[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                                       Remote 5en5ing for
                            Coastal Resource Managers:
                                                    An Overview



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                         1997

             GC
             10.4     ;artment of Commerce
             R4
             R46      I Oceanic an6i Atmoopheric Adminiotration
             1997     1 Ocean 5ervice
             c. 3








                                         ORCA Organization                                                A            Conterlte

                             The Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and                               1. Introduction          ...................................................I
                             Assessment (ORCA) is one of four line offices of
                             the National Oceanic and Atmospheric                                         2. What is remote sensing?                 ................................3
                             Administration's (NOAA) National Ocean Service                                        Ocean Color        ..................................................5
                                                                                                                   Sea Surface Temperatures              .............................6
                             (NOS). ORCA provides data, information, and                                           Circulation      .................................................7
                             knowledge for decisions that affect the quality of                                    Wave Height        ................................................8
                             natural resources along the nation's coasts and in                                    Sea Surface Winds            ......................................8
                                                                                                                   Sealce      .........................................................9
                             its estuaries and coastal waters. It also manages                                     Coastal Land Cover & Wetland Mapping...9
                             most of NOANs marine pollution programs.
                             ORCA consists of three divisions and a center: the                           3. Relationship to Coastal Resource
                             Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA)                                          Management          .........................................     13
                             Division; the Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects                                       Environmental Monitoring                  ...................... 13
                                                                                                                   Resource Inventory and P apping                     ........... 14
                             Assessment Division (CMBAD); the Hazardous                                            Damage Assessment               ................................. 15
                             Materials Response and Assessment Division                                            Protected Area Management                 ...................... 15
                             (HAZMAT); and the Damage Assessment Center                                            Coastal Hazards            ................................... 16
                             (DAC), a part of NOAA!s Damage Assessment and                                4. Realities of Acquiring and Processing                      ......... 17
                             Restoration Program.                                                                  Data Realities          ...................................... 17
                                                                                                                   Acquiring and Procesing                ......................... 19
                                         The kernote 5en6ino Team                                         5. Concluding Thoughts              .....................  ................ 21
                             Walton B. Campbell                                                                    Current Requirements                 ......................... 21
                             Joann M. Nault                                                                        A Look Toward the Future               ......................... 22
                             Robert A. Warner                                                             6. Additional Reading              ...................................... 23
                             <1          Acknowledgmente,                                                 7. Glossary       ............................................................ 24
                             The Team thanks the following SEA Division per-                              8. Summary of Appendices                    ............................. 29
                             sonnel: Daniel J. Basta (chief), and Charles
                             Alexander, for providing guidance and direction
                             throughout the process of developing this report;
                             Pam Rubin, David Lott, and Davida Remer for their
                             assistance in its production. Substantial insights and
                             two figures were contributed by external review-
                             ers Victor Klemas of the University of Delaware,
                             Ken Haddad of the Florida Marine Research
                             Institue and Donald Field of the NOAA Coastal                                A           On the Cover
                             Services Center.                                                             A hioh-rcoolution 5atellite imaec of FlorWa bay (Decernber
                                                                                                          1995) u9ine KVR-1000 inotrument. Captain Key iq located at
                                                                                                          @ottorn leftthe Manatee Key5 areat upperri0ht. Thea@ovc-
                                                                                                          water lan I jo clearly outlinci, while the oul@mcrecd cora I, oand
                                                                                                          and mucl arcao appear much liohter. Parker oh3cle5 of blue
                                                                                                          indicate cleelper watem andlor dark-colorc6i veectatiori (ter-
                                                                                                          rootrial or oul@rnerocd). Averaoc rcoolution i5 2 metcro per
                                                                                                          pixel (note 300 m ocale @ar).






                      Remote 5en5ing for Coaotal Re5ource Manager5:
                                                                An Overview













                                                                           This report presents an overview of satellite-based re-
                                                                           mote sensing technologies, and discusses their poten-
                                                                           tial as tools for assessing, managing, and protecting
                             Introduction                                  coastal resources. While remote sensing has proven
                                                                           useful in open ocean applications, it is an under uti-
                                                                           lized, yet very promising, technology for use in coastal
                                                                           regions. This overview focuses on the available sys-
                                                                           tems, capabilities, and limitations of satellite-based
                      technologies because they can be cost-effective methods for collecting environmental data. Once in
                      service, satellites are usually a continuous source of information for many years, providing decade-scale
                      monitoring of natural and man-made changes in ecosystems. This document is intended to provide
                      coastal managers with sufficient detail to evaluate whether or not remote sensing can provide useful and
                      usable information concerning their specific coastal issues.

                      In addition, this overview is intended to be a ready reference for coastal resource managers and their
                      assistants who have heard or read that remote sensing is the answer. Many resource managers have not
                      had time to stay abreast of the rapidly developing technologies involved in remote sensing. Yet, they
                      find themselves in the position of needing to resolve specific environmental problems in regions which
                      are: difficult to gain physical access to; do not lend themselves well to conventional manual sampling
                      regimes; so large they cannot be plausibly studied within time constraints; or are in need of a change
                      analysis with no previous on-site sampling having been conducted.

                      The different classes of instruments employed in a variety of satellite systems are discussed in the
                      context of their application. Since most of these space-based sensors were not developed specifically to
                      replace traditional manual coastal environmental assessment techniques, they have design and physical
                      limitations for near shore applications. Additional limitations (such as whether or not they wil I be useful
                      on a cloudy day) are also discussed. The realities of obtaining and utilizing remotely sensed data are
                      reviewed. Since remote sensing and space science are highly technical arenas, they have generated their
                      own lexicon of acronyms, which are explained in the Glossary. Five appendices provide tabular sum-
                      maries of past, present, and proposed future space-borne environmental sensor systems.











                      The coasts are used by many individuals and industries for many different purposes, thus, the term
                      coastal has many different meanings depending upon the intended use. For the purposes of this docu-
                      ment, the term coastal will be confined to include the waters adjacent to the coastline (mean high water
                      mark) out to where the open ocean processes dominate (usually the 200 meter isopleth). This definition
                      of coastal is meant to include estuaries, harbors, inlets, embayments, lakes, and swamps; but exclude
                      areas along the shoreline which are above the mean high water line.




                                       Electromagnetic opectrum u5eJ for remote eenoing

                              Generally, active and passive detectors in sate] li te-mounted instruments are sensitive to the optical
                              (0.4 - 0.7 @Lm), near-infrared (0.7,- 0.9 @Lrn), infrared (0.9 - 12 gm), and microwave (0.3 - 30 cm)
                              portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Within this range of the spectrum, data from the sensors
                              are used to detect four basic properties of the ocean: color, temperature, height, and roughness. Many
                              applications have been derived from the quantitative detection of these properties.

                              The images shown on the cover and in Figures 2-4 and 7-9 were produced from satellites with visible
                              and thermal infrared optical sensors. Other remote sensing instruments provide information from
                              parts of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the visible and then-nal regions. Microwave instru-
                              ments, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), can be used to map oceanographic features includ-
                              ing ice fields, internal waves, fronts, eddies, and coastal habitats(Figure 9) in all weather conditions.
                              The high-resolution SAR instrument has been used to detect oil spills, locate ships, monitor the
                              topography in the ocean surface to detect changes in the coast, and map the bottom topography of
                              shallow water. When data from multiple sensors is integrated, the product (Figure 3) can provide
                              additional environmental detail, such as when sea heights (from altimetry) and temperatures (from
                              infrared detectors) arefused to study circulation dynamics.




                        Wave-
                       length <.0003 @tm       .001 -.01PM .01 -.4 @Lm              1.5-Imm                I Mrn - 0.8 in          0.8 in >





                                                                                     Infrared          Microwave                VHF Radio
                                                                                L Near Infrared
                                 Y Rays           X Rays


                                                                                     0.7 -1.5 Wn
                                                                                 Visible
                                                                                 0.4 -0.7 PM
                                                                              Most remote sensing instruments utilize
                                                                              portions of the electromagnetic spectrum
                         0.4 pm             Visible               0.7 pin     (bands)from the visible to the relatively
                                                                          L   long microwave wavelengths,


                      2











                                                                            Remote sensing is the science of gathering infor-
                                                                            mation from a distance. Eyes and ears are remote
                      2                                                     sensing instruments. Vision is a form of optical re-
                              What is remotI6                               mote sensing; listening is a form of acoustical remote
                                                                            sensing. Remote sensing makes use of a wide variety
                                       5ensing?                             of media and technologies: radar is a type of radio
                                                                            energy remote sensing, and X-ray photography is a
                                                                            form of high-energy remote sensing.

                      In the case of eyes and ears as remote sensing instruments they are passive detectors and rely upon other
                      phenomena to supply the energy (room light or a car horn). In contrast, radar and sonar actively broad-
                      cast their own energy source and derive- information from its reflection and scattering. Information is
                      produced by processing and interpreting the data arriving at the instruments.

                      Satellite remote sensing is used to obtain information about, and to take measurements of a place or
                      phenomenon without direct physical sampling. The desired end product of photogrammetry* and re-
                      mote sensing is scientifically valid, quantitative analyses derived from the data. A few of the environ-
                      mental products derived from satellite remote sensing include: descriptions of current weather condi-
                      tions; the status of wetlands habitat; coastal erosion processes; the location of oil spil Is; and the extent of
                      algal blooms.

                      Satellite imagery can be valuable for observing large expanses and/or inaccessible areas. Ocean features
                      such as large-scale circulation, currents, river outflow and water quality; can be visualized by highlight-
                      ing variations in water color and/or temperature. These observations can then be used for such activities
                      as ship routing, environmental monitoring of sensitive coastal zones, hazards assessment, and manage-
                      ment of fishing fleets. High-resolution coastal images can be used to analyze and map sediment trans-
                      port, bathymetry, erosion, and aquaculture applications; however, several of these are possible only
                      when the skies are clear.


                                                                                                Applications of remote sensing to
                            Remote Sensors View Earth                                           coastal management activities in-
                                                                                Reflected       clude infrared imagery to monitor
                                                         MM                    Microwave
                                              2-@-S #Yn,                       %Radiation       changes in vegetative habitat; data
                                                                                                on water temperature and color to
                            K
                                                                                                better understand fish and inverte-
                                                                                                brate distributions; and real-time at-
                                                         TO
                                                             and ure                            mospheric data for weather fore-
                                                                    Y
                                                                                                casting. Remote sensing techniques
                                                                                                are becoming increasingly cost-ef-
                                                                                                fective, given the rapid pace of in-
                                                                                                novation in computer technology,
                                                                                                information networks, and improve-
                                                                                                ments in sensing systems for satel-
                                                                                                lites.
                      Figure 1, Oepiction of how remote 5ciisoro view the Earth. Courteey of
                      .the U.5. Office of Tcchnolooy &55coomcrit.
                       the science of making reliable measurements by the use of photographs and especially aerial photographs.










                                                             5ome Remote 5enr7lng Term5


                         Resolution:


                           0  Spatial is the parameter which describes the correspondence between the size of the spot on the ground
                              viewed by each individual picture element (pixel) in the sensor on-board the spacecraft and is a function
                              of altitude, lens geometry, construction of the sensing array, etc. (a I krn pixel may be useful for observ-
                              in- the location of the Gulf Stream, but would be of no use in distinguishing among the different physi-
                                Z@                                                                    c,
                              cal habitats in a 2-4 km wide estuary).


                              Temporal defines the number of repeat passes an imaging system may provide over the same location (a
                                                                                      ZI
                              satel I ite which provides repeat coverage of every other day may be sufficient to follow processes which
                              have time scales of days but will be of limited use in observing change events which occur over only a
                              few hours or during a tidal cycle).


                              Radiometric is the number of data bits used to represent the intensity of the signal arriving at the sensor
                              (a 4 bit representation or 16 levels of the full range from full brightness to full darkness is much less than
                                                                                Z@
                              that in an 8 bit or 256 levels radiometric resolution instrument).

                              Spectral is the description of the instrument in terms of the number of different wavelengths each sepa-
                              rate channel can detect and the width of each one of these (an 8 channel instrument with very wide
                              channels is much less useful than an instrument with many, very narrow channels).


                         Geoetationary ve. Polar Orbiting: The concepts explained above are not independent of one another. Ob-
                         serving satellites in orbit around the earth are generally placed into either of two different types of orbits. The
                         traditional weather satellites as seen on TV are placed into an orbit such that, when viewed from the ground
                         looking up, they appear to be stationed above one place on the surface as a consequence of their velocity
                         through space matching that of the rotation of the earth. Thus, these are called geostationary satellites and
                         have the advantage of being able to view one side of the planet continuously from their 39,000 krn altitude.
                         Geostationary satellites have very high temporal resolution and very wide viewing swath (one complete scan
                         of one side of the planet every few minutes) but their spatial resolution is very low by virtue of being so high
                         above the planet and their spectral and radiornetric resolution are usually quite low to ensure rapid data
                         transmission sufficient to identify rapidly moving storm fronts.

                         The other common orbital configuration for observing satellites is that referred to as Low Earth Orbiting
                         (LEO) and is most commonly employed in near-polar orbits (canted to pass just to the East or West of the
                         poles of the planet). While near-polar orbiting LEOs can view only a narrow swath as they speed by (low
                         temporal resolution), they are able to collect imagery from the entire planet by virtue of the earth rotating
                         underneath while the satellite collects non-repetitive imagery on succeeding passes. Near-polar orbiters,
                         being much closer to the earth (800 km altitude) than geostationary satellites, also tend to collect much
                         higher spatial resolution imagery.









                           Ocean Color (instruments sensing the vioil7le portion of the s                                pectrurn)

                       The colors of ocean and coastal waters provide infor-
                       mation as to their contents, and thus, their recent his-           15-MAR-79
                       tory and possible present productivity. Clear waters
                       do not contain much suspended material, such as al-
                       gae or silt; opaque, muddy waters indicate high con-
                       centrations of suspended sediment; and bright green
                       waters normally indicate dense concentrations of al-
                       gae, typically phytoplankton. These microscopic plants
                       are important because they constitute one of the low-
                       est trophic levels of the marine food web, and are, in-
                       volved in many geochemical processes including fixa-
                       tion of carbon and nitrogen.

                       The observed color of water results from many phe-
                       nomena: among them, the reflection and absorption                   U.U4   0.50 LDU     3.00 9.UO
                       of sunlight off of phytoplankton, suspended minerals,                     Figments [mg/m3]
                       organic complexes, and dissolved organic and inor-              Fioum 2. Ocean color ima0e, Eactern Gulf of Mexico,
                       ganic materials. The narrow, visible portion of the             Nim@uo-7 (CZC,5)1Univ. of 5outh FloriAa, March 1979.
                       electromagnetic spectrum is used to record ocean color
                       (Figure 2), which can be measured only during daylight hours in cloud-free conditions. The atmosphere
                       between the water and the sensor also affects the quality and quantity of light detected at the sensor. To
                       ensure accurate calibration of the numbers from the remote sensor, it is necessary to obtain frequent, in
                       situ measurements of the waters being remotely measured.

                       Typical coastal applications of ocean color monitoring include quantitative estimates of riverine input
                       into estuaries, coastal erosion (the magnitude and direction of sediment transport), and the location and
                       extent of human impacts on the marine environment. However, the geographic scale of coastal events is
                       often so small that the spatial resolution and/or radiometric sensitivity of current space-based sensors
                       are of minimal utility to coastal resource managers. In the near future, sensors such as SeaWiFS on
                       SEASTAR, MOS on PRIRODA, and OCTS and POLDER on ADEOS should provide sufficiently fine
                       detail to permit the location of algal blooms, including toxic red tides, fish stocks (because many
                       planktivorous fish aggregate near the food sources), and ocean fronts and eddies (see Table I for sensors
                       and applications).


                                                                     Coastal Regions
                          Coastlines (ocean, lake, river) vary widely in their geomorphology, biota, and hydrology and thus, the
                          precise definition of coastal depends upon the phenomena under evaluation and the region of observation.
                          Applications of coastal remote sensing are discussed throughout this document and the resolution of various
                          sensing systems is rated relative to its applicability for specific tasks. For example, 4 km spatial resolution
                          remote sensing system can be adequate for imaging storms moving across the middle of North America, but
                          are of little use in discerning details of the Florida Keys (most of which are less than I km wide). The need
                          to locate a 500 in long oil spill requires finer resolution imaging systems than ones following meanders of
                          the Gulf Stream (found off the East Coast of North America).







                                      A 5ea Ourface Temperatureo (infrared, microwave)

                      The surface temperature of ocean and coastal waters may provide information as to the waters' origins
                      and recent history. Waters upwelled from great depths are cold, nutrient-rich, and clearer than the sur-
                      rounding water. Many of the world's major surface currents are warmer than the adjacent water masses.

                      In coastal areas, sea surface temperature (SST) measurements can locate coastal upwellings, fronts,
                      river outflows, and intrusions of water masses. Regional SST measurements are useful for identifying
                      the location and area] extent of major currents (e.g., Gulf Stream, Labrador Current) and their associated
                      eddies and meanders, and major upwelling events (e.g., Peruvian upwelling during non-El Nifio years).

                      The very narrow infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is typically used for high-resolution
                      temperature observations, which can be made any time of day but only under cloud-free conditions.
                      Thermal infrared energy from the sun reflected off the water's surface can lead to daytime interpreta-
                      tion problems. Passive microwave sensors can measure water surface temperatures through clouds,
                      although with a significant decrease in thermal accuracy and spatial resolution. To ensure accurate cali-
                      bration of the temperature numbers from the remote sensor, frequent, in situ measurements are re-
                      quired.

                      Remote sensing systems can view only the top few                SST        NOWNESDIS EDGE ORID RWX DISPLAY 20.32 LAT
                                                                                      14KM ANAL. GLAY OF CA-IF. / NOAA-14 OPEPAT -136.-105 LON
                      millimeters to centimeters of the water and thus, can-          M/13/96 ZW - 06/17/96 ZWO                   95 HOURS
                      not provide information on subsurface temperatures.
                      Making use of temperature remote sensing techniques
                      for coastal waters requires high resolution data because
                      of the small spatial scale of the land and its adjoining
                      water masses. Many coastal areas are so calm that the
                      water surface maintains a constant temperature for
                      months at a time, rendering thermal imagery of little
                      use. Due to their low spatial resolution, the current SST-
                      sensing satellites are of minimal utility for coastal ap-
                      plications. Currently, AVHRR on TIROS and ATSR
                      on ERS provide the data that is used predominantly
                      for regional and ocean-basin SST determinatioris (Fig-
                      ure 3). The ATSR provides a more accurate measure-
                      ment, while the wider viewing swath of the AVHRR
                      (2,580 km) provides more coverage. Sensors such as
                      OCTS on ADEOS (12 channels, 700 m resolution) and                            L9   2M   22   24
                      the soon to be deployed MODIS on EOS (36 channels               Figure 3. Sea 5urface ternperasure (14- km analy@i5),
                      at 250 m resolution) should improve available spatial           Gulf of California, NOAA-14/NOAA/NE5Pl5, June 1996.
                      and spectral resolution significantly.









                                                           Circulation (altimetere)


                     There are several physical reasons for the movement of water from one place to another, such as wind
                     stress, tides, and density discontinuity. Intense and/or lengthy windstorms crossing the surface of a
                     regional body of water can push large quantities of water away from one area and pile it up onto another,
                     such as a shore or embayment. In coastal areas-particularly in regions where the bottom shallows over
                     a very short distance and/or the entrance to an embayment narrows abruptly-the daily ebb and flow of
                     the tides can produce substantial changes in the elevation of the water across a short distance.

                     Several phenomena can cause water masses to have differing elevations from those around them. One of
                     the most consistent and significant is the gravitational attraction of seafloor mountains and canyons.
                     Undulations of local mass of the earth, and therefore differences in this gravitational pull, are referred to
                     as the earth's geoid. The more massive mountains attract more water above them; canyons attract pro-
                     portionately less.

                     Altimeters in orbit provide high-precision (3        P,                          91F W                  V
                     cm) information on the height of various water
                                                                                        V74                            77
                     masses and the earth's geoid. The location and
                     motion of large-scale water masses, such as
                     Gulf Stream eddies or the Gulf of Mexico Loop
                     Current, can be visualized using satellite-borne
                     altimeters (Figure 4). On a coastal scale, knowl-
                     edge of the velocity and direction of parcels of                                                         2%,
                     water known to contain toxic red tide algal
                     blooms or hazardous materials (e.g., spilled oil,
                     industrial waste) is essential to planning an
                                                                               %
                     appropriate response. Additionally, data on          -10-
                     ocean circulation is a significant component of
                     global climate programs.

                     Since they are active microwave instruments,
                     which calculate the round trip time of a pulse
                     transmitted from a satellite in space, altimeters
                     are usable in all weather conditions. With the      Figure 4. 5ca level height differenceo ae deterrnineJ from Topex
                     development of higher spatial resolution altim-     altirmeter data euperirripooccl over AVHKR temperature image.
                     eters (presently one measurement every 25 km)       Relative, heighro above andbelow mcan are. repre5ented by line
                     and/or deployment of a larger constellation of      l,,01h, proportional to the maonituclc of the water 6urface
                     instruments, remote sensing could be used to        elevation (to the right of oatellite track) or deprcooion (to the
                                                                         left of satellite trick), Gulf of Mexico, -l`6pcx/N0AA/N05,
                     study coastal processes for resource assess-        December 1995.
                     ments such as beach erosion, salt-marsh sub-
                     sidence, and barrier island expansion.








                                                     Wave Height and Opectrum (altimetem and 5AR)


                             @'.j *ivint Vve Hei&r. (M)                                        Wave height is dependent on the velocity of the wind,
                                                                  V__'=                        the distance over which the wind blows (fetch), and
                                     M      + rr.  6 M     8 M    10 -r      m
                                                        ?1@                                    the length of time it blows. Wave direction, average
                                 Z7'
                                                                                               wave height and wave spectrum data are very use-
                                                                                               ful, both as inputs to predictive weather forecast
                                                                                               models and for real-time information about sea con-
                                                                                               ditions. Sea state is an important consideration when
                                                                                               planning any at-sea operations such as search-and-
                                                                                               rescue, response to hazardous material releases, ship
                                                                                               routing, oil drilling, and dredging. Satellite altim-
                                                                                               eters provide only limited wave height infon-nation
                                                                                               (Figure S) due to poor spatial resolution (25 km).
                                                                                               These active microwave instruments derive wave
                                                                                               information from the shape of the reflected micro-
                                                                                               wave pulse transmitted from satellite to the water.
                          Figur'e 5. Wave height, North Pacific Ocean, Wave Mociel/            Thus, they will function in all weather.
                          FNMOC, March 199ro.


