    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                           Remote 5en5ing for
                                Coastal Resource Managers:
                                                        An Overview

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                                                                                        54

                                                                                         I rl,

                             1997

                 GC
                 10.4     ;artment of Commerce
                 R4
                 R46      I Oceanic an6i Atmoopheric Adminiotration
                 1997     1 Ocean 5ervice
                 c. 3

                                             ORCA Organization                                                A            Conterlte

                                 The Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and                               1. Introduction          ...................................................I
                                 Assessment (ORCA) is one of four line offices of
                                 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric                                         2. What is remote sensing?                 ................................3
                                 Administration's (NOAA) National Ocean Service                                        Ocean Color        ..................................................5
                                                                                                                       Sea Surface Temperatures              .............................6
                                 (NOS). ORCA provides data, information, and                                           Circulation      .................................................7
                                 knowledge for decisions that affect the quality of                                    Wave Height        ................................................8
                                 natural resources along the nation's coasts and in                                    Sea Surface Winds            ......................................8
                                                                                                                       Sealce      .........................................................9
                                 its estuaries and coastal waters. It also manages                                     Coastal Land Cover & Wetland Mapping...9
                                 most of NOANs marine pollution programs.
                                 ORCA consists of three divisions and a center: the                           3. Relationship to Coastal Resource
                                 Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA)                                          Management          .........................................     13
                                 Division; the Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects                                       Environmental Monitoring                  ...................... 13
                                                                                                                       Resource Inventory and P apping                     ........... 14
                                 Assessment Division (CMBAD); the Hazardous                                            Damage Assessment               ................................. 15
                                 Materials Response and Assessment Division                                            Protected Area Management                 ...................... 15
                                 (HAZMAT); and the Damage Assessment Center                                            Coastal Hazards            ................................... 16
                                 (DAC), a part of NOAA!s Damage Assessment and                                4. Realities of Acquiring and Processing                      ......... 17
                                 Restoration Program.                                                                  Data Realities          ...................................... 17
                                                                                                                       Acquiring and Procesing                ......................... 19
                                             The kernote 5en6ino Team                                         5. Concluding Thoughts              .....................  ................ 21
                                 Walton B. Campbell                                                                    Current Requirements                 ......................... 21
                                 Joann M. Nault                                                                        A Look Toward the Future               ......................... 22
                                 Robert A. Warner                                                             6. Additional Reading              ...................................... 23
                                 <1          Acknowledgmente,                                                 7. Glossary       ............................................................ 24
                                 The Team thanks the following SEA Division per-                              8. Summary of Appendices                    ............................. 29
                                 sonnel: Daniel J. Basta (chief), and Charles
                                 Alexander, for providing guidance and direction
                                 throughout the process of developing this report;
                                 Pam Rubin, David Lott, and Davida Remer for their
                                 assistance in its production. Substantial insights and
                                 two figures were contributed by external review-
                                 ers Victor Klemas of the University of Delaware,
                                 Ken Haddad of the Florida Marine Research
                                 Institue and Donald Field of the NOAA Coastal                                A           On the Cover
                                 Services Center.                                                             A hioh-rcoolution 5atellite imaec of FlorWa bay (Decernber
                                                                                                              1995) u9ine KVR-1000 inotrument. Captain Key iq located at
                                                                                                              @ottorn leftthe Manatee Key5 areat upperri0ht. Thea@ovc-
                                                                                                              water lan I jo clearly outlinci, while the oul@mcrecd cora I, oand
                                                                                                              and mucl arcao appear much liohter. Parker oh3cle5 of blue
                                                                                                              indicate cleelper watem andlor dark-colorc6i veectatiori (ter-
                                                                                                              rootrial or oul@rnerocd). Averaoc rcoolution i5 2 metcro per
                                                                                                              pixel (note 300 m ocale @ar).

                          Remote 5en5ing for Coaotal Re5ource Manager5:
                                                                    An Overview

                                                                               This report presents an overview of satellite-based re-
                                                                               mote sensing technologies, and discusses their poten-
                                                                               tial as tools for assessing, managing, and protecting
                                 Introduction                                  coastal resources. While remote sensing has proven
                                                                               useful in open ocean applications, it is an under uti-
                                                                               lized, yet very promising, technology for use in coastal
                                                                               regions. This overview focuses on the available sys-
                                                                               tems, capabilities, and limitations of satellite-based
                          technologies because they can be cost-effective methods for collecting environmental data. Once in
                          service, satellites are usually a continuous source of information for many years, providing decade-scale
                          monitoring of natural and man-made changes in ecosystems. This document is intended to provide
                          coastal managers with sufficient detail to evaluate whether or not remote sensing can provide useful and
                          usable information concerning their specific coastal issues.

                          In addition, this overview is intended to be a ready reference for coastal resource managers and their
                          assistants who have heard or read that remote sensing is the answer. Many resource managers have not
                          had time to stay abreast of the rapidly developing technologies involved in remote sensing. Yet, they
                          find themselves in the position of needing to resolve specific environmental problems in regions which
                          are: difficult to gain physical access to; do not lend themselves well to conventional manual sampling
                          regimes; so large they cannot be plausibly studied within time constraints; or are in need of a change
                          analysis with no previous on-site sampling having been conducted.

                          The different classes of instruments employed in a variety of satellite systems are discussed in the
                          context of their application. Since most of these space-based sensors were not developed specifically to
                          replace traditional manual coastal environmental assessment techniques, they have design and physical
                          limitations for near shore applications. Additional limitations (such as whether or not they wil I be useful
                          on a cloudy day) are also discussed. The realities of obtaining and utilizing remotely sensed data are
                          reviewed. Since remote sensing and space science are highly technical arenas, they have generated their
                          own lexicon of acronyms, which are explained in the Glossary. Five appendices provide tabular sum-
                          maries of past, present, and proposed future space-borne environmental sensor systems.

                          The coasts are used by many individuals and industries for many different purposes, thus, the term
                          coastal has many different meanings depending upon the intended use. For the purposes of this docu-
                          ment, the term coastal will be confined to include the waters adjacent to the coastline (mean high water
                          mark) out to where the open ocean processes dominate (usually the 200 meter isopleth). This definition
                          of coastal is meant to include estuaries, harbors, inlets, embayments, lakes, and swamps; but exclude
                          areas along the shoreline which are above the mean high water line.

                                           Electromagnetic opectrum u5eJ for remote eenoing

                                  Generally, active and passive detectors in sate] li te-mounted instruments are sensitive to the optical
                                  (0.4 - 0.7 @Lm), near-infrared (0.7,- 0.9 @Lrn), infrared (0.9 - 12 gm), and microwave (0.3 - 30 cm)
                                  portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Within this range of the spectrum, data from the sensors
                                  are used to detect four basic properties of the ocean: color, temperature, height, and roughness. Many
                                  applications have been derived from the quantitative detection of these properties.

                                  The images shown on the cover and in Figures 2-4 and 7-9 were produced from satellites with visible
                                  and thermal infrared optical sensors. Other remote sensing instruments provide information from
                                  parts of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the visible and then-nal regions. Microwave instru-
                                  ments, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), can be used to map oceanographic features includ-
                                  ing ice fields, internal waves, fronts, eddies, and coastal habitats(Figure 9) in all weather conditions.
                                  The high-resolution SAR instrument has been used to detect oil spills, locate ships, monitor the
                                  topography in the ocean surface to detect changes in the coast, and map the bottom topography of
                                  shallow water. When data from multiple sensors is integrated, the product (Figure 3) can provide
                                  additional environmental detail, such as when sea heights (from altimetry) and temperatures (from
                                  infrared detectors) arefused to study circulation dynamics.

                            Wave-
                           length <.0003 @tm       .001 -.01PM .01 -.4 @Lm              1.5-Imm                I Mrn - 0.8 in          0.8 in >

                                                                                         Infrared          Microwave                VHF Radio
                                                                                    L Near Infrared
                                     Y Rays           X Rays

                                                                                         0.7 -1.5 Wn
                                                                                     Visible
                                                                                     0.4 -0.7 PM
                                                                                  Most remote sensing instruments utilize
                                                                                  portions of the electromagnetic spectrum
                             0.4 pm             Visible               0.7 pin     (bands)from the visible to the relatively
                                                                              L   long microwave wavelengths,

                          2

                                                                                Remote sensing is the science of gathering infor-
                                                                                mation from a distance. Eyes and ears are remote
                          2                                                     sensing instruments. Vision is a form of optical re-
                                  What is remotI6                               mote sensing; listening is a form of acoustical remote
                                                                                sensing. Remote sensing makes use of a wide variety
                                           5ensing?                             of media and technologies: radar is a type of radio
                                                                                energy remote sensing, and X-ray photography is a
                                                                                form of high-energy remote sensing.

                          In the case of eyes and ears as remote sensing instruments they are passive detectors and rely upon other
                          phenomena to supply the energy (room light or a car horn). In contrast, radar and sonar actively broad-
                          cast their own energy source and derive- information from its reflection and scattering. Information is
                          produced by processing and interpreting the data arriving at the instruments.

                          Satellite remote sensing is used to obtain information about, and to take measurements of a place or
                          phenomenon without direct physical sampling. The desired end product of photogrammetry* and re-
                          mote sensing is scientifically valid, quantitative analyses derived from the data. A few of the environ-
                          mental products derived from satellite remote sensing include: descriptions of current weather condi-
                          tions; the status of wetlands habitat; coastal erosion processes; the location of oil spil Is; and the extent of
                          algal blooms.

                          Satellite imagery can be valuable for observing large expanses and/or inaccessible areas. Ocean features
                          such as large-scale circulation, currents, river outflow and water quality; can be visualized by highlight-
                          ing variations in water color and/or temperature. These observations can then be used for such activities
                          as ship routing, environmental monitoring of sensitive coastal zones, hazards assessment, and manage-
                          ment of fishing fleets. High-resolution coastal images can be used to analyze and map sediment trans-
                          port, bathymetry, erosion, and aquaculture applications; however, several of these are possible only
                          when the skies are clear.

                                                                                                    Applications of remote sensing to
                                Remote Sensors View Earth                                           coastal management activities in-
                                                                                    Reflected       clude infrared imagery to monitor
                                                             MM                    Microwave
                                                  2-@-S #Yn,                       %Radiation       changes in vegetative habitat; data
                                                                                                    on water temperature and color to
                                K
                                                                                                    better understand fish and inverte-
                                                                                                    brate distributions; and real-time at-
                                                             TO
                                                                 and ure                            mospheric data for weather fore-
                                                                        Y
                                                                                                    casting. Remote sensing techniques
                                                                                                    are becoming increasingly cost-ef-
                                                                                                    fective, given the rapid pace of in-
                                                                                                    novation in computer technology,
                                                                                                    information networks, and improve-
                                                                                                    ments in sensing systems for satel-
                                                                                                    lites.
                          Figure 1, Oepiction of how remote 5ciisoro view the Earth. Courteey of
                          .the U.5. Office of Tcchnolooy &55coomcrit.
                           the science of making reliable measurements by the use of photographs and especially aerial photographs.

                                                                 5ome Remote 5enr7lng Term5

                             Resolution:

                               0  Spatial is the parameter which describes the correspondence between the size of the spot on the ground
                                  viewed by each individual picture element (pixel) in the sensor on-board the spacecraft and is a function
                                  of altitude, lens geometry, construction of the sensing array, etc. (a I krn pixel may be useful for observ-
                                  in- the location of the Gulf Stream, but would be of no use in distinguishing among the different physi-
                                    Z@                                                                    c,
                                  cal habitats in a 2-4 km wide estuary).

                                  Temporal defines the number of repeat passes an imaging system may provide over the same location (a
                                                                                          ZI
                                  satel I ite which provides repeat coverage of every other day may be sufficient to follow processes which
                                  have time scales of days but will be of limited use in observing change events which occur over only a
                                  few hours or during a tidal cycle).

                                  Radiometric is the number of data bits used to represent the intensity of the signal arriving at the sensor
                                  (a 4 bit representation or 16 levels of the full range from full brightness to full darkness is much less than
                                                                                    Z@
                                  that in an 8 bit or 256 levels radiometric resolution instrument).

                                  Spectral is the description of the instrument in terms of the number of different wavelengths each sepa-
                                  rate channel can detect and the width of each one of these (an 8 channel instrument with very wide
                                  channels is much less useful than an instrument with many, very narrow channels).

                             Geoetationary ve. Polar Orbiting: The concepts explained above are not independent of one another. Ob-
                             serving satellites in orbit around the earth are generally placed into either of two different types of orbits. The
                             traditional weather satellites as seen on TV are placed into an orbit such that, when viewed from the ground
                             looking up, they appear to be stationed above one place on the surface as a consequence of their velocity
                             through space matching that of the rotation of the earth. Thus, these are called geostationary satellites and
                             have the advantage of being able to view one side of the planet continuously from their 39,000 krn altitude.
                             Geostationary satellites have very high temporal resolution and very wide viewing swath (one complete scan
                             of one side of the planet every few minutes) but their spatial resolution is very low by virtue of being so high
                             above the planet and their spectral and radiornetric resolution are usually quite low to ensure rapid data
                             transmission sufficient to identify rapidly moving storm fronts.

                             The other common orbital configuration for observing satellites is that referred to as Low Earth Orbiting
                             (LEO) and is most commonly employed in near-polar orbits (canted to pass just to the East or West of the
                             poles of the planet). While near-polar orbiting LEOs can view only a narrow swath as they speed by (low
                             temporal resolution), they are able to collect imagery from the entire planet by virtue of the earth rotating
                             underneath while the satellite collects non-repetitive imagery on succeeding passes. Near-polar orbiters,
                             being much closer to the earth (800 km altitude) than geostationary satellites, also tend to collect much
                             higher spatial resolution imagery.

                               Ocean Color (instruments sensing the vioil7le portion of the s                                pectrurn)

                           The colors of ocean and coastal waters provide infor-
                           mation as to their contents, and thus, their recent his-           15-MAR-79
                           tory and possible present productivity. Clear waters
                           do not contain much suspended material, such as al-
                           gae or silt; opaque, muddy waters indicate high con-
                           centrations of suspended sediment; and bright green
                           waters normally indicate dense concentrations of al-
                           gae, typically phytoplankton. These microscopic plants
                           are important because they constitute one of the low-
                           est trophic levels of the marine food web, and are, in-
                           volved in many geochemical processes including fixa-
                           tion of carbon and nitrogen.

                           The observed color of water results from many phe-
                           nomena: among them, the reflection and absorption                   U.U4   0.50 LDU     3.00 9.UO
                           of sunlight off of phytoplankton, suspended minerals,                     Figments [mg/m3]
                           organic complexes, and dissolved organic and inor-              Fioum 2. Ocean color ima0e, Eactern Gulf of Mexico,
                           ganic materials. The narrow, visible portion of the             Nim@uo-7 (CZC,5)1Univ. of 5outh FloriAa, March 1979.
                           electromagnetic spectrum is used to record ocean color
                           (Figure 2), which can be measured only during daylight hours in cloud-free conditions. The atmosphere
                           between the water and the sensor also affects the quality and quantity of light detected at the sensor. To
                           ensure accurate calibration of the numbers from the remote sensor, it is necessary to obtain frequent, in
                           situ measurements of the waters being remotely measured.

                           Typical coastal applications of ocean color monitoring include quantitative estimates of riverine input
                           into estuaries, coastal erosion (the magnitude and direction of sediment transport), and the location and
                           extent of human impacts on the marine environment. However, the geographic scale of coastal events is
                           often so small that the spatial resolution and/or radiometric sensitivity of current space-based sensors
                           are of minimal utility to coastal resource managers. In the near future, sensors such as SeaWiFS on
                           SEASTAR, MOS on PRIRODA, and OCTS and POLDER on ADEOS should provide sufficiently fine
                           detail to permit the location of algal blooms, including toxic red tides, fish stocks (because many
                           planktivorous fish aggregate near the food sources), and ocean fronts and eddies (see Table I for sensors
                           and applications).

                                                                         Coastal Regions
                              Coastlines (ocean, lake, river) vary widely in their geomorphology, biota, and hydrology and thus, the
                              precise definition of coastal depends upon the phenomena under evaluation and the region of observation.
                              Applications of coastal remote sensing are discussed throughout this document and the resolution of various
                              sensing systems is rated relative to its applicability for specific tasks. For example, 4 km spatial resolution
                              remote sensing system can be adequate for imaging storms moving across the middle of North America, but
                              are of little use in discerning details of the Florida Keys (most of which are less than I km wide). The need
                              to locate a 500 in long oil spill requires finer resolution imaging systems than ones following meanders of
                              the Gulf Stream (found off the East Coast of North America).

                                          A 5ea Ourface Temperatureo (infrared, microwave)

                          The surface temperature of ocean and coastal waters may provide information as to the waters' origins
                          and recent history. Waters upwelled from great depths are cold, nutrient-rich, and clearer than the sur-
                          rounding water. Many of the world's major surface currents are warmer than the adjacent water masses.

                          In coastal areas, sea surface temperature (SST) measurements can locate coastal upwellings, fronts,
                          river outflows, and intrusions of water masses. Regional SST measurements are useful for identifying
                          the location and area] extent of major currents (e.g., Gulf Stream, Labrador Current) and their associated
                          eddies and meanders, and major upwelling events (e.g., Peruvian upwelling during non-El Nifio years).

                          The very narrow infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is typically used for high-resolution
                          temperature observations, which can be made any time of day but only under cloud-free conditions.
                          Thermal infrared energy from the sun reflected off the water's surface can lead to daytime interpreta-
                          tion problems. Passive microwave sensors can measure water surface temperatures through clouds,
                          although with a significant decrease in thermal accuracy and spatial resolution. To ensure accurate cali-
                          bration of the temperature numbers from the remote sensor, frequent, in situ measurements are re-
                          quired.

                          Remote sensing systems can view only the top few                SST        NOWNESDIS EDGE ORID RWX DISPLAY 20.32 LAT
                                                                                          14KM ANAL. GLAY OF CA-IF. / NOAA-14 OPEPAT -136.-105 LON
                          millimeters to centimeters of the water and thus, can-          M/13/96 ZW - 06/17/96 ZWO                   95 HOURS
                          not provide information on subsurface temperatures.
                          Making use of temperature remote sensing techniques
                          for coastal waters requires high resolution data because
                          of the small spatial scale of the land and its adjoining
                          water masses. Many coastal areas are so calm that the
                          water surface maintains a constant temperature for
                          months at a time, rendering thermal imagery of little
                          use. Due to their low spatial resolution, the current SST-
                          sensing satellites are of minimal utility for coastal ap-
                          plications. Currently, AVHRR on TIROS and ATSR
                          on ERS provide the data that is used predominantly
                          for regional and ocean-basin SST determinatioris (Fig-
                          ure 3). The ATSR provides a more accurate measure-
                          ment, while the wider viewing swath of the AVHRR
                          (2,580 km) provides more coverage. Sensors such as
                          OCTS on ADEOS (12 channels, 700 m resolution) and                            L9   2M   22   24
                          the soon to be deployed MODIS on EOS (36 channels               Figure 3. Sea 5urface ternperasure (14- km analy@i5),
                          at 250 m resolution) should improve available spatial           Gulf of California, NOAA-14/NOAA/NE5Pl5, June 1996.
                          and spectral resolution significantly.

                                                               Circulation (altimetere)

                         There are several physical reasons for the movement of water from one place to another, such as wind
                         stress, tides, and density discontinuity. Intense and/or lengthy windstorms crossing the surface of a
                         regional body of water can push large quantities of water away from one area and pile it up onto another,
                         such as a shore or embayment. In coastal areas-particularly in regions where the bottom shallows over
                         a very short distance and/or the entrance to an embayment narrows abruptly-the daily ebb and flow of
                         the tides can produce substantial changes in the elevation of the water across a short distance.

                         Several phenomena can cause water masses to have differing elevations from those around them. One of
                         the most consistent and significant is the gravitational attraction of seafloor mountains and canyons.
                         Undulations of local mass of the earth, and therefore differences in this gravitational pull, are referred to
                         as the earth's geoid. The more massive mountains attract more water above them; canyons attract pro-
                         portionately less.

