[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                  United States       Office of Water     EPA842-B-92-001
                  Environmental Protection    (WF-556)    August 1992
                  Agency

MEPA                The Global

                  Oceans Directory





                  United States      Office of Water      EPA842-B-92-001
                  Environmental Protection    (WF-556)    August 1992
                  Agency

100EPA               The Global

                  Oceans Directory









                     Property of CSc Library



            THE GLOBAL OCEANS DIRECTORY





                      A Compendium of Organizations
                     Dedicated to Marine Conservation














               U S. DEART MENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
*               COASTAL SERVICES CENIER
               2234 SOUIH nOaSON AVENUE
               CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

    ï¿½-a




                            * ~ tEPA ï¿½@* Office of Water
    '< >0               Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
                                  August 1992
 0~;





                                            The Global Oceans Directory


            TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
            INTRODUCTION                                                                1
                  Background
                  Using the Compendium

*           KEYWORD MATRIX                                                              5

            U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

            Agency for International Development (AID)                                  U.S. - 1
*                  Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean                           U.S. - 2
                  Bureau of Science and Technology                                     U.S. - 3

            Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)                                      U.S. - 4

   ~*       Department of Commerce (DOC)
                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                      U.S. - 5
                    Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)                                U.S. - 6

                    National Ocean Service (NOS)                                       U.S. - 7
*                     Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)  U.S. - 8
                      Coast and Geodetic Survey (C & GS)                               U.S. - 9
                      Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)           U.S. - 10
                      Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)                         U.S. - 11

*                   National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)                            U.S. - 12
                     Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)           U.S. - 13
                     Office of International Affairs (OLIA)                           U.S. -14
                     Office of Enforcement                                            U.S. - 15
                     Office of Protected Resources (OPR)                              U.S. - 16
 
                    Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)                             U.S. - 17
                     Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)                        U.S. - 18
                     Office of Oceanic Research Programs                              U.S. - 19

   a*      Department of Defense (DOD)
                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                        U.S. - 20
                  Office of Naval Research (ONR)                                       U.S. - 21

            Department of Energy (DOE)                                                  U.S. - 22
     *~ ~          Office of Energy Research                                            U.S. - 23
                  Office of International Research and Development Policy              U.S. - 24



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                               The Global Oceans Directory


Department of the Interior (DOI)                                         U.S. - 25
      Minerals Management Service (MMS)                                  U.S. - 26 
      National Park Service (NPS)                                        U.S. - 27
        Natural Resources Management                                     U.S. - 28
        Office of International Affairs (O0A)                            U.S. - 29
      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)                            U.S. - 30
        Office of International Affairs (O1A)                            U.S. - 31
      U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 
        Office of Energy and Marine Geology                              U.S. - 32

Department of State
      Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental and
      Scientific Affairs (OES)                                           U.S. - 33a
        Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)                               U.S. - 34
        Environment, Health and Natural Resources                        U.S. - 35

Department of Transportation (DOT)
      U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security 
        and Environmental Protection                                     U.S. - 36

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)                                    U.S. - 37
      Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
        Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)                    U.S. - 38 
      Office of International Activities (OCA)                           U.S. - 39
      Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)                                 U.S. - 40
      Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)                   U.S. - 41
      Office of Research and Development (ORD)                          U.S. - 42
      Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance       U.S. - 43

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)                      U.S. - 44

National Science Foundation (NSF)                                         U.S. - 45
                                                                                              0
Ocean Principals Group                                                   U.S. - 46

National Security Council
      Policy Coordinating Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy   U.S. - 47

                       Smithsonian n s titution U.S. - 48
Smithsonian Inlstitution                                                 U.S. - 48





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           UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES

*           Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
                  Fisheries Department                                              UN - 1
                  Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)                        UN -2
                 Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)                   UN - 3

*           International Atomic Energy Administration (IAEA)                        UN - 4

           International Maritime Organization (IMO)                                UN - 5

           United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
*             (UNESCO)
                  Man and Biosphere Program (MAB)                                   UN - 6
                  Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (10C)                  UN - 7

           United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)                              UN - 8

           United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs                          UN - 9

           World Bank
                 Environment Department                                            UN -  10

           World Meteorological Organization (WMO)                                  UN- 11


           NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

           American Oceans Campaign (AOC)                                           NGO-1

           Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC)                                 NGO-2

           Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)                                     NGO-3

           Conservation International (CI)                                          NGO-4

           Council on Ocean Law (COL)                                               NGO - 5

           The Cousteau Society, Inc.                                               NGO-6

           Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)                                         NGO-7

           Friends of the Earth / Ocean Society (FOE/OS)                            NGO-8

           Greenpeace                                                               NGO - 9


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International Game Fish Association (IGFA)                                 NGO - 10

Island Resources Foundation (IRE)                                          NGO - 11

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)                                         NGO - 12

National Audubon Society                                                   NGO - 13

The Nature Conservancy (TNC)                                               NGO - 14

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)                                   NGO - 15

National Wildlife Federation (NWF)                                         NGO - 16

The Sierra Club                                                            NGO - 17

Wildlife Conservation International (WC1)                                  NGO - 18

World Resources Institute (WRI)                                            NGO - 19

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)                                                  NGO - 20

International Union for the Conservation of Nature                         NGO - 21
and Natural Resources (IUCN)

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)                NGO - 22


CANADIAN AGENCIES

Environment Canada                                                         CAN- 1

NORTH AMERICAN MARINE POLICY CENTERS















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                                               The Global Oceans Directory


                                               INTRODUCTION

            Background

             The Global Oceans Directory contains organizations involved in ocean conservation and resource
             management. The directory was prepared for the U.S. EPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
            Watersheds (OWOW) to serve as a quick reference to answer questions such as:

                              What organizations are involved with marine law?

                              What marine related activities does the U.S. Department of State engage in?

0            The research for the directory was conducted by the Marine Policy Center of Woods Hole
             Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) with support from the U.S. EPA. Each organization profiled
            in this directory has had the opportunity to review its particular profile and to correct any
            inaccuracies. However, over time organizational information does change. If you would like
            to help us keep this directory current, please send any updates to information contained here to
*            the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, Oceans
             and Coastal Protection Division, 401 M Street, SW, WH-556F, Washington, DC 20460.


            Using the Directory

            The directory has the following parts:

             1. Profiles

                   The directory is composed of profiles of organizations involved with marine issues. The
                   profiles are grouped into three categories:

                              *     United States Government Agencies

                              ï¿½     United Nations Agencies

                              *     Non-Governmental Organizations

                   Within each category, the profiles are numbered sequentially. The number at the bottom
                   of each page therefore indicate the profile number within the category. For example,
                   U.S. - 12 indicates that the profile is the twelfth profile in the United States' Government
                   Agencies category.

                   In addition, a listing of Marine Policy Centers is included as an appendix. These do not
                   have individual profiles, but do have an accompanying matrix that identifies their areas
                   of concentration, by keyword.




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                                The Global Oceans Directory0


2. Table of Contents

      The table of contents lists the profiles in the directory by category. 

3. Keyword Matrix

      In developing the directory, EPA identified a set of broad keywords that would be useful
      in identifying the kinds of activities that the profiled organizations are involved with.0
      These keywords are:

        *     ~~Advocacy - The organization is active in advocating particular agendas using
                a variety of methods.

      *         Assessment - The organization is involved with assessing various parameters
               related to the marine environment and its protection.

      0         Conservation - The organization is active in conserving marine resources.

      *         Coordnation - The organization coordinates activities among other entities.

      0         Development - The organization aid's developing countries.

        *     ~~Education - The organization's activities focus on transferring information to
               a particular audience.

      *         Enforcement - The organization enforces laws promulgated by individual
               countries or treaties signed by two or more countries.

      a Law - The organization is concerned with developing, studying, or influencing
               legislation.

      0         Monitoring/research  - The organization focuses on  monitoring  and/or
               researching the marine environment. 

      a Policy - The organization is concerned  with developing,  studying, or
               influencing marine policies of organizations or countries.

      *         Regulatory - The organization is responsible for developing regulations.

      A keyword matrix (beginning on page 5) relates these keywords to each of the
     organizations profiled in the directory.   This provides a quick way  to identify
     organizations involved with certain general activities or areas.






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          Each profile in the directory has the same structure. Each profile begins with a large header in
          a box that gives the name of the profiled organization. Down the left margin of each profile are
*        ~~headers for the major kinds of information in each profile:

          KEYWORDS These are the same keywords used in the keyword matrix.

          OVERVIEW    A  general discussion of the organization's goals, history, structure, and
    *                      ~~~~~~programs.

          COORD             If the organization  engages  in any  significant coordination  with other
                            organizations, these relationships are indicated next to this header. If an
                            organization is involved in more than one program, any coordination activities
    *                      ~~~~~~~related to a particular program -are discussed separately in the "programs"
                            section of the profile.

          PROGRAMS    Detailed discussions of the organization's marine related programs.  If the
                            organization is involved in more than one program, the program names are
    *                      ~~~~~~placed in the left margin to help you locate the beginning and end of each
                            description.

          CONTACT           Usually a title, address, and telephone number that can be called to provide
                            further information. If an organization participates in several programs, the
                            contacts are listed after the relevant program; the word contact is written in
                            lower case in the left margin.

          Within each profile, organizations that are profiled elsewhere in the directory are indicated with
          an asterisk, e.g., WMO*.

*        ~~Depending on the question you are asking,'you. will use the directory differently. If you wish
          to identify organizations involved in particular activities, you should consult the matrix beginning
          on page 5 to quickly identify the organizations involved in the activity you are interested in.
          If you already know the name of the organization you are interested in, you should consult the
          Table of Contents to identify the Directory Section and Profile Number for the organization.
















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                             KEYWORD MATRIX
























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S                              5








                                     United States' Government Agencies




                                                            ...                                 7b~~~~~~~~~~N9.
                              7>~~~~~ ~                           iii    ii~



Agency for International Development (AID)                        I      /  Z    I       v   -                     /
 Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean                                 /           /      '                  I
 Bureau of Science and Technology                                     ,                 .
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)                                            ,14'
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                                                                    / ,
(NOAA)
 Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)                                  I                                                  /
 National Ocean Service (NOS)                      Z                        I                                     I
   Office of Ocean Resource Conservation and Assessment                     o/
   InRVAI
  Office of Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS)                                                                      I
   Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)                   /                                      I
   Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)                                 /
 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)                   Z                     /                                /     1
  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)                         I                                       /
  Office of International Affairs (OIA)                                           I                                      /
  Office of Enforcement                                                                              /      /
  Office of Protected Resources (OPR)                                      /                     WI
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)                                /                                           1 I
  Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)                          /                                           /
  Office of Oceanic Research Programs I I
                                                                    I~~






                                  United States' Government Agencies, continued
                                                I-15-1i                                                  I






 Department of Defense (DOD)
   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                      /                               /           /      /
I  Office of Naval Research (ONR)  
I Department of Energy (DOE)                                          /            /                l                e
  Office of Health and Environmental Research                        /            /                              /
 I  Office of International Research and Development
   Policy
| Department of the Interior (DOI)                                          /      /                              /
  Minerals Management Service (MMS)                                                                              ,           /
  National Park Service (NPS)                                              /      /     /                        /           /
   Natural Resources Management                                                                                  ,      /
    Office of International Affairs (OIA)                                         0     /
   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)                                   I     I                              /
     Office of International Affairs (OIA)                                                                        /
  U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)                                                                                  ,
    Office of Energy and Marine Geology 
 Department of State - Bureau of Oceans, International                                                                 / 
 Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)   
   Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)                                                                       f           I
   Environment, Health, and Natural Resources                                     I                                    /


l
                                                                II








                               United States' Government Agencies, continued








Department of Transportation (DOT)                                - U.S.
Coast Guard
  Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security and                        Z
  Environmental Protection  
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)                                              /      o          /            /  o 
  Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
  Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)
  Office of International Activities (OIA)                                           '                                   a
  Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)                                                , 
  Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)                                                   a
  Office of Research and Development (ORD)                             a 
  Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and
  Quality Assurance                                                                                                r
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)                                  a                             S
National Science Foundation (NSF)                                                   /                                    a t
Ocean Principals Group  
National Security Council
Policy Coordinating Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean                                                              ,
Policy

Smithsonian Institution                                                      /      e          ,                  /   Z




                                                           III






                                                     United Nations Agencies



                                                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....  ...
                                                                ~ ~~~~~~~g................
                                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   Lie i
                     Food and Agriculture Organization (FAQ)... ..........







Foodnatind MAgricutne Organization (FMO)






UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)

   Man and Biosphere Program (MAR)

  Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
   (100
UN Environment Programme (UNEP)                                                         /

UN Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs                                                     if   ifif

World Bank Environment Department                                                       i                      f     i

World Meterological Organization (WMO)                                            if   le                        





                                                                    IV








                               Non-Governmental Organizations




                                                      t   * | *  4 1 1   afi    l l  an   i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~ik :~i
                                               Conservation Ieao  Finite                                 D



Counicilon Oceans Lawpai~n (COL)                              J                               J                   J




Island    Oceans Fodation (C                                               ) 



Thente  for Marin e Conservat       io (CM Q





Nsatura Resources Defense Counci (NRDC                                                         (                  J      J
Conservation Inter        nati onal MD(W)                                     
Corld Rson u    cean Law    (L ) 
EnWonrnld Widlifens Fund (WW) F) 
International UnFis h Asor Ci    ation of N
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRD0C                      J    
National Wildlife Federation (NWF)                                 
The Sierra Club 
Wildlife Conservation International (WCI) 

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)) 
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
                                                   ..J
















and Natural Resources UIUCK)
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( / J
(ICES)
                                                      V~~~~~~~~~






                                                Marine Policy Centers




                                                                             IW


Center for Oceans Law and Policy                                                                         / 
University of Virginia
Center for the Study of Marine Policy                             / 
University of Delaware

The East-West Center                                              /            ,      /                              /

Graduate Program in Marine Affairs                                                                       /     ,
University of Rhode Island                                                            /     /
Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources                         ,.    ,                                            ,
East Carolina University
Marine Law Institute
University of Maine School of Law                                                           /            /            /
Marine Option Program                                                                                    /            ,
University of Hawaii at Manoa                                                               /
Marine Policy Center                                              /     /      /
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 
Marine Resource Management Graduate Program                                                /                         S 
Oregon State University
Ocean and Coastal Law Center                                                               /             Al
School of Law, University of Oregon 
Ocean Systems Management Program                                                           o i 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Marine Affairs                                                       /     S                     /
University of Washington
Oceans Institute of Canada                                              /      /      /                 $ ,           S
                                                         VI



                                                           *) *  *  *








                                         Canadian Agencies
                                                             -~~~~~~~~~~~ia







Environment Canada                                    /    /    0                    /    /     / /




























                                              VII



J     ~~~United States

































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               UNITED STATES' GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Agency for International Development (AID)                                 U.S. - 1
      Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean                          U.S. - 2
      Bureau of Science and Technology                                    U.S. - 3

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)                                     U.S. - 4

Department of Commerce (DOC)
      National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                     U.S. - 5
        Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)                               U.S. - 6

      National Ocean Service (NOS)                                        U.S. - 7
        Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (ORCA)    U.S. - 8
        Coast and Geodetic Survey (C & GS)                                U.S. - 9
        Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)            U.S. - 10
        Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)                          U.S. - 11

      National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)                            U.S. - 12
        Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)            U.S. - 13
        Office of International Affairs (0IA)                             U.S. - 14
        Office of Enforcement                                             U.S. - 15
        Office of Protected Resources (OPR)                               U.S. - 16

      Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)                              U.S. - 17
        Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)                        U.S. - 18
        Office of Oceanic Research Programs                               U.S. - 19

Department of Defense (DOD)
       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                                       U.S. - 20
      Office of Naval Research (ONR)                                      U.S. - 21

Department of Energy (DOE)                    -                            U.S. -22
      Office of Energy Research                                           U.S. - 23
      Office of International Research and Development Policy             U.S. - 24











U.S. Government Agencies                                                       August 1992





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                                 The Global Oceans Directory


Department of the Interior (DOI)                                           U.S. - 25
       Minerals Management Service (MMS)                                   U.S. - 26 
       National Park Service (NPS)                                         U.S. - 27
        Natural Resources Management                                       U.S. - 28
        Office of International Affairs (O/A)                             U.S. - 29
       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)                              U.S. - 30
        Office of International Affairs (O/A)                             U.S. - 31
       U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 
        Office of Energy and Marine Geology                               U.S. - 32

Department of State
       Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental and
       Scientific Affairs (OES)                                            U.S.- 33                  0
        Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)                                U.S. - 34
        Environment, Health and Natural Resources                          U.S. - 35

Department of Transportation (DOT)
       U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security                                  0
        and Environmental Protection                                      U.S. - 36

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)                                      U.S. - 37
       Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)
        Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)                     U.S. - 38                 0
       Office of International Activities (OLA)                            U.S. - 39
       Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)                                  U.S. - 40
       Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)                    U.S. - 41
       Office of Research and Development (ORD)                            U.S. - 42
       Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance        U.S. - 43                 a

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)                       U.S. - 44

National Science Foundation (NSF)                                          U.S. - 45
                                                                                                  .
Ocean Principals Group                                                     U.S. - 46

National Security Council
      Policy Coordinating Committee for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy   U.S. - 47

Smithsonian Institution                                                    U.S. - 48









U.S. Government Agencies                                                       August 1992 





          *                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~The Global Oceans Directory



                              Agency for International Development (AID)


            KEYWORDS  Development
                             Monitoring/Research
                            Assessment
      *                    ~~~~~~Conservation
                             Coordination
                            Education

            OVERVIEW    AID was created by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to carry out U.S.
      *                    ~~~~~~~economic assistance programs in the developing world. -AID operates through
                             a worldwide network of country missions which administer development
                            assistance programs funded by loans and grants.

                             AID's three development goals for its work in Less Developed Countries
       *                    ~~~~~~(LDCs) are:

                                *  to promote and sustain economic growth;

                                *  to develop human capacity, particularly health and education; and

        0                   *    ~~~~~~~to encourage pluralism, e.g., democracy, freedom and competition.

            PROGRAMS    AID's structure includes six functional bureaus and four regional bureaus,
                             which oversee missions and offices assigned to the regional bureaus. Of these,
                             the Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean* and the Bureau for Science
*6                           and Technology* support marine related projects.

            CONTACT          U.S. Agency for International Development
                             320 21st St., NW
                            Washington, DC 20523-0061 202-647-9620
















            U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-I                                 August 1992





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U.S. Government Agencies                              U.S.-1                                           August 1992 





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                                  Agency for International Development
                           Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
                                      Office of Development Resources



            KEYWORDS  Development
                            Conservation
                            Monitoring/Research
                            Education

            OVERVIEW    One of the LAC Bureau's central objectives is to encourage preservation and
                            sustainable use of the natural resource base. Coastal zone management is one
                            of four major technical areas on which the majority of LAC environmental and
                            natural resource management programs will be focused. Marine-related
                            projects range from sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica, through promotion
                            of shrimp mariculture, to contingency planning for oil spills in Jamaica. Other
                            activities include establishing marine parks, monitoring coastal water quality,
                            and managing the coastal zone of the eastern Caribbean.

                            An overview of the state of marine resources in the Caribbean, along with
                            options for its improved management and conservation, can be found in
                            Caribbean Marine Resources: Opportunities for Economic Development and
                            Management. This document was commissioned by the LAC Bureau and
                            produced by NOAA.

            COORD            Interagency coordination is conducted with NOAA*, USCG*, NSF*, EPA*,
                            and NMFS*.

            PROGRAMS    Since 1988, AID has supported the efforts of the CCC  to implement a
                            comprehensive set of activities that foster conservation and sustainable
            Caribbean       development of Tortuguero, Costa Rica. The area is world-renowned as the
*            Conservation   largest rookery for the endangered green sea turtle and emcompasses unspoiled
            Corporation    tropical forest, wetland, and coastal habitat. Project objectives are:
            (CCC)
                                   to develop  a comprehensive  zoning  and  development  plan  for
                                   Tortuguero, ensuring compatibility of future development and
                                  conservation goals;

                                   to provide for sustainable management of critical lowland forests,
                                  estuaries, wetlands, and sea turtle nesting beaches;

                                  to create a wildlife corridor between the Tortuguero National Park and
                                  Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge;



           U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-2                                  August 1992





                                 The Global Oceans Directory


                       to develop a long-term environmental education and training program
                       that addresses local population needs and generates employment
                       opportunities; and

                       to expand the Green Turtle Research Station into a comprehensive
                       international training center for biological research and conservation.

Environment/  ENCORE  concentrates on developing coastal management strategies for
 Coastal         countries in the eastern Caribbean region and on promoting integration of
Resources       coastal zone management into development projects. Still in the design phase,
Program         the project is directed at preventive and remedial actions that demonstrate the
                validity of economic  sustainability through  long-term  natural resource
                management.

                ENCORE's objectives are to protect natural resources and overall
                environmental quality in order to realize economic and biological potential.
                ENCORE is proposed for six years and will involve community participation
                in planning and management of coastal resources. Initial pilot projects are
                planned for Dennery, St. Lucia; Scotts Head, Dominica; and Portsmouth,
                Dominica.

                Although the Bureau can implement projects for development in LDCs, there
                is no method to ensure that the projects will continue to operate after AID
                terminates support.

CONTACT          Agency for International Development
                LAC/DR/RD
                Room 2242
                New State
                320 21st Street, N.W.
                Washington, DC 20523-0010 202-647-9486


















U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-2                                  August 1992





                                             The Global Oceans Directory



                                  Agency for International Development
                                     Bureau of Science and Technology
                     Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources (FENR)



            KEYWORDS  Development
                            Coordination
                            Assessment

            OVERVIEW    The  Coastal Resources  Management  Project  (CRMP) is FENR's only
                            exclusively coastal/marine activity.

            PROGRAMS    CRMP was established in 1985 through a cooperative agreement between AID
                            and the University of Rhode Island (URI). CRMP assists in-country
                            counterparts in formulating and implementing national management strategies,
                            offering technical assistance where needed.   In-country teams from each
                            participating nation collaborate with the project staff at URI's Coastal
                            Resources Center.

                            The initial five-year project sought to launch three integrated coastal resource
*                              management programs (in Ecuador, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) to serve as
                            models for developing countries worldwide.

                            The aims of each pilot program are:

                                   to develop procedures to assess the impacts of coastal development
                                   proposals;

                                   to undertake research to clarify trends affecting the condition and use
                                   of coastal resources;

*                              *      to improve the capabilities of in-country professionals to plan for and
                                   manage coastal development; and

                                   to develop institutional capabilities .to address resource use conflicts
                                   effectively.

                            For the second five-year phase, CRMP is currently reviewing requests by
                            other countries in Asia and Latin America to be included in the coastal
                            management program.

o




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CONTACT   URI/AID CRMP
                University of Rhode Island
                Coastal Resources Center
                Marine Resources Building
                Narragansett Bay Campus
                Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 401-792-6224















































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                     Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)


KEYWORDS Policy
                Coordination
                Research

OVERVIEW    CEQ was established by the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
                to formulate and recommend national policies to promote the improvement of
                the quality of the environment. CEQ is located within the Executive Office
                 of the President and provides expert opinion and policy advice to the President
                on environmental matters. The Chairman participates in the Domestic Policy
                 Council, Economic Policy Council, and other Cabinet-level meetings.

                 CEQ has three primary responsibilities:

                 1.    to serve as the President's "in-house" environmental advisor;

                2.    to coordinate the positions of Cabinet Departments and independent
                       agencies on environmental issues; and

                 3.    to administer the provisions of NEPA.

                Included within these responsibilities are:

                 *      advising the President on national and international policies to foster
                       and promote the improvement of environmental quality;

                 *      assisting and advising the President in the preparation of the annual
                       Environmental Quality Report;

                 0      conducting  studies and  making  recommendations  on  policy and
                       legislation as requested by the President;

                 ï¿½     providing general leadership and  support to the coordination of
                       activities of the federal departments and agencies which affect, promote
                       and improve environmental quality;

                 ï¿½      interpreting legal  issues related to NEPA, assisting agencies in
                       compliance with NEPA's requirements and resolving interagency
                       disputes through NEPA referral process;

                *      issuing regulations binding on all federal agencies for the assessment of
                       environmental impacts associated with proposals for federal actions;



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                       fostering cooperation between the federal and local government, the
                       private sector and the environmental community;

                ï¿½     recognizing teachers who design and implement the most innovative and
                       effective programs to teach students about the environment; and

                ï¿½ assessing and reporting on trends in environmental quality.

PROGRAMS    CEQ does not directly operate an oceans program, but places a high priority
                on coastal and ocean issues as they arise in policy development. Other issues
                CEQ addresses include global change, recycling, pollution prevention,
                wetlands protection and energy conservation.

                CEQ also administers a project under the US-USSR Cooperative Agreement
                in the Field of Environmental Protection entitled "Legal and Administrative
                Measures." The project falls under Area XI, "Legal and Administrative
                Measures for the Protection of Environmental Quality," of the Agreement.
                CEQ co-sponsored a project workshop (June 1990) with the State of Alaska
                which dealt with the legal aspects of the US-USSR initiative for a joint
                international park in the Bering Land Bridge region.

                In addition, CEQ led U.S. efforts to involve non-governmental organizations
                in discussions leading to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment
                and Development (UNCED).

CONTACT          Council on Environmental Quality
                722 Jackson Place, NW
                Washington, DC  20503  202-395-5750





















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                             Department of Commerce
          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)



KEYWORDS  Research
                Monitoring/Research
                Policy

OVERVIEW    NOAA was established in 1970 by Reorganization Plan #4 to provide a federal
                government focus on the problems of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA
                gathers data, conducts research, and makes-predictions about the environment.
                NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas and skies, guides use and
                protection of ocean resources, and tries to enrich the understanding of oceans,
                atmospheres, space, and the sun.

                NOAA  marine pollution responsibilities are specifically addressed in the
                National Ocean Pollution Planning Act of 1978 (NOPPA). Additional
                responsibilities related to marine pollution were assigned to NOAA in response
                to Title H1 of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA),
                which directs the secretary to establish a comprehensive and continuing
                program of monitoring and research with respect to the possible long-range
                effects of pollution, overfishing, and man-induced changes of ocean
                ecosystems.

PROGRAMS    NOAA's marine pollution-related research, development, monitoring, and
                management activities are conducted in three of NOAA's line organizations:

                *     National Ocean Service* (NOS);

                *      National Marine Fisheries Service* (NMFS); and

                ï¿½      Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research* (OAR).

                The Office of the Chief Scientist* (OCS) also administers several marine
                focused programs.

CONTACT          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                5128 Herbert Clark Hoover Bldg.
                Washington, DC 20230 202-377-3436







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                                         Department of Commerce
                           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                     Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS)



            KEYWORDS  Policy
                            Research
                            Assessment

            OVERVIEW    OCS rests within the office of the NOAA Administrator.  The Chief Scientist
*                              is the principal scientific advisor to the Under, Secretary and principal-
                             spokesperson for NOAA on scientific and technical issues. The Chief Scientist
                            formulates and recommends scientific policy and provides guidance to NOAA
                            managers on scientific issues.

                             OCS has three offices with marine components:

                             I.    Ecology and Environmental Conservation;

                            2.    National Ocean Pollution Program; and

0                              3.     Coastal Ocean Program.

            PROGRAMS    This Office is a focal point for the review of ecological and environmental
                            conservation matters for NOAA. Office staff review NOAA activities to
             Ecology and    ensure full compliance with the National Recovery Policy Act and the
*            Environmental Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and contribute to the
             Conservation development and implementation of NOAA policy on environmental issues.
             Office           This Office is directly involved in many marine issues, including:

                            *      coastal area management and habitat alteration;

                            a marine waste disposal;

                            *      marine mining and oil and gas activities;

*                             ï¿½      fisheries management;

                            ï¿½ traditional and recreational uses of ocean space;

                            *      marine endangered species and habitat protection; and

                            ï¿½      marine policy formulation (national and international).



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National Ocean This program fulfills the responsibilities assigned to NOAA by Sections 4 and
Pollution       8 of NOPPA.  It prepares the five-year Federal Plan for Ocean Pollution
Program Office Research, Development and Monitoring called for by the Act. It consults with              0
                federal, state, and local agencies, and private sector experts, and conducts
                studies to determine national activities, priority problem areas for action, areas
                of emphasis in the current Federal Program, and recommendations for
                improved efficiency and effectiveness.

                The National Ocean Pollution Program Office exercises an overall interagency
                coordination role to ensure implementation of recommendations in the current
                Federal Plan and to develop staff support for the National Pollution Ocean
                Policy Board, chaired by the NOAA Chief Scientist.

                The Office also prepares various information products, including the annual
                Summary of Federal Programs and Projects, a standard reference for
                information about Federal Marine Pollution activities. It prepares annual
                funding reviews and reports that describe the impacts of specific polluting
                activities on human health and living resources. It also manages the Ocean
                Pollution Data and Information Network (OPDIN), which responds to requests
                 for data and information related to marine pollution.

