion and erosion rates as well as provide
a data base from which to manage the Commonwealth's sand allocation procedures
through the Shoreline Programs Bureau of the Department of Conservation and
Recreation. Sediment samples and beach slope measurements have been collected
from the subaerial and intertidal beaches at 500-meter intervals along the
tidal shorelines, or wherever there is a significant change in sediment size
or beach slope (ref. Chapter 10).





                                   4










      5. The extent and characteristics of tidal wetlands in the Northern
Neck were digitized from the existing Tidal Marsh Inventory Reports published
by the Wetlands Research Program at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science
(ref. Chapter 11). Other regions of interest in Tidewater Virginia have also
been included in the GIS database (Appendix 1). A system query will produce
both maps of wetlands and tables of various attributes associated with each
area. In addition, a comparative study was made of changes in wetland areas
in King William County over a 38-year time period.

      6. The 1981 Shoreline Inventory and subsequent 1985 update, performed
by VIMS, maps shoreline type, engineering structures, erosion rates and land
use on a reach-by-reach basis. This information has been transferred to an
INFO format and has been adapted for use in the Comprehensive Coastal
Inventory (ref. Chapter 13).  The video and aerial imagery are being used to
update this data base. Information included in this data base covers
historical, long-term (100-yr) rates of shoreline change, coastal type
(bluffs, sandy beaches, wetlands, etc.), shoreline orientation, land use, and
structures. These data now provide a solid qualitative data base. In future
years, these data will be updated and digitized to provide a basis for
quantitative comparisons.

      7. Three tests were performed to determine the software capabilities
relative to posing possible management scenarios. In one case, the impacts of
inundation on tidal wetlands in the Pamunkey River study area due to sea level
rise were evaluated (ref. Chapter 16). The second scenario uses aerial
imagery and the GIS system to delineate shoreline type versus upland land use,
and establishes a method by which the functional value of existing wetlands
can be evaluated on a reach by reach basis (ref. Chapter 15). The third test
developed the requisite procedures for analyzing rates of shoreline change
through a site test (ref. Chapter 14).

      8.  In order to match shorelines mapped from the recent aerial imagery
to the baseline shoreline digitized from the VMRC maps, it is necessary to
survey physical features from the imagery and relate those features to control
points on the shoreline maps. The Potomac shorelines of Westmoreland county
were surveyed using a total station system. This provides very high
resolution (0.02 Z error) control points. However, the time and cost to
produce the survey are prohibitive on a Bay-wide basis within the scope of
this project. Surveys using satellite-derived global positioning systems have
been researched and demonstrated. These methods are cost-effective and
provide accuracy to within 1.5 meters. A cost and efficiency analysis was
performed that indicated the desirability of GPS for the applications
considered within the scope of this project.












                                   5












     I
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                       .CHAPTER II. VIMS SHORELINE COVERAGE



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                         II. VIMS SHORELINE COVERAGE


      The Shoreline Coverage (SHL) is a record of the mean high water
shoreline position digitized at a scale of 1:24,000 from the U.S. Geological
Survey 7.5 minute topographic map series. The U.S. Geological Survey reports
an error of approximately +/- 10 meters in the position of this line. The
coverage serves as the base shoreline for subsequent coverages like the Tidal
Marsh Inventory (TMI) and Flight Line Coverage (FLL) which are plotted at
1:24,000. Following is documentation pertaining to the SHL coverage and a
complete map folio of existing records. Maps are represented here at a scale
of 1:68,000 for publication purposes only.
















































                                   6




Virginia Institute of Marine Science                         GIS Laboratory







                      GEOGRAPHIC DATA SET DESCRIPTION




                                                 VIMS GIS Lab Prefix   SHL



Data Layer Name       Tidal Shoreline. Medium Resolution (MLW)




Description        Tidal Shoreline digitized at 1:24.000.  These follow the

  'blue line' shoreline aDDearine on USGS toDos. reDresenting MLW.  These

  coverales are used as the base maD for subsequent lavers (such as TMI).



Year(s) Collected    Latest USGS ToDo available



Base Maps used for Digitizing    mvlar USGS ToDo maDs


Digitizing Scale   1:24000             Map Projection   UTM Zone 18


Geographic Extent     Selected areas of Coastal VA.. generallv the same

   meograDhic coverage as the VIMS Tidal Marsh Inventory (TMI) laver.


How Collected (Describe):

   Tidal shoreline was followed at oDerator determined dizitizinR rate.






Actual/Intended Use or Purpose:

      Used as the base coverage for all other coverales digitized at a scale

      of 1:24.000.





                                   7










   VA TIDAL RIVERS INVENTORY

AVERAGE TIME AND DISC SPACE USED*

      SHORELINE INVENTORY

   MAP      TIME      DISC
 NUMBER            I SPACE
  SHL5207     7.0   1 237568
  SHL5208 I  4.0 i 118784
  SHL5210 1  4.5   I  69632
  SHL5307     4.5   1 188416
  SHL5310  4.0   I  94208
  SHL5407 I  5.0   I 212992
 SHL5409 I  2.5   I 114688
  SHL5413 I  3.5   1  90112
 SHL5414 I  5.0   1 102400
 SHL5415 I 4.75   I 122880
 SHL5506 I  3.5        77824
 SHL5507 1 10.75  i 278528
 SHL5512    13.0   I 131072
 SHL5513     5.0   i 163840
 SHL5514 i  3.0   I  94208
 SHL5515 I  1.0   i  61440
 SHL5607 1 10.75  I 231424
 SHL5610 I  6.0   1  73728
 SHL5611 I  1.0   I  73728
 SHL5612 i  9.0   I 131072
 SHL5613 i  3.0   I  73728
 SHL5707 I  5.5   i 126976
 SHL5710 I  1.75  1  77824
 SHL5711    11.00  i 139264
 SHL5712 I  3.0   I  86016
 SHL5713 I  4.0   I 122880
 SHL5802 I  1.75  i  81920
 SHL5804    15.0   I 249856
 SHL5807 I 10.0   1 245760
 SHL58081  1.0   1  26864
 SHL5809 I  7.75  I 118784
 SHL5810 i  7.0   i  88920
 SHL5811 I  2.0   I  40960
 SHL5812 i  4.75  i 110592
 SHL5813 i  2.5   i  92160
 SHL5814 i  1.0   I  61440
 SHL5903 I 20.5   I 425984
 SHL5905 i  8.0   I 106696
 SHL5907 I 11.0   I 409600
 SHL5908 I  7.0   I 192512
 SHL5909 I  3.75  1  92160










  MAP      TIME       DISC
NUMBER  I         I SPACE
SHL5910 I 13.0   I  67584
SHL5911 1  2.0   1  36864
SHL5912 I 18.0   I 233472
SHL5913 I  2.0   I  65536
SHL6006 I  6.0   I 245760
SHL6007 i 11.5  -i  196608
SHL6008 I 18.5  1I 417792
SHL6009 i  4.5   i  71680
SHL6010 I  7.0   I  77824
SHL6011 I 17.25  1 278528
SHL6012 I  4.75  I 192512
SHL6103 I 11.0   1 286720
SHL5904 I 17.00  i 196608


AVERAGE I  6.7   I 149856.4


-* TIME IN HOURS, DISC SPACE IN BYTES











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             SHL5907
   1:24000 SHORELINE             ,   UPLAND
        ACHILLES                 -   ATER
     GLOUCESTER CO



                  10








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            SHL5804
   1:24000 SHORELINE            xvs UPLAND
     BENNS CHURCH                   WATER
   ISLE OF WIGHT CO











































VIMS COASTAL VINVENTORIES           SLQ.
   1:24000 SHORELINE            \\\UPLAND
         BURGESS         W            ATER
   NORTHUMBERLAND CO