                                                              5ea 5urface Windo (5catterornetem)


                                                          r                                   Information about the velocity of coastal and ocean
                           0 5 W 15 20 25 30 35                                               winds is important in resource management. This is
                                                                                              especially true during response efforts to hazardous
                                                                                              materials releases, since disasters seldom happen in
                                                                                              ideal weather. It is also useful in weather forecasting,
                                                                                              ship routing, and air-sea flux studies (Figure 6).

                                ..............................                      ........
                                                                                              Winds transfer some energy to the surface layer of
                                                                                              the sea, causing ripples. The ripples can develop into
                                                                                              wavelets and waves in proportion to the direction and
                                                                                              magnitude of the wind. Scatterometers compare a mi-
                                                                                              crowave pulse transmitted from a satellite with the
                                                                                              waveform of the reflected pulse to extrapolate a wind
                                                                                              speed. They lack sufficient spatial resolution (7-50
                           .......        . .. ........................... .. ..... ...... ......... km) to be of direct use in near shore coastal processes,
                          30                                              -70                 but they can provide warnings of surface wind con-
                          Figure 6. Wind opeei, U.S. Northeaot; coa5t, ER5-1/                 ditions that may be headed toward shore. Previous
                          NOAA/NE5[)15, June 1996.                                            generations of scatterometers were limited by a single-
                                                                                              side field of view. With the launch of ADEOS, this
                                                                                              wind direction limitation should be minimized due
                                                                                              to its dual-sided viewing NSCAT instrument.







                                            A 5ea Ice (optical, infrared, microwave)

                     Nearly 12% of the world's ocean is covered by sea ice, the properties of which can differ greatly from
                     both the land and the liquid water. Sea ice may be distinguished from the surrounding water by virtue of
                     its being more reflective, lower in temperature, and different in texture and salt content. Using these
                     properties, optical, thermal and especially microwave (because microwaves pass through clouds or fog
                     for all weather capabilities) remote sensing is employed for ice investigations.

                     The location, formation, melting, movement,                                       0
                     and thickness of ice in coastal waters are im-
                     portant to organizations conducting ocean or        i
                     lake surface activities (disaster mitigation,
                     transportation, fishing). The principal con-
                     cerns in ice observations are ice concentra
                     tion, thickness, and the locations of the edge,
                     polynya (areas of open water), and open leads
                     (channels) (Figure 7). The areal extent of ice                                     *0
                     coverage is used for input to climate models.

                     Visible and infrared observing satellites (TIROS,
                     ASTR, GOES) can be used for moderate reso-
                     lution (1-4 km) data, but only under cloud-free
                     conditions. Passive (SSM/I) and active (SAR)
                     microwave imagers can produce ice imagery
                     products in all weather, but are currently lim-
                     ited by poor resolution (12-25 km) and narrow
                     swath widths, respectively.

                                                                         Figure 7. 5ca iGe (near infrared), Larw IGe 5h6f, Ant;arctica,
                                                                        AVHRR/N5IDC, March 1995,




                         Coa5tal Land Cover and Wetland Mapping (optical, infrared, microwave)


                     Habitat mapping and classification by means of remote sensing are performed by correlating a cluster of
                     numerical pixel values with verified features, such as vegetative cover, open water, tidal flats, inland
                     marshes, forested wetlands, or bare soil type. Multispectral. sensors such as Landsat's Thematic Mapper
                     (TM) and SPOT have been the traditional instruments of choice for these types of mapping projects
                     over relatively large areas (Figure 8) (e.g., estuarine sediment/dumping plumes, shallow-water bathym-
                     etry) because of the relatively high spatial (20-30 m) and radiometric resolution (eight bits), and be-
                     cause the visible spectral bands are co-registered with the infrared channels. These passive optical
                     instruments are unable to produce land/water imagery during cloudy weather.












                                                                                 Developed, High Intensity
                                                                                 Developed, Low Intensity

                                                                                 Grassland

                                                                                 Cultivated Land

                                                                                 Evergreen Forest

                                                                                 Scrub/Shrub

                                                                                 Bare Land

                                                                                 Estuarine Emergent

                                                                                 Palustrine Emergent

                                                                                 Palustrine Scrub/Shrub

                                                                                 Palustrine. Forest

                                                                                 Water

                                                                                 Unconsolidated Shore

                                                                                 Mixed Forest

                                                                                 Deciduous Forest


                     Figure 8. Land Cover, Waohington 5tate, Landoat; TM/NOAA1C5C, 56p@,em@er 1992.


                     The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in-
                     struments on ERS-1, JERS-1 and
                     RADARSAT also show promise in pro-
                     viding higher spatial resolution (10-30 in)
                     data for wetland mapping and classifica-
                     tion for fine scale coastal regions (Figure
                     9). These instruments rely on reflected
                     microwave energy from the earth to pro-
                     vide an image. Land and water bound-
                     aries appear in sharp contrast in SAR
                     imagery because the water tends to re-
                     flect energy away from the sensors while
                     rough textured land scatters transmitted
                     signals. Soil moisture and plant type pro-
                     duce differential (gray shade) absorptions
                     of the microwave energy providing
                     coastal surface habitat information in all
                     weather conditions.



                                                                   Figure 9. Coaotal 5AK Irria0e, Tromoo Norwiy, January 1996.
                                                                   KAPAK5AT data Canadian 5pace Agency 1996. Pata received by the
                                                                   Canada Centre for Rermote 5cnalng. Proceosc,@ an i diatributeJ @y
                                                                   RAPAR5AT International.




                     10









                                                      TaWe 1. 5eieote,@ platformfsem5oro an@ traolitional coaotal ar6i. ocear, applioatior!5


                                                                      Plalform                                          Serw@.                                                                                           An lica,,;on
                                                                                                                                                                                So S.- tace                                    Wave              surface            sea Icc       Lznd Cove-/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  MI&                               welan&
                                                                      ERS-1     2                                       AMI-SCAIT, RA

                                                                                                                        RA



                                                                                                                        SAR


                                                                                   ... . ........                                                                                                                                                               .... . ... ...
                                                                      INSATI                                            IVIFRR
                                                                                                                                      .. ..........
                                                                      GCES 7                                            VAS
                                                                                                                                    I.- ....... ..... .. .......... .... .......
                                                                                                                        VISSR

                                                                      JERS-1                                            OPS                                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                        SAR
                                                                                                                ................... .
                                                                          ',V@A I&                                      TIM
                                                                                                                                                                                     ... .... ... ........... .
                                                                      ME-I, OSATI 3-7

                                                                      MOS-lb                                            Mm
                                                                                                                        I--         . .... ...........
                                                                                                                        V TIR

                                                                      NOAA 9-14                                         AIM

                                                                                                                        HM
                                                                                                              .... . ....... ......... . ..... .
                                                                      OKEMN-01                                          RLSDO

                                                                                                                                    -os

                                                                      RESOLRCE-01 V2 &:,\3                              NSL;-E

                                                                                                                        WU-SK
                                                                                            ........... ........... . ..
                                                                                                                        nV

                                                                      TOPEX/pOSE1001%,                                  ALT

                                                                                                                        SALT                                                                                                      0


                                                                                        ..... . .... . ....
                                                                      GOES 9 K-V                                        NAGER

                                                                      FOODA                                             DLkR-,\*, R-0

                                                                                                                        DCAM, R-W

                                                                                                                        Mos



                                                                                                                        SAR
                                                                                                     . . ... ..... . ... ........
                                                                      @@M@T
                                                                      SASTA@R                                           SEAWJ-S
                                                                      SICH-1                                            %U-M

                                                                                                                        MSU-s


                                                                                                                                                                               ...... ........
                                                                                                                        RIM-0.8

                                                                      ADEOS                                             AVNIR



                                                                                                                        OCTS                                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                        POLM
                                                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                      NOA.A X-M                                         ANZU B                                                                                                                                          0









                         TaWe I (cont.). 5electe6i, pil,,@itfo,m-nJoemoor5                                                           am,@, ocean applicatiorlo

                                     Platform                      Sensor                                                      Application
                                                                                        00em C010-    Sea Swface    Cucuktion      wave       Surface    Sea Ice  lwid Coval
                                                                                                                                  Heights     ffzlds                Wetl;inds

                                     NOAA K-N                      AN(SU A

                                                                   AVHRR/3
                                                                                                                                ....... . ... .... ... ... ..... ... ...
                                                                   HM/3

                                          %0

                                                                   NTj-S
                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                   .NM-SK

                                                                   MSUN



                                     FY-2                          VIS & IR                              6

                                     ICH-2

                                                                   SAR

                                     SICH-3                        SIX

                                     SPOT,                         1-MIR
                                             ----- --------                 -- -------
                                                                   VEG

                                     ENRqSAT-I                     AATSR

                                                                   ASAR

                                                                   DORS



                                                                   RA-2

                                     EOS-A.Ml                      ASM

                                                                   MOMS

                                     EOS-CCLOR                     OCEAN COLOR
                                             .... ........ .. . ........ . . .......                       . ..... .
                                     FY-IC
                                                                   VIS & IR

                                     LANDSAT7                      -rN.+                                                                                    8

                                     ADEOS U                       ANGR                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                        .. . ........


                                                                   POLDMR

                                                                   SEAMM

                                     MALT                          DORIS

                                                                   SSET.

                                     FY-ID                         MS VIS   IR

                                     !6G                           SMIC

                                     EOS-pm                        AM

                                                                   AMSU

                                                                   .MNR
                                                                   .. .. .... . .....
                                                                   MODIS

                                     SPOT 3                        HRG

                                                                   VEG
                                     or-AN,












































































                        12










                                                                            This section describes existing and potential rela-
                                                                            tionships between remote sensing and five repre-
                     43                                                     sentative examples of issues facing coastal man-
                                                             to             agers: (1) environmental monitoring; (2) resource
                              Relationghip                                  inventory and mapping; (3) damage assessment; (4)
                                                                            protected area management; and (5) coastal haz-
                           Coa6tal Re6ource                                 ards. It includes a discussion of limitations of cur-
                                                                            rent remote sensing systems as well as key, soon-
                                 Management                                 to-be-launched satellites which should provide a
                                                                            plethora of datasets with spectral, spatial, and ra-
                                                                            diometric resolutions to be of direct value to the
                                                                            coastal resource manager.


                                                         Environmental Monitoring

                     Coastal environmental monitoring includes a wide variety of activities directed toward understanding
                     the status and trends of environmental quality. Examples of measured properties include: water tem-
                     perature, salinity, sediment loading, rainfall, water quality, and the presenc@/absence/ health of plants
                     and animals. Monitoring is conducted in many different ways depending, in part, on the parameter(s)
                     being measured, the monitoring objective, and the resources available to conduct the work.

                     Remote sensing can, under certain conditions, contribute to environmental monitoring by allowing
                     managers to obtain repetitive, nonintrusive, synoptic data for some parameters across broad spatial and
                     temporal domains. With respect to water quality, certain sensors can provide managers with data on
                     water temperature, clarity, circulation, depth, and productivity. Multi-spectral sensors on satellites such
                     as Landsat-MSS, Landsat-TM, SPOT-HRV, and ADEOS-OCTS are already providing quantitative in-
                     formation on water color that can be applied to investigations of sediment plumes and transport, algal
                     blooms, and point sources of pollution.

                     Point sources of pollution are typically detected by recognizing characteristic surface patterns within
                     the water body rather than by a simple analysis for anomalous spectral properties. Pollution detection is
                     more difficult if it has had time to disperse over a large area, or when it does not emanate from a
                     concentrated point source. In such cases, remote sensing can be used to quantitatively compare spectral
                     properties of similar, unpolluted water from elsewhere, or to evaluate images of the same area that
                     predate the pollution event(s). Both methods are constrained by the high natural variability of the
                     coastal environment. Thermal sensor bands, such as AVHRR on the TIROS satellite series can provide
                     data on water temperature that can help track large (greater than 5 km) coastal upwellings, river outflow,
                     and major coastal currents. Presently, there are substantial limitations in the availability of high spatial
                     resolution, multi-spectral and thermal satellite image data. With the near-term expectation for the launch
                     of high resolution satellites including Earlybird/Quickbird (3-15 m, due in 1997-98), Lewis/Clark (3-30
                     in due in 1997), and EROS (1.8-11.5 in due in 1997) many of these problems should be overcome.








                                                  A
                                                   A
                                                        Coastal Management In the U.5.

                          The U.S. has extensive coastal boundaries with the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico,
                          and the Great Lakes. The majority of the population is located either directly along these coastlines or
                          within the associated waterways, embayments, and estuaries which presents the potential for widespread
                          environmental stress to these regions. Since the enactment of the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972,
                          the U.S. has expended increasing resources to manage these regions and understand how they are chang-
                          ing under our stewardship.

                          Coastal management includes a broad range of activities that typically occur among and across Federal,
                                                                                                                0
                          state, county, and municipal levels of government. These include the promotion and regulation of recre-
                          ation, land development, and transportation as well as the protection of property and life against natural
                                                                                                                        C,
                          hazards both on the land borderin coastal waters as well as in and on the water itself. The coal of coastal
                                                            9                                                          C,
                          management is to achieve a balance between conservation of resources and sensible development in order
                          to ensure the optimal and most sustainable use of these unique regions for current and future generations.
                          As priorities and technologies change, this is an ongoing, dynamic process that requires constant evalua-
                          tion and revision.






                                                        Resource Inventory and Mapping

                      Environmental inventory and mapping is performed to establish a baseline description of resource spa-
                      tial distribution and abundance, from which to determine trends, and identify priorities for management.
                      Coastal resources that are often inventoried and/or mapped include wetlands, harvestable resources
                      such as timber and oil, birds, finfish, and shellfish. Inventories are typically conducted using a combina-
                      tion of extensive field work (e.g. species collection from specific sampling sites), data cataloging, and
                      mapping.

                      Inventory of living marine resources by space-borne sensors has had variable degrees of success. Large
                      pelagic species of fish which form large schools near the surface can be readily imaged by satellites, but
                      many near-shore fish schools are relatively small compared to the spatial resolution of current satellite
                      imaging systems (30-1000 m). However, satellites can identify a number of environmental variables
                      associated with habitat that are potential indicators of distribution and abundance such as water tem-
                      perature, water clarity, circulation, the location of fronts and eddies, and the presence of coastal veg-
                      etated habitat such as wetlands and sea grasses.

                      Sub-surface habitats such as corals, shellfish beds, and sea grasses are more difficult to quantify by
                      satellite than those above the water line because the space-borne sensors can image only that electro-
                      magnetic energy which makes it up through the water column. Thus, turbid waters present significant
                      limitations in the ability of remote sensing systems to quantify bottom features. Mapping wetlands with
                      satellite imagery provides a number of advantages over conventional ground surveys or aerial photogra-
                      phy including: timeliness, synopticity, frequency of repeated observations and significantly reduced
                      costs.





                      14









                                                            Parnage Aose5rrnent

                    Environmental damage assessment typically involves evaluating impacts on coastal natural resources
                    resulting from natural events as well as from human activities. These include: long-term exposures to
                    pollutants, cumulative changes caused by certain land use practices, and episodic events such as oil
                    spills, ship groundings, flooding, and hurricanes.

                    Satellite remote sensing derived inventories of existing resources can be crucial in establishing the
                    before and after status of a region to quantify the extent of damage. Such baseline studies are also
                    useful for identifying areas that may be particularly susceptible to damage such as a sensitive habitat
                    located close to shipping lanes, or densely populated areas that are subject to storm surge inundation.
                    This information can improve the effectiveness of management decisions with respect to preparedness
                    and response.

                    Remote sensing can be of value to managers in tracking the movement of air or water-borne hazardous
                    materials releases. Large surface oil slicks are routinely imaged by TIROS/AVHRR, Landsat, SPOT,
                    ERS-l/SAR, RADARSAT/SAR satellites, but oil type, age, slick thickness, sea state, and the satellite's
                    viewing angle can limit remote sensing's ability to quantify or locate oil spills. For a meaningful
                    response to hazardous materials spills, managers need timely access to data on its size, position and
                    trajectory.

                                                      Frotected Area Management

                    Sanctuary areas managed by various Federal, state, local, and private institutions have been set aside for
                    special use and protection because of their environmental, recreational and/or historical value. These
                    include parks, recreation areas, wildlife reservations, and marine sanctuaries. Managers of these areas
                    are typically required to balance the needs of public access and use with natural resource conservation
                    and protection. The goal is to ensure that these areas and their associated natural resources are protected
                    and, where possible, enhanced for future use.

                    Several remote sensing applications for protected area management are described above (e.g. Environ-
                    mental Monitoring, Resource Inventory and Mapping, and Damage Assessment). Additional applica-
                    tions include monitoring public use, particularly in expansive marine areas where access is difficult or
                    impossible to restrict, assessing the status of protected area resources with respect to adjacent areas that
                    are not similarly protected, and evaluating the effectiveness of various management strategies. Such
                    information can provide critical early warning information regarding the possible need for additional
                    protective measures.

                    Direct monitoring of public use in coastal areas through remote sensing is usually restricted to identify-
                    ing the presence/absence of boats in open water. This type of monitoring is possible only with ex-
                    tremely high resolution media such as aerial photography or classified satellite imagery. Some coun-
                    tries (including the U.S.) use this technique to assist with the enforcement of fishery regulations. Such
                    monitoring may become a routine resource for coastal managers with the anticipated launch of several
                    high resolution commercial satellites (see Environmental Monitoring) and the potential availability of at
                    least some of the imagery from previously classified space-borne sensors.



                                                                                                                               15












                                                                      Coaotal Hazard5


                       Coastal hazards are natural phenomena that have the potential to impact natural resources, property, and
                       the quality of human life. These include coastal erosion, flooding, storms, and salt water intrusion. The
                       proximity of population centers to the coasts accentuates the perceived effects and real costs of coastal
                       hazards. Imagery products are often invaluable in determining response priorities during emergency
                       situations. Because of their synoptic coverage, satellites are also quantitative tools for post mortem
                       damage assessments to property and resources.

                       The primary application for remote sensing to coastal hazards is the forecasting and analysis of local
                       and regional wind and rain events. Landsat and SPOT satellites currently provide synoptic, regional
                       imagery that can help managers identify natural resources and property at risk. A time series of such
                       imagery may help identify local patterns of shoreline erosion and/or accretion, or plant community
                       successional events. Understanding these patterns may be particularly important in some regions since
                       coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves can mitigate the severity of coastal hazards from
                       waves and flooding.




                                                            Coartal Nutriemt Emrichment

                         Coastal regions are not only delicately balanced ecosystems, but are a primary location for introduction of
                         nutrient-laden or toxic materials such as domestic sewerage, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. Supple-
                         menting the concentrations of nutrients (which would otherwise be limiting factors for growth, such as
                         phosphorous, nitrogen, or silicon) or poisoning key species in any stable or metastable environment gener-
                         ally produces biological imbalances.

                         Left unchecked, these conditions can produce massive die-offs of many of the native organisms and alter the
                         local geochemistry (pH, Eh, alkalinity). This may lead to oscillations in species composition and even the
                         habitat's suitability to sustain long-term, stable populations. Accelerated erosion of the underlying substrate
                         is a common outcome of loss of biological stability and diversity, resulting in permanent loss of habitat.

                         While it is presently not possible to measure nitrate, phosphate, or silicate concentrations (much less pH, Eh,
                         or alkalinity) from an aircraft or satellite-borne system, the effects of changes in their values on the biota are
                         frequently easily observed by visible spectrum (and fluorescence spectroscopy) remote sensing techniques.
                         Red tide and green algal blooms are readily detected, located, and quantified by ocean color sensing systems
                         (see section on Ocean Color). Algal blooms which correlated with cholera outbreaks have been identified by
                         use of ocean color sensors.










                                                                           Although the remote sensing systems mentioned above
                                                                           and described in Appendices A through D rely upon
                      4                                                    very different phenomena to provide information about
                                                                           the coastal environment, they have several issues in
                                                                           common with regard to getting from a number sent
                                Realities of                               by the sensor in space to a usable product for the ana-
                                                                           lyst or resource manager. This section describes the
                                  Acquiring                                processing steps required before remotely sensed data
                                                                           can be utilized by the analyst or resource manager.
                                         and                               General processing considerations are briefly outlined
                                                                           below, followed by a typical 6-step processing sce-
                          Proce5sing Data                                  nario. Ten to 32 weeks is a realistic time frame for
                                                                           implementing such a project (Figure 10). This time
                                                                           frame largely depends on an organization's experience
                                                                           and/or the number of steps that have been provided
                                                                           by others (e.g., data providers, software programs).

                     Processing of photogrammetry and remote sensing information is composed of several related compo-
                     nents: hardware; software; personnel; and data. As with most things, the more that is desired and the
                     quicker it is needed constitute the principal cost drivers. Thus, if the data has been preprocessed (irre-
                     versible mathematical transformation) to a high level by the data providers (high cost), then entry level
                     personnel (low cost) can use fully developed software (high cost) running on a moderately powerful
                     hardware system (low cost) to produce standard (defined by the software manufacturer) products.


                                                             4@A Pata Realitieg

                          ï¿½ Incoming data: Each data provider typically has several levels of processed products, so that
                            data must be carefully defined. The timeliness and convenience of directly receiving data
                            has, historically, been offset by the cost of establishing and maintaining a large, complex
                            receiving station. With the rapid development of hardware and software ingest systems, it is
                            now cost-effective, in some instances, to purchase a complete download station and data license
                            (if required), rather than to submit data orders and await delivery.


                          ï¿½ Data Proceoeing/Display: The appeal of raw data is the ability to apply one's own calibra-
                            tion/navigation formulae to it, in contrast to using standard algorithms from some data pro-
                            vider (often full of errors). It is virtually impossible to return to the original data quality once
                            it has been processed (think of a food processor!). The disadvantage of this approach is that
                            the user must possess the hardware, software, and personnel resources to perform these steps
                            before the data is usable.













                                                                                                                                  17












                          Nevertheless, the costs of hardware, maintenance, and personnel can be relatively fixed once
                          guidelines have been established for data access, volumes, processing and desired end products.
                          The cost of developing application-specific software can be high, but may be rather stable when
                          compared against the licensing costs added to by-the-hour consultant charges for customized
                          modifications of commercial software products. Presently, there exist several hundred stan-
                          dard data formats for remotely sensed data, and there are multiple international efforts to create
                          a single standard format to describe them.


                          Calibration: Calibration of the sensor systems is a critical part of remote sensing. The instru-
                          ment manufacturers carefully determine the relationship between known radiances and detector
                          counts prior to deployment in space (launch). Monitoring the sensor system's calibration after
                          deployment is more difficult, but at least as important because electronic systems age in unpre-
                          dictable ways. Since the ultimate objective of remote sensing is to accurately relate the numbers
                          returned from the remote system to the physical state of the object(s) being sensed, it is impera-
                          tive to maintain a rigorous in-situ validation (ground truth) program for known reference points
                          which are relevant to the specific concerns of the user.