                         Altimeters in orbit provide high-precision (3        P,                          91F W                  V
                         cm) information on the height of various water
                                                                                            V74                            77
                         masses and the earth's geoid. The location and
                         motion of large-scale water masses, such as
                         Gulf Stream eddies or the Gulf of Mexico Loop
                         Current, can be visualized using satellite-borne
                         altimeters (Figure 4). On a coastal scale, knowl-
                         edge of the velocity and direction of parcels of                                                         2%,
                         water known to contain toxic red tide algal
                         blooms or hazardous materials (e.g., spilled oil,
                         industrial waste) is essential to planning an
                                                                                   %
                         appropriate response. Additionally, data on          -10-
                         ocean circulation is a significant component of
                         global climate programs.

                         Since they are active microwave instruments,
                         which calculate the round trip time of a pulse
                         transmitted from a satellite in space, altimeters
                         are usable in all weather conditions. With the      Figure 4. 5ca level height differenceo ae deterrnineJ from Topex
                         development of higher spatial resolution altim-     altirmeter data euperirripooccl over AVHKR temperature image.
                         eters (presently one measurement every 25 km)       Relative, heighro above andbelow mcan are. repre5ented by line
                         and/or deployment of a larger constellation of      l,,01h, proportional to the maonituclc of the water 6urface
                         instruments, remote sensing could be used to        elevation (to the right of oatellite track) or deprcooion (to the
                                                                             left of satellite trick), Gulf of Mexico, -l`6pcx/N0AA/N05,
                         study coastal processes for resource assess-        December 1995.
                         ments such as beach erosion, salt-marsh sub-
                         sidence, and barrier island expansion.

                                                         Wave Height and Opectrum (altimetem and 5AR)

                                 @'.j *ivint Vve Hei&r. (M)                                        Wave height is dependent on the velocity of the wind,
                                                                      V__'=                        the distance over which the wind blows (fetch), and
                                         M      + rr.  6 M     8 M    10 -r      m
                                                            ?1@                                    the length of time it blows. Wave direction, average
                                     Z7'
                                                                                                   wave height and wave spectrum data are very use-
                                                                                                   ful, both as inputs to predictive weather forecast
                                                                                                   models and for real-time information about sea con-
                                                                                                   ditions. Sea state is an important consideration when
                                                                                                   planning any at-sea operations such as search-and-
                                                                                                   rescue, response to hazardous material releases, ship
                                                                                                   routing, oil drilling, and dredging. Satellite altim-
                                                                                                   eters provide only limited wave height infon-nation
                                                                                                   (Figure S) due to poor spatial resolution (25 km).
                                                                                                   These active microwave instruments derive wave
                                                                                                   information from the shape of the reflected micro-
                                                                                                   wave pulse transmitted from satellite to the water.
                              Figur'e 5. Wave height, North Pacific Ocean, Wave Mociel/            Thus, they will function in all weather.
                              FNMOC, March 199ro.

                                                                  5ea 5urface Windo (5catterornetem)

                                                              r                                   Information about the velocity of coastal and ocean
                               0 5 W 15 20 25 30 35                                               winds is important in resource management. This is
                                                                                                  especially true during response efforts to hazardous
                                                                                                  materials releases, since disasters seldom happen in
                                                                                                  ideal weather. It is also useful in weather forecasting,
                                                                                                  ship routing, and air-sea flux studies (Figure 6).

                                    ..............................                      ........
                                                                                                  Winds transfer some energy to the surface layer of
                                                                                                  the sea, causing ripples. The ripples can develop into
                                                                                                  wavelets and waves in proportion to the direction and
                                                                                                  magnitude of the wind. Scatterometers compare a mi-
                                                                                                  crowave pulse transmitted from a satellite with the
                                                                                                  waveform of the reflected pulse to extrapolate a wind
                                                                                                  speed. They lack sufficient spatial resolution (7-50
                               .......        . .. ........................... .. ..... ...... ......... km) to be of direct use in near shore coastal processes,
                              30                                              -70                 but they can provide warnings of surface wind con-
                              Figure 6. Wind opeei, U.S. Northeaot; coa5t, ER5-1/                 ditions that may be headed toward shore. Previous
                              NOAA/NE5[)15, June 1996.                                            generations of scatterometers were limited by a single-
                                                                                                  side field of view. With the launch of ADEOS, this
                                                                                                  wind direction limitation should be minimized due
                                                                                                  to its dual-sided viewing NSCAT instrument.

                                                A 5ea Ice (optical, infrared, microwave)

                         Nearly 12% of the world's ocean is covered by sea ice, the properties of which can differ greatly from
                         both the land and the liquid water. Sea ice may be distinguished from the surrounding water by virtue of
                         its being more reflective, lower in temperature, and different in texture and salt content. Using these
                         properties, optical, thermal and especially microwave (because microwaves pass through clouds or fog
                         for all weather capabilities) remote sensing is employed for ice investigations.

                         The location, formation, melting, movement,                                       0
                         and thickness of ice in coastal waters are im-
                         portant to organizations conducting ocean or        i
                         lake surface activities (disaster mitigation,
                         transportation, fishing). The principal con-
                         cerns in ice observations are ice concentra
                         tion, thickness, and the locations of the edge,
                         polynya (areas of open water), and open leads
                         (channels) (Figure 7). The areal extent of ice                                     *0
                         coverage is used for input to climate models.

                         Visible and infrared observing satellites (TIROS,
                         ASTR, GOES) can be used for moderate reso-
                         lution (1-4 km) data, but only under cloud-free
                         conditions. Passive (SSM/I) and active (SAR)
                         microwave imagers can produce ice imagery
                         products in all weather, but are currently lim-
                         ited by poor resolution (12-25 km) and narrow
                         swath widths, respectively.

                                                                             Figure 7. 5ca iGe (near infrared), Larw IGe 5h6f, Ant;arctica,
                                                                            AVHRR/N5IDC, March 1995,

                             Coa5tal Land Cover and Wetland Mapping (optical, infrared, microwave)

                         Habitat mapping and classification by means of remote sensing are performed by correlating a cluster of
                         numerical pixel values with verified features, such as vegetative cover, open water, tidal flats, inland
                         marshes, forested wetlands, or bare soil type. Multispectral. sensors such as Landsat's Thematic Mapper
                         (TM) and SPOT have been the traditional instruments of choice for these types of mapping projects
                         over relatively large areas (Figure 8) (e.g., estuarine sediment/dumping plumes, shallow-water bathym-
                         etry) because of the relatively high spatial (20-30 m) and radiometric resolution (eight bits), and be-
                         cause the visible spectral bands are co-registered with the infrared channels. These passive optical
                         instruments are unable to produce land/water imagery during cloudy weather.

                                                                                     Developed, High Intensity
                                                                                     Developed, Low Intensity

                                                                                     Grassland

                                                                                     Cultivated Land

                                                                                     Evergreen Forest

                                                                                     Scrub/Shrub

                                                                                     Bare Land

                                                                                     Estuarine Emergent

                                                                                     Palustrine Emergent

                                                                                     Palustrine Scrub/Shrub

                                                                                     Palustrine. Forest

                                                                                     Water

                                                                                     Unconsolidated Shore

                                                                                     Mixed Forest

                                                                                     Deciduous Forest

                         Figure 8. Land Cover, Waohington 5tate, Landoat; TM/NOAA1C5C, 56p@,em@er 1992.

                         The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in-
                         struments on ERS-1, JERS-1 and
                         RADARSAT also show promise in pro-
                         viding higher spatial resolution (10-30 in)
                         data for wetland mapping and classifica-
                         tion for fine scale coastal regions (Figure
                         9). These instruments rely on reflected
                         microwave energy from the earth to pro-
                         vide an image. Land and water bound-
                         aries appear in sharp contrast in SAR
                         imagery because the water tends to re-
                         flect energy away from the sensors while
                         rough textured land scatters transmitted
                         signals. Soil moisture and plant type pro-
                         duce differential (gray shade) absorptions
                         of the microwave energy providing
                         coastal surface habitat information in all
                         weather conditions.

                                                                       Figure 9. Coaotal 5AK Irria0e, Tromoo Norwiy, January 1996.
                                                                       KAPAK5AT data Canadian 5pace Agency 1996. Pata received by the
                                                                       Canada Centre for Rermote 5cnalng. Proceosc,@ an i diatributeJ @y
                                                                       RAPAR5AT International.

                         10

                                                          TaWe 1. 5eieote,@ platformfsem5oro an@ traolitional coaotal ar6i. ocear, applioatior!5

                                                                          Plalform                                          Serw@.                                                                                           An lica,,;on
                                                                                                                                                                                    So S.- tace                                    Wave              surface            sea Icc       Lznd Cove-/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      MI&                               welan&
                                                                          ERS-1     2                                       AMI-SCAIT, RA

                                                                                                                            RA

                                                                                                                            SAR

                                                                                       ... . ........                                                                                                                                                               .... . ... ...
                                                                          INSATI                                            IVIFRR
                                                                                                                                          .. ..........
                                                                          GCES 7                                            VAS
                                                                                                                                        I.- ....... ..... .. .......... .... .......
                                                                                                                            VISSR

                                                                          JERS-1                                            OPS                                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                            SAR
                                                                                                                    ................... .
                                                                              ',V@A I&                                      TIM
                                                                                                                                                                                         ... .... ... ........... .
                                                                          ME-I, OSATI 3-7

                                                                          MOS-lb                                            Mm
                                                                                                                            I--         . .... ...........
                                                                                                                            V TIR

                                                                          NOAA 9-14                                         AIM

                                                                                                                            HM
                                                                                                                  .... . ....... ......... . ..... .
                                                                          OKEMN-01                                          RLSDO

                                                                                                                                        -os

                                                                          RESOLRCE-01 V2 &:,\3                              NSL;-E

                                                                                                                            WU-SK
                                                                                                ........... ........... . ..
                                                                                                                            nV

                                                                          TOPEX/pOSE1001%,                                  ALT

                                                                                                                            SALT                                                                                                      0

                                                                                            ..... . .... . ....
                                                                          GOES 9 K-V                                        NAGER

                                                                          FOODA                                             DLkR-,\*, R-0

                                                                                                                            DCAM, R-W

                                                                                                                            Mos

                                                                                                                            SAR
                                                                                                         . . ... ..... . ... ........
                                                                          @@M@T
                                                                          SASTA@R                                           SEAWJ-S
                                                                          SICH-1                                            %U-M

                                                                                                                            MSU-s

                                                                                                                                                                                   ...... ........
                                                                                                                            RIM-0.8

                                                                          ADEOS                                             AVNIR

                                                                                                                            OCTS                                                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                            POLM
                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                          NOA.A X-M                                         ANZU B                                                                                                                                          0

                             TaWe I (cont.). 5electe6i, pil,,@itfo,m-nJoemoor5                                                           am,@, ocean applicatiorlo

                                         Platform                      Sensor                                                      Application
                                                                                            00em C010-    Sea Swface    Cucuktion      wave       Surface    Sea Ice  lwid Coval
                                                                                                                                      Heights     ffzlds                Wetl;inds

                                         NOAA K-N                      AN(SU A

                                                                       AVHRR/3
                                                                                                                                    ....... . ... .... ... ... ..... ... ...
                                                                       HM/3

                                              %0

                                                                       NTj-S
                                                                                                            ...........
                                                                       .NM-SK

                                                                       MSUN

                                         FY-2                          VIS & IR                              6

                                         ICH-2

                                                                       SAR

                                         SICH-3                        SIX

                                         SPOT,                         1-MIR
                                                 ----- --------                 -- -------
                                                                       VEG

                                         ENRqSAT-I                     AATSR

                                                                       ASAR

                                                                       DORS

                                                                       RA-2

                                         EOS-A.Ml                      ASM

                                                                       MOMS

                                         EOS-CCLOR                     OCEAN COLOR
                                                 .... ........ .. . ........ . . .......                       . ..... .
                                         FY-IC
                                                                       VIS & IR

                                         LANDSAT7                      -rN.+                                                                                    8

                                         ADEOS U                       ANGR                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                            .. . ........

                                                                       POLDMR

                                                                       SEAMM

                                         MALT                          DORIS

                                                                       SSET.

                                         FY-ID                         MS VIS   IR

                                         !6G                           SMIC

                                         EOS-pm                        AM

                                                                       AMSU

                                                                       .MNR
                                                                       .. .. .... . .....
                                                                       MODIS

                                         SPOT 3                        HRG

                                                                       VEG
                                         or-AN,

                            12

                                                                                This section describes existing and potential rela-
                                                                                tionships between remote sensing and five repre-
                         43                                                     sentative examples of issues facing coastal man-
                                                                 to             agers: (1) environmental monitoring; (2) resource
                                  Relationghip                                  inventory and mapping; (3) damage assessment; (4)
                                                                                protected area management; and (5) coastal haz-
                               Coa6tal Re6ource                                 ards. It includes a discussion of limitations of cur-
                                                                                rent remote sensing systems as well as key, soon-
                                     Management                                 to-be-launched satellites which should provide a
                                                                                plethora of datasets with spectral, spatial, and ra-
                                                                                diometric resolutions to be of direct value to the
                                                                                coastal resource manager.

                                                             Environmental Monitoring

                         Coastal environmental monitoring includes a wide variety of activities directed toward understanding
                         the status and trends of environmental quality. Examples of measured properties include: water tem-
                         perature, salinity, sediment loading, rainfall, water quality, and the presenc@/absence/ health of plants
                         and animals. Monitoring is conducted in many different ways depending, in part, on the parameter(s)
                         being measured, the monitoring objective, and the resources available to conduct the work.

                         Remote sensing can, under certain conditions, contribute to environmental monitoring by allowing
                         managers to obtain repetitive, nonintrusive, synoptic data for some parameters across broad spatial and
                         temporal domains. With respect to water quality, certain sensors can provide managers with data on
                         water temperature, clarity, circulation, depth, and productivity. Multi-spectral sensors on satellites such
                         as Landsat-MSS, Landsat-TM, SPOT-HRV, and ADEOS-OCTS are already providing quantitative in-
                         formation on water color that can be applied to investigations of sediment plumes and transport, algal
                         blooms, and point sources of pollution.

                         Point sources of pollution are typically detected by recognizing characteristic surface patterns within
                         the water body rather than by a simple analysis for anomalous spectral properties. Pollution detection is
                         more difficult if it has had time to disperse over a large area, or when it does not emanate from a
                         concentrated point source. In such cases, remote sensing can be used to quantitatively compare spectral
                         properties of similar, unpolluted water from elsewhere, or to evaluate images of the same area that
                         predate the pollution event(s). Both methods are constrained by the high natural variability of the
                         coastal environment. Thermal sensor bands, such as AVHRR on the TIROS satellite series can provide
                         data on water temperature that can help track large (greater than 5 km) coastal upwellings, river outflow,
                         and major coastal currents. Presently, there are substantial limitations in the availability of high spatial
                         resolution, multi-spectral and thermal satellite image data. With the near-term expectation for the launch
                         of high resolution satellites including Earlybird/Quickbird (3-15 m, due in 1997-98), Lewis/Clark (3-30
                         in due in 1997), and EROS (1.8-11.5 in due in 1997) many of these problems should be overcome.

                                                      A
                                                       A
                                                            Coastal Management In the U.5.

                              The U.S. has extensive coastal boundaries with the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico,
                              and the Great Lakes. The majority of the population is located either directly along these coastlines or
                              within the associated waterways, embayments, and estuaries which presents the potential for widespread
                              environmental stress to these regions. Since the enactment of the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972,
                              the U.S. has expended increasing resources to manage these regions and understand how they are chang-
                              ing under our stewardship.

                              Coastal management includes a broad range of activities that typically occur among and across Federal,
                                                                                                                    0
                              state, county, and municipal levels of government. These include the promotion and regulation of recre-
                              ation, land development, and transportation as well as the protection of property and life against natural
                                                                                                                            C,
                              hazards both on the land borderin coastal waters as well as in and on the water itself. The coal of coastal
                                                                9                                                          C,
                              management is to achieve a balance between conservation of resources and sensible development in order
                              to ensure the optimal and most sustainable use of these unique regions for current and future generations.
                              As priorities and technologies change, this is an ongoing, dynamic process that requires constant evalua-
                              tion and revision.

                                                            Resource Inventory and Mapping

                          Environmental inventory and mapping is performed to establish a baseline description of resource spa-
                          tial distribution and abundance, from which to determine trends, and identify priorities for management.
                          Coastal resources that are often inventoried and/or mapped include wetlands, harvestable resources
                          such as timber and oil, birds, finfish, and shellfish. Inventories are typically conducted using a combina-
                          tion of extensive field work (e.g. species collection from specific sampling sites), data cataloging, and
                          mapping.

                          Inventory of living marine resources by space-borne sensors has had variable degrees of success. Large
                          pelagic species of fish which form large schools near the surface can be readily imaged by satellites, but
                          many near-shore fish schools are relatively small compared to the spatial resolution of current satellite
                          imaging systems (30-1000 m). However, satellites can identify a number of environmental variables
                          associated with habitat that are potential indicators of distribution and abundance such as water tem-
                          perature, water clarity, circulation, the location of fronts and eddies, and the presence of coastal veg-
                          etated habitat such as wetlands and sea grasses.

                          Sub-surface habitats such as corals, shellfish beds, and sea grasses are more difficult to quantify by
                          satellite than those above the water line because the space-borne sensors can image only that electro-
                          magnetic energy which makes it up through the water column. Thus, turbid waters present significant
                          limitations in the ability of remote sensing systems to quantify bottom features. Mapping wetlands with
                          satellite imagery provides a number of advantages over conventional ground surveys or aerial photogra-
                          phy including: timeliness, synopticity, frequency of repeated observations and significantly reduced
                          costs.

                          14

                                                                Parnage Aose5rrnent

                        Environmental damage assessment typically involves evaluating impacts on coastal natural resources
                        resulting from natural events as well as from human activities. These include: long-term exposures to
                        pollutants, cumulative changes caused by certain land use practices, and episodic events such as oil
                        spills, ship groundings, flooding, and hurricanes.

                        Satellite remote sensing derived inventories of existing resources can be crucial in establishing the
                        before and after status of a region to quantify the extent of damage. Such baseline studies are also
                        useful for identifying areas that may be particularly susceptible to damage such as a sensitive habitat
                        located close to shipping lanes, or densely populated areas that are subject to storm surge inundation.
                        This information can improve the effectiveness of management decisions with respect to preparedness
                        and response.

                        Remote sensing can be of value to managers in tracking the movement of air or water-borne hazardous
                        materials releases. Large surface oil slicks are routinely imaged by TIROS/AVHRR, Landsat, SPOT,
                        ERS-l/SAR, RADARSAT/SAR satellites, but oil type, age, slick thickness, sea state, and the satellite's
                        viewing angle can limit remote sensing's ability to quantify or locate oil spills. For a meaningful
                        response to hazardous materials spills, managers need timely access to data on its size, position and
                        trajectory.

                                                          Frotected Area Management

                        Sanctuary areas managed by various Federal, state, local, and private institutions have been set aside for
                        special use and protection because of their environmental, recreational and/or historical value. These
                        include parks, recreation areas, wildlife reservations, and marine sanctuaries. Managers of these areas
                        are typically required to balance the needs of public access and use with natural resource conservation
                        and protection. The goal is to ensure that these areas and their associated natural resources are protected
                        and, where possible, enhanced for future use.

                        Several remote sensing applications for protected area management are described above (e.g. Environ-
                        mental Monitoring, Resource Inventory and Mapping, and Damage Assessment). Additional applica-
                        tions include monitoring public use, particularly in expansive marine areas where access is difficult or
                        impossible to restrict, assessing the status of protected area resources with respect to adjacent areas that
                        are not similarly protected, and evaluating the effectiveness of various management strategies. Such
                        information can provide critical early warning information regarding the possible need for additional
                        protective measures.

                        Direct monitoring of public use in coastal areas through remote sensing is usually restricted to identify-
                        ing the presence/absence of boats in open water. This type of monitoring is possible only with ex-
                        tremely high resolution media such as aerial photography or classified satellite imagery. Some coun-
                        tries (including the U.S.) use this technique to assist with the enforcement of fishery regulations. Such
                        monitoring may become a routine resource for coastal managers with the anticipated launch of several
                        high resolution commercial satellites (see Environmental Monitoring) and the potential availability of at
                        least some of the imagery from previously classified space-borne sensors.

                                                                                                                                   15

                                                                          Coaotal Hazard5

                           Coastal hazards are natural phenomena that have the potential to impact natural resources, property, and
                           the quality of human life. These include coastal erosion, flooding, storms, and salt water intrusion. The
                           proximity of population centers to the coasts accentuates the perceived effects and real costs of coastal
                           hazards. Imagery products are often invaluable in determining response priorities during emergency
                           situations. Because of their synoptic coverage, satellites are also quantitative tools for post mortem
                           damage assessments to property and resources.