Coastal Ocean This Office was established to address the problems threatening the vitality of
Program         U.S.  coastal  and  estuarine  waters.    The  program  focuses  NOAA's
Office          observational, research, assessment, and modeling capabilities on key problems
                in the coastal ocean and simultaneously directs the Agency's information
                 management and delivery systems to assure that the findings of the program
                are accessible and communicated effectively to decision makers. The program
                 goals are to improve prediction of.'

                       coastal ocean degradation;

                *      changes in living marine resources; and

                ï¿½     physical impacts on life and property.

CONTACT          Department of Commerce
                 Office of the Chief Scientist
                National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                Room 5128
                 14th & Constitution Ave, NW
                Washington, DC 20230 202-377-5181







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          *                               ~~~~~~~Deapartment of Commerce
                           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administraton
                                       National Ocean Service (NOS)



            KEYWORDS  Research
                            Monitoring
                            Assessment

*            OVERVIEW    NOS was mandated by the Marine Protection, -Research and Sanctuaries Act
                            and  National Ocean  Pollution Planning  Act.   NOS  seeks to provide
                            comprehensive "strategic assessments" of national marine quality problems,
                            conduct nationwide monitoring of marine environmental quality in coastal
                            waters, and provide on-scene advice during emergency responses to spills of
       0  ~~~~~~~            hazardous materials.

                            NOS houses four offices:

                            1.    Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment;

0                             2.    Coast and Geodetic Survey;

                            3.    Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management; and

                            4.    Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences.

                            NOAA was recently reorganized. No other line organization has current plans
                            to transfer office responsibilities or create new offices.

                            The Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences encompasses all of NOS's hard
*                            science capabilities; it will dissolve the Office of Ocean Services and take an
                            the hard science of the Office of Marine Assessment and the geodetic research
                            center from the Office of Charting and Geodetic Services.

                            The Office of Marine Assessment changed its name to the Office of Ocean
       *                    ~~~~~~~Resources,  Conservation and Assessment (ORCA).   The Office's basic
                            responsibility will be all NOS  assessment and planning.   The  Arctic
                            Environmental Assessment Center and the Damage Assessment and Restoration
                            Center is administered under ORCA. ORCA also manages divisions for
                            strategic environmental assessment, coastal monitoring and bioeffects
       *                    ~~~~~~~assessment,  and hazardous  materials response and  assessment.   These
                            responsibilities, formerly programmed under OMA, expanded to full divisions.



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                 The Office of Charting and Geodetic Services changed its name to Coast and
                  Geodetic Survey. The office's responsibilities will remain unchanged, with the
                 exception of the loss of the geodetic research center.

                 In addition to modified responsibilities, several offices will also experience
                 staff adjustments. In many cases, new positions will be available.

                 The Office of Coastal Resource Management remains the central coastal                      0
                 management office for NOS. Plans for any changes within the office are
                 unknown.

                 Please note that these plans are still subject to change. The reorganization
                 must undergo the Federal review process before completion. 

CONTACT          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
                 National Ocean Service
                 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
                 Washington, DC  20235  202-606-4140                                                        0

































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       *                                ~~~~~~~Department of Commerce
                         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                        .National Ocean Service
                 Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment (OR CA)


         KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                          Assessment

*        ~~OVERVIEW    ORCA seeks to determine the status of environmental quality in coastal and
                          estuarine areas of the United States. In existence since 1984, the office's goals
                          are:

                                 to provide leadership for federal interagency planning and coordination;
      *                           ~~~~~~~and

                              *  to furnish the best available scientific and technical information on
                                 marine and estuarine environmental quality to national policy makers
                                 in Congress, federal agencies and state and local governments, the
      *                          ~~~~~~~~~private sector, and the public.

         PROGRAMS    The NS&T monitors concentrations of toxic chemicals and trace elements in
                          bottom-feeding fish, shellfish, and sediments at 200 coastal and estuarine
          National         locations throughout the United States. The objective of this program is to
          Status and       determine the status and long-term trends of toxic contamination in important
          Trends           estuarine and coastal areas.  This program is the first to use a uniform set of
          Program          techniques to measure coastal and estuarine environmental quality.

          Strategic        The SEAP collects information on the resources of the coastal ocean to
          Environmental identify compatibilities and conflicts among multiple uses and to help
0        ~~Assessment      determine research and management needs and priorities.  Since 1980, it has
          Program          published a series of thematic atlases of major regions of the Exclusive
                          Economic Zone (EEZ), including the east coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the
                          Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas, and the west coast of North America.
                          SEAP maintains large databases on:

                          *      the characteristics of coastal and estuarine areas (National Estuarine
                                 inventory);

                          0      the distribution of biological resources and habitats within these areas
      *                          ~~~~~~~~(Living Marine Resources Program and the National Coastal Wetlands
                                 Inventory); and



*       ~~U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-8                                   August 1992





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                      economic activities and their pollutant discharges (National Coastal
                      Pollutant Discharge Inventory).

Hazardous       This program provides critical information on consequences of oil spills on the
Materials       marine and estuarine environment as well as support to EPA's Superfund
Response        during emergency responses at, and for cleanup of, abandoned hazardous
Program         waste sites in coastal areas.

                Other ORCA programs include:

                *     Damage Assessment Program;

                ï¿½     National Water Levels Program; 0

                      Outer  Continental  Shelf  Environmental  Assessment  Program
                      (OCSEAP);

                ï¿½ Coastal Circulation Program; and                                                     ï¿½

                ï¿½ Global Absolute Sea Level Monitoring Program.

                One of ORCA's recent projects has been to assess damages to the marine and
                estuarine environment due to the Exxon Valdez spill.                                   ï¿½

CONTACT          National Ocean Service
                Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment
                N/ORCA, Room 212
                6001 Executive Boulevard                                                               ï¿½
                Rockville, MD 20852 301-443-8487





















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                             Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                               National Ocean Service
                             Coast and Geodetic Survey


KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research

OVERVIEW    C&GS is responsible for NOAA's mapping, charting, and geodesy programs,
                as mandated by the 1807 Navigation Act. C&GS performs geodetic,
                hydrographic and photogrammetric- surveys;,- and field investigations.  It
                processes air and marine mapping and charting data to produce nautical charts,
                Coast Pilot publications, bathymetric maps -- including high-resolution maps
                of the U.S. Economic Zone (EEZ) -- and aeronautical charts. The results of
                data analyses and geodetic research investigations are available to users in a
                variety of formats.

                C&GS also provides guidance in mapping and charting procedures and the
                development of geodetic standards. C&GS assists national, state, and local
                organizations through a variety of cooperative programs.

COORD            C&GS cooperates with the U.S. Geological Survey in carrying out the national
                EEZ program and various coastal mapping programs.  In addition, it works
                with the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Defense Mapping
                Agency, and the Federal Aviation Administration to ensure navigational safety
                in U.S. waters and in national airspace. As U.S. representatives, C&GS,
                along with the Defense Mapping Agency, share responsibilities associated with
                International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) membership.

                Cooperative efforts with the Canadian Hydrographic Service are handled under
                the auspices of the U.S.-Canada Hydrographic Commission.

PROGRAMS    The mapping and charting program provides accurate and timely nautical and
                aeronautical charts, maps, and related products for the coastal and adjacent
Mapping and  Mapping and ocean areas of the United States (including possessions and
Charting        territories), the Great Lakes, other inland navigable waters, and the National
                Airspace System for the safety and efficiency of marine and air transportation,
                offshore engineering projects, defense operations, and recreational activities.

Geodetic        The geodetic program develops and maintains the National Geodetic Reference
Program         System as defined by the nation's three geodetic control networks.  Points
                defined by these networks are the basic geographic location and elevation
                starting positions for land surveys, cartography, engineering, construction,



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               environmental control measures, and Earth science studies. In addition,
               geodetic advisors are assigned to those states participating in the Geodetic State
               Advisor Program.

CONTACT          National Ocean Service
               Coast and Geodetic Survey
               6001 Executive Blvd.
               Rockville, MD  20852  301-443-8204












































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                                        Department of Commerce
                          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                          National Ocean Service
                     Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)


           KEYWORDS   Monitoring/Research
                            Conservation

           OVERVIEW    Established in 1972, OCRM  is responsible for programs that protect and
*                             manage U.S. coastal resources.

                            The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) established the Coastal Zone
                           Management Program (CZMP) to provide financial and technical assistance
                            and policy guidance to states and territorial governments to prepare and
*                            implement programs which balance the use and conservation of coastal and
                            marine resources. OCRM seeks to ensure that the state programs remain in
                            compliance with national standards by providing oversight and evaluation of
                            state performance.   Currently, 29 of the 35 eligible coastal states and
                            territories, covering 93% of the nation's shoreline, have federally approved
                            coastal zone management programs. Two other states -- Ohio and Minnesota -
                           - have expressed interest in developing CZM programs.

           PROGRAMS    OCRM administers the National Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP)
                           and the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program (NERRP), both
                            mandated by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. In addition, OCRM
                            manages the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and the Ocean
                           Minerals and Energy Program.

            National        Authorized by CZMA Section 315, the NERRP consists of reserves owned and
            Estuarine       managed by states with OCRM providing oversight and national program
            Research        guidance and support. The reserves focus on the protection and management
            Reserve         of estuarine land and water resources, including wetlands and watersheds,
            Program         environmental education and interpretation, and monitoring and research.
                           Presently, there are 18 designated reserves in 16 states. These reserves protect
                           more than 300,000 acres of estuarine lands and waters.

                           The NERRP was also bolstered by the 1990 CZMA Amendments, which
                           increased the amount of Federal financial assistance for land or water
                           acquisition of individual National Estuarine Research Reserves. In addition,
                           the maximum Federal share of costs for managing reserves and supporting
                           educational activities was increased.  These new provisions provide added




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                incentive for the designation of new reserves at a time when states are
                increasing their interest in the program.

Coastal         The 1990 CZMA Amendments, reauthorized the coastal zone management and
Zone            estuarine research reserve programs for five years.  Designed to modernize
Management   and strengthen the CZMA to address new and emerging coastal issues, the
Program          1990 Amendments modify the Act in a number of ways.  A new Coastal
                Nonpoint Pollution Control Program was established which requires coastal0
                states to develop a program to protect coastal waters from nonpoint source
                pollution from adjacent coastal land uses. In addition, a new enhancement
                grants program encourages each coastal state to improve its CZM program in
                one or more of eight identified national priority areas. Other changes to
                CZMA include:                                                                            0

                    *  the addition of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sales to the
                       Federal consistency provisions;

                    *  new requirements for expanded public participation opportunities in the           01
                       program evaluation process;

                    *  new authority to impose interim sanctions for up to three years if the
                       state is faiing to adhere to its federally approved program or estuarine
                       reserve management plan; and                                                      0

                    *  a new requirement for the Secretary of Commerce to provide technical
                       assistance and management-oriented research to support the
                       development and implementation of state CZM programs.

National        The NMSP designates and manages offshore marine areas for the purpose of
marine          preserving or restoring their ecological, historical, recreational, or aesthetic
Sanctuary       values.  National marine sanctuaries may be designated in coastal and ocean
Program         waters, in submerged lands, and in the Great Lakes and their connecting
(NlmSP)         waters.   Research and educational programs have important roles in the
                management of sanctuaries. OCRM administers eight marine sanctuaries; six
                additional sites are now being evaluated for possible designation. In 1990,
                President Bush signed the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act,
                which created a new 2,600 square nautical mile sanctuary in the coastal waters
                off the Florida Keys.

Ocean           This program administers the Ocean and Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Minerals        Act and the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act.  The OTEC Act
and Energy    provides for licensing of OTEC facilities within U.S. waters. The Deep Seabed
Program         Hard Mineral Resources Act provides for licensing deep seabed mining                       4
                exploration and commercial recovery operations and for the establishment of
                bilateral and multilateral agreements to provide a stable international legal



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                         framework for deep seabed mining activities. Regulations are in place for both
                         programs, but world energy and metal prices to date have not been sufficient
                         to trigger license applications. Work is now focused on joint seabed mining
                         environmental studies with other countries to determine the impacts of deep
                         seabed mining and on international mineral activities including enforcement of
                         the Antarctic Treaty provision. In addition, there is renewed interest in
                         reconsidering the seabed mining provisions in the Law of the Sea Treaty.

         CONTACT          National Ocean Service
                         Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
                         1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
                         Washington, DC 20235 202-606-41 11



















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                                          Department of Commerce
                            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                            National Ocean Service
                                 Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences (OES)


            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Conservation

            OVERVIEW    OES operates several programs dealing with marine conservation and resource
0                               management. OES is not mandated, but, among others, the Magnuson Fishery
                             Conservation and Management Act, the National Weather Service Organic
                             Act, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Act all provide enabling legislation
                             to carry out office activities.

 QOES organizes its data primarily through access to raw and processed data and
                             information, in addition to technical and scientific papers, newsletters, and
                             general press articles.

            PROGRAMS    OES's four programs/divisions are:

0                              1.    Joint Ice Center (JIC);

                             2.     Center for Ocean Analysis and Prediction (COAP);

                             3.     Ocean Products Center (OPC); and

                             4.     Ocean Observations Division (0OD).

             Joint Ice        In existence since 1975, JIC seeks to provide general and tailored support of
             Center           ice analysis and guidance products which relate to life and property.  It seeks
                             to notify of hazards of navigation (i.e. icing) and to provide information useful
                             to the climate change program. The Center is currently the only one of its
                             kind in the world.

                             JIC goals are to render support for arctic, antarctic, and Great Lakes research
                             and to supply accurate forecasts and efficient guidance products. The JIC also
                             works on ice climatology issues and designs ice observation arrays.

                             JIC holds two major meetings a year in addition to one with Canadian officials
                             at least once a year. JIC frequently performs liaison activities with the NSF*
                             and ONR*.



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 Center for      COAP, established in 1989 and composed of all the NOAA line organizations,
 Ocean           was designed to be a national NOAA center for the development, exchange,
 Analysis        integration, and dissemination of biological, chemical, and physical oceano-
 and Prediction graphic products and services for effective management of living marine
                 resources.

                 COAP conducts scientific research and monitoring and is involved with public
                 outreach, policy making and environmental law enforcement. COAP provides
                 support for the collection, processing, analysis and production of ocean
                 information in support of living marine resources and NOAA's climate change
                 and coastal ocean programs. It focuses on operational ocean modelling,
                 information display and analysis workstations, and providing access to
                 environmental data.                                                                       0

                 COAP interagency coordination is administered with EPA*, MMS*, ONR*,
                 the Oceanographer of the Navy, DOE*, NSF*, and the Army Corps of
                 Engineers*, in addition to participation with many university research
                 activities.                                                                               0

 Ocean            OPC was established in 1985 to provide operational support for marine weather
 Products        activities and for NOAA's coastal ocean programs.  It performs applied
 Center           scientific research and monitoring, and engages in environmental law enforce-
                 ment and policy making.

                 OPC seeks to provide product guidance of marine flux events such as wind,
                 waves, circulation, and thermal structures. OPC is in primary support of
                 NOAA's National Weather Service. OPC program coordination is frequently
                 conducted with ONR*, the Oceanographer of the Navy, NSF*, and the U.S.
                 Coast Guard*.

 Ocean            OOD, designed in 1984, develops and implements a routine, global ocean
Observations   observing network.  OOD is involved with many aspects of marine
Division         management including issues of fisheries, marine waste disposal, and coastal
                observations.  Through design, monitoring, policy making and enforcement
                assistance, OOD seeks to coordinate routine global ocean observing array
                design and operation with coordination from almost all of the federal agencies
                and many universities.

CONTACT          National Ocean Service
                Office of Ocean and Earth Sciences
                6001 Executive Blvd, Room 808
                Rockville, MD  20852   301-443-8105






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                                          Department of Commerce
                            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)


0            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Conservation

            OVERVIEW    NMFS has responsibility by Congressional  mandate for conserving and
                             managing marine, estuarine, and anadromous fishery resources throughout its
0                              range.  The Magnuson Fishery Conservation'and Management Act of 1976,
                             among other legislative measures, requires the Secretary of Commerce to
                             initiate comprehensive programs of fishery research on issues such as the
                             impacts of pollution on the abundance and availability of fishery resources.

                             NMFS goals are:

                                    to understand the effects of pollutant loadings and habitat alterations on
                                   living marine resources;

                                   to develop methods for assessing the viability of fishery stocks and
                                   habitats;

                                    to develop methods for predicting the effect of man's activities on
                                   marine ecosystems and their components;

                                    to understand effects of physical perturbations on coastal ecosystems;
                                   and

                             ï¿½      to develop efficient systems for transfer and dissemination of habitat
                                   and marine pollution information.

                             All NMFS offices seek effective implementation of the NMFS mission. The
                             Headquarter offices are policy orientated and act as liaisons between the
                             NMFS Administrator and the regional offices. The regional offices are
                             separately funded, and develop their own individual programs. However, as
*                              the NMFS headquarter offices must review all regional activity for agency
                             coordination, headquarters is considered to be the primary contact.








            U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-12                                   August 1992





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PROGRAMS    NMFS conducts research directed toward understanding the effects of man-
                 induced and natural changes on the abundance, distribution, and health of
 National         living marine resources of commercial and recreational importance. The goal
 Fishery         of the program is to provide high quality research information for resource
 Ecology          managers in NMFS and other Federal agencies in order to conserve living
 Program          marine resources and their habitats.

CONTACT          National Marine Fisheries Service
                 1335 East-West Highway
                 Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2239










































U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-12                                  August 1992





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                                          Department of Commerce
                           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                     National Marine Fisheries Service
                       Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management (OFCM)


           KEYWORDS    Coordination
                            Policy

           OVERVIEW    OFCM operates three divisions which provide the management oversight and
                            coordination for NMFS' five regional branches.-- Although-all program activity
                            is managed at a regional level, the NMFS Headquarters office is responsible
                            for reviewing regional fisheries management strategies for consistency with
                            national policy.

           COORD            NMFS frequently coordinates with the U.S. Coast Guard* as NMFS has no
                            "at sea" enforcement capabilities.

            Plans and        The Plans and Regulation Division receives management plans from eight
            Regulation       fishery councils nationwide and makes appropriate recommendations.  Plans
            Division         must fully comport with federal laws and standards of the Magnuson Act. If
                            adjustments are needed, the Division is responsible for providing policy advice
                            and technical assistance so that compliance is reached. The Division also
                            facilitates the processing of regulatory actions for other NMFS offices and
                            serves as liaison with the Office of Federal Register for publication of all
                            notices and rulemakings.

            Recreational   This Division serves as the principal agency focus for marine recreational and
            & Interjuris-   and interjurisdictional policy and program coordination.  It identifies the
            dictional       research and management needs of recreational and interjurisdictional fisheries
            Fisheries        and monitors and coordinates fishery management interactions between the
*            Division         states and federal government.   The Division investigates, develops, and
                            recommends policies to strengthen federal and state involvement in recreational
                            and interjurisdictional fisheries conservation and management. It administers
                            grant-in-aid programs to improve the capabilitity of the states and other non-
                            federal interests to coordinate fishery research, development, and enhancement
*                             to provide improved biological, social, and economic information required for
                            conservation and management of fishery resources.








           U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-13                                  August 1992





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Operations       This Division provides oversight and advice on national fishery management
Support and   policies. The Division interprets the fisheries management implications of new
Analysis         and existing legislation, assesses the need for new or revised policy, and
Division         develops  new  legislative initiatives, policy and  associated  guidance as
                necessary to achieve effective fisheries management. The Division coordinates
                with the councils, DOC/NOAA/NMFS directorate, NMFS regional offices,
                other federal agencies, states, and the private sector in the development and
                interpretation of applicable legislation and policies. Oversight and advice is
                 also provided concerning the economic and social aspects of fishery
                 management, including review of all specific regulations. The Division issues
                permits and fees to foreign vessels wishing to fish in U.S. waters.
                 International contact is minimal with respect to policy issues, but joint ventures
                 are routinely reviewed and approved between U.S. fishermen and foreign
                 counterparts.   Under the Governing International Fisheries Agreements
                 (GIFAS), specified countries are allowed to fish in the U.S. zone, assuming
                 that there are adequate resources to allow for--ign fishing.  Current ventures
                 exist between the U.S. and Japan, Soviet Union, Korea, Poland, and some                     0
                 European nations.

CONTACT           National Marine Fisheries Service
                 Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management
                 1335 East-West Highway
                 Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2334


























U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-13                                  August 1992





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                                          Department of Commerce
                            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                      National Marine Fisheries Service
                                     Office of International Affairs (OA4)


             KEYWORDS Policy
                             Coordination
                             Monitoring/Research

*             OVERVIEW    OIA is responsible for coordinating departmental and NOAA  international
                             fishery policies with other U.S. government departments and with international
                             organizations. OIA seeks to effectively carry out the NMFS mission in the
                             international arena, and provide analysis of current international policy.

                             OIA's goals are:

                                    to develop policy positions for the Department of State and NOAA;

                                    to provide  analysis  of foreign  fisheries  and  policies  regarding
                                    international or transboundary resources;

                                    to participate in international forums and decision-making processes;

                                    to monitor and coordinate support from the international commissions
                                    addressing living marine resources;

                                    to conduct analytical economic research on foreign fisheries; and

                             *      to monitor international science activities.

*            COORD              OIA is involved with many international groups, both on a multilateral and
                             bilateral basis. NMFS interacts with the International Whaling Commission
                             (IWC), Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
                             (CCAMLR), and seven other marine resource commissions. NMFS is also
                             involved with bilateral agreements with the People's Republic of China,
                             Canada, and Mexico.

                             NMFS and the Department of State's Bureau of Oceans and International
                             Environmental Science collaborate frequently on matters of international
                             policy.





             U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-14                                   August 1992





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CONTACT           National Marine Fisheries Service
              Office of International Affairs
              1335 East-West Highway
              Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2272


















































U.S. Government Agencies U.S.-14 August 1992





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                                          Department of Commerce
      *                    ~~~~~National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                      National Marine Fisheries Service
                                             Office of Enforcement


            KEYWORDS Enforcement
                             Law

            OVERVIEW    The Office of Enforcement is one of the only NOAA offices that transcends
*                              the organizational boundaries of the separate services.- Since 1970, the office
                             has been responsible for enforcing U.S. law and regulations and international
                             treaties with respect to U.S. living and non-living resources.

                             The office operates under several mandates, including the Magnuson Act, the
       0    ~ ~~~~~Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act.  Although
                             nearly all of the enforcement activities are related to fisheries, the office is
                             also responsible for monitoring compliance for coastal zone management and
                             other NOAA efforts.

   0       ~~COORD            International cooperative efforts are undertaken with Canada, Japan and
                             Mexico on issues of anadromous and other species management. Special
                             interest is focused now on the Drift Net Act of 1987 which required the United
                             States to enter into agreements with the governments of Taiwan, Japan, and
                             Korea regarding their drift net fisheries. Under these agreements, NMFS has
       0                    ~ ~~~~~~100 percent satellite transmitter coverage of all vessels from these countries
       *                     ~~~~~~~using driftnets in the North Pacific and is gathering information on incidental
                             catch and impacts on the marine ecosystem.

                             Primary interagency coordination is with U.S. Coast Guard, Customs, Fish
                             and Wildlife Service, and coastal state marine enforcement agencies.

            PROGRAMS    Primary involvement also continues with the enforcement of regulatory
                             protection for whales, porpoises, and other protected species. Enforcement
                             methods, performed through 44 field offices, include criminal investigations
                             of regulatory breaches and the employment of aboard-ship observers
        *                     ~~~~~~nationwide.

            CONTACT          National Marine Fisheries Service
                             Office of Enforcement
                             1335 East-West Highway
        *                     ~~~~~~Silver Spring, MD  20910  301-427-2300




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                                         Department of Commerce
                           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                     National Marine Fisheries Service
                                    Office of Protected Resources (OPR)


            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                            Conservation
                            Policy

*            OVERVIEW    OPR provides advice and guidance-on the conservation and protection of those
                            marine mammals and endangered species under the jurisdiction of the Marine
                            Mammal Protection Act. The office:

                            *      works toward the conservation, restoration, and enhancement of living
                                   resources and habitats;

                            0      develops  national  guidelines  and  policies  for relevant  research
                                   programs;

                            0      provides oversight and advice on the scientific aspects of managing
                                   species and habitats; and

                            *      manages specific projects as assigned by the Assistant Administrator.

                            In general, OPR works in coastal area management and habitat alteration,
                            marine waste disposal, marine mining, oil and gas and other energy
                            development, non-point source pollution, fisheries, traditional and recreational
                            uses of ocean areas, marine policy, marine protected area planning,
                            endangered species management, and international coordination of marine
                            programs.

                            OPR is divided into four divisions:

                            1.    Permits and Documentation;

*                             2.    Protected Species Management;

                            3.    Habitat Policy and Conservation; and

                            4.     Conservation Science.





            U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-16                                  August 1992





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PROGRAMS    In its protected species work, the office:

 Protected        *      prepares public hearings and meetings;
 Species
                 ï¿½ prepares  and  reviews  management  and  recovery  plans  and
                        environmental impact statements (EIS);

                 a processes ESA Section 7 consultations (federal project impacts on                        0
                        endangered species);

                 ï¿½ coordinates national level projects;

                 ï¿½ issues permits, provides technical- support -for international programs;
                       and

                 ï¿½ acts as a liaison with NOAA's Office of Enforcement, the Marine
                       Mammal Commission, national environmental organizations, industry,
                       and other federal agencies.

 Habitat          In its habitat conservation work. OPR:
 Conservation
                 0      develops national program priorities, plans, and budget justifications;

                 a initiates national efforts to conserve habitats;

                 ï¿½ reviews and advances NMFS positions on proposed federal projects;

                 ï¿½ reviews the adequacy of NMFS  comments  on EISs and federal
                       proposals to develop outer continental shelf resources;

                 ï¿½ develops  NMFS  positions  on  proposed  policies,  programs,  and
                       regulations of other agencies; and

                 ï¿½      serves as principal liaison with other federal agencies and organizations            0
                       on habitat issues.

                OPR organizes scientific and policy conferences and symposia on endangered
                species and habitat conservation, and has recently started a newsletter
                describing its activities.

CONTACT          National Marine Fisheries Service
                Office of Protected Resources
                 1335 East-West Highway
                Silver Spring, MD 20910  301-713-2332




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                             Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                    Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)



KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                Assessment

OVERVIEW    OAR endeavors to strengthen the scientific basis for national policy in the
                areas of climate change, ocean and Great Lakes resources, and atmospheric
                research.   OAR  identifies strategies that will enhance U.S. strength and
                provide the knowledge base upon which to pursue these strategies. Within
                OAR, there are several environmental research laboratories (ERL) and the
                Office of Oceanic Research Programs (ORP). ORP operates both the National
                Sea Grant College Program* and the National Undersea Research Program.

                With respect to ocean science, OAR seeks to understand the natural ocean
                system to a degree at which they can begin to develop predictive capabilities.

COORD             OAR is involved, through both the ERLs and the Sea Grant program, in
                NOAA's Coastal Oceans Program, which crosses over several of the line
                organizations. OAR's focus is on nutrient enhanced productivity, habitat
                production, and habitat structure and function studies.

CONTACT           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                Ocean and Atmospheric Research
                1335 East-West Highway
                Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-2458



















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                                         Department of Commerce
                          National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                     Ocean and Atmospheric Research
                              Environmental Research Laboratories (ERLs)


           KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                            Assessment

           OVERVIEW    Four of the environmental research laboratories within OAR are prominent in
                            ocean research:

                            *      Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL);

                            ï¿½      Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML);

                            ï¿½      Pacific Marine Environmental Research Laboratory (PMEL); and

                            *      Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

           COORD             OAR conducts research with several other agencies, institutions, and nations
                            and  funds collaborative studies.   ERLs  also conduct research  through
                            cooperative agreements or arrangements with academia. Interagency efforts
                            include arctic research, hurricane research with the Navy, and the research
                            conducted under the Climate and Global Change and Coastal Ocean Programs.
                            Internationally, the climate program is coordinated with several other nations.
                            Examples of other international efforts include a joint study by PMEL and the
                            (former) Soviet Union's Arctic/Antarctic Institute (Leningrad) that will
                            concentrate on physical oceanography properties, circulation processes, and
                            nutrients in the Bering/Chukchi Seas. AOML and the NOAA Undersea
                            Research Program (NURP) have worked with Japanese scientists on deep-sea
*                              vents in the Izu-Bonin back-are basin. GLERL conducts Great Lakes research
                            in coordination with Canadian efforts.

           PROGRAMS    OAR conducts research in the international program to understand, monitor,
                            and predict climate and global changes in the atmosphere and oceans, which
                            is coordinated by OAR's Office of Global Programs. Studies include a diverse
                            suite of measurements over a wide range of time and space scales extending
                            from the equator to the poles. OAR maintains a large network of in situ
                            measuring devices.

e



           U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-1B                                   August 1992





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 El Nino          Examples of ongoing research include El Nino Southern Oscillation and the
                 ocean circulation of heat from low to high latitudes, which is believed to be
                 a critical process affecting the earth's climate. The effect of climatic change
                 on sea level and ecosystems is being studied. Exchange of several chemicals
                 between the ocean and atmosphere, including greenhouse gasses, is another
                 important focus of OAR climate research.