                  12









0





























I





               VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES               SHL5513
                   1:24000 SHORELINE          ~ULN
                       C HAM9P LA IN       W            ATER
     0   W~~~~       ESTMORELAND CO




1                                  13











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL5407
   1:24000 SHORELINE          x\\\ UPLAND
      CHARLES CITY                 WATER
  CHARLES CITY COUNTY


                 14









































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            S  L 5 71 0
    1:24000 SHORELINE      \\ UP-LAND
        CHURCH VIE                 -WAR
       MIDDLESEX CO























           O~N







~~~~~~~~~~~~~~16






























1












      VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL5807
         1:24000 SHORELINE            xx, UPLAND
             CLAY BANK                   WATER
         GLOUCESTER COUNTY








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL5515
    1:24000 SHORELINE             x\& UPLAND
  COLONIAL BEACH NORTH            -WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            SH1L514
    1:24000 SHORELINE              & UPLAND
  COLONIAL BEACH SOUTH           W- ATER
    WESTMORELAND CO












































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            SI L 54t15
   1:24000 SHORELINE             \ï¿½& UPLAND
       DAIIGREN          W           ATER
    'WESTMORELAND CO



                   20








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            Sl00
    1:24000 SHORELINE             x\& UPLAND
       DELTAVILLE                  WATER
     MIDDLESEX CO











































VIMS  COASTAL  INVENTORIES                       SHL5611
    1: 24000 SHORELINE                ,     ~-  UPLAND
         DUNNSVILLE                          -  WATER
        ESSEX COUNTY


                       22
























                                  EN~~~~~~~~~







1 ~   ~ ~ VM OSA NETRE



~~~~1200SOEINEULN



  I~~~~~~DTC   A         



p~~~~HRE IYCUT




    I~~~~~~~~~~~~~2










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES         SHL6010
   1:24000 SHORELINE            \ UPLAND
       FLEETS BAY  WATER
      LANCASTER CO



                24










































VIMS COASTAL  INVENTORIES                SHL5B0B
   1:24000 SHORELINE                are UPLAND
        GLOUCESTER                   -    ATER
      GLOUCESTER CO



                    25















































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL5712
   1:24000 SHORELINE            \ UPLAND
                                    ;UPLAND
      HAYNESVILLE  ATER
      RICHMOND CO



                 26








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL5912
    1:24000 SHORELINE             x& UPLAND
       HEATHSVILLE               -  ATER
   NORTHUMBERLAND CO











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL5207
   1:24000 SHORELINE           ,  UPLAND
        HOPEWELL                   WATER
  CHARLES CITY COUNTY


                 28





























                           1\00

















VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           8 H L 5 9I 
    1:24000 SHORELINE      \\\ UPLAND
        IRVINGTON                -W'ATER
       ILANCASTER CO



                  29











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1:24000 SHORELINE             UPLAND
    LANCAST ER          WATER
NORTHUMBERLAND CO



            31










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL5811
   1:24000 SHORELINE  UPLAND
          LIVELY                    WATER
      LANCASTER CO



                 32










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES              SHL5413
   1:24000 SHORELINE        \          UPLAND
         LORETTO                    -   ATER
    WESTMORELAND CO



                   33














































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL58I.2
    1:24000 SHORELINE      \\\NV UPLAND
        LOTTSBURG         W          ATER
   NORTHUMBERLAND CO



                  34













































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           S HL 571 3
   1:24000 SHORELINE           \\\UPLAND
       MACHODOC                -W'ATER
    W'ESTMORELAND CO



                  35




















                    EN~~~~~~~~~~~~

























VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             S151
    1:24000 SHORELINE             \  ULN
                   MANQUIN          -  EATEUPLAN

     KING WILLIAM CO



                     36










































      VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            SISO
           1:24000 SHORELINE       \\\ UPLAND
                 MATHIEWS         W           ATER
               MATHEWS CO



I                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~37





















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                                   ~~~~3









I



































                VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             SHL 5 7 1 1
                   1:24000 SHORELINE             \\\\ UPLAND
                        MORATTICO                     WATER
                    RICHMOND COUNTY



                                   39











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL5512
    1:24000 SHORELINE            x UPLAND
       MT. LAND ING              -WATER
         ESSEX CO



                   40










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           8HL6007
   1:24000 SHORELINE                UPLAND
    NEW POINT COMFORT        WATER
       MATHEWS CO



                 41











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             SHL5905
   1:24000 SHOREINE              xx' UPLAND
   NEWPORT NEWS NORTH             -WATER
  CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS



                  42















































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHL5607
   1:24000 SHORELINE .\  UPLAND
         NORGE                    WATER
   JAMES CITY COUNTY



                43













































             VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES           SHLS814
                 1:24000 SHORELINE             x\& UPLAND
                     PINEY POINT               -  WATER
I                 WESTMORELAND CO



                                44











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             SHL6006
   1:24000 SHORELINE              \\ UPLAND
     POQUOSON EAST                   WATER
         YORK CO



                  45


























~~~VISCATINETRSSL61


 ~~~~1240SHRLN


         I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\XULN





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    1                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~46










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES            SHL5414
   1:24000 SHORELINE              US UPLAND
      ROLLINS FORK                -WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO



                  47




I












I




I







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              VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL59I3
                  1:24000 SHORELINE           x\& UPLAND

                  ST. GEORGE ISLAND               WATER
                   NORTHUMBERLAND CO



                                48


















               E~~~~~~~~~N
















I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E












       VIMS  COASTAL  INVENTORIES                 S150
            1:24000  SHORELINE            ~ULN
                   SALUDA                        -W'ATER
              MIDDLESEX CO