                           The primary application for remote sensing to coastal hazards is the forecasting and analysis of local
                           and regional wind and rain events. Landsat and SPOT satellites currently provide synoptic, regional
                           imagery that can help managers identify natural resources and property at risk. A time series of such
                           imagery may help identify local patterns of shoreline erosion and/or accretion, or plant community
                           successional events. Understanding these patterns may be particularly important in some regions since
                           coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves can mitigate the severity of coastal hazards from
                           waves and flooding.

                                                                Coartal Nutriemt Emrichment

                             Coastal regions are not only delicately balanced ecosystems, but are a primary location for introduction of
                             nutrient-laden or toxic materials such as domestic sewerage, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. Supple-
                             menting the concentrations of nutrients (which would otherwise be limiting factors for growth, such as
                             phosphorous, nitrogen, or silicon) or poisoning key species in any stable or metastable environment gener-
                             ally produces biological imbalances.

                             Left unchecked, these conditions can produce massive die-offs of many of the native organisms and alter the
                             local geochemistry (pH, Eh, alkalinity). This may lead to oscillations in species composition and even the
                             habitat's suitability to sustain long-term, stable populations. Accelerated erosion of the underlying substrate
                             is a common outcome of loss of biological stability and diversity, resulting in permanent loss of habitat.

                             While it is presently not possible to measure nitrate, phosphate, or silicate concentrations (much less pH, Eh,
                             or alkalinity) from an aircraft or satellite-borne system, the effects of changes in their values on the biota are
                             frequently easily observed by visible spectrum (and fluorescence spectroscopy) remote sensing techniques.
                             Red tide and green algal blooms are readily detected, located, and quantified by ocean color sensing systems
                             (see section on Ocean Color). Algal blooms which correlated with cholera outbreaks have been identified by
                             use of ocean color sensors.

                                                                               Although the remote sensing systems mentioned above
                                                                               and described in Appendices A through D rely upon
                          4                                                    very different phenomena to provide information about
                                                                               the coastal environment, they have several issues in
                                                                               common with regard to getting from a number sent
                                    Realities of                               by the sensor in space to a usable product for the ana-
                                                                               lyst or resource manager. This section describes the
                                      Acquiring                                processing steps required before remotely sensed data
                                                                               can be utilized by the analyst or resource manager.
                                             and                               General processing considerations are briefly outlined
                                                                               below, followed by a typical 6-step processing sce-
                              Proce5sing Data                                  nario. Ten to 32 weeks is a realistic time frame for
                                                                               implementing such a project (Figure 10). This time
                                                                               frame largely depends on an organization's experience
                                                                               and/or the number of steps that have been provided
                                                                               by others (e.g., data providers, software programs).

                         Processing of photogrammetry and remote sensing information is composed of several related compo-
                         nents: hardware; software; personnel; and data. As with most things, the more that is desired and the
                         quicker it is needed constitute the principal cost drivers. Thus, if the data has been preprocessed (irre-
                         versible mathematical transformation) to a high level by the data providers (high cost), then entry level
                         personnel (low cost) can use fully developed software (high cost) running on a moderately powerful
                         hardware system (low cost) to produce standard (defined by the software manufacturer) products.

                                                                 4@A Pata Realitieg

                              � Incoming data: Each data provider typically has several levels of processed products, so that
                                data must be carefully defined. The timeliness and convenience of directly receiving data
                                has, historically, been offset by the cost of establishing and maintaining a large, complex
                                receiving station. With the rapid development of hardware and software ingest systems, it is
                                now cost-effective, in some instances, to purchase a complete download station and data license
                                (if required), rather than to submit data orders and await delivery.

                              � Data Proceoeing/Display: The appeal of raw data is the ability to apply one's own calibra-
                                tion/navigation formulae to it, in contrast to using standard algorithms from some data pro-
                                vider (often full of errors). It is virtually impossible to return to the original data quality once
                                it has been processed (think of a food processor!). The disadvantage of this approach is that
                                the user must possess the hardware, software, and personnel resources to perform these steps
                                before the data is usable.

                                                                                                                                      17

                              Nevertheless, the costs of hardware, maintenance, and personnel can be relatively fixed once
                              guidelines have been established for data access, volumes, processing and desired end products.
                              The cost of developing application-specific software can be high, but may be rather stable when
                              compared against the licensing costs added to by-the-hour consultant charges for customized
                              modifications of commercial software products. Presently, there exist several hundred stan-
                              dard data formats for remotely sensed data, and there are multiple international efforts to create
                              a single standard format to describe them.

                              Calibration: Calibration of the sensor systems is a critical part of remote sensing. The instru-
                              ment manufacturers carefully determine the relationship between known radiances and detector
                              counts prior to deployment in space (launch). Monitoring the sensor system's calibration after
                              deployment is more difficult, but at least as important because electronic systems age in unpre-
                              dictable ways. Since the ultimate objective of remote sensing is to accurately relate the numbers
                              returned from the remote system to the physical state of the object(s) being sensed, it is impera-
                              tive to maintain a rigorous in-situ validation (ground truth) program for known reference points
                              which are relevant to the specific concerns of the user.

                              Atmospheric considerations: Remote determination of temperature can be accomplished
                              with either infrared film (photogrammetry) or electronic detectors that are sensitive to low-
                              energy infrared photons (imagery). Remote detection of temperatures in marine environments
                              by use of a single remote sensing system is subject to serious, changeable errors in calibration
                              accuracy. This is due to variations in the local relative humidity, because water vapor absorbs
                              infrared radiation very strongly and is not uniformly distributed. Thus, multiple, simultaneous
                              measurements are required if high-precision thermal measurements are to be made remotely.
                              This is commonly performed with a multichannel instrument which permits calculation of a
                              moisture content correction for each pixel in the scene.

                              Navigation co m side ration s: Another crucial aspect of remote sensing is knowing precisely
                              where, on the face of the earth, the numbers being returned from the satellite originated. With
                              on-board telemetry information, the location of the platform and its attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)
                              are known. With this information, the location of each pixel within the scene can be calculated
                              (often performed by the data provider - with varying accuracy).

                                                                a:@I Cautionary Note

                                  The tools of remote sensing can provide many useful products for the coastal manager, but, as with
                                                          Z@
                                  most tools, some knowledge is required to obtain the desired end result. An ocean color image can
                                  be equally used for mapping estuarine eutrophication as it could be used for directing fishing
                                  efforts to the total depletion of a fishery.

                                                              Acquiring and Proce5r2ing

                        There are generally six steps involved in processing photogrammetric and remotely sensed data: ac-
                        quire, ingest, geo-reference, calibrate, display, process/analyze. These steps are not necessarily indepen-
                        dent of one another. The amount of development effort required to get from the first step to the last can
                        vary substantially depending upon many factors, not the least of which is the developers' experience
                        with the data and its idiosyncrasies (Figure 10).

                              1. The first step is to identify and acquire the correct information. This involves identifying a
                              source for an appropriate type, location and date of photo or image, determining the most effec-
                              tive method for obtaining it, and making the necessary arrangements to acquire it. This can
                              involve anything from a quick phone call to international negotiations with foreign govern-
                              ments, and from a simple network file transfer to complex archival exhumations. Because of
                              the complex nature of international negotiations, this can often be the most time-consuming
                              step. (Appendix D contains many useful contact names, addresses, and phone numbers to sim-
                              plify this task.)

                              2. The second step is to ingeet the data. Hard-copy imagery must be digitally scanned. Digital
                              imagery can be made available at any of the stages through which it passes from the initial
                              observation/direct download stage to data that a vendor has recorded in predetermined formats
                              on standard media (e.g., tape, disc, CD-ROM). Data cannot be viewed, mapped, calibrated, or
                              used until it can be accessed and decoded by computers and transformed into its constituent
                              components (scan lines, channels, etc.), which are then       converted into individual pixels (nu-
                              merical picture element values).

                              3. Once picture/image data has been ingested,
                                                                                                                       0%
                              it needs to be geo-referenced. This is nor-
                                                                                                                       10%
                                                                                                 cquire -
                              malty performed as a series of mathematical                       A L.   -
                                                                                                                               >
                                                                                                                       20%
                              calculations, which permits the pixels to be
                                                                                                                       30%
                              located with respect to the surface of the earth                  Ingest
                                                                                                                       441%
                              and the desired viewing projection. Usually,
                              this step also provides geometric corrections                 G      f    c              50%
                                                                                              eo re eren ei@_
                              to each pixel for viewing angle anomalies.                                               CAM
                              This is often the second most complex opera-                                             70%
                                                                                              Calibrate
                              tion because there is such a plethora of simi-
                              lar but totally incompatible map projections                      Display
                              (cf: Mercator, Lambert, Polar 90, etc.). Typi-                    Process                IN%
                              cally, data suppliers have limited subsets of
                              projections available and thus, users must be
                              very specific in their requirements.               Figure 10. Kermot_- octioitiq irriagery praccooire ocemario
                                                                                 (percent,90c of efforc).

                           4. After the data pixels are geo-referenced so that they will fit properly onto the desired digital
                           map, they are calibrated. Sensor values are converted into geophysical parameters by means
                           of known conversion algorithms and constants for each sensor (e.g., a temperature of two
                           degrees has twice the numerical value of a temperature of one degree). Different instrument
                           channels have differing sensitivity to various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and to the
                           physical environment between the sensor and the objects being sensed. Subsequent to the
                           derivation of calibration equations and coefficients, an accuracy assessment should be per-
                           formed. Independent estimates of the error associated with each processed pixel measurement
                           should be performed using data from a series of both in situ measurements and remote sensing
                           data which have been collected independent of the data used in the derivation of the calibration
                           algorithms. There are several levels of calibration precision and thus, users must balance their
                           specific requirements against the amount of effort (cost) required to achieve it.

                           5. Properly geo-referenced and calibrated imagery is non-nally graphically Jisplayed to en-
                           sure that the preceding calculations have had the desired effect, and that the resulting image
                           product approximates reality. Common image display/manipulation systems include ArcView,
                           MIPS, PCI, ERDAS, IDL, SEls, etc. Depending on the knowledge base of the user's support
                           personnel, this can be the shortest step.

                           6. Image proGer2r2ing and analysir, are usually necessary to derive useful analytical products
                           from the geo-referenced, calibrated imagery. This is accomplished by manipulating individual
                           pixels to add information to the image (e.g., atmospheric moisture corrections) and produce a de-
                           rived image product (e.g., calculating temperatures or chlorophyll concentrations using multiple
                           channels). Additional data may also be integrated from a variety of other sensors (e.g., ship and
                           buoy data), coastal geography files, and time series.

                           Image data and/or their derived products may be imported as information layer(s) into a geo-
                           graphic information system (GIS). Image processors also normally provide the ability to zoom,
                           roam, pan, modify enhancement curves, annotate, export analyses, etc. This step results in the
                           creation of products that coastal resource managers can use (e.g., analyses of habitat change,
                           locations of oil spiHs, intensity of algal blooms, upwelling events), as illustrated on the cover of
                           this document and in Figures 2 through 9.

                        20

                                                                                                                         Large-scale changes of the earth's surface have been occur-
                                                                                                                         ring at a rapid pace, particularly in coastal regions. Remote
                                                                                                                         sensing from space-borne satellites is perhaps the only data-
                                           5 Concluding                                                                  acquisition system capable of recording many of these
                                                                                                                         changes at the required spatial and temporal resolution, given
                                                                                                                         the size of the areas affected and the rate at which these
                                                            Thought,5                                                    changes are taking place. Remote sensing systems maxi-
                                                                                                                         mize information and areal coverage in a timely fashion
                                                                                                                         and at minimal cost.

                                                                                                          Current Requiremente

                                        The space and time domains for observing various coastal phenomena are diagrammed in Figure 11 (repro-
                                        duced from Klemas et al. 1995). Note that the spatial/temporal resolution provided by weather satellites
                                        appears by itself in the upper left of the diagram, while the spatial resolution required for following coastal
                                        processes (pollution, upwelling, plankton dynamics, wetland biomass studies, marsh habitat mapping) occu-
                                        pies the 10-100 m spatial resolution range, and the temporal requirements for repeat coverage over the same
                                        area span the range from hours to hundreds of days.

                                        None of the present satellite sys-                                          105-
                                        tems were specifically designed to
                                        examine coastal processes. While
                                        maximum resolution (spatial, tem-
                                        poral, spectral, radiometric) is de-                                        104-

                                                                                                                                                                                            Gros
                                        sirable, it would not be practical to                                                                                                               Ocean
                                        create any single system to meet all                                                                                                              Circulation
                                        of these needs. Each portion of the                                                                                       Gulf Siream
                                                                                                                    10-                                           & Eddies
                                        electromagnetic spectrum-the
                                                                                                                                                               Shelf
                                        physical parameter quantified in re-                                                                                Circulation
                                                                                                                                                             & Fronts
                                                                                                                                                                    Coastal
                                        mote sensing-offers specific ad-                                      Ul
                                                                                                                                                                       a ling
                                        vantages (e.g., all-weather, high-                                    S     102-                                    Red TI
                                                                                                                                                          Phytoplan                                                Coastal
                                                                                                                                                            Dynamics                                             Land Use
                                        resolution) and contains inherent                                                                Estuarine                                                                 Studies
                                                                                                                                            TWI
                                        limitations (e.g., unusable in cloudy                                                           Circulation                       Ice           Weiland
                                                                                                                                    Estuarine               Ocean        Cover          Biomass
                                        weather, narrow viewing swath) for                                                          Front &                                              Studi                      Marsh
                                                                                                                    101-            Pollutant              Dumpin                                                   Habitat
                                        determining variables in the coastal                                                        Dynamics     Rive             Storm                                            Mapping
                                                                                                                                                 Marsh            Damage                          wale@ay
                                        environment. It is important to                                                             Marine      Flooding       Assessment                          Siltation
                                                                                                                                    Traffic
                                        note, however, that systems now                                                             Control                                                                Long Term
                                                                                                                                                                                                             r
                                        being developed will make use of                                            00-                                                                                      zr..,.n
                                        advances in sensor and computa-                                                  1@111              104                 too                101                102                  103
                                        tional technologies to provide more                                                                               TEMPORAL RESOLUTION (days)
                                        capable instruments, probably                                       Figure 11. 5patialard Temporal Rcoolution Requiremerito for Coaoral Otudieo,
                                        within the next eight years.                                        Univ. of Delaware.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     d  Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       d'as

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ..'sh
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                     L. @,Ie,
                                                                                                                                                                                                             Erosion

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             21

                                                      A A Look Toward the Future

                        Remote sensing is a technology whose time is coming as an important tool for coastal resource manag-
                        ers. Strengthening the connections between coastal management issues and the contributions that re-
                        mote sensing technology can make toward resolving them will require addressing of important issues.
                        Remote sensing engineers and coastal managers must increase their efforts to communicate and col-
                        laborate. Coastal managers need to become more familiar with the capabilities of remote sensing sys-
                        tems, and designers of remote sensing systems need to focus on the requirements of these relatively new
                        customers. Another effort is to develop better and cheaper remote sensing instruments-sensors that are
                        designed to detect specific coastal changes at a relatively fine level of resolution (high-resolution imag-
                        ery can be sub-sampled if less detail is required, but coarse-resolution imagery cannot be substantially
                        reprocessed to improve its inherent limitations).

                        The image on the cover of this document is representative of commercially available 2 rn panchromatic
                        (black and white) products from Sovinformsputnik (Russia). At the time of this printing, the Japanese
                        ADEOS satellite has been successfully placed into orbit (on schedule) and has begun collection of
                        imagery from its 12 channel Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS). The follow-on ADEOS II
                        system (scheduled for launch in 1999) will have 34 channels digitized to 12 bits radiometric resolution.
                        Several governmental and commercial organizations have undertaken significant initiatives (Appendi-
                        ces C through D) to begin supplying very high quality (high spectral, spatial, radiometric resolution)
                        imagery to all customers. The constellation of planned active and passive microwave and optical satel-
                        lite sensors will provide the coastal manager the means to perform coastal surveillance within a single
                        synoptic view. The fusion of multiple, complementary image data sources (differing spatial, spectral,
                        temporal, radiometric resolutions) and existing GIS databases into single products for the analyst con-
                        tinues to accelerate due to the growth in capabilities of small, inexpensive computers. As the products
                        from these systems become readily available in a timely manner, the remote sensing problem of the
                        coastal resource manager will become one of making educated decisions on which of the plethora of
                        alternatives will best address the issues currently on the table. For additional information see references
                        in Section 6.

                        22

                                  Additional
                                     Reading

                       American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 1981. Manual of Remote Sensing,
                       Second Edition, Sheridan Press. 2,440 pp.

                       American Geophysical Union. 1983. SEASAT special issue, reprinted from J. Geophys. Res. (88).
                       1,952 pp.

                       Burrows, W.E. 1986. Deep Black, Random House. 401 pp.

                       David Sarnoff Research Center. 1993. Proceedings, National Softcopy Review.

                       Drury, S.A. 1990. A Guide To Remote Sensing Interpreting Images of the Earth, Oxford University
                       Press. 199 pp.

                       Elachi, C. 1987. Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons.
                       412 pp.

                       Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. 1994. Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS for
                       Natural Resource Management, proceedings of the second thematic conference on remote sensing for
                       marine and coastal environments. 135 pp.

                       Gonzalez, R.C. and P. Wintz. 1987. Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley Publishing. 503 pp.

                       Jones, I.S.F., Y. Sugimori, and R.W. Stewart. 1993. Satellite Remote Sensing of the Oceanic Environ-
                       ment, Seibutsu Kendyusha. 528 pp.

                       Klemas, V.V., R.G. Gantt, H. Hassan, N. Patience, and OR Weatherbee. 1995. Environmental
                       Information Systems for Coastal Zone Management. World Bank, Washington, DC. 104 pp.

                       Maul, G.A. 1985. Introduction to Satellite Oceanography, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
                       606 pp.

                       Ryerson, R.A., S.A. Morain, and A.M. Budge (eds.). 1996. Manual of Remote Sensing, third edition.
                       CD-ROM edition.

                       Szekielda, K-H. 1988. Satellite Monitoring of the Earth, John Wiley & Sons. 326 pp.

                       Verbyla, David L. 1995. Satellite Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, Lewis Publishers. 198 pp.