 Coastal Ocean Research on fluctuations in the coastal ocean environment is conducted by                     0
 Environment   scientists at GLERL, AOML, and PMEL.  Individual projects are coordinated
 Fluctuation    and funded with studies conducted by other parts of NOAA and at non-NOAA
                 institutions by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program. Areas of study include
                 fisheries; ecosystems; toxic chemical contaminants; productivity; and the
                 impact of severe weather, tides, and waves.

                 ERLs are involved in marine environmental assessment with studies on
                 estuarine circulation, contaminant transport, and transport modeling.

 Arctic           Research is conducted in the Arctic on oceanic and atmospheric circulation;                0
                 air-sea-ice interaction; ventilation; vessel icing; and ice formation,
                 deformation, and motion.

 Hydrothermal  ERL operated a project on sea-floor hydrothermal vents that studies chemical
 Vents            and thermal effects of deep-sea venting including heat flux and plume                      0
                 composition.

 Fishery          An important new area of multi-disciplinary research is the study of processes
 Recruitment    that determine fishery recruitment.  There are presently cooperative projects
                 underway in the Gulf of Alaska and Florida with NOAA's National Marine
                 Fisheries Service and several universities. OAR is extending the program to
                 the Bering Sea, Great Lakes, and the South Atlantic Bight. Fisheries-
                 oceanography requires collaborative support from other NOAA elements and
                 other agencies.

 Great Lakes    In the Great Lakes, research focuses on water quality and quantity, ecology,
                 geochemistry, hydrology, sediment transport, toxicity studies, and nutrient
                 fluxes (GLERL). GLERL is also beginning an exotic species research
                 program in response to the accidental introduction of several new species to
                 the Great Lakes Region.  The new species are competing for existing food
                 supply and could cause great imbalances in the food web. The Zebra Mussel
                 is one of the exotic species of great concern at the present time.








U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-18                                  August 1992





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Ocean           In addition to modeling efforts at AOML, PMEL and GLERL, ocean
Circulation    circulation modeling is conducted at ERL's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
                Laboratory. Models are used to examine processes, trends, and anomalies in
                several areas of oceanic research including: circulation, coupled ocean and
                atmospheric interaction, the Gulf Stream, response to changing CO2
                concentrations, ice-ocean interaction, heat content of the turbulent surface
                layer, and coastal zone response to storms.

CONTACTS    Headquarters
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
                Program Development Coordination
                1335 East-West Highway
                Silver Spring, MD  20910  301-713-2465

                Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab
                2205 Commonwealth Blvd
                Ann Arbor, MI 48105 313-668-2235

                Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
                7600 Sand Point Way NE
                Seattle, WA 98115-0070 206-526-6800

                Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
                4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
                Miami, FL 33149 305-361-4300

                Geophysical Fluids Dynamics Lab
                Princeton University
                P.O. Box 308
                Princeton, NJ 08542  609-452-6502


















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                             Department of Commerce
               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       Office of Oceanic Research Programs



KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                Education

OVERVIEW    The National Sea Grant Program was established under the National Sea Grant
                College and Program Act of 1966. Transferred to NOAA from the NSF in
                1970, the program  presently  operates  under  the Sea  Grant  Program
                Improvement Act of 1976.

                The program's mission is to enhance coastal ocean research in the nation's
                interest. The basic goal of the National Sea Grant College Program is to
                foster the wise use of the nation's estuarine, coastal, and oceanic resources
                through the application of academic expertise in directed and coordinated
                research, education, and advisory service efforts.

PROGRAMS    The Sea Grant Program manages five divisions:

Sea Grant        1.    Environmental Studies;
Program
                2.    Technology and Commercial Studies;

                3.    Living Resources;

                4.    Non-Living Resources; and

                5.     Human Resources.

                Virtually every marine issue is covered under one of the five divisions.

                There are currently 29 Sea Grant Colleges operating on 300 campuses which
                perform research on various issues of national interest. One of the Sea Grant
                program's primary responsibilities is to disseminate research findings
                effectively among  the federal government agencies for enhancement of
                inter/intra-agency coordination.

                Written research proposals are submitted to the Sea Grant program and
                subjected to a peer-review selection process. Quarterly abstract reports on
                research findings are published and circulated among the agencies for program
                use.



U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-19                                  August 1992





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              Since 1970, Sea Grant's charter has allowed for international involvement, but
              lack of resources has prohibited any active participation.

CONTACT          Oceanic Research Programs
              NOAA/Sea Grant
              MS R-OR
              1335 East-West Highway
              Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-447-2431













































U.S. Government Agencies U.S.-19 August 1992





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                                        Department of Defense
       *                                ~~~~~~~Department of the Army
                                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers



*       ~~KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                         Assessment
                         Policy
                         Enforcement

*       ~~OVERVIEW    The Corps of Engineers is assigned by many Public Laws, dating as far back
                         as the 1875 Rivers and Harbors Act. Since then, many public laws have
                         affected Corps activities, including:

                          *      1970 Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control Act;

    0                     *~~~~~~ 1972 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act;

                          *      1975 Water Resources Development Act; and

                          0      1986 Water Resources Development Act.

                         In the 1986 Act, Congress comprehensively reestablished and redefined the
                         federal interest in water resources development. The 1986 Act also instituted
                         requirements for proportionately greater non-federal cost sharing in Corps
                         projects.

                         The Corps is to assume responsibility for management, research and
                         development efforts of U.S. inland waters, nearshore area, and ocean
                         environments. Through the Directorate of Civil Works, the Directorate of
                         Research and Development, and their divisions, the Corps:

                             *  regulates 99 percent of all dredged material disposal;

                             *  conducts research on contaminant sediment management;

      *                   *    ~~~~~~~develops management strategies for ocean disposal;

                             *  manages programs in the reconstruction of wetlands;







         U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-20                                 August 1992





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                 0     designates sites fo- future disposal; and

                 e evaluates environmental effects of dredged material disposal.0

                 In essence, the Corps seeks to maintain a safe, reliable and economical federal
                 interstate navigational system.

COORD            International cooperation through technical exchange has been undertaken with 
                 Japan and the Netherlands or. contaminated sediment management, but primary
                 international focus is the London Dumping Convention of which the Corps is
                 a U.S. participant.

                 Interagency cooperation is maintained with EPA, FWS, NMFS, and state -and0
                 local officials.

CONTACT          Department of Defense
                 Department of the Army
                 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers9
                 20 Massachusetts Ave, NW,
                 Casimir Pulaski Building
                 Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0001

 Operations,    The Operations, Construction and Readiness Division is responsible for
 Construction   program execution and issuance of permits. Projects include habitat
 and             construction, shoreline erosion prevention (e.g., offshore berm development),
 Readiness       island creation, and experiments in thin-layer disposal exposure to ocean
 Division        surface waters.  Many of the Corps' marine constructions are built with
                environmentally safe dredged material.

CONTACT          Department of Defense
                Department of the Army
                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CECW-O)
                Operations, Construction, and Readiness Division
                20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
                Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0196

 Policy and      The Policy and Planning Division assesses ocean disposal sites and produces
 Planning        pollution reports for policy review.  This division makes long-term decisions
Division        regarding site designation and controls policy issues of ocean disposal.









U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-20                                 August 1992 





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            CONTACT          Department of Defense
                             Department of the Army
       *                    ~~~~~~U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CECW-P)
                             Policy and Planning Division
                             20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
                             Washington, DC 20314 202-272-0115

   *        ~~~Ocean         Since the early 1980's, both of the above divisions have collaborated on an
             Disposal        ocean disposal program under the guidance of EPA (Office of Wetlands,
             Program         Oceans and Watersheds, Oceans and Coastal Protection Division).  EPA
                             provides the oversight on site designation and works with the Corps to regulate
                             safe ocean dumping.

                             There are essentially three steps in ocean disposal planning:

                             1)    EPA designates appropriate sites for ocean dumping;

       *                    ~~~    ~~~~2)    the Corps issues permits to potential users of the site, and EPA decides
                                    if the material needs to be managed after dumping; and

                             3)    either the Corps or the industry users operate management and
                                    monitoring programs within specific sites. There are presently about
*                                    103 interim designated sites. About 65 of these are permanent.

                             Both divisions are now working on a regulatory manual with EPA* that will
                             identify the types of bioassays needed to determine if material is suitable for
                             dumping and what management techniques may be necessary.

   0    ~~ Research and  The R&D Division performs research on the environmental effects of ocean
             Development   disposed dredged material. Examination of beach erosion and coastal
             Division        processes is prominent among  studies performed currently.   R&D  also
                             performs wetland testing and growth rate studies in dredged material.

0            Waterways        The Waterways Experimental Station conducts studies through the operation
             Experimental  of a complex of laboratories including the fields of nearshore oceanography,
             Station         hydraulics,  engineering  geology,  rock  mechanics  and  environmental
                             relationships. The lab provides specialized consulting services and training in
       4k  ~~~~~~            coastal engineering.

             Coastal         CERC offers alternative engineering strategies for ocean disposal. Current
             Engineering    research is performed on productive uses of clean dredged materials. It also
             Research        represents the Corps in the London Dumping Convention.
             Center





   *       ~~U.S. Government Agencies                  U.S.-20                                 August 1992





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CONTACT         Department of Defense
                Department of the Army
                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEWES-EP-D)
                Waterways Experiment Station
                3909 Halls Ferry Road
                Vicksburg, MI 39180 601-634-3624














































U.S. Government Agencies                  U.S.-20                               August 1992





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                               Department of Defense
                            U.S. Department of the Navy
                           Office of Naval Research (ONR)



KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                Education

OVERVIEW    ONR, established in 1946 by Public Law  No.  588, was the first U.S.
                government agency created to fund basic research. ONR's mission is "to plan,
                foster and encourage scientific research (in 'ocean sciences).   ONR  looks
                toward the future in assessing the Navy's ability to meet its mission, in
                recognition of its paramount importance as related to the maintenance of future
                naval power, and the preservation of national security..." and provides the
                basic research needed for applicable environmental protection techniques.

                ONR supports the scientific community by funding basic science research
                deemed to be of Navy interest. Areas of involvement for the ocean component
                include:

                ï¿½      marine meteorology;

                *      marine geophysics and geology;

                *      oceanic chemistry, biology, optics and acoustics;

                a physical oceanography, arctic sciences;

                *      marine engineering;

                *      remote sensing;

                *      coastal sciences; and

                *      meso/large small scale research facilities necessary for conducting
                       research.










U.S. Government Agencies                      U.S.-21                                   August 1992





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COORD            Most times, ONR will award grants independently. On occasion, interagency
                 coordination is performed through group funding for a project of common
                 interest.  Interagency interaction most often occurs at the grass-roots level.
                 ONR participates in interagency panel reviews and invites others to do the
                 same. Principle interaction is with NASA* and NSF*, but there is also minor
                 involvement with NOAA*, USGS*, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*.

                 International contacts are numerous, but are actually a small part of ONR's
                 activities. A foreign group must provide a unique aspect to the Navy program
                 in order to receive ONR support. Foreign groups currently receiving ONR
                 funding are from Norway, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, India, and Japan,
                 among others.

PROGRAMS    There are 30 major accelerated research efforts in ocean sciences, including:

                 1.     mixed  layer marine light, which  seeks to understand aspects of
                        biological/physical coupling important in bioluminescence, optical
                        properties and ecological dynamics;

                 2.    ocean subduction, which studies thermocline formation and advection;

                 3.     marine stratocumulus cloud formation and dissipation; and

                 4.     ocean bottom and subbottom acoustic reverberation.

                 ONR  recently received authorization to conduct limited, focused projects
                 involved in global change topics. Several of the projects listed above are
                 included in this new direction.

                 ONR is closely linked to the research community to assess the state of the art
                 and to encourage proposals in various areas. Projects are accepted according
                 to scientific merit, programmatic needs, Navy interests, and costs.

                 Success is measured through published material in peer reviewed journals and
                 technical publications, the involvement of new students and post-doctoral
                 investigators in the field, and greater understanding of the issue at hand.

CONTACT          Department of Defense
                 Department of the Navy
                 Ocean Sciences
                 Code 112
                 Office of Naval Research
                 Arlington, VA 22217-5000 703-696-4398





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         0  ~~~~~~~                      Department of Energy (DOE)


            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Coordination

0            OVERVIEW    DOE plans and manages federal energy programs.  Since 1977, under the
                             Department of Energy's Organizational Act, one of DOE's objectives is to
                             carry out these programs in compliance with national environmental goals and
                             policies. The Act provided for the incorporation of national environmental
                             protection goals in formulation of energy programs and to advance the goals
0                              of restoring, protecting, and enhancing environmental quality in the pursuit of
                             energy development. In addition, DOE is responsible for following legislation
                             which mandates that DOE perform research on the environmental effects of
                             energy development. The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Federal Non-
                             Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 also provide
                             authoritative legislation.

            PROGRAMS    DOE's marine conservation interests are peripheral in comparison to more
                             energy related concerns.

       0  ~~~~~~              Although not conservation oriented, another division program monitors the
                             ocean content of PCO2 in relation to climate change.

                             DOE's program on subseabed disposal no longer exists.

       0  ~~~~~~              DOE ocean research is also performed at the energy development level, but
       *                     ~~~~~~it does not focus on environmental concerns.  The Wind, Hydrological and
                             Oceans Technology Division examines the concept of ocean thermal energy
                             and its future as an electrical source.

            CONTACT           Department of Energy
*                              1000 Independence Ave, SW
                             Washington, DC 20585 202-586-6210














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                                          Department of Energy
                                         Office of Energy Research
                              Office of Health and Environmental Research



           KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research

           OVERVIEW    Ocean research is supported by the Atmospheric and Climate Research
                           Division (ACRD) to assist in 1) predicting future climate change resulting
                           from energy use and 2) predicting future atmospheric concentration of carbon
                           dioxide. These objectives support the-primary goal to develop the knowledge
                           needed to factor climate change into energy policies and strategies. DOE
                           sponsored ocean research is part of the agency's contribution to the U.S.
                           Global Climate Change Research Program coordinated by the Committee of
                           Earth and Environmental Sciences.

                           Marine research seeks to provide scientific information on major
                           environmental issues facing development and expansion of most energy
                           technologies and energy policy.   These issues include waste disposal,
                           siting/operations, and possible long-term effects on global systems.

           COORD            DOE coordinates its marine program with other agencies such as NSF* in
                           connection with the Global Oceans Flux Study and NOAA Federal Plan for
                           Ocean Pollution. Program managers from NSF*, NOAA*, ONR* and NASA
                           have participated in panel reviews of regional DOE* studies.

           PROGRAMS    The Ocean Research Program at ACRD is comprised of three elements:

            Ocean            *      a global survey of the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon
            Research                dioxide in the ocean;

0     Program 0*                     development of advanced models of the carbon cycle; and

                           0     process studies to improve the predictive capability of ocean circulation
                                  models used for climate research.

*                             Together these three elements are aimed at generating sound scientific
                           understanding about oceanic mechanisms that are rate-limiting during climatic
                           changes or which may control climate stability, and oceanic sources and sinks
                           of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide.






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                 The objective of the first element is to predict the future net exchange of
                 carbon between the ocean atmosphere and to provide an essential component
                 of a larger model of carbon exchanges among the principal carbon reservoirs -0
                 - the ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. The global survey of ocean
                 carbon chemistry is coordinated with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
                 (WOCE) to provide a comprehensive data set for the calibration and
                 verification of ocean carbon cycles models. Research on deep convection,
                 surface mixed-layer dynamics, and physical processes controlling gas exchange0
                 are being carried out to improve the representation of these processes in ocean
                 models.

                 Interagency coordination is a strong foundation of the ACRD research
                 program.  The global survey of ocean --carbon -chemistry -is -a collaborative            0
                 effort with the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and
                 Atmospheric Administration and includes activities in parallel with WOCE and
                 the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Research on gas exchange involves
                 collaboration with NASA and NOAA. DOE is an interagency partner with
                 ONR, NSF, and NOAA in the Heard Island Experiment to demonstrate the                     S
                 feasibility of detecting secular changes in upper ocean temperature by
                 monitoring variation in the propagation speeds of low frequency sound in the
                 oceanic sound channel.

 Coastal         The Coastal Ocean Margins Program operates out of the Ecological Research          
 Ocean           Division. With the assistance of regional University and research institu-
 Margins         tions, the program seeks to identify the impact of both present and future
 Program         energy development on three major marine coastal systems: the continental
                 shelves in the Northeast, the Southeast, and the Southwest.   Program
                 objectives are to determine the movement of water masses and modification of      
                 movement patterns by natural factors in order to explain how nutrients,
                 energy-related chemicals, and living and non-living particles will be
                transported, distributed and deposited. Studies include watermass movements,
                currents and upwelling dynamics; flux and formation of organic and mineral
                particles in water column and sediment; and biologic productivity including       
                nutrients and lower level food chains.

                 Spain, France, and Israel have invited collaboration and exchange with
                 scientists in DOE's Coastal Ocean Margins Program. To determine cross-shelf
                transport in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Western Mediterranean Sea, and       
                off the coast of Mauritania underlying the Sahara Dust Plume.









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           CONTACT          Office of Energy Research (ER-74)
                          Environmental Sciences Division
      ~~~~*   ~Washington, DC 20585  301-903-4375

                          Department of Energy, ER-75
                          Office of Energy Research
                          Washington, DC  20545  301-903-5548




















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                                            Department of Energy
                         Office of International Research and Development Policy



            KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
0                              Policy
                             Law

            OVERVIEW    The Office of International Research and Development Policy does not have
                             an extensive marine portfolio, but does act as the DOE representative to the
*                              London Dumping Convention (LDC), and-represents DOE in other areas of
                             ocean policy and law. DOE is most concerned with the future possibilities of
                             nuclear waste ocean disposal. Although not ready to perceive it as a viable
                             alternative to land-based disposal, DOE seeks to keep the options open within
                             the LDC should on-shore disposal prove not viable for political or technical
                             reasons.

            PROGRAMS    DOE's Subseabed Disposal Program conducted research into disposal of high-
                             level radioactive waste in stable ocean sediment in conjunction with other
                             country members of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The program has
                             been recently dropped as a result of funding cutbacks.

            CONTACT          Department of Energy
                             Office of International R&D Policy (EP-70)
                             Forrestal Building
                             Washington, DC 20585 202-586-6777





















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                                     Department of the Interior (DOI)


            KEYWORDS    Conservation
                            Regulatory
                            Monitoring/Research
0                             Policy
                            Coordination

            OVERVIEW    DOI is the federal agency mandated to protect wildlands and manage terrestrial
                            resource use.

                            Divisions within DOI with jurisdiction over coastal or marine resources
                            include MMS*, NPS*, and FWS*.

                            In addition, DOI personnel work in regional or local offices throughout the
                            country.    For  instance,  FWS  has programmatic  activities  which  are
                            administered through specific offices in Washington, but also has independent
                            programs which are managed by the Southeast, Southwest, Northeast, or
                            Northwest Regional Office Directors. A similar situation exists for the
                            Minerals Management Service. NPS, in addition to its national programs
                            administered by the Washington Headquarters, also has independent research
                            and monitoring programs in each of its national parks and Park Service Offices
                            located in the major cities of the United States. Field and regional office
                            personnel thus have some autonomy, and may be undertaking marine or coastal
                            programs not described in this document.

            CONTACT          Department of the Interior
                            1849 C St., NW
                            Washington, DC 20240 202-208-7351













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                                       Department of the Interior
     *                           ~~~~~~Minerals Management Service (MMS)



         KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
   *                     ~~~~~~Regulatory

         OVERVIEW    MMS  is a regulatory agency dealing with mining activities of all types,
                          including exploration and recovery of terrestrial ores, oil and gas fields, and
                          outer continental shelf oil and gas deposits.

                          MMS is programmatically divided into two major offices: Offshore Miner-als
                          Management and Royalty Management.

                          The Offshore Minerals Management Office oversees all minerals mining
   *                     ~~~~~~~activities, including oil and gas, sand and gravel, sulfur, etc. on the Outer
                          Continental Shelf. The Royalty Management Office handles oil and gas, coal,
                          and other mineral receipts from leasing operations on all federal lands, onshore
                          and offshore.

                          The Offshore Minerals Management Office is divided up into several divisions
                          and offices.   At its headquarters,  these units overview  environmental,
                          geologic, petroleum and mining engineering sciences, leasing activities, and
                          inspections of industry operations. In addition, MMS has regional offices for
                          Outer Continental Shelf regions in Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and
                          Pacific.

         PROGRAMS    This program began in 1973 to support D01's offshore oil and gas leasing
                          program. The Environmental Assessment Division is the primary office dealing
         Environ-         with marine environmental protection issues. Under the Outer Continental
          mnental          Lands Act and through the development of regulatory mechanisms, the program
*        ~~Studies         seeks to minimize the effects on marine life from offshore drilling and mining
          Program          activities.   The Division works to protect marine mammals, endangered
                          species, fisheries, marine sanctuaries, coastal zones and any marine element
                          that could possibly be affected by oil, gas and mineral deposits.

    *                     ~~~~~~~In its studies of the Outer Continental Shelf, MMS studies circulation patterns
                          and the mechanisms creating those patterns. An understanding of the general
                          dynamics allows for the support of diagnostic and predictive modeling efforts.







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                MMS also performs biological research to describe the distribution and
                interactions of benthic and pelagic communities and populations. The studies
                describe the biological aspects of fisheries, birds, turtles and non-endangered
                species, as well as the dynamics of population changes. Monitoring is long-
                term and reflects population and community response to changing climatic and
                marine conditions.

                The Headquarters office provides oversight for regional activities nationwide.
                Through information from the Environmental Studies Program, the MMS
                prepares Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and reviews and monitors
                industry offshore activities.

                MMS monitors activities in all U.S. coastal areas. Development activity occurs
                in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Regions, and exploration continues in the
                Arctic.

CONTACT          Department of the Interior
                Minerals Management Service 
                 1849 C Street, NW
                Room 4212
                Washington, DC 20240 202-208-3500

                Department of the Interior
                Environmental Assessment Division
                Minerals Management Service
                381 Elden Street
                Herndon, VA 22070 703-787-1656























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                                         Department of the Interior
                                         National Park Service (NPS)



            KEYWORDS  Regulatory
                             Monitoring/Research
                             Conservation
                             Coordination

            OVERVIEW    In the National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, Congress created NPS
                             within DOI to promote, regulate, and conserve the-use of national parks,
                             monuments, and reservations.

                             Research of the NPS is primarily directed at providing needed information to
                             support the management and conservation of resources at the individual
                             national park units. Research and studies are undertaken to:

                             *     provide a sound basis for park management policy;

                             *      develop effective strategies to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to
                                   park resources;

                             *      determine the causes of resource management problems; and

                             6     increase understanding of park ecosystems.

0                              NPS undertakes three major initiatives, among a host of projects: visibility
                             resources, fire ecology, and coastal barrier dynamics. The Coastal Barrier
                             Dynamics Program is administered by Natural Resource Management* (NRM)
                             in the Wildlife and Vegetation Division; research activities are carried out in
                             the NPS' ten regional field stations.

            CONTACT          Department of the Interior
                             National Park Service
                             1849 C Street, NW
                             Washington, DC 20240 202-208-4621










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                                          Department of the Interior
                                            National Park Service
                                       Natural Resources Management


  *        ~~KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Policy

            OVERVIEW    The  Associate Director, Natural Resources  (ADNR) is responsible for
                             implementing and coordinating research in the biological, physical, and social
       *                     ~~~~~~~sciences relating to understanding, assessment and management of the natural
                             resources of the national parks, and the development of national policy. The
                             ADNR directly administers a -national research program on issues of
                             Servicewide concern regarding air, water, and biological resources, and a
                             program to develop geographic information systems. Additional research on
*                              issues of primarily regional or local concern is coordinated and implemented
                             through regional offices and individual parks. These national, regional and
                             local programs together involve substantial research that includes marine
                             ecosystems, shorelines, and coastal ecological communities influenced by
                             oceanic processes.

0           PROGRAMS    The Wildlife and Vegetation Division coordinates the National Park Service
                             research relating to national biological and ecological resources issues, and to
             Wildlife and    the formulation of NIPS policies for the conservation, management, and
             Vegetation      restoration of ecosystems, ecological communities, and plant and animal
   0  ~~Division              populations in units of the National Park System.   Important program
                             components include global change, biological diversity, integrated pest
                             management, and threatened and endangered species.

                             The Division is responsible for developing a framework to obtain baseline data
                             for assessing the status of park biological resources and detecting ecological
*                             and biological changes.

                             The Division also coordinates NPS participation in the interagency U.S. Man
                             and Biosphere Program, with emphasis on cooperative research and
                             demonstration projects involving NPS units of the International Network of
       *                    ~~~~~~Biosphere Reserves.  Nine of the 46 U.S. biosphere reserves contain one or
                             more NIPS coastal marine units.







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                The Division coordinates NPS participation in the U.S. Global Change
                Research Program.  Research to be initiated in FY91 in coastal and marine         
                ecosystems emphasizes experimental studies on potentially sensitive species of0
                coral and research on the potential effects of sea level rise and changes in the
                frequency and intensity of coastal storms on the dynamics of coastal barriers.
                These initiatives are coordinated with FWS,7 U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA,
                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and cooperating universities. 

                In cooperation with the NMFS, the Division coordinates NPS participation in
                a national program for monitoring types and amounts of marine debris on
                ocean beaches. Eight national parks units on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific
                coasts are participating.

 Geographic    The GIS Division provides technical support for developing, testing, and
Information    implementing remote sensing and GIS technologies, and coordinating the
Systems         the management of spatially referenced resource data. The Division is
Division        providing technical assistance on remote sensing techniques in data analysis for
                detecting and modeling change in several coastal barrier parks. 

                The national programs supplement field observation and research coordinated
                through regional offices and individual parks to collect baseline resource data
                on park resources and coric ct research to address regional or local
                management issues.  These programs include numerous projects involvingS
                coastal and marine ecosystems. Major projects include:

                    *  a long-term integrated ecological monitoring program for terrestrial and
                       marine ecosystems at Channel Islands National Park;

                    *  cooperative research on the effects of channel dredging (Cumberland
                       Island National Seashore), beach nourishment (Gulf Islands National
                       Seashore), and structural shoreline modification (Cape Hatteras
                       National Seashore) on coastal barriers;

                    *  dynamics of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems (Virgin Islands
                       National Park and Florida Keys);

                    *  management and restoration of sea turtle populations (Padre Island
                       National Seashore and areas in Mexico); and

                    *  population dynamics and prey interaction of the endangered humpback
                       whale (Glacier Bay National Park).







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CONTACT          Department of the Interior
                National Park Service (470)
                Natural Resources
                P.O. Box 37127
                Washington, DC 20013-7127 202-208-5193

                National Park Service
                Wildlife and Vegetation Division
                 800 N. Capitol Street, NW
                 Suite 500
                Washington, DC 20002 202-343-8100









































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                                        Department of the Interior
        *                                  ~~~~~~~~National Park Service
                                   Office of International Affairs (OJA)



*        ~~~KEYWORDS  Coordination
                           Development

          OVERVIOEW    OIA, in existence since 1960, coordinates all NPS international efforts and
                           effectively transcends the boundaries of other Park Service areas and activities.
    *                      ~~~~~~OIA  is instrumental in planning and designing~ - national parks in other
                           countries, coordinates training for the scientific and management staffs, and
                           implements several U.S. treaties and statutory commitments for international
                           conservation assistance.

          COOR])           OIA coordinates its efforts with the U.S. State Department Information
                           Agency, AID, private conservation foundations, state programs, and interested
                           universities. OIA works with the EPA's Office of International Activities* in
                           support of its project under the former US-USSR Environmental Agreement.

                           QIA goals include expanded coordination with U.S. neighboring countries on
                           shared resources and migratory species, for more effective management of the
                           U.S. natural and cultural heritage. NIPS also wants to continue to respond to
                           foreign requests for assistance in developing World Heritage resources, in
                           keeping with the purposes of UNESCO's World Heritage Convention and
                           foreign and domestic parks and reserves. NPS goals are consistent with and
    *                     ~~~~~~~directly supportive of those of the World Heritage Convention.

          PROGRAMS    Although  there is no  separate  marine program  within  the NPS, the
                           international office operates several marine related activities. OIA recently
                           helped initiate a marine park in Madhurai, India on the Gulf of Manar. OIA
    *                     ~~~~~~is also partner to a joint project under the former US-USSR Cooperative
                           Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection (Area V, "Protection of
                           Nature and the Organization of Preserves") on Beringia and the proposal for
                           an international park in the Bering Land Bridge region. Under the Cartegena
                           Convention, OLA is participating in developing a Protocol on Specially
    *                     ~~~~~~Protected Areas and Wildlife in the wider Caribbean.  Most international
                           projects are funded by the participant country, with AID and multilateral
                           (governmental and non-governmental) sources playing an increasing role.