                              49


























































             VISCOSAINETRESL51
~~~~12 00SOEINEULN



1~~~~~TAFR HALL                                       WATER___



I~~~~'                                                                                                         ESMRLN CO-








































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          sH9L 521 0
   1:24000 SHOREINE            \\\UPLAND
        STUDLEY         W           ATER
      HANOVER CO











































        VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIESSL5t
            1:24000 SHORELINE             \\\ UPLAND
               TAPPAHANNOCK         W         'ATER
p              ~~~~RICHMOND CO



                           52











































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIESSH5I
   1:24000 SHORELINE            \\\UPLAND
        TRUHART         W           ATER
   KING AND QUEEN CO



                53
























           R\W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0






















VIMS COASTAL  INVENTORIES               SHL5409
    1:24000 SHORELINE               Uxs, UPLAND
          TUNSTALL                        A T E R
     NEW KENT COUNTY



                      54
















































VIMCOSAINETRE
  1200SOEIN\\NULD
<p~MNN AE

   LNCATRC





      N~~~5










































VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES          SHL5908
   1:24000 SHORELINE          U,-P UPLAND
       WARE NECK                   WATER
     GLOUCESTER CO



                 56












































       VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES             SHL5307
           1:24000 SHORELINE             x\\\ UPLAND
                WESTOVER                     WATER
         CHARLES CITY COUNTY



I                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~57















































          VISCOSAINETRESL50
~~~~~1200SOEINUPI                                   D


~~~~~~ILIMBRWAE


I~~~~~OKCUT



   I~~~~~~~~~~~~~5










































       VIMS COASTAL INVENTORIES              S150
            1:24000 SHORELINE               \\&' UPLAND
                  U  L TO0N                  -  ATER
              MIDDLESEX CO



p                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~59




I





I






           CHAPTER III. VMRC SHORELINE COVERAGE











l
l 










                         III. VMRC SHORELINE COVERAGE


Introduction.

      A GIS-based coastal inventory is absolutely dependent on one critical
element: a high-resolution, accurate baseline shoreline position. All data
layers collected subsequently and all historical information will be
referenced to this GIS-defined datum. Because a database is only as accurate
as its coarsest layer, the baseline establishes the maximum resolution to
which all other data sets aspire. The salient characteristics of the baseline
shoreline are:

      * Highest resolution (largest scale) of all expected data

      * Most accurate of available data sets, as established by
      extensive ground-truthing and verification

      * High precision levels; can be replicated

      * Well-documented


Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) Shoreline Maps.

      An extensive research effort was undertaken to determine the most
accurate and most extensive shoreline database available for the State of
Virginia. After reviewing existing information at federal and state
repositories, including the U.S. Geological Survey, National Ocean Service,
various Office of Coastal Resource Management contractors, and extant digital
shoreline databases at the University of Virginia, it was determined that the
Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) had produced the most accurate,
recent, and extensive shoreline maps.

      The VMRC maps were produced at a 1:5000 scale from a 1976 aerial survey
of selected portions of Virginia's tidal shorelines (Figure 1) undertaken to
delineate oyster ground lease boundaries. Double precision mapping techniques
were employed throughout.  In addition, extensive ground surveying and
reconnaissance checks were undertaken by VMRC staff to assure map accuracy.
The relatively large scale of these maps (1:5000, or 1" = 416') permits these
data to be used to address local as well as regional environmental planning
issues.

Shoreline Data Entry.

      Original stable-base drafts of the 1976 VMRC shoreline maps were
reproduced on double matte mylar by a local engineering service agent. The
original map drafts are stored at the VMRC office in Newport News, Virginia.
The mylar copies and the digital record are housed at the Coastal Inventory
Facility, College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia. Public access to the information may be achieved
through the Council on the Environment, ECOMAPS Program, Richmond, Virginia,
which retains digital files of all data collected in the Comprehensive Coastal
Inventory.
                                   60













              1"-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~1
        ï¿½~~~ r

  A    t          .   o k

         I'--  ~ ~ --t-rx




                                        -1/

                                  I    :i~~~~~~~~~~








                                             $-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~1




FIGURE 1. Virginia Marine Resources Commission Shoreline Map Index.












                                    61










     The VMRC shoreline maps were digitized using a Numonics 2200
Digitabletr interfaced with a Dell 386 personal computer. Data is stored and
manipulated through the PC version of the ARCInfoO software package. ARCInfoo
is a vector-based GIS that allows the user to store, superimpose, and
transform geographic data layers.

     Data are entered directly from the tablet in inches relative to the
Digitablet grid. Corners of the mapped section are identified by actual
geographic positions related to a network of surveyed benchmarks. A
transformation procedure is performed to translate digital inches into state
plane coordinates. Map features are entered and stored at the map scale of
1:5,000; however, they can be retrieved and plotted at any scale.


       Use of tradenames is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply
endorsement of this product.2




































          Use of tradenames  is for descriptive  purposes only and
does not imply endorsement of the product.

          Use of tradenames  is for descriptive  purposes only and
does not imply endorsement of the product.
                                  62






                      GEOGRAPHIC DATA SET DESCRIPTION






                                                VIMS GIS Lab Prefix   MRC



Data Layer Name    MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE




Description       SHORELINE SURVEYED BY MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION TO

  DELINEATE OYSTER GROUND LEASES






Year(s) Collected    1976



Base Maps used'for Digitizing      SHORELINE MAP   (MYLAR MEDIUM)


Digitizing Scale 1:5000


Geographic Extent      COASTAL VIRGINIA




How Collected (Describe):

    SHORELINE MAPS WERE FROM AERIAL IMAGERY AND DOUBLE PRECISION FIELD


    RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS.




Actual/Intended Use or Purpose:

   THIS SHORELINE WILL SERVE AS AN HISTORIC REFERENCE TO SUBSEOUENT SHORE-

   LINE COVERAGES NOW BEING CREATED.






                                .63









         COASTAL INVENTORY

AVERAGE TIME AND DISC SPACE USED*

MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION SHORELINE
        WESTMORELAND COUNTY

      MAP     TIME  J   DISC
    NUMBER            J  SPACE

   7202400      2.75 I  833536
   7202420      1.75 J  808960
   7052400      4.75    837632
   7052420      4.75    839680
   7052440      2.5      798720
   6902420      2.25    823296
   6902440      3.25    823296
   6752420      5.75    841728
   6752440      7.5      843776
   6752460-    2.5       798720
   6602460      5.25    804864
   6602480      4.25    908101
   6602500      3.5      942080
   6602520 3   3.5    2250752
   6602540      5.75    833536
   6452500      6.25    882688
   6452520      4.75    907264
   6452540      7.5      856064
   6452560      4.25    908101
   6302500.    3.5       841728
   6302540      5.0      835584
   6302560      4.25  _849920
   6152540      4.25    908101
   6152560      4.25    908101
   6002540      2.5I  819200
   6002560      3.25    905216


   AVERAGE  J  4.25 I  908102


   *TIME IN HOURS, DISC SPACE IN BYTES














                64








































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

        72024080 g  UPLAND
                           ~mm WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO
    k N S S $ E X l







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

          72 0 242 O               UPLAND
                                 _    WATER
     WEST.ORELAND CO


                   66



I




































            MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

                     7052400                 UPLAND

                WESTMORELAND CO              W


                            67
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                           MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE                                            LEGEND

                                                   7052420                          ONUPLAND

                                      WESTMORELAND CO-WAE



                                                                     68




































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

        6752420            E UPLAND
                           mae :WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO


               69








































 MAINERSUCSSOEIELGN
 ~~~~~~724  PAN

     :4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AE
9jjESMRLADC



















                70



I




































           MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                      6602460               UPLAND
                                               WATER
                WESTMORELAND CO


                              71




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0






























           MAR~INE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND.

                     6602480              EMUPLAND

    I          ~~~WESTMORELAND CO-WTE



                             72






































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

          6602500                UPLAND
                                     I  WATER
     WESTMORELAND CO


                   73







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

         6602520                UPLAND
                        I-1 _    WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO


                 74









































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

         6452500            MUPLAND

    WESTMORELAND CO-WAE


                75









































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

          6452520            MUPLAND

    IWESTMORELAND CO-WAR


                 76



                  I
I


































             MARINE  RESOURCES  SHORELINE                 LEGEND

                        6452540                          UPLA

                   WESTMORELAND  CO                   -   WATER
              < , < fI m  S a B < 2 M 7
   0~~~     gwSAzf 

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                      6302500               ULN

                 WESTMORELAND COE
                            7 8 
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            MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

                      6302500           Fl UPLAND

                 WESTMORELAND COWAE






































           MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                     6302540                UPLAND

0              WESTMORELAND CO           -  WATER


                             79
I








































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

         6302560                UPLAND
                                  WATER
    WESTMORELAND CO


                 80




































       MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE'         LEGEND

                 6152540.               M  UPLAND
                                       I EmgWATER
             WESTMORELAND CO                 WATER


                          81
 Ig 





































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

         6152560             EM UPLAND

    WESTMORELAND CO -  WATER


                82







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

          6002540 5               UPLAND
                                _ M WATER
     WESTMORELAND CO


                 83




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          MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                  6002560            EMUPLAND

   I ~~~WESTMORELAND CO                -  WATER



                       84










         COASTAL INVENTORY

 AVERAGE TIME AND DISC SPACE USED*

MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION SHORELINE
          LANCASTER COUNTY