                          Atmospheric considerations: Remote determination of temperature can be accomplished
                          with either infrared film (photogrammetry) or electronic detectors that are sensitive to low-
                          energy infrared photons (imagery). Remote detection of temperatures in marine environments
                          by use of a single remote sensing system is subject to serious, changeable errors in calibration
                          accuracy. This is due to variations in the local relative humidity, because water vapor absorbs
                          infrared radiation very strongly and is not uniformly distributed. Thus, multiple, simultaneous
                          measurements are required if high-precision thermal measurements are to be made remotely.
                          This is commonly performed with a multichannel instrument which permits calculation of a
                          moisture content correction for each pixel in the scene.

                          Navigation co m side ration s: Another crucial aspect of remote sensing is knowing precisely
                          where, on the face of the earth, the numbers being returned from the satellite originated. With
                          on-board telemetry information, the location of the platform and its attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)
                          are known. With this information, the location of each pixel within the scene can be calculated
                          (often performed by the data provider - with varying accuracy).



                                                            a:@I Cautionary Note

                              The tools of remote sensing can provide many useful products for the coastal manager, but, as with
                                                      Z@
                              most tools, some knowledge is required to obtain the desired end result. An ocean color image can
                              be equally used for mapping estuarine eutrophication as it could be used for directing fishing
                              efforts to the total depletion of a fishery.









                                                          Acquiring and Proce5r2ing

                    There are generally six steps involved in processing photogrammetric and remotely sensed data: ac-
                    quire, ingest, geo-reference, calibrate, display, process/analyze. These steps are not necessarily indepen-
                    dent of one another. The amount of development effort required to get from the first step to the last can
                    vary substantially depending upon many factors, not the least of which is the developers' experience
                    with the data and its idiosyncrasies (Figure 10).

                          1. The first step is to identify and acquire the correct information. This involves identifying a
                          source for an appropriate type, location and date of photo or image, determining the most effec-
                          tive method for obtaining it, and making the necessary arrangements to acquire it. This can
                          involve anything from a quick phone call to international negotiations with foreign govern-
                          ments, and from a simple network file transfer to complex archival exhumations. Because of
                          the complex nature of international negotiations, this can often be the most time-consuming
                          step. (Appendix D contains many useful contact names, addresses, and phone numbers to sim-
                          plify this task.)

                          2. The second step is to ingeet the data. Hard-copy imagery must be digitally scanned. Digital
                          imagery can be made available at any of the stages through which it passes from the initial
                          observation/direct download stage to data that a vendor has recorded in predetermined formats
                          on standard media (e.g., tape, disc, CD-ROM). Data cannot be viewed, mapped, calibrated, or
                          used until it can be accessed and decoded by computers and transformed into its constituent
                          components (scan lines, channels, etc.), which are then       converted into individual pixels (nu-
                          merical picture element values).

                          3. Once picture/image data has been ingested,
                                                                                                                   0%
                          it needs to be geo-referenced. This is nor-
                                                                                                                   10%
                                                                                             cquire -
                          malty performed as a series of mathematical                       A L.   -
                                                                                                                           >
                                                                                                                   20%
                          calculations, which permits the pixels to be
                                                                                                                   30%
                          located with respect to the surface of the earth                  Ingest
                                                                                                                   441%
                          and the desired viewing projection. Usually,
                          this step also provides geometric corrections                 G      f    c              50%
                                                                                          eo re eren ei@_
                          to each pixel for viewing angle anomalies.                                               CAM
                          This is often the second most complex opera-                                             70%
                                                                                          Calibrate
                          tion because there is such a plethora of simi-
                          lar but totally incompatible map projections                      Display
                          (cf: Mercator, Lambert, Polar 90, etc.). Typi-                    Process                IN%
                          cally, data suppliers have limited subsets of
                          projections available and thus, users must be
                          very specific in their requirements.               Figure 10. Kermot_- octioitiq irriagery praccooire ocemario
                                                                             (percent,90c of efforc).











                       4. After the data pixels are geo-referenced so that they will fit properly onto the desired digital
                       map, they are calibrated. Sensor values are converted into geophysical parameters by means
                       of known conversion algorithms and constants for each sensor (e.g., a temperature of two
                       degrees has twice the numerical value of a temperature of one degree). Different instrument
                       channels have differing sensitivity to various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and to the
                       physical environment between the sensor and the objects being sensed. Subsequent to the
                       derivation of calibration equations and coefficients, an accuracy assessment should be per-
                       formed. Independent estimates of the error associated with each processed pixel measurement
                       should be performed using data from a series of both in situ measurements and remote sensing
                       data which have been collected independent of the data used in the derivation of the calibration
                       algorithms. There are several levels of calibration precision and thus, users must balance their
                       specific requirements against the amount of effort (cost) required to achieve it.

                       5. Properly geo-referenced and calibrated imagery is non-nally graphically Jisplayed to en-
                       sure that the preceding calculations have had the desired effect, and that the resulting image
                       product approximates reality. Common image display/manipulation systems include ArcView,
                       MIPS, PCI, ERDAS, IDL, SEls, etc. Depending on the knowledge base of the user's support
                       personnel, this can be the shortest step.

                       6. Image proGer2r2ing and analysir, are usually necessary to derive useful analytical products
                       from the geo-referenced, calibrated imagery. This is accomplished by manipulating individual
                       pixels to add information to the image (e.g., atmospheric moisture corrections) and produce a de-
                       rived image product (e.g., calculating temperatures or chlorophyll concentrations using multiple
                       channels). Additional data may also be integrated from a variety of other sensors (e.g., ship and
                       buoy data), coastal geography files, and time series.

                       Image data and/or their derived products may be imported as information layer(s) into a geo-
                       graphic information system (GIS). Image processors also normally provide the ability to zoom,
                       roam, pan, modify enhancement curves, annotate, export analyses, etc. This step results in the
                       creation of products that coastal resource managers can use (e.g., analyses of habitat change,
                       locations of oil spiHs, intensity of algal blooms, upwelling events), as illustrated on the cover of
                       this document and in Figures 2 through 9.


















                    20











                                                                                                                     Large-scale changes of the earth's surface have been occur-
                                                                                                                     ring at a rapid pace, particularly in coastal regions. Remote
                                                                                                                     sensing from space-borne satellites is perhaps the only data-
                                       5 Concluding                                                                  acquisition system capable of recording many of these
                                                                                                                     changes at the required spatial and temporal resolution, given
                                                                                                                     the size of the areas affected and the rate at which these
                                                        Thought,5                                                    changes are taking place. Remote sensing systems maxi-
                                                                                                                     mize information and areal coverage in a timely fashion
                                                                                                                     and at minimal cost.


                                                                                                      Current Requiremente

                                    The space and time domains for observing various coastal phenomena are diagrammed in Figure 11 (repro-
                                    duced from Klemas et al. 1995). Note that the spatial/temporal resolution provided by weather satellites
                                    appears by itself in the upper left of the diagram, while the spatial resolution required for following coastal
                                    processes (pollution, upwelling, plankton dynamics, wetland biomass studies, marsh habitat mapping) occu-
                                    pies the 10-100 m spatial resolution range, and the temporal requirements for repeat coverage over the same
                                    area span the range from hours to hundreds of days.

                                    None of the present satellite sys-                                          105-
                                    tems were specifically designed to
                                    examine coastal processes. While
                                    maximum resolution (spatial, tem-
                                    poral, spectral, radiometric) is de-                                        104-

                                                                                                                                                                                        Gros
                                    sirable, it would not be practical to                                                                                                               Ocean
                                    create any single system to meet all                                                                                                              Circulation
                                    of these needs. Each portion of the                                                                                       Gulf Siream
                                                                                                                10-                                           & Eddies
                                    electromagnetic spectrum-the
                                                                                                                                                           Shelf
                                    physical parameter quantified in re-                                                                                Circulation
                                                                                                                                                         & Fronts
                                                                                                                                                                Coastal
                                    mote sensing-offers specific ad-                                      Ul
                                                                                                                                                                   a ling
                                    vantages (e.g., all-weather, high-                                    S     102-                                    Red TI
                                                                                                                                                      Phytoplan                                                Coastal
                                                                                                                                                        Dynamics                                             Land Use
                                    resolution) and contains inherent                                                                Estuarine                                                                 Studies
                                                                                                                                        TWI
                                    limitations (e.g., unusable in cloudy                                                           Circulation                       Ice           Weiland
                                                                                                                                Estuarine               Ocean        Cover          Biomass
                                    weather, narrow viewing swath) for                                                          Front &                                              Studi                      Marsh
                                                                                                                101-            Pollutant              Dumpin                                                   Habitat
                                    determining variables in the coastal                                                        Dynamics     Rive             Storm                                            Mapping
                                                                                                                                             Marsh            Damage                          wale@ay
                                    environment. It is important to                                                             Marine      Flooding       Assessment                          Siltation
                                                                                                                                Traffic
                                    note, however, that systems now                                                             Control                                                                Long Term
                                                                                                                                                                                                         r
                                    being developed will make use of                                            00-                                                                                      zr..,.n
                                    advances in sensor and computa-                                                  1@111              104                 too                101                102                  103
                                    tional technologies to provide more                                                                               TEMPORAL RESOLUTION (days)
                                    capable instruments, probably                                       Figure 11. 5patialard Temporal Rcoolution Requiremerito for Coaoral Otudieo,
                                    within the next eight years.                                        Univ. of Delaware.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 d  Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   d'as



                                                                                                                                                                                                                ..'sh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                 L. @,Ie,
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Erosion



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                         21









                                                  A A Look Toward the Future

                    Remote sensing is a technology whose time is coming as an important tool for coastal resource manag-
                    ers. Strengthening the connections between coastal management issues and the contributions that re-
                    mote sensing technology can make toward resolving them will require addressing of important issues.
                    Remote sensing engineers and coastal managers must increase their efforts to communicate and col-
                    laborate. Coastal managers need to become more familiar with the capabilities of remote sensing sys-
                    tems, and designers of remote sensing systems need to focus on the requirements of these relatively new
                    customers. Another effort is to develop better and cheaper remote sensing instruments-sensors that are
                    designed to detect specific coastal changes at a relatively fine level of resolution (high-resolution imag-
                    ery can be sub-sampled if less detail is required, but coarse-resolution imagery cannot be substantially
                    reprocessed to improve its inherent limitations).

                    The image on the cover of this document is representative of commercially available 2 rn panchromatic
                    (black and white) products from Sovinformsputnik (Russia). At the time of this printing, the Japanese
                    ADEOS satellite has been successfully placed into orbit (on schedule) and has begun collection of
                    imagery from its 12 channel Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS). The follow-on ADEOS II
                    system (scheduled for launch in 1999) will have 34 channels digitized to 12 bits radiometric resolution.
                    Several governmental and commercial organizations have undertaken significant initiatives (Appendi-
                    ces C through D) to begin supplying very high quality (high spectral, spatial, radiometric resolution)
                    imagery to all customers. The constellation of planned active and passive microwave and optical satel-
                    lite sensors will provide the coastal manager the means to perform coastal surveillance within a single
                    synoptic view. The fusion of multiple, complementary image data sources (differing spatial, spectral,
                    temporal, radiometric resolutions) and existing GIS databases into single products for the analyst con-
                    tinues to accelerate due to the growth in capabilities of small, inexpensive computers. As the products
                    from these systems become readily available in a timely manner, the remote sensing problem of the
                    coastal resource manager will become one of making educated decisions on which of the plethora of
                    alternatives will best address the issues currently on the table. For additional information see references
                    in Section 6.


























                    22









                              Additional
                                 Reading


                   American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 1981. Manual of Remote Sensing,
                   Second Edition, Sheridan Press. 2,440 pp.

                   American Geophysical Union. 1983. SEASAT special issue, reprinted from J. Geophys. Res. (88).
                   1,952 pp.

                   Burrows, W.E. 1986. Deep Black, Random House. 401 pp.

                   David Sarnoff Research Center. 1993. Proceedings, National Softcopy Review.

                   Drury, S.A. 1990. A Guide To Remote Sensing Interpreting Images of the Earth, Oxford University
                   Press. 199 pp.

                   Elachi, C. 1987. Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons.
                   412 pp.

                   Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. 1994. Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS for
                   Natural Resource Management, proceedings of the second thematic conference on remote sensing for
                   marine and coastal environments. 135 pp.

                   Gonzalez, R.C. and P. Wintz. 1987. Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley Publishing. 503 pp.

                   Jones, I.S.F., Y. Sugimori, and R.W. Stewart. 1993. Satellite Remote Sensing of the Oceanic Environ-
                   ment, Seibutsu Kendyusha. 528 pp.

                   Klemas, V.V., R.G. Gantt, H. Hassan, N. Patience, and OR Weatherbee. 1995. Environmental
                   Information Systems for Coastal Zone Management. World Bank, Washington, DC. 104 pp.

                   Maul, G.A. 1985. Introduction to Satellite Oceanography, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
                   606 pp.

                   Ryerson, R.A., S.A. Morain, and A.M. Budge (eds.). 1996. Manual of Remote Sensing, third edition.
                   CD-ROM edition.


                   Szekielda, K-H. 1988. Satellite Monitoring of the Earth, John Wiley & Sons. 326 pp.

                   Verbyla, David L. 1995. Satellite Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, Lewis Publishers. 198 pp.



                                                                                                                 23





               7
                        Gloooary


              AATSR          Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer to be flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
              ADEOS          NASDA!S Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
              AIRS           Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder to be flown on NASAs EOS-PM
              ALADIN         Atmospheric laser Doppler Instrument on ESA satellite
              ALMAZ          Russian satellite series
              ALOS           Japanese satellite scheduled to be launched in 2000
              ALT            Altimeter
              altim          Altimeter
              AMI            Active Microwave Instrument, 3 modes on ERS satellite
              AMMS           Airborne Multispectral Measurement System
              AMR            Scanning Microwave Radiometer on NSAU SICH satellite
              AMSR           Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on ADEOS II satellite
              AMSU           Advanced Microwave Scanning Unit on NOAA k-n satellites
              ASAR           Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar on ESA!s ENVISAT
              ASCAT          Advanced Scatterometer to be flown on future ESA missions
              ASTER          Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection to be on NASA!s EOS-
                                 AM platform
              ATSR           Along Track Scanning Radiometer flown by ESA on ERS satellite
              AVHRR          Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer flown by NOAA on TIROS
              AVNIR          Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer flown by NASDA on ADEOS
              BTVK           Scanning television radiometer on Russian Electro-GOMS satellite
              BUFS           Backscattering UV spectrometer on Russian METEOR satellite
              CAST           Chinese Academy of Space Technology
              CBERS          China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite
              CCD            Charge-Coupled Device
              CLARK          Joint NASA and CTA Systems satellite
              CONAE          Comision Nacional. de Actividades Espaciales (Argentina)
              CSA            Canadian Space Agency
              CZCS           Coastal Zone Color Scanner flown by NASA on NIMBUS-7
              DARA           Deutsch Agentur Fur Raumfahrtangelenheiten GmbH (Germany)
              DCP            Data Collection Platform
              DCT            Data Collection and Transmission system
              DCS            Data Collection System
              DELTA          Multispectral microwave scanner on board the NSAU Okean satellite
              DMSP           United States Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
              DORIS          Doppler Orbitography and Radio positioning Integrated by Satellite to be flown
                                 on ESA!s Envisat,TOPEX/POSEIDON, and NASA!s EOS-ALT EARLY
                                 BIRD An EarthWatch, Inc satellite




              24











              Eh             Oxidizing potential in millivolts
              ELECTRO-GOMS   Geostationary satellite flown by Russia ENVISAT environmental Satellite to be
                                 flownbyESA
              EOS            Earth Observing System platforms to be flown by NASA
              ERS            European Remote Sensing Satellite flown by ESA
              EROS-1         Israel's satellite carring high resolution VIS/IR instruments
              EROS           Earth Resources Observation Systems of the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S.
                                 Department of the Interior
              ESA            European Space Agency
              ETM            Enhanced Thematic Mapper to be flown on LANDSAT 7
              FY             Feng Yeng (cloud wind) satellite series flown by The People's Republic of China
              GDE            GDE Systems, Inc. and the name of their satellite
              GEOSAT         Geodynamic Experimental Ocean Satellite flown by the U.S. Navy
              GLAS           Geoscience laser Altimeter System to be flown on NASA's EOS-ALT
              GLI            Global Imager to be flown on the Japanese NASDA!s ADEOS II
              GMS            Geostationary Meteorological Satellite flown by NASDA
              GOES           Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite flown by NOAA
              GOME           Nadir looking double spectrometer flown on ESA!s ERS-2
              HIRS           High resolution InfraRed Sounder flown on NOAXs TIROS satellites
              HRC            High Resolution CCD
              HRG            Enhanced High Resolution plus vegetation flown on CNES SPOT 5
              HRV            High Resolution Visible flown by CNES on SPOT
              HRVIR          High Resolution Visible and Infra-Red flown on CNES SPOT 4
              HSI            HyperSpectral Imager flown on NASA!s and TRW's Lewis satellite
              IASI           Infra-red Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer flown on EUMETSAT METOP
                                 satellite
              IMAGER         Visible and IR radiometer flown on NOAA!s GOES INE Instituto de Pesquisas
                                 Espaciais (Brazil)
              INSAT          Indian Satellite in geostationary orbit
              IKAR           Multispectral microwave scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
              IKAR-D         Multispectral microwave scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
              IR             Infrared
              IRMSS          Infrared Multispectral Scanner flown on CBERS
              IRS            Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
              ISRO           Indian Space Research Organization
              JERS           Japanese Earth Resources Satellite
              KARI           Korean Aerospace Research Institute
              KFA            Photographic camera flown on Russia's Resource satellites
              KLIMAT         Scanning IR radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR satellite
              KOMSAT         Korean Mapping Satellite, operated by KARI
              KVR            Photographic camera flown on Russia's and Lambda Tech's satellite
              LANDSAT        Land Remote Sensing Satellite flown by NASA, then NOAA then EOSAT
              LEISA          Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array flown on NASA!s and TRW's Lewis
              LEWIS          Polar orbiting satellite co-operated by NASA and TRW.
              LFC            Large Format Camera flown on NASA!s Space Shuttle

                                                                          Continued on next page


                                                                                       25









                  Gloggary (cont.)
                  LISS                Linear Imaging Self Scanning sensor flown on ISRO's IRS
                  MECB                Brazilian satellite operated by INPE
                  MERIS               Medium-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                  MESSR               Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
                                            satellite series
                  METEOR              Satellite platforms flown by Russia
                  METEOSAT            Geostationary satellite series flown by EUMETSAT
                  METOP               Meteorological Operational Satellite flown by EUMETSAT
                  MIMR                Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer to be flown on NASA!s
                                            EOS-PM
                  MISR                Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer to be flown on NASA!s EOS-AM
                  MITI                Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry
                  MIVZA               Experimental mivrowave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR
                  MK                  Multispectral photographic camera flown on Russia's Resource
                  MODIS               Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to be flown on NASA!s
                                            EOS-AM platform
                  moms                Modular Opto-electronic Multi-spectral Scanner to be flown on Russia's
                                            PRIRODA
                  MOS                 Marine Observation Satellite flown by NASDA
                  MOS                 Modular Optoelectronic Scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
                  MSR                 Microwave Scanning Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
                  NISS                MultiSpectral Scanner flown on LANDSAT
                  MSG                 Geostationary satellite series flown by EUMETSAT
                  MSU                 Medium Resolution Scanner flown on Russia's RESOURCE
                  MTZA                Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR
                  MVIRI               MET`EOSAT Visible and Infra-Red Imager operated by EUMETSAT
                  MWR                 Microwave Radiometer flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                  MZOAS               Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR satellites
                  NAPP                National Aerial Photography Program archived by the USGS
                  NASA                U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                  NASDA               National Space Development Agency of Japan
                  NHAPP               National High Altitude Photography Program archived by the USGS
                  NIMBUS              NASA!s satellite series first launched in 1964
                  NOAA                U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                  NRSA                India's National Remote Sensing Agency
                  NSAU                National Space Agency of the Ukraine
                  NSCAT               NASA Scatterometer flown on NASDXs ADEOS
                  OCEAN-01            N7 of the OKEAN-01 satellite series launched by Russia
                  OCEAN COLOR         NASA instrument to fly on EOS-COLOR satellite
                  OCTS                Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner flown on NASDA!s ADEOS
                  OKEAN               Soviet Union satellite series, now with NSAU
                  OLS                 Operational Line Scanner flown on the U.S. DMSP
                  OPS                 Optical sensors flown on NASDA!s JERS- I satellite
                  OSC                 Orbital Sciences Corporation



                  2 Go










               ORBVIEW         Visible and infrared instrument flown on ORBVIEW satellite by OSC
               PAN             Panchromatic mode of an instrument sensitive to a wide visible band
               pH              Hydrogen ion concentration
               POLDER          Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances flown on
                                    NASDA's ADEOS
               PRIRODA         Russian space station type platform
               QUICKBIRD       EarthWatch, Inc. satellite
               R               Single channel microwave radiometer flown on NSAU OKEAN series
               RA              Radar Altimeter flown on ESA's ERS satellite
               RADAR           Radio Detection and Ranging
               RADARSAT        Canadian Radar Satellite
               RESOURCE        Russian successor to the RESURS satellite series
               RESOURCE21      Name of Vis/IR sensor and satellite platform flown by RESOURCE21 Company.
               RLSBO           Side looking microwave radar flown on NSAU OKEAN satellite
               RM              Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russian OCEAN satellite
               RSA             Russian Space Agency
               SAC             Argentine satellite
               SAR             Synthetic Aperture Radar flown on many satellites (SEASAT, ERS, JERS, SIR)
               SCARAB          Scanner for Earth's Radiation Budget flown on Russia's METEOR and on
                                    ESA!s ENVISAT
               scene           A view or "picture" of landscape or image
               SCIAMACHY       Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography to be
                                    flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
               SCR             Scanning Microwave Radiometer
               SEASAT          NASA satellite launched in 1978
               SEASTAR         NASA and Orbital Sciences Corporation's (OSC) satellite SEAWINDS NASA
                                    Scatterometer to be flown on NASDA!s ADEOS II
               SeaWIFS         Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor to be flown on NASA!s and OSC's
                                    SEASTAR
               SEVIRI          Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager flown on EUMETSAT's MSG
               SICH            NSAU's successor to the Soviet Union's OKEAN satellite series
               SILVA           Optical Equipment for Stereograpby to fly on Russian ALMAZ
               SLAR            Side Looking Airborne Radar
               SLFMR           Scanning Low-Frequency Microwave Radiometer
               SMMR            Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer flown on NASA!s SEASAT
               SMR             Scanning microwave radiometer flown on NSAU's SICH satellite
                                    SPACE IMAGING name of the instrument, satellite and company
               SPOT            System Probatoire d'Observation de la Teffe flown by CNES
               SROSM           Spectroradiorneter for ocean monitoring flown on Russia's ALMAZ
               SRMR            SpectroRadiometer medium Resolution flown on NSAU's SICH
               SSALT           Solid State Altimeter to be flown on NASA!s EOS-ALT
               SSM/I           Special Sensor Microwave Imager flown on the U.S. DMSP
               SSM/T           Special Sensor Microwave Temperature flown on the U.S. DMSP
               SSR             Camera flown on INPE's MECB
               SSU             Stratospheric Sounding Unit flown on NOAA!s TIROS
               SWIR            Short Wave Infra Red flown on NASKs EOS-AM

                                                                              Continued on next page


                                                                                             27









             Glo55ary (cont.)