                                                                                                                     23

                   7
                            Gloooary

                  AATSR          Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer to be flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                  ADEOS          NASDA!S Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
                  AIRS           Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder to be flown on NASAs EOS-PM
                  ALADIN         Atmospheric laser Doppler Instrument on ESA satellite
                  ALMAZ          Russian satellite series
                  ALOS           Japanese satellite scheduled to be launched in 2000
                  ALT            Altimeter
                  altim          Altimeter
                  AMI            Active Microwave Instrument, 3 modes on ERS satellite
                  AMMS           Airborne Multispectral Measurement System
                  AMR            Scanning Microwave Radiometer on NSAU SICH satellite
                  AMSR           Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on ADEOS II satellite
                  AMSU           Advanced Microwave Scanning Unit on NOAA k-n satellites
                  ASAR           Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar on ESA!s ENVISAT
                  ASCAT          Advanced Scatterometer to be flown on future ESA missions
                  ASTER          Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection to be on NASA!s EOS-
                                     AM platform
                  ATSR           Along Track Scanning Radiometer flown by ESA on ERS satellite
                  AVHRR          Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer flown by NOAA on TIROS
                  AVNIR          Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer flown by NASDA on ADEOS
                  BTVK           Scanning television radiometer on Russian Electro-GOMS satellite
                  BUFS           Backscattering UV spectrometer on Russian METEOR satellite
                  CAST           Chinese Academy of Space Technology
                  CBERS          China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite
                  CCD            Charge-Coupled Device
                  CLARK          Joint NASA and CTA Systems satellite
                  CONAE          Comision Nacional. de Actividades Espaciales (Argentina)
                  CSA            Canadian Space Agency
                  CZCS           Coastal Zone Color Scanner flown by NASA on NIMBUS-7
                  DARA           Deutsch Agentur Fur Raumfahrtangelenheiten GmbH (Germany)
                  DCP            Data Collection Platform
                  DCT            Data Collection and Transmission system
                  DCS            Data Collection System
                  DELTA          Multispectral microwave scanner on board the NSAU Okean satellite
                  DMSP           United States Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
                  DORIS          Doppler Orbitography and Radio positioning Integrated by Satellite to be flown
                                     on ESA!s Envisat,TOPEX/POSEIDON, and NASA!s EOS-ALT EARLY
                                     BIRD An EarthWatch, Inc satellite

                  24

                  Eh             Oxidizing potential in millivolts
                  ELECTRO-GOMS   Geostationary satellite flown by Russia ENVISAT environmental Satellite to be
                                     flownbyESA
                  EOS            Earth Observing System platforms to be flown by NASA
                  ERS            European Remote Sensing Satellite flown by ESA
                  EROS-1         Israel's satellite carring high resolution VIS/IR instruments
                  EROS           Earth Resources Observation Systems of the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S.
                                     Department of the Interior
                  ESA            European Space Agency
                  ETM            Enhanced Thematic Mapper to be flown on LANDSAT 7
                  FY             Feng Yeng (cloud wind) satellite series flown by The People's Republic of China
                  GDE            GDE Systems, Inc. and the name of their satellite
                  GEOSAT         Geodynamic Experimental Ocean Satellite flown by the U.S. Navy
                  GLAS           Geoscience laser Altimeter System to be flown on NASA's EOS-ALT
                  GLI            Global Imager to be flown on the Japanese NASDA!s ADEOS II
                  GMS            Geostationary Meteorological Satellite flown by NASDA
                  GOES           Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite flown by NOAA
                  GOME           Nadir looking double spectrometer flown on ESA!s ERS-2
                  HIRS           High resolution InfraRed Sounder flown on NOAXs TIROS satellites
                  HRC            High Resolution CCD
                  HRG            Enhanced High Resolution plus vegetation flown on CNES SPOT 5
                  HRV            High Resolution Visible flown by CNES on SPOT
                  HRVIR          High Resolution Visible and Infra-Red flown on CNES SPOT 4
                  HSI            HyperSpectral Imager flown on NASA!s and TRW's Lewis satellite
                  IASI           Infra-red Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer flown on EUMETSAT METOP
                                     satellite
                  IMAGER         Visible and IR radiometer flown on NOAA!s GOES INE Instituto de Pesquisas
                                     Espaciais (Brazil)
                  INSAT          Indian Satellite in geostationary orbit
                  IKAR           Multispectral microwave scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
                  IKAR-D         Multispectral microwave scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
                  IR             Infrared
                  IRMSS          Infrared Multispectral Scanner flown on CBERS
                  IRS            Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
                  ISRO           Indian Space Research Organization
                  JERS           Japanese Earth Resources Satellite
                  KARI           Korean Aerospace Research Institute
                  KFA            Photographic camera flown on Russia's Resource satellites
                  KLIMAT         Scanning IR radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR satellite
                  KOMSAT         Korean Mapping Satellite, operated by KARI
                  KVR            Photographic camera flown on Russia's and Lambda Tech's satellite
                  LANDSAT        Land Remote Sensing Satellite flown by NASA, then NOAA then EOSAT
                  LEISA          Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array flown on NASA!s and TRW's Lewis
                  LEWIS          Polar orbiting satellite co-operated by NASA and TRW.
                  LFC            Large Format Camera flown on NASA!s Space Shuttle

                                                                              Continued on next page

                                                                                           25

                      Gloggary (cont.)
                      LISS                Linear Imaging Self Scanning sensor flown on ISRO's IRS
                      MECB                Brazilian satellite operated by INPE
                      MERIS               Medium-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                      MESSR               Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
                                                satellite series
                      METEOR              Satellite platforms flown by Russia
                      METEOSAT            Geostationary satellite series flown by EUMETSAT
                      METOP               Meteorological Operational Satellite flown by EUMETSAT
                      MIMR                Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer to be flown on NASA!s
                                                EOS-PM
                      MISR                Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer to be flown on NASA!s EOS-AM
                      MITI                Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry
                      MIVZA               Experimental mivrowave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR
                      MK                  Multispectral photographic camera flown on Russia's Resource
                      MODIS               Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to be flown on NASA!s
                                                EOS-AM platform
                      moms                Modular Opto-electronic Multi-spectral Scanner to be flown on Russia's
                                                PRIRODA
                      MOS                 Marine Observation Satellite flown by NASDA
                      MOS                 Modular Optoelectronic Scanner flown on Russia's PRIRODA
                      MSR                 Microwave Scanning Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
                      NISS                MultiSpectral Scanner flown on LANDSAT
                      MSG                 Geostationary satellite series flown by EUMETSAT
                      MSU                 Medium Resolution Scanner flown on Russia's RESOURCE
                      MTZA                Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR
                      MVIRI               MET`EOSAT Visible and Infra-Red Imager operated by EUMETSAT
                      MWR                 Microwave Radiometer flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                      MZOAS               Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russia's METEOR satellites
                      NAPP                National Aerial Photography Program archived by the USGS
                      NASA                U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                      NASDA               National Space Development Agency of Japan
                      NHAPP               National High Altitude Photography Program archived by the USGS
                      NIMBUS              NASA!s satellite series first launched in 1964
                      NOAA                U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                      NRSA                India's National Remote Sensing Agency
                      NSAU                National Space Agency of the Ukraine
                      NSCAT               NASA Scatterometer flown on NASDXs ADEOS
                      OCEAN-01            N7 of the OKEAN-01 satellite series launched by Russia
                      OCEAN COLOR         NASA instrument to fly on EOS-COLOR satellite
                      OCTS                Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner flown on NASDA!s ADEOS
                      OKEAN               Soviet Union satellite series, now with NSAU
                      OLS                 Operational Line Scanner flown on the U.S. DMSP
                      OPS                 Optical sensors flown on NASDA!s JERS- I satellite
                      OSC                 Orbital Sciences Corporation

                      2 Go

                   ORBVIEW         Visible and infrared instrument flown on ORBVIEW satellite by OSC
                   PAN             Panchromatic mode of an instrument sensitive to a wide visible band
                   pH              Hydrogen ion concentration
                   POLDER          Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances flown on
                                        NASDA's ADEOS
                   PRIRODA         Russian space station type platform
                   QUICKBIRD       EarthWatch, Inc. satellite
                   R               Single channel microwave radiometer flown on NSAU OKEAN series
                   RA              Radar Altimeter flown on ESA's ERS satellite
                   RADAR           Radio Detection and Ranging
                   RADARSAT        Canadian Radar Satellite
                   RESOURCE        Russian successor to the RESURS satellite series
                   RESOURCE21      Name of Vis/IR sensor and satellite platform flown by RESOURCE21 Company.
                   RLSBO           Side looking microwave radar flown on NSAU OKEAN satellite
                   RM              Scanning microwave radiometer flown on Russian OCEAN satellite
                   RSA             Russian Space Agency
                   SAC             Argentine satellite
                   SAR             Synthetic Aperture Radar flown on many satellites (SEASAT, ERS, JERS, SIR)
                   SCARAB          Scanner for Earth's Radiation Budget flown on Russia's METEOR and on
                                        ESA!s ENVISAT
                   scene           A view or "picture" of landscape or image
                   SCIAMACHY       Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography to be
                                        flown on ESA!s ENVISAT
                   SCR             Scanning Microwave Radiometer
                   SEASAT          NASA satellite launched in 1978
                   SEASTAR         NASA and Orbital Sciences Corporation's (OSC) satellite SEAWINDS NASA
                                        Scatterometer to be flown on NASDA!s ADEOS II
                   SeaWIFS         Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor to be flown on NASA!s and OSC's
                                        SEASTAR
                   SEVIRI          Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager flown on EUMETSAT's MSG
                   SICH            NSAU's successor to the Soviet Union's OKEAN satellite series
                   SILVA           Optical Equipment for Stereograpby to fly on Russian ALMAZ
                   SLAR            Side Looking Airborne Radar
                   SLFMR           Scanning Low-Frequency Microwave Radiometer
                   SMMR            Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer flown on NASA!s SEASAT
                   SMR             Scanning microwave radiometer flown on NSAU's SICH satellite
                                        SPACE IMAGING name of the instrument, satellite and company
                   SPOT            System Probatoire d'Observation de la Teffe flown by CNES
                   SROSM           Spectroradiorneter for ocean monitoring flown on Russia's ALMAZ
                   SRMR            SpectroRadiometer medium Resolution flown on NSAU's SICH
                   SSALT           Solid State Altimeter to be flown on NASA!s EOS-ALT
                   SSM/I           Special Sensor Microwave Imager flown on the U.S. DMSP
                   SSM/T           Special Sensor Microwave Temperature flown on the U.S. DMSP
                   SSR             Camera flown on INPE's MECB
                   SSU             Stratospheric Sounding Unit flown on NOAA!s TIROS
                   SWIR            Short Wave Infra Red flown on NASKs EOS-AM

                                                                                  Continued on next page

                                                                                                 27

                 Glo55ary (cont.)

                 TIR           Thermal Infra Red
                 TIROS         Television InfraRed Observation Satellite series referred to as NOAA polar
                                   orbiter series
                 TK            Photographic camera flown on Russia's and Lambda Tech's satellite
                 TM            Thematic Mapper instrument flown LANDSAT satellite
                 TMR           TOPEX Microwave Radiometer flown on NASA!s and CNES's TOPEX/
                                   POSEIDON and follow on platforms such as NASA!s EOS-ALT TOMS
                                   Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer flown on NUMBUS satellite
                 TOPEX         NASA/CNES ocean topography experiment satellite
                 TRASSER       Microwave spectroradiometer flown on NSAU OKEAN
                 TRMM          NASA satellite scheduled to be launched in 1997
                 TSR           Thermal Spectroradiometer flown on NSAU's SICH
                 UV            Ultra-violet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
                 VAS           VISSR Atmospheric Sounder flown on NOANs GOES
                 VEG           Vegetation instrument to be flown on CNES's SPOT satellite
                 VHRR          Very High Resolution Radiometer flown on ISRO's INSAT and early
                                   NOAA satellites and on NASA!s NIMBUS
                 VIRR          Visible and Infrared Radiometer flown on NASAs SEASAT
                 VIRS          Visual Infra-Red Scanner to be flown on NASA!s TRMM
                 VIS           Visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
                 VISSR         Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer flown on NOAA!s GOES and
                                   NASD,Ks GMS
                 VNIR          Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer flown on many platforms,
                                   CONAE's SAC, NASA!S EOS-AM, KARI's KOMSAT, OSC's ORBVIEW
                 VSAR          Synthetic aperture radar instrument to be flown on NASDA!s ALOS
                 VTIR          Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer flown on NASDA!s MOS
                 WIFS          Wide Field Sensor flown on ISRO's IRS
                 174-K         IR atmospheric sounder flown on Russia's METEOR satellite

                 28

                                                                                         The following appendices provide a tabular summary of
                                                                                         past (Appendix A), present (Appendix B), and intended
                                                                                         future (Appendix C) satellite-bome remote sensing systems,
                                                                         of              along with a qualitative ranking (high, medium, low) of
                                           5ummary                                       their applicability to coastal resource management issues.
                                                                 iGeo                    Appendix D provides summary details on specific sensors
                                          Append                                         aboard a wide variety of current and proposed remote sens-
                                                                                         ing platforms. Appendix E summarizes the potential appli-
                                                                                         cation of NASA's proposed 36-channel MODIS platform.

                             Appendix A: Past Sensors               .................................................................................................................. 28
                             Appendix A is a tabular compilation of many of the older satellite-borne remote sensing systems de-
                             ployed since the first successful launches in the late 1950's. The platform on which the sensor was
                             flown, the major applications for the data, the mean wavelength of the spectral band(s) for the detector,
                             and the spatial resolution of the sensor are provided. From the sensor attributes, resource managers can
                             understand why there have traditionally been only limited uses for satellite-borne remote sensing for
                             coastal and estuarine applications.

                             Appendix B: Present Sensors               ............................................................................................................. 29
                             Appendix B is a brief table of some of the remote sensing systems that are active at the time of this
                             report. From this table, it is clear that present satellite-borne remote sensing systems-optimized for
                             large-scale oceanographic and meteorological processes and for land-use applications-are better than
                             previous systems, but continue to lack sufficient spatial and spectral resolution for extensive use in the
                             environmentally complex coastal zone.

                             Appendix C: Future Sensors                ............................................................................................................. 33
                             Appendix C is a brief tabulation of some of the satellite remote sensing systems that have been an-
                             nounced for future deployment by a variety of organizations. Coastal environmental management will
                             become much more quantitative and accessible if these succeed.

                             Appendix D: Detailed Descriptions of Selected Present and Future Platforins/Sensors                                        ............. 41
                             Appendix D is a summary of the satellite remote sensing systems whose resolution is appropriate for use
                             in oceanic and coastal regions. It is organized by responsible organization/company, characteristics of
                             the platform, characteristics of the sensor, and organizational contact for additional information. This
                             information was compiled, in part, from infon-nation contained in the ASPRS workbook Land Satellite
                             Information in the Next Decade (September 1995).

                             Appendix E: MODIS Characteristics                      ............................................................................................... 75
                             The MODIS instrument to be flown on the NASA EOS AM I platform, currently scheduled for a 1998
                             launch, is summarized here. The 36 bands of MO-
                             DIS are separated into categories by application and                              Summary_of Qualitative Rankings
                                                                                                       Platforms/Sensor JLzh
                             further annotated as to the intended applicatio                                                                              v@ total@
                                                                                            n of                                                     1@o@ @
                             each band of the instrument. This instrument may                         Past (1978-1988)              1          4        9       14
                             be useful for the study of ocean basin phenomena;                        Present. @6peratio'nal'):                13       32      55
                             however, for coastal and estuarine work, the 250 M                       F.ture (1996-2004)           38          22       40      100
                             resolution will not be adequate for most applications.
                                                                                                     Rotals                       .49.         39       8 1     169

                                                                                                                                                                   29

                             Appendix A. Eaa 5cnooro

                                     Seasat          internal waves, water vapor/precip, sea                 wind speed, sea surface temperature
                                                     ALT (M)                                                          13.5 GHz                 2.4 km
                                                     VIRR (M)                                                           0.7 pm                 3 Ian
                                                                                                                        11  AM                 5 Ian
                                                     SMMR (L)                                                           6.6 GHz            87 x 149 km
                                                                                                                      10.7  GHz             53 x 89 km
                                                                                                                        18  GHz             31 x 53 Ian
                                                                                                                        21  GHz             27 x 42 km
                                                                                                                        37 GHz              27 x 16 Ian
                                                     SASS (L)                                                        14.59 GHz                 50 km
                                                     SAR (H)                                                         1.275 GHz                 25M
                                                     est-of chlo'         It'!0hotoplanktbribibmassl suspended sediments
                                                     C
                                                       zCS (M)                                                        0.44 pm                  850 m
                                                                                                                      0.52 pm                  850 M
                                                                                                                      0.55  pm.                850 rn
                                                                                                                      0.67 pm                  850 m
                                                                                                                      0.75 pm                  850 m
                                                     :clo,,uds",.o ean color;` s,ca@suitace@t'e'm'ver'a'tuie,,,s''u"s-'ve'nd6d"siM'nnents
                                                                c
                                                                                                    .............. . ... ...               --- - ------
                                                     AVHRR (M)                                                        0.63 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.92 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.51 Pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.56 pm                  1.1 km
                                                                                                                      11.5 Pm                  1.1 km
                                                             tempera              A       'd a,cblorAce'txt
                                                                             Am      s e
                                                                                             @,se                 ent,,cloud cover, precipitation
                                                                                          e 1'-- ,                 I  - @ 111.1 - -11... 1- - I -I.. 11--l-I.-I.. 1.
                                                     MSU-M (L)                                                        0.55  pm              1 x 1.7 Ian
                                                                                                                      0.65  pm              1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                      0.75 gm               1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                      0.95  pm              1 x 1.7 Ian
                                                     MSU-S (L)                                                        0.62  pm                 345 m
                                                                                                                        0.9 Pm                 345 m
                                                     MSU-SK (L)                                                       0.55  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                      0.65  pin                170 m
                                                                                                                      0.75  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                      0.92  pm                 170 m
                                                                                                                        11  P.M                600 m
                                                     MSU-V (L)                                                        0.49 pm                  50M
                                                                                                                      0.57 pm                  50 m
                                                                                                                      0.68  pm                 50m
                                                                                                                      0.86 pm                  100 M
                                                                                                                           1                   100 m
                                                                                                                        1.6 pm                 100 M
                                                                                                                        2.2 pm                 100 m
                                                                                                                      11.4 pm                  100 M
                                                     R-225 (L)                                                        13.3 GHz                 130 km
                                                     R-600 (L)                                                          4.9 GHz                130 km
                                                     RLSBO (L)                                                          13 GHz                 2 Ian

                            30

                               Appendix B. Preoctit 5emooro

                                     DNISP               atmospheric temperature, ice, salinity, temperature, surface roughness,
                                                         SSMT (L)                                                             55 GHz                  180 km
                                                         SSMI (L)                                                             19 GHz                  25 Ian
                                                                                                                              22  GHz                 25 Ian
                                                                                                                              37 GHz                  25 km
                                                                                                                              85 GHz                  12.7 km
                                                         ve g e t a ti on," 1 @c@e`,':se' ai ce te-eraiuie
                                                                                            MP
                                                         OLS (M)                                                              0.7 pm                  620 m
                                                                                                                              11  Pm                  560 m
                                     ELECTRO-,
                                                         vegetatiqp;16@npeiatures, space        nvironmerit
                                            S,
                                     GOM'
                                                         BTVK (L)                                                           0.55  pm-                 15 km
                                                                                                                              11  Pm                  8 1(m
                                                         internal wavvesr ice slicics, currefitAivergence,,seasurfa
                                     ERS4                                                                                 ce convergence;@,
                                                         AMI-SAR imager (H)                                                   5.3 GHz                 30m
                                                         AMI-SAR wave (L)                                                     5.3 GHz                 30m
                                                         AMI-SCATT (L)                                                        5.3 GHz                 50 lan
                                                         ATSR (M)                                                             1.6 gm                  1 Ian
                                                                                                                              3.7 pm                  1 km
                                                                                                                              11 Pm                   1 km
                                                                                                                              12  pm                  1 kn
                                                                                                                            23.8  GHz                 50 Ian
                                                                                                                            36.5 GHz                  50 km
                                                         RA (M)                                                             13.8 GHz                  7 Ian
                                                         GOME (K                                                            0.51 Pm                   40 km
                                     GEOSAT'             fron ice, eddiesi geostrophic currents
                                                         ALT (L)                                                            13.5 GHZ                  6.8 km
                                     GMS                 sexsurface teirnperatuies
                                                         VISSR (L)                                                          0.63 pm                   i-.25 k m
                                                                                                                            11.5 pm                   5 Ian
                                                         sea@s       e4em iiatuWl,,@
                                                                                                                                        A`
                                                         VAS (L)                                                              0.6 PM                  1.0 kin
                                                                                                                                4 pm                  4 Ian
                                                                                                                              6.8 pin                 10.5 km
                                     INSA7T'-@'-                       ieii6xirfa@,@;temperatures@@"i
                                                         VHRR (L)                                                             0.6 pm                  2.75 km
                                                                                                                              11  Pm                  11 Ian
                                                                                                      o-astal,
                                                         Li�S (M)                                                             0.5 pm                  72.5 m
                                                                                                                            0.55 pm                   72.5 m
                                                                                                                            0.65 pm                   72.5 m
                                                                                                                              0.8 pm                  72.5 m
                                                         dd      A IL'          de"d    i:lim
                                                                                                                    e
                                            2
                                                       _USS 11 (H)                                                          0.48 gm                   36m
                                                                                                                            0.55 pm                   36m
                                                                                                                            0.66 pm                   36m
                                                                                                                            0.81 pm                   36m