                           NPS is involved in resource management and protection and visitor services
     *                     ~~~~~~~in respect to their own management areas, and its parks house research centers
                           in which ecosystem monitoring is performed.



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CONTACT           Department of the Interior
                 National Park Service
                 Office of International Affairs
                 PO Box 37127
                 Washington, DC  20013-7127  202-343-7063


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                             Department of the Interior
                          Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)



KEYWORDS  Regulatory
                Monitoring/Research
                 Conservation

OVERVIEW    The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 gave DOI responsibility
                for marine mammals (manatees, polar bears, walruses, sea and marine otters,
                and dugongs). Within DOI, FWS is responsible for managing these marine
                mammals and for enforcing the moratorium on taking and importing marine
                mammals and marine mammal parts. FWS has general responsibility for
                perpetuating and providing public use and enjoyment of fish and wildlife of the
                United States.

                FWS operates in the entire coastal zone, the contiguous lands, and the waters
                that flow into the zone. Through the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife
                and Parks, the Service acts as principal environmental protection advisor in
                reviewing various departmental policy and option documents for energy
                development programs including those in the coastal zone.

                FWS issues permits, conducts research programs, enforces provisions of the
                MMPA, publishes rules and regulations to manage marine mammals,
                cooperates with the states, and participates in international activities and
                agreements. In addition, FWS lists and delists species as endangered or
                threatened and undertakes other Endangered Species Act-related responsibilities
                and maintains a close working relationship with the Marine Mammal
                Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors.

PROGRAMS    FWS conducts major studies in wetland loss and biological diversity on
                preserves. FWS studies and documents the rate and location of loss of coastal
                wetlands in Louisiana, especially the Mississippi Delta. Although this loss has
                been the result of many factors, the Environmental Protection Agency has used
                these loss rates to project nationwide losses. FWS is now looking at changes
                in the rate of loss and attempting to quantify the contributions to the loss rate
                from various courses (channelization and subsequent erosional subsidence from
                oil and gas production; loss of sediments from construction of levees; sea level
                rise).







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               In its assessment of biological diversity on preserves, FWS has developed
               protocols and methodologies which use species richness and biological
               diversity to identify and map habitat for protection and management of
               wildlife, including endangered species.

CONTACT          Department of the Interior
               U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
               1849 C Street, NW
               Washington, DC  20240   202-208-4717











































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                                         Department of the Interior
                                          Fish and Wildlife Service
                                     Office of Inrernational Affairs (0IA)



            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Coordination

            OVERVIEW    Most FWS offices operate species-specific programs, so to evaluate distinctive
                             marine programs would be difficult because there is no centralized marine
*                              mammal program office.  OIA is, however, organized on a country-specific
                             basis and therefore crosses over several marine mammal issues within one
                             office.

            PROGRAMS    OIA studies the biology and ecological dynamics of virtually all marine
*                             mammal species and their habitats. The Soviet/China desk currently operates
                             marine programs under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. These programs
                             focus on:

                             a protection and management of migratory birds, marine mammals,
                                   marine ecosystems, and fish husbandry;

                             *     preservation of biological diversity; and

                             *     management of wetlands.

0                             As well as being mandated by the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act,
                             OIA's Soviet/China desk also sponsors its programs under Area V of the 1972
                             former US-USSR Cooperative Agreement in the Field of Environmental
                             Protection, "Protection of Nature and the Organization of Preserves". Some
                             of these shared activities include monitoring studies of the fauna, flora and
                             natural ecosystems of Sikhote-Alin (former USSR)  and Olympic  (US)
                             Biosphere Reserves, the conservation of marine mammals and migratory birds,
                             and ichthyology and aquaculture. Conservation priorities for the two countries
                             in the coming decade was addressed in a Conference on Conservation Research
                             and Management Strategies for the 1990's, convened in the United States in
                            June 1990.









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                 Other OIA activities include a new program to monitor the activities of walrus,
                 seals and polar bears. Through the application of transmitter collars, species
                 information will be communicated to both the U.S. and the former Soviet
                 Union via satellite. Species monitoring studies involve surveys, counts and
                 dynamics. OIA seeks in the future the ability to study populations virtually
                 any time of the year to determine their annual cycles and geographical limits.

                 Documentation of former US-USSR activity has been produced in a section in                 0
                 the Memorandum of the Twelfth US-USSR Joint Committee Meeting on
                 Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. Other international
                 contacts include China and India; interagency coordination exists with EPA
                 (FWS/OIA coordinates with EPA's Office of International Activities* in
                 administration of its joint Soviet project), NMFS*, and the State of Alaska
                 Fish and Game Service.

CONTACT           Department of the Interior
                 Fish and Wildlife Service
                 Office of International Affairs                                                            0
                 ARLSQ - 860
                 1849 C Street, NW
                 Washington, DC 20240 703-358-1762

National         FWS is developing a National Coastal Program for intra- and interagency
 Coastal          coordination of FWS' coastal and nearshore activities. FWS has trust resource
 Program          responsibilities for migratory birds, anadromous fish, endangered species,
                 marine mammals, and the Nation's National Wildlife Refuge. In fulfilling its
                 trust resource responsibilities, FWS conducts many coastal activities including
                 fish and wildlife resource management,  monitoring, research and public
                 education. Technical assistance, provided to other federal, state, and local
                 agencies and private citizens, facilitates the protection, conservation and
                 management of coastal resources.

CONTACT          Fish and Wildlife Service
                 Office of International Affairs
                 Room 860 - ARLSQ
                 4401 N. Fairfax Drive
                 Arlington, VA 22203-1610 703-358-1754











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                                       Department of the Interior
                                    U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
                                 Office of Energy and Marine Geology



*        ~KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                          Assessment

         OVERVIEW    USGS's  Office  of Energy  and  Marine  Geology  seeks  to understand
                          offshorelcoastal geology and geological processes in order to characterize the
    *                     ~~~~~~~potential energy, mineral resources, -and -environmental geohazards.

         COORD            Some offshore activities are in collaboration with the former Soviet Union,
                          Germany, Korea, United Kingdom, Canada, Spain and Italy. Regions of study
                          include the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the Pacific Basin, Polar regions and Lake
                          Baikal. No formal international agreements exist within the coastal program,
                          but technical exchanges between U.S. and foreign scientists occur frequently.

                          Interagency coordination in both programs is maintained with EPA*, NOAA*,
                          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers*, NSF* and the Navy*. The coastal program,
    0    ~~~~~~~           in addition, has direct contact with state geological surveys.

         PROGRAMS    Authorized by law to map all Federal lands, USGS operates two programs
                          within this office to do so: the Coastal Geology Program and the Program for
                          Offshore Geological Framework.

    0                     ~~~~~~The Coastal Geology Program concentrates on the geological composition and
                          erosion of nearshore and wetlands regions while the offshore program studies
                          U.S. waters with special attention to the EEZ. Both programs monitor the
                          geology and geologic processes of sediment transport and sediment
                          distribution.

                          Activities include sonar mapping of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),
                          mineral and energy resource characterization, Boston Harbor restoration,
                          mapping of the shelf and slope off San Francisco Bay, and the assessment of
                          geohazards. The offshore program hopes to complete, within the next five
    *                    ~~~~~~~years, a reconnaissance-scale survey of the entire EEZ sea floor. The coastal
                          program has recently submitted to Congress a plan for a national coastal
                          geology program which will entail a phased study approach on a regional
                          scale.






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               The geophysical information obtained for both offshore and coastal regions is
               documented in digital format on compact disc and used to produce paper
               geological atlases and maps.

CONTACT          Department of the Interior
               U.S. Geological Survey
               Office of Energy and Marine Geology
               915 National Center 
               12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
               Reston, VA 22092 703-648-6472










































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                                             Department of State
                            Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                                       and Scientific Affairs (OES)



0            KEYWORDS  Policy
                            Conservation
                            Law

            OVERVIEW    The Department of State's mission is to support U.S. foreign policy abroad.
*                              OES  is assigned to examine policy issues of international environmental
                            importance and formulate policy in the best U.S. interest. Federal technical
                            agencies such as NOAA, EPA, and U.S. Coast Guard support the Bureau with
                            technical input that assists DOS draft U.S. policy. OES is sectioned into
                            several divisions; the Oceans and Fisheries Affairs* and Environment, Health
*                              and Natural Resources* divisions deal with marine environmental policy
                            issues.

            CONTACT           Department of State
                            Office of Public Affairs
*P                             2201 C St., NW
                            Washington, DC 20520 202-647-6575

























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                                              Department of State
       0                      ~~~~~Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                                             and Scientific Affairs
                                      Oceans and Fisheries Affairs (OFA)


             KEYWORDS    Conservation
                              Policy
                             Law

*             OVERVIEW    OFA is responsible for achieving the statutory obligations of the Department
                              of State over a range of fisheries issues. OFA activities include:

                                 *  negotiations with Japan, the former USSR, and Canada concerning
                                    Pacific Salmon and is the Department lead in negotiating and
*                                      implementing agreements with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan regarding
                                    high seas driftnet fisheries.

                                 *  in response to recently passed legislation, efforts aimed at ensuring the
                                    conservation of threatened and endangered sea turtles.

         0                     *     ~~~~~~~being the Department's focus for developing a workable fisheries
                                    relationship with Canada on the Atlantic coast, in the context of the
                                    Free Trade Agreement. This effort is complicated by the different
                                    approaches to management of fish stocks which the U.S. and Canada
                                    have chosen, by declining stocks of fish, and by fisheries law
                                    enforcement problems.

                                 *  negotiating access arrangements for U.S. fishermen in other nations'
                                    waters.

*                              0      negotiating and implementing the South Pacific Tuna Treaty, which
                                    involves 16 island nations.

                              0     administering a key provision of the Fishermen's Protective Act, which
                                    indemnifies U.S. fishermen from enforcement actions by other states
         *                          ~~~~~~~~~due to claims of jurisdiction not recognized by the United States.









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                       negotiating and implementing of governing international fishery
                       agreements (Gr-FAs) for fisheries access in the U.S. 200-mile zone.
                       Eight such agreements are now in force.  A similar, but reciprocal0
                       agreement termed the Comprehensive Fisheries Agreement was
                       negotiated with the former USSR in 1988. In addition to negotiating
                       GIFA's, OFA plays a major role in their implementation through
                       determination of allocations of surplus U.S. fishery resources to foreign
                       states, processing foreign fishing permits and coordination of U.S.
                       actions regarding vessels seizures for violations of U.S. law.

                    *  supporting and participating in the work of six existing international
                       fishery conservation and management commissions, the work of other
                       international bodies such as FAO* and OECD and is as a non-voting
                       member of the eight domestic Regional Fishery Management councils.

                OFA is divided into three divisions, focusing on ocean law, marine science,
                and polar affairs. OFA is designed to ensure coordination of all three
                components. The divisions formulate U.S. foreign policy, with aid from other
                federal agencies, and represent U.S. interests in the international arena.
                Arrangements are both multilateral and bilateral in nature and effect both
                transboundary and global interests.

PROGRAMS    OLP develops international policy mechanisms to govern the open seas. OLP 
                participates in many international organizations and conventions, including:
Division         the Marine Environment Protection Committee, the Legal Committee,
 of Ocean         MARPOL of the IMO*, and UNEP' s Regional Seas Program. OFA represented
Law and          the Department of State at the 1990 Bergen Conference and the 1990
Policy           Economic Summit; OLP will also be present at the 1992 United Nations
                Conference on the Environment and Development. Bilateral agreements are
                maintained with the former Soviet Union, Canada, and Mexico among others.

                The division's responsibilities derive from problems in the framework of the
                international organizations in which the U.S. participates. For example,
                Annex V of MARPOL, which governs the disposal of trash and debris
                including plastics from ships, is not equipped to deal properly with compliance
                issues. Other areas of responsibility include freedom of navigation, review of
                worldwide maritime legislation, marine geographic and boundary issues,
                shipwrecks, offshore platforms, and ocean mining.

Division         This Division develops policy regarding the promotion of marine science. The
 of Marine        division focuses on international organizations such as Intergovernmental
Science          Oceanic Commission of UNESCO, International Council on Exploration of the
                 Seas, UN Law of the Sea, UNEP Regional Seas Program*, and virtually all
                other organizations with an international. marine science component.




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             Division         This Division focuses on the arctic and antarctic regions as well as the
             of Polar         conservation of whales and other marine mammals through such organizations
   *        ~~Affairs         as the Antarctic Treaty, Seal Convention, Commission on Conservation for
                             Antarctic Marine Living Resources, and the pending Antarctic Minerals
                             Convention.

            CONTACT          Department of State
*                              Office of Oceans and Fisheries Affairs
                             2201 C Street, NW
                             Washington, DC 20520 202-647-2335










































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                                            Department of State
                            Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental
                                           and Scientific Affairs
                               Environment, Health and Natural Resources


            KEYWORDS Policy
                            Coordination

            OVERVIEW    This Division is responsible for developing and implementing U.S. foreign
      *                     ~~~~~~policy on  environmental  issues and  coordinating  U.S.  participation in
                            international environmental organizations.

                            The Office of Environmental Protection, within this division, deals with air
                            and sea pollution, bilateral environment agreements especially involving
      *                     ~~~~~~~Canada and Mexico,  and with hazardous  substances and wastes.   Its
                            responsibilities on marine issues include the support for UNEP* programs,
                            particularly regional seas programs affecting U.S. territory. The office is
                            especially active in the Caribbean (Caribbean Action Plan and Cartagena
                            Convention) and the South Pacific (South Pacific Regional Environment
4p                            Program and SPREP Convention, signed but not yet ratified by the U.S.).
                            The Office of Environmental Protection also handles the London Dumping
                            Convention.

           CONTACT.  Department of State
                            Office of Environmental Protection
                            OES/ENV Room 4325
                            2201 C Street, NW
                            Washington, DC 20520 202-647-9266


















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U.S. Government Agencies                         U.S.-35                                      August 1992





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                              Department of Transportation
                                     U.S. Coast Guard
                       Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Security,
                               and Environmental Protection


  KEYWORDS    Coordination
                   Enforcement
                   Monitoring/Reserach
                   Regulatory
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   OVERVIEW    The Marine Environmental Protection Division (MEP) is responsible for
                   marine pollution prevention. Division goals include: establishing and
                   maintaining a downward trend in accidents and spills caused by unsafe cargo
                   transfer, handling or stowage practices; and reducing pollution in the offshore
                   marine environment by:

                          ensuring that all ocean dumping operations are conducted in approved
                          dump sites at prescribed levels

                          reducing the volume of oil released annually in the outer continental
                          shelf region of the U.S. by commercial vessel operations

                          reducing the amount of noxious liquid substances discharged annually
                          from U.S. flag vessels

                          maintaining pollution levels from offshore lightering at current level of
                          8 spills per 1000 transfer operations, and

                   *      maintaining a spill rate at a loop no greater than 20 spills per 1000
                          transfers and spill incidence under .15 BBL spills per 100,000 BBL
                          transferred per year.

  PROGRAMS    This branch within MEP is responsible for the MPRSA mandates. The branch
                   seeks to prevent pollution of the marine environment from discharges of oil,
   Prevention,     hazardous substances, dredged spoils, sewage, and wastes from vessels.
   Enforcement
   and Standards Activities include:
   Branch
                   ï¿½      enforcement monitoring of a 106 mile ocean dumpsite off of New
                          Jersey;




  U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-36                                  August 1992





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                 *      monitoring the transport of municipal and commercial waste in the U.S.
                        and issuing identification numbers and permits to disposal vessels; and

                    *  surveillance of U.S. Army Corps dredged disposal in the San Francisco
                        Bay.

                 Liaison activities are primarily with EPA* and NOAA*. On ocean dumping
                 and incineration issues, the branch works closely with EPA's Office of                  0
                 Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds*. The branch coordinates with NOAA on
                 its Coastal Zone Management Program and NMFS regarding issues of
                 MARPOL's Annex V. The branch also collaborates with EPA's Region V and
                 NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory in their effort to
                 prevent the increase in zebra mussels in the Great Lakes.  The Division also-           0
                 acts as the Coast Guard representative to the London Dumping Convention.

 Marine          The Marine Environmental Response Division, via its Environmental
 Environmental Coordination Branch, performs liaison activities with many federal and
 Coordination   international organizations such as NOAA*, EPA*, IMO*, UNEP*, the 
 Branch          Canadian  Coast  Guard,  and  many  others.   Formal  arrangements  for
                 coordinating program activities are, made through a number of agreements.
                 The U.S. Coast Guard has one or more bilateral agreements with the Mexico,
                 Canada and Bermuda on issues of mutual interest.

                 Environmental Coordination Branch goals are:

                 0     to assess spills and incidents to ensure appropriate response;

                 *      to ensure that responsible parties clean up spills whenever possible;

                 0     to mitigate the effects of spills that do occur;

                 *     to reduce the potential for spills or operation discharges in outside
                       waters from fouling U.S. waters or coastlines; and

                 *     to ensure that foreign and domestic operators of vessels and offshore
                       facilities in U.S. waters are financially able to compensate the U.S. and
                       other parties damaged by spills to the full extent of the law.

                The Division seeks to safeguard the nation's ports, waterways, waterfront 
                 facilities, vessels, personnel and property from damage, disruption, destruction
                 and injury. The Division also enforces pollution regulations.







U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-36                                 August 1992





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CONTACTS    U.S. Coast Guard, G-MEP
               Marine Environmental Protection Division
               2100 2nd St, SW
               Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0518

               U.S. Coast Guard
               Commandant (G-MEP-1)
               Prevention, Enforcement and Standards Branch
               2100 2nd St, SW
               Washington, DC 20593 202-267-6714

               U.S. Coast Guard
               Commandant (G-MEP-3)
               Environmental Coordination Branch
               2100 2nd St, SW
               Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0419

               U.S. Coast Guard, G-MPS-1
               Port Operations Branch
               Washington, DC 20593 202-267-0498






























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                              Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)


         KEYWORDS  Regulatory
                         Policy
                         Monitoring/Research
    *                     ~~~~~~Enforcement
                          Conservation
                          Coordination
                         Education

*       ~~OVERVIEW    EPA  has lead responsibility in the- federal, government for identifying,
                          evaluating, and controlling environmental pollutants. In broad terms, priority
                          elements of the EPA mission are:

                             *  to reduce public exposure to harmful pollutants;

                             *  to protect sensitive ecosystems; and

                             *  to improve management of environmental regulatory programs.

                          The purview of EPA water programs includes groundwater, surface water,
    0                    ~~~~~~~freshwater, estuarine, coastal, and oceanic pollution. EPA was created in July
                          1970 by Reorganization Plan Number 3, in response to the need exhibited
                         nationally for a federal agency dedicated to environmental protection. Specific
                         EPA mandates are derived from various laws, including the Federal Water
                         Pollution Control Act; the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act;
    0                    ~~~~~~the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act; Toxic Substances
                          Control Act; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; and the
                          Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

         PROGRAMS    EPA headquarters in Washington, DC administers twelve program and policy
    *                    ~~~~~~offices, five of which operate major programs in ocean conservation and
                          management issues. EPA also employs personnel at 10 regional offices and
                         a number of research and development laboratories, many of which directly
                         contribute to these ocean programs.

*       ~~CONTACT         Environmental Protection Agency
                         401 M Street SW
                         Washington, DC 20460 202-260-2090







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                         Environmental Protection Agency
                                    Office of Water
              Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)



KEYWORDS  Policy
                Regulatory
                Conservation

OVERVIEW    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
                Watersheds (OWOW) is one of four offices within EPA's Office of Water.
                It was created in April 1991 to bring together agency programs that manage
                and protect the aquatic ecosystems of inland and coastal watersheds. OWOW
                combines EPA Headquarters' responsibilities for addressing nonpoint source
                pollution; restoring and protecting wetland, river, lake, coastal, and marine
                environments;  and leading surface water monitoring and  water quality
                assessment activities. OWOW assists EPA regional offices in implementing
                these programs by developing policies and regulations, providing technical
                support, and serving as an advocate for the programs with Congress and the
                public at large. OWOW is organized into three divisions and a Director's
                Office.

                The three divisions of OWOW respond to a host of international, legislative,
                and regulatory directives, including the Clean Water Act, the Marine
                Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Shore Protection Act, the
                Coastal Zone Management Reauthorization Act of 1990, the Marine Plastics
                Pollution Research and Control Act, the London Dumping Convention, and
                MARPOL 73/78.

COORD            OCPD serves as the coordination point for interagency activities to protect the
                coastal and marine environment, and it works closely with other federal
                agencies, including NOAA*, Army Corps of Engineers*, U.S. Coast Guard*,
                WWS*, and MMS*, that have marine protection and regulatory responsibilities
                to develop and implement cooperative strategies and programs. OCPD serves
                as a representative to the London Dumping Convention and MARPOL.

Oceans and        OCPD is responsible for:
Coastal
Protection               Developing regulations and criteria for ocean dumping, including
Division                 sewage sludge and dredged material;
(OCPD)
                       Producing criteria for assessing the environmental impact of ocean
                       discharges;



U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-38                                 28 July 1991





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                    *  Supporting international efforts to address ocean dumping under the
                       London Dumping Convention;

                    *  Supporting  coastal protection efforts under the National Estuary
                       Program and Near Coastal Waters Program;

                    *  Identifying and assessing the sources and nature of marine debris to
                       develop a national marine debris control strategy;

                    *  Regulating transportation of waste in coastal areas and marine sanitation
                       devices (boat toilets) with the U.S. Coast Guard;

                    *  Developing enforcement guidance- and- training for marine programs;S

                    *  Providing technical and scientific support to local, State, and Federal
                       activities for ocean and coastal protection; and

                    *  Fostering public awareness of coastal and marine resources and
                       problems.

Assessment       AWPD is responsible for:
and Watershed
Protection       *      Directing and overseeing nonpoint source control programs;
Division
(AWPD)           *      Designing and coordinating information systems on water quality;

                    *  Designing and implementing surface water monitoring and assessment
                       programs;

                    *  Compiling data to produce a national water quality inventory;

                    *  Providing technical support for water quality planning, including
                       targeting priority watersheds and establishing Total Maximum Daily t
                       Loads (TMDLs); and

                    *  Administering the Clean Lakes Program, which provides technical and
                       financial support for lake restoration projects.

Wetlands         Wetlands Division responsibilities include: 
Division (WD)
                    *  Developing strategies to assist State and local governments in wetlands
                       protection efforts;

                    *  Conducting public outreach activities and developing information
                       materials on wetlands values, function, and protection;



U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-38                                 28 July 1991





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                *     Supporting interagency and international wetlands protection activities;

                a*    Acting as liaison to the Office of Research and Development on
                       wetlands research issues;

                *     Generating regulations, policies, and guidance under Clean Water Act
                       Section 404;

                *     Managing "elevated" Section 404 cases; and

                *     Mainstreaming wetlands protection into other EPA programs.

CONTACTS    Environmental Protection Agency
                Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
                401 M Street SW
                Washington, DC 20460

                Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (WH-556F)
                202-260-1952

                Assessment and Watershed Protection Division (WH-553)
                202-260-7040

                Wetlands Division (A-104-F)
                202-260-7791

























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                                     Environmental Protection Agency
                                   Office of International Activities (0IA)



            KEYWORDS Policy
                             Coordination

            OVERVIEW    OIA is responsible for formulating and coordinating EPA's international
                             policy. The office assumes lead responsibility for working with other U.S.
                             agencies and international organizations in developing international
                             environmental policy initiatives and defining U:S. positions. The office also
                             invests limited funds in the evaluation of existing international agreements and
                             other projects aimed at furthering international environmental policy.

                             EPA's involvement in international marine policy is undertaken through
*                              various international organizations, such as IMO*, UNEP*, and other global
                             and regional multi-lateral organizations. In addition, selected programs and
                             assistance are carried out through direct bi-lateral relations.

            COORD            OIA is involved in the coordination of international marine affairs through the
                             relevant multi-lateral organizations, but also through bi-lateral relations with
                             Canada and Mexico.

                             OIA, together with EPA's Oceans and Coastal Protection Division (OCPD)*,
                             support U.S. participation in IMO* activities. EPA provides technical and
                             policy advice to the Department of State* on formulating U.S. positions under
                             the LDC. EPA also supports U.S. involvement in numerous other IMO
                             activities, such as the Marine Environment Protection Committee and the
                             Legal Committee. Technical and policy support is often provided to the U.S.
                             Coast Guard* in the development of new maritime conventions that directly
                             impact the health of the marine environment.

            PROGRAMS    OIA is involved in a wide variety of activities pertaining to marine pollution,
                             particularly those issues discussed under the London Dumping Convention and
                             other bodies of IMO*. OIA supports U.S. involvement in two Regional Seas
                             Programs: the Caribbean and the South Pacific.










            U.S. Government Agencies                     U.S.-39                                  August 1992





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 Caribbean       EPA, under the direction of OIA, is working to establish a comprehensive
 Regional        program for dealing with land-based sources of marine pollution in the
 Seas            region. This includes efforts to draft an LBS protocol under the Cartagena
 Program         Convention, the development of appropriate water quality standards, various
                 forms of technology transfer, and a variety of programs aimed at improved
                 environmental quality in the Caribbean.   This includes support of the
                 Caribbean Environment Program in Pollution (CEPPOL), the Caribbean
                 Environment Program Network for data management (CEPNET), and other
                 related programs.

 South           EPA, through OIA and the Regional Office of Pacific Islands and Native
 Regional        American Affairs, carries out a variety of environmental programs in the South
 Seas            Pacific. Assistance and grant programs are administered for American Samoa,            0
 Program         Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other American Territories as well
                 as assistance to the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and
                 Palau -- all of which retain special status with the United States.

CONTACTS    Environmental Protection Agency
                 Office of International Activities (A-106)
                 International Marine Policy
                 401 M Street, SW
                 Washington, DC 20460 202-260-6983




























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                                     Environmental Protection Agency
                                      Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)
                                    Office of Radiation Programs (ORP)



            KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                             Coordination

            OVERVIEW         OAR/ORP's Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch has been in existence
                             since 1974 to manage and conduct monitoring, regulation development and
*                             international cooperation in assessment and remediation of contaminated
                             radiation sites including marine disposal sites. The branch seeks to provide
                             ecological assessments and environmental monitoring results for releases of
                             radioactive materials into the marine environment.

            PROGRAMS    Major programmatic studies include the joint Black Sea study under the US-
                             USSR Cooperative Agreement in the Field of Environmental Protection.
                             Project 02.06-31, Transport, Partitioning, and Effects of Radioactivity
                             Releases in a Marine Ecosystem, operates under Area VI of the Agreement,
                             "Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution". The project examines
                             the movement and partitioning of radionuclides resulting from the Chernobyl
                             nuclear incident in 1986, as they are carried from the Dnieper and Danube
                             River Systems into the northern Black Sea. ORP is also revising regulations
                             for ocean disposal of radioactive materials.   ORP has also issued many
                             technical reports documenting the results of studies at former U.S. deepsea
                             radioactive waste disposal sites in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using both
                             manned and unmanned submersibles and conventional survey ships.  These
                             research results can be obtained through the Department of Commerce's
                             National Technical Information Service (NTIS).

            COORD            ORP coordinates with many international agencies such as IAEA*, IMO*,
                             Commission of the European Communities, and the Ukranian Academy of
                             Sciences Institute of Biology of Southern Seas (IBSS). Interagency cooperation
                             is highlighted with NOAA*'s National Status and Trends (NS&T) program,
                             the DOE*, and MMS*.

                             Although the program is involved in some revisions of regulations, it does not
                             participate in any enforcement activities.   ORP  participates in several
                             environmental monitoring programs which are described in published study
                             reports.

*                             ORP operates under the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, and
                             Section 424 of the Surface Transportation and Assistance Act.



            U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-40                                 August 1992





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CONTACT          Environmental Protection Agency
                Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch
                 Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-461)
                401 M Street, SW
                Washington, DC 20460 202-475-9630

















































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                        Environmental Protection Agency
            Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OS4WER)
              Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)



KEYWORDS  Enforcement

OVERVIEW    OERR's Oil Spills Program was implemented under the Clean Water Act,
                Section 311, to implement a spill and response agenda. The program,
                responsible for devising action plans for oil and hazardous waste clean-up,
                operates in the CWA's jurisdictional waters (inland waters).

COORD            Program representatives will participate in the Oil Spill Conference, the
                Hazardous Substance Spills Conference and in IMO related conferences. In
                addition, the program is partner to a joint contingency plan with Mexico and
                Canada.

                Via the National Response Team, interagency cooperation is coordinated with
                NOAA, DOI, and the U.S. Coast Guard.

PROGRAMS    The program monitors up to 1,000 cleanup inspections a year. The program
                also seeks to update oil dispersion regulations and update preventive
                regulations for above-ground storage tanks. Present data collected is found in
                program spill reports.

                Problems focus on EPA's inability to delegate the program to the states due
                to Clean Water Act legislation. If allowed to do so, much pressure could be
                alleviated from Superfund.