             TIR           Thermal Infra Red
             TIROS         Television InfraRed Observation Satellite series referred to as NOAA polar
                               orbiter series
             TK            Photographic camera flown on Russia's and Lambda Tech's satellite
             TM            Thematic Mapper instrument flown LANDSAT satellite
             TMR           TOPEX Microwave Radiometer flown on NASA!s and CNES's TOPEX/
                               POSEIDON and follow on platforms such as NASA!s EOS-ALT TOMS
                               Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer flown on NUMBUS satellite
             TOPEX         NASA/CNES ocean topography experiment satellite
             TRASSER       Microwave spectroradiometer flown on NSAU OKEAN
             TRMM          NASA satellite scheduled to be launched in 1997
             TSR           Thermal Spectroradiometer flown on NSAU's SICH
             UV            Ultra-violet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
             VAS           VISSR Atmospheric Sounder flown on NOANs GOES
             VEG           Vegetation instrument to be flown on CNES's SPOT satellite
             VHRR          Very High Resolution Radiometer flown on ISRO's INSAT and early
                               NOAA satellites and on NASA!s NIMBUS
             VIRR          Visible and Infrared Radiometer flown on NASAs SEASAT
             VIRS          Visual Infra-Red Scanner to be flown on NASA!s TRMM
             VIS           Visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
             VISSR         Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer flown on NOAA!s GOES and
                               NASD,Ks GMS
             VNIR          Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer flown on many platforms,
                               CONAE's SAC, NASA!S EOS-AM, KARI's KOMSAT, OSC's ORBVIEW
             VSAR          Synthetic aperture radar instrument to be flown on NASDA!s ALOS
             VTIR          Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
             WIFS          Wide Field Sensor flown on ISRO's IRS
             174-K         IR atmospheric sounder flown on Russia's METEOR satellite



















             28










                                                                                     The following appendices provide a tabular summary of
                                                                                     past (Appendix A), present (Appendix B), and intended
                                                                                     future (Appendix C) satellite-bome remote sensing systems,
                                                                     of              along with a qualitative ranking (high, medium, low) of
                                       5ummary                                       their applicability to coastal resource management issues.
                                                             iGeo                    Appendix D provides summary details on specific sensors
                                      Append                                         aboard a wide variety of current and proposed remote sens-
                                                                                     ing platforms. Appendix E summarizes the potential appli-
                                                                                     cation of NASA's proposed 36-channel MODIS platform.


                         Appendix A: Past Sensors               .................................................................................................................. 28
                         Appendix A is a tabular compilation of many of the older satellite-borne remote sensing systems de-
                         ployed since the first successful launches in the late 1950's. The platform on which the sensor was
                         flown, the major applications for the data, the mean wavelength of the spectral band(s) for the detector,
                         and the spatial resolution of the sensor are provided. From the sensor attributes, resource managers can
                         understand why there have traditionally been only limited uses for satellite-borne remote sensing for
                         coastal and estuarine applications.

                         Appendix B: Present Sensors               ............................................................................................................. 29
                         Appendix B is a brief table of some of the remote sensing systems that are active at the time of this
                         report. From this table, it is clear that present satellite-borne remote sensing systems-optimized for
                         large-scale oceanographic and meteorological processes and for land-use applications-are better than
                         previous systems, but continue to lack sufficient spatial and spectral resolution for extensive use in the
                         environmentally complex coastal zone.

                         Appendix C: Future Sensors                ............................................................................................................. 33
                         Appendix C is a brief tabulation of some of the satellite remote sensing systems that have been an-
                         nounced for future deployment by a variety of organizations. Coastal environmental management will
                         become much more quantitative and accessible if these succeed.

                         Appendix D: Detailed Descriptions of Selected Present and Future Platforins/Sensors                                        ............. 41
                         Appendix D is a summary of the satellite remote sensing systems whose resolution is appropriate for use
                         in oceanic and coastal regions. It is organized by responsible organization/company, characteristics of
                         the platform, characteristics of the sensor, and organizational contact for additional information. This
                         information was compiled, in part, from infon-nation contained in the ASPRS workbook Land Satellite
                         Information in the Next Decade (September 1995).

                         Appendix E: MODIS Characteristics                      ............................................................................................... 75
                         The MODIS instrument to be flown on the NASA EOS AM I platform, currently scheduled for a 1998
                         launch, is summarized here. The 36 bands of MO-
                         DIS are separated into categories by application and                              Summary_of Qualitative Rankings
                                                                                                   Platforms/Sensor JLzh
                         further annotated as to the intended applicatio                                                                              v@ total@
                                                                                        n of                                                     1@o@ @
                         each band of the instrument. This instrument may                         Past (1978-1988)              1          4        9       14
                         be useful for the study of ocean basin phenomena;                        Present. @6peratio'nal'):                13       32      55
                         however, for coastal and estuarine work, the 250 M                       F.ture (1996-2004)           38          22       40      100
                         resolution will not be adequate for most applications.
                                                                                                 Rotals                       .49.         39       8 1     169


                                                                                                                                                               29








                         Appendix A. Eaa 5cnooro


                                 Seasat          internal waves, water vapor/precip, sea                 wind speed, sea surface temperature
                                                 ALT (M)                                                          13.5 GHz                 2.4 km
                                                 VIRR (M)                                                           0.7 pm                 3 Ian
                                                                                                                    11  AM                 5 Ian
                                                 SMMR (L)                                                           6.6 GHz            87 x 149 km
                                                                                                                  10.7  GHz             53 x 89 km
                                                                                                                    18  GHz             31 x 53 Ian
                                                                                                                    21  GHz             27 x 42 km
                                                                                                                    37 GHz              27 x 16 Ian
                                                 SASS (L)                                                        14.59 GHz                 50 km
                                                 SAR (H)                                                         1.275 GHz                 25M
                                                 est-of chlo'         It'!0hotoplanktbribibmassl suspended sediments
                                                 C
                                                   zCS (M)                                                        0.44 pm                  850 m
                                                                                                                  0.52 pm                  850 M
                                                                                                                  0.55  pm.                850 rn
                                                                                                                  0.67 pm                  850 m
                                                                                                                  0.75 pm                  850 m
                                                 :clo,,uds",.o ean color;` s,ca@suitace@t'e'm'ver'a'tuie,,,s''u"s-'ve'nd6d"siM'nnents
                                                            c
                                                                                                .............. . ... ...               --- - ------
                                                 AVHRR (M)                                                        0.63 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.92 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.51 Pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.56 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                  11.5 Pm                  1.1 km
                                                         tempera              A       'd a,cblorAce'txt
                                                                         Am      s e
                                                                                         @,se                 ent,,cloud cover, precipitation
                                                                                      e 1'-- ,                 I  - @ 111.1 - -11... 1- - I -I.. 11--l-I.-I.. 1.
                                                 MSU-M (L)                                                        0.55  pm              1 x 1.7 Ian
                                                                                                                  0.65  pm              1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                  0.75 gm               1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                  0.95  pm              1 x 1.7 Ian
                                                 MSU-S (L)                                                        0.62  pm                 345 m
                                                                                                                    0.9 Pm                 345 m
                                                 MSU-SK (L)                                                       0.55  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                  0.65  pin                170 m
                                                                                                                  0.75  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                  0.92  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                    11  P.M                600 m
                                                 MSU-V (L)                                                        0.49 pm                  50M
                                                                                                                  0.57 pm                  50 m
                                                                                                                  0.68  pm                 50m
                                                                                                                  0.86 pm                  100 M
                                                                                                                       1                   100 m
                                                                                                                    1.6 pm                 100 M
                                                                                                                    2.2 pm                 100 m
                                                                                                                  11.4 pm                  100 M
                                                 R-225 (L)                                                        13.3 GHz                 130 km
                                                 R-600 (L)                                                          4.9 GHz                130 km
                                                 RLSBO (L)                                                          13 GHz                 2 Ian




                        30








                           Appendix B. Preoctit 5emooro


                                 DNISP               atmospheric temperature, ice, salinity, temperature, surface roughness,
                                                     SSMT (L)                                                             55 GHz                  180 km
                                                     SSMI (L)                                                             19 GHz                  25 Ian
                                                                                                                          22  GHz                 25 Ian
                                                                                                                          37 GHz                  25 km
                                                                                                                          85 GHz                  12.7 km
                                                     ve g e t a ti on," 1 @c@e`,':se' ai ce te-eraiuie
                                                                                        MP
                                                     OLS (M)                                                              0.7 pm                  620 m
                                                                                                                          11  Pm                  560 m
                                 ELECTRO-,
                                                     vegetatiqp;16@npeiatures, space        nvironmerit
                                        S,
                                 GOM'
                                                     BTVK (L)                                                           0.55  pm-                 15 km
                                                                                                                          11  Pm                  8 1(m
                                                     internal wavvesr ice slicics, currefitAivergence,,seasurfa
                                 ERS4                                                                                 ce convergence;@,
                                                     AMI-SAR imager (H)                                                   5.3 GHz                 30m
                                                     AMI-SAR wave (L)                                                     5.3 GHz                 30m
                                                     AMI-SCATT (L)                                                        5.3 GHz                 50 lan
                                                     ATSR (M)                                                             1.6 gm                  1 Ian
                                                                                                                          3.7 pm                  1 km
                                                                                                                          11 Pm                   1 km
                                                                                                                          12  pm                  1 kn
                                                                                                                        23.8  GHz                 50 Ian
                                                                                                                        36.5 GHz                  50 km
                                                     RA (M)                                                             13.8 GHz                  7 Ian
                                                     GOME (K                                                            0.51 Pm                   40 km
                                 GEOSAT'             fron ice, eddiesi geostrophic currents
                                                     ALT (L)                                                            13.5 GHZ                  6.8 km
                                 GMS                 sexsurface teirnperatuies
                                                     VISSR (L)                                                          0.63 pm                   i-.25 k m
                                                                                                                        11.5 pm                   5 Ian
                                                     sea@s       e4em iiatuWl,,@
                                                                                                                                    A`
                                                     VAS (L)                                                              0.6 PM                  1.0 kin
                                                                                                                            4 pm                  4 Ian
                                                                                                                          6.8 pin                 10.5 km
                                 INSA7T'-@'-                       ieii6xirfa@,@;temperatures@@"i
                                                     VHRR (L)                                                             0.6 pm                  2.75 km
                                                                                                                          11  Pm                  11 Ian
                                                                                                  o-astal,
                                                     Liï¿½S (M)                                                             0.5 pm                  72.5 m
                                                                                                                        0.55 pm                   72.5 m
                                                                                                                        0.65 pm                   72.5 m
                                                                                                                          0.8 pm                  72.5 m
                                                     dd      A IL'          de"d    i:lim
                                                                                                                e
                                        2
                                                   _USS 11 (H)                                                          0.48 gm                   36m
                                                                                                                        0.55 pm                   36m
                                                                                                                        0.66 pm                   36m
                                                                                                                        0.81 pm                   36m








                       Appendix 13. Preoent 5enooro cortinued

                            JERS-I             geology, vegetation, cartography, shallow water bathymetry
                                               OPS (H)                                                          0.56 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                0.66 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                0.81  pm         stereo 18 m x 24 rn
                                                                                                                1.65 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                2.07 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                2.19 pm              18mx24m
                                               ice, snow, internal waves
                                               SAR (H)                                                        1.275 GHz              18mxl8m
                            LANDSAT            vegetation'discrimination,,vi orAssessmentj          oceantolor, shallowwater bathymetry
                                               MSS (Mj                                                          0.55 pm                  80 rn
                                                                                                                0.65 pm                  80m
                                                                                                                0.75 pm                  80m
                                                                                                                  0.9 PM                 80M
                                               :*e@and@,,m,@Rping@iess.@s@Oowwa r@<30),@,benthic communities, sea surface temperature
                                               TM (H)                                                           0.48 pin                 30m
                                                                                                                0.57 gm                  30m
                                                                                                                0.67 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                0.82 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                1.65 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                  2.2 pm                 30m
                                                                                                                11.5 PM                  120 m
                            METEOR-
                                               -ozoneatmosp.,he'd-c" tj
                                                                      wa    r
                            sen'
                                               174-K (L)                                                          9.6  pm                42 kin
                                                                                                                11.1  Pm                 42 km
                                                                                                                  18 pm                  42 kin
                                                                                                              13.33 jim                  42 km
                                                                                                                13.7 pm                  42 Ian
                                                                                                              14.24 pm                   42 Ian
                                                                                                              14.43 pm                   42 Ian
                                                                                                              14.75 pin                  42 km
                                                                                                              15.02 pm                   42 kin
                                               ,,c on,         e,        :so AfrAdiatibw UX@Icl'                  v etation
                                               BUFS-4    (L)                                               250-350 rrn                   180 kin
                                               KLMIAT (L)                                                         11 PM                  1 krn
                                                 t
                                                    -4tM6s# eric                           eratu        mpera@ e'-;',,-wa-'ter vapor,, ciouas
                                                    @
                                               MIVZ@k (L)                                                       0.86 cm               20-80 km
                                               MTZA (L)                                                      20-94 GHz                20-80 km
                                               MZOAS (L)                                                     6. -94. GHz              9-160 km
                                               ScaRaB (L)                                                   0.2-12 pm                    60 Ian
                                                                                            ..........
                                                    bzone@,'O, up
                                               'f0idS (L)                                                         0.3 prn                47 lan
                                                  ter,
                                                              sea,sur accte!       ra
                                               MVIRI (L)                                                          0.7 pm                 2.5 km
                                                                                                                   6 pm                  5 Ian
                                                                                                                  11 pm                  5 km









                        32








                            Appendix 13. Frooent5enooro continued


                                 MOS-1,2              suspended sediments, land/water, water vapor
                                                      MESSR (H)                                                           0.55 pm                    50m
                                                                                                                          0.65 pm                    50in
                                                                                                                          0.75 pm                    50in
                                                                                                                          0.95 pm                    50m
                                                      watOrvapor,-sea surfacetemperature
                                                      VTIR (L)                                                             0.6 pm                    ï¿½00 m
                                                                                                                           6.5 pin                   900 in
                                                                                                                            11 AM                    900 m
                                                                                                                            12 pm                    900 m
                                                      ice, sea surfac,ePug6elss
                                                      MSR (L)                                                             23.8 GHz                   32 km
                                                                                                                          31.4 GHz                   23 Ian
                                 NOAA,series,         sea,surface temps, vegetationaerosols-
                                                      AVHRR (M)                                                           0.63 pin                   1.1 km
                                                                                                                           0.9  pm                   1.1 km
                                                                                                                           3.8  pm                   1.1 kin
                                                                                                                            11  Pm                   1.1 kin
                                                                                                                            12  pm                   1.1 kin
                                                      HIRS (L)                                                     0.66-14.98   pin                  17.4 km
                                                      MSU (L)                                                             50.3 GHz                   105 kin
                                                      AMSU (L)                                                            53.7 GHz                   .50 Ian
                                                                                                                          54.9 GHz                   50 kin
                                                                                                                          57.9 GHz                   50 Ian
                                                                                                                            89 GHz                   50 Ian
                                 Ocean-01             ocean frontsVi@egetation
                                                      MSU-M (L)                                                           0.55 Pm                    1 km
                                                                                                                          0.65 pin                   1 km
                                                                                                                          0.75  pm                   1 kin
                                                                                                                          0.95 pin                   1 kin
                                                      MSU-S (L)                                                           0.68 pin                   345 m
                                                                                                                          0.85  pin                  345 m
                                                                                                              ge'717-
                                                             suria'ce;
                                                                                                   U-@'@--""'-,"S"'@
                                                      RLSBO (L)                                                            3.1 an                1.
                                                      RM-0.8 (L)                                                           0.8 an                15x2O km
                                 Resource-41
                                                      lani sea;.Ve               ',",atejr.v4"' 4

                                                      MSU-E (L)                                                           0.55 pin                   45M
                                                                                                                          0.65 pin                   45m
                                                                                                                          0.85 pin                   45m
                                                      MSU-SK (L)                                                          0.55 pm                    170 in
                                                                                                                          0. 65 pm                   170 m
                                                                                                                          0.75  pin                  600 in
                                                                                                                          0.95  pm                   600 in
                                                                                                                          10.6  pin                  600 in
                                 ROsburce-TIM''
                                                      tart@     Phy,"tidil,@mar@h'@b6un4ik@s@,,,berithi@ibi,6ta'@@
                                                                                                                                         """'tjj
                                 series
                                                      KFA-1000 (L)                                                        0.69 pin                   6m
                                                      KFA-200 (M)                                                         0.65 pm                    23m








                         Appendix 13. Freoent Sonooro continued


                             Resource-F2         cartography, tidal marsh boundaries, shallow water, benthic biota cultural                   identification
                             series
                                                 MK-4 (M)                                                          0.41 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                   0.49 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                   0.54   pxn                 lom
                                                                                                                   0.67 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                   0.68 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                   0.84 pm                    lom
                             Resource-,F2M
                                                 @cartqgraphy,,, dal,marsh@bouridaries,,,sh@kllow water, benthic biota cultural identification
                             ,series
                                                 MK-4M (M)                                                         0.67 pm                    6m
                                                                                                                   0.54   p.Tn                6m
                                                                                                                   0.64 pm                    6m
                                                                                                                   0.84   pm                  6m
                             Resource-F3
                                    .'           . :,tartograp@y,,,,tidil@marsh@boundaries,@sh;illowwater;@b'@nthtc,biota cultural identification
                             'series
                                                 KFA-3000 (M)                                                      0.65 pm                    3m
                             SIR-B @8A@-.@@      @izitemal,.,way4o,,,ite;,oceaii:fioiits@,,.,
                                                 SAR (M)                                                          1.282 GHz                   20m
                                                                            an on s,,,,
                             'SII@C@, "SAR       internal,         i ocei-fr. 't"'
                                                                                                                   1.25 GHz              40 x 10-60 m
                                                                                                                     5.3 GHz             40 x 10-60 m
                                                                                                                     9.6  GHz            40 x 10-60 m

                                                 ca
                             SPIN.41@'@-"@       ... rt @@pl@y,'tidat@v,=,sh,boundaiie!@@,benthic@blota'
                                                 KVR-1000 (H)                                                      0.66 pm                    2m
                                                 TK-350 (H)                                                        0.66 pm                    lom
                             SPOT,                                       flat ma ph   ,Ig
                                                                                 p
                                                 HRV (H)                                                           0.57 pm                    20m
                                                                                                                   0.65 pm                    20m
                                                                                                                   0.85 pm                    20m
                                                 ':cartograp,,,y',
                                                 PAN @H)                                                             0.6 pan                  lom

                                                 -su ace                 oid
                             ,TPP,E)(/,,
                                                   A     @elerMickvige'
                             ,rOSI@tPON-@
                                                                                                                -- - ------ - -
                                                 XLT (L)                                                             5.3 GHz             20 x 2-10 km
                                                                                                                  13.65 GHz              20 x 2-10 km
                                                 TMR (L)                                                             18 GHz               50.86 km
                                                                                                                     21 GHz               39.76 km
                                                                                                                     37 GHz               27.37 km
























                         34








                              Appendix C. Future Semooro


                                   ADEOS                          ocean-color, suspended sediments
                                                                  OCTS (M)                                                               0.41 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.44   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.49   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.52   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.56   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.66 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.77 gm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                         0.86   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                            3.7 pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                            8.5 pin               700 m
                                                                                                                                         10.7 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                         11.7 pm                  700 m
                                                                                 ow
                                                                  coastal shall              j, benthic, mapp ng,,vegetation, ocearv'co or,
                                                                  AVNIR                      . . ....  ......                            @6.4'8 pm"
                                                                                                                                         0.55 pm                  16m
                                                                                                                                         0.64 gm                  16m
                                                                                                                                         0.82 pm                  16m
                                                                  PAN (H)                                                                  0.6 pm                 8m
                                                                  NSCAT (L)                                                                 14 GH1z               25 km
                                                                  POLDER(H)                                                             0.443 pm                  6km
                                                                                                                                        0.495 pzn                 6 Ian
                                                                                                                                        0.565 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                        0.665 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                        0.763   pm                6 km
                                                                                                                                        0.765 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                        0.865 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                         0.91   Pm                6 Ian
                                                                  pceart color,               sedimenW,@i@
                                   AP@9@7#
                                                                  POLDER (L)                                                            0.443 PM                  6 Icrn
                                                                                                                                         0.67 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                        0.865   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                         0.49   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                        0.565   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                        0.763 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                        0.765 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                         0.91 Jim                 6 Ikm
                                                                  ace @co or;.Pust)en
                                                                                                              ve            @sea-
                                                                  GLI 34 channels (M)                                                Vis-TIR                      250 m





















                                                                                                                                                                                    35








                      Appendix C. Future 5emooro contimuM


                          ALMAZ                   vegetation, suspended s.edimentsi ocean color
                                                  MSU-E (M)                                                   0.55 Pm           lom
                                                                                                              0.65 pm           lom
                                                                                                              0.85 pm           lom
                                                                                     ocean color
                                                  MSU-SK (M)                                                  0.56 pm           80m
                                                                                                              0.65 pin          80m
                                                                                                              0.75 prn          80m
                                                                                                              0.9 Pm            80m
                                                                                                              11 pm             300 m
                                                  4 a,sur accs i                      sea,state
                                                  SAR (H)                                                     3.49 an           260 m
                                                                                                              3.49 cm           6 m
                                                                                                              9.58 an           6 m
                                                                                                              9.58 an           6 m
                                                                                                              9.58 an           30m
                                                                                                              70 an             30m
                                                  ryegetation;suTen e,:@se           oce
                                                  SILVA (H)                                                   0.55 pzn          4m
                                                                                                              0.65 pm           4m
                                                                                                              0.75 pm           4m
                                                                       A                   c 'or,,,,,
                                                  yegfftti'        n e sediments@oee
                                                                                       -an ",o
                                                  SROSM (M)                                                   0.41 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.44 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.49 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.52 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.56 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.66 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              0.6 W             600m
                                                                                                              0.86 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              3.65 pm           600 m
                                                                                                              11 Pm             600 m
                                                                                                              12 pm             600 m
                                                  ve ptati  -*Jin  'e'
                                                  AVNIR-2 (H)                                                 0.46 pm           lom
                                                                                                              0.58 pm           lom
                                                                                                              0.65 pm           lom
                                                                                                              0.82 pm           lom
                                                  PAN (H)                                                     0.54 pm           2.5 m
                                                                                                              0.63 pin          2.5 m