      MAP     TIME       DISC
    NUMBER              SPACE

   5402520      5.75    868352
   5402540      4.5      847872
   5252520      4.25    806912
   5252540      6.25    868352
   5252580      1.75    811008
   5102540      3.25    835584
   5102560      3.25    864256
   5102580      3.75    856064
   5102600      2.5     823296
   4952560      3.5     849920
   4952580      4.75    929792
   4952600      3.5     825344
   4952620    15.75    950272
   4802560      3.25    854016
   4802580      5.25    860160
  4802600      2.5     816544
  4802620      4.0     888832
  4802640      1.75    798720
  4652600      3.5     835584
  4652620      3.5     872448
  4652640      1.25    798720


  AVERAGE  I 4.25 I 850573


  *TIME IN HOURS, DISC SPACE IN BYTES




















               85




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0











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           MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                      5402540                UPLAND
                                            _    WATER
I                 LANCASTER CO



0                          86






































     MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE          LEGEND

                  5252520                  x UPLAND
                                              LAC E  CWATER
               LANCASTER CO


I                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~871





X---xxx       x x-    ----     
































MARINE  RESOURCES- SHORELINE                     LEGEND

           5252540                        F~qUPLAND

        LANCASTER CO-WAE



































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND
                                   52528  UPLAND
          ~52525 80
                                   I WATER
        LANCASTER CO


                   89







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

         5102540               UPLAND
                                  WATER
       LANCASTER CO


                 90




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                 MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                              5102560             E  UPLAND

                         LANCASTER CO               A



                                      91
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MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE        LEGEND

           5102580                  UPLAND
                                      _ WATER
        LANCASTER CO








































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE LEGEND

             5102600 M~~~ UPLAND
                              MwATER
      LANCASTER CO


                93































I 9


















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            MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

                     4952580                UPLAND

                   LANCASTER CO-WAE


1                           95






































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE        LEGEND

          4802560                  UPLAND
                                 _ WATER
       LANCASTER CO


                   96



































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

         4802580              UPLAND

       LANCASTER CO


                 97







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE   LEGEND

        4802600              UPLAND

      LANCASTER COWTE


                98







































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

          4802620                UPLAND
                                I WATER
       LANCASTER CO


                 99






































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

          4652600                 UPLAND
                                _ WATER
       LANCASTER CO


                  100







































MAINE RESOURCES SHORELINE       LEGEND

          4652620                UPLAND
                                 I   WATER
       LANCASTER CO


                  101










        COASTAL INVENTORY

 AVERAGE TIME AND DISC SPACE USED*

MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION SHORELINE
          RICHMOND COUNTY

      MAP        TIME    DISC
    NUMBER  I           SPACE
            l       l
   6002460      9.0      862208
   6002480      3.25    858112
   5852460 3   3.75    843776
   5852480       3.5      849920
   5702460  I  5.0      846029
   5702480       5.75    874496
   5552460  1 5.0      846029
   5552480  1 5.0  I  846029
   5552500       5.75    839680
   5552520      2.0      808960
   5402500      5.5      806912
   54025201  5.75    868352
   5402540       4.5      847872
   5252520      5.0      846029



  AVERAGE  I 5.0  I  846029


  *TIME IN HOURS, DISC SPACE IN BYTES



























              102
























 ERR





















MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

        6002460            EMUPLAND

       RICHMOND CO-WAE



               103






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            MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

                                                KM UPLAND
                        6002480               UPLAND
                                                  MWATER
     Ib~ ~RICHMOND CO                     WATER



                                 104


































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND
         5852460               UPLAND
                                 /WATER
        RICHMOND CO






































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE            LEGEND

         5852480 UPLAND
                              _ ,r WATER
        RICHMOND CO


                106



I




































       MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

               5702460                UPLAND
I _   WATER
              ESSEX CO


                    107

































































                 108
I

















           0  RICHMOND COW






































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LEGEND

         5552460                 UPLAND
                .I_    WATER
         ESSEX CO


                109







































































110




































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE    LEGEND

         5552500               UPLAND

        RICHMOND CO


                 111




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              MARINE RESOURCES  SHORELINE             LEGEND

                           5552520                       UPLAND
                                                      m WATER
      0t~ ~RICHMOND CO                                  WATER



         0I~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~112






                                       I

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                    5402500              =' UPLAND
                      -~~~~~~~~~~~~~    X




































    RICHMOND CO                         - 



                           113
          X







          MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE      LECENO

                    5402500 ULN

                  RICHMOND COWAE


                           ii11









































MARINE RESOURCES SHORELINE     LEGEND

         5402520                UPLAND

        RICHMOND CO-WAR



                114









         COASTAL INVENTORY

AVERAGE TIME AND DISC SPACE USED*

MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION SHORELINE
       NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY

      MAP        TIME    DISC
    NUMBER              SPACE
           I        I
   6152540  1 3.75    858112
   6152560      3.5      866304
   6152580  1  2.25 1 811008
   6002540      4.75    858282
   6002560      4.75    858282
   6002580      7.75    905216
   6002600  1 4.0      804864
   5852560      2.75    813056
   5852580  1 4.0  1 841728
   5852600      5.0  1 890880
   5852620      3.5      839680
   5702580      2.0      798720
   5702600      1.75    800768
   5702620      6.0      874496
   5702640      8.75 1 897024
   5552580      2.0      819200
   5552600      3.5      899072
   5552620     15.5      917504
   5552640      8.75    915456
   5402600  l  2.25    808960
   5402620      5.25    911360
   5402640      6.0      839680
   5252600       1.25    804864
   5252620     10.5      978944
   5252640      1.5      798720
   5102620      4.25     903168
   4952600  1 4.75    858282
   4952620      4.75    858282



   AVERAGE  I 4.75 I 858282

   *TIME IN HOURS, DISC SPACE IN BYTES












                115









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                     135





p













l
                                          CHAPTER IV. NAPPING SCALES
























                                  i
ii










                              IV. MAPPING SCALES

     The development and utility of a computer-based GIS system is critically
dependent on the accuracy and precision of primary data layers like shoreline
coverages to which all subsequent coverages are superimposed. The elements of
accuracy and precision define the quality of the database. Accuracy is a
measure of exactness or correctutude: that is, how well does the line on the
map that represents the land/water interface correspond to the actual
geographic location of that interface. Precision is a meausre of the degree
of refinement with which a measurement can be made. It is usually associated
with the operational limits of a particular technique or instrument. For
example, a particular reach of shoreline may be digitized from an aerial
photograph. The operator may digitize a line that he interprets as the
land/water interface. Subsequent ground surveys establish that the actual
position of the shoreline varies by as much as 30 meters from the mapped line.
The accuracy of the shoreline database, therefore, can only be verified within
an error bar of +/- 15 meters. The digitizer used may be capable of
recognizing a measurement to .001 cm. At a scale of 1:5,000, the ground
distance represented by the measurement limits is +/- .05 m. This value
places precision limits on the mapping operation. The total amount of error
associated with both methodology and instrumentation must be assessed to
establish the quality of any particular data coverge.

      To maintain accuracy and precision standards it is essential that
geographic data be represented at scales no finer than those at which the data
was originally mapped. Since several data coverages included in the
Comprehensive Coastal Inventory were originally mapped at coarse scales, the
acquisition or creation of low resolution shoreline data was necessary. The
1:100,000 scale shoreline record (ref. Chapter 12) created by the U.S.
Geological Survey was incorporated into the GIS to allow for primary and
secondary transportation networks, mapped at a scale of 1:100,000, to be
accurately plotted within the constraints that the scale itself permits. To
map this data at finer scales like 1:24,000 would have introduced error beyond
the standards of this project. The tidal marsh coverage (ref. Chapter 11) was
originally delineated at a scale of 1:24,000. Therefore, a 1:24,000 shoreline
coverage was created in-house to serve as the base coverage for the tidal
marsh records. Updates to the tidal marsh inventory can be made at finer
scales (e.g. 1:5,000), but a first run comparsion of this data to the existing
inventories must be made at a scale of 1:24,000. The VMRC shoreline maps were
produced at a scale of 1:5,000 (ref. Chapter 3). This is the highest
resolution shoreline base in the Inventory to date.It serves as the baseline
coverage to plot all newly acquired shoreline data.