CONTACT          Environmental Protection Agency
                Superfund (OS-210)
                401 M  Street, SW
                Washington, DC 20460 202-382-4130













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                                      Environmental Protection Agency
                                 Office of Research and Development (ORD)



            KEYWORDS  Assessment
       *                    ~~~~~~Monitoring/Research

            OVERVIEW    ORD's mission is to promote research and technical support for issues of
                             national and international importance. ORD) studies a wide range of topics and
                             operates in many EPA field offices and laboratories nationwide. In relation
*                             to marine issues, the office can be divided into five major programs.

            PROGRAMS    Thi program, developed under -the 1987 NEP, seeks to evaluate and validate
                             chemical methods and quality control materials for use in a salt water matrix.
             Office of       The program has been involved in validating methods for use in EPA's
   *        ~~Research and  National Estuary Program andEnvironmental Monitoring Assessment Program.
             Development,  In-house validation studies of quality control materials will be utilized to
             Marine          develop performance standards and to update the validated analytical methods.
             Methods         These analytical methods are required for monitoring activities performed by
                             other agency programs. Current plans exist to expand program activities and
*                             provide methods for toxic organic compounds and metals.

                             Interagency coordination lies mostly at the state level and the National Oceanic
                             and Atmospheric Administration. There is no current international facet of
                             this program.

   0    ~~contact             Environmental Protection Agency
                             Inorganic Chemistry Branch
                             Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - C
                             26 West Martin Luther King Drive
       0  ~~~~~~             Cincinnati, Ohio  45268  513-569-7301

             Ocean           Based out of EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory in Narragansett, this
            Disposal        program has been in existence since 1984. Designed under the Marine
            Program         Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (Section 103) and the Clean Water
                             Act (Sections 301k and 403), the Ocean Disposal program seeks to support the
       *                    ~~~~~~~Office of Water in providing scientific environmental criteria on waste disposal
                             and environmental analysis on impact assessment  methods.   Areas of
                             involvement include:

                                *  risk assessment methods for ocean dumping;

                                *  ocean outfall assessment methodologies;



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                 ï¿½ ocean outfall technical assistance; and

                 *     assessment  methods  for  dredged  materials,  bioaccumulation  of
                       contaminar;:s, and disposal of hazardous drilling fluids.

                Data is collected and analyzed in terms of effects and residue and documented
                 through quarterly and final reports as well as peer review publications.

                 The program will develop predictive methodologies for assessing ecological
                 impacts of ocean disposal and, in upcoming years, will provide an updated
                 ecological risk assessment.

                 The Ocean Disposal Program coordinates' with the U.S. Army Corps of'
                 Engineers, NOAA and FWS. Monitoring activities are implemented through
                 EPA/EMAP. International cooperation does not currently exist, but program
                 representatives participate in international symposia on related issues.

Contact          Environmental Protection Agency
                 Exposure Branch
                 ERL-N
                 27 Tarzwell Drive
                 Narragansett, RI 02882-1154 401-782-3000

National        The NEP was established under the 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act.
Estuary         The program's goals are protection and improvement of water quality, and
program         enhancement of living resources.  NEP shows how estuaries (and other
 (NEP)           ecosystems) can be protected through comprehensive management that:

                       identifies probable causes of environmental problems in estuaries of
                       national significance;

                 *     promotes state and local coordination to solving the problems;

                 ï¿½     advocates public participation;

                 ï¿½      focuses existing regulatory measures to act on identified problems; and

                 ï¿½     encourages innovative management approaches.

                The types of environmental problems the program faces include habitat
                degradation, contamination of sediments by toxic materials, nutrient over-
                enrichment, and hypoxia.   The  NEP  currently administers  17 estuary
                programs, nationwide.





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                The NEP is managed by EPA's Office of Water at headquarters. Technical
                and research support from ORD is based out of Narragansett. This program
                offers technical assistance to the NEP by devising water use designations,
                establishing criteria for marine and sediment technology transfer, providing
                technical and research support for remediation and making assessments for
                Superfund sites.

                Areas of involvement are near coastal waters and estuarine resiliency/recovery
                as they relate to biomarker assessment methods, wasteload allocation, and
                biomonitoring processes. The program will undertake the review of present
                technical evaluation methods and aims to continue in its technical support of
                the National Estuary Program.

                Interagency cooperation is largely with NOAA's NMFS.

Contact          Environmental Protection Agency
                Ecosystem Branch
                ERL-N
                27 Tarzwell Drive
                Narragansett, RI 02882-1154 401-782-3000

Oil Spills      This program, designed in 1986 and part of the Hazardous Waste Biosystems
(Energy         Technology Development Program, is matrix managed. The present program
Related)        manager, rotational among EPA laboratories every two years, acts as the
Program         representative to the U.S. Scientific Steering Committee.

                The program seeks to assist and promote biodegradation of hazardous waste
                and is involved with bioremediation and drilling fluids. Activities include
                revealing proposition site programs to other EPA regional offices; providing
                regional assistance in accordance with the lab's expertise; and promoting the
                development of bioremediation treatment technology for hazardous waste. The
                program ultimately endeavors to replace costly ineffective technologies with
                techniques such as transforming and mineralizing hazardous waste to innocuous
                forms.

                EPA labs included in the program are Research Triangle Park's Health and
                Effects Research Laboratory; Environmental Research Laboratories at Gulf
                Breeze, FL; Ada, OK; Cincinnati, OH; and Athens, GA.  Each lab performs
                monitoring activities in correlation with individual case studies. These labs are
                responsible for informing state agencies of current program policy and
                monitoring activities.







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                 The program is currently focused on the Alaska Bioremediation Project.
                 Initiated in response to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, EPA sought to
                 demonstrate the feasibility of augmenting, in an environmentally safe manner,
                 shoreline cleanup through the acceleration of natural microbial oil degradation
                 processes by the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Concurrently, a
                 monitoring program was instituted to check for any possible adverse
                 environmental  effects from  nutrient addition.   Based  on  these  tests,             0
                 bioremediation would be a possible candidate for further cleanup efforts in
                 Prince William Sound and future oil spills.

                 This program faces high public expectancy for results. Education efforts need
                 to alert the public that biodegradation is a new technology and no cure-all            0
                 presently exists. Scientists are limited to contained usage and must still
                 implement current technology case by case.

                 Another problem is that the engineering facet of bioremediation is far more
                 sophisticated and well-funded than biodegradation.   This program  has          
                 difficulties in keeping up with engineering-related technology because of a lack
                 of funds.

CONTACT          Environmental Protection Agency
                 Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology Branch
                 I Sabine Island Drive
                 Gulf Breeze, FL  32561-5299   904-934-9378

                 Environmental Protection Agency
                 Chemistry Research Division
                 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
                 Cincinnati, OH 45268 516-569-7586



















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                                  Environmental Protection Agency
      *                            Q~~~~~~~ffice of Research and Development
                  Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance



*       ~~KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research

         OVERVIEW    The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) was initiated
                          in Summer 1990 in order to provide the Administration, Congress, and the
                          public with annual statistical data summaries and periodic interpretive reports
    *                     ~~~~~~on ecological status and trends.  EMAP  -monitors ecosystem exposure to
                          pollutants and habitat loss and alteration that might account for poor ecosystem
                          conditions. In addition, the program seeks to establish statistical associations
                          among ecological conditions and stress indicators in order to identify factors
                          most deserving of diagnostic research. Because EMAP is concerned with
                          effects of multiple stressors, some of which may as yet be unidentified, the
                          program focuses on biological structure and ecosystem function indicators to
                          assess condition.

                          Relevant marine-related areas include wetlands, estuaries and near coastal
                          waters and the Great Lakes. (Other areas include inland surface waters,
                          forests, agro/ecology and arid lands.) Ultimately, EMAP seeks to respond to
                          the question of whether these ecosystems are improving.

                          EMAP presently operates out of Headquarters and several EPA laboratories
                          of which Narragansett, Las Vegas and Corvallis are most prominent. The
    0                    ~~~~~~Near Coastal Program is managed in Narragansett.  The Gulf Breeze lab will
                          take the lead for activities in the Gulf of Mexico.

                          EMAP has produced a schedule of program monitoring activity to be fully
                          implemented by 1995. The Virginian Province was the first biogeographic
    *                    ~~~~~~region to be implemented.  By 1995, the program seeks to monitor virtually
                          every area nation-wide with programs implemented in the Louisianian
                          Province, Carolinian Province, Acadian Province and the Pacific Coast.

                          EMAP is designed to look at ecosystem health on a regional scale rather than
    *                    ~~~~~~smaller systems like New York Harbor or Galveston Bay. Within each region,
                          scientific measurements are made every year at randomly selected stations.
                          All sampling is conducted during the summer months. Statistical data is
                         published in yearly reports. Trend statements are produced every 3-4 years.






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                 Frequent workshops are held in order to determine the current state of science.
                 International symposia have been held on the development of ecological
                 indicators. EMA_ coordinates and is planning joint programs with the U.S.
                 Geological Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and
                 U.S. Department of Agriculture as its interests relate to components within
                 each ecosystem.

CONTACT          Environmental Protection Agency
                 EMAP Headquarter Operations
                 ORD/OMMSQA (RD-680)
                 401 M Street, SW
                Washington, DC 20460 202-260-7238

                Environmental Protection Agency
                Near Coastal Program
                ERL-N
                27 Tarzwell Drive
                Narragansett, RI 02882-1154 401-782-3000
































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           National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)


KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                Coordination

OVERVIEW    NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-568). Since the mid-1970's, NASA has supported
                remote sensing technology in the study of oceans. Research involves the
                development of these techniques as well as methods for data analysis.
                Interagency coordination exists with NSF*, ONR* and NOAA*, and projects
                are initiated through proposals made by the scientific community.

                NASA goals are to promote use of remote sensing information for basic
                research of physiological and biological ocean processes and the ocean's role
                in climate.

                NASA is reorganizing its science program in the Division of Earth Sciences.
                Ocean related activities are focused on ocean circulation and air-sea
                interaction, ocean productivity and color, and polar research. These programs
                seek to advance technology in remote sensing as it relates to determining the
                ocean's relation to climate change.

PROGRAMS    The program for Physical Oceanography and Air-Sea Interaction focuses on
                ocean circulation and air-sea fluxes by using analysis of satellite data and
                numerical modeling.

Physical        The Physical Oceanography program is coordinated with foreign programs,
Oceanography World Ocean Circulation Experiment, and Tropical Ocean and Global
and Air-Sea    Atmosphere.  The program is also involved in internationally sponsored
Interaction     satellite programs such as the joint U.S.-French TOPEX/Poseidon, the NASA
                scatarometer on the Japanese ADEOS satellite, and analysis of data from the
                European ERSI satellite.

Ocean           This program focuses on determining photosynthetic primary productivity of
Productivity    the oceans through the use of ocean color sensors.  The next ocean color
and Color       mission will be Sea Wide Field Sensors (SEA-WIFS) and is coordinated with
                the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study.









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 Polar            This program focuses on the use of microwave sensors and the study of sea ice
 Program          and air-sea interaction processes in ice covered regions as well as studies of
                continental ice sheets.  The Alaska Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR) facility
                acts as a ground station for internationally transmitted satellites. The SAR
                facility receives SAR data from Japanese, European and Canadian satellites
                which is shared among the country participants.

CONTACTS         National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                Code SE
                300 E Street, SW
                Washington, DC 20546 202-358-1700









































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                        National Science Foundation (NSF)


KEYWORDS    Monitoring/Research
                Policy
                Coordination

OVERVIEW    NSF, an independent agency operating under authority of the National Science
                Foundation Act of 1950 (amended), supports scientific research to maintain
                and increase the nation's vital ability to advance in scientific and technological
                areas. NSF does not conduct research, but provides funding for scientists in
                the private sector, mostly in academic institutions. The objectives, methods,
                ultimate goals and pace of the research are all determined largely by the
                scientists proposing the research. Research projects are selected through a
                rigorous peer review process.

                The Division of Polar Programs (DPP) and the Division of Ocean Sciences,
                two of the four divisions comprising the Geosciences Directorate (GEO), are
                responsible for supporting research in marine-related areas. Other Directorates
                in support of marine-related research are the Directorates of Biology
                Behavioral and Social Sciences (marine biology and social sciences) and
                Engineering (ocean engineering).

                Compared to "mission agencies," NSF does not have a marine pollution effort,
                because there are no activities which are narrowly focused by internal
                mandates or policy. Most of the research supported can be categorized as
                basic research.   However,  NSF  supported research findings contributes
                significantly as a basis for further investigation supported by the mission
                agencies.

COORD            The Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program participates in the Global
                Oceans Flux Study and World Oceans Circulation Experiment as well as
                bilateral activity with virtually every country interested in antarctic, arctic and
                polar research. Antarctic joint studies are performed with Germany, Australia,
                France, Chile and Argentina. DPP participates in an interagency committee
                chaired by the State Department for antarctic and arctic research. The other
                agency participants are USGS*, NASA*, NOAA*, and ONR*.

                Agency cooperation is coordinated with agencies such as NASA*, DOE*,
                NOAA*, ONR*, and IOC*.







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PROGRAMS    The Division of Ocean Sciences is composed of two sections: the Ocean
                 Sciences Research Section (OSRS) and the Oceanographic Centers and
Division of     Facilities Sections (OCFS).
Ocean
Sciences        OSRS supports research through its four programs in:

                 1.    physical;

                 2.    chemical;

                 3.    geological and geophysical; and

                 4.    biological oceanography                                                            ï¿½

                 to improve understanding of, and interrelationships between, processes in the
                 ocean.

                 OCFS  supports  the  development,  acquisition,  and  operation  of  the                 0
                 instrumentation and facilities needed to carry out these research programs.
                 Within OCFS is the Ocean Drilling Program, which provides for the operation
                 and maintenance of the ocean drilling ship Joides Resolution, and research
                 funds.

                 In addition to the two sections within the Division of Ocean Sciences, major
                 scientific initiatives provide additional new foci to scientific efforts. They may
                 require intragency collaboration or require resources beyond the scope of
                 individual investigators or institutions. The development of large programs
                 involves government actions ranging from program-office decisions in the
                 early planning phase, through agency level planning and budget decisions, to
                 decisions at high political levels.

                 Most of the initiatives that are presently part of the Long Range Plan for the
                 Division of Ocean Sciences are components of the NSF Global Geosciences
                 Program,  part of the national effort to contribute to the International
                 Geosphere/Biosphere Program (IGBP). The six major initiatives are:

                 1.    World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE);

                 2.    Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA);

                 3.    Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS);

                 4.    Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE);





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                            5.     Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamic (GLOBEC); and

                            6.    Land Margin Ecosystems Research (LMER).

            Division of     DPP administers the Polar Oceans and Climate Systems Program; it supports
            Polar           basic research in the antarctic and arctic regions, including their adjacent seas.
            Programs        The Arctic program coordinates and extends U.S. research under the Arctic
                            Research and Policy Act of 1984 and directs the development, implementation,
                            and coordination of national policies and research plans. NSF leads the
                            Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee that directs U.S. research
                            efforts in the Arctic. Activities focus on the global impact of Arctic processes
                            and include the effect of sea ice and seasonal snow cover on global radiation,
                            the consequences of atmospheric carbon dioxide stored in Arctic land and
                            waters, the effect of transferring heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, and
                            how the shift in mass between regional glaciers and ice sheets might change
                            global sea levels.

                            NSF  also manages U.S. research activities in Antarctica through DPP.
                            Programs emphasize several disciplines including marine biology, marine
                            geology and geophysics, and physical and chemical oceanography.

            CONTACT          National Science Foundation
                            Polar Oceans and Climate Systems
                            Division of Polar Programs
                            1800 G St, NW
                            Room 620
                            Washington, D.C. 20550 202-357-7894

0                             National Science Foundation
                            Division of Ocean Sciences
                            1800 G St, NW
                            Room 609
                            Washington, DC 20550 202-357-9639
















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                                          Ocean Principals Group


          KEYWORDS    Coordination
                            Policy

          OVERVIEW    The Ocean Principals Group, established in 1979, seeks to provide an informal
                            forum to discuss current and emerging policy issues with multiple agency
                           jurisdiction.

                            Several agencies within the Executive Branch of the Federal Government have
                            significant responsibilities in the development and implementation of national
                            ocean-related policies and programs. These interests include, but are not
                            limited to:

                            *      marine transportation;

                            ï¿½ offshore mineral extraction;

                            *      deep seabed mineral development;

                            0  0     maritime safety;

                            a maritime law enforcement;

                            *      fisheries management;

                            0  0     environmental protection;

                            ï¿½      national defense;

                            *      Law of the Sea and other foreign policies;

                            *      applied research and development; and

                            *      overall basic scientific pursuits.

0                             The Ocean Principals Group meets quarterly to discuss and exchange views on
                            current marine issues. The regular members consist of the senior decision-
                            making officials accountable for ocean-related programs from the following
                            departments, agencies of Executive components:






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                *     National Security Council
                ï¿½     Office of Science and Technology Policy
                ï¿½     National Science Foundation
                *     Chief of Naval Operations
                ï¿½     U.S. Navy General Counsel's Office (Law of the Sea)
                ï¿½ U.S. Navy Politico Military Policy and Current Plans Office
                ï¿½ Oceanographer of the Navy
                ï¿½ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                ï¿½ NOAA
                *   DOE
                ï¿½ Department of State
                ï¿½ U.S. Coast Guard
                ï¿½ U.S. Maritime Administration                                .0
                ï¿½ DOI
                      (Office of Water and Science)
                ï¿½ U.S. Geological Survey
                      MMS
                *   EPA                                                                                 0
                *   NASA

               By consensus, the group may designate other federal officials to be included
               as regular members.

CONTACT          U.S. Coast Guard
               Commandant (G-CPP)
               2100 2nd Street, SW
               Washington, DC 20593-0001 202-267-1124






















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                                      National Security Council
                                    Policy Coordinating Committee
                                Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee


*        ~~KEYWORDS  Policy
                         Coordination
                         Law

         OVERVIEW    One of three inter-agency coordinating committees, the Policy Coordinating
    *                    ~~~~~~Committee for Law of the Sea and -Ocean Policy, established in the early
                         1970s, is tasked by the National Security Council to review international
                         oceans policy and provide background information for appropriate decision
                         making. Chaired by the Oceans Policy Office at the Department of State*,
                         this formal committee provides a forum for inter-agency coordination of
    *                    ~~~~~~~international marine issues.

         COORD           Participating agencies are:

                         0     Department of State;

                         *     Environmental Protection Agency;

                         0     Department of Commerce;

                         a National Science Foundation;

                         0     Department of Energy;

                         a Department of the Interior;

    *                     *~~~~~~ Office of Management and Budget;

                         0     Department of Transportation;

                         *     Department of Treasury; and

                         *     White House National Security Council







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PROGRAMS    Any participating U.S. Department or Agency may raise a topic for committee
                review. The Committee focus includes issues of the Law of the Sea, Regional
                Seas Program, London Dumping Convention, and international oceans policy.
                Past considerations have included:

                   *  background information for the implementation of the Exclusive
                      Economic Zone;

                   *  recommendations for the U.S. decision to deny passage of the Law of
                      the Sea; and

                   *  review process for the extension of the territorial sea.

CONTACT          Department of State
                Oceans Affairs
                Oceans Policy Coordinating Committe
                QES/OA Room 5801
                Washington, DC 20520-7818 202-647-3262 

































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                                      Smithsonian Institution


     KEYWORDS Monitoring/Research
                       Conservation
                       Education
*                     ~~~~~~Coordination

     OVERVIEW    The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1814 in
                       accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in
                       1826 bequeathed his property to the United States "to found in Washington,
*                     ~~~~~~~under the name of the Smithsonian Institution;- an establishment for an increase
                       and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and
                       accepting the trust, Congress incorporated the Institution, whose statutory
                       members are the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the
                       heads of the executive departments, and vested responsibility for administering
                       the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents.

                       Today, the Institution is a vast organization known for its research, public
                       education programs, cultural events, museums and libraries, and a host of
                       other activities. The Research Department is divided into ten different entities,
                       four of which focus on marine related issues:

                          *  International Center;

                       0      National Zoological Park;

*                      *~~~~~~ Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; and

                       0      Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

                       In addition, the Museum of Natural History conducts a significant portion of
*                     ~~~~~~the Smithsonian's marine research.

      International   In 1983, the increasingly complex global activities of Smithsonian scholars and
      Center           their collaborators were brought together under the aegis of the International
                       Center.

                      The Center has five divisions, several of which directly or indirectly deal with
                       marine issues. The divisions seek to support Smithsonian activities abroad and
                      coordinate the Institution's international interests -- particularly those that do
                       not fall within the scope of a single Smithsonian museum or office. The
*                     ~~~~~~Center provides a meeting place and a channel to bring together the world's
                       scholars, museum professionals, and decision-makers, as well as the general



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                public. Through the Center, the Institution seeks to encourage a broader
                 understanding of the histories, cultures, and natural environments of regions
                 throughout the world.

                The Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program promotes greater
                 understanding of the cultural and biological diversity of developing countries.
                 The program conducts training, both in the field and in museums, and in the
                 areas of conservation biology, natural resource management, the management               0
                 of species and habitats and research methodologies.

                 During 1989, a partnership was established among representatives in Bolivia,
                 Peru, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. An effort is under way to expand the
                 program to ten countries by 1996.                                                        S

                 The program has grown considerably, largely because of the support of
                 international organizations such as the Smithsonian-UNESCO Man and
                 Biosphere Program, AID, WWF, the World Heritage Program, and other
                 organizations that have cosponsored its activities during the last three years.0

Contact          Smithsonian Institution
                 1000 Jefferson Drive, SW
                 Washington, DC 20560 202-357-2700

National        NZP's mission includes:
Zoological
Park            *      conservation of wildlife and living systems;

                    *  research in the life sciences;

                    *  education of the public, staff, and students; and

                    *  recreation for visitors.

                 The research mission is pivotal to the success of other functions and provides
                 the foundation for all other major programs.

                 NZP does not operate a formal marine program, but marine mammal research
                 and conservation efforts have been carried out by individuals in the
                 Department of Zoological Research since 1979. Focused in behavioral and
                 physiological ecology, the goals of NZP marine research are to advance the
                 understanding of ecological and social factors which contribute to the evolution
                 of marine mammals and to provide a scientific basis for present and future
                 conservation efforts.





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                          NZP coordinates with FWS and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
                          Canada.

         Contact          Department of Zoological Research
                          National Zoological Park
                          3000 Connecticut Ave, NW
                          Washington, DC 20008 202-673-4826