                           Appendix 13. Preoent 5enooro cortinued

                                JERS-I             geology, vegetation, cartography, shallow water bathymetry
                                                   OPS (H)                                                          0.56 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                    0.66 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                    0.81  pm         stereo 18 m x 24 rn
                                                                                                                    1.65 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                    2.07 pm              18mx24m
                                                                                                                    2.19 pm              18mx24m
                                                   ice, snow, internal waves
                                                   SAR (H)                                                        1.275 GHz              18mxl8m
                                LANDSAT            vegetation'discrimination,,vi orAssessmentj          oceantolor, shallowwater bathymetry
                                                   MSS (Mj                                                          0.55 pm                  80 rn
                                                                                                                    0.65 pm                  80m
                                                                                                                    0.75 pm                  80m
                                                                                                                      0.9 PM                 80M
                                                   :*e@and@,,m,@Rping@iess.@s@Oowwa r@<30),@,benthic communities, sea surface temperature
                                                   TM (H)                                                           0.48 pin                 30m
                                                                                                                    0.57 gm                  30m
                                                                                                                    0.67 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                    0.82 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                    1.65 pm                  30m
                                                                                                                      2.2 pm                 30m
                                                                                                                    11.5 PM                  120 m
                                METEOR-
                                                   -ozoneatmosp.,he'd-c" tj
                                                                          wa    r
                                sen'
                                                   174-K (L)                                                          9.6  pm                42 kin
                                                                                                                    11.1  Pm                 42 km
                                                                                                                      18 pm                  42 kin
                                                                                                                  13.33 jim                  42 km
                                                                                                                    13.7 pm                  42 Ian
                                                                                                                  14.24 pm                   42 Ian
                                                                                                                  14.43 pm                   42 Ian
                                                                                                                  14.75 pin                  42 km
                                                                                                                  15.02 pm                   42 kin
                                                   ,,c on,         e,        :so AfrAdiatibw UX@Icl'                  v etation
                                                   BUFS-4    (L)                                               250-350 rrn                   180 kin
                                                   KLMIAT (L)                                                         11 PM                  1 krn
                                                     t
                                                        -4tM6s# eric                           eratu        mpera@ e'-;',,-wa-'ter vapor,, ciouas
                                                        @
                                                   MIVZ@k (L)                                                       0.86 cm               20-80 km
                                                   MTZA (L)                                                      20-94 GHz                20-80 km
                                                   MZOAS (L)                                                     6. -94. GHz              9-160 km
                                                   ScaRaB (L)                                                   0.2-12 pm                    60 Ian
                                                                                                ..........
                                                        bzone@,'O, up
                                                   'f0idS (L)                                                         0.3 prn                47 lan
                                                      ter,
                                                                  sea,sur accte!       ra
                                                   MVIRI (L)                                                          0.7 pm                 2.5 km
                                                                                                                       6 pm                  5 Ian
                                                                                                                      11 pm                  5 km

                            32

                                Appendix 13. Frooent5enooro continued

                                     MOS-1,2              suspended sediments, land/water, water vapor
                                                          MESSR (H)                                                           0.55 pm                    50m
                                                                                                                              0.65 pm                    50in
                                                                                                                              0.75 pm                    50in
                                                                                                                              0.95 pm                    50m
                                                          watOrvapor,-sea surfacetemperature
                                                          VTIR (L)                                                             0.6 pm                    �00 m
                                                                                                                               6.5 pin                   900 in
                                                                                                                                11 AM                    900 m
                                                                                                                                12 pm                    900 m
                                                          ice, sea surfac,ePug6elss
                                                          MSR (L)                                                             23.8 GHz                   32 km
                                                                                                                              31.4 GHz                   23 Ian
                                     NOAA,series,         sea,surface temps, vegetationaerosols-
                                                          AVHRR (M)                                                           0.63 pin                   1.1 km
                                                                                                                               0.9  pm                   1.1 km
                                                                                                                               3.8  pm                   1.1 kin
                                                                                                                                11  Pm                   1.1 kin
                                                                                                                                12  pm                   1.1 kin
                                                          HIRS (L)                                                     0.66-14.98   pin                  17.4 km
                                                          MSU (L)                                                             50.3 GHz                   105 kin
                                                          AMSU (L)                                                            53.7 GHz                   .50 Ian
                                                                                                                              54.9 GHz                   50 kin
                                                                                                                              57.9 GHz                   50 Ian
                                                                                                                                89 GHz                   50 Ian
                                     Ocean-01             ocean frontsVi@egetation
                                                          MSU-M (L)                                                           0.55 Pm                    1 km
                                                                                                                              0.65 pin                   1 km
                                                                                                                              0.75  pm                   1 kin
                                                                                                                              0.95 pin                   1 kin
                                                          MSU-S (L)                                                           0.68 pin                   345 m
                                                                                                                              0.85  pin                  345 m
                                                                                                                  ge'717-
                                                                 suria'ce;
                                                                                                       U-@'@--""'-,"S"'@
                                                          RLSBO (L)                                                            3.1 an                1.
                                                          RM-0.8 (L)                                                           0.8 an                15x2O km
                                     Resource-41
                                                          lani sea;.Ve               ',",atejr.v4"' 4

                                                          MSU-E (L)                                                           0.55 pin                   45M
                                                                                                                              0.65 pin                   45m
                                                                                                                              0.85 pin                   45m
                                                          MSU-SK (L)                                                          0.55 pm                    170 in
                                                                                                                              0. 65 pm                   170 m
                                                                                                                              0.75  pin                  600 in
                                                                                                                              0.95  pm                   600 in
                                                                                                                              10.6  pin                  600 in
                                     ROsburce-TIM''
                                                          tart@     Phy,"tidil,@mar@h'@b6un4ik@s@,,,berithi@ibi,6ta'@@
                                                                                                                                             """'tjj
                                     series
                                                          KFA-1000 (L)                                                        0.69 pin                   6m
                                                          KFA-200 (M)                                                         0.65 pm                    23m

                             Appendix 13. Freoent Sonooro continued

                                 Resource-F2         cartography, tidal marsh boundaries, shallow water, benthic biota cultural                   identification
                                 series
                                                     MK-4 (M)                                                          0.41 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                       0.49 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                       0.54   pxn                 lom
                                                                                                                       0.67 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                       0.68 pm                    lom
                                                                                                                       0.84 pm                    lom
                                 Resource-,F2M
                                                     @cartqgraphy,,, dal,marsh@bouridaries,,,sh@kllow water, benthic biota cultural identification
                                 ,series
                                                     MK-4M (M)                                                         0.67 pm                    6m
                                                                                                                       0.54   p.Tn                6m
                                                                                                                       0.64 pm                    6m
                                                                                                                       0.84   pm                  6m
                                 Resource-F3
                                        .'           . :,tartograp@y,,,,tidil@marsh@boundaries,@sh;illowwater;@b'@nthtc,biota cultural identification
                                 'series
                                                     KFA-3000 (M)                                                      0.65 pm                    3m
                                 SIR-B @8A@-.@@      @izitemal,.,way4o,,,ite;,oceaii:fioiits@,,.,
                                                     SAR (M)                                                          1.282 GHz                   20m
                                                                                an on s,,,,
                                 'SII@C@, "SAR       internal,         i ocei-fr. 't"'
                                                                                                                       1.25 GHz              40 x 10-60 m
                                                                                                                         5.3 GHz             40 x 10-60 m
                                                                                                                         9.6  GHz            40 x 10-60 m

                                                     ca
                                 SPIN.41@'@-"@       ... rt @@pl@y,'tidat@v,=,sh,boundaiie!@@,benthic@blota'
                                                     KVR-1000 (H)                                                      0.66 pm                    2m
                                                     TK-350 (H)                                                        0.66 pm                    lom
                                 SPOT,                                       flat ma ph   ,Ig
                                                                                     p
                                                     HRV (H)                                                           0.57 pm                    20m
                                                                                                                       0.65 pm                    20m
                                                                                                                       0.85 pm                    20m
                                                     ':cartograp,,,y',
                                                     PAN @H)                                                             0.6 pan                  lom

                                                     -su ace                 oid
                                 ,TPP,E)(/,,
                                                       A     @elerMickvige'
                                 ,rOSI@tPON-@
                                                                                                                    -- - ------ - -
                                                     XLT (L)                                                             5.3 GHz             20 x 2-10 km
                                                                                                                      13.65 GHz              20 x 2-10 km
                                                     TMR (L)                                                             18 GHz               50.86 km
                                                                                                                         21 GHz               39.76 km
                                                                                                                         37 GHz               27.37 km

                             34

                                  Appendix C. Future Semooro

                                       ADEOS                          ocean-color, suspended sediments
                                                                      OCTS (M)                                                               0.41 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.44   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.49   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.52   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.56   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.66 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.77 gm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                             0.86   pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                                3.7 pm                700 m
                                                                                                                                                8.5 pin               700 m
                                                                                                                                             10.7 pm                  700 m
                                                                                                                                             11.7 pm                  700 m
                                                                                     ow
                                                                      coastal shall              j, benthic, mapp ng,,vegetation, ocearv'co or,
                                                                      AVNIR                      . . ....  ......                            @6.4'8 pm"
                                                                                                                                             0.55 pm                  16m
                                                                                                                                             0.64 gm                  16m
                                                                                                                                             0.82 pm                  16m
                                                                      PAN (H)                                                                  0.6 pm                 8m
                                                                      NSCAT (L)                                                                 14 GH1z               25 km
                                                                      POLDER(H)                                                             0.443 pm                  6km
                                                                                                                                            0.495 pzn                 6 Ian
                                                                                                                                            0.565 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                            0.665 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                            0.763   pm                6 km
                                                                                                                                            0.765 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                            0.865 pm                  6 km
                                                                                                                                             0.91   Pm                6 Ian
                                                                      pceart color,               sedimenW,@i@
                                       AP@9@7#
                                                                      POLDER (L)                                                            0.443 PM                  6 Icrn
                                                                                                                                             0.67 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                            0.865   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                             0.49   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                            0.565   pm                6 Ian
                                                                                                                                            0.763 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                            0.765 pm                  6 Ian
                                                                                                                                             0.91 Jim                 6 Ikm
                                                                      ace @co or;.Pust)en
                                                                                                                  ve            @sea-
                                                                      GLI 34 channels (M)                                                Vis-TIR                      250 m

                                                                                                                                                                                        35

                          Appendix C. Future 5emooro contimuM

                              ALMAZ                   vegetation, suspended s.edimentsi ocean color
                                                      MSU-E (M)                                                   0.55 Pm           lom
                                                                                                                  0.65 pm           lom
                                                                                                                  0.85 pm           lom
                                                                                         ocean color
                                                      MSU-SK (M)                                                  0.56 pm           80m
                                                                                                                  0.65 pin          80m
                                                                                                                  0.75 prn          80m
                                                                                                                  0.9 Pm            80m
                                                                                                                  11 pm             300 m
                                                      4 a,sur accs i                      sea,state
                                                      SAR (H)                                                     3.49 an           260 m
                                                                                                                  3.49 cm           6 m
                                                                                                                  9.58 an           6 m
                                                                                                                  9.58 an           6 m
                                                                                                                  9.58 an           30m
                                                                                                                  70 an             30m
                                                      ryegetation;suTen e,:@se           oce
                                                      SILVA (H)                                                   0.55 pzn          4m
                                                                                                                  0.65 pm           4m
                                                                                                                  0.75 pm           4m
                                                                           A                   c 'or,,,,,
                                                      yegfftti'        n e sediments@oee
                                                                                           -an ",o
                                                      SROSM (M)                                                   0.41 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.44 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.49 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.52 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.56 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.66 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  0.6 W             600m
                                                                                                                  0.86 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  3.65 pm           600 m
                                                                                                                  11 Pm             600 m
                                                                                                                  12 pm             600 m
                                                      ve ptati  -*Jin  'e'
                                                      AVNIR-2 (H)                                                 0.46 pm           lom
                                                                                                                  0.58 pm           lom
                                                                                                                  0.65 pm           lom
                                                                                                                  0.82 pm           lom
                                                      PAN (H)                                                     0.54 pm           2.5 m
                                                                                                                  0.63 pin          2.5 m

                                                                                                                  0.74 pm           2.5 m
                                                                                                                  "Y

                                                      VSAR (H)                                                    15 NMz            lom
                               BERS
                             C       4s
                                                                P@Dceanc Rr,
                                                      CCD (M)                                                     0.47 pm           20m
                                                                                                                  0.55 pm           20m
                                                                                                                  0.63 pm           20m
                                                                                                                  0.66 pm           20m
                                                                                                                  0.83 jim          20m
                                                      i                                     t        h1rc.
                                                      IRMSS (M)                                                   0.8 Pm            80m
                                                                                                                  1.6 @un           80m
                                                                                                                  2.2 pm            80m
                                                                                                                  11 Pzn            160m

                             Appendix C. Future Semooro coritinued

                                  CLARK                     vegetation, suspended sediments, ocean color
                                                            PAN (H)                                                         0.6 pm             3m
                                                            multispectral (H)                                             0.54 pm              15m
                                                                                                                          0.65 pin             15M
                                                                                                                          0.84 pm              15m
                                  EARLYBIRD                 vegetation, imagery,,,suspended sediments
                                                            PAN (H)                                                       0.62 prn             3m
                                                                                                                          0.54 pin             15m
                                                                                                                          0.63 pm              15m
                                                                                                                          0.74 pm              15m.
                                  ENVISAT I                 temperature,@vegetation, cloud, aerosol, sea surface temperature
                                                            AATSR (L)                                                   0.555 prn              1 km
                                                                                                                        0.659 pm.              1 km
                                                                                                                        0.865 prn              1 krn
                                                                                                                            1.6 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                            3.7 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                        10.85 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                            12 pm              1 kin
                                                              drold         geoio'
                                                            ASAR (M)                                                          6 GHz            30m.
                                                            m-an" neJ@ioclieli"
                                                            NERI�- " i5 c@a@els (M)                                  0.4-1.05 pin              300 rn
                                                            @2       eric um'di
                                                            MWR (L)                                                       23.8 GHz:            20 Im
                                                                                                                          36.5 GHz             20 km
                                                            wixf&s peed;,�ign ,ificant.wave heij@t, sea         ejoplo" ice.,@'
                                                                                                                        gy,
                                                            RA-2 (L)                                                      13.8 GHz:            7km
                                                                                                                            3.2 GHz            71an
                                                            :4tm   li,       fil s f,@chemical,compon ni@            Is       qci@
                                                                                                         e    4er6so' ., dou
                                                            SCIAMACHY (L)                                           0.23-2.38 pm               3km
                                  EOS-ALT                @:,-Precige vibiVderterndnitioh:@
                                                            DORIS (L)                                                  2036-25 MHz          1 per 10 sec
                                                                                'ickn6s, aerosol hei         stilb
                                                                                 ..... ..                          utions, i@ind:
                                                            6L IAS                                                      0.532 -pm.          70x188m.
                                                                                                                        1.064 pm.           70 x 188 m.
                                                            SSALT (L)                                                   13-55 GHz              300 m
                                                            TMR (L)                                                         18 GHz          23-44 km.
                                                                                                                            21 GHz          23-44 km
                                                                                                                            37 GHz          23-44 km.

                                                                                                                                                              37

                           Appemdix C. Future 5encoro coritimuM

                               EOS-AM series,            aerosols, digital elevation, temperature
                                                         ASAR'(H)_                                           3@0.5-0.9  pm             15M
                                                                                                              6@1.6-2.5 pm             20m
                                                                                                            5@8.0-12.0  prn            90M
                                                         ,aerosols, vegetation,
                                                         NUSR (L)                                                  0.44 prn            240 m
                                                                                                                   0.56 pm             240 m
                                                                                                                   0.67 pm             240 m
                                                                                                                   0.86 pm             240 m
                                                         oceamcolor, biogeochemistry,'water vapor, sea surface temperature
                                                         MODIS - 36 bands (M)                                  0.4-14.4 pm       250 m - 1060 In
                                                         and/sea; water. vapor
                                                         swik (M)                                                  1.65 1. pm          30m
                                                                                                                    2.1 pm             30m
                                                                                                                    2.2 pm             30m
                                                                                                                   2.25 pm             30m
                                                                                                                    2.3 jim            30m
                                                         sea suri@cele`mperaiure;',water vapor                     2.35 pm             30m
                                                         TIR (M)                                                    8.2 pm             90M
                                                                                                                    8.6 pm             90M
                                                                                                                    9.1 Pm             90M
                                                                                                                   10.5 Pm             90M
                                                                                                                   11.4 pm             90M
                                                         ,@"etation;,,,,ciilt@i@i,""I'dentificiition
                                                         VNik"@i4)                                                 ': 0.58 pm          15m,
                                                                                                                   0.66 pm             15m
                                                                                                                   0.78 pin            15m
                                                                 fi@"Iancbsea,
                                                         PAN (H)                                                    0.7 pm             15m
                                                         Vege afi6h@.oceaii,"tol@or,,su endedso   ents-'@@"
                                                           '@!' _  ""'_ " , I     SP
                                                         VNIR (H)                                                  0.48 prn            30m
                                                                                                                   0.56 pm             30m
                                                                                                                   0.66 jim            30m
                                                                                                                   0.82 pm             30m
                                                           e
                                                                wai
                                                                     ,;!yap
                                                         SWIR (H)                                                   1.6 pm             30m
                                                                                                                       2pin            30m
                                                                                                                       1 Pm            240 m
                              EOS-COLOR'       . .....   @6attbiology@@@;(@!oriole,ofg!@@           glo@                      ch
                                                                                                           carbon and.b                cal c
                                                                                                                                         --y
                                                         Ocean-Color - 8 channel (M)                      6.'402-0.'985 pm             1.1 km
                                                         arth s' u
                                                     _,,@e    'o tgqin$'iiidiation@,'@_
                                                         AIRS 2300 channel (L)                                      IR'                iSkm
                                                         'Lultural@feature@identifi,cat'oiij coastal morAtoring,;
                              IPP                        "I
                                                         -PAN (H)                                                   0.7 pm             1.8 m
                                                         VNIR (H)                                                   0.7 pin            1.5 m

                                    Appendix C. Future Semooro coritinued

                                          ESA.                             sea'surface temperature, ice, snoW, aerosols, vegetation
                                                                           AATSR (L)                                                                       0.555 pm               1 Ian
                                                                                                                                                           0.659 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                                                           0.865 pm               1 Ian
                                                                                                                                                           1.6 pm                 1 kin
                                                                                                                                                           3.7 pm                 1 km
                                                                                                                                                           10.85 pm               1 km
                                                                                                                                                           12  pin                1 km
                                                                           @vertical dist.d6utionoif @lo'u'As,'ieros'ol.properties,,winds,
                                                                                                                                                           9.41                   15 km
                                                                           -w.aves, ice@'seasurface@wmdsjmarme bio                @&emkal and.biophysicitparameters'
                                                                           ASAR (M)                                                                        6 GHz                  30m
                                                                           ASCAT (L)                                                                       6 GHz                  25 Ian
                                                                           MERIS (M)                                                             0.4-1.05 pm                      300m
                                                                           xp!ecip       onji-c'               c@temper@iiie--sea suiria,ce;@'f-
                                                                                                                                                           rbu
                                                                           MIMR (L)                                                                        6.8 GHz                3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                           10.65 GHz              3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                           18.75 GHz              3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                           23.8 GHz               3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                           36.5 GHz               3-60 km
                                                                                                                                                           90 GHz                 3-60 km
                                                                                                                                       ",Ice       . ....... .
                                                                           RA-2 (L)                                                                        13.8 GHz               7km
                                                                           v6getatioxi,,oceari'eololrl,,Ise,gi,surf
                                                                           10 channel (L)                                                      vis and IR                         1 Ian
                                          FY-lD                            @vegFtation, ocean colori sea surface temperature, *ate@vapor
                                                                           10 channel (L)                                                      vis and IR                         1 kin
                                          GDE                              vggetation,'suspended sedimentsi;;ulturalleatures,
                                                                           to be determined (H)                                                            0.6 PM                 1M
                                          IRS'@O/IRS-lC'                   @,y@g@ta#On,,s@xi@ii@ehded@ii@diinents,,,,,,,
                                                                           LISS3 (H)                                                                       0.55 PM                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                           0.66 pm                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                           0.82 pm                23.5 m
                                                                                                                                                           1.6 pm                 70.5 m
                                                                           PAN (H)                                                                         0.62 pin               5.8 In
                                                                           WiFS (M)                                                                        0.65 pm                188 m
                                                                                                                                                           0.81 pm                188 m
                                                                                 tali"'              I
                                                                                                    o or
                                                                           PAN (H)                                                                         0.6 pm                 lorn
                                                                           VNIR (H)                                                                        0.46 pm                20m
                                                                                                                                                           0.64 pm                20m
                                                                                                                                                           0.77 pm                20m
                                                                                tation.@iiceantdbrlius -04e4@sedimen                       urf     le -        turi
                                                                           ve                                  Oe                                          mp
                                                                                                                                               ,ace
                                                                           ETM+ (H)                                                                        0.7 pm                 15M
                                                                                                                                                           0.48 gm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           0.57 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           0.66 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           0.83 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           1.65 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           2.21 pm                30m
                                                                                                                                                           11.5 pm                60m