                                                                                                              0.74 pm           2.5 m
                                                                                                              "Y

                                                  VSAR (H)                                                    15 NMz            lom
                           BERS
                         C       4s
                                                            P@Dceanc Rr,
                                                  CCD (M)                                                     0.47 pm           20m
                                                                                                              0.55 pm           20m
                                                                                                              0.63 pm           20m
                                                                                                              0.66 pm           20m
                                                                                                              0.83 jim          20m
                                                  i                                     t        h1rc.
                                                  IRMSS (M)                                                   0.8 Pm            80m
                                                                                                              1.6 @un           80m
                                                                                                              2.2 pm            80m
                                                                                                              11 Pzn            160m








                         Appendix C. Future Semooro coritinued


                              CLARK                     vegetation, suspended sediments, ocean color
                                                        PAN (H)                                                         0.6 pm             3m
                                                        multispectral (H)                                             0.54 pm              15m
                                                                                                                      0.65 pin             15M
                                                                                                                      0.84 pm              15m
                              EARLYBIRD                 vegetation, imagery,,,suspended sediments
                                                        PAN (H)                                                       0.62 prn             3m
                                                                                                                      0.54 pin             15m
                                                                                                                      0.63 pm              15m
                                                                                                                      0.74 pm              15m.
                              ENVISAT I                 temperature,@vegetation, cloud, aerosol, sea surface temperature
                                                        AATSR (L)                                                   0.555 prn              1 km
                                                                                                                    0.659 pm.              1 km
                                                                                                                    0.865 prn              1 krn
                                                                                                                        1.6 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                        3.7 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                    10.85 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                        12 pm              1 kin
                                                          drold         geoio'
                                                        ASAR (M)                                                          6 GHz            30m.
                                                        m-an" neJ@ioclieli"
                                                        NERIï¿½- " i5 c@a@els (M)                                  0.4-1.05 pin              300 rn
                                                        @2       eric um'di
                                                        MWR (L)                                                       23.8 GHz:            20 Im
                                                                                                                      36.5 GHz             20 km
                                                        wixf&s peed;,ï¿½ign ,ificant.wave heij@t, sea         ejoplo" ice.,@'
                                                                                                                    gy,
                                                        RA-2 (L)                                                      13.8 GHz:            7km
                                                                                                                        3.2 GHz            71an
                                                        :4tm   li,       fil s f,@chemical,compon ni@            Is       qci@
                                                                                                     e    4er6so' ., dou
                                                        SCIAMACHY (L)                                           0.23-2.38 pm               3km
                              EOS-ALT                @:,-Precige vibiVderterndnitioh:@
                                                        DORIS (L)                                                  2036-25 MHz          1 per 10 sec
                                                                            'ickn6s, aerosol hei         stilb
                                                                             ..... ..                          utions, i@ind:
                                                        6L IAS                                                      0.532 -pm.          70x188m.
                                                                                                                    1.064 pm.           70 x 188 m.
                                                        SSALT (L)                                                   13-55 GHz              300 m
                                                        TMR (L)                                                         18 GHz          23-44 km.
                                                                                                                        21 GHz          23-44 km
                                                                                                                        37 GHz          23-44 km.


























                                                                                                                                                          37








                       Appemdix C. Future 5encoro coritimuM


                           EOS-AM series,            aerosols, digital elevation, temperature
                                                     ASAR'(H)_                                           [email protected]  pm             15M
                                                                                                          [email protected] pm             20m
                                                                                                        [email protected]  prn            90M
                                                     ,aerosols, vegetation,
                                                     NUSR (L)                                                  0.44 prn            240 m
                                                                                                               0.56 pm             240 m
                                                                                                               0.67 pm             240 m
                                                                                                               0.86 pm             240 m
                                                     oceamcolor, biogeochemistry,'water vapor, sea surface temperature
                                                     MODIS - 36 bands (M)                                  0.4-14.4 pm       250 m - 1060 In
                                                     and/sea; water. vapor
                                                     swik (M)                                                  1.65 1. pm          30m
                                                                                                                2.1 pm             30m
                                                                                                                2.2 pm             30m
                                                                                                               2.25 pm             30m
                                                                                                                2.3 jim            30m
                                                     sea suri@cele`mperaiure;',water vapor                     2.35 pm             30m
                                                     TIR (M)                                                    8.2 pm             90M
                                                                                                                8.6 pm             90M
                                                                                                                9.1 Pm             90M
                                                                                                               10.5 Pm             90M
                                                                                                               11.4 pm             90M
                                                     ,@"etation;,,,,ciilt@i@i,""I'dentificiition
                                                     VNik"@i4)                                                 ': 0.58 pm          15m,
                                                                                                               0.66 pm             15m
                                                                                                               0.78 pin            15m
                                                             fi@"Iancbsea,
                                                     PAN (H)                                                    0.7 pm             15m
                                                     Vege [email protected],"tol@or,,su endedso   ents-'@@"
                                                       '@!' _  ""'_ " , I     SP
                                                     VNIR (H)                                                  0.48 prn            30m
                                                                                                               0.56 pm             30m
                                                                                                               0.66 jim            30m
                                                                                                               0.82 pm             30m
                                                       e
                                                            wai
                                                                 ,;!yap
                                                     SWIR (H)                                                   1.6 pm             30m
                                                                                                                   2pin            30m
                                                                                                                   1 Pm            240 m
                          EOS-COLOR'       . .....   @6attbiology@@@;(@!oriole,ofg!@@           glo@                      ch
                                                                                                       carbon and.b                cal c
                                                                                                                                     --y
                                                     Ocean-Color - 8 channel (M)                      6.'402-0.'985 pm             1.1 km
                                                     arth s' u
                                                 _,,@e    'o tgqin$'iiidiation@,'@_
                                                     AIRS 2300 channel (L)                                      IR'                iSkm
                                                     'Lultural@feature@identifi,cat'oiij coastal morAtoring,;
                          IPP                        "I
                                                     -PAN (H)                                                   0.7 pm             1.8 m
                                                     VNIR (H)                                                   0.7 pin            1.5 m








                                Appendix C. Future Semooro coritinued


                                      ESA.                             sea'surface temperature, ice, snoW, aerosols, vegetation
                                                                       AATSR (L)                                                                       0.555 pm               1 Ian
                                                                                                                                                       0.659 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                                                       0.865 pm               1 Ian
                                                                                                                                                       1.6 pm                 1 kin
                                                                                                                                                       3.7 pm                 1 km
                                                                                                                                                       10.85 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                                                       12  pin                1 km
                                                                       @vertical dist.d6utionoif @lo'u'As,'ieros'ol.properties,,winds,
                                                                                                                                                       9.41                   15 km
                                                                       -w.aves, ice@'seasurface@wmdsjmarme bio                @&emkal and.biophysicitparameters'
                                                                       ASAR (M)                                                                        6 GHz                  30m
                                                                       ASCAT (L)                                                                       6 GHz                  25 Ian
                                                                       MERIS (M)                                                             0.4-1.05 pm                      300m
                                                                       xp!ecip       onji-c'               c@temper@iiie--sea suiria,ce;@'f-
                                                                                                                                                       rbu
                                                                       MIMR (L)                                                                        6.8 GHz                3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                       10.65 GHz              3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                       18.75 GHz              3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                       23.8 GHz               3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                       36.5 GHz               3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                       90 GHz                 3-60 km
                                                                                                                                   ",Ice       . ....... .
                                                                       RA-2 (L)                                                                        13.8 GHz               7km
                                                                       v6getatioxi,,oceari'eololrl,,Ise,gi,surf
                                                                       10 channel (L)                                                      vis and IR                         1 Ian
                                      FY-lD                            @vegFtation, ocean colori sea surface temperature, *ate@vapor
                                                                       10 channel (L)                                                      vis and IR                         1 kin
                                      GDE                              vggetation,'suspended sedimentsi;;ulturalleatures,
                                                                       to be determined (H)                                                            0.6 PM                 1M
                                      IRS'@O/IRS-lC'                   @,y@g@ta#On,,s@xi@ii@ehded@ii@diinents,,,,,,,
                                                                       LISS3 (H)                                                                       0.55 PM                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                       0.66 pm                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                       0.82 pm                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                       1.6 pm                 70.5 m
                                                                       PAN (H)                                                                         0.62 pin               5.8 In
                                                                       WiFS (M)                                                                        0.65 pm                188 m
                                                                                                                                                       0.81 pm                188 m
                                                                             tali"'              I
                                                                                                o or
                                                                       PAN (H)                                                                         0.6 pm                 lorn
                                                                       VNIR (H)                                                                        0.46 pm                20m
                                                                                                                                                       0.64 pm                20m
                                                                                                                                                       0.77 pm                20m
                                                                            tation.@iiceantdbrlius -04e4@sedimen                       urf     le -        turi
                                                                       ve                                  Oe                                          mp
                                                                                                                                           ,ace
                                                                       ETM+ (H)                                                                        0.7 pm                 15M
                                                                                                                                                       0.48 gm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       0.57 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       0.66 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       0.83 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       1.65 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       2.21 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                       11.5 pm                60m






                                                                                                                                                                                               519








                       Appendix C. Future 5&mooro continued


                           LEMS                       vegetation, cultural feature identification, tidal marsh boundaries
                                                      HSI(pan) (H)                                                   0.6 pm             5m
                                                      -HSI(vnir) (H)                                                 0.7 pm             30m
                                                      _HSI(swir) (H)                                                   2 pm             30m
                                                      LEISA(swir) (L)                                                  2 pm             300m
                           MECB SSR-1                 vegetation,,suspended sediments
                                                      IIS camera (L)                                               0.66  pm             200 m
                                                                                                                   0.83  pm             200 m
                           NMCB SSR-2,                vegetatiom suspended sediments
                                                      IIS camera (L)                                               0.66  pm             200 m
                                                                                                                   0.83  pm             200 m
                           NMTOP-si-ries              sea surface temperature, aerosols,-vegetation
                                                      AATSR (L)                                                   0.555 Pm              1 km
                                                                                                                  0.659  pm             I km
                                                                                                                  0.865 pm              I km
                                                                                                                     1.6 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                     3.7 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                  10.85  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                     12  pm             1 km
                                                      ,@@a,@surfac: tem erature         ta.       erq@o!s@ice,,snow
                                                                      p , _,,,,,p@ec p@_, 't@pn@,a
                                                      AVHRR/3 (L)                                                  0.63 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                     0.8 Pm             1 km
                                                                                                                     1.6 pm             I km
                                                                                                                   3.76  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                   10.4 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                   11.9 Jim             1 km
                                                                         1           0,,S,,
                                                      HIRS/3 (L)                                                   0.69 pm              19 krn
                                                                                                                     4.1 pm             19 km
                                                                                            ... ..........
                                                                   tempera     re,,, ro es
                                                                  ,--@.        - @-P . .. .....
                                                      IASI (L)                                                           p'm            1 km
                           AM,
                                                      s
                                                      SEVIRI (M)                                                   0.63 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                     0.7 pm             I km
                                                                                                                   0.83 pm              1 1cm
                                                                                                                   1.61  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                     3.8 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                   8.78 pm              1 Ian
                                                                                                                     10  pin            1 Ian
                                                                                                                     12 pm              1 km
                                                            co@,s!u@  1-1111,  d6isedim
                                                      SeaWifs (M)                                                 0.412 pan             1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.443 jim             1.1 km
                                                                                                                   0.49 pm              1.1 kin
                                                                                                                   0.51  pm             1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.555  pm             1.1 km
                                                                                                                   0.67 pm              1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.765 pm              1.1 km
                                                                                                                  0.865 pm              1.1 km








                       40








                          Appendix C. Future. 5emooro continued


                                OKEAN-0                    ice, precipitation
                                                           DELTA-2 (L)                                                    7 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                         13 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                       22.5 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                       36.5 Gl-lz           100 km
                                                           ,.physical ocean6graph@, hydrometeorology,, ice and snow
                                                           MSU-M (L)                                                   0.55 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                       0.65 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                       0.75 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                       0.95 pin          I x 1.7 km
                                                           MSU-S (L)                                                   0.65 gm              345 m
                                                                                                                       0.85 gm              345 m
                                                           jand/sea, snow and ice
                                                           MSU-SK (L)                                                  0.55 pm              170 m
                                                                                                                       0.65  pm             170 m
                                                                                                                       0.75 pm              170 m
                                                                                                                       0.95 Pm              170 m
                                                                                                                         11 Pm              600 m
                                                                                        eratu're;@,ocei @coioir'
                                                           Mkj-v (L)                                                   0.48 pin             50m
                                                                                                                       O@55  pm             50m
                                                                                                                       M8    pm             50m
                                                                                                                       0.84  pm             50M
                                                                                                                           1 Pm             50m
                                                                                                                         1.6 prn            50m
                                                                                                                         2.2 prn            50M
                                                                                                                       11.2  pm             100 m
                                                           4e                 ea;stAte@@Internd
                                                           R-225 (L)                                                   13.3 GHz             130 krn
                                                           R-600 (L)                                                     4.9 GHz            130 km
                                                           RLSBO (L)                                                     3.1 an         2.1 x 1.2 km
                                                           TRASSER-0 (L)                                                 62 band            100 Ian
                                                            a       ve     ti I @Cultural
                                                                                          :feattre'@!4@@ cation
                                                           PAN (H)                                                     0.68 pin                m
                                                                                                                       0.68 pm              2m
                                                           VNIR (H)                                                    0.48  pm             8m
                                                                                                                       0.56 pm              8m
                                                                                                                       0.66 pm              8m
                                                                                                                       0.83  pm             8m
                                                                                             6,`4ee    olor@-c
                                                           %44@g_ etididz sediinent                in't       arto ap@y,@qeyation,cartograpY3@
                                                           MOMS (H)                                                    0.48 Wn              18m
                                                                                                                       0.55 Pm              18m
                                                                                                                       0.66 pm              18 m
                                                                                                                       0.79  pm             18m
                                                           PAN (H)                                                     0.64 pm              6m
                                                           fore,aft (H)                                                0.64 pm              18 m
                                QUICKBIRD-@,,@,..-
                                                           PAN (H)                                                     0.62 Ilm             3m
                                                                                                                       0.48 pm              15M
                                                                                                                       0.56 pm              15M
                                                                                                                       0.66 pm              15M
                                                                                                                       0.83 pm              15 m
                               RAD                                       s@-'ve etation;@slicks;,Iand,c v r,  ice-coastiLion'e,monitozin
                                                                                                         e
                                                                                                                                            9
                                                           SAR (H)                                                     5.36 GHz             103



                                                                                                                                                            41








                       Appendix C. Future 5eriooro contirlued


                            RESOURCE21                 vegetation, suspended sediments, ocean color
                                                       to be determined (H)                                          0.47  pm              lom
                                                                                                                     0.56  pm              lom
                                                                                                                     0.65 pm               lom
                                                                                                                     0.83 pm               lorn
                                                                                                                     1.58 pm               20m
                                                                                                                     1.35 prn              100 M
                            SAC-C                      vegetation, ocean color, suspended sediments
                                                       VNIR (M)                                                      0.49 pm               150 rn
                                                                                                                     0.55 Pm               150 rn
                                                                                                                     0.66  pm              150 m
                                                                                                                     0.79 pm               150 m
                                                       vegetation, water va or
                                                                             P
                                                       SWIR (M)                                                      1.68 prn              150 m
                            SICH-1                     ,vegetation, jand/sea
                                                       MSU-S (M)                                                     0.62 pm               410 rn
                                                                                                                          0.5 pm           410 m
                                                       '[email protected].        @J'
                                                       MSU-M (L)                                                     0.55 prn              2000 m
                                                                                                                     0.65  pin             2000 m
                                                                                                                     0.75  pm              2000 m
                                                                                                                          0.9 Pm           2000 m
                            SJCH-2,,",`.@              s6a@state;*.,md
                                                       RLSBO with scatterometer (L)                                       3.1 an       0.8xl.6 km
                                                       ,slicks, waves, ice-,
                                                       SAR (M)                                                            23 an            10-50 m
                            SICH-3                     @ice,,preqpitaiti
                                                                      on,
                                                       SMR (L)                                                            10 GHz       50 x 70 km
                                                                                                                          18 GHz       35 x 50 Ian
                                                                                                                          22 GHz       27 x 35 km
                                                                                                                          37 GHz       15 x 21 krn
                                                                                                                          90 GHz           6x6km
                                                                                    .. .....   'dim,                      -
                                                       -yegetatio pceah,' lo"I                      en wateryapor
                                                                     _"_       t,,,                    tsi
                                                       SRMR (H)                                                   0.4-0.7  pm              10-40 m
                                                                                                                  0.8-2.4  pro.            10-40 m
                                                                              @sea:s       4@-'   r iur'
                                                       TSR                                  ''Tpe a,,,e          3.0-13.0  pm              100 km
                            SPACE                                         d d dim ts" '               or,
                                                                  ,"pe@,,e'se_"e ioceancol
                                                       PAN (H)                                                            0.6 pin          1M
                                                                                                                     0.48 pm               4m
                                                       yqeta
                                                       VNIR (H)                                                      0.56 pm               4m
                                                                                                                     0.66 pm               4m
                                                                                                                     0.88 pm               4m
                                                                        @sit@surface@temveriture,@,water"@4pot
                                                                Al
                                                       cloud,,',radiation,
                                                       VIRS (L)                                                      0.63 jim              2 krn
                                                                                                                          1.6 pm           2 Ian
                                                                                                                     3.75 pm               2 km
                                                                                                                     10.8  prn             2 krn
                                                                                                                          12 pm            2 Ian







                        42






                     Appendix P: Detailed deocriptiono of oome Freocrit and Future Flatformo/5cnooro

                     ADEOS AVNIR: JAPAN
                     Mission/Instrument name:           ADEOS / Advanced Visible & Near-Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR)
                     Operating organizations:           National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                     Operational date:                  August 1996 to July 1999
                     Number of satellites:              1


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                          -797 kin
                     Inclination:                       -98.6 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval: 41 days and 585 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                              VNIR                                        PAN
                     Band:                              1          2          3         4            1         5
                     Spectral range from gm:            0.42       0.52       0.61      0.76                   0.52
                                             to:        0.50       0.60       0.69      0.89                   0.69
                     Signal to noise ratio:                        >200       >200      >200                   >200                  >90
                     Ground sample distance in:         16         16         16        16                     8

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:          5.7 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:          80 kin x 80 kin
                     Instrument field of regard:        ï¿½40 deg <-> ï¿½700 km
                     Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                 cross-track

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:             Accuracy of on-board calibration using internal lamp and sunlight is ï¿½5%
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                 [not provided]

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w1cross-track tilt:         3 days at equator
                     Onboard storage:                              3 x 72 Gb (total satellite capacity)
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            80 kin x -5000 km = -400 k sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                     I station; additional stations can be supported within satellite resources
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:          -500 k sq kin
                     System annual land data colledion capability:            300 M sq kin

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Yoshio Tange
                     Title:     Sr. Eng., E0S
                     Address:   NASDA, Hamamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                                1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
                                Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                     Phone:     81-3-5401-8663
                     Fax:       81-3-5401-8702
                     e-mail:    n/a






















                                                                                                                                                                      43







                   Appendix P (corltiriue6i)

                   ALMAZ OPTICAL: RUSSIA & SAR CORP.
                   .Mission/Instrument name:        ALMAZ Mulit-Sensor Satellite System
                   Operating organizations:         Russia (RSA) & SAR Corp. (Sokol-Almaz Radar)
                   Operational date:                Mid 1998
                   Number of satellites:            3: ALMAZ 1B (1998) followed by ALMAZ 1C & ALMAZ 2

                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                        397 km nominal; 388-404 km range
                   Inclination:                     72.7 deg
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: n/a
                   Ground track repeat interval: 10.8 days and 168 orbits

                   Instrument Bands & Viewing Geometry
                   Optronic Equipment for Stereography (OES), Mulitzone High-Resolution Electronic Scanner (MSU-E),
                   Multizone Middle-Resolution Optomechanical Scanner (MSU-SK), Spectro-Radiometer for Ocean Satellite Monitoring (SROSM)
                   Band:                            OES                   MSU-E                 MSU-SK                SROSM                 VIS         IR
                   Spectral range from pm:          0.5                   0.5                   0.54                  10.4                  0.405       0.475
                                         to:        0.6                   0.6                   0.6                   12.6                  0.422       0.785
                   Spectral range from pm:          0.6                   0.6                   0.6                   0.433                 0.843
                                         to:        0.7                   0.7                   0.7                   0.453                 0.884
                   Spectral range from Am:          0.7                   0.8                   0.7                   0.480                 3.6
                                         to:        0.8                   0.9                   0.8                   0.500                 3.9
                   Spectral range from gm:          0.58                  0.8                   0.510                 10.5
                                         to:        0.8 (PAN)             1.0                   0.530                 11.5
                   Spectral range from gm:                                                      0.555                 11.5
                                         to:                                                    0.575                 12.5
                   Spectral range from jim:                                                     0.655
                                         to:                                                    0.675
                   Signal to noise ratio:
                   Ground sample distance in: 4/2.5(PAN)                  10                    80                    300                   600

                   Viewing Geometry
                   histrurtient field of view:      OES 80 kin CT x 180 k AT;        MSU-E 2 x 24 km; MSU-SK          VIS: 2 x 300 km IR: +/-39 deg 300 km;
                                                    SROSM 2 x 1100 km
                   Scene dimension at nadir:
                   Instrument field of regard:      OES 30 deg <-> 300 km; MSU-E 2 x 550 km; MSU-SK VIS: 2 x 550 kin IR: 300 km; SROSM 2 x 1100 km
                   Along-track tilt:
                   Stereo capability:    OES 1001%, using fore /aft 25 deg tilt;     CE(.9) = 5 in LE(.9) = 5 m

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:          [not provided]
                   RMS ground location accuracy:              [not provided]

                   CollectiontRetum Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      3 days at the equator
                   Onboard storage:                           32 Gb
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         [not provided]
                   Ground network (nominal):                  3 stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:       OES 370 k sq km; MSU-E 350-700 k sq km; MSU-SK 3.7 M sq km; SROSM 60 M sq km
                   System annual land data collection capability:         OES 2,044 M sq km; MSU-E 1,890-4,410 M sq km; MSU-SK 20,300 M sq km;
                                                                          SROSM 329,175 M sq Ian