          Smithsonian    Scientists at SERC are on the cutting edge of studies contributing to a better
          Environ-        understanding of complex environmental phenomena and problems.
          mental
          Research        Through regular seminars, center researchers and their counterparts from
*        ~~~Center         universities and governmental laboratories keep each other abreast of work and
                          issues in areas of mutual interest. In addition, the center organizes and hosts
                          scientific workshops on a variety of issues.

                           Currently under way are projects which study the greenhouse effect on tidal
    *                     ~~~~~~marshes, forest and water protection, and the ecology of the Rhode River
                          estuary.

         Contact          Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
                          P.O. Box 28
    *                    ~~~~~Edgewater, MD  21037  301-261-4190

          Smithsonian   Located in Panama, STRI is devoted to promoting basic research in the
          Tropical        tropics, training students for such research, and supporting efforts in
          Research        conservation and public education to ensure the future existence of
          Center          tropical environments for people to enjoy and for scientists to study.  The
                          Institute's scientific staff carries out basic, research on the ecology, behavior
                          and evolution of tropical plants and animals. The Institute is also concerned
                          with man's past and continuing activities in the tropics and the way those
                          activities affect biological processes.

    *                    ~~~~~~STRI is custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, its centerpiece
                          being the Barro Colorado Island, and operates a host of laboratories and field
                          offices.

                          STRI scientists also conduct research elsewhere in the tropics and collaborate
    *                    ~~~~~~~with colleagues at research institutions throughout the world.  The Institute's
                          reference library is one of the most extensive resources in the world on
                          tropical biology and conservation. It is also connected to the Dialog periodical
                          database and to the full bibliographic sources at the Smithsonian Institution
                          libraries in Washington, D.C.





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                 Current studies include the evolutionary consequences of dividing the ocean
                 w,. .ch looks at how the division of previously homogenous populations of
                 marine organisms affected the evolution of populations involved. STRI also
                 studies environmental effects of major oil spills in the Caribbean coastal
                 waters.

Contact          Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
                 APO Miami 34002-00110
                 Balboa, Panama (507) 62.32.15

 Smithsonian    The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port acts as one of the primary marine
 Marine           research facilities for Smithsonian scientists. Under the administration of the
 Station at      National Museum of Natural History, the station facilitates in-house research
 Link Fort       projects of a diverse nature. The station is funded by a trust fund provided by
                Seward Johnson Sr. for the purposes of promoting marine science.

                Serving the research needs of Smithsonian scientists, the station focuses on
                 studies of biodiversity, systematics, life histories and ecology of marine0
                organisms. In addition, occasional studies are carried out on geological and
                physical marine processes. The Smithsonian group numbers from 15-20
                scientists, who submit proposals annually for use of the research facility and
                for limited funding.

                Examples of projects are:

                0      ecology of foraminifera;

                0      systematics of certain gastropod mollusks;

                *      systematics and life history of smaller phyla;

                *      biology of oceanic larvae; and

                a ecology of marine plants. 

Contact          Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port
                561-- Old Dixie Highway
                Fort Pierce, FL 34946 407-465-6630










U.S. Government Agencies                    U.S.-48                                  August 1992 



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                            UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES


Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
      Fisheries Department                                               UN - 1
      Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)                         UN- 2
      Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)                   UN - 3

International Atomic Energy Administration (IAEA)                         UN - 4

International Maritime Organization (IMO)                                 UN - S
      0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
  (UNESCO)
      Man and Biosphere Program (MAB)                                    UN - 6
      Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (10C)                   UN- 7

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)                               UN - 8

United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs                           UN - 9

World Bank
      Environment Department                                             UN - 10

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)                                   UN - 11























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                                Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
                                             Fisheries Department



            KEYWORDS Coordination
*                              Development

            OVERVIEW    FAO, established in 1945, provides training and consultation to the world
                             nations on natural resources development. It plays an especially active role in
                             promoting economic and technical cooperation among developing countries.

                             The Fisheries Department is responsible for implementing FAO objectives
                             stipulated in the preamble of its constitution. Activities include:

                                   promoting national and international action for the rational management
*                                     and development of world fisheries;

                                    assisting  member  nations  to formulate  objectives,  policies,  and
                                    programs; and, where needed,

                             0      establishing institutions which will enable them to make optimum use
                                    of their living aquatic resources.

                             The Fisheries Department is organized into three divisions, two of which focus
                             on fisheries and management: Fishery Policy and Planning* and Fishery
                             Resources and Environment*.  Programs cover all aspects of the fisheries
                             sector, economic and social as well as biological and technical; all types of
                             fisheries - marine, freshwater and aquaculture; and all stages of operations,
                             including resource surveys and stock assessments, allocation of access,
                             catching, processing, reduction of post-harvest losses, distribution and
                             marketing, and international trade.

            PROGRAMS    The priorities for fishery programs are designed to achieve FAO's overall
                             objective of responding to external factors and implementing the outcomes of
                             the FAO World Conference on Fisheries Management and Development held
                             in Rome in 1984.
0
                             The FAO World Fisheries Conference Strategy has eight main elements:

                             1.    the contribution of fisheries to national economic, social and nutritional
                                    goals;





*      ' United Nations Agencies                          UN - 1                                   August 1992





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                 2.    improved   national  self-reliance  in  fishery  management  and
                        development;

                 3.    principles and practices for the rational management and optimum use
                        of fishery resources;

                 4.    the special role and needs of small-scale fisheries and rural fishing and
                        fish-farming communities;

                 5.    international trade in fish and fishery products;

                 6.    investment in fishery management;

                 7.    economic  and  technical cooperation  in  fishery management  and
                        development; and

                 8.    international cooperation in fishery management and development.

                 The major problem in program execution lies in convincing governments to
                 implement fishery management and provide adequate compensation/protection
                 for inland fisheries resulting from expanded agricultural and forestry practices.

CONTACT          Food and Agriculture Organization
                 Via delle Terme di Caracalla
                 00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 66423

























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                                 Food and Agriculture Organization
       *                                 ~~~~~~~~Fisheries Department
                             Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP)



*       ~~KEYWORDS  Policy
                         Development
                         Research
                         Coordination

*       ~~OVERVIEW    FIP provides advice and assistance to member governments on policies, plans,
                         and programs for fishery management and development. As a basis for this
                         advice, the Division undertakes studies of the major economic, social,
                         technical and institutional issues involved in fishery management and
                         development. Special attention is given to key issues such as:

                         0     monitoring, control, and surveillance of fisheries;

                         a training  fishery administrators  and  others  in the concepts  and
                                methodologies of planning fishery development;

    0                     *~~~~~~ investment and management; and

                         *     the socio-economic aspects of small-scale fishery development.

                         Technical backstopping and guidance in economic planning, analysis, and
    0                    ~~~~~~research is provided to field projects.  The Division is also responsible for
                         providing secretariat support to, and the development of policies and programs
                         for, FAQ regional fishery bodies and for ensuring liaison with international,
                         inter-governmental, and non-governmental organizations concerned with
                         fisheries. In collaboration with the Department of General Affairs and
    *                    ~~~~~~Information, it organizes the sessions of the Committee on Fisheries.

                         The Division has three components: the Office of the Director (FIPD), the
                         Development Planning Service (FIPP) and the International Institutions and
                         Liaison Service (FIPL). It coordinates the planning and execution of the
    *                    ~~~~~Programme of Action No.1I (Planning, Management and Development of
                         Fisheries) approved by the 1984 World Fisheries Conference. It is also
                         responsible for coordinating the Fisheries Department's review of progress
                         achieved in implementing the Strategy for Fisheries Management and
                         Development advised by that Conference.





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COORD            Through FIP, FAO maintains close liaison and collaboration with UNEP*,
                 IOC*, IMO*, and WHO*, as well as some regional economic groups which
                 have shown interest in fishery development programs (EEC, ECOWAS,
                 WAEC, CARICOM). Contacts are also pursued with other international
                 organizations through participation in their meetings as well as regular
                 consultations and general liaison designed to promote joint programming and
                 appropriate division of responsibilities.

PROGRAMS    FIP also administers the FAO  umbrella for inter-country collaboration in
                 fishery development and management through nine regional fishery bodies.
                 These bodies and their subsidiary committees and working parties not only
                 provide a regular forum for exchanging views and for joint actions regarding
                 fishery management and development, but also have important functions as
                 advisory bodies to the associated network of FAO-executed inter-regional,
                 regional, and sub-regional technical assistance programs. The regional fishery
                 bodies and their associated technical assistance units are thus a vital channel
                 for the delivery of international assistance to the fisheries of the developing
                 world.

.CONTACT          Food and Agriculture Organization
                 Fishery Policy and Planning
                 Via delle Terme di Caracalla
                 00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 6421


























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                                     Food and Agriculture Organization
                                             Fisheries Department
                             Fishery Resources and Environment Division (FIR)



0            KEYWORDS  Development
                             Education

            OVERVIOEW    FIR provides advice and assistance to member  governments on fishery
                             resource and environmental concerns. It promotes the effective appraisal,
*                              management, and development of marine and -inland, living resources as well
                             as for aquaculture; it is also concerned with setting and maintaining
                             appropriate standards for protecting the environment of fish. FIR provides
                             technical backstopping to the field program by assisting in project formulation
                             and evaluation and in direct assistance to project activities. It also supports the
*                              technical secretariat for the resources-oriented activities of the FAO regional
                             fishery bodies and collaboration with other UN organizations' fishery resources
                             and environmental matters. In addition, FIR is responsible for developing and
                             disseminating technical and scientific knowledge on fishery resources and
                             environment.

            PROGRAMS    FIR administers the Marine Resources Service (FIRM) and Inland Water
                             Resources and Aquaculture Service (FIRI).

             Mari ne          FIRM aims to improve knowledge of the magnitude, distribution and potential
             Resources        harvest of marine fish stocks and the use of this knowledge to optimize
   9        ~~~Service        exploitation of the world's fishery resources, either by developing fisheries on
                             under-utilized stocks or by better management of heavily fished stocks.

                             FIRM focuses on the effective dissemination of information and provision of
                             technical advice to the member nations in order to promote better methods of
                             resources  identification,  evaluation  and  management.    This  service is
                             responsible for monitoring the state of the resources on a worldwide basis.
                             Regional reviews are regularly produced. A bi-annual review of the state of
                             the world's fish resources is presented to FAO's Committee on Fisheries and
       0  ~ ~~~~~             is regularly revised in FAQ  Fisheries Circular No. 710; Revision 7 is
                             scheduled to be issued in March 1991. Information on distribution of marine
                             resources is available in the Atlas of the Living Resources of the Seas. The
                             latest edition was published in 1982. The Service is also preparing a
                             Geographical Information System for Marine Living Resources, Fisheries and
                             their Environment.





   *       ~~United Nations Agencies                      UN - 3                                  August 1992





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Inand          The Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service reviews and evaluates
Water           the use of inland water resources for fisheries, and promotes: better manage-
Resources       ment; use of improved techniques and systems for the culture of fish and
 and             other aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and marine waters; and sound
 Aquaculture   environmental conservation practices in lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
Service
                 FIRI is interested in  increasing understanding of environmental and/or
                 ecological changes caused by pollution. In particular, FIRI seeks under-
                 standing of pollution effects on aquatic living resources, strengthened national
                 institutions for monitoring and control of aquatic pollution and related research
                 and improved communication and cooperation among such institutions at both
                 regional and global levels.

                 In carrying out its activities, FIRI arranges formal and informal consultations
                 with experts in relevant fields, writes and/or edits technical papers, training
                 manuals, and reports for publication by FAO or in technical journals.

CONTACT          Food and Agriculture Organization                                                         0
                 Fishery Resources and Environment
                 Via delle Terme di Caracalla
                 00100 Rome, Italy 57.97.1, ext. 6467





























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                   International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)


KEYWORDS  Development
                Coordination
                Research

OVERVIEW    Though primarily interested in promoting nuclear energy, IAEA also seeks to
                protect human health, enforce proper waste disposal, and ensure sound
                environmental  management.    As  more  countries  become  involved  in
                international shipping and their need increases for strategic waste disposal, the
                IAEA  offers  technical  support' for  the  development  of  sophisticated
                environmental management strategies. IAEA also assists in creating better
                frameworks within which to evaluate options of waste disposal management.
                With respect to marine issues, IAEA is involved with ocean dumping and
                radioactive waste contamination.

                The Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management is responsible for
                marine-related issues. The Division of Research and Laboratories is a
                Monaco-based technical lab which engages in marine contaminant research for
                1AEA (as well as UNEP*).

                The IAEA Assembly, comprised of member state representatives, is directed
                by a board of governors which is seated by competitively selected countries.

PROGRAMS    Current efforts include the servicing of the IMO's* secretariat London
                Dumping Convention. Engaged in LDC negotiations since its initiation, IAEA
                acts as the technical expert body for ocean dumping of radioactive and non-
                radioactive materials. IAEA seeks to ensure environmental safety from
                radioactive contamination for both animal and human populations.

                The focal issue of debate is whether the LDC should altogether prohibit the
                ocean dumping of radioactive waste. Many questions have been raised about
                the differences between radioactive and non-radioactive materials.

                In addition, IAEA participates in other UN agency operations, such as
                UNEP's* GEMS and Regional Seas Programs and through the Joint Group of
                Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), sponsored
                by various UN agencies.








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CONTACT          International Atomic Energy Agency
                 Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
                 Post Office Box 100
                 Wagramerstrasse 5
                 A-1400 Vienna Austria (43)(1) 23.60.26.67

















































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                    International Maritime Organization (IMO)


KEYWORDS  Coordination
                 Policy
                 Law

OVERVIEW          Created under the United Nations in 1959, IMO provides the machinery for
                 cooperation among governments in the field of governmental regulation in
                 regards to technical matters affecting shipping in international trade. IMO
                 seeks to initiate standards for maritime safety, efficiency of navigation, and
                 prevention and control of maritime pollution from ships.

                 Cleaner oceans is the goal for the 1990s and the assurance of implementation
                 and compliance with IMO standards. In order to achieve its objectives IMO
                 promotes the adoption of over 600 codes and recommendations concerning
                 maritime safety, the prevention of pollution, and related matters.

                 The fundamental components of IMO's strategy for the protection of the
                 marine environment are:

                 *  *   to provide an effective machinery for technical, legal, and scientific
                        cooperation among governments in the field of protection of the marine
                        environment from pollution by ships and related activities and the
                        mitigation of the environmental effects of such pollution and
                        compensation;

                 0 *    to adopt the highest practicable international standards in matters
                       concerning maritime safety and prevention and control of marine
                       pollution from ships and related activities;

                 a to  encourage  the  widest  possible  acceptance   and   effective
                       implementation of these standards;

                 0      to strengthen the capacity for national and regional action to prevent,
                       control, combat, and mitigate marine pollution and to promote technical
                       cooperation to this end; and

                 a to cooperate fully with other organizations within the United Nations
                       family and relevant international, regional, and non-governmental
                       organizations (NGOs) to ensure a coordinated approach and avoid
                       duplication of efforts.





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                IMO also has consultative mechanisms with which to coordinate environmental
                endeavors with other regional groups and NGOs, e.g., South Pacific Regional
                Environment Program, Friends of the Earth International, International Union
                for the Conservation of Nature, and the Oslo, Paris and Helsinki
                Commissions.

                IMO is organized by a General Secretariat and several different committees.
                There are 132 member states and one associate member in the Assembly,
                supervised by the council. Two committees and several conventions/protocols
                will be discussed in further detail.

Marine          MEPC, established by the IMO Assembly in 1973, is the main IMO body
Environment   dealing with environmental protection.  MEPC is concerned with prevention
Committee        and control of pollution from ships and the adoption of conventions and other
                regulations to ensure their enforcement. MEPC's chief concern is with the
                development and implementation of the International Convention for the
                Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). MARPOL, adopted in 1973,
                deals with pollution by oil, as well as pollution from chemicals and other
                harmful substances, garbage, and sewage. MARPOL regulates the amount of
                oil which can be discharged into the sea by ships and bans such discharges
                completely in certain areas. Other main elements of MARPOL include:

                0     establishment of shore-based reception facilities for oil and chemical
                       residues, garbage, and sewage;

                0      strict ship construction and equipment standards which minimize to the
                       extent practical, the release of oil and chemicals in case of an accident;

                0      mandatory  provision for ship inspections and  surveys to ensure
                       compliance with international standards;

                0      rapid "tacit amendment" procedures to take account of changes in
                       technology and international seaborne trade; and

                ï¿½      promotion of technical cooperation.

                Technical problems made ratification by many states difficult. The Protocol
                of 1978 includes modifications and absorbs the parent Convention. Thus, this
                combined measure is commonly referred to as MARPOL 73/78.

                A typical agenda for this expert body would include:

                ï¿½ uniform interpretation of rules and standards;

                *      prevention of pollution by noxious solid and liquid substances;



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                                  *  arrangements for combating major incidents of marine pollution;

                                  *  identification of the source of discharged oil;

                                  *  technical assistance and shipboard and shore-based management for
                                     maritime safety and prevention of marine pollution;

         *                     *    ~~~~~~~~~reporting oil spills;

                                  *  violation of conventions and penalties imposed; and

                                  *  manuals on oil and chemical pollution.

              Technical       Organized in 1977, the Committee implements technical cooperation projects
              Cooperation    for which the Organization acts as executing or cooperating agency.  This
              Committee       committee was designed to help governments implement the requirements of
                              IMO conventions and other measures. Each year, the Organization arranges
       0  ~~~~~seminars  and  workshops  designed  to  assist  the  member  states  in
                              implementation.

                              Key elements of IMO technical assistance are:

       *                      *~~~~~~~ preparation of national legislation, rules, and regulations;

                              *     technical and legal advisory services and establishment of regional
                                     marine pollution advisers;

                              *     training offered at the World Maritime University, IMO International
                                     Maritime Academy, and several other centers and regional facilities;

                              *     promotion of regional anti-pollution arrangements in combating marine
                                     pollution emergencies and establishment and management of regional
                                     combating/training centers and specialized anti-pollution equipment
                                     stockpiles; and

                                 *  special studies dealing with such matters as evaluation of the level of
                                     risk from marine pollution in specific sea areas and the actions
                                     necessary to mitigate the effects of marine pollution in such areas, and
                                     regional overview studies of the status of marine pollution and its
                                     control.



40




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                 IMO, through this committee, actively participates with UNEP's* Regional
                 Seas Program to offer technical assistance to those states in need.  IMO                 4
                 supports special technical assistance projects worldwide and coordinates
                 training workshops so that local specialists can develop contingency planning
                 on their own.

                 IMO's Global Programme for the Protection of the Marine Environment was           
                 launched in January 1990, bringing IMO environmental technical assistance 
                 activities under a single entity.

 London          The LDC, formally named the Convention on the Prevention of Marine
 Dumping         Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matters, entered into force in 1975.
 Convention      IMO was designated for secretariat duties in relation to the Convention. Sixty-           0
                 five States have ratified or acceded to the Convention as of I October 1990.
                 The Convention controls and regulates the disposal at sea of harmful waste and
                 other materials. Certain substances known to be harmful to the ocean are
                 prohibited and regulations exist to prevent the dumping of other materials
                 which may present a risk to the marine environment and human health.  In           
                 addition, the Convention controls the incinerations of wastes on board ships
                 and sets out criteria for the selection of dumping and incineration sites at sea.

                 Current activity within the LDC centers around two main issues. The first
                 involves a re-evaluation of incineration at sea as an effective waste disposal            0
                 option. Phase-out of incineration by 1994 is possible if it can be demonstrated
                 that environmentally preferable land-based alternatives are available
                 worldwide. The second issue involves a review of radioactive waste disposal
                 that is concerning scientific, technical, political, legal, economic and social
                 aspects of the issue. The dumping of radioactive wastes and incineration at
                 sea are likely to remain the focus of attention in the short term.

                 In the longer term, issues such as export of hazardous wastes, monitoring and
                 surveillance of disposal operations, sub-seabed emplacement of wastes,
                 disposal of offshore platforms and development of a liability regime are likely
                 to require increased attention.

                 The contracting parties to the Convention have recently begun discussion on
                 the future role of the Convention. These discussions are the result of the
                 possible elimination of certain disposal practices (i.e. incineration at sea and
                 radioactive waste dumping), the development of broad interest regarding the 
                 health of the global ocean, and the desire to protect the marine environment
                 from all sources of pollution.







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                            The Convention and its permanent advisory board, the Scientific Group on
                            Dumping, meet every year. Several ad hoc meetings also occur throughout the
                            year. All meetings are attended by many United States officials.

            CONTACT         International Maritime Organization
                            Technical Cooperation Committee
                            4 Albert Embankment
                            London SE1 7SR  (44) 71 735 7611

                            International Maritime Organization
                            Marine Environment Committee
                            4 Albert Embankment
                            London SE1 7SR  (44) 71 735 7611

                            International Maritime Organization
                            Office of London Dumping Convention
                            4 Albert Embankment
0                            London SE1 7SR   (44) 71 735 7611

































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                                  United Nations Educational, Scientific
                                 and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
                                 Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB)


           KEYWORDS  Research

           OVERVIEW    MAB grew out of the 1968 International Biosphere Conference. The program
                            was officially launched by UNESCO in 1971 and was strongly endorsed by the
                            1972 UN conference on the Human Environment.

                            MAB's outputs include new scientific knowledge, guidelines for sustained land
                            management, quantitative and qualitative improvement in trained manpower,
                            and syntheses of information.

           COORD            MAB regularly cooperates with international organizations such as UNEP*,
                            FAO*, WHO*, World Meteorological Organization, International Council on
                            the Exploration of the Seas, and International Union for the Conservation of
                            Nature and Natural Resources*.

           PROGRAMS    There are MAB National Committees in more than one hundred countries.
                           The International Coordinating Council identifies program priorities. MAB's
                            fourteen international themes or project areas cover the spectrum of terrestrial,
                            freshwater, and coastal ecosystems from the tropics to the polar zones. Some
                            themes deal with man's interactions with ecosystems or physiographic units,
                           while others are concerned with processes or impacts of anthropogenic activity
                           on the natural world.

                           New research orientations adopted by MAE in 1986 include:

                            *      ecosystem functioning under different intensities of human impact;

                            ï¿½      management and restoration of human-impacted resources;

                            *      human investment and resources use; and

                           *  *   human response to environmental stress.

                           MAE currently oversees some 285 Biosphere Reserves in 72 countries, some
                           of which are coastal.






*           United Nations Agencies                      UN - 6                                  August 1992






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CONTACT   UNESCO
                Man and Biosphere Program
                7 Rue du Fontenoy
                Paris 75015 France (33)(1)45.68.10.00



















































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                      United Nations Educational, Scientific
                      and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
              Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)


KEYWORDS  Research
                Assessment

OVERVIEW    Founded in 1961, IOC's purpose is to promote scientific investigation with the
                intent of learning more about the nature and resources of the oceans. IOC
                carries out numerous activities in the field of ocean science (e.g., ocean
                mapping in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (GAPA), the Black and
                Mediterranean Seas (IBCM), the Caribbean (IBCCA), the Western Indian
                Ocean (IBCWIO), the Central Eastern Atlantic (IBCEA)), as well as ocean
                services (e.g. the International Tsunami Warning System (ITSU)).

                Strengthening of the regional subsidiary bodies, integrated implementation of
                global programs, and inter-regional cooperation are continuously important
                elements of IOC activities. Essential to the realization of those elements is an
                accelerated implementation and consolidation of the UNESCO-IOC
                "Comprehensive Plan for a Major Assistance Program to Enhance the Marine
                Science Capabilities of Developing Countries" to ensure that coastal states will
                attain sufficient capability in marine research and ocean services.

                IOC's subsidiary bodies include:

                   *  Subcommission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCARIBE)*;

                *     Regional Committee for the Central Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO);

                   *  Regional Committee for the Cooperative Investigations in the North and
                       Central Western Indian Ocean (IOCINCWIO);

                *     Program Group for the Central Eastern Atlantic (IOCEA);

                   *  Joint IOC-WMO-CPPS Working Group on the Investigations of E1
                      Nino;

                   *  Joint CCOP (SOPAC)-IOC Working Group on South Pacific Tectonics
                      and Resources (STAR); and

                   *  Joint CCOP-IOC Working Group on Studies of East Asian Tectonics
                      and Resources (SEATAR).



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PROGRAMS    GIPME was established in 1972 in response to Recommendation 90 of the
                 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment. GIPME's objective is to
 Global          provide a scientifically sound basis for the assessment and regulation of marine
Investigation   contamination and pollution. Areas of involvement include:
in the Marine
Environment            coastal area management;
                       marine waste disposal;
                       non-point source pollution;
                       accidental substance release;
                       risk assessment;
                 *     recreational uses of ocean space;
                 0     alteration of coastal habitats;
                       monitoring;
                       protected areas and species; and
                       international coordination of marine programs.

                A Joint IOC-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel for GIPME was established
                recently. The first session of the panel is being planned for the second quarter
                of 1991.

Marine          MARPOLMON operates in several IOC regions and collaborates with other
Pollution       bodies and networks. Data is collected from the South-East Pacific,
Monitoring      Caribbean, West and Central Africa, and the Mediterranean and delivered
System          regularly to regional data banks and to the IOC.  These data are used for
                regional assessments and reviews on the state of the marine environment. The
                data cover petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and in some cases, trace
                 metals and physical oceanography parameters.

Marine          In the Mediterranean, a pilot project on monitoring marine debris (litter) on
Debris          beaches and in the coastal zone has been carried out as a joint activity between
Monitoring      the IOC, FAO*, and MAP/UNEP.

Sub-            The IOCARIBE Secretariat is in the process of consolidating the GIPME
Commission    /MARPOLMON-CARIPOL Institutional Network for Marine Pollution
for the         Research and Monitoring in the Caribbean.  LOC, jointly with UNEP,
Caribbean       initiated a major Marine Pollution Assessment and Control Programme for the
and Adjacent  Wider Caribbean Region (CEPPOL) in early 1990. For further information
Regions         see IOC Workshop Report No. 59 "IOC-UNEP Regional Workshop to Review
                Priorities for Marine Pollution Monitoring, Research, Control and Abatement
                in the Wider Caribbean," (San Jose, Costa Rica, 24-30 August 1989). The
                IOCARIBE Region has been selected to implement the first training course in
                remote sensing for adequate training of future users of remotely sensed marine
                data in connection with the development of a global integrated ocean observing
                system (University of Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, 24028 September
                 1990).



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          CONTACT   UNESCO
                        Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
                        7, Place de Fontenoy
                        75700 Paris
                        France  (33)(1) 45.68.39.83















































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                            United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


            KEYWORDS    Coordination
                             Development
                             Policy

            OVERVIEW    The 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment adopted the Action Plan
                             for the Human Environment, including the General Principles for Assessment
                             and Control of Marine Pollution. In light of the results of the Conference, the
                             UN General Assembly decided to establish UNEP to serve as a focal point for
0                              environmental action and coordination -within the UN system.  Subsequently,
                             the governing council of UNEP chose oceans as one of the priority areas in
                             which it would focus efforts to fulfill its catalytic and coordinating role.

            PROGRAMS    The  Ocean and Coastal Areas Program  focuses on the global marine
                             environment, regional marine environments, and living marine resources.
                             Special attention is given to the control of pollution in regional seas and proper
                             management of their coastal areas within that concentration area.

             Global          A globally coordinated marine pollution monitoring system is presently being
             Marine          elaborated, as a contribution to GEMS and Earthwatch. In addition, the
             Problems        launching of a project on global monitoring of climate-related changes relevant
                             to the marine and coastal environment is being negotiated with IOC* and
                             WMO*.

             Regional         This program will remain the centerpiece of the oceans program.  It is an
             Seas            action-orientated program addressing both the consequences and the causes
             Program         of environmental degradation.  The program encompasses a comprehensive
                             approach to combating environmental problems through marine and coastal
                             areas management based on the needs and concerns of the regional
                             governments. In all regional action plans greater emphasis will be placed on:

                             ï¿½ integrated coastal zone management;

                                   formulation,  adoption,  and  implementation  of  pollution  control
                                   measures;

                                   analysis of problems which may be associated with the expected impact
                                   of climatic change on marine and coastal ecosystems and on socio-
                                   economic structures and activities;

                            *  *   direct assistance to governments in defining and implementing policies
                                   and measures which may mitigate or eliminate problems caused by



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                       pollution and by the negative impact of climatic change;

                 *     development and testing of procedures for environmental impact                     4
                        assessment;

                 0      training  policy-makers,  environmental  managers,  scientists  and
                        technicians in subjects relevant to the protection of coastal and marine
                        areas;

                    *  raising public awareness about the environmental problems facing the
                        marine and coastal areas; and

                    *  strengthening linkages between, existing - action plans through inter-      
                        regional activities, exchange of information and transfer of experiences.

                 Consolidation of the existing action plans for the Eastern Africa and East
                 Asian Seas and adoption of the action plan for the South Asian Seas will be
                 seen as first priority. The possible development of action plans for the South-
                 West Atlantic, the North-West Pacific, and the Black Sea will be further
                 explored.

                 UNEP is the only UN organization of the four principal groups involved in
                 marine affairs that has an integrated, trans-sectoral approach to regional               0
                 cooperation. Through its Oceans and Coastal Areas Program, UNEP brings
                 together existing marine resource management. The Regional Seas Program
                 is the primary component of the Oceans and Coastal Areas Program (OCA)
                 and is coordinated under the OCA Program Activity Center.

                 The Regional Seas Program, launched in 1974, and conceived as a global
                 program implemented through regional components, at present includes ten
                 regional action plans and has over 120 coastal states participating in it.

                 Each regional action plan is formulated to the needs of the region as perceived
                 by the governments concerned. It is designed to link assessment of the quality
                 of the marine environment and the cases of its deterioration with activities for
                 the management and development of the marine and coastal environment. The
                 action plans promote the parallel development of regional legal agreements and
                 of action-oriented program activities.

                 All action plans are designed in a similar way, although the specific activities
                 for any region are dependent on the needs and priorities of that region. An
                 action plan usually includes: environmental assessment; environmental
                 management; environmental legislation; institutional arrangements; and
                 financial arrangements.




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                             The Regional Seas Program Action Plans span:

                             1. Mediterranean;
                             2. Kuwait;
                             3. West and Central Africa;
                             4. Caribbean;
                             5. East Asian Sea;
*                             6. South-East Pacific;
                             7. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden;
                             8. South Pacific;
                             9. Eastern Africa; and
                             10. South Asian Seas.

                             The vastness of the program and the number of organizations participating in
                             various capacities in its implementation requires efficient coordination
                             mechanisms well adapted to the specific needs of each regional component.

                             Although the program is under general coordination of OCA/PAC, the
                             program's success depends on the work of specialized organizations and
                             centers dealing either with specific regions covered by the program or with
                             specific subjects common to most or all of the regions.

                             All of the Regional Seas Program instruments install policy-making bodies
                             known as Conferences of Contracting Parties and assign secretariat functions
                             to either outposted UNEP units to already existing local organization. UNEP
                             Regional Coordinating Units operate in  the Mediterranean,  Caribbean,
                             West/Central African, and Eastern African regions.

                             Organizations which are or have been involved in the Regional Seas Program