                                  136













     The 1989 shoreline coverage is developed from the interpretation of
geographically registered vertical photographs (ref. Chapter 8). These images
(ref. Chapter 6) were photographed at an altitude of 4400 feet, yielding a
scale of 1:7200 or 1 inch on the photograph is equivalent to 605 feet on the
ground. Once completed, a high resolution shoreline coverage at 1:7200 will
be incorporated into the GIS.

      The relatively large scale of the VMRC maps (1:5,000 or 1" = 416') and
the GIS 1989 shoreline maps (1:7,200 or 1" = 605') permits data at these
scales to be used to address local as well as regional environmental planning
issues. The small scale alternative sources such as the U.S. Geological
Survey Digital Line Graph (DLG) database (1:100,000), and the National
Wetlands Inventory and Tidal Harsh Inventory digital shoreline databases
(1:24,000) establish a resolution level that is unacceptably low for most
management uses. In addition, accuracy (+/- 10 m at 1:24,000), and precision
limits (line width = 2.4 m ground distance at 1:24,000) are undesirable for
the anticipated applications of the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory.

      A folio of shoreline comparisions, each digitized at different scales,
is included to illustrate the potential variations in map interpretation and
geographic data analysis which can result from superimposing coverages
digitized at different scales. The following shoreline comparisions were made
for a portion of the St. Clements Island Quadrangle sheet in Westmoreland
County:

                    * 1:100,000 vs. 1:5,000

                    * 1:24,000 vs. 1:5,000

                    * 1:7,200 vs. 1:5,000
























                                   137


















  SHORELINE COMPARISON
St. Clements Island Quadrangle
 AZ 1:5000 VMRC Shoreline
 4,lX  1:100000 USGS Shoreline



w      -      l w         w l   o    w



















                  SHORELINE  COMPARISON
                 St. Clements Island Quadrangle
                  ,x  1:5000 VMRC Shoreline
                  ZAX 1:24000 USGS Shoreline











                VIMS SHORELINE COMPARISON STUDY
                          Westmoreland County
                          47 1976 VMRC Shoreline
                          z4,' 1989 VIMS Shoreline











S.o












                                    VIMS SHORELINE COMPARISON STUDY
                                              Westmoreland County
                                              A,- 1976 VMRC Shoreline
                                              flx 1989 VIMS Shoreline






  /~~                  /t0'0/,/
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                             VIMS SHORELINE COMPARISON STUDY
                                         Westmoreland  County
                                         /' 1976 VMRC Shoreline
                                             1989 VIMS Shoreline











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                    VIMS SHORELINE COMPARISON STUDY
                               Westmoreland County
                               /zV 1976 VMRC Shoreline
                               e4  1989 VIMS Shoreline


POTOMAC'RIVER










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I





                                            CHAPTER V. VIDEO COVERAGE



I






p






I






I






I










                               V. VIDEO COVERAGE

      An aerial video coverage was produced for each of the four Northern Neck
counties to assess general shore use and condition. Flights were flown at an
altitude of 500 feet from a 1953 de Haviland Beaver. Videos were filmed on
3/4 inch, broadcast quality video cassettes using a JVC video camera. Optimal
filming conditions required high visibility, low turbulence, and a cloud
ceiling greater than 600 feet above ground level (AGL). A general flight path
was determined prior to take-off to ensure continuity in filming the
shoreline. This would ultimately limit editing requirements in the laboratory
later.   The field crew consisted of a pilot, photographer, and a staff marine
scientist who was responsible for documenting film location and noting general
shoreline conditions observed during flight. Approximately thirty hours of
flight time were required to complete the coverage.

      In laboratory facilities at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia, two 3/4 inch tape decks were used to preview and
nrough" edit the original master tape. Acetate overlays of regional 7.5
minute U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps were drafted for insertion into
the final film product to provide the viewer with flight path and area
location information. Maps were inserted, and the final product spliced and
cleaned at the Educational Media Center (EMC) at the College of William and
Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.

      A narrative was prepared and synchronized to the final product.
Information relating to shore condition, stabilization, land ownership and use
was stressed. Data reported in existing publications provided information on
shoreline erosion and accretion rates, sediment volume inputs, tidal marsh
vegetation and nearshore bathymetry.




























                                  144




I





I





I

                     CHAPTER VI. AERIAL IMAGERY



I






I -






I





I





I






I





I






I







                              VI. AERIAL IMAGERY


      Vertical aerial imagery was collected during the period between May and
November, 1989, for each of four counties in the Northern Neck: Westmoreland,
Lancaster, Richmond, and Northumberland. Coverage included all tidal
shorelines, to the head of each tidal creek.

      Imagery was photographed by VIMS photographers through a floor mount in
the VIMS research aircraft (1953 de Haviland Beaver) at an altitude of 4400 ft
above ground level (AGL), resulting in an approximate image scale of 1:7,200.
A bubble level was used to level the camera relative to the ground during
flight, thus minimizing tilt distortion in the photograph. Minimum flight
conditions were established at three miles visibility and a ceiling of 4500 ft
AGL. Aircraft speed was held at approximately 100 knots with incidental
variations due to weather conditions.

      A Hasselblad 500EL, 70-mm camera equipped with a 50-mm lens and loaded
with Kodak VPS 2106-S film was used for all vertical imagery. A shutter speed
of 1/250 sec and an ASA setting of 125 resulted in the best image quality. A
35-mm camera was carried for light metering.

      Flight lines were determined in the laboratory using a coverage area
chart derived from the ground projection of the photo image at a standard 4400
ft AGL flight altitude. Using the VIMS camera and mount, the coverage ratio
at this altitude is 1:1.1, where one foot of altitude allows 1.1 ft2 of ground
coverage in a single photo frame. Along the flight path, image overlap ranges
between 20% and 60%. Lateral overlap varies between 10% and 25%. Flight
lines wre plotted on U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute series topographic
maps. Subsequent to flight verification, flight lines were digitized and
entered into the ARCInfo@ format (ref. Chapter 7).

      Film was developed by an independent photographic service using a C-41
developing process. Eight inch square color prints were processed to include
the full negative frame. Given the flight conditions and photographic
procedures, each 8"x8" print is scaled at 1:7,200, where one inch on the image
represents 605 linear feet ground distance.

      Distortions inherent in the photographs can be attributed to the
developing process, pitch and roll of the aircraft, and radial lens distortion
where the level of distortion increases towards the edges of the images. Some
of these distortions are corrected in the mapping process (ref. Chapter 8).