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Pavel Shirokov
                   Title:    Director c/o Jean-Pierre Schwartz, Program Manager
                   Address:  SAR Corp. Suite 800
                             818 Connecticut Ave, NW
                             Washington, DC 20006
                   Phone:    202-628-1144 and 7-095-307-9194
                   Fax:      202-331-8735 and 7-095-302-2001
                   e-mail:








                   44







                         Appendix 0 (oontirluecl)

                         ALMAZ SAR: RUSSIA & SAR CORP.
                         Mission /Instrument name:             ALMAZ Mulit-Sensosr Satellite System
                         Operating organizations:              Russia (RSA) & SAR Corp. (Sokol-Almaz Radar)
                         Operational date:                     Mid 1998
                         Number of satellites:                 3: ALMAZ 1B (1998) followed by ALMAZ 1C & ALMAZ 2

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                             397 km nominal; 388-404 kin range
                         Inclination:                          72.7 deg
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: n/a
                         Ground track repeat interval: 10.8 days and 168 orbits

                         SAR Sensors & Viewing Geometry
                         I-SLR-3 (side Looking Radar); 2-SAR-3 Narrow Mode; 3-SAR-10 Narrow Mode; 4-SAR-10 Intermediate Mode; 5- SAR-10 Survey Mode;
                         6-SAR-70
                                                                              1          2             3          4                         5                         6
                         Wavelength cm:                                       3.49       3.49          9.58       9.58                      9.58                      70
                         Survey slide:                                        left       left          left       left                      left                      left
                         View angle off nadir deg:                            38-60      25-51         25-51      25-51                     25-51                     25-51
                         Beam slip angle deg:                                 49.1       63.3          63.3       63.3                      63.3                      63.3
                                                   to:                        23.0       34.3          34.3       34.3                      34.3                      34.3
                         Slant range km:                                      518        444           444        444                       444                       444
                                                   to:                        895        00            670        670                       670                       670
                         Effective coverage width km:                         450        330           330        330                       330                       330
                         Swath width km:                                      450        20-30         30-55      60-70                     120-170                   120-170
                         Resolution                                           190-250    5-7           5-7        5-7                       22-40                     22-40
                          (range x azimuth) in:                               1200-20005-7             5-7        is                        30                        30
                         Stereo capability:                                   n/a        multi-pass               multi-pass                                          multi-pass
                         Signal polarization (xmit/rcv):                      V/V        V/V           H/H        V/VH,H/VH                 V/V     -                 V/VH,H/VH
                         Contrast sensitivity dB:                             2-3        2-2.5         2-2.5      1.5-2                     1-1.5                     1
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit k:               1,400      76            80-450     80-450                    80450                     330-450
                         Sys annual land collection capability M:             7,650      420           480-2460   480-2460                  480-2460                  1800-2400

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:                    [not provided]
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                        (not provided]

                         Collection/Retum Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:                3 days at the equator
                         Onboard storage:                                     32 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:                   [not provided]
                         Ground network (nominal):                            3 stations


                         Technical Contact
                         Name:        Pavel Shirokov
                         Title:       Director c/o Jean-Pierre Schwartz, Program Manager
                         Address:     SAR Corp. Suite 800
                                      818 Connecticut Ave, NW
                                      Washington, DC 20006
                         Phone:       202-628-1144 and 7-095-307-9194
                         Fax:         202-331-8735 and 7-095-302-2001
                         e-mail:





















                                                                                                                                                                                               45







                   Appendix 0 (comtimued)

                   ALOS AVNIR-2: JAPAN
                   Mission/Instrument name:          ALOS / Advanced Visible & Near-Infrared Radiorneter-2 (AVNIR-2)
                   Operating organizations:          National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                   Operational date:                 Launch February 2002
                   Number of satellites:             I


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                         700 kin (TBR)
                   Inclination:                      98.1 deg (TBR), Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 (TBR) descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:     45 days (TBR)

                   Instrument Bands                              Multispectral                                        PAN
                   Band:                             1           2        3           4         1          fore       nadir      aft
                   Spectral range from gm:           0.42        0.52     0.61        0.76                 0.52       0.52       0.52
                                        to:          0.50        0.60     0.69        0.89                 0.77       0.77       0.77
                   Signal to noise ratio:            200         200      200         200                  70         70         70
                   Ground sample distance in:        10          10       10          10                   2.5        2.5        2.5

                   Viewing Geometry                  Multispectral        PAN
                   Instrument field of view:         5.8 deg              2.9 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:         70 x 70 kin          35 x 35 km
                   Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½40 deg <->          ï¿½1.5 deg <->
                                                     ï¿½613 km              ï¿½35 kin
                   Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir          fixed ï¿½40 deg + nadir
                   Stereo capability:                cross-track          simultaneous fore, aft, nadir

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:             not available
                   RMS ground location accuracy:                 2.5 m

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         MS: 2 days; PAN: 45 days at equator
                   Onboard storage:                              706 Gb
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            MS: 70 x 20,000 kin = 1,400 k sq kin      PAN: 35 x 20,000 km      700 k sq kin
                   Ground network (nominal):                     Data Relay Satellite & direct transmission to ground stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:          MS: 420; PAN: 210 k sq km
                   System annual land data collection capability:         NIS: 1120; PAN: 560 M sq km

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Takashi Hamazaki
                   Title:    Senior Engineer
                   Address:  NASDA, Hamamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                             1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
                             Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                   Phone:    81-3-5401-8556
                   Fax:      81-3-5401-8702
                   e-mail:   [email protected]







                    Appendix 0 (continued)

                    ALOS VSAR: JAPAN
                    Mission/Instrument name:          ALOS / VSAR
                    Operating organizations:          National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                    Operational date:                 Launch February 2002
                    Number of satellites:             1


                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:                         700 kin (TBR)
                    Inclination:                      98.1 deg (TBR), Sun synchronous
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30ï¿½:15 (TBR) descending nodal crossing
                    Ground track repeat interval:     45 days (TBR)

                    instrument Bands
                    Band:                             L
                    Bandcenter Mhz:                   15
                    Polarization:
                    Signal to ambiguity ratio dB:
                    Signal to noise ratio dB:         -15
                    Ground sample distance in:        10

                    Viewing Geometry
                    Instrument field of view:
                    Scene dimension at nadir:         70 x 70 km
                    Instrument field of regard:       18-48 deg off-nadir range <-> 600 km
                    Along-track tilt:                 n/a
                    Stereo capability:                interaferomtry

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:           not available
                    RMS ground location accuracy:               2.5 in

                    Collection/Retum Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       2 days at the equator
                    Onboard storage:                            706 Gb
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          70 km x 20,000 km = 1,400 k sq kin
                    Ground network (nominal):                   normally use Data Relay Satellite
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:        420 k sq km
                    System annual land data collection capability:         560 M sq km

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:      Takashi Harnazaki
                    Title:     Senior Engineer
                    Address:   NASDA, Harnamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                               1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, lvhnato-ku
                               Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                    Phone:     81-3-5401-8556
                    Fax:       81-3-5401-8702
                    e-mail:    hamazakiQrd.tksc.nasda.go.jp



















                                                                                                                                                                  47







                    Appendix 0 (continued)

                    CBERS CCD & IRMSS: CHINA-BRAZIL
                    Mission/Instrument name:         China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) -
                                                     CCD Camera & Infrared Multispectral Scanner (IRMSS)
                    Operating organizations:         Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)
                                                     (satellite) & Insituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
                    Operational date:                October 1997
                    Number of satellites:            1


                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:            78 kin
                    Inclination:         98 deg, Sun synchronous
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                    Ground track repeat interval:    26 days and 337 orbits

                    Instrument Bands                                                 CCD                                         IRMSS
                    Band:                            1            2          3         4          5 1        6          7          8          9
                    Spectral range from Wn:          0.45      0.52        0.63      0.77        0.51       0.5       1.55       2.08       10.4
                              to:                    0.52      0.59        0.69      0.89        0.73       1.1       1.75       2.35       12.5
                    Signal to noise ratio:           36.6      41.1        42.0      45.0        48.0       24         20         17        1.2K
                    Ground sample distance in:       20          20         20        20          20        80         80         80        160

                    Viewing Geometry
                    Instrument field of view:        8.4 deg (CCD) & 8.8 deg (IRMSS)
                    Scene dimension at nadir:        120 km CT x 778 km AT
                    Instrument field of regard:      ï¿½32 deg <-> 600 kin
                    Along-track tilt:                fixed
                    Stereo capability:               Adjacent orbits

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:          Stability <1%; Internal calibrators 2% [relative??]; & External calibrators 10% [absolute ??]
                    RMS ground location accuracy:              200 in

                    Collection/Return Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      3 days at equator, 2-3 days at ï¿½50 lat
                    Onboard storage:                           40 Gb (experimental)
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         4000 Ian by 120 km = 480,000 sq km
                    Ground network (nominal):                  2 stations (China, Brazil)
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:       200,000 sq km
                    System annual land data collection capability: 250 M sq kin

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:     Prof. Chen Yiyuan
                    Title:    Chief Engineer
                    Address-  Chinese Academy of Space Technology
                              P.O. Box 2417
                              Beijing, CHNA
                    Phone:    86-10-837-9423
                    Fax:      86-10-837-8237
                    e-mail:
























                    48







                      Appendix 0 (continue&i)

                      CLARK: USA (NASA) & CTA
                      Mission/Instrument name:           Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) "Clark" / Worldview sensor
                      Operating organizations:           NASA Headquarters, Spacecraft Systems Div. & CTA Systems
                      Operational date:     September 1996
                      Number of satellites:              1


                      Satellite Orbit
                      Altitude: 476 kin
                      Inclination:          97.3 deg, Sun synchronous
                      Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:      11:15 descending nodal crossing
                      Ground track repeat interval: 20 days and (TBS) orbits

                      Instrument Bands                            PAN                   Multispectral
                      Band:                   1          2         3            4
                      Spectral range from gm:            0.45     0.50       0.61       0.79
                                to:                      0.80     0.59       0.68       0.89
                      Signal to noise ratio:
                      Ground sample distance m:          3        15         15         15

                      Viewing Geometry
                      Instrument field of view:
                      Scene dimension at nadir:          Panchromatic: 6 krn x 6 km; Multispectral: 30 kin x 30 kin
                      Instrument field of regard:        ï¿½30 deg <-> (TBS) km
                      Along-track tilt:                  ï¿½30 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                      Stereo capability:                 Yes - fore and aft pointing

                      Precisions
                      Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided)
                      RMS ground location accuracy:               <100 rn

                      Collection/Return Capacity
                      Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       4-5 days at equator
                      Onboard storage:                   1.37 Gb
                      Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          Pan: 34,00 sq kin
                      Ground network (nominal): 3 stations (Livermore CA, Fairbanks AK, Kiruna SV%7E)
                      Avg. land data collection per orbit:        000 sq km
                      System annual land data collection capability: 0 M sq kin

                      Technical Contact
                      Name:     Dr. Robert J. Hayduk
                      Title:    Program Manager
                      Address:  NASA Headquarters, Code XS
                                Washington, DC 20546
                      Phone:    202-358-4690
                      Fax:      202-358-2697
                      e-mail:   [email protected]




















                                                                                                                                                                     49







                   Appendix 0 (contirlued)

                   EARLYBIRD X QUICKBIRD: EARTHWATCH
                   mission/Instrument name:          EarthWatch EarlyBird       Panchromatic and Multicolor
                                                     EarthWatch QuickBird       Panchromatic and Multicolor
                   Operating organizations:          EarthWatch, Incorporated
                   Operational date:                 EarlyBird: 1996      QuickBird: 1997
                   Number of satellites:             2 of each


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                         470 kin
                   Inclination:                      Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: [not provided]
                   Ground track repeat interval: [not provided]

                   Instrument Bands                                       EarlyBird                                   QuickBird
                   Band:                             Pan       Green      Red        NearIR     I           Pan       Blue       Green      Red        NearIR
                   Spectral range from jim:          0.45      0.50       0.61       0.79                   0.45      0.45       0.53       0.63        0.77
                                         to:         0.80      0.59       0.68       0.89                   0.90      0.52       0.59       0.69       0.90
                   Signal to noise ratio:                                            [not provided]                                         [not provided)
                   Ground sample distance m:         3         15         15         15                     1         4          4          4          4

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:
                   Scene dimension at nadir:         EarlyBird Panchromatic: 6 kin x 6 kin                  EarlyBird Multicolor: 30 kin x 30 kin
                                                     QuickBird Panchromatic: [not provided]                 QuickBird Multicolor: 30 kin x 30 kin
                   Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½30 deg      xxx kmj
                   Along-track tilt:                 ï¿½30 deg      xxx km]
                   Stereo capability:

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:           EarlyBird: 8 bit quantization QuickBird: 11 bit quantization [calibration not provided)
                   RMS ground location accuracy:               [not provided]

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       [not provided]
                   Onboard storage:                            yes
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          [not provided]
                   Ground network (nominal):                   store-and-forward to EarthWatch stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:        EarlyBird: [not provided)        QuickBird: 100 30km x 30 kin = 90,000sq kin
                   System annual land data collection capability:         34.2 M sq kni

                   Notes
                   [See NASAS "Clark" mission for additional information on EarlyBird like instrument.]
                   Technical exchange of sensor data with early customers is being done at a detailed level on a contract-by-contract basis.

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Doug Gerull
                   Title:    President & CEO
                   Address:  EarthWatch, Incorporated
                             1900 Pike Road
                             Longmont, CO 80501-6700
                   Phone:    303-682-3800
                   Fax:      303-682-3848
                   e-mail:


















                   50







                      Appendix P (continued)

                      EOS ASTER: Japan& USA
                      Mission/Instrument name:          EOS-AMI / Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER)
                      Operating organizations:          Japan (MITI & Japan Resources Observation System Organization) & NASA /JPL
                      Operational date:                 Late 1998
                      Number of satellites:             1


                      Satellite Orbit
                      Altitude:                         705 kin
                      Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                      Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 ï¿½15 descending nodal crossing
                      Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits

                      Instrument Bands                             VNIR                                                  SWIR
                      Band:                             1          2         3N,B        1         4             5       6           7          8          9
                      Spectral range from gm:           0.52       0.63      0.76                  1.600         2.145   2.185       2.235      2.295      2.360
                                             to:        0.60       0.69      0.86                  1.700         2.185   2.225       2.285      2.365      2.430
                      Signal to noise ratio h:          >140       >140      >140                  140           54      54          54         70         54
                      Ground sample distance in:        15         15        15,17                 30            30      30          30         30         30
                                                                   TTR
                      Band:                             10         11        12          13        14
                      Spectral range from gm:           8.125      8.475     8.925       10.25     10.95
                                             to:        8.475      8.825     9.275       10.95     11.65
                      Signal to noise ratio h:          <0.3 K     <0.3 K    <03 K       <0.3 K    <03 K
                      Ground sample distance in:        90         90        90          90        90

                      Viewing Geometry                  VNIR                             SWIR, TIR
                      Instrument field of view:         5 deg (5.3 deg band 3B)          4.9 deg
                      Scene dimension at nadir:         60 kin CT                        60 kin CT
                      Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½24 deg <-> 314 kin              --t8.55 deg <-> 106 kin
                      Along-track tilt:                 3B tilted 27.6 deg               fixed
                      Stereo capability:                In-track, 3B (back) & 3N (nadir) -> B/H=0.6

                      Precisions
                      Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Bands 1-9: ï¿½4% absolute radiometry calibrated by halogen lamps. Bands 10-14:
                                                                   ï¿½ K (270-340 K). ï¿½2 (240-370 K); cal. by onboard blackbody.
                      RMS ground location accuracy:                VNIR: <90 in; SWIR 6 m;TIR 31.5 in

                      Collection/Return Capacity
                      Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        16 days at equator, 7-9 days at ï¿½45 lat; VNIR only: 4-7 days at equator
                      Onboard storage:                             share of EOS 140 Gb solid-state recorder
                      Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           VNIR, SWIR: 8% duty cycle <-> 60 kin x 3400 kin = 250 k sq kin.
                                                                   TIR duty cycle and coverage twice as large
                      Ground network (nominal):                    Primary data return via TDRSS to processing and archives in Japan
                                                                   and at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls
                      Avg. land data collection per orbit:         205 k sq kin
                      System annual land data collection capability:         1090 M sq km

                      Technical Contact
                      Name:      Masahiko Kudoh                              Name:       Dr. Hiroji Tsu                  Name:       Dr. Anne B. Kahle
                      Title:     Project Manager                             Title:      Science Team Leader             Title:      Science Team Leader
                      Address:   JAROS                                       Address:    ERSDAC                                      (USA)
                                 Towa-Hatchobori Bldg                                    Forefront Tower                 Address:    JPL Mail Stop 183-501
                                 2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku                               3-12-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku                    Pasadena, CA 91109
                                 Tokyo, 104 JAPAN                                        Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                      Phone:     81-3-5543-1061                              Phone:      81-3-3533-9380                  Phone:      818-354-7265
                      Fax:       81-3-5543-1067                              Fax:        81-3-3533-9383                  Fax:        818-354-0966
                      e-mail:                                                e-mail:     [email protected]                   e-mail:     [email protected]









                                                                                                                                                                       51







                    Appendix 0 (corltiriuc6l)

                    EOS LATI (Option D: NASA
                    Mission/Inst-ument name:          EOS-AM2 / Landsat Advanced Technology Instrument (LATI) Option I
                    Operating organizations:          NASA & other US government (TBD)
                    Operational date:                 2004
                    Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 7


                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:                         705.3 kin
                    Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:00 descending nodal crossing
                    Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits

                    Instrument Bands                  PAN                             VNIR                             SWIR                              Atmos
                    Band:                             8         1          2          3          4                     5          5'         7           5 bnd
                    Spectral range from gm:           0.50      0.45       0.52       0.63       0.76                  1.55       1.2        2.08        0.8
                                          to:         0.90      0.52       0.60       0.69       0.90                  1.75       1.3        2.35        1.4
                    Signal to noise ratio:                      consistent with Landsat 7 continuity
                    Ground sample distance m:         15        30         30         30         30                    30         30         30          240

                    Viewing Geometry
                    Instrument field of view:         15 deg
                    Scene dimension at nadir:         185 km CT x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                    Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½30 degrees
                    Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                    Stereo capability:                none

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses full aperture solar diffuser, standard ground scenes, and precise atmospheric
                                                                compensation techniques to achieve 5% absolute radiometry.
                    RMS ground location accuracy:               < 250 m

                    Collection/Return Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       3 days at equator, 2 days ï¿½60 lat
                    Onboard storage:                            (TBD), optimized with cloud editing and lossless data compression
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBD)
                    Ground network (nominal):                   Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + 1 supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                real-time & playback collection to archives; cooperating intl. ground stations for local real-time
                                                                collection
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:        >540,000 sq kin
                    System annual land data collection capability:         >2,800 M sq km

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:     Dr. Darrel Williams
                    Title:    Landsat Project Scientist
                    Address:  Biosperic Sciences Branch, Code 923
                              NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                              Greenbelt, MD 20771
                    Phone:    301-286-7282
                    Fax:      301-286-0239
                    e-mail:   [email protected]
















                    52







                     Appendix D (coritirlued)

                     EOS LATI (Optio; MID: NASA
                     Mission/Instrument name:          EOS-AM2 / Landsat Advanced Technology Instrument (LATI) Option H
                     Operating organizations:          NASA & other US goverrinient (TBD)
                     Operational date:                 2004
                     Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 7

                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                         705.3 kin
                     Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:00 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits


                     Instrument Bands
                     Band:                             PAN        VNIR SWIR
                     Spectral range from gm:           0.5        0.4       1.2
                                            to:        0.7        0.9       2.4
                     No. of hperspectral chan:         1          50        24
                     Signal to noise ratio:                       consistent with continuity
                     Ground sample distance in:        10         20        20

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:         15 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:         185 kin CT x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                     Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½30 deg (TBR)
                     Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                none

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses transfer radiometer for intercomparison with (advanced?) MODIS, standard ground
                                                                  scenes, and Moon-look techniques to achieve 5% (TBR) absolute radiometry.
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                < 250 in

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        3 days at equator, 2 days ï¿½60 lat
                     Onboard storage:                             (T7BD), optimized with cloud editing, lossless data compression, hyperspectral data
                                                                  compression, and/or onboard data aggregation
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           (TBD)
                     Ground network (nominal):                    Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + I supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                  real-time & playback collection to archives; add'I real-time collection at intl. ground stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:         >540,000 sq km
                     System annual land data collection capability:         >2,800 M sq km

                     Notes
                     Annual collection: Based on 250 scenes/day to archives. Additional scenes collected at international ground stations

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Dr. Darrel Williams
                     Title:     Landsat Project Scientist
                     Address:   Biosperic Sciences Branch, Code 923
                                NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                                Greenbelt, MD 20771
                     Phone:     301-286-7282
                     Fax:       301-286-0239
                     e-mail:    [email protected]











                                                                                                                                                                    53







                   Appendix D (cotitimued)


                   EOS MODIS: USA (NASA)
                   Mission/Instrument name:         EOS-AMI, PM-1 / Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)
                   Operating organizations:         NASA/GSFC
                   Operational date:                Late 1998 (AM-1), 2000 (PM-1)
                   Number of satellites:            2


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                        705 kin
                   Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 (AM-1); 13:30-+:15 (PM-1) descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                   Instrument Bands                 Sharpening VNIR SWIR            Ocean Thermal         VNIR        Atmosphere
                   Band:                            1-2                  3-4        5-7                   8-19        8-36
                   Spectral range from pm:          0.6                  0.46       1.2                   0.4         1.3
                                         to:        0.9                  0.57       2.2                   1.0         14.3
                   Signal to noise ratio:           >500
                   Ground sample distance in:       250                  500        500                   1000        1000
                                                    (see Appendix E: MODIS characteristics at bottom of file)

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:        ï¿½55 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:        ï¿½1150 kin CT
                   Instrument field of regard:      nadir centered
                   Along-track tilt:                fixed
                   Stereo capability:               n/a

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:          <3gm: 5% absolute radiometry >3@=: 1% absolute radiometry calibrated by halogen lamps,
                                                              onboard blackbody, solar viewing RMS ground location accuracy:

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      2 days at equator
                   Onboard storage:                           share of EOS 140 Gb solid-state recorder
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         continuous operation; reflection bands on daylit side only
                   Ground network (nominal):                  primary data return via TDRSS to processing and archives at GSFC
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:
                   System annual land data collection capability:

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Dr. Vincent V. Salomonson
                   Title:    Science Team Leader
                   Address:  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                             Code 900
                             Greenbelt, MD 20771
                   Phone:    301-286-8601
                   Fax:      301-286-1738
                   e-mail:   [email protected]


















                   54







                     Appendix D (coritinued)


                     EROS-1,2: Israel
                     Mission/histrument name:          EROS-1, 2
                     Operating organizations:          Israel Aircraft Industries and Core Software Technology
                     Operational date:                 1995 & 1997
                     Number of satellites:             2


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                         480 krn
                     Inclination:                      97.4 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        [not provided]
                     Ground track repeat interval:     [not provided]

                     Instrument Bands
                     Band:                             PAN                  VNIR
                     Spectral range from gm:           0.50                 [not provided]
                                           to:         0.90                 [not provided]
                     Signal to noise ratio:            [not provided]       [not provided]
                     Ground sample distance in:        1.8/11.5

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:         [not provided]
                     Scene dimension at nadir:         EROS-1: 11 kin CT x 55 kin AT; EROS-2:15 kin CT x 55 kin AT
                     Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½30 deg <-> xxx km
                     Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                [not provided]

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided]
                     RMS ground location accuracy:               800 m

                     Collection/Retum Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       3 days at equator
                     Onboard storage:                            [not provided]
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          11 or 15 kin by 55 kin   605 or 825 sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                   [not provided]
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:        [not provided]
                     System annual land data collection capability:         [not provided]

                     Notes
                     General: (These missions have not been formally announced. They are believed to be awaiting Israel government policy decisions.]
                     Along track tilt:     EROS uses a fon-to-aft slew technique to reduce effective scene motion at the focal plane, and increase integration
                     time.