                             are: UNDP, ECE, FAO, UNESCO, IOC*, WHO*, WMO*, IMO*, UNIDO,
                             IAEA*, IUCN*, EEC, ICES.

            CONTACT          United Nations Environment Programme
                             Program Activity Center
                             Oceans and Coastal Areas
                             Post Office Box 30552
                             Nairobi Kenya (25)(42) 33.39.30

*            Mediter-         MAP, adopted in 1975, provided the foundation for the Barcelona Convention
             ranean          for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution. A five-member
             Action          bureau, elected by MAP's contracting parties meet semi-annually.
             Plan
                             The Coordinating Unit is located in Athens and a Regional Oil Combatting
*                             Center (ROCC) in Malta provides emergency response assistance for oil spills
                             and other harmful substances and contingency planning aid. The Specially



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                 Protected Areas Regional Activity Center, in Tunis, identifies preservation
                 sites and produces guidelines for these areas.

                 MAP's priorities have included cooperation on coastal management topics such
                 as land-based pollution control, historic site preservation, and planning for
                 environmentally sound economic growth. Environmental monitoring and data
                 quality assurance programs are established through the coordination of station
                 networks and new marine research laboratories. MAP has recently been
                 involved in the monitoring of atmospheric source pollutants reaching the
                 Mediterranean.

CONTACT          United Nations Environment Program
                 Program Activity Center                                                                    0
                 Oceans and Coastal Areas
                 Post Office Box 30552
                 Nairobi Kenya (25)(42) 33.39.30



































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                             United Nations Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs


             KEYWORDS  Education
                              Law
                              Development
       *                     ~~~~~~Research

            OVERVIEW    General Assembly resolution 381227 of December 1983 adopted a major
                              program on marine affairs, which included, within a single chapter, activities
                              on the law of the sea and ocean affairs, consistent with the comprehensive
       *                     ~~~~~~nature of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

                              Until now, the activities under the program have been directed primarily at the
                             provision on information, advice, and assistance to states in order to facilitate
                              a better understanding by states of the Convention, assisting them in ratifying
       *                     ~~~~~~or acceding  to it, and  promoting  its wider  acceptance  and  rational
                             implementation, as well as ensuring that the application of its provision by
                              states is uniform and consistent with the Convention.

                             The program has also provided methodological approaches to and formulated
40                             guidelines for integrated ocean management,  marine policy making, and
                             program development and has assessed the modalities of their application in
                             specific instances at the regional and national levels. Technical studies and
                             training courses covering general issues and broad implication pertaining to
                             sea-use planning, development of the marine areas under national jurisdiction,
                             marine scientific research and the assessment of offshore non-fuel mineral
                             resources were also implemented at the regional level.

                             The thrust of the program during the period 1992-97 will be to continue to
                             advise and assist states in:

                             a their acceptance of the Convention;

                             *      applying it uniformly and consistently;

                             *      implementing the Convention rationally;

                             *      focusing national ocean policy and management appropriately; and

                             *      developing their marine capabilities for the purposes of the fuller
                                    attainment of their benefits under the Convention.





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                 The program will also respond to the need for support of marine related
                 activities of organizations within the UN system and will cooperate with them
                 in order to ensure that the specialized sectoral activities system-wide are
                 consistent with the Convention regime and to promote a concerted approach
                 by the UN and its organization, agencies and bodies for the full achievement
                 of benefits by state under the Convention.

                 The program provides a wide range of legal and informational materials and
                 their analysis in order to provide:

                    *  a series of studies offering legal analysis of the materials used in or
                        resulting from the 14-year negotiating process that led to the adoption
                        of the Convention; 

                    *  a series of studies covering legal and political aspects of state practice
                        relevant to the Convention;

                    *  charts and geographical coordinates demarcating maritime zones of            
                        national jurisdiction and sovereignty following the recording of such
                        information according to established mechanisms; and

                    *  advisory services on a subregional or national basis to assist states in
                        aligning their national legislation incorporating extended areas of         
                        maritime jurisdiction in a manner consistent with the new legal regime.
                        Papers can be found in the specialized law and sea library.

CONTACT          United Nations
                 Office of the Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs
                 New York, NY  10017    212-963-3977




















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                                                   World Bank
           *                                ~~~~~~~Environment Department


            KEYWORDS  Development
*                             Policy
                             Research

            OVERVIOEW    The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), or World
                             Bank's main activity since its inception in 1946 is to lend for specific projects,
*                             carefully selected and prepared, thoroughly appraised, closely supervised, and
                              systematically evaluated. The concentration of project lending is directed at
                             ensuring that Bank funds are invested in sound, productive projects that
                             contribute to the development of a borrowing country's economy as well as to
                             its capacity to repay the loan. The Bank is both a developmental and financial
       0    ~~~~~~~          institution and each project for which it lends must satisfy both features of the
                             institution.

                             Bank projects and amounts loaned have increased over the years, and the
                             character of projects has changed to become increasingly development
       0    ~~~~~~           oriented. Lending is directed more toward poor and less developed countries
                             in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Program emphases are aimed at growth,
                             provision of basic services, and improvement of income distribution.

                             The 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (the
       0                   ~~~~~~Brundtland Commission) report emphasized the need for an international
       *                    ~~~~~~organization involved in the process of environmental management.  The
                             World Bank has developed a more comprehensive strategy in which to play
                             that role. The Environment Department expanded and environmental issues
                             are now addressed as part of an overall economic policy rather than project by
                             project. The Bank aims at addressing the environmental consequences of
0                            individual projects and identifying projects specifically aimed at environmental
                             problems.   In addition,  the Bank  stresses the development  of policy
                             interventions to influence environmental-related behavior on a large scale.
                             Special attention is paid to the severe environmental problems in Sub-Saharan
                             Africa, to the threat of deforestation, and to regional problems such as the
        *                    ~~~~~~~pollution of the Mediterranean.

                             The Environment Department consists of three divisions and contains about
                             thirty staff members and consultants. Its functions are to conduct policy and
                             research activities in a range of technical, economic, and social areas, to
 *                            support regional staff with conceptual guidance or specialized expertise, and
                             to establish and maintain information systems and data bases. The department


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                 also participates in training and informing Bank staff on environmental issues
                 through seminars, workshops, and briefings. 

                 As the Bank addresses broad environmental issues ranging from deforestation
                 to global warming and improving project design and implementation, it is
                 making a special effort to reconcile different views on important scientific and
                 technological issues that cut across sectors and to better integrate these
                 considerations into its work.                                                            0

COORD            In recognition of the importance of non-governmental organizations in the
                 development process, the Bank is developing operational collaboration with
                 NGOs, particularly those in developing countries. The Bank also works in
                 conjunction with AID* activities.  -                 -0

PROGRAMS    The Environment Department produces papers to introduce new methods for
                 environmental management strategy and engages in country-studies, in
                 response to government requests, to evaluate the critical environmental
                 problems in that country. The Bank also joins forces with other governments        
                 and organizations to address issues common to an entire region. For example,
                 the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean is being undertaken by the
                 World Bank in partnership with the European Investment Bank as well as other
                 agencies (including UNEP) and with the Mediterranean countries.

                 The Bank is now addressing a number of primary environmental problems, of
                 which efforts for conservation of biological diversity are most related to
                 marine issues. In this respect, the Bank is concerned particularly in tropical
                rainforests, wetlands, and marine environments.
                                                                                                     0P
                The Bank seeks to reduce pressures on these ecosystems through its lending
                policies in transport, agriculture, energy, industry, and other sectors.
                Research will. concentrate on developing better knowledge of the location of
                the ecosystems and the economic reasons for protecting them.

                Again in support of biological diversity, the Bank is engaged with efforts to             4
                preserve and manage wildlands, especially those of rare or endangered
                ecosystems such as wetlands, coastal marshes and estuaries, coral reefs, small
                oceanic islands, and mangrove swamps. 

                Wildland management components have two principal objectives: to prevent,          
                minimize, or partially compensate for wildland elimination, thereby conserving
                biological diversity; and to preserve or improve the environmental services
                provided by wildiands, thereby enhancing the project's economic or social
                benefits. 





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                             As a result of in-house studies, it has been recommended that the following
                             will increase wildland project effectiveness:

                                    Wildland  management  components   should  be  routinely  and
                                    systematically incorporated into certain types of Bank projects. Up to
                                    now, this has not always been done, and some projects which would
                                    have benefitted from wildland components have not included them.

                             ï¿½     Wildland components should be incorporated as early as possible within
                                    the project cycle to minimize costs and facilitate implementation.

                             *     Meeting wildland management goals requires effective management 'on
                                    the ground," not simply on paper.   The wildland management
                                    objectives have to be translated into specific measures with a budget for
                                    their implementation to reduce the risk of the establishment of "paper
                                    parks."

                             0     The multiple objectives of wildland management are most successfully
                                    attained if the wildland management area (WMA) is carefully designed.

                             0     The success of a WMA, as of other project components, is contingent
                                    upon  government commitment.    By  taking measures  to ensure
                                    counterpart financing, or by providing the financing itself, the Bank can
                                    help ensure the availability of the relatively modest sums necessary for
                                    WMA establishment and continuation.

                             Wildland areas of special marine concern are: Amazon River and associated
                             wetlands (including Varzea Forest); Orinoc River and Delta (Venezuela and
                             Columbia); Lake Atitlan (Guatemala); and several others.

            CONTACT    World Bank
                             Environment Department
                             1818 H St., NW
0                             Washington, DC  20433  202-473-3202














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                             World Meteorological Organization (WMO)


         KEYWORDS    Coordination
                          Research
                          Education
    *                     ~~~~~~policy

         OVERVIEW    WMO has three Regional Offices for Africa, the Americas, and for Asia and
                          the South-West Pacific and Six Regional Associations which coordinate
                          meteorological activity in the respective regions. Each region is covered by
    *                     ~~~~~~activities of the WMO Regional Meteorological Training Centers.

                          WMO operates two marine research related programs (with the exception of
                          its World Climate Research Program).

*        ~~PROGRAMS    Originating in 1907, this program seeks to provide marine meteorological and
                          oceanographic data and services in support of the safety of life and property
          Marine           at sea and the efficient monitoring and management of marine resources and
          Meterology       the marine environment.
          Program
                          Via this program, WMO manages public outreach and education programs,
    0                     ~~~~~~~performs policy analysis, participates in policy makting negotiations, prepares
                          and disseminates regulatory materials, and is involved in international
                          coordination of data collection, services and research.

                          Program data collected is produced in technical and white paper, review
                          articles, general press articles, newsletters, regulatory and guidance material,
                          and meeting reports.

                          Program goals are:

    *                      *~~~~~~~ to provide effective meteorological and oceanographic services for the
                                 marine user community;

                          *      to develop and maintain a composite global -marine meteorological and
                                oceanographic observing system; and

                          *      to facilitate the incorporation of scientific and technological advances;
                                and to assist member states in their development of WMO services.







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                 Upcoming workshops for this program are the Oceanographic Products
                 Seminar, Tokyo, April 1991, and the Seminar on Remote Sensing of Sea Ice,
                 Ottawa, September 1991.                                                                  0

                 The program frequently coordinates with other United Nations Agencies such
                 as IOC*, IMO*, WHO*, FAO*, and the UN's Office of Ocean Affairs and
                 law of the Sea* via the Intersecretariat Committee on Scientific Programs
                 Relating to Oceanography (ICSPRO). 

                 The program is related to the existing legislation through meteorological
                 services for shipping provided under the International Conventions for Safety
                 of Life at Sea (SOLAS) of IMO and through marine observations and research
                 undertaken in the context of the UN  Convention on the Law of the Sea              
                 (UNCLOS).

 Environmental The "Interchange Pollutants Between the Atmosphere and the Oceans" project
 Pollution       was initiated in 1975. The project seeks to study processes governing the
 Monitoring      air-sea exchange of pollutants, to assess the atmospheric transport and input      
 and Research  of pollutants into the marine environment and to study the effects of climate
 Program         and atmospheric composition changes on air-sea exchange of chemicals.

                The project collects data through scientific research and environmental
                monitoring, and chronicles information in technical and scientific papers.      

                Project goals are to improve understanding of air-sea exchange mechanisms for
                pollutants, effects of climate and atmospheric composition changes on air-sea
                exchange of chemicals, and pollutant modification of physical and chemical
                processes at the air-sea interface.  In addition, it endeavors to quantitatively  
                assess the atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants into the seas.

                Upcoming project workshops are the Expert Meeting on Global Change and
                Sea/Air Exchange of Chemicals, Rhode Island, December 1990, and the
                Workshop on Airborne Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea, France, April            
                1991.

                The project is coordinated with efforts from UNEP* and IOC* via the Joint
                Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP).
                Another international forum in which the project participates is ICSPRO.

                Project information is provided for implementation of the Convention for the
                Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution from Land-Based
                Sources.






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CONTACT          World Meteorological Organization
                Ocean Affairs Division
                Case Postale 2300
                1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland (41)(22) 73.08.23.7

                World Meteorological Organization
                WMO Technical Secretary of GESAMP
                Case Postale 2300
                1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland (41)(22)73.43.32.6











































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                    NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS


American Oceans Campaign (AOC)                                           NGO-1

Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC)                                 NGO-2

Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)                                     NGO-3

Conservation International (CI)                                          NGO-4

Council on Ocean Law (COL)                                               NGO - 5

The Cousteau Society, Inc.                                               NGO-6

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)                                         NGO-7

Friends of the Earth / Ocean Society (FOE/OS)                            NGO-8

Greenpeace                                                               NGO-9

International Game Fish Association (IGFA)                               NGO - 10

Island Resources Foundation (IRF)                                        NGO - 11

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)                                       NGO - 12

National Audubon Society                                                 NGO - 13

The Nature Conservancy (TNC)                                             NGO - 14

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)                                 NGO - 15

National Wildlife Federation (NWF)                                       NGO - 16

The Sierra Club                                                          NGO - 17

Wildlife Conservation International (WCI)                                NGO - 18

World Resources Institute (WRI)                                          NGO - 19

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)                                                NGO - 20




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International Union for the Conservation of Nature                         NGO - 21
and Natural Resources (IUCN)

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)                NGO - 22



















































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                       American Oceans Campaign (AOC)


KEYWORDS  Advocacy
                Education
                Policy
                Research

OVERVIEW    AOC has been an advocacy group promoting wise use of the oceans since
                1987. AOC's mission is to focus attention on the growing threats to the
                100,000 miles of ocean, bays, harbors, and estuaries that border our
                continental states, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico;, the Trust Territories, the
                Virgin Islands, and the Great Lakes. AOC feels that the United States lacks
                policies to deal with this growing environmental problem; it is dedicated to
                promulgating policies through a national coalition of environmental
                organizations, businesses, community groups, and the entertainment industry.

COORD            AOC  has sponsored several conferences on the protection of the marine
                environment, and intends to take a lead role in NGO involvement in the 1992
                UN Meeting on Global Change and the Environment.

PROGRAMS    AOC's primary activities include public education and outreach, lobbying and
                advocacy work, supporting scientific research on environmental degradation,
                and helping formulate effective marine policy.

                General areas of AOC involvement have included:

                0 *    coastal zone management;

                a endangered species protection;

                *      fisheries management;

                ï¿½ global climate change (an increasingly important focus of interest);

                ï¿½     general marine policy;

                ï¿½      marine protected area planning;

                *      non-point source pollution monitoring;

                ï¿½     ocean dumping issues;

                *      ocean energy development;



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                 *      oil and gas exploration and recovery impacts on coastal ecosystems;
                        and

                 *     recreational use of ocean space.

                 Specific AOC objectives include:

                 ï¿½     funding for coastal and oceans research;

                 a enactment of a national oceans and coastal protection policy;

                 ï¿½      seeking to enact new comprehensive legislation to designate and protect
                        ecologically sensitive areas; and

                 *     promoting the Clean Water, Endangered Species, Toxic Substances
                        Control, Resource Conservation Recovery, Coastal Zone Management,
                        and other Acts.

CONTACT          American Oceans Campaign
                 Washington Office
                 235 Pennsylvania Ave, SE
                 Washington, DC 20003 202-544-3526


























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                   Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC)


KEYWORDS Law
                Education

OVERVIEW    CCC is a Florida-based, non-profit organization founded in 1959 in response
                to the alarm sounded in Dr. Archie Carr's book, The Windward Road. The
                initial focus of the organization's activities was to remedy the plight of sea
                turtles.

PROGRAMS    CCC's activities are worldwide but concentrate on the Caribbean and Atlantic.
                Activities include:

                       studies of sea turtle life history and population monitoring;

                a marine conservation;

                *     watershed-wide ecological studies;

                ï¿½     public education about the importance of a healthy coastal system; and

                0  *  promotion of adoption and compliance with conservation laws and
                       international treaties.

                The CCC operates the Green Turtle Research Station at Tortuguero, Costa
                Rica, the site of the 35-year ongoing green turtle tagging program. It also
                manages a four square-mile marine impoundment on Great Iguana Island,
                Bahamas, used in long term marine turtle growth and nutrition studies.

CONTACT          Caribbean Conservation Corporation
                P.O. Box 3942
                Tallahassee, FL  32315  904-385-3306














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                      Center for Marine Conservation (CMC)


KEYWORDS  Policy
                 Research
                 Education
                 Law
                 Conservation

OVERVIEW    CMC, formerly the Center for Environmental Education, was established in
                 1972 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to protecting marine
                 wildlife and habitats and to conserving coastal and ocean resources.  CMC
                 conducts policy-oriented research, promotes public education and citizen
                 involvement, and supports domestic and international laws and programs for
                 marine conservation.

                 CMC works from its headquarters in Washington, DC and regional offices in
                 VA, FL, TX, and CA. With more than 100,000 members worldwide, CMC
                 works with private industry, conservation groups, government, and private
                 citizens, and supports international efforts to protect all wildlife species
                 threatened by international trade.

PROGRAMS    CMC is organized according to programs, which currently include the Sea
                 Turtle Program, Marine Debris and Entanglement Program, Marine Protected
                 Areas Program, and Marine Mammal Program. These programs focus on the
                 following themes:

                 *  *  conserving marine habitats (reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary
                       Act, new sanctuaries, Caribbean conservation);

                 *     preventing  marine  pollution  (national  marine  debris  database,
                       sponsoring beach cleanups, environmental quality in the Gulf of
                       Mexico, and education);

                *      managing fisheries for conservation (Marine Mammal Protection Act,
                       driftnets in the North Pacific, sea turtles and shrimp trawls);

                *  *  protecting endangered marine species (Endangered Species Act, the
                       International Whaling Commission, whalewatching, fur seals, sea turtle
                       conservation);

                *      controlling international wildlife trade; and

                       educating the public and encouraging citizen participation.



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                 Recent activities include:

                 *      worked with local conservationists and government leaders in California
                        and Florida to establish marine sanctuaries in Monterey Bay, CA, and
                        the Florida Keys;

                 ï¿½ coordinated the 1989 and 1990 national beach cleanups, providing
                        materials and guidance to tens of thousands of volunteers nationwide;

                 ï¿½ led efforts to promote regulations requiring Turtle Excluder Devices on
                        shrimp nets;

                 *      worked to prevent the deaths of dolphins in tuna nets;

                 a worked with many Florida counties and cities to control artificial
                        lighting on sea turtle nesting beaches to prevent disorientation of
                        hatchlings;

                        helped establish and maintain a moratorium on commercial whaling
                        adopted by the International Whaling Commission; and

                        forced Exxon to establish sea otter rescue and rehabilitation efforts in
                        the wake of the Prince William Sound Spill.

                 CMC publishes two quarterly newsletters, Marine Conservation News, and
                 Sanctuary Currents, a biannual newsletter called Coastal Connection, and
                 numerous public education brochures, reports, and books on specific marine
                 environmental issues.

CONTACT           Center for Marine Conservation
                 1725 De Sales St. NW
                 Washington, DC 20036 202-429-5609

















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                                       Conservation International (CI)


            KEYWORDS Development
                             Conservation

*            OVERVIEW    CI was founded in 1987 by a group of prominent international conservation
                             scientists. Cl's general mission is to help protect biological diversity by
                             combining scientific information and political leverage to solve conservation
                             problems. CI helps to foster local capacity to design and implement
                             community-based ecosystem conservation and sustainable development.

            PROGRAMS    Early projects conducted or supported by CI were restricted to sustainable-use
                             planning in Latin America. CI's sphere of influence is spreading and new areas
                             of involvement include Malagasy Republic, other parts of Africa, and parts of
                             Asia.

                             CI does not have a formal marine program. Current projects with a marine
                             component include:

                                    a survey of the condition of the Sea of Cortes ecosystem and plans to
                                    promote conservation in the area;

                                    a sustainable development strategy for Clayoqout Sound, British
                                    Columbia;

                                    joint activities with the Coastal Coalition and the Prince William Sound
                                    Science Center in Cordova, Alaska; and

                             *      mariculture and ecological restoration in Willapa Bay, Washington.

                             Other marine conservation activities are planned in Madagascar, Papua New
                             Guinea, and the South Pacific.

                             CI has approximately 75 full-time staff working in the main offices and the
                             field. Headquarters are in Washington, DC, and Portland, Oregon.











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CONTACT          Conservation International
                 1015 18th St, NW
                 Suite 1000
                 Washington, DC 20036 202-429-5660

                 Vice-President, North America
                 Ecotrust
                 1200 NW Front Ave
                 Suite 470
                 Portland, OR  97209  503-227-6225










































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                           Council on Ocean Law (COL)


KEYWORDS Law
                Policy
                Education

OVERVIEW    COL was founded in 1980 to promote the development of widely accepted
                international law for the world's oceans. To advance its mission, COL's goals
                are:

                a to overcome the obstacles preventing universal-participation in the 1982
                       Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS
                       mI);

                0      to support the further evolution of oceans laws based on the framework
                       of UNCLOS 111; and

                0      to provide accurate and  timely information on  international law
                       developments to government officials, marine policy specialists, and
                       interested members of the public.

PROGRAMS    Specific areas of interest include:

                0      national law and policy implementing UNCLOS Ill;

                0      the  role  of ocean  policy  institutions  in  addressing  large-scale
                       environmental change;

                *      development of UNEP programs;

                a elaboration of ocean pollution control treaties and regulations under the
                       auspices of IMO;

                ï¿½ evolution of policies governing marine scientific research; and

                *      development of fisheries agreements.

                COL  also sponsors The Panel on the Law  of the Ocean, composed of
                distinguished ocean law and policy experts. The Panel produces statements on
                leading ocean law topics.






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               The COL newsletter, Ocean Policy News, is distributed to more than one
               thousand subscribers in the United States and abroad. Occasional papers and
               reports of international meetings are also disseminated by COL.

CONTACT          Council on Ocean Law
               1709 New York Ave., NW
               Suite 800
               Washington, DC 20006 202-347-3766












































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                                          The Cousteau Society, Inc.


            KEYWORDS  Education
                             Research

*            OVERVIEW    The Cousteau Society is a non-profit, membership-supported organization
                             dedicated to the protection and improvement of the quality of life. The Society
                             was created in 1973 by Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his son Jean-
                             Michel Cousteau and became fully operational in 1974.

                             The Society believes that only an informed and alerted public can best make
                             the choices to provide a healthier and more productive way of life for itself
                             and for future generations. To this end, the Society conducts an array of
                             investigative programs documenting the fragility of the world's oceans.

                             The Society increases awareness of the planet's natural resources through
                             public outreach programs, film production, books and articles, syndicated
                             columns, and lecture series. The Calypso Log, for adults, and the Dolphin
                             Log, for children, are two Society periodicals which explain scientific and
                             environmental issues while also covering news of Cousteau expeditions. The
                             Society also offers Project Ocean Search, which enables the public to
                             participate in summer field study and provides on-the-scene educational
                             experiences.

            COORD            Research is conducted by in-house teams in collaboration with local scientists
                             and agencies, as well as with independent scientists from institutions and
                             universities. Cousteau crews have worked on specific projects with NASA,
                             the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the
                             Mediterranean (ICSEM), and NOAA*. Society staff have also participated in
                             UNEP* meetings to formulate international standards for Mediterranean water
                             quality, and in the NMFS's* establishment of a Marine Mammal Stranding
                            Program.

            PROGRAMS   The Society collaborates in international scientific studies to gauge the health
                            of the marine environment and the nature of the water system both locally and
                            globally.  Results of these research programs are published in scientific
                            journals and are made available to governments as a means of promoting wise
                            management policies. The Society performs two kinds of research. The first
                            is fundamental studies that help the scientific community to better understand
                            the nature of a particular region or phenomenon. The second kind of research
                            is application analyses designed to provide local resource managers and policy
*                             makers with guidelines for creating programs to protect the environment while
                            promoting reasonable development.



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                 Currenfly, Cousteau teams are engaged in a new series called "Rediscovery of
                 the World," running from 1985-1991. Both RV Calypso and RV Alcyone are
                 circling the globe while their crews document a rapidly changing planet. Their
                 goal is to provide a fresh look at a world most people believe they already
                 know. Scientific teams will attempt to make a variety of measurements of,

                 ï¿½     ocean productivity;

                 a the contributions of rivers to ocean vitality;

                 a the health of marine and freshwater habitats; and

                 a the broad global connections between such major components of the
                       biosphere as tropical forests, rivers, the atmosphere, oceans, and
                       humankind.

                 Production teams are filming the research process to help others understand
                 more about oceanography and the importance of the oceans' resources. Film
                 production is the Society's primary public outreach activity.

                 The Society's current membership is approximately 252,000 persons
                 worldwide.

CONTACT          The Cousteau Society
                 Research and Communication
                 870 Greenbrier Circle
                 Suite 402
                 Chesapeake, VA 23320 804-523-9335





















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                                    Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)


            KEYWORDS  Advocacy

            OVERVIEW    EDF was established in 1967 in response to scientists' concern about the use
                             of DDT in Long Island, New York. Since then EDF has grown to support the
                             public and scientific community through advocacy of various environmental
                             issues. EDF operates seven offices nationwide and has its headquarters in
                             New York.

                             Today, EDF is comprised of lawyers, scientists, and economists who seek to
                             identify scientifically and economically sound solutions with which to propel
                             the advancement and implementation of environmental legislation.

            COORD             EDF does not maintain bilateral international contacts on oceanic issues, but
                             is involved with multilateral organizations such as UNEP*. In addition, EDF
                             is concerned with the negotiation of several international agreements on the
                             Antarctic region.

            PROGRAMS    Although EDF does not operate a direct marine program, four of its existing
                             programs manage marine related projects.

             Wildlife         The wildlife program has a substantial interest in the implementation of the
                             Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act. EDF lobbies for the mandatory
                             inclusion of turtle excluder devices in shrimp nets and has been a major
                             contributor to the listing of the northern steller sea lion as a threatened species.
                             As part of a broader effort for the protection of coastal wetlands, EDF seeks
                             to protect fisheries on the west coast and, in Louisiana, to redistribute
                             Mississippi River sediment.

             Eastern          The eastern water program advocates the designation of a Florida Keys
             Water            marine sanctuary.

             Atmospheric   The  atmospheric  program  has  examined  how  atmospheric  deposition
                             contributes to the problem of nutrification of the Chesapeake.

*                              Initiatives are staff-generated and considered according to funding availability.
                             If possible, some proposals are undertaken even without appropriate funding.








            Non-Governmental Organizations               NGO - 7                                   August 1992





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CONTACT         Environmental Defense Fund
             Wildlife Program
             1875 Connecticut Ave, NW
             Suite 1016
             Washington, DC 20009 202-387-3500















































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                                        Friends of the Earth (FOE)
          ~~~~~~*      ~The Ocean Society (OS)



            KEYWORDS  Advocacy
*                              Law

            OVERVIEW    FOE acts as an advocacy group to influence legislation on environmental
                            issues. FOE recently merged with the Ocean Society to strengthen its Oceans
                            Program, which manages projects on virtually all marine environmental issues
*                              worldwide.

                            FOE is affiliated with governmental agencies and non-governmental
                            organizations in 38 countries and houses its secretariat in London. FOE
                            produces status reports on current project activities and submits proposals to
*                              Congress for new project initiation.

            COORD            Cooperation is common with NOAA*, EPA*, and FWS*.

            PROGRAMS    The areas of interest for the marine-related advocacy work include:

                            * 0    entanglement of marine organisms in debris;

                            *     estuarine and wetland protection;

                            0*    non-point source pollution impacts;

                            *      ocean dumping; and

                            *      ocean incineration and disposal of hazardous materials at sea.

*            CONTACT          Friends of the Earth
                            218 D St., SE
                            Washington, DC  20003  202-544-2600












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                                        Friends of the Earth (FOE)
                                           The Ocean Society (OS)



            KEYWORDS  Advocacy
*                              Law

            OVERVIEW         FOE acts as an advocacy group to influence legislation on environmental
                             issues. FOE recently merged with the Ocean Society to strengthen its Oceans
                            Program, which manages projects on virtually all marine environmental issues
                             worldwide.

                            FOE is affiliated with governmental agencies and non-governmental
                            organizations in 38 countries and houses its secretariat in London. FOE
                            produces status reports on current project activities and submits proposals to
                             Congress for new project initiation.

            COORD            Cooperation is common with NOAA*, EPA*, and FWS*.

            PROGRAMS    The areas of interest for the marine-related advocacy work include:

                             0      entanglement of marine organisms in debris;

                                   estuarine and wetland protection;

                                   non-point source pollution impacts;

                                   ocean dumping; and

                                   ocean incineration and disposal of hazardous materials at sea.

            CONTACT          Friends of the Earth
                             218 D St., SE
                            Washington, DC 20003 202-544-2600












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                                                   Greenpeace


            KEYWORDS  Advocacy

            OVERVIEW    Greenpeace is an international advocacy group for environmental protection.
                             Started in 1971, Greenpeace is now the largest environmental action group in
                             the world. Greenpeace has regional offices in Washington, London, Sydney,
                             Amsterdam, Japan, and other locations, with 24 field offices worldwide.

                             Greenpeace lobbies the U.S. Congress for better environmental regulations and
*                              initiates positive, non-violent action to save the planet from environmental
                             misuse. Areas of concern range from toxic pollution to the slaughter of
                             whales. Protests and confrontations led by Greenpeace bring threats to the
                             environment to the public's attention.

            PROGRAMS    Marine activities fall under the Ocean Ecology branch. Five campaigns have
                             direct bearing on marine conservation:

                             ï¿½ Sea Turtle Campaign;

                             ï¿½ Tuna/Dolphin Campaign;

                             *      Japanese Whaling Campaign;

                             *      Outer Continental Shelf Drilling Campaign; and

                             ï¿½ Antarctica Campaign.

                             The focus of each campaign is to build advocacy for the protection of the
                             particular resource and to facilitate collection of scientific information critical
                             to its conservation.

                             Other areas of interest are:

                             ï¿½ coastal area management;

                             ï¿½ marine waste disposal (international campaign);

                             ï¿½ oil and gas exploration;

                             ï¿½ fisheries management;

                             ï¿½ marine endangered species and habitats;



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                *      marine policy;