      The 1989 aerial imagery was organized into annotated reference notebooks
for each county that explained methodology, flight lines, reference locations,
and other information pertinent to the interpretation of the photography.
Five sets of each county coverage were printed and compiled. These sets were
distributed as follows:

      1 - Council on the Environment
      1 - Local Planning District Commission
      1 - Field notebook
      2 - VIMS working copy and archive




                                   145










     The imagery was used to update shoreline positions for calculations of
erosion and accretion and to update the wetlands inventories. The copies of
the -notebooks that were delivered to the Northern Neck Planning District
Commission were distributed to the appropriate county officials. The
notebooks are being-used to assist in local planning and zoning decisions.
























































                                   146













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Westmoreland
FLIGHT DATE: 9 May 1989, Tuesday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: A-Q (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown     Flight Line      # of photos


Rosier Creek                  10:50            A                  4
Colonial Beach                10:45            B                  8
Goldman Creek                 10:55             C                 3
Col. Bch./Monroe Bay          11:00            D                  5
Monroe Creek                  11:00             E                 3
Mattox Creek                  11:05             F                 7
Mattox Creek                  11:15             G                 7
Washington's Birthplace       11:25             H                 6
Pope's Creek                  11:25             I                 3
Pope's Creek                  11:35            J                  5
Pope's Creek to
   Haulover Inlet             11:40-11:45      K                  13
Hollis Marsh Island           11:50            L                  6

Cold Harbor Creek area        11:50            M                  3
Currioman Bay shore           11:55            N                  6
Currioman Creek to
   Nomini Creek               12:00            0                  8
Barnes Creek                  12:05             P                 3

Pierce Creek                  12:10             Q                 5


Haulover Point                12:15            Altitude: 500 ft. 2 photos









                                    147













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Westmoreland
FLIGHT DATE: 22 May 1989, Monday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: R-KK (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of photos


Nomini Creek (from
   Nomini Bridge to
   Beales Mill Run)           12:05             R                  7
Templeman Run                 12:10             S                  2
Nomini Creek (from
   Nomini Bridge to
   mouth, east shore)         12:15-12:25       T                  7
Buckner Creek                 12:30             U                  4
Nomini Bay east shore         12:35             V                  3
Lower Machodoc Creek
   west shore                 12:40             W                  9
Lower Machodoc Creek
   (west shore area)          12:40            X (overlaps W)    4
Head of Lower Machodoc Creek 12:45              Y                  7
Lower Machodoc Creek
   east shore                 12:50             Z                  7
Potomac River (Lower
   Machodoc Creek to
   Ragged Point)              12:50             AA                 2
Potomac River (Long
   Pond area to
   Jackson Creek)             12:55             BB                 6

Gardner Creek head            13:00             CC                 2
Jackson Creek                 13:00             DD                 2
Potomac River (Jackson
   Ck. to Yeocomico R.)       13:05-13:10       EE                 10






                                     148













Bonum Creek                   13:05             FF                 3
NW Yeocomico River            13:10             GG                 2

NJW Yeocomico River           13:15             HH                 3
NW Yeocomico River
   (White Point Creek)        13:15             II2
West Yeocomico River          13:20             JJ                 5
West Yeocomico River
   (Hampton Hall Br.)         13:25            KK                 4















































                                    149













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Westmoreland
FLIGHT DATE: 25 May 1989, Thursday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: LL-QQ (see associateditopographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of photos


Brockenbrough Creek
   to Peedee Creek
   (Rappahannock R.)          12:05            LL                 6
Peedee Ck. Head               12:10             MM                 3
Rappahannock River
   (Peedee Creek to
   Drakes Marsh)              12:15-12:20       NN                 10
Drakes Marsh                  12:20             00                 2
Rappahannock River
   (Drakes Marsh to
   Owl Hollow)                12:25             PP                 8
Rappahannock River
   (Owl Hollow to
   Bristol Mine Run)          12:30             QQ                 3
                                                  (last flight line in
                                                  Westmoreland County)























                                     150













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Lancaster
FLIGHT DATE: 14 June 1989, Wednesday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: A-H (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line       # of Photos


Indian Creek                  14:10             A                  5
Pittman's Cove                14:10             B                  2
Dymer Creek (north shore)    14:15              C                  5
Dymer Creek (south shore)    14:20              D                  6
Tabb's Creek (north side)    14:25              E                  4
Tabb's Creek (south side)    14:25              F                  3
Antipoison Creek
   (north shore)              14:30            G                  4
Antipoison Creek
   (south shore to
   Little Bay)                14:35             H                  5



























                                     151














                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Lancaster
FLIGHT DATE: 2 July 1989, Sunday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: I-BB(partial) (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Fleets Island                 10:40             I                  5
Fleets Island                 10:45             J                  3
Mouth of Rappahannock Riv.
   (Windmill Point Creek to
    Mosquito Point)           10:50             K                  7
Rappahannock River shore
   (Mosquito Point to
    Cherry Point)             10:55             L                  5
Rappahannock River shore
   (Cherry Pt. to Carter Ck.
    Norris Bridge area)       11:00             M                  5
Eastern Branch of Carter Ck. 11:10              N                  4
Carter Creek (east shore)    11:05              0                  3
Carter Creek (west shore)    11:05              P                  4
Corrotoman River east shore
  (Orchard Pt to Taylor Ck)  11:35              Q                  4

Taylor Creek                  11:30             R                  2
Moran Creek                   11:25             S                  2

Eastern Branch of
   Corrotoman River           11:15             T                  6
Eastern Branch of
   Corrotoman River
   (Brown's Ck/Quarter Cove) 11:20             U                   4
Eastern Branch of
  Corrotoman River
  (Hill's Ck./Bell's Ck.)    11:20              V                  4






                                     152













Western Branch of
  Corrotoman River
  (West Point-Little Branch) 13:15-13:20        W                  9
Western Branch of
   Corrotoman River (Upper)  13:05-13:10        X                  7
Western Branch of
  Corrotoman River
  (Senior Ck.-Bar Pt. Light) 13:25              Y                  5
Myer Creek                     13:30             Z                  5
Corrotoman River west shore
  (Town Ck.-Whitehouse Ck.)  13:35              AA                 4
Rappahannock River shore
  (Towles Point-Rocky Neck)  13:40-13:50        BB (photo 1-14)   14 (23total)









































                                     153













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Lancaster
FLIGHT DATE: 31 August 1989, Thursday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: BB(partial)-EE (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Rocky Neck area
   to Deep Creek              12:30             BB (photo 15-23)  9 (23 total)
Belle Isle                    12:35             CC                 4
Mulberry Creek/Morattico      12:40             DD                 6
Lancaster Creek               12:45-12:50       EE (last FL)       9




































                                     154













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Richmond
FLIGHT DATE: 25 August 1989, Friday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: A-O, Q(partial)-R   (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Brockenbrough Creek to
   Mulberry Island
   (Rappahannock Shore)       11:45-12:00      A                   11
Mulberry Island to
   Cat Point Creek mouth      12:05             B                  7
Cat Point Creek (Lower)       12:15             C                  2
Cat Point Creek (Lower)       12:15             D                  2
Cat Point Creek               12:20             E                  2
Cat Point Creek               12:20             F                  3
Cat Point Creek               12:25             G                  3
Cat Point Creek               12:25             H                  2
Cat Point Creek (Upper)       12:10             I                  7
Cat Point Creek mouth to
   Tappahannock Bridge        12:30             J                  7
McGuire Creek Marsh           12:35             K                  4
Little Carter Creek
   and McGuire Marsh          12:40             L                  3
Little Carter Creek           12:45             M                  6
Rappahannock Shore (Little
  Carter Ck. to Accaceek Pt) 12:50              N                  12
Accaceek Point area           12:55             0                  2


Little Totuskey Creek         13:05             Q (photo 8-11)    4
Totuskey Creek (Upper)        13:20             R                  7







                                     155













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Richmond
FLIGHT DATE: 31 August 1989, Thursday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: P-Q(partial), S-AA   (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Totuskey Creek (west shore)  13:30              P                  6
Totuskey Creek (east shore)  13:35              Q (photo 1-7)      7
Richardson Creek (Waverly
   Pt. to North Fork)         13:25             S                  4
Richardson Creek              13:25             T                  4
Rappahannock Shore (Neals Pt.
   to Farnham Ck. mouth)      13:20             U                  10