                                                                                                                                                                                                   519

                           Appendix C. Future 5&mooro continued

                               LEMS                       vegetation, cultural feature identification, tidal marsh boundaries
                                                          HSI(pan) (H)                                                   0.6 pm             5m
                                                          -HSI(vnir) (H)                                                 0.7 pm             30m
                                                          _HSI(swir) (H)                                                   2 pm             30m
                                                          LEISA(swir) (L)                                                  2 pm             300m
                               MECB SSR-1                 vegetation,,suspended sediments
                                                          IIS camera (L)                                               0.66  pm             200 m
                                                                                                                       0.83  pm             200 m
                               NMCB SSR-2,                vegetatiom suspended sediments
                                                          IIS camera (L)                                               0.66  pm             200 m
                                                                                                                       0.83  pm             200 m
                               NMTOP-si-ries              sea surface temperature, aerosols,-vegetation
                                                          AATSR (L)                                                   0.555 Pm              1 km
                                                                                                                      0.659  pm             I km
                                                                                                                      0.865 pm              I km
                                                                                                                         1.6 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                         3.7 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                      10.85  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                         12  pm             1 km
                                                          ,@@a,@surfac: tem erature         ta.       erq@o!s@ice,,snow
                                                                          p , _,,,,,p@ec p@_, 't@pn@,a
                                                          AVHRR/3 (L)                                                  0.63 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                         0.8 Pm             1 km
                                                                                                                         1.6 pm             I km
                                                                                                                       3.76  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                       10.4 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                       11.9 Jim             1 km
                                                                             1           0,,S,,
                                                          HIRS/3 (L)                                                   0.69 pm              19 krn
                                                                                                                         4.1 pm             19 km
                                                                                                ... ..........
                                                                       tempera     re,,, ro es
                                                                      ,--@.        - @-P . .. .....
                                                          IASI (L)                                                           p'm            1 km
                               AM,
                                                          s
                                                          SEVIRI (M)                                                   0.63 pm              1 km
                                                                                                                         0.7 pm             I km
                                                                                                                       0.83 pm              1 1cm
                                                                                                                       1.61  pm             1 Ian
                                                                                                                         3.8 pm             1 km
                                                                                                                       8.78 pm              1 Ian
                                                                                                                         10  pin            1 Ian
                                                                                                                         12 pm              1 km
                                                                co@,s!u@  1-1111,  d6isedim
                                                          SeaWifs (M)                                                 0.412 pan             1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.443 jim             1.1 km
                                                                                                                       0.49 pm              1.1 kin
                                                                                                                       0.51  pm             1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.555  pm             1.1 km
                                                                                                                       0.67 pm              1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.765 pm              1.1 km
                                                                                                                      0.865 pm              1.1 km

                           40

                              Appendix C. Future. 5emooro continued

                                    OKEAN-0                    ice, precipitation
                                                               DELTA-2 (L)                                                    7 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                             13 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                           22.5 GHz             100 km
                                                                                                                           36.5 Gl-lz           100 km
                                                               ,.physical ocean6graph@, hydrometeorology,, ice and snow
                                                               MSU-M (L)                                                   0.55 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                           0.65 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                           0.75 pm           1 x 1.7 km
                                                                                                                           0.95 pin          I x 1.7 km
                                                               MSU-S (L)                                                   0.65 gm              345 m
                                                                                                                           0.85 gm              345 m
                                                               jand/sea, snow and ice
                                                               MSU-SK (L)                                                  0.55 pm              170 m
                                                                                                                           0.65  pm             170 m
                                                                                                                           0.75 pm              170 m
                                                                                                                           0.95 Pm              170 m
                                                                                                                             11 Pm              600 m
                                                                                            eratu're;@,ocei @coioir'
                                                               Mkj-v (L)                                                   0.48 pin             50m
                                                                                                                           O@55  pm             50m
                                                                                                                           M8    pm             50m
                                                                                                                           0.84  pm             50M
                                                                                                                               1 Pm             50m
                                                                                                                             1.6 prn            50m
                                                                                                                             2.2 prn            50M
                                                                                                                           11.2  pm             100 m
                                                               4e                 ea;stAte@@Internd
                                                               R-225 (L)                                                   13.3 GHz             130 krn
                                                               R-600 (L)                                                     4.9 GHz            130 km
                                                               RLSBO (L)                                                     3.1 an         2.1 x 1.2 km
                                                               TRASSER-0 (L)                                                 62 band            100 Ian
                                                                a       ve     ti I @Cultural
                                                                                              :feattre'@!4@@ cation
                                                               PAN (H)                                                     0.68 pin                m
                                                                                                                           0.68 pm              2m
                                                               VNIR (H)                                                    0.48  pm             8m
                                                                                                                           0.56 pm              8m
                                                                                                                           0.66 pm              8m
                                                                                                                           0.83  pm             8m
                                                                                                 6,`4ee    olor@-c
                                                               %44@g_ etididz sediinent                in't       arto ap@y,@qeyation,cartograpY3@
                                                               MOMS (H)                                                    0.48 Wn              18m
                                                                                                                           0.55 Pm              18m
                                                                                                                           0.66 pm              18 m
                                                                                                                           0.79  pm             18m
                                                               PAN (H)                                                     0.64 pm              6m
                                                               fore,aft (H)                                                0.64 pm              18 m
                                    QUICKBIRD-@,,@,..-
                                                               PAN (H)                                                     0.62 Ilm             3m
                                                                                                                           0.48 pm              15M
                                                                                                                           0.56 pm              15M
                                                                                                                           0.66 pm              15M
                                                                                                                           0.83 pm              15 m
                                   RAD                                       s@-'ve etation;@slicks;,Iand,c v r,  ice-coastiLion'e,monitozin
                                                                                                             e
                                                                                                                                                9
                                                               SAR (H)                                                     5.36 GHz             103

                                                                                                                                                                41

                           Appendix C. Future 5eriooro contirlued

                                RESOURCE21                 vegetation, suspended sediments, ocean color
                                                           to be determined (H)                                          0.47  pm              lom
                                                                                                                         0.56  pm              lom
                                                                                                                         0.65 pm               lom
                                                                                                                         0.83 pm               lorn
                                                                                                                         1.58 pm               20m
                                                                                                                         1.35 prn              100 M
                                SAC-C                      vegetation, ocean color, suspended sediments
                                                           VNIR (M)                                                      0.49 pm               150 rn
                                                                                                                         0.55 Pm               150 rn
                                                                                                                         0.66  pm              150 m
                                                                                                                         0.79 pm               150 m
                                                           vegetation, water va or
                                                                                 P
                                                           SWIR (M)                                                      1.68 prn              150 m
                                SICH-1                     ,vegetation, jand/sea
                                                           MSU-S (M)                                                     0.62 pm               410 rn
                                                                                                                              0.5 pm           410 m
                                                           'Vegeia@.ciouds.        @J'
                                                           MSU-M (L)                                                     0.55 prn              2000 m
                                                                                                                         0.65  pin             2000 m
                                                                                                                         0.75  pm              2000 m
                                                                                                                              0.9 Pm           2000 m
                                SJCH-2,,",`.@              s6a@state;*.,md
                                                           RLSBO with scatterometer (L)                                       3.1 an       0.8xl.6 km
                                                           ,slicks, waves, ice-,
                                                           SAR (M)                                                            23 an            10-50 m
                                SICH-3                     @ice,,preqpitaiti
                                                                          on,
                                                           SMR (L)                                                            10 GHz       50 x 70 km
                                                                                                                              18 GHz       35 x 50 Ian
                                                                                                                              22 GHz       27 x 35 km
                                                                                                                              37 GHz       15 x 21 krn
                                                                                                                              90 GHz           6x6km
                                                                                        .. .....   'dim,                      -
                                                           -yegetatio pceah,' lo"I                      en wateryapor
                                                                         _"_       t,,,                    tsi
                                                           SRMR (H)                                                   0.4-0.7  pm              10-40 m
                                                                                                                      0.8-2.4  pro.            10-40 m
                                                                                  @sea:s       4@-'   r iur'
                                                           TSR                                  ''Tpe a,,,e          3.0-13.0  pm              100 km
                                SPACE                                         d d dim ts" '               or,
                                                                      ,"pe@,,e'se_"e ioceancol
                                                           PAN (H)                                                            0.6 pin          1M
                                                                                                                         0.48 pm               4m
                                                           yqeta
                                                           VNIR (H)                                                      0.56 pm               4m
                                                                                                                         0.66 pm               4m
                                                                                                                         0.88 pm               4m
                                                                            @sit@surface@temveriture,@,water"@4pot
                                                                    Al
                                                           cloud,,',radiation,
                                                           VIRS (L)                                                      0.63 jim              2 krn
                                                                                                                              1.6 pm           2 Ian
                                                                                                                         3.75 pm               2 km
                                                                                                                         10.8  prn             2 krn
                                                                                                                              12 pm            2 Ian

                            42

                         Appendix P: Detailed deocriptiono of oome Freocrit and Future Flatformo/5cnooro

                         ADEOS AVNIR: JAPAN
                         Mission/Instrument name:           ADEOS / Advanced Visible & Near-Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR)
                         Operating organizations:           National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                         Operational date:                  August 1996 to July 1999
                         Number of satellites:              1

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                          -797 kin
                         Inclination:                       -98.6 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval: 41 days and 585 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                              VNIR                                        PAN
                         Band:                              1          2          3         4            1         5
                         Spectral range from gm:            0.42       0.52       0.61      0.76                   0.52
                                                 to:        0.50       0.60       0.69      0.89                   0.69
                         Signal to noise ratio:                        >200       >200      >200                   >200                  >90
                         Ground sample distance in:         16         16         16        16                     8

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:          5.7 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:          80 kin x 80 kin
                         Instrument field of regard:        �40 deg <-> �700 km
                         Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                 cross-track

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:             Accuracy of on-board calibration using internal lamp and sunlight is �5%
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                 [not provided]

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w1cross-track tilt:         3 days at equator
                         Onboard storage:                              3 x 72 Gb (total satellite capacity)
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            80 kin x -5000 km = -400 k sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                     I station; additional stations can be supported within satellite resources
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:          -500 k sq kin
                         System annual land data colledion capability:            300 M sq kin

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Yoshio Tange
                         Title:     Sr. Eng., E0S
                         Address:   NASDA, Hamamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                                    1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
                                    Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                         Phone:     81-3-5401-8663
                         Fax:       81-3-5401-8702
                         e-mail:    n/a

                                                                                                                                                                          43

                       Appendix P (corltiriue6i)

                       ALMAZ OPTICAL: RUSSIA & SAR CORP.
                       .Mission/Instrument name:        ALMAZ Mulit-Sensor Satellite System
                       Operating organizations:         Russia (RSA) & SAR Corp. (Sokol-Almaz Radar)
                       Operational date:                Mid 1998
                       Number of satellites:            3: ALMAZ 1B (1998) followed by ALMAZ 1C & ALMAZ 2

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                        397 km nominal; 388-404 km range
                       Inclination:                     72.7 deg
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: n/a
                       Ground track repeat interval: 10.8 days and 168 orbits

                       Instrument Bands & Viewing Geometry
                       Optronic Equipment for Stereography (OES), Mulitzone High-Resolution Electronic Scanner (MSU-E),
                       Multizone Middle-Resolution Optomechanical Scanner (MSU-SK), Spectro-Radiometer for Ocean Satellite Monitoring (SROSM)
                       Band:                            OES                   MSU-E                 MSU-SK                SROSM                 VIS         IR
                       Spectral range from pm:          0.5                   0.5                   0.54                  10.4                  0.405       0.475
                                             to:        0.6                   0.6                   0.6                   12.6                  0.422       0.785
                       Spectral range from pm:          0.6                   0.6                   0.6                   0.433                 0.843
                                             to:        0.7                   0.7                   0.7                   0.453                 0.884
                       Spectral range from Am:          0.7                   0.8                   0.7                   0.480                 3.6
                                             to:        0.8                   0.9                   0.8                   0.500                 3.9
                       Spectral range from gm:          0.58                  0.8                   0.510                 10.5
                                             to:        0.8 (PAN)             1.0                   0.530                 11.5
                       Spectral range from gm:                                                      0.555                 11.5
                                             to:                                                    0.575                 12.5
                       Spectral range from jim:                                                     0.655
                                             to:                                                    0.675
                       Signal to noise ratio:
                       Ground sample distance in: 4/2.5(PAN)                  10                    80                    300                   600

                       Viewing Geometry
                       histrurtient field of view:      OES 80 kin CT x 180 k AT;        MSU-E 2 x 24 km; MSU-SK          VIS: 2 x 300 km IR: +/-39 deg 300 km;
                                                        SROSM 2 x 1100 km
                       Scene dimension at nadir:
                       Instrument field of regard:      OES 30 deg <-> 300 km; MSU-E 2 x 550 km; MSU-SK VIS: 2 x 550 kin IR: 300 km; SROSM 2 x 1100 km
                       Along-track tilt:
                       Stereo capability:    OES 1001%, using fore /aft 25 deg tilt;     CE(.9) = 5 in LE(.9) = 5 m

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:          [not provided]
                       RMS ground location accuracy:              [not provided]

                       CollectiontRetum Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      3 days at the equator
                       Onboard storage:                           32 Gb
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         [not provided]
                       Ground network (nominal):                  3 stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:       OES 370 k sq km; MSU-E 350-700 k sq km; MSU-SK 3.7 M sq km; SROSM 60 M sq km
                       System annual land data collection capability:         OES 2,044 M sq km; MSU-E 1,890-4,410 M sq km; MSU-SK 20,300 M sq km;
                                                                              SROSM 329,175 M sq Ian

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Pavel Shirokov
                       Title:    Director c/o Jean-Pierre Schwartz, Program Manager
                       Address:  SAR Corp. Suite 800
                                 818 Connecticut Ave, NW
                                 Washington, DC 20006
                       Phone:    202-628-1144 and 7-095-307-9194
                       Fax:      202-331-8735 and 7-095-302-2001
                       e-mail:

                       44

                             Appendix 0 (oontirluecl)

                             ALMAZ SAR: RUSSIA & SAR CORP.
                             Mission /Instrument name:             ALMAZ Mulit-Sensosr Satellite System
                             Operating organizations:              Russia (RSA) & SAR Corp. (Sokol-Almaz Radar)
                             Operational date:                     Mid 1998
                             Number of satellites:                 3: ALMAZ 1B (1998) followed by ALMAZ 1C & ALMAZ 2

                             Satellite Orbit
                             Altitude:                             397 km nominal; 388-404 kin range
                             Inclination:                          72.7 deg
                             Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: n/a
                             Ground track repeat interval: 10.8 days and 168 orbits

                             SAR Sensors & Viewing Geometry
                             I-SLR-3 (side Looking Radar); 2-SAR-3 Narrow Mode; 3-SAR-10 Narrow Mode; 4-SAR-10 Intermediate Mode; 5- SAR-10 Survey Mode;
                             6-SAR-70
                                                                                  1          2             3          4                         5                         6
                             Wavelength cm:                                       3.49       3.49          9.58       9.58                      9.58                      70
                             Survey slide:                                        left       left          left       left                      left                      left
                             View angle off nadir deg:                            38-60      25-51         25-51      25-51                     25-51                     25-51
                             Beam slip angle deg:                                 49.1       63.3          63.3       63.3                      63.3                      63.3
                                                       to:                        23.0       34.3          34.3       34.3                      34.3                      34.3
                             Slant range km:                                      518        444           444        444                       444                       444
                                                       to:                        895        00            670        670                       670                       670
                             Effective coverage width km:                         450        330           330        330                       330                       330
                             Swath width km:                                      450        20-30         30-55      60-70                     120-170                   120-170
                             Resolution                                           190-250    5-7           5-7        5-7                       22-40                     22-40
                              (range x azimuth) in:                               1200-20005-7             5-7        is                        30                        30
                             Stereo capability:                                   n/a        multi-pass               multi-pass                                          multi-pass
                             Signal polarization (xmit/rcv):                      V/V        V/V           H/H        V/VH,H/VH                 V/V     -                 V/VH,H/VH
                             Contrast sensitivity dB:                             2-3        2-2.5         2-2.5      1.5-2                     1-1.5                     1
                             Avg. land data collection per orbit k:               1,400      76            80-450     80-450                    80450                     330-450
                             Sys annual land collection capability M:             7,650      420           480-2460   480-2460                  480-2460                  1800-2400

                             Precisions
                             Radiometric calibration accuracy:                    [not provided]
                             RMS ground location accuracy:                        (not provided]

                             Collection/Retum Capacity
                             Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:                3 days at the equator
                             Onboard storage:                                     32 Gb
                             Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:                   [not provided]
                             Ground network (nominal):                            3 stations

                             Technical Contact
                             Name:        Pavel Shirokov
                             Title:       Director c/o Jean-Pierre Schwartz, Program Manager
                             Address:     SAR Corp. Suite 800
                                          818 Connecticut Ave, NW
                                          Washington, DC 20006
                             Phone:       202-628-1144 and 7-095-307-9194
                             Fax:         202-331-8735 and 7-095-302-2001
                             e-mail:

                                                                                                                                                                                                   45

                       Appendix 0 (comtimued)

                       ALOS AVNIR-2: JAPAN
                       Mission/Instrument name:          ALOS / Advanced Visible & Near-Infrared Radiorneter-2 (AVNIR-2)
                       Operating organizations:          National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                       Operational date:                 Launch February 2002
                       Number of satellites:             I

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                         700 kin (TBR)
                       Inclination:                      98.1 deg (TBR), Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 (TBR) descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:     45 days (TBR)

                       Instrument Bands                              Multispectral                                        PAN
                       Band:                             1           2        3           4         1          fore       nadir      aft
                       Spectral range from gm:           0.42        0.52     0.61        0.76                 0.52       0.52       0.52
                                            to:          0.50        0.60     0.69        0.89                 0.77       0.77       0.77
                       Signal to noise ratio:            200         200      200         200                  70         70         70
                       Ground sample distance in:        10          10       10          10                   2.5        2.5        2.5

                       Viewing Geometry                  Multispectral        PAN
                       Instrument field of view:         5.8 deg              2.9 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:         70 x 70 kin          35 x 35 km
                       Instrument field of regard:       �40 deg <->          �1.5 deg <->
                                                         �613 km              �35 kin
                       Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir          fixed �40 deg + nadir
                       Stereo capability:                cross-track          simultaneous fore, aft, nadir

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:             not available
                       RMS ground location accuracy:                 2.5 m

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         MS: 2 days; PAN: 45 days at equator
                       Onboard storage:                              706 Gb
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            MS: 70 x 20,000 kin = 1,400 k sq kin      PAN: 35 x 20,000 km      700 k sq kin
                       Ground network (nominal):                     Data Relay Satellite & direct transmission to ground stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:          MS: 420; PAN: 210 k sq km
                       System annual land data collection capability:         NIS: 1120; PAN: 560 M sq km

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Takashi Hamazaki
                       Title:    Senior Engineer
                       Address:  NASDA, Hamamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                                 1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
                                 Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                       Phone:    81-3-5401-8556
                       Fax:      81-3-5401-8702
                       e-mail:   hamazaki@rd.tksc.nasda.go.jp

                        Appendix 0 (continued)

                        ALOS VSAR: JAPAN
                        Mission/Instrument name:          ALOS / VSAR
                        Operating organizations:          National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                        Operational date:                 Launch February 2002
                        Number of satellites:             1

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:                         700 kin (TBR)
                        Inclination:                      98.1 deg (TBR), Sun synchronous
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30�:15 (TBR) descending nodal crossing
                        Ground track repeat interval:     45 days (TBR)

                        instrument Bands
                        Band:                             L
                        Bandcenter Mhz:                   15
                        Polarization:
                        Signal to ambiguity ratio dB:
                        Signal to noise ratio dB:         -15
                        Ground sample distance in:        10

                        Viewing Geometry
                        Instrument field of view:
                        Scene dimension at nadir:         70 x 70 km
                        Instrument field of regard:       18-48 deg off-nadir range <-> 600 km
                        Along-track tilt:                 n/a
                        Stereo capability:                interaferomtry

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:           not available
                        RMS ground location accuracy:               2.5 in