                     Technical Contact
                     Name: [not provided]
                     Title:
                     Address:
                     Phone:
























                                                                                                                                                                    55







                   Appendix D (continued)


                   ERS-1/2 SAR: ESA
                   Mission/Instrument name:         ERS-1 /2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                   Operating organizations:         European Space Agency (ESA)
                   Operational date:                July 1991 & (TBS)
                   Number of satellites:            2


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Attitude:                        -780 km
                   Inclination:                     98.5 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval;    35 days and 501 orbits

                   Instrument Bands
                   Band:                            C
                   Bandcenter Ghz:                  5.3
                   Bandwidth MHz:                   15.55
                   Polarization:                    V/V
                   Integrated sidelobe ratio dB:    8
                   Ground sample distance in:       30 AT; <=26.3 CT

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:        20.1 deg to 25.9 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:        102.5 km CT (80.4 km full performance)
                   Instniment field of regard:      fixed 250 kin offset, right from nadir
                   Along-track tilt:                n/a
                   Stereo capability:               none

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:          n/a
                   RMS ground location accuracy:              1 kin

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      35 days at equator, 16 days ï¿½60 lat
                   Onboard storage:                           none
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         10 min -> 100 km x 4000 km = 400 K sq kin
                   Ground network (nominal):                  22 stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:       3500 sq kin
                   System annual land data collection capability:       n/a; Avg production from processing is 8000 scenes per year           (TBS) M sq km

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:    Alberto Combardi, ERS
                   Title:   Product Manager
                   Address: Eurimage
                            Via D'Onofrio 212
                            RomeITALY
                   Phone:   39-6406-941
                   Fax:     39-6-406-94232
                   e-mail:  (TBS)

















                   56







                     Appendix 0 (comtlnue6f)


                     GDE SYSTEMS
                     Mission/Instniment name:         (TBD)
                     Operating organizations:         GDE Systems, Inc., et al.
                     Operational date:                Late 1998
                     Number of satellites:            at least one


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                        704 kin
                     Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                     Instrument Bands
                     Band:                            1
                     Spectral range from gm:          0.5
                                           to:        0.9
                     Signal to noise ratio:           >4
                     Ground sample distance m:        0.8-1.0

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:        1.2 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:        15 km CT
                     Instrument field of regard:      ï¿½45 deg (CT) <-> 700 kin
                     Along-track tilt:                ï¿½45 deg <-> 700 kin
                     Stereo capability:               Single pass fore/aft imaging along track or within ï¿½45 deg cross track.
                                                      Maximum single pass stereo image size is 70 x 70 km

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:          not applicable
                     RMS ground location accuracy:              1500 m

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      1.8 days at equator, 1.5 days at ï¿½30 lat
                     Onboard storage:                           30 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         15 kin x 1600 kin = 24 k sq km
                     Ground network (nominal):                  7 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:       20,000 sq kin per ground station
                     System annual land data collection capability:        102 M sq kin (7 stations)

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:     Sean Crook
                     Title:    Chief Engineer
                     Address:  GDE Systems, Inc.
                               RO. Box 509008
                               San Diego, CA 92150-9008
                     Phone:    619-592-5395
                     Fax:      619-592-5407
                     e-mail:   [email protected]

















                                                                                                                                                                   57







                     Appendix D (oontimue6i)


                     IRS-1B LISS 1 & 2: INDIA & EOSAT
                     Mission/Instrument name:           IRS-1B (Indian Remote Rending Satellite)         LISS I
                                                        (Linear Imaging Self Scanccer) & LISS 2
                     Operating organizations:           National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                     Operational date:                  August 1991
                     Number of satellites:              1


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                          904 krn
                     Inclination:                       99,028 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        10:25ï¿½:20 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:      22 days and 307 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                              LISS 1                                                    LISS 2
                     Band:                              1          2           3          4           1          1           2          3          4
                     Spectral range from gm:            0.45       0.52        0.62       0.77                   0.45        0.52       0.62       0.77
                                           to:          0.52       0.59        0.68       0.86                   0.52        0.59       0.68       0.86
                     Signal to noise ratio:             155        155         155        155                    142         152        155        147
                     Ground sample distance m:          72.5       72.5        72.5       72.5                   36.25       36.25      36.25      36.25

                     Viewing Geometry                   LISS 1                 LISS 2
                     Instrument field of view:          9.4 deg                2 at 4.7 deg each
                     Scene dimension at nadir:          148.48 kin C/T         2 x 74.24 kin C/T,
                                                        by 174 kin AT          by 87 kin AT
                     Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir            fixed nadir
                     Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir            fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                 n/a                    n/a

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:             Uses internal calibrator; ï¿½1 digital number (relative calibration)
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                 1500 M

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         22 days at equator
                     Onboard storage:                              none
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            (T13S)
                     Ground network (nominal):                     2 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:          (TBS) sq krn
                     System annual land data collection capability:            (TBS) M sq kin

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Mark Altman
                     Title:     Scientist
                     Address:   EOSAT
                                4300 Forebes Boulevard
                                Lanham, MD
                     Phone:     301-552-0535
                     Fax:       301-552-3028























                     58






                    Appendix D (continue.6i)


                    IRS-1C LISS 3, PAN, WFS: INDIA & EOSAT
                    Mission/Instrument name:          IRS-lC (Indian Remote Rending Satellite) / LISS 3 (Linear Imaging Self Scanner) & Panchromatic
                                                      WIFS (Wide Field Sensor)
                    Operating organizations:          National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                    Operational date:                 December 1995
                    Number of satellites:             1


                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:                         817 kin
                    Inclination:                      98.691 deg, Sun synchronous
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:05 descending nodal crossing
                    Ground track repeat interval:     24 day s and 341 orbits

                    Instrument Bands                            LISS 3                             PAN                  WFS
                    Band:                             1         2          3           4           5         1          3         4
                    Spectral range from lim:          0.52      0.62        0.77       1.55        0.5                  0.62      0.77
                                          to:         0.59      0.68        0.86       1.7         0.75                 0.68      0.86
                    Signal to noise ratio:            >128      >128        >128       >128        >64                  >128      >128
                    Ground sample distance m:         23.5      23.5        23.5       70.5        5.8                  188       188

                    Viewing Geometry                            LISS 3                 PAN                   WFS
                    Instrument field of view:                   4.7 deg
                    Scene dimension at nadir:                   141 x 141 km           70 x 70 km            770 x 770 km
                    Instrument field of regard:                 fixed nadir            ï¿½26 deg <->           fixed nadir          ï¿½398 km; 0.2 deg steps
                    Along-track tilt:                           fixed nadir            fixed nadir           fixed nadir
                    Stereo capability:                          n/a                    cross-track           n/a

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses internal calibrator; ï¿½1 digital number (relative calibration)
                    RMS ground location accuracy:               1500 in

                    Collection/Retum Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       LISS 3: 24 days at equator         PAN: 5 days at equator         WFS: 5 days at equator
                    Onboard storage:                            62 Gb <-> 24 minutes of playback data consisting of (1 /2 PAN swath) or (LISS 3 + WFS)
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          playback: 14,400 km x 140 km = 2.0 M sq km (PAN)
                    Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations (Hyderabad & Norman OK) provide real-time coverage of So. Asia
                                                                & N. Am., plus playback
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS) sq km
                    System annual land data collection capability:         (TBS) M sq km

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:      Mark Altman
                    Title:     Scientist
                    Address:   EOSAT
                               4300 Forbes Boulevard
                               Lanham, MD
                    Phone:     301-552-0535
                    Fax:       301-552-3028
                    e-mail:







                   Appendix D (contimued)


                   IRS-P2 LISS 2: INDIA & EOSAT
                   Mission/Instrument name:          IRS-P2 (Indian Remote Rending Satellite) / LISS 2 (Linear Imaging Self Scanner)
                   Operating organizations:          National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                   Operational date:                 October 1994
                   Number of satellites:             1


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                         817 km
                   Inclination:                      98.691 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:05 descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:     24 days and 341 orbits

                   Instrument Bands                             VNIR
                   Band:                             1          2           3        4
                   Spectral range from wn:           0.45       0.52        0.62      0.77
                                        to:          0.52       0.59        0.68      0.86
                   Signal to noise ratio:            >127       >127        >127     >127
                   Ground sample distance in:        36*        36*         36*       36*

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:         4.7 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:         67 km C/T, by 87 kin AT
                   Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                   Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                   Stereo capability:                n/a

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses internal calibrator;   digital number (relative calibration)
                   RMS ground location accuracy:                2200 in

                   Collection/Retum Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        24 days at equator
                   Onboard storage:                             none
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           (TBS)
                   Ground network (nominal):                    2 stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:         (TBS) sq kin
                   System annual land data collection capability: (TBS) M sq kin

                   Notes
                   Ground sample distance: 32.74 x 37.39 in in object space resampled to 36m x 36m in output products

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Mark Altman
                   Title:    Scientist
                   Address:  EOSAT
                             4300 Fores Boulevard
                             Lanham, MD
                   Phone:    301-552-0535
                   Fax:      301-552-3028
                   e-mail:






















                   60







                     Appendix D (comtimueJ)

                     JERS-1 OPS: JAPAN
                     Mission/Instrument name:           JERS-1 /Optical Sensor (OPS)
                     Operating organizations:           National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                     Operational date:                  September 1992
                     Number of satellites:              1


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                          568 kin
                     Inclination:                       97.67 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:45-+:15 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval: 44 days and 659 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                              VNIR                                                  SWIR
                     Band:                                         1         2          3          4           1         5           6          7           8
                     Spectral range from gm:                       0.52      0.63       0.76       0.76                  1.60        2.01       2.13       2.27
                                           to:                     0.60      0.69       0.86       0.86                  1.71        2.12       2.25       2.40
                     Signal to noise ratio:             (high lev)           242-398               69-117         (low lev)          65-96                 19-26
                     Ground sample distance m:          18.3 in CT, 24.2 in AT

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:          7.55 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:          75 x 75 kin
                     Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir
                     Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir, except band 4 tilted at 15.33 deg for
                     Stereo capability.                 In track with bands 3 & 4 -> B/1-1=0.3

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:             RMS error of input radiance calibrated with AVIMS < 0.27-4.15 W m-2 sr-1 um-1
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                 100 m

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         44 days at equator
                     Onboard storage:                              72 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            75 km x 9000 krn = 675 k sq km
                     Ground network (norninal):                    15 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:          675 k sq km
                     System annual land data collection capability:          10 M sq kin [suspect meant "10,000 M"]

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Noboru Takata
                     Title:     Project Manager
                     Address:   JAROS, Towa-Hatchobori Bldg.
                                2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku
                                Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                     Phone:     81-2-5543-1061
                     Fax:       81-3-5543-1067
                     e-mail:    n/a







                   Appendix() (comtitiueJ)

                   JERS SAR: JAPAN
                   Mission/Instrument name:        JERS-1 / Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                   Operating organizations:        National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                   Operational date:               September 1992
                   Number of satellites:           1


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                       568 km
                   Inclination:                    97.67 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:45ï¿½:15 descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:   44 days and 659 orbits

                   Instrument Bands
                   Band:                           L
                   Bandcenter Mhz:                 15
                   Polarization:                   H/H
                   Signal-to-ambiguity ratio dB:   22
                   Signal-to-noise ratio dB:       -6
                   Ground sample distance in:      18 (3 looks)

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Scene dimension at nadir:       75 x 75 kin
                   Instrument field of regard:     335 deg range in off-nadir angle
                   Along-track tilt:               n/a
                   Stereo capability:              adjoining passes or orbits

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:           <1dB
                   RMS ground location accuracy:               100 m

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       44 days at equator 44 [?] days at ï¿½30 lat
                   Onboard storage:                            72 Gb
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          75 km x 9000 kin = 675 k sq kin
                   Ground network (nominal):                   15 stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:        675 k sq kin
                   System annual land data collection capability:       30 M sq kin

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Noboru Takata
                   Title:    Project Manager
                   Address:  JAROS, Towa-Hatchobori Bldg.
                             2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku
                             Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                   Phone:    81-2-5543-1061
                   Fax:      81-3-5543-1067
                   e-mail:   n/a
























                   62






                     Appendix 0 (cotitinued)

                     KOMSAT HRC: Korea
                     Mission/Instrument name:          Korean Mapping Satellite (KOMSAT)         High Resolution CCD (HRC)
                     Operating organizations:          Korean Aerospace Research Institute
                     Operational date:
                     Number of satellites:             I

                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                         600-800 (TBD) kin
                     Inclination:                      (TBD) deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        (TBD)
                     Ground track repeat interval:     (TBD)


                     Instrument Bands                                                  VNIR
                     Band:                             PAN        I          B1        B2          B3
                     Spectral range from jim:          0.51                  0.43      0.61        0.78
                                           to:         0.73                  0.49      0.68        0.89
                     Signal to noise ratio:            150                   80        170         170
                     Ground sample distance in:        10                    20        20          20

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:
                     Scene dimension at nadir:         40 kin CT
                     Instrurnent field of regard:      as needed to achieve min revisit time
                     Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                yes, LE 20 in

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                +2,000 in

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        2 days at 34 lat
                     Onboard storage:                             1 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:
                     Ground network (nominal):                    Korea Ground Station
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:
                     System annual land data collection capability:

                     Note
                     General: [This material is based on functional requirements in the RFRI

                     Technical Contact
                     Name: [not provided]
                     Title:
                     Address:
                     Phone:
                     Fax:
                     e-mail:
























                                                                                                                                                                    63







                   Appendix 0 (comtimueed)

                   LANDSAT 5 TM: EOSAT
                   Mission/Instrument name:         Landsat 5 / Thematic Mapper JM)
                   Operating organizations:         EOSAT
                   Operational date:                March 1984
                   Number of satellites:            1, to be replaced by Landsat 7 in 1998

                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                        705.3 kin
                   Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 937 (mean), 9:19 (actual, 9/95) descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                   Instrument Bands                             VNIR                                       SWIR                             TIR
                   Band:                            1           2         3          4          1          5          7          1           6
                   Spectral range from gm:          0.45        0.52      0.63       0.76                  1.55       2.08                  10.42
                                        to:         0.52        0.60      0.69       0.90                  1.75       2.35                  12.50
                   Signal to noise ratio:           52          60        48         35                    40         21                    0.12K
                   Ground sample distance in:       30          30        30         30                    30         30                    120

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:        15.39 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:        185 km CT x 170 km (nominal) AT
                   Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                   Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                   Stereo capability:               none

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses onboard lamps to achieve <10% absolute radiometry
                   RMS ground location accuracy:                ï¿½250 in

                   Collection/Retum Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        16 days at equator, 8 days ï¿½60 lat
                   Onboard storage:                             none
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           real-time to ground stations only
                   Ground network (nominal):                    15 stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:         n/a
                   System annual land data collection capability:         n/a

                   Note
                   Signal to noise ratio: At minimum scene radiance for TIR band, noise-equivalent temperature

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     MarkAltman
                   Title:    Scientist
                   Address:  EOSAT
                             4300 Forbes Boulevard
                             Lanham, MD
                   Phone:    301-552-0,535
                   Fax:      301-552-3028







                     Appendix P (contitiucJ)


                     LANDSAT7
                     Mission /Instrument name:         Landsat 7/ Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+)
                     Operating organizations:          NASA/GSFC (spacecraft), NOAA(s at.ops.), USGS (arc)
                     Operational date: December 1998
                     Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 5

                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude: 705.3 kin
                     Inclination:          98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        10:00 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval: 16 days and 233 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                            PAN                    VNIR                              SWIR TIR
                     Band:                             8         1 1         2          3          4 1        5          7 1         6
                     Spectral range from grn:          0.50       0.45     0.52       0.63       0.76       1.55       2.08       10.42
                                to:                    0.90       0.52     O@60       0.69       0.90       1.75       2.35       12.50
                     Signal to noise ratio:
                     Ground sample dist:               15          30        30         30         30        30         30         60

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:         15.39 degrees
                     Scene dimension at nadir:         185 km Cr x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                     Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                     Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:                none

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses onboard lamps, full aperture solar diffuser, partial aperture solar imager, standard ground
                                                                 scenes, and intercomparison with MODIS to achieve 2% relative (band-to-band) & 5% absolute
                                                                 radiometry.
                     RMS ground location accuracy:               (TBS)


                     Collection/Return Cal2ag4
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       16 days at equator, 8 days at ï¿½60 lat
                     Onboard storage:                            380 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          30 min -> 185 kin by 12,600 kin = 1.07 M sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                   Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + 1 supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                 real-time & playback collection to archives; cooperating intl. ground stations (-18) for local
                                                                 real-time collection.
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:        540,000 sq kin
                     System annual land data collection capability: 2,800 M sq km

                     Notes
                     Annual collection: Based on 250 scenes/day to archives. Additional scenes collected at international ground stations.


                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      S. Kenneth Dolan
                     Title:     Deputy Project Manager
                     Address:   Landsat Project, Code 430
                                NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
                                Greenbelt, MD 20771
                     Phone:     301-286-7962
                     Fax:       301-286-1744
                     e-mail:    (TBS)










                                                                                                                                                                   (555







                   Appendix P (coritirlued)

                   LEWIS: USA (NASA) & TRW
                   Mission/Instrument name:         Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI)
                                                    "Lewis" / Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) & Linear
                                                    Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA)
                   Operating organizations:         NASA Headquarters, Spacecraft Systems Div.,
                                                    TRW, & GSFC
                   Operational date:                (TBS) 1996
                   Number of satellites:            I


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude: 523 krn
                   Inclination:         97.0 deg, Sun synchronous
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: (TBS) descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:    (TBS) days and (TBS) orbits

                   Instrument Bands                 HSI                  HSI                    HSI                  LEISA
                   Band:                            Pan                  VNIR                   SWIR                 SWIR
                   Spectral range from Wn:          0.45                 0.4                    0.9                  1.0
                                        to:         0.75                 1.0                    2.5                  2.5
                   Spectral resolution rim:         5                    6.25                   3-8
                   Signal to noise ratio:           (high rad) >200 >150
                                                    (low rad) >50* >10*
                   Ground sample distance in:       5                    30                     30                   300

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:
                   Scene dimension at nadir:        Panchromatic: 13 kin
                                                    Hyperspectral: 7.7 kin
                                                    LEISA: 77 kin
                   Instrument field of regard:      LEISA: ï¿½60 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                   Along-track tilt:                LEISA: ï¿½15 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                   Stereo capability:               n/a

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy: Calibration by reclosable cover/diffuser & tungsten lamp Pan: <20 (absolute [not provided]) HS:
                   <6% (relative[not provided])
                   RMS ground location accuracy:

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       4-5 days at equator
                   Onboard storage:                            4 Gb
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBS) sq kin
                   Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations (TRW Chantilly VA, Fairbanks AK)
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS) sq km
                   System annual land data collection capability: (TBS) M sq kin

                   Notes
                   Signal to noise ratio: stimated from published curve at 85% & 5% albedo, outside atm. absorption bands.
                   Along-track tilt:: LEISA uses forward-look for cloud cuing to HSI

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     [not provided]
                   Title:    [not provided]
                   Address:  [not provided]
                   Phone:    [not provided]
                   Fax:      [not provided]
                   e-mail:   [not provided]









                   (50







                     Appendix P (coritinued)


                     Z5RBVIEW -
                     Mission/Instrument name:         OrbView-1
                     Operating organizations:         OrbImage, an OSC Company
                     Operational date:                1st quarter 1998
                     Number of satellites:            Initially one satellite, to be followed by a second after 2 years

                     SatelHte Orbit
                     Altitude:                        460 kin
                     Inclination:                     97.25 def, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:    Not an exact repeating orbit [approx. 3 days and 46 orbits]

                     Instrument Bands                 PAN                                          VNIR
                     Band:                            1           2         1         3            4        5          6
                     Spectral range from vm:          0.45        0.45                0.45         0.52     0.63       0.76
                                            to:       0.90        0.90                0.52         0.60     0.69       0.90
                     Signal to noise ratio:           >10         >10                 >10          >10      >10        >10
                     Ground sample distance in:       1           2                   8            8        8          8

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:        1 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:        8 kin x 8 km for 2 in GSD panchromatic
                     Instrument field of regard:      ï¿½45 deg <-> 460 kin
                     Along-track tilt:                ï¿½45 deg <-> 460 kin
                     Stereo capability:               Same-pass stereo capability accommodated

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy             Periodic radiometric and geometric calibrations will be accomplished
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                < 15 in

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        3 days at equator, 2 days ï¿½60 W
                     Onboard storage:                             32 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           92 kin by 85 kin = 7820 sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                    3 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:         23,460 sq kin
                     System annual land data collection capability:        34.2 M sq kin

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:     Bill Hohwiesner
                     Title:    Director, Program Development
                     Address:  Orbital Sciences Corporation
                               21700 Atlantic Boulevard
                               Dulles, VA 20166
                     Phone:    703-406-5443
                     Fax:      703-406-3505
                     e-mail:   bhohw,@orbital.com
























                                                                                                                                                                   67







                    Appemdix 0 (oomtinucJ)

                    PRIRODA MOMS: GERMANY& RUSSIA
                    Mission/Instrument name:           Priroda / MOMS (Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Stereoscanner)
                    Operating organizations:           Germany (DARA) & Russia (RSA)
                    Operational date:                  Spring 1996 for 18 months
                    Number of satellites:              1