Farnham Creek branch          13:15             V                  2
Farnham Creek (west shore)   13:10              W                  2
Farnham Creek (upper and
   east shore)                13:05             X                  8
Rappahannock shore (Farnham
   Ck. to Tarpley Point)      13:00             Y                  4
Morattico Creek and
   Perch Creek                13:00             Z                  5

Lancaster Creek               12:55             AA (last FL)       9




















                                     156













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Northumberland
FLIGHT DATE: 23 October 1989, Monday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL

FLIGHT LINES: A-AA, except X    (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown     Flight Line      # of Photos


Hampton Hall Branch of
   West Yeocomico River       11:45            A                  5
Wilkins Creek            -   11:50             B                  2
Mill Creek of
   South Yeocomico River      11:50            C                  8
Lodge Creek                   11:55            D                  6
Dungan Cove/Lodge Creek       11:55             E                 4
Cornish Ck.to Palmer Cove    12:00             F                  2

Potomac shore (Thicket Pt.
   Bay to Judith Sound)       12:05            G                  8
Lewisetta to Garners Creek   12:05              H                 5
The Glebe (northshore-
   Lewisetta to Wrights Co.) 12:10             I                  5
Glebe Creek                   12:15            J                  7
The Glebe (southshore-
   Killneck Creek)            12:20            K                  3
Mill Creek and Coan River
   (northwest shore)          12:25            L                  8
Coan River (east shore)       12:40            M                  10
Coan River headwaters         12:30            N                  4
Potomac shore                 12:50-12:55       0                 25
Cod Creek (west branch)       13:25            P                  2
Cod Creek (east branch)       13:25            Q                  2
Presley Creek                 13:20            R                  4






                                     157













                                                                 page 2
COUNTY: Northumberland (continued)
DATE: 23 October 1989


Location                     Time           Flight Line      # of Photos


Hull Creek (west shore)       13:10             S                 7
Hull Creek (east shore)       13:15            T                  7
Cubitt Creek                  13:05            U                  4
Hack Creek                    13:00            V                  5
Little Wicomico River         13:35            W                  7


Bridgeman's Back Creek        13:40            Y                  1
Ellyson Creek                 13:00            Z                  3
Cod Creek of Little
   Wicomico River             13:40            AA                 2
































                                    158













                                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                 NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Northumberland
FLIGHT DATE: 26 October 1989, Thursday  &  * 10 November 1989, Friday *
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: X, BB-ZZ    (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Spences Creek                 11:45             X (1 frame)        1


* Little Wicomico R. (upper) 09:50              X (7 frames)       7 *


Bridge Creek                  11:50-11:55       BB                 4
Little Wicomico River
   (south shore)              11:50             CC                6
Chesapeake Bay shore
   (Smith Pt. to Fleet Pt.)  12:00             DD                 13
Cockrell Creek (east side)   12:15              EE                 4
Cockrell Creek (Reedville)   12:10              FF                 5
Cockrell Creek (west side)   12:15              GG                 5
Reason Creek/Whay's Creek    12:20              HH                 4
Warehouse Creek               12:25             II                 3
Horn Harbor/Coles Creek       12:25             JJ                 6
Glebe Pt./Betts Mill Creek   12:35              KK                 4
upper Great Wicomico River
   (north shore)              12:40-12:45      LL                 10
Great Wicomico River
   (south shore)              12:50-12:55      MM                  14
Knight Run                    12:50             NN                 3
Balls Creek of Great
   Wicomico River             12:25             00                 3

Bogey Neck/Mila Neck          13:00             PP                 5






                                     159













                                                                   page 2
COUNTY: Northumberland (continued)
DATE: 26 October 1989


Location                     Time            Flight Line      # of Photos


Bailey Prong/Cranes Creek    13:05               QQ                 3
'Ingram Bay shore (Gougher
   (Creek to Harveys Creek)  13:00-13:05        RR                 7
Harveys Creek                  13:10             SS                 2
Mill Creek                     13:20             TT                 8

Damerson Marsh               - 13:25             UU                 4
Ball Creek                     13:25             VV                 3
Chesapeake Bay shore
   (Ball Ck. to Hughlett Pt) 13:30              WW                 4
Dividing Creek (northshore)  13:35               XX                 3
Dividing Creek headwaters    13:40               YY                 5

Dividing Creek (southshore)  13:45               ZZ                 4


* - Flight Line X (frames 2-8) were photographed on 10 November 1989



























                                     160













                                                  AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA
                                                  NORTHERN NECK PROJECT

COUNTY: Northumberland
FLIGHT DATE: 6 November 1989, Monday
ALTITUDE: 4400 ft. ASL
FLIGHT LINES: AAA-GGG (see associated topographic maps)


Location                     Time Flown      Flight Line      # of Photos


Prentice Creek                 13:45             AAA                3
Jarvis Creek                   13:50             BBB                3
Chesapeake Bay shore
   (Kent Pt. to Bluff Pt.)   13:50              CCC                5
Barnes Creek                   13:55            DDD                 3
Indian Creek (northshore)    13:55              EEE                 5
upper Indian Creek             14:00            FFF                 4
Indian Creek (Warehouse Pt.
   branch - county border)   13:55              GGG                 2






























                                     161














                i,~ ~ ~ ~~~           ~HPE VII   FLGTLNECVRG
I







0







I







I










































I







I










                                 VII. FLIGHT LINE COVERAGE


              The Flight Line Coverage (FFL) is a record illustrating the general
        flight paths followed during the vertical photography field efforts in the
        Northern Neck. The flight lines were plotted on topographic maps and
        digitized at 1:24,000. The arrows indicate the direction of the flight path.
I      ~~Reference to the photographic inventories associated with these flight paths
        can be found in Chapter 6. Plots included in this report are represented at a
        scale of 1:68,000.


















































                                           162






                      GEOGRAPHIC DATA SET DESCRIPTION






                                                 VIMS CIS Lab Prefix FLL



Data Layer Name     FLIGHT LINE TRAJECTORIES




Description       FLIGHT PATHS FLOWN FOR THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAHPY WORK.








Year(s) Collected    1989



Base Maps used for Digitizing      USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS  (PAPER)


Digitizing Scale   1:24000


Geographic Extent    SELECTED AREAS OF COASTAL VIRGINIA (NORTHERN NECK)




How Collected (Describe):

      FLIGHT LINES ARE DRAWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND DIGITIZED.






Actual/Intended Use or Purpose:

   USED AS REFERENCE TO CATALOGUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.











          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I






I~~~~~~~~

































  Flightline Trajechories             4My918
   VIMS Coastal Inventory            #*May 22. 1989
          CHAMPLAIN                         May 25, 1989
     Westmoreland County              Sca I  1 :66,000
                            164








































F I ight I ine Trajector i es     NV  May 9, 1989
VIMS Coastal Inventory             ,  My 22, i989
  COLONIAL BEACH NORTH                May 25, 1989
  Westmoreland County              Scale- 1:65,000
                      165

















































F liight llne" Trcj ectocries       jVMay 9, 1989
VIMS Coastal  Inventory            )    May 22, 1989
  COLONIAL BEACH SOUTH                  May 2'-, 1989
  westmoreland County                         000e-15,8
                      166

















































         F I  ghhl I  ) ne      r a j'p-c~  o re s              *S *V~o  May  9. 1989
I        ~~VIMS Coastal Inventory                                #*May 22, 1989

                    DAHLGPVN                                            May 25, 1989
             westmorelond  County                                 Scale    1.65,000
        I                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~167











  I4



I               




    ï¿½~~~~~~~

















       F Ight Ine Trajectories      /   May 9, 1989
        VIMvl Coastal Inventory      -~ May 22, 1989
                KINSALE               -- May 25, 1989
          Westmoreland County         Scale - 1 65,000
                            168


















