                        Collection/Retum Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       2 days at the equator
                        Onboard storage:                            706 Gb
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          70 km x 20,000 km = 1,400 k sq kin
                        Ground network (nominal):                   normally use Data Relay Satellite
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:        420 k sq km
                        System annual land data collection capability:         560 M sq km

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:      Takashi Harnazaki
                        Title:     Senior Engineer
                        Address:   NASDA, Harnamatsu-cho Central Bldg
                                   1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, lvhnato-ku
                                   Tokyo, 105 JAPAN
                        Phone:     81-3-5401-8556
                        Fax:       81-3-5401-8702
                        e-mail:    hamazakiQrd.tksc.nasda.go.jp

                                                                                                                                                                      47

                        Appendix 0 (continued)

                        CBERS CCD & IRMSS: CHINA-BRAZIL
                        Mission/Instrument name:         China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) -
                                                         CCD Camera & Infrared Multispectral Scanner (IRMSS)
                        Operating organizations:         Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)
                                                         (satellite) & Insituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
                        Operational date:                October 1997
                        Number of satellites:            1

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:            78 kin
                        Inclination:         98 deg, Sun synchronous
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                        Ground track repeat interval:    26 days and 337 orbits

                        Instrument Bands                                                 CCD                                         IRMSS
                        Band:                            1            2          3         4          5 1        6          7          8          9
                        Spectral range from Wn:          0.45      0.52        0.63      0.77        0.51       0.5       1.55       2.08       10.4
                                  to:                    0.52      0.59        0.69      0.89        0.73       1.1       1.75       2.35       12.5
                        Signal to noise ratio:           36.6      41.1        42.0      45.0        48.0       24         20         17        1.2K
                        Ground sample distance in:       20          20         20        20          20        80         80         80        160

                        Viewing Geometry
                        Instrument field of view:        8.4 deg (CCD) & 8.8 deg (IRMSS)
                        Scene dimension at nadir:        120 km CT x 778 km AT
                        Instrument field of regard:      �32 deg <-> 600 kin
                        Along-track tilt:                fixed
                        Stereo capability:               Adjacent orbits

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:          Stability <1%; Internal calibrators 2% [relative??]; & External calibrators 10% [absolute ??]
                        RMS ground location accuracy:              200 in

                        Collection/Return Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      3 days at equator, 2-3 days at �50 lat
                        Onboard storage:                           40 Gb (experimental)
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         4000 Ian by 120 km = 480,000 sq km
                        Ground network (nominal):                  2 stations (China, Brazil)
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:       200,000 sq km
                        System annual land data collection capability: 250 M sq kin

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:     Prof. Chen Yiyuan
                        Title:    Chief Engineer
                        Address-  Chinese Academy of Space Technology
                                  P.O. Box 2417
                                  Beijing, CHNA
                        Phone:    86-10-837-9423
                        Fax:      86-10-837-8237
                        e-mail:

                        48

                          Appendix 0 (continue&i)

                          CLARK: USA (NASA) & CTA
                          Mission/Instrument name:           Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) "Clark" / Worldview sensor
                          Operating organizations:           NASA Headquarters, Spacecraft Systems Div. & CTA Systems
                          Operational date:     September 1996
                          Number of satellites:              1

                          Satellite Orbit
                          Altitude: 476 kin
                          Inclination:          97.3 deg, Sun synchronous
                          Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:      11:15 descending nodal crossing
                          Ground track repeat interval: 20 days and (TBS) orbits

                          Instrument Bands                            PAN                   Multispectral
                          Band:                   1          2         3            4
                          Spectral range from gm:            0.45     0.50       0.61       0.79
                                    to:                      0.80     0.59       0.68       0.89
                          Signal to noise ratio:
                          Ground sample distance m:          3        15         15         15

                          Viewing Geometry
                          Instrument field of view:
                          Scene dimension at nadir:          Panchromatic: 6 krn x 6 km; Multispectral: 30 kin x 30 kin
                          Instrument field of regard:        �30 deg <-> (TBS) km
                          Along-track tilt:                  �30 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                          Stereo capability:                 Yes - fore and aft pointing

                          Precisions
                          Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided)
                          RMS ground location accuracy:               <100 rn

                          Collection/Return Capacity
                          Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       4-5 days at equator
                          Onboard storage:                   1.37 Gb
                          Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          Pan: 34,00 sq kin
                          Ground network (nominal): 3 stations (Livermore CA, Fairbanks AK, Kiruna SV%7E)
                          Avg. land data collection per orbit:        000 sq km
                          System annual land data collection capability: 0 M sq kin

                          Technical Contact
                          Name:     Dr. Robert J. Hayduk
                          Title:    Program Manager
                          Address:  NASA Headquarters, Code XS
                                    Washington, DC 20546
                          Phone:    202-358-4690
                          Fax:      202-358-2697
                          e-mail:   rhayduk@hq.nasa.gov

                                                                                                                                                                         49

                       Appendix 0 (contirlued)

                       EARLYBIRD X QUICKBIRD: EARTHWATCH
                       mission/Instrument name:          EarthWatch EarlyBird       Panchromatic and Multicolor
                                                         EarthWatch QuickBird       Panchromatic and Multicolor
                       Operating organizations:          EarthWatch, Incorporated
                       Operational date:                 EarlyBird: 1996      QuickBird: 1997
                       Number of satellites:             2 of each

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                         470 kin
                       Inclination:                      Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: [not provided]
                       Ground track repeat interval: [not provided]

                       Instrument Bands                                       EarlyBird                                   QuickBird
                       Band:                             Pan       Green      Red        NearIR     I           Pan       Blue       Green      Red        NearIR
                       Spectral range from jim:          0.45      0.50       0.61       0.79                   0.45      0.45       0.53       0.63        0.77
                                             to:         0.80      0.59       0.68       0.89                   0.90      0.52       0.59       0.69       0.90
                       Signal to noise ratio:                                            [not provided]                                         [not provided)
                       Ground sample distance m:         3         15         15         15                     1         4          4          4          4

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:
                       Scene dimension at nadir:         EarlyBird Panchromatic: 6 kin x 6 kin                  EarlyBird Multicolor: 30 kin x 30 kin
                                                         QuickBird Panchromatic: [not provided]                 QuickBird Multicolor: 30 kin x 30 kin
                       Instrument field of regard:       �30 deg      xxx kmj
                       Along-track tilt:                 �30 deg      xxx km]
                       Stereo capability:

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:           EarlyBird: 8 bit quantization QuickBird: 11 bit quantization [calibration not provided)
                       RMS ground location accuracy:               [not provided]

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       [not provided]
                       Onboard storage:                            yes
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          [not provided]
                       Ground network (nominal):                   store-and-forward to EarthWatch stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:        EarlyBird: [not provided)        QuickBird: 100 30km x 30 kin = 90,000sq kin
                       System annual land data collection capability:         34.2 M sq kni

                       Notes
                       [See NASAS "Clark" mission for additional information on EarlyBird like instrument.]
                       Technical exchange of sensor data with early customers is being done at a detailed level on a contract-by-contract basis.

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Doug Gerull
                       Title:    President & CEO
                       Address:  EarthWatch, Incorporated
                                 1900 Pike Road
                                 Longmont, CO 80501-6700
                       Phone:    303-682-3800
                       Fax:      303-682-3848
                       e-mail:

                       50

                          Appendix P (continued)

                          EOS ASTER: Japan& USA
                          Mission/Instrument name:          EOS-AMI / Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER)
                          Operating organizations:          Japan (MITI & Japan Resources Observation System Organization) & NASA /JPL
                          Operational date:                 Late 1998
                          Number of satellites:             1

                          Satellite Orbit
                          Altitude:                         705 kin
                          Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                          Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 �15 descending nodal crossing
                          Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits

                          Instrument Bands                             VNIR                                                  SWIR
                          Band:                             1          2         3N,B        1         4             5       6           7          8          9
                          Spectral range from gm:           0.52       0.63      0.76                  1.600         2.145   2.185       2.235      2.295      2.360
                                                 to:        0.60       0.69      0.86                  1.700         2.185   2.225       2.285      2.365      2.430
                          Signal to noise ratio h:          >140       >140      >140                  140           54      54          54         70         54
                          Ground sample distance in:        15         15        15,17                 30            30      30          30         30         30
                                                                       TTR
                          Band:                             10         11        12          13        14
                          Spectral range from gm:           8.125      8.475     8.925       10.25     10.95
                                                 to:        8.475      8.825     9.275       10.95     11.65
                          Signal to noise ratio h:          <0.3 K     <0.3 K    <03 K       <0.3 K    <03 K
                          Ground sample distance in:        90         90        90          90        90

                          Viewing Geometry                  VNIR                             SWIR, TIR
                          Instrument field of view:         5 deg (5.3 deg band 3B)          4.9 deg
                          Scene dimension at nadir:         60 kin CT                        60 kin CT
                          Instrument field of regard:       �24 deg <-> 314 kin              --t8.55 deg <-> 106 kin
                          Along-track tilt:                 3B tilted 27.6 deg               fixed
                          Stereo capability:                In-track, 3B (back) & 3N (nadir) -> B/H=0.6

                          Precisions
                          Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Bands 1-9: �4% absolute radiometry calibrated by halogen lamps. Bands 10-14:
                                                                       � K (270-340 K). �2 (240-370 K); cal. by onboard blackbody.
                          RMS ground location accuracy:                VNIR: <90 in; SWIR 6 m;TIR 31.5 in

                          Collection/Return Capacity
                          Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        16 days at equator, 7-9 days at �45 lat; VNIR only: 4-7 days at equator
                          Onboard storage:                             share of EOS 140 Gb solid-state recorder
                          Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           VNIR, SWIR: 8% duty cycle <-> 60 kin x 3400 kin = 250 k sq kin.
                                                                       TIR duty cycle and coverage twice as large
                          Ground network (nominal):                    Primary data return via TDRSS to processing and archives in Japan
                                                                       and at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls
                          Avg. land data collection per orbit:         205 k sq kin
                          System annual land data collection capability:         1090 M sq km

                          Technical Contact
                          Name:      Masahiko Kudoh                              Name:       Dr. Hiroji Tsu                  Name:       Dr. Anne B. Kahle
                          Title:     Project Manager                             Title:      Science Team Leader             Title:      Science Team Leader
                          Address:   JAROS                                       Address:    ERSDAC                                      (USA)
                                     Towa-Hatchobori Bldg                                    Forefront Tower                 Address:    JPL Mail Stop 183-501
                                     2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku                               3-12-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku                    Pasadena, CA 91109
                                     Tokyo, 104 JAPAN                                        Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                          Phone:     81-3-5543-1061                              Phone:      81-3-3533-9380                  Phone:      818-354-7265
                          Fax:       81-3-5543-1067                              Fax:        81-3-3533-9383                  Fax:        818-354-0966
                          e-mail:                                                e-mail:     tsu@gsj.go.jp                   e-mail:     anne@lithosjpl.nasa.gov

                                                                                                                                                                           51

                        Appendix 0 (corltiriuc6l)

                        EOS LATI (Option D: NASA
                        Mission/Inst-ument name:          EOS-AM2 / Landsat Advanced Technology Instrument (LATI) Option I
                        Operating organizations:          NASA & other US government (TBD)
                        Operational date:                 2004
                        Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 7

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:                         705.3 kin
                        Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:00 descending nodal crossing
                        Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits

                        Instrument Bands                  PAN                             VNIR                             SWIR                              Atmos
                        Band:                             8         1          2          3          4                     5          5'         7           5 bnd
                        Spectral range from gm:           0.50      0.45       0.52       0.63       0.76                  1.55       1.2        2.08        0.8
                                              to:         0.90      0.52       0.60       0.69       0.90                  1.75       1.3        2.35        1.4
                        Signal to noise ratio:                      consistent with Landsat 7 continuity
                        Ground sample distance m:         15        30         30         30         30                    30         30         30          240

                        Viewing Geometry
                        Instrument field of view:         15 deg
                        Scene dimension at nadir:         185 km CT x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                        Instrument field of regard:       �30 degrees
                        Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                        Stereo capability:                none

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses full aperture solar diffuser, standard ground scenes, and precise atmospheric
                                                                    compensation techniques to achieve 5% absolute radiometry.
                        RMS ground location accuracy:               < 250 m

                        Collection/Return Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       3 days at equator, 2 days �60 lat
                        Onboard storage:                            (TBD), optimized with cloud editing and lossless data compression
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBD)
                        Ground network (nominal):                   Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + 1 supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                    real-time & playback collection to archives; cooperating intl. ground stations for local real-time
                                                                    collection
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:        >540,000 sq kin
                        System annual land data collection capability:         >2,800 M sq km

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:     Dr. Darrel Williams
                        Title:    Landsat Project Scientist
                        Address:  Biosperic Sciences Branch, Code 923
                                  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                                  Greenbelt, MD 20771
                        Phone:    301-286-7282
                        Fax:      301-286-0239
                        e-mail:   darTel@ltpsun.gsfc.nasa.gov

                        52

                         Appendix D (coritirlued)

                         EOS LATI (Optio; MID: NASA
                         Mission/Instrument name:          EOS-AM2 / Landsat Advanced Technology Instrument (LATI) Option H
                         Operating organizations:          NASA & other US goverrinient (TBD)
                         Operational date:                 2004
                         Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 7

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                         705.3 kin
                         Inclination:                      98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:00 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:     16 days and 233 orbits

                         Instrument Bands
                         Band:                             PAN        VNIR SWIR
                         Spectral range from gm:           0.5        0.4       1.2
                                                to:        0.7        0.9       2.4
                         No. of hperspectral chan:         1          50        24
                         Signal to noise ratio:                       consistent with continuity
                         Ground sample distance in:        10         20        20

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:         15 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:         185 kin CT x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                         Instrument field of regard:       �30 deg (TBR)
                         Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                none

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses transfer radiometer for intercomparison with (advanced?) MODIS, standard ground
                                                                      scenes, and Moon-look techniques to achieve 5% (TBR) absolute radiometry.
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                < 250 in

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        3 days at equator, 2 days �60 lat
                         Onboard storage:                             (T7BD), optimized with cloud editing, lossless data compression, hyperspectral data
                                                                      compression, and/or onboard data aggregation
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           (TBD)
                         Ground network (nominal):                    Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + I supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                      real-time & playback collection to archives; add'I real-time collection at intl. ground stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:         >540,000 sq km
                         System annual land data collection capability:         >2,800 M sq km

                         Notes
                         Annual collection: Based on 250 scenes/day to archives. Additional scenes collected at international ground stations

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Dr. Darrel Williams
                         Title:     Landsat Project Scientist
                         Address:   Biosperic Sciences Branch, Code 923
                                    NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                                    Greenbelt, MD 20771
                         Phone:     301-286-7282
                         Fax:       301-286-0239
                         e-mail:    darrel@ltpsun.gsfc.nasa.gov

                                                                                                                                                                        53

                       Appendix D (cotitimued)

                       EOS MODIS: USA (NASA)
                       Mission/Instrument name:         EOS-AMI, PM-1 / Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)
                       Operating organizations:         NASA/GSFC
                       Operational date:                Late 1998 (AM-1), 2000 (PM-1)
                       Number of satellites:            2

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                        705 kin
                       Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:15 (AM-1); 13:30-+:15 (PM-1) descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                       Instrument Bands                 Sharpening VNIR SWIR            Ocean Thermal         VNIR        Atmosphere
                       Band:                            1-2                  3-4        5-7                   8-19        8-36
                       Spectral range from pm:          0.6                  0.46       1.2                   0.4         1.3
                                             to:        0.9                  0.57       2.2                   1.0         14.3
                       Signal to noise ratio:           >500
                       Ground sample distance in:       250                  500        500                   1000        1000
                                                        (see Appendix E: MODIS characteristics at bottom of file)

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:        �55 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:        �1150 kin CT
                       Instrument field of regard:      nadir centered
                       Along-track tilt:                fixed
                       Stereo capability:               n/a

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:          <3gm: 5% absolute radiometry >3@=: 1% absolute radiometry calibrated by halogen lamps,
                                                                  onboard blackbody, solar viewing RMS ground location accuracy:

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      2 days at equator
                       Onboard storage:                           share of EOS 140 Gb solid-state recorder
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         continuous operation; reflection bands on daylit side only
                       Ground network (nominal):                  primary data return via TDRSS to processing and archives at GSFC
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:
                       System annual land data collection capability:

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Dr. Vincent V. Salomonson
                       Title:    Science Team Leader
                       Address:  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
                                 Code 900
                                 Greenbelt, MD 20771
                       Phone:    301-286-8601
                       Fax:      301-286-1738
                       e-mail:   vince@esd.gsfc.nasa.gov

                       54

                         Appendix D (coritinued)

                         EROS-1,2: Israel
                         Mission/histrument name:          EROS-1, 2
                         Operating organizations:          Israel Aircraft Industries and Core Software Technology
                         Operational date:                 1995 & 1997
                         Number of satellites:             2

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                         480 krn
                         Inclination:                      97.4 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        [not provided]
                         Ground track repeat interval:     [not provided]

                         Instrument Bands
                         Band:                             PAN                  VNIR
                         Spectral range from gm:           0.50                 [not provided]
                                               to:         0.90                 [not provided]
                         Signal to noise ratio:            [not provided]       [not provided]
                         Ground sample distance in:        1.8/11.5

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:         [not provided]
                         Scene dimension at nadir:         EROS-1: 11 kin CT x 55 kin AT; EROS-2:15 kin CT x 55 kin AT
                         Instrument field of regard:       �30 deg <-> xxx km
                         Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                [not provided]

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided]
                         RMS ground location accuracy:               800 m

                         Collection/Retum Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       3 days at equator
                         Onboard storage:                            [not provided]
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          11 or 15 kin by 55 kin   605 or 825 sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                   [not provided]
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:        [not provided]
                         System annual land data collection capability:         [not provided]

                         Notes
                         General: (These missions have not been formally announced. They are believed to be awaiting Israel government policy decisions.]
                         Along track tilt:     EROS uses a fon-to-aft slew technique to reduce effective scene motion at the focal plane, and increase integration
                         time.