                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:                          pproximately 400 km
                    Inclination:                       51.6 deg
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:     n/a
                    Ground track repeat interval:      n/a

                    Instrument Bands
                    Band:                              1          2          3         4         1          PAN        I          Fore, Aft
                    Spectral range from gm:            0.45     0.53       0.65       0.77                  0.52                  0.52
                              to:                      0.51     0.57       0.68       0.81                  0.76                  0.76
                    Signal to noise ratio:             5        10         10         2.5
                    Ground sample distance in:         18       18         18         18                      6                    18

                    Viewing Geometry
                    Instrument field of view:          15 deg
                    Scene dimension at nadir:          PAN: 40 kin CT x 120 km AT others: 80 kin CT x 240 kin AT
                    Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir
                    Along-track tilt:                  fixed sensor channels at +/-21.4 deg
                    Stereo capability:                 fore, aft, & nadir

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:           dynamic range > 1200 gray levels; atm. com through concomitant MOS spectrometer
                    RMS ground location accuracy:               1-2 in

                    Collection/Retum Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       varying
                    Onboard storage:                            385 Gb
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBS)
                    Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations: Neutrelitz D & Moscow RUS
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS)
                    System annual land data collection capability: (TBS)

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:     Peter Seige
                    Title:    Project Manager
                    Address:  DLR-OP
                              P.O. Box 1116
                              82230 Wessling
                              GERMANY
                    Phone:    49-8153-28-2766
                    Fax:      49-8153-28-1349







                     Appemdix D (contirlued)


                     RADARSAT: CANADA
                     Mission/Instrument name:         RADARSAT / Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                     Operating organizations:         Canadian Space Agency
                     Operational date:                October 1995 launch
                     Number of satellites:            1, with follow-ons


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                        798 kin nominal
                     Inclination:                     98.6 deg
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:      1800 ascending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:    24 days and 343 orbits
                     Sar Sensors Modes Fine           Standard   Wide       ScanSar-N             ScanSar-W            Ext-H      Ext-L
                     Incidence angle range deg:       37         20         20         20                    20                   49         10
                                                      48         49         49         46                    49                   50         23
                     Slant range km:
                     Effective coverage wid km:       500        500        Soo        500                   500
                     Nominal swath width km:          50         100        150        300                   500                  75         170
                     Nominal resolution m:            10         30         30         50                    100                  25         35


                     Instrument Bands
                     Band:                            C
                     Spectral range from Ghz:         5.6
                     Polarization:                    H/H
                     Dynamic range dB:                30
                     Ground sample distance in:       10-100

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:
                     Scene dimension at nadir:        100 kni x 100 kin to 500 kin x 500 kin
                     Instrument field of regard:      10 - 60 deg from nadir, normally right
                     Along-track tilt:                n/a
                     Stereo capability:               adjoin passes or orbits

                     Precisions
                     Radiornetric calibration accuracy:          1 dB within 100 km x 100 kin scene
                     RMS ground location accuracy:               1500 kni

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       5 days at the equator, 3.5 days at ï¿½30 lat
                     Onboard storage:                            72 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          500 kin x 6720 kin = 2,260 k sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                   3 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:        2,200 k sq kin
                     System annual land data collection capability:         4,000 M sq km

                     Notes
                     Field of regard: Twice during 5 year mission, spacecraft will be turned around forhorninal 2-wk period each to provide left-looking SAR,
                     allowing complete coverage of Antarctica

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Dr. Surendra Parashar
                     Title:     Deputy Director, RADARSAT
                     Address:   Mission Systems & Operations
                                Canadian Space Agency
                                6767 Route de I'Aeroport
                                Saint-Hubert, Quebec J3Y 8Y9
                                CANADA
                     Phone:     514-926-4412
                     Fax:       514-926-4433
                     e-mail:    parashars@sp-agencyca






                                                                                                                                                                   (59







                    Appendix 0 (cotitinucJ)

                    RESOURCE21
                    Mission/Instrument name:        Resource2l.
                    Operating organizations:        Resource2l
                    Operational date:               1998-1999
                    Number of satellites:           4 in orbit + ground spare

                    Satellite Orbit
                    Altitude:                       743.4 kin
                    Inclination:                    98.36 deg, Sun synchronous
                    Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                    Ground track repeat interval: 7 days and 101 orbits (each spacecraft)

                    Instrument Bands                                                 cirrus
                    Band:                                       1         2          3          4          5           1          6
                    Spectral range from gm:                     0.45      0.52       0.63       0.775      1.55                   1.23
                                         to:                    0.52      0.60       0.68       0.90       1.65                   1.53
                    Signal to noise ratio: (high radiance)      119       140        123        171        464
                                         (low radiance)         49        50         36         52         133
                    Ground sample distance in:                  10        10         10         10         20                     100+

                    Viewing Geometry
                    Instrument field of view:       15.9 deg
                    Scene dimension at nadir:       205 kin CT x 1-4000 kin AT
                    Instrument field of regard:     ï¿½40 deg <-> ï¿½1270 kin
                    Along-track tilt:               ï¿½30 deg
                    Stereo capability:              yes

                    Precisions
                    Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Absolute accuracy <10%; relative accuracy <2%; pol. sensitivity <5% Calibration using Sun
                                                                and ground targets Atmospheric compensation by cirrus band & ground truth & atm. modeling
                    RMS ground location accuracy:               30 in

                    Collection/Return Capacity
                    Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       Twice in 25 min per day at equator; 2-3 times in 25-50 min at 30 lat
                                                                Twice weekly with nadir view only
                    Onboard storage:                            176 Gb
                    Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          205 kin x 4000 kin = 820 k sq kin
                    Ground network (nominal):                   3 stations
                    Avg. land data collection per orbit:        820 k sq kin per satellite
                    System annual land data collection capability:        7,200 M sq kin

                    Technical Contact
                    Name:    Victor H. Leonard
                    Title:   Manager, System Development
                    Address: Resource2l
                             M/S 8X-59
                             P.O. Box 3999
                             Seattle, WA 98124-2499
                    Phone:   206-393-0098
                    Fax:     206-393-1080
                    e-mail:  [email protected]















                    70







                     Appendix 0 (coritinued)

                     SAC-C MMRS: Arge-n-t"i"n-a
                     Mission/Instrument name:         SAC-C / MMRS
                     Operating organizations:         Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)
                     Operational date:                October 1998 - October 2002
                     Number of satellites:            1


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                        601 kni
                     Inclination:                     97.3 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 11:00 [descending?] nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:    9 days and 14 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                                      VNIR                             SWIR
                     Band:                            1           2        3          4            1        5
                     Spectral range from gm:          0.48        0.54     0.62       0.77                  1.55
                                           to:        0.50        0.56     0.68       0.81                  1.70
                     Signal to noise ratio:           663         710      684        687                   2700
                     Ground sample distance in:       150         150      150        150                   150

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:        33.35 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:        315 kin CT x 315 kin AT
                     Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                     Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                     Stereo capability:               n/a

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy:            (TBD)
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                2250 m

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        9 days at equator, 8 days ï¿½30 lat
                     Onboard storage:                             16 Mb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           315 kin by 3500 kin = 1.1 M sq kin
                     Ground network (nominal):                    4 stations
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:         1,000 k sq km
                     System annual land data collection capability:        [not provided] M sq kni

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:     Juan Yelos
                     Title:    CONAE
                     Address:  Bajada del Cerro s/n
                               Parque Gral. San Martin
                               5500 Mendoza ARGENTINA
                     Phone:    54-61-288654
                     Fax:      5"1-288565
                     e-mail:


























                                                                                                                                                                     71







                   Appendix D (comtitiue,@)

                   SICH-1 MSU: Ukraine
                   Mission/Instrument name:          SICH-1 / Medium Resolution Scanner MSU-S & Low Resolution Scanner MSU-M
                   Operating organizations:          National Space Agency of the Ukraine
                   Operational date:                 September 1995
                   Number of satellites:             I


                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                         650 kin
                   Inclination:                      82.5 deg [97.5 deg?]
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: [not provided]
                   Ground track repeat interval:     [not provided]

                   Instrument Bands                  MSU-S                                      MSU-M
                   Band:                             1         2          1          1          2          3         4
                   Spectral range from pm:           0.55      0.1                   0.5        0.6        0.7       0.8
                                         to:         0.7       1.0                   0.6        0.7        0.8       1.0
                   Signal to noise ratio:
                   Ground sample distance in:        410       410                   2000       2000       2000      2000

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:
                   Scene dimension at nadir:         MSU-S: 1100 km CT               MSU-M: 1900 kin CT
                   Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                   Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                   Stereo capability:                n/a

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided]
                   RMS ground location accuracy:               [not provided]

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       (TBS)
                   Onboard storage:                            [not provided]
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          [not provided]
                   Ground network (nominal):                   [not provided]
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:        [not provided]
                   System annual land data collection capability:         [not provided)

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Victor Zubko,
                   Title:    Chief of NSAU
                   Address:  Remote Sensing Dept.
                             11, Bozhenka Stn
                             252022, Kyiv-22 UKRAINE
                   Phone:    380-44-261-08-27
                   Fax:      380-44-269-50-58
                   e-mail:   [email protected]


























                   72







                     Appendix D (contimued)

                     SPACE IMAGING
                     Mission/Instrument name:          Space Imaging; Commercial Remote Sensing System
                     Operating organizations:          Space Imaging, Inc.
                     Operational date: December 1997
                     Number of satellites:             2


                     Satellite Orbit
                     Altitude:                         628 kin
                     Inclination:                      98.1 deg, Sun synchronous
                     Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                     Ground track repeat interval:     11 days and 161 orbits

                     Instrument Bands                  PAN                             VNIR
                     Band:                             1          1         2          3          4          5
                     Spectral range from gm:           0.45                 0.45       0.52       0.63       0.76
                                to:                    0.90                 0.52       0.60       0.69       0.90
                     Signal to noise ratio:            >10                  >10        >10        >10        >10
                     Ground sample distance m:         1                    4          4          4          4

                     Viewing Geometry
                     Instrument field of view:         0.93 deg
                     Scene dimension at nadir:         11 kin CT x 100+ kin AT
                     Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½45+deg <-> 680+ kin
                     Along-track tilt:                 ï¿½45+deg <-> 680+ kin
                     Stereo capability:                Both fore/aft and cross-track

                     Precisions
                     Radiometric calibration accuracy.            External calibration, ï¿½4.5% linearity, relative accuracy ï¿½4.3%, absolute -+9.5/o
                     RMS ground location accuracy:                6 m

                     Collection/Return Capacity
                     Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        11 days at equator, 9-10 days at ï¿½30 lat (at 109/6 tilt)
                     Onboard storage:                             64 Gb
                     Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           72 krn by 140 km = 10,080 sq km
                     Ground network (nominal):                    3 statons assumed, 4 expected
                     Avg. land data collection per orbit:         22 k sq kin
                     System annual land data collection capability:         110 M sq kin

                     Notes
                     Signal to noise ratio:            SNR is peak to peak at Nyquist for 30 deg solar elevation,
                                                       10% low reflectivity & 2:1 contrast ratio at entrance aperture
                     Min revisit time:                 Revisit time substantially less with tilt > 10 deg

                     Technical Contact
                     Name:      Fran Gerlach
                     Title:     Director, Program Analysis and Performance Evaluation
                     Address:   Space Imaging
                                9351 Grant Street
                                Thornton, CO 80229
                     Phone:     303-254-2051
                     Fax:       303-254-2211
                     e-mail:    [email protected],














                                                                                                                                                                    73







                       Appemdix D (oontinucJ)
                       SPIN-2 KVR-1000, TK-350: RUS91A & commercial s7p-pliers
                       Mission /Instrument name:               SPIN-2 / KVR-1000 Panoramic Camera & TK-350 Topographic Camera
                       Operating organizations:                Interbranch Association "SOVINFORMSPUTNIK"
                       Operational date:                       Regular launches since 1987 with 2+ months collection per mission
                       Number of satellites:                   1


                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                               190-270 km
                       Inclination:                            65 deg
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: not applicable
                       Ground track repeat interval:           8-15 days and 130-240 orbits

                       Instrument Bands
                       Instrument:                             KVR-1000                TK-350
                       Spectral range from gm:                 0.58                    0.58
                                                to:            0.72                    0.72
                       Signal to noise ratio:                  n/a                     n/a
                       Ground sample distance m:               2                       10

                       Viewing Geometry                        KVR-1000                             TK-350
                       Instrument field of view:               10 deg AT x 40 deg CT                75 deg [diagonal ?]
                       Scene dimension at nadir:               40 krn AT x 160 km CT                300 km AT x 200 kni CT
                       Instrument field of regard:             nadir ctr, pan scan                  fixed nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                       fixed                                fixed nadir
                       Stereo capability:                      none                                 60% or 80% AT overlap


                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:                  not applicable
                       RMS ground location accuracy:                      not applicable

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:                           8-15 days at equator, 6-12 days at ï¿½30 lat
                       Onboard storage:                                                film
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:                              continuous running
                       Ground network (nominal):                                       n/a
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:                            n/a
                       System annual land data collection capability:                  n/a

                       Notes
                       Ground sample distance:                 applies to the digitally scanned output
                       Orbital elements:                       may be adjusted during mission lifetime to collect desired scenes
                       Annual land data collection:            test. 2A M sq kin per mission of 2-3 months]

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:      David Baraniak                                                    Name:       VN. Lavrov
                       Title:     President                                                         Title@      Deputy General Director
                       Address:   Lambda Tech International                                         Address:    Interbranch Association "SOVINFORMSPUTNIK"
                                  W239 N1812 Rockwood Drive, Suite 100                                          47 Leningradskiy Prospect
                                  Waukesha, WI 53188                                                            125167 Moscow RUSSIA
                       Phone:     414-523-1215                                                      Phone:      7-09-594-30757
                       Fax:       414-523-1219                                                      Fax:        7-50-194-30585
                       e-mail:    [email protected]                                           e-mail:     [email protected]


                       Name:      George Palesh                                                     Name:       James M. Newlin
                       Title:                                                                       Title:      Manager, Russian Imagery Sales
                       Address:   DBA Systems Inc., Commercial Imagery                              Address:    Autometric Inc.
                                  P.O. Drawer 550                                                               5301 Shawnee Road
                                  1200 S. Woody Burke                                                           Alexandria, VA 22312-2333
                                  Melbourne, FL 32902
                       Phone:     407-727-0660                                                      Phone:      703-658-4000
                       Fax:       407-727-7019                                                      Fax:        703-658-4426
                       e-mail:    gpalesh(Rdba-sys.com                                              e-mail:     [email protected]





                       74







                      Appendix 0 (continued)


                      SPOT HRV, HR-VIR, HRG: France
                      Mission/Instrument name:          SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) / HRV (Haute Resolution Visible), HRVIR, & HRG
                      Operating organizations:          Centre Nationale des d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) & SPOT Image
                      Operational date:                 February 1986 to 1998+ (SPOT-1/2/3); Late 1997 to 2002+ (SPOT4); 2000 to 2010+ (SPOT-5A/B)
                      Number of satellites:             3 (SPOT-1/2/3) with 2 HRV; 1 (SPOT4) with 2 HRVIR instruments; 2 (SPOT-5A/B) with 3 HRG on each


                      Satellite Orbit
                      Altitude:                         832 kin Sun synchronous
                      Inclination:                      98.7 deg
                      Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                      Ground track repeat interval: 26 days and 369 orbits

                      Instrument Bands
                      Band:                                        1            2        3          4          1          PAN
                      Spectral range from gm:                      0.50         0.61     0.79       1.58                  0.51
                                            to:                    0.59         0.68     0.89       1.75                  0.73
                      Signal to noise ratio HRV measured:          190-240      140-250  250-270    n/a                   130-205
                                 HRVIR specified:                  165          140      170        127                   100
                                 BRG specified:                    120          100      120        130                   120
                      Ground sample distance HRV in:               20           20       20         n/a                   10
                                 BRVIRm:                           20           20       20         20                    20
                                 HRG in:                           10           10       10         20                    5


                      Viewing Geometry                  HRV, HRVIR              HRG
                      Instrument field of view:         2x 4.13 deg             3 x 4.13 deg
                      Scene dimension at nadir:         60kmCTx6OkmAT
                      Instrument field of regard:       ï¿½27 deg <-> ï¿½870 kin
                      Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir             ï¿½19.2 deg & nadir
                      Stereo capability:                cross-track             both along-track & cross-track

                      Precisions
                      Radiometric calibration accuracy:            < 10%
                      RMS ground location accuracy:                300 - 500 in

                      Collection/Return Capacity
                      Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        2.9 days at equator, 2.4 days 30 lat
                      Onboard storage:                             HRV 132 Gb = 2 x 22 min x 50 Mbps; BRVIR 240 Gb               2 x 40 min x 50 Mbps; HRG 90 Gb
                      Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           HRVHRVIR 120 x 2000 kin = 240 k sq kin HRG 180 x 2500 kin = 450 k sq kin
                      Ground network (nominal):                    BRV 15 stations; HRVIR 15-18 stations; HRG 15-20 stations
                      Avg. land data collection per orbit:         HRV 260 k sq kin; HRVIR 300 k sq km; HRG 400 k sq kin
                      System annual land data collection capability:            HRV 1200 M sq km; HRVIR 1500 M sq km; HRG 2000 M sq kin

                      Notes
                      Signal to noise ratio:            HRV: Computed from real images HRVIR, HRG: Specification; real performance should be better
                      Annual collection:                HRV. 3,300,000 images from 1986-1995; 1200 M sq kin per year - 180 M cloudfree sq km per year
                                                        HRVIR: Estimate 1500 M sq kin per year - 200 M cloudfree sq kin per year
                                                        BRG: Estimate 2000 M sq km per year - 300 M cloudfree sq kin per year

                      Technical Contact
                      Name:      Alain Baudoin                                           Name:      Terry Busch
                      Title:     Earth Observation Group                                 Title:
                      Address:   CNES                                                    Address:   SPOT Image Corporation
                                 2 place Maurice Quentin                                            1897 Preston White Drive
                                 75039 Paris Cedex 01                                               Reston, VA 22091-4368
                                 FRANCE
                      Phone:     33-1-4476-7810                                          Phone:     703-715-3125 or 800-275-7768
                      Fax:       33-1-4476-7867                                          Fax:       703-648-1813
                      e-mail:                                                            e-mail:    [email protected]








                                                                                                                                                                       75







                   Appendix P (comtinue6i)

                   !Sru I Vegetation:              France
                   Mission/Instrument name:         SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) / VEGETATION
                   Operating organizations:         Centre Nationale des d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) & SPOT Image
                   Operational date:                Late 1997 to 2010+
                   Number of satellites:            3 (SPOT-4/5A/B)

                   Satellite Orbit
                   Altitude:                        832 kin Sun synchronous
                   Inclination:                     98.7 deg
                   Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                   Ground track repeat interval:    26 days and 369 orbits

                   Instrument Bands
                   Band:                            1           2         3           4
                   Spectral range from gm:          0.43        0.61      0.78        1.58
                                        to:         0.47        0.68      0.89        1.75
                   Signal to noise ratio spec:      134         234       279         222
                   Ground sample distance in:       1150        1150      1150        1150

                   Viewing Geometry
                   Instrument field of view:        ï¿½50.5 deg
                   Scene dimension at nadir:        2200 kin CT
                   Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                   Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                   Stereo capability:               n/a

                   Precisions
                   Radiometric calibration accuracy:            absolute: <5%; interband & multitemporal <3%
                   RMS ground location accuracy:                1000 in (spec); 500 in (goal)

                   Collection/Return Capacity
                   Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        1.3 days at equator, 1 day at 30 lat
                   Onboard storage:                             2.2 Gb
                   Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           2200 krn x 20,000 kin
                   Ground network (nominal):                    1 primary + (TBD) local stations
                   Avg. land data collection per orbit:         15Msqkm
                   System annual land data collection capability:         70 G sq kin

                   Notes
                   Satellite: To be confirmed on SPOT-5A, to be decided on SPOT-513
                   Signal to noise ratio:           Specification; real performance should be better

                   Technical Contact
                   Name:     Alain Baudoin                                            Name:    Terry Busch
                   Title:    Earth Observation Group                                  Title:
                   Address:  CNES                                                     Address: SPOT Image Corporation
                             2 place Maurice Quentin                                           1897 Preston White Drive
                             75039 Paris Cedex 01                                              Reston, VA 22091-4368
                             FRANCE
                   Phone:    33-1-4476-7810                                           Phone:   703-715-3125 or 800-275-7768
                   Fax:      33-1-4476-7867                                           Fax:     703-648-1813
                   e-mail:                                                            e-mail:  [email protected]














                   76







                   Appendix 0 (continued)

                   Band            Center            Width             IFO               Purpose

                                 (nm. or um)        (nm or um)         (m)
                   Land & Cloud Boundaries
                   1                645              50                250               Veg chlorophyll abs land cover trans
                   2                858              35                250               Cloud & vegetation land cover trans
                   Land & Cloud Properties
                   3                469              20                500               Soil, veg differences
                   4                555              20                500               Green vegetation
                   5                1240             20                500               Leaf canopy properties
                   6                1640             24.6              500               Snow/cloud differences
                   7                2130             50                500               Land & cloud properties
                   Ocean Color
                   8                412              15                1000              Cholorphyll
                   9                443              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                   10               488              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                   11               531              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                   12               551              10                1000              Sediments, atmosphere
                   13               667              15                1000              Sediments
                   14               678              10                1000              Cholorphyll fluorescence
                   15               748              10                1000              Aerosol properties
                   16               869              15                1000              Aerosol, atmos. properties
                   Atmosphere/Clouds
                   17               905              30                1000              Cloud/atm properties
                   18               936              10                1000              Cloud/atm properties
                   19               940              50                1000              Cloud/atrn properties
                   Thermal
                   20               3.750            0.180             1000              Sea surface temp
                   21               3.959            0.060             1000              Forest fires, volcanoes
                   22               3.959            0.060             1000              Cloud/ sft temp
                   23               4.050            0.060             1000              Cloud/ sft temp
                   24               4.465            0.065             1000              Trop temp/cld fract
                   25               4.515            0.067             1000              Trop temp/cld. fract
                   26               1.375            0.030             1000              Trop temp / cld. fract
                   27               6.715            0.360             1000              Upper-trop humidity
                   28               7.325            0.300             1000              Mid-trop humidity
                   29               8.550            0.300             1000              Sfc temp
                   30               9.730            0.300             1000              Total ozone
                   31               11.030           0.500             1000              Cloud/sfc temp,
                   32               12.020           0.500             1000              Cloud/sfc temp
                   33               13.335           0.300             1000              Cld. height & fraction
                   34               13.635           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction
                   35               13.935           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction
                   36               14.235           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction

























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