Fl~ghL line  Trajectories                   JASO  May 9, 1989
*VIMS  Coastal  Inventory                          May 22, 1989
           LORETTO                                 May 25, 1989
   Westmore land  County                     Scale - 1 65,000
I                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~169









                       I  T















            VISCastaIT nvr   ryMy 2i2 18
             I~~~~~~~~~~

           I~~~~~~~~~~

                                           r,~~~~~~~~K


     I~~~~~~


             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~







  I~~~

I        5/






        F i ghtlirme Trajector ies         ,.   May 9, 1989
        VJIMS Coosiol Invento~ry           #   May 22, 1989
               MACHODOC                        May 25, 1989
          Westmoreland County               ScalI - 65, 00
                           170














































Fli ightli ine Tro'ectoriies               /V   may g, I g8q
VIMS Coastal  Inventory                    e%* May 22, 1 989
        PINrY  POINT                    May Mo 25, 1989
  Wes tmorelIand County               s      cale - 1 :6S, 000
                          171
















































-,"FllghtIine  Trajectories                           may 9, 1989
   VIM'-- fC,0sta{I Inventory                        flMvy22, 1989
                      ROLLINS  FORK    ~ ~ ~~#%~  May 25, 1989
      Wes tmoreland  Cou nty                     Scale-i 165,000
 I                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~172














s'I




























                                           I~~~~  




FlHghtlime Trajectories         ,, May 9, 198g
VIMS Coastal Inventory        /,' May 2, 1989
  ST  CLEMENTS ISLAND              May 25, 1989
  Westmoreland County           ScaI e i 6S,000
                    173













































Flighhline Trajectories        may   9, 1989
VIMS Coastal Inventory       ~*May 22, 1989
      STRATFORD HALL                   May 25, 1 989
  Westmoreland County             Scale - 1:65,000
I                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~174















































Fh ghrl ire Trajectories           * *o June  14, 1q89
VIMS Coastal  Inventory            /   July 2, 1989
       DELTAVILLE                    -- August 31, 1989
    Lancasfer County                 Scale- 1 6%000
                     175
















































Hl 9h~l me TrajectoriesJue1,q8
VIMS Coastal  Inventory                  Ju%  I  2, 1989
      FLEETS BAY                     -   August 31, 1989
   Lancaster- County                 Scale -1:6s000

                         176
























































    IRVINGTON                                     August 31, 1989
Lancaosher  Cournty                           Scale - 1 65,000

                       177























































Hl  9h~l me  Trajectoriles                         June 14, 1989
IVIMS  Coastal  Inventory                    oo%  July  12, 1989
                  LANCASTER ~~~~~~--, -            Augujst 31, 1989

    Lancaster  County                         Scale -   6S.,0O0

                          178

















































Fl  gh~llne  Trajector ies                        #SOJune 14, 1989
VIMS  Coastal   Inventory                        .     July  2, 1!989
            LIVELY                              i-August 31, 1989
    Lancaster  County                             Scale -16,O

                           179









I                                              l






































              F   ghL   lne  Trajector  es                      ^O  June 14, 1989
               VIMS  Coastal   Inventory                  J           July  2, 1989
                         MORATTICO                              f      August 31, 1989
                    Lancaster  County                             Scale   1 i:6s,000

                                              180
















                                                , I














F iI ght  i Xne  Trajec tor I es                    June 14, 1989
VIMS  Coastal  Inventory                        - July  2, 1989
          URBANA                                   August 31, 1989
    Lancaster  County                          Scale- 1 65,00 
                          181







































Fli Ightl ine Tra ec~or ies     ^4 August 25, 1 989
VIMS Coastal Inventory
  CHAMPLAIN Quadrangle
    R ichmond CountySce-1 6,O


                 182














































FlI Igh t line Traa ecttoriIes      August 25, 1989
VIMS Coastal Inventory                  -, August 31  ,I8
  HAYNESVILLE Quadrangle
     Richmond County                    Scale - 165,000
                      183


















































   Fig lle T a etreAuut3,18
~~VM CosaInetr






















    LIVEYQar l
     RicmnconySae-16,0
              18


























         FIN   /h        eTae~ri e                    s     #V   uut2,191
p ~   ~    IS osa      Inetr
                            MONTROSS~~~~~~~~~                              Q uaragl

                    Ricmon Cony7cl                                  K- 16,


                                       /8













































         Vhghfrhrmelrajeo~~ories  ~     August 31, 1q89
VIMS Cooas~a 'Inverdory
  MQRATTICO Quadrangle
     RIChrond CournY,              Scale - I 6%S000

                     186


























~~~FihlnTrjcoies*NPAgs 5  8


~VISCatInetr




















         Ricmon CoasauIvntoy



     I                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~187




























~~FghleTrjcoies/.  uut21


~VISCatInetr


I~ ~ APHNOKGarnl


          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cl




~~~RI        c~Mn  Cut






























        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1707



















 H  ighli me  Trajectories                      Oc t23, 1 989
 ~VIMS Coas~tal Inventory                      Ot2,18
                 BURGESS  Quadrangle            ~~~~~~~~No v 06, 1 989
                 BURGESS Quadrangle ~~~~Nov I 0, 1 989
   Northumbe~rland  County                 Scaie- 1 65,000

I                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~189













~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IF































  F I ghL I i ne, Trajector ies             #%  Oct 23, 1989
   VIIS Coastal  Inventory                       Oct 26, 1989
                                                      Nov 06, 1 989
   FLEETSBAY  Quadrangl~e
                                                 ~ Nov 10, 1989
    Northumberland  County                   Scale - 1:6s,000
                              190





















I I


      I~~~~~~I





















        H      I  mqhtllne Trajector ies  0.* Oct 23. 1989
        VIMS Coastal Inventory           Oct 26, 1989
                                            .7 No va6, I989
        HEATHSVILLE Quadrangle
                                              Nov 10,  1989
         Northumberland County        Scale- 65,000

                          191













































F I I ght  I Ime  Trajector i es                        Oct 23, 1989
VIMS  Coastal  Invenmory                         #W  Oct 26, 1989
   KINSALE  Quadrangle                                  Nov 06, 1989
                                                 Nr  h b lNov tO, 1989
  1\10'rthumberland  County                        Scale - 1 6s,000

                               192















































F I I ghl: I i ne  Trojector I es                )     Oct 23, 1989
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 98











VIMS  Coastal   Inventory                       #1    Oct 26, 1989
   LANCASTER  Quadrangle                    N         NOv 01, 1989
                                                No v  0, 1 989
  Northumberland  County                          Scale - I 65,000

                          193





   I~~~~~~~~~~









































F I Ightl IIne Trajectories     /   Oct 23'. 1 989
VIMS Coastal Inventory         )VOct 26, 1989
                                        Nov 06, 1 989
 LOTTSBURG Quadrangle
                                       Nov 10, 1989
 Northumberland County           Sco 1,4 !65, 000

                    194












































I ~ ~ ~ ~


   F I ght  I ne Trajector I es          e#  Oct 23, 1989
   VIMS Coastal  Inventory                     Oct 26, 1989
      REEDVILLE Quadrangle                ,   Nov 06, 1989
                                            Nrhmd  CNov I0, 1989
     Northumberland County                 Scale- 1:66, 000
                           195






















































F I: I gh t II ne Tr aj'ec t or I es        )    Oct 23, I 989
 VIMS  Coastal  Inventory                   *****#  c 26, 1 989

ST GEORGE ISLAND  Quadrangle                r~~ï¿½~Nov 06, 1 989
                                                  No v I0, 1 989
  Northumberland  County                      Scale - I :65, 000

                             196