                *      marine parks planning; and

                   *  international coordination of marine programs.

CONTACT           Greenpeace U.S.
                Ocean Ecology Campaign
                1436 U St., NW
                Washington, DC 20009 202-462-1177





















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                                 International Game Fish Association (IGFA)


             KEYWORDS Law
                               Education
                               Policy

             OVERVIEW          IGFA was founded in 1939 to establish ethical international angling regulations
                               and to serve as a central processing center for world record catch data. In
                               1972, IGFA expanded its goals to bring anglers into closer organization and
                               better awareness of problems facing sport fishing and game fishes.
40
                               The major objectives of IGFA are:

                               ï¿½      to encourage and further the study of angling, species, and species
                                     requirements;

                               40     to work at all levels of government and industry for the preservation of
                                     species and the protection of their natural habitat;

                               *      to compile and distribute game fish information to IGFA members, the
0                                       public, and scientific and legislative government bodies for the wise use
                                     and conservation of fish species;

                              *      to ensure that the recreational angler is adequately represented at all
                                     management meetings;

*                                0      to assist and participate in domestic  and  international game  fish
                                     seminars;

                              *      to develop and support game fish tagging programs and other data
                                     collection efforts, and to aid scientific institutions which provide vital
*                                       instruction and research;

                              a to maintain and promote fair angling regulations;

                              *      to develop an international museum and reference library on game fish
                                     species, angling, and related subjects; and

                              0      to accumulate a global history of the sport of game fishing for the use
                                     and benefit of the public.





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PROGRAMS    Although the IGFA's activities include both marine and freshwater fishing and
                  fish management, most of its conservation focus is on marine fish, especially
                  tuna and billfish.

CONTACT           International Game Fish Association
                  1301 East Atlantic Blvd.
                  Pompano Beach, FL  333060   305-941-3474












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                                     Island Resources Foundation (IRF)


            KEYWORDS  Policy
                             Research
                             Education

            OVERVIEW    IRF, established in the early 1970s, is based in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin
                             Islands, with an additional office in Washington, DC. IRF's mission is to
                             assist tropical island nations in planning for sustainable and ecologically sound
                             use. IRF achieves this through:

                                    sponsoring and undertaking research on environmentally sensitive areas
                                    and commercially important natural resources;

                             ï¿½      developing policy guidelines for planning;

01                              0      producing country-wide and regional profiles on resources and their
                                    uses; and

                             *      training and apprenticeships.

0            PROGRAMS    Although many of its findings and guidelines have universal application, IRF's
                             work has centered on the Antilles Islands of the Caribbean.

                             The bulk of IRF's work focuses on coastal planning and marine resource use,
                             although visiting scientists often do research on other topics and then publish
0                              under IRF auspices.  Areas of involvement include:

                             a fisheries management;

                             0      traditional and recreational uses of marine resources;

                             0      marine mining and oil and gas exploration, recovery, refining, and
                                    shipping;

                             ï¿½      marine policy and international cooperation; and

                             *      marine endangered species management and biodiversity protection.

                             IRF publishes research reports, books, pamphlets, and scientific articles and
                             operates its own publications series. Lists of publications made available by
*                              IRF are sent to the several hundred people who are on IRF's mailing list.




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CONTACT           Island Resources Foundation
                  Red Hook Box 33, St. Thomas
                  Charlotte Amalie, VI 00802 809-775-6225




















































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                       National Academy of Sciences (NAS)


KEYWORDS  Research
                Policy

OVERVIEW    NAS  is a private, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars in
                scientific and engineering research, dedicated to furthering science in the
                United States. NAS was established by President Lincoln in 1863 via
                Congressional Charter to act as a national body for scientific consultation,
                guidance, and funding of special projects.

                In 1916, The National Research Council was created to act as the operational
                arm of the Academy. In 1964, a separate National Academy of Engineering
                (NAE) was established under charter of NAS to act as a parallel organization.
                NAS and NAE share responsibility for advising the federal government on
                science policy. Most of the activities undertaken by the two Academies are
                carried out through Commissions, Offices, and Boards of the National
                Research Council, which draws upon a wide cross-section of the nation's
                leading scientists and engineers.

                NAS  membership is divided into 25 sections: mathematics;  astronomy;
                physics; chemistry; geology; geophysics; biochemistry; cellular and
                developmental biology; physiology and pharmacology; neurobiology; botany;
                genetics; population biology, evolution, and ecology; engineering; applied
                mathematics, computer sciences and statistics; applied physical sciences;
                medical  genetics,  hematology,  and  oncology; medical  physiology  and
                metabolism; microbiology and immunology; anthropology; psychology; social
                and political sciences; economics; applied biological sciences; and agricultural
                sciences.

PROGRAMS    Three permanent NAS boards have direct involvement with ocean conservation
                and marine management issues.

Marine           The Marine Board has a technological focus and concentrates on marine
Board            instrumentation and research operations.   The Marine Board, customarily
                comprised of 18 members, analyzes technical and policy issues in order to:

                *      improve the technical basis for ocean and coastal developments and
                       uses;

                ï¿½ ensure safety, environmental protection, and competitive engineering
                       and operation of marine structures and systems; and




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                        advance the marine engineering and technology base as a resource in
                        policy formulation, program planning, and management.

                 The Board also appraises the feasibility of proposals to use the oceans and its
                 resources, reviews government policy alternatives, and evaluates the influence
                 of technical advances on public policy. It often reviews the status of research,
                 engineering, and technology in relevant fields, and projects future needs,
                 including long-range research programs.

Environmental The Environmental Studies and Toxicology Board occasionally touches on
 Studies and    marine issues, as during its recent investigation into the status and management
 Toxicology      of sea turtles.
Board

Ocean           Formed in July, 1985, the Ocean Studies Board focuses on marine ecology and
Studies Board  marine species. The Board's mission is to:

                 *     contribute to the advancement of scientific understanding of oceans by
                        maintaining continuous oversight of the health of ocean sciences;

                 0     foster the application of scientific knowledge to the wise use of the
                        ocean and its resources;

                 0     provide leadership for the formulation of national and international
                        policy and to clarify scientific issues that affect ocean policy; and

                 0     address scientific issues in cooperative international oceanographic
                        research.

                 The Ocean Studies Board performed six major activities in 1989, including:

                        the Navy Panel's advice to the Navy on long-range planning for ocean
                        sciences;

                        the CO2 Panel's work on the investigation of the role of oceanic carbon
                        in maintaining the earth's climatic stability;

                        the Committee on the Ocean's Role in Global Climate Change's
                        oversight activities;

                        the Committee on the Coastal Ocean's work on identifying gaps in
                        coastal research;






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                         *  the Continental Margins Workshop investigating the long term dynamic
                             interaction between oceanic and continental lithosphere; and

                         *  a Workshop on Issues of U.S. Fisheries.

                      Future areas of study include:

*                     *      ~~~~~~~~tactical oceanography;

                         *  molecular biology's applications in ocean studies;

                         *  further work on continental margins;

                         *  ocean acoustics;

                     *      ocean flux studies; and

                     0      interpretation of satellite information for studies of global change.

    CONTACT           National Academy of Sciences
                     2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
                     Washington, DC 20418 202-334-2000




























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                             National Audubon Society


KEYWORDS Conservation
                Education
                Research

OVERVIEW    The Audubon Society has been in existence since 1886, making it one of the
                oldest and most established conservation groups in the world. The Society is
                dedicated to the long term protection of natural resources by promoting
                rational strategies for energy use and development, protecting nature from
                pollutants, and solving the problems caused by global overpopulation.

                With the support of over 500,000 members, the Society manages wildlife
                sanctuaries, maintains strong ties to government agencies involved in managing
                natural resources, provides educational materials on environmental issues and
                vwildlife, performs ecosystem research, and produces numerous publications,
                including Audubon magazine.

PROGRAMS   The Audubon Society is involved in a vast number of environmental issues,
                but has streamlined its participation into five high priority campaigns:

                6     Ancient Forests of the Northwest;

                a Arctic National Wildlife Refuge;

                *      Clean Air;

                *     Platte River; and

                *     Wetlands.

                Nearly all of the Audubon Society's coastal and marine related work falls
                under the high-priority Wetlands campaign. The Society is working actively
                in the protection of salt marshes and barrier beaches. Other marine-related
                projects include work in the Gulf of Mexico, the Intercoastal Waterway, Long
                Island, and sea turtle conservation.

CONTACT          National Audubon Society
                2525 Wallingwood
                Suite 1505
                Austin, TX 78746 512-327-1943





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                                        The Nature Conservancy (TNC)


             KEYWORDS  Research
                              Conservation

*             OVERVIEW    TNC's mission is to identify rare and endangered species and habitats and
                              attempt to protect them through acquisition of critical lands. TNC has
                              acquired land for conservation and sponsored research on wildlife and its
                              ecology since its inception in 1951. TNC distributes a monthly magazine to
                              keep its members apprised of acquisitions and conservation projects in all U.S.
*                                regions.

             PROGRAMS    Marine activities are restricted to conservation in coastal and insular areas.
                              TNC has purchased and maintains several important coastal islands in the
                              northeastern United States, in the barrier beach area of the mid-Atlantic States,
*                                in Florida, and on the West Coast. TNC also has programs in Latin America,
                              the Caribbean, and fledgling programs in the South Pacific.

                              Through its conservation work, TNC:

                              *      practices coastal area management;

                              *      ensures the continued recreational use of natural areas;

                              *      studies risk and benefit/cost assessment;

                              0      determines environmental monitoring needs; and

                              *      works to establish larger scale, multiple-use coastal protected areas.

             CONTACT           The Nature Conservancy
                              1815 North Lynn St.
                              Arlington, VA 22209 703-841-5300














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                   Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)


KEYWORDS  Advocacy
                 Conservation
                Policy
                Law

OVERVIEW    NRDC has actively worked to defend the environment since 1970 by using a
                combination of law, science, and people in their efforts to protect nature.
                Most of NRDC's activity centers on environmental litigation complemented by
                conservation,  lobbying,  and  advocacy,  although  policy  analyses  and
                assessments are also undertaken.

COORD            NRDC works closely with federal agencies, including EPA*, NOAA*, DOI*,
                DOE*, Department of Agriculture, and Department of State*.

PROGRAMS    Three NRDC  projects have direct involvement with marine and coastal
                environmental protection and management:

                ï¿½ The Water Project focuses on non-point source pollution in near shore
                       and estuarine environments. Litigation is an important component.

                a The Coastal Project, involving NRDC's New York, San Francisco, and
                       Los Angeles offices, works in coastal management and oil and gas
                       issues through policy analysis, advocacy, and litigation.

                ï¿½      The Energy Project focuses on alternative energy sources and involves
                       both research and advocacy.

                General areas of interest for NRDC include:

                ï¿½      coastal area management;

                *      economic analyses;

                ï¿½ fisheries management;

                *      global climate change;

                a marine waste disposal;

                *      marine mining;




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                  *      non-point source pollution;

                  *      oil and gas exploration;

                  *      recreational uses of ocean space;

                  *      risk assessment and accidental substance releases; and

                  *      most importantly, enforcement and environmental monitoring.


CONTACT          Natural Resource Defense Council
                  1350 New York Ave, NW
                  Suite 300
                 Washington, DC 20005 202-783-7800



































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                                  National Wildlife Federation (NTWF)


         KEYWORDS  Advocacy
                          Conservation
                          Education

         OVERVIEW    NWF has been one of the United States' most prominent wildlife conservation
                          and public education organizations since its inception in the 1930s. Through
                          its magazines National Wildlife and Ranger Rick, the organization informs its
                          members of conservation and research activities across the country.

         PROGRAMS    Since NWF focuses on terrestrial issues, no formal program exists for marine
                          conservation activities. Wetlands issues are also addressed through the fish
                          and wildlife division.

          Coastal          NWF has been involved with this project since 1987. A recurring difficulty
0         ~~~Barrier        in carrying out the project's goals is opposition from a strong real estate
          Project          industry. NWF is working to guide development away from environmentally
                          sensitive areas through lobbying and grass roots education. Special grass roots
                          workshops are occasionally organized by NWF and news from the Coastal
                          Project is made available through the free Barrier Island Newsletter, published
                          approximately four times a year.

                          NWF also lobbies Congress for better legislative initiatives to protect coastal
                          areas, as in recent work toward reformation of the National Flood Insurance
                          Program and ongoing work to strengthen the Coastal Zone Management Act.

         CONTACT          National Wildlife Federation
                          Coastal Project
                          1400 16th Street, NW
                          Washington, DC 20036 202-797-6839
















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                                                 The Sierra Cub


             KEYWORDS  Advocacy
                              Conservation

             OVERVIEW    The Sierra Club is a conservation organization that was founded in 1892 by
                              John Muir. The mission of the organization is to protect, preserve, and
                              promote the enjoyment of the natural environment. Lobbying for stronger
                              environmental legislation accounts for approximately twenty to thirty percent
                              of the organization's activities. Project activities include:

                              ï¿½      lobbying for better legislation;

                              ï¿½      constituency-building;

                              *      encouraging state conservation land purchases;

                              0      coordinating environmental strategies; and

                              ï¿½ boosting legislative support for important coastal issues.

                              The Sierra Club's geographical area of interest includes all of the United
                              States, including the territories, and the wider Caribbean  area.   Some
                              international work is done by the International Committee, which involves
                              itself in U.N. issues such as adherence to MARPOL.

0             PROGRAMS    The Club's National Coastal and Continental Shelf Committee focuses on
                              marine and coastal environmental issues. Topics include:

                              *      coastal and estuarine pollution;

                             ï¿½      coastal zone management;

                             *      coastal barriers;

                             *      marine mining;

                             ï¿½ marine sanctuaries; and

                             a offshore oil and gas activity.






            Non-Governmental Organizations               NGO - 17                                   August 1992





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CONTACT          Sierra Club
                 Coastal Committee
                 11194 Douglas Avenue
                 Marriotsville, MD 21104 410-442-5639


















































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                     Wildlife Conservation International (WCI)


KEYWORDS  Conservation

OVERVIEW    WCI is the field research and conservation branch of the New York Zoological
                 Society. Its nineteenth century genesis, marked by an 1897 survey of the
                 condition of Alaskan wildlife, makes it the world's senior conservation
                 organization. Since its inception, WCI scientists and conservationists have
                 helped:

                 ï¿½      to establish parks and reserves;

                 *      to train park administrators and scientists;

                 *      to study the status and requirements of vanishing species;

                 *      to plan for conservation in concert with economic development; and

                 a to create special conservation and education programs.

                 WCI headquarters are in the Bronx Zoo facility in New York City. Grant
                 proposal reviews and program directives are decided by the headquarters
                 office, with input from resident staff.

PROGRAMS    With over ten full-time zoologists, WCI sponsors some 70 projects a year in
                 35 countries. No official marine program exists, but it is notable that one of
                 the most significant projects supported by WCI in the last several years, and
                 which won the prestigious Crawford prize in environmentalism in 1990, was
                 the program to help save Belize's barrier reef ecosystem. Approximately 20
                 percent of WCI's field projects have links to marine and coastal ecosystem
                 study and conservation.

CONTACT           Wildlife Conservation International
                 NY Zoological Society
                 Bronx Zoo
                 185th Street & Southern Blvd.
                Bronx, NY  10460  212-220-5155









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                                      World Resources Institute (WRI)


            KEYWORDS  Research
                             Policy
                             Coordination

            OVERVIEW    WRI is a multidisciplinary, issue-oriented research organization and think tank
                             that was established in 1985 through a $25 million grant from the John D. and
                             Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago. Policy analysis and research
                             on resource use and management is WRI's primary activity. WRI develops
                             position papers and hosts conferences on legal mechanisms and decision
                             making for science and environmental policy.

            COORD            With regard to marine issues, WRI works directly with IMO* and UNEP*.
                             In addition to studying their policy-setting mechanisms, WRI provides
                             education programs and assistance to member states in local implementation
                             of UN conventions and protocols. WRI also gives assistance to less developed
                             countries in the formulation of law and policy which will enable them to lead
                             more effective, independent environmental management strategies.

            PROGRAMS    WRI does not currently direct specific policy activities, but instead operates
                             within the existing general framework of international organizations that have
                             resource management authority. Special emphasis is placed on working within
                             the United  Nations structure.   WRI  makes  recommendations  to these
                             international organizations on a variety of issues, including pollution control
                             compliance and verification, education, program implementation, and
*0                             environmental decision-making.  The bulk of WRI's work concentrates on
                             international agreements and developing ways in which to improve their
                             effectiveness.

                             New projects will focus on mechanisms to coordinate agency priorities in order
*                             to develop more effective implementation of common goals and interests.
                             Organizations will be analyzed to develop more effective structures for policy-
                             making.

                             WRI has no formal marine program, although marine issues are often
0                             addressed on a case-by-case basis.  Projects which are not solely marine
                             related but have marine components include analyses of biodiversity priorities
                             and assessments of global warming and global change.







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CONTACT         World Resources Institute
                 1709 New York Avenue, NW
                Washington, DC  20006  202-638-6300



















































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                                        World Wildlife Fund (WWF)


            KEYWORDS    Conservation
                            Policy
                            Coordination

            OVERVIEW    The U.S. WWF is a member of the worldwide WWF family, headquartered
                            in Gland, Switzerland. WWF has more than one million members.

                            WWF's mission is the conservation of nature. Using the best available
                            scientific knowledge and advancing that knowledge wherever possible, WWF
                            works to preserve biological diversity and the health of ecological systems.
                            WWF:

                            ï¿½ helps to protect natural areas and wild population of plants and animals;

                            0  0     fosters  sustainable  approaches  to the use  of renewable  natural
                                  resources; and

                            *     promotes more efficient use  of resources and energy,  with the
                                  maximum reduction of pollution.

                            The World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation affiliated in 1985 and
                            merged in 1990. WWF/CF also makes recommendations to marine policy
                            decision-makers and works with government agencies and non-governmental
                            organizations to create and implement marine projects. These agencies include
                            UNEP*,  U.S.  AID*,  and  numerous  South  American  and  African
                            organizations.

            PROGRAMS   WWF  is in the process of developing a formal marine program.   The
                            organization's marine interests relate primarily to the protection of marine
*                             biological diversity from both pollution and overexploitation.  Areas of
                            involvement include:

                            *     protecting  living marine resources,  (e.g.,  marine  mammals  and
                                  fisheries);

                            *     preventing and mitigating pollution in the marine environment, with
                                   special emphasis on U.S. estuarine resources; and

                            ï¿½ protecting special marine areas (e.g., marine parks, sanctuaries, coral
                                  reefs, and mangroves).




            Non-Governmental Organizations             NGO - 20                                  August 1992





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               WWF participates in a joint venture with The Nature Conservancy (TNC)* and
               the World Resources Institute's* Center for International Development and 
               Environment.

Biodiversity    As the lead organization, WWF houses the USAID-funded Biodiversity
Support          Support Program (BSP). BSP facilitates conservation activities in USAID
Program          -assisted countries and has active marine interests.   BSP has five major
               components: 

                   *  technical assistance;

               *      small grants for biodiversity research;

               *      training  to improve  countries  capacities  to  conserve  biological
                      resources;

               *      information collection and dissemination network; and

                *      pilot demonstration projects.

CONTACT           World Wildlife Fund
               Science
                1250 24th St, NW 
               Washington, DC  20037  202-778-9600

               Conservation Foundation
               Environmental Quality
               1250 24th St., NW
               Washington DC,  20037  202-778-9645



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                    International Union for the Conservation
                    of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCA)
                             World Conservation Union


KEYWORDS    Conservation
                Coordination

OVERVIEW    IUCN is a non-governmental, non-profit membership organization representing
                all major conservation agencies and groups worldwide. IUCN's current
                membership stands at approximately 380 organizations. IUCN members meet
                at three year intervals to define priorities for action under IUCN general
                assembly recommendations.

                IUCN is also responsible for drafting the highly acclaimed World Conservation
                Strategy. The document summarizes the priorities and recommends effective
                means to combat global environmental problems.

PROGRAMS   The activities carried out by the IUCN Secretariat and its members in support
                of conservation comprise the IUCN Program. IUCN has an extensive network
                of physical and natural scientists, resource managers, planners, lawyers and
                other specialists who work with the IUCN Commissions, specialized centers,
                programs, and field projects. Many of them deal with marine and coastal
                planning, marine conservation, and marine resource management issues.

Coastal         This program's mission is to develop and apply the principles and methods
and Marine    needed for the sustainable use and management of critical ocean and coastal
Programme    ecosystems and species. The Coastal and Marine Programme was established
                in the IUCN Secretariat to facilitate the application of the wide-ranging
                expertise in formulating the marine components of national, regional, and
                international conservation strategies and action plans. Once these strategies
                and plans are formulated, the Marine Programme office promotes their
                implementation in collaboration with the IUCN network and other
                organizations. The program's goal is to achieve significant improvements in
                the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources worldwide.

CONTACT          International Union for the
                  Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
                Coastal and Marine Programme
                IUCN
                Ave. du Mont Blanc
                Gland, Switzerland CH 1196  41.22.649.114



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                    International Council for the Exploration
                                  of the Sea (ICES)



KEYWORDS  Coordination
                Education
                Research

OVERVIEW    ICES is the oldest inter-governmental organization in the world concerned with
                 marine and fishery sciences. Since its inception in 1902, ICES has been a
                 scientific forum for exchanging information and ideas on the seas and marine
                living resources.

                ICES works on the premise that international cooperation in research is vital
                if marine resources are to be conserved and exploited rationally. In keeping
                 with this belief, it works to promote and coordinate research undertaken by
                experts within its seventeen member countries.

                Present members of ICES include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany,
                Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
                Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. The ICES Secretariat
                is based in Copenhagen, and oversees the administration of ICES activities.

COORD            The scientific staff of member country laboratories have a long tradition of
                working together at ICES. The council also works closely with fisheries
                regulatory commissions in the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and North Atlantic.

PROGRAMS    ICES  is involved with all aspects of oceanographic and marine biological
                research, including:

                 ï¿½     physical and chemical properties of the sea;

                 0     biology, ecology, and population dynamics of exploited fish and
                       shellfish stocks;

                *      contamination and quality of the marine environment;

                 ï¿½      fishing techniques;

                *      marine mammal studies; and

                ï¿½      mariculture.




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                ICES publishes extensive literature on all of the above subjects. In addition,
                ICES organizes standing committees, working groups, ad hoc teams, special
                meetings, and symposia on special issues. Annual Statutory Meetings allow
                member states to stay informed on new research findings and current topics of
                interest.

                The programmatic work of ICES is divided into twelve overseeing committees:

                *     Anadromous and Catadromous Fish;

                *     Baltic Fish;

                *     Biological Oceanography;

                *     Demersal Fish;

                *     Fish Capture;

                *     Hydrography;

                *     Mariculture;

                *     Marine Environmental Quality;

                *     Marine Mammals;

                *     Pelagic Fish;

                    *  Shellfish; and

                *      Statistics.

CONTACT          U.S. Delegate to International Council
                  for the Exploration of the Sea
                Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
                Woods Hole, MA 02543 508-548-1400

                General Secretary
                International Council for the
                  Exploration of the Sea
                Palaegade 2-4
                DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark






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                                             CANADIAN AGENCIES


             Environment Canada                                                           CAN - 1





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Canadian Agencies                                                                              August 1992





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                                              Environment Canada


             KEYWORDS  Assessment
                              Conservation
                              Coordination
                              Enforcement
                              Law
                              Regulatory
                              Monitoring/Research
                              Policy

             OVERVIEW    The federal Minister of Environment's responsibilities are defined by such
                              policies as Canada Water Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Candian Environmental
                              Protection Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, and National Parks Act.

                              Activities carried out through departmental programs, include:

                              *     promotion of objectives or standards relating to environmental quality
                                    or to controlling pollution;

                              a wise management and use of renewable resources;

                              0     environmental impact assessments of new federal projects; and

                              *     preservation of nationally significant natural and cultural heritage.

                             Environment Canada is active in the preservation of biological diversity and
                             promotion of international consensus for global action.

                             The department is also involved with international partners in identifying ways
                             to assist developing countries to meet international environmental standards.

                             Environment Canada participates in a growing number of international
                             meetings, summits, conferences, and other environmental fora and complies
                             with numerous conventions, protocols, and international agreements. The
                             department is active in technical exchange with organizations such as UNEP*,
*                             Economic Commission for Europe, Organization for Economic Cooperation
                             and Development, and WMO*.

            PROGRAMS    Environment Canada's marine-focused activities are conducted under two of
                             its central line organizations: Conservation and Protection Service (C&P) and
*                             Canadian Parks Service. Management is carried out at the headquarters level,
                             with implementation organized at each of the five regional centers.



*0           Canadian Agencies                           CAN - 1                                 August 1992





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                The centers are located in the Atlantic region, Ontario, Quebec, the Western
                & Northern region, and the Pacific & Yukon territory.

Conservation   The Conservation and Protection Service is responsibile for the conservation,
and Protection enhancement and management of Canada's renewable resources of water, land,
Service         and  wildlife.   This responsibility includes water quantity and  quality
                monitoring, aquatic research, management of migratory birds and the
                protection of threatened or endangered species.

                In addition, the Conservation and Protection Service is responsible for
                protecting environmental quality. This includes preventing, reducing, or
                eliminating adverse environmental effects for new developments, releases of
                pollutants, and the use of hazardous chemicals. It also involves cleaning up
                harmful substances that have been spilled.

                Three directorates under C&P implement marine activities:

                *     Environmental Protection

                0     Inland Waters Directorate

                *      Canadian Wildlife Service

Environmental The Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) Branch of the Office of Waste
Protection -    Management implements national regulatory policy for land-based marine
Office of       pollution, shellfish harvesting, ocean dumping, and marine environmental
Waste           quality standards.
Management

Ocean           The MEP implements a permit system for safe ocean disposal of industrial
Dumping         wastes and dredged materials.

Shellfish       The Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program (CSSP) is jointly administered by
Sanitation      Environment  Canada,  Department  of Fisheries  and  Oceans, and  the
                Department of Energy. The objective of the program is to protect public
                health from contaminated molluscan shellfish by controlling recreational and
                commercial shellfish harvesting. CSSP is conducted according to procedures
                jointly agreed to by Canada and U.S. in a 1948 Bilateral Agreement.

Land Based    As part of the Federal Green plan, Canadian initiatives include remedial action
Sources of      plans for at least 11 Atlantic harbours and coastal areas and Canada's National
Marine          Waste Reduction Plan seeking to cut the amount of waste produced by 50%
Pollution       by the year 2000.



Canadian Agencies                           CAN - 1                                 August 1992





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              London          MEP representatives participate in the London Dumping Convention and are
              Dumping         also actively involved in the global control of land based sources of
*             Convention    marine pollution.

              Inland Waters The Inland Waters Directorates (IWD) marine programs are focused in estuary
              Directorate     and near coastal regions.  Also mandated by the Canadian Environmental
                              Protection Act, primary marine related responsiblity lies in the development
*                             of marine quality guidelines and will soon be involved in research and
                              monitoring programs as well.

              Environmental The Environmental Emergency Branch, administered under IWD is responsible
              Emergency       for environmental mitigation of oil and contaminated waste spills. Specific
              Branch          programs include crisis management, spill preparedness, and prevention of
                              spills. The National Environmental Emergency Center is involved directly in
                              spill clean up activities.

              Canadian        The Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) is committed to the management and
              Wildlife        conservation of migratory and waterfowl stocks. With the aid of research and
              Service         monitoring programs administered in regional centers around Canada, CWS
                              protects endangered seabirds and develops management plans for the controlled
                              take of waterfowl.

                              Priorities for wildlife conservation include:

                              *     identification and protection of habitat critical to wildlife;

                              *     research on biology and dynamics of wildlife populations and on
                                     habitat, as the basis for effective management;

                                     development and enforcement of appropriate regulations for wildlife
                                     protection; and

                                     partnerships  with  other  levels  of  government,  non-government
 0                                   organizations, and the private sector in cooperative protection and
                                     conservation efforts.

                              In addition, research continues on the levels and effects of contaminants in
                              seabirds, birds of prey and other wildlife. Data is also used as an indicator for
                              environmental quality.









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Canada Parks Parks Canada's marine programs are primarily terrestrial. However, in
Service -       1986 Canada adopted a policy governing national marine parks. Parks Canada
National        intends to represent each of the 29 marine natural regions which characterize
Parks           the diversity of Canada's coastal zone and surrounding oceans within a system
Directorate    of national marine parks.

                Parks Canada is very active in the St. Lawrence and Sagueney regions. The
                St. Lawrence Centre is the primary instrument created to support the St.
                Lawrence Action Plan. The centre seeks to act as both a catalyst and
                integrator for collective action for the development of expertise in the
                management of large river systems.

CONTACTS    Minister of Environment
                Environment Canada
                Place Vincent Massey
                351 St. Joseph Blvd.
                Hull, Quebec KIA 0H3
                                                                                                   0
                Assistant Deputy Minister
                Conservation and Protection
                819-997-1575

                Chief, Marine Environment Division
                Office of Waste Management
                Conservation and Protection
                819-953-1699

                Director General
                Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate
                Conservation and Protection
                819-997-2019

                Director, Migratory Birds & Wildlife Conservation
                Canadian Wildlife Service
                Conservation and Protection
                819-947-2957

                Director General
                National Parks Directorate
                Parks Canada
                7th Floor
                7425 Eddy Street
                Hull, Quebec KIA 0H3
                819-994-2657




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                                                                                                                                                   Policy Centers               ,i



















































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     APPENDIX A - MARINE POLICY CENTERS - North America


Center for Oceans Law & Policy
University of Virginia
School of Law
Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
Telephone: (804)924-7441
FAX: (804) 924-7362

Center for the Study of Marine Policy
College of Marine Studies
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware 19716-3501
Telephone: (302)831-8086
FAX: (302)831-3668

The East West Center (EWC)
1777 East-West Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96848
Telephone: (808) 944-7111
FAX: (808)944-7376

Graduate Program in Marine Affairs
The Marine Affairs Program
The University of Rhode Island, Washburn Hall
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881-0817
Telephone: (401)792-2596
FAX: (401)792-2156

Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources
East Carolina University
Mamie Jenkins Building
Greenville, NC  27858-4353
Telephone: (919)757-6779
FAX: (919)757-4265

Marine Law Institute
University of Maine School of Law
246 Deering Ave
Portland, ME 04102
Telephone: (207)780-4474
FAX: (207)780-4913





                                The Global Oceans Directory


Marine Option Program
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Marine Sciences Building Room 229
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822-9987
Telephone: (808) 956-8433
FAX: (808)956-2417

Marine Policy Center
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Telephone: (508)457-2000, ext. 2774
FAX: (508)457-2184

Marine Resource Management Graduate Program
College of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Telephone: (503)737-3504
FAX: (503)737-2064

Ocean and Coastal Law Center
School of Law University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403-1221
Telephone: (503)346-3845
FAX: (503)346-1564

Oceans Institute of Canada/
Institut canadien des oceans
1236 Henry St., 5th floor
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5
Telephone: (902)494-3879
FAX: (902)494-1334

Ocean Systems Management Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Room 5-207
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA  02139
Telephone: (617)253-5151
FAX: (617)253-8125





                               The Global Oceans Directory


School of Marine Affairs
University of Washington HF-05
3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE
Seattle, Washington 98195
Telephone: (206)543-7004
FAX: (206)543-1417

Technology and Policy Program
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIM)
Room E40-252
Cambridge, MA 02139
Telephone: (617)253-7693
FAX: (617)253-7140