                         Technical Contact
                         Name: [not provided]
                         Title:
                         Address:
                         Phone:

                                                                                                                                                                        55

                       Appendix D (continued)

                       ERS-1/2 SAR: ESA
                       Mission/Instrument name:         ERS-1 /2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                       Operating organizations:         European Space Agency (ESA)
                       Operational date:                July 1991 & (TBS)
                       Number of satellites:            2

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Attitude:                        -780 km
                       Inclination:                     98.5 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval;    35 days and 501 orbits

                       Instrument Bands
                       Band:                            C
                       Bandcenter Ghz:                  5.3
                       Bandwidth MHz:                   15.55
                       Polarization:                    V/V
                       Integrated sidelobe ratio dB:    8
                       Ground sample distance in:       30 AT; <=26.3 CT

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:        20.1 deg to 25.9 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:        102.5 km CT (80.4 km full performance)
                       Instniment field of regard:      fixed 250 kin offset, right from nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                n/a
                       Stereo capability:               none

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:          n/a
                       RMS ground location accuracy:              1 kin

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      35 days at equator, 16 days �60 lat
                       Onboard storage:                           none
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         10 min -> 100 km x 4000 km = 400 K sq kin
                       Ground network (nominal):                  22 stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:       3500 sq kin
                       System annual land data collection capability:       n/a; Avg production from processing is 8000 scenes per year           (TBS) M sq km

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:    Alberto Combardi, ERS
                       Title:   Product Manager
                       Address: Eurimage
                                Via D'Onofrio 212
                                RomeITALY
                       Phone:   39-6406-941
                       Fax:     39-6-406-94232
                       e-mail:  (TBS)

                       56

                         Appendix 0 (comtlnue6f)

                         GDE SYSTEMS
                         Mission/Instniment name:         (TBD)
                         Operating organizations:         GDE Systems, Inc., et al.
                         Operational date:                Late 1998
                         Number of satellites:            at least one

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                        704 kin
                         Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                         Instrument Bands
                         Band:                            1
                         Spectral range from gm:          0.5
                                               to:        0.9
                         Signal to noise ratio:           >4
                         Ground sample distance m:        0.8-1.0

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:        1.2 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:        15 km CT
                         Instrument field of regard:      �45 deg (CT) <-> 700 kin
                         Along-track tilt:                �45 deg <-> 700 kin
                         Stereo capability:               Single pass fore/aft imaging along track or within �45 deg cross track.
                                                          Maximum single pass stereo image size is 70 x 70 km

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:          not applicable
                         RMS ground location accuracy:              1500 m

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:      1.8 days at equator, 1.5 days at �30 lat
                         Onboard storage:                           30 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:         15 kin x 1600 kin = 24 k sq km
                         Ground network (nominal):                  7 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:       20,000 sq kin per ground station
                         System annual land data collection capability:        102 M sq kin (7 stations)

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:     Sean Crook
                         Title:    Chief Engineer
                         Address:  GDE Systems, Inc.
                                   RO. Box 509008
                                   San Diego, CA 92150-9008
                         Phone:    619-592-5395
                         Fax:      619-592-5407
                         e-mail:   crook@gdesystems.com

                                                                                                                                                                       57

                         Appendix D (oontimue6i)

                         IRS-1B LISS 1 & 2: INDIA & EOSAT
                         Mission/Instrument name:           IRS-1B (Indian Remote Rending Satellite)         LISS I
                                                            (Linear Imaging Self Scanccer) & LISS 2
                         Operating organizations:           National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                         Operational date:                  August 1991
                         Number of satellites:              1

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                          904 krn
                         Inclination:                       99,028 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        10:25�:20 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:      22 days and 307 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                              LISS 1                                                    LISS 2
                         Band:                              1          2           3          4           1          1           2          3          4
                         Spectral range from gm:            0.45       0.52        0.62       0.77                   0.45        0.52       0.62       0.77
                                               to:          0.52       0.59        0.68       0.86                   0.52        0.59       0.68       0.86
                         Signal to noise ratio:             155        155         155        155                    142         152        155        147
                         Ground sample distance m:          72.5       72.5        72.5       72.5                   36.25       36.25      36.25      36.25

                         Viewing Geometry                   LISS 1                 LISS 2
                         Instrument field of view:          9.4 deg                2 at 4.7 deg each
                         Scene dimension at nadir:          148.48 kin C/T         2 x 74.24 kin C/T,
                                                            by 174 kin AT          by 87 kin AT
                         Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir            fixed nadir
                         Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir            fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                 n/a                    n/a

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:             Uses internal calibrator; �1 digital number (relative calibration)
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                 1500 M

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         22 days at equator
                         Onboard storage:                              none
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            (T13S)
                         Ground network (nominal):                     2 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:          (TBS) sq krn
                         System annual land data collection capability:            (TBS) M sq kin

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Mark Altman
                         Title:     Scientist
                         Address:   EOSAT
                                    4300 Forebes Boulevard
                                    Lanham, MD
                         Phone:     301-552-0535
                         Fax:       301-552-3028

                         58

                        Appendix D (continue.6i)

                        IRS-1C LISS 3, PAN, WFS: INDIA & EOSAT
                        Mission/Instrument name:          IRS-lC (Indian Remote Rending Satellite) / LISS 3 (Linear Imaging Self Scanner) & Panchromatic
                                                          WIFS (Wide Field Sensor)
                        Operating organizations:          National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                        Operational date:                 December 1995
                        Number of satellites:             1

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:                         817 kin
                        Inclination:                      98.691 deg, Sun synchronous
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:05 descending nodal crossing
                        Ground track repeat interval:     24 day s and 341 orbits

                        Instrument Bands                            LISS 3                             PAN                  WFS
                        Band:                             1         2          3           4           5         1          3         4
                        Spectral range from lim:          0.52      0.62        0.77       1.55        0.5                  0.62      0.77
                                              to:         0.59      0.68        0.86       1.7         0.75                 0.68      0.86
                        Signal to noise ratio:            >128      >128        >128       >128        >64                  >128      >128
                        Ground sample distance m:         23.5      23.5        23.5       70.5        5.8                  188       188

                        Viewing Geometry                            LISS 3                 PAN                   WFS
                        Instrument field of view:                   4.7 deg
                        Scene dimension at nadir:                   141 x 141 km           70 x 70 km            770 x 770 km
                        Instrument field of regard:                 fixed nadir            �26 deg <->           fixed nadir          �398 km; 0.2 deg steps
                        Along-track tilt:                           fixed nadir            fixed nadir           fixed nadir
                        Stereo capability:                          n/a                    cross-track           n/a

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses internal calibrator; �1 digital number (relative calibration)
                        RMS ground location accuracy:               1500 in

                        Collection/Retum Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       LISS 3: 24 days at equator         PAN: 5 days at equator         WFS: 5 days at equator
                        Onboard storage:                            62 Gb <-> 24 minutes of playback data consisting of (1 /2 PAN swath) or (LISS 3 + WFS)
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          playback: 14,400 km x 140 km = 2.0 M sq km (PAN)
                        Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations (Hyderabad & Norman OK) provide real-time coverage of So. Asia
                                                                    & N. Am., plus playback
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS) sq km
                        System annual land data collection capability:         (TBS) M sq km

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:      Mark Altman
                        Title:     Scientist
                        Address:   EOSAT
                                   4300 Forbes Boulevard
                                   Lanham, MD
                        Phone:     301-552-0535
                        Fax:       301-552-3028
                        e-mail:

                       Appendix D (contimued)

                       IRS-P2 LISS 2: INDIA & EOSAT
                       Mission/Instrument name:          IRS-P2 (Indian Remote Rending Satellite) / LISS 2 (Linear Imaging Self Scanner)
                       Operating organizations:          National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
                       Operational date:                 October 1994
                       Number of satellites:             1

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                         817 km
                       Inclination:                      98.691 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30-+:05 descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:     24 days and 341 orbits

                       Instrument Bands                             VNIR
                       Band:                             1          2           3        4
                       Spectral range from wn:           0.45       0.52        0.62      0.77
                                            to:          0.52       0.59        0.68      0.86
                       Signal to noise ratio:            >127       >127        >127     >127
                       Ground sample distance in:        36*        36*         36*       36*

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:         4.7 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:         67 km C/T, by 87 kin AT
                       Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                       Stereo capability:                n/a

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses internal calibrator;   digital number (relative calibration)
                       RMS ground location accuracy:                2200 in

                       Collection/Retum Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        24 days at equator
                       Onboard storage:                             none
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           (TBS)
                       Ground network (nominal):                    2 stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:         (TBS) sq kin
                       System annual land data collection capability: (TBS) M sq kin

                       Notes
                       Ground sample distance: 32.74 x 37.39 in in object space resampled to 36m x 36m in output products

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Mark Altman
                       Title:    Scientist
                       Address:  EOSAT
                                 4300 Fores Boulevard
                                 Lanham, MD
                       Phone:    301-552-0535
                       Fax:      301-552-3028
                       e-mail:

                       60

                         Appendix D (comtimueJ)

                         JERS-1 OPS: JAPAN
                         Mission/Instrument name:           JERS-1 /Optical Sensor (OPS)
                         Operating organizations:           National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                         Operational date:                  September 1992
                         Number of satellites:              1

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                          568 kin
                         Inclination:                       97.67 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:45-+:15 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval: 44 days and 659 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                              VNIR                                                  SWIR
                         Band:                                         1         2          3          4           1         5           6          7           8
                         Spectral range from gm:                       0.52      0.63       0.76       0.76                  1.60        2.01       2.13       2.27
                                               to:                     0.60      0.69       0.86       0.86                  1.71        2.12       2.25       2.40
                         Signal to noise ratio:             (high lev)           242-398               69-117         (low lev)          65-96                 19-26
                         Ground sample distance m:          18.3 in CT, 24.2 in AT

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:          7.55 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:          75 x 75 kin
                         Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir
                         Along-track tilt:                  fixed nadir, except band 4 tilted at 15.33 deg for
                         Stereo capability.                 In track with bands 3 & 4 -> B/1-1=0.3

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:             RMS error of input radiance calibrated with AVIMS < 0.27-4.15 W m-2 sr-1 um-1
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                 100 m

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:         44 days at equator
                         Onboard storage:                              72 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:            75 km x 9000 krn = 675 k sq km
                         Ground network (norninal):                    15 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:          675 k sq km
                         System annual land data collection capability:          10 M sq kin [suspect meant "10,000 M"]

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Noboru Takata
                         Title:     Project Manager
                         Address:   JAROS, Towa-Hatchobori Bldg.
                                    2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku
                                    Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                         Phone:     81-2-5543-1061
                         Fax:       81-3-5543-1067
                         e-mail:    n/a

                       Appendix() (comtitiueJ)

                       JERS SAR: JAPAN
                       Mission/Instrument name:        JERS-1 / Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                       Operating organizations:        National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
                       Operational date:               September 1992
                       Number of satellites:           1

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                       568 km
                       Inclination:                    97.67 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:45�:15 descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:   44 days and 659 orbits

                       Instrument Bands
                       Band:                           L
                       Bandcenter Mhz:                 15
                       Polarization:                   H/H
                       Signal-to-ambiguity ratio dB:   22
                       Signal-to-noise ratio dB:       -6
                       Ground sample distance in:      18 (3 looks)

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Scene dimension at nadir:       75 x 75 kin
                       Instrument field of regard:     335 deg range in off-nadir angle
                       Along-track tilt:               n/a
                       Stereo capability:              adjoining passes or orbits

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:           <1dB
                       RMS ground location accuracy:               100 m

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       44 days at equator 44 [?] days at �30 lat
                       Onboard storage:                            72 Gb
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          75 km x 9000 kin = 675 k sq kin
                       Ground network (nominal):                   15 stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:        675 k sq kin
                       System annual land data collection capability:       30 M sq kin

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Noboru Takata
                       Title:    Project Manager
                       Address:  JAROS, Towa-Hatchobori Bldg.
                                 2-20-1 Hatchobori Chuo-ku
                                 Tokyo, 104 JAPAN
                       Phone:    81-2-5543-1061
                       Fax:      81-3-5543-1067
                       e-mail:   n/a

                       62

                         Appendix 0 (cotitinued)

                         KOMSAT HRC: Korea
                         Mission/Instrument name:          Korean Mapping Satellite (KOMSAT)         High Resolution CCD (HRC)
                         Operating organizations:          Korean Aerospace Research Institute
                         Operational date:
                         Number of satellites:             I

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                         600-800 (TBD) kin
                         Inclination:                      (TBD) deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        (TBD)
                         Ground track repeat interval:     (TBD)

                         Instrument Bands                                                  VNIR
                         Band:                             PAN        I          B1        B2          B3
                         Spectral range from jim:          0.51                  0.43      0.61        0.78
                                               to:         0.73                  0.49      0.68        0.89
                         Signal to noise ratio:            150                   80        170         170
                         Ground sample distance in:        10                    20        20          20

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:
                         Scene dimension at nadir:         40 kin CT
                         Instrurnent field of regard:      as needed to achieve min revisit time
                         Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                yes, LE 20 in

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                +2,000 in

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        2 days at 34 lat
                         Onboard storage:                             1 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:
                         Ground network (nominal):                    Korea Ground Station
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:
                         System annual land data collection capability:

                         Note
                         General: [This material is based on functional requirements in the RFRI

                         Technical Contact
                         Name: [not provided]
                         Title:
                         Address:
                         Phone:
                         Fax:
                         e-mail:

                                                                                                                                                                        63

                       Appendix 0 (comtimueed)

                       LANDSAT 5 TM: EOSAT
                       Mission/Instrument name:         Landsat 5 / Thematic Mapper JM)
                       Operating organizations:         EOSAT
                       Operational date:                March 1984
                       Number of satellites:            1, to be replaced by Landsat 7 in 1998

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                        705.3 kin
                       Inclination:                     98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 937 (mean), 9:19 (actual, 9/95) descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:    16 days and 233 orbits

                       Instrument Bands                             VNIR                                       SWIR                             TIR
                       Band:                            1           2         3          4          1          5          7          1           6
                       Spectral range from gm:          0.45        0.52      0.63       0.76                  1.55       2.08                  10.42
                                            to:         0.52        0.60      0.69       0.90                  1.75       2.35                  12.50
                       Signal to noise ratio:           52          60        48         35                    40         21                    0.12K
                       Ground sample distance in:       30          30        30         30                    30         30                    120

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:        15.39 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:        185 km CT x 170 km (nominal) AT
                       Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                       Stereo capability:               none

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:            Uses onboard lamps to achieve <10% absolute radiometry
                       RMS ground location accuracy:                �250 in

                       Collection/Retum Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        16 days at equator, 8 days �60 lat
                       Onboard storage:                             none
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           real-time to ground stations only
                       Ground network (nominal):                    15 stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:         n/a
                       System annual land data collection capability:         n/a

                       Note
                       Signal to noise ratio: At minimum scene radiance for TIR band, noise-equivalent temperature

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     MarkAltman
                       Title:    Scientist
                       Address:  EOSAT
                                 4300 Forbes Boulevard
                                 Lanham, MD
                       Phone:    301-552-0,535
                       Fax:      301-552-3028

                         Appendix P (contitiucJ)

                         LANDSAT7
                         Mission /Instrument name:         Landsat 7/ Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+)
                         Operating organizations:          NASA/GSFC (spacecraft), NOAA(s at.ops.), USGS (arc)
                         Operational date: December 1998
                         Number of satellites:             1, follow-on to Landsat 5

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude: 705.3 kin
                         Inclination:          98.2 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:        10:00 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval: 16 days and 233 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                            PAN                    VNIR                              SWIR TIR
                         Band:                             8         1 1         2          3          4 1        5          7 1         6
                         Spectral range from grn:          0.50       0.45     0.52       0.63       0.76       1.55       2.08       10.42
                                    to:                    0.90       0.52     O@60       0.69       0.90       1.75       2.35       12.50
                         Signal to noise ratio:
                         Ground sample dist:               15          30        30         30         30        30         30         60

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:         15.39 degrees
                         Scene dimension at nadir:         185 km Cr x 170 kin (nominal) AT
                         Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                         Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:                none

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Uses onboard lamps, full aperture solar diffuser, partial aperture solar imager, standard ground
                                                                     scenes, and intercomparison with MODIS to achieve 2% relative (band-to-band) & 5% absolute
                                                                     radiometry.
                         RMS ground location accuracy:               (TBS)

                         Collection/Return Cal2ag4
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       16 days at equator, 8 days at �60 lat
                         Onboard storage:                            380 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          30 min -> 185 kin by 12,600 kin = 1.07 M sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                   Primary station at USGS/EDC, Sioux Falls SD + 1 supplementary station at Fairbanks AK for
                                                                     real-time & playback collection to archives; cooperating intl. ground stations (-18) for local
                                                                     real-time collection.
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:        540,000 sq kin
                         System annual land data collection capability: 2,800 M sq km

                         Notes
                         Annual collection: Based on 250 scenes/day to archives. Additional scenes collected at international ground stations.

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      S. Kenneth Dolan
                         Title:     Deputy Project Manager
                         Address:   Landsat Project, Code 430
                                    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
                                    Greenbelt, MD 20771
                         Phone:     301-286-7962
                         Fax:       301-286-1744
                         e-mail:    (TBS)

                                                                                                                                                                       (555

                       Appendix P (coritirlued)

                       LEWIS: USA (NASA) & TRW
                       Mission/Instrument name:         Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI)
                                                        "Lewis" / Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) & Linear
                                                        Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA)
                       Operating organizations:         NASA Headquarters, Spacecraft Systems Div.,
                                                        TRW, & GSFC
                       Operational date:                (TBS) 1996
                       Number of satellites:            I

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude: 523 krn
                       Inclination:         97.0 deg, Sun synchronous
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: (TBS) descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:    (TBS) days and (TBS) orbits

                       Instrument Bands                 HSI                  HSI                    HSI                  LEISA
                       Band:                            Pan                  VNIR                   SWIR                 SWIR
                       Spectral range from Wn:          0.45                 0.4                    0.9                  1.0
                                            to:         0.75                 1.0                    2.5                  2.5
                       Spectral resolution rim:         5                    6.25                   3-8
                       Signal to noise ratio:           (high rad) >200 >150
                                                        (low rad) >50* >10*
                       Ground sample distance in:       5                    30                     30                   300

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:
                       Scene dimension at nadir:        Panchromatic: 13 kin
                                                        Hyperspectral: 7.7 kin
                                                        LEISA: 77 kin
                       Instrument field of regard:      LEISA: �60 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                       Along-track tilt:                LEISA: �15 deg <-> (TBS) kin
                       Stereo capability:               n/a

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy: Calibration by reclosable cover/diffuser & tungsten lamp Pan: <20 (absolute [not provided]) HS:
                       <6% (relative[not provided])
                       RMS ground location accuracy:

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       4-5 days at equator
                       Onboard storage:                            4 Gb
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBS) sq kin
                       Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations (TRW Chantilly VA, Fairbanks AK)
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS) sq km
                       System annual land data collection capability: (TBS) M sq kin

                       Notes
                       Signal to noise ratio: stimated from published curve at 85% & 5% albedo, outside atm. absorption bands.
                       Along-track tilt:: LEISA uses forward-look for cloud cuing to HSI

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     [not provided]
                       Title:    [not provided]
                       Address:  [not provided]
                       Phone:    [not provided]
                       Fax:      [not provided]
                       e-mail:   [not provided]

                       (50

                         Appendix P (coritinued)

                         Z5RBVIEW -
                         Mission/Instrument name:         OrbView-1
                         Operating organizations:         OrbImage, an OSC Company
                         Operational date:                1st quarter 1998
                         Number of satellites:            Initially one satellite, to be followed by a second after 2 years

                         SatelHte Orbit
                         Altitude:                        460 kin
                         Inclination:                     97.25 def, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:    Not an exact repeating orbit [approx. 3 days and 46 orbits]

                         Instrument Bands                 PAN                                          VNIR
                         Band:                            1           2         1         3            4        5          6
                         Spectral range from vm:          0.45        0.45                0.45         0.52     0.63       0.76
                                                to:       0.90        0.90                0.52         0.60     0.69       0.90
                         Signal to noise ratio:           >10         >10                 >10          >10      >10        >10
                         Ground sample distance in:       1           2                   8            8        8          8

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:        1 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:        8 kin x 8 km for 2 in GSD panchromatic
                         Instrument field of regard:      �45 deg <-> 460 kin
                         Along-track tilt:                �45 deg <-> 460 kin
                         Stereo capability:               Same-pass stereo capability accommodated

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy             Periodic radiometric and geometric calibrations will be accomplished
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                < 15 in

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        3 days at equator, 2 days �60 W
                         Onboard storage:                             32 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           92 kin by 85 kin = 7820 sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                    3 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:         23,460 sq kin
                         System annual land data collection capability:        34.2 M sq kin

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:     Bill Hohwiesner
                         Title:    Director, Program Development
                         Address:  Orbital Sciences Corporation
                                   21700 Atlantic Boulevard
                                   Dulles, VA 20166
                         Phone:    703-406-5443
                         Fax:      703-406-3505
                         e-mail:   bhohw,@orbital.com

                                                                                                                                                                       67

                        Appemdix 0 (oomtinucJ)

                        PRIRODA MOMS: GERMANY& RUSSIA
                        Mission/Instrument name:           Priroda / MOMS (Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Stereoscanner)
                        Operating organizations:           Germany (DARA) & Russia (RSA)
                        Operational date:                  Spring 1996 for 18 months
                        Number of satellites:              1

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:                          pproximately 400 km
                        Inclination:                       51.6 deg
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:     n/a
                        Ground track repeat interval:      n/a

                        Instrument Bands
                        Band:                              1          2          3         4         1          PAN        I          Fore, Aft
                        Spectral range from gm:            0.45     0.53       0.65       0.77                  0.52                  0.52
                                  to:                      0.51     0.57       0.68       0.81                  0.76                  0.76
                        Signal to noise ratio:             5        10         10         2.5
                        Ground sample distance in:         18       18         18         18                      6                    18

                        Viewing Geometry
                        Instrument field of view:          15 deg
                        Scene dimension at nadir:          PAN: 40 kin CT x 120 km AT others: 80 kin CT x 240 kin AT
                        Instrument field of regard:        fixed nadir
                        Along-track tilt:                  fixed sensor channels at +/-21.4 deg
                        Stereo capability:                 fore, aft, & nadir

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:           dynamic range > 1200 gray levels; atm. com through concomitant MOS spectrometer
                        RMS ground location accuracy:               1-2 in

                        Collection/Retum Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       varying
                        Onboard storage:                            385 Gb
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          (TBS)
                        Ground network (nominal):                   2 stations: Neutrelitz D & Moscow RUS
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:        (TBS)
                        System annual land data collection capability: (TBS)

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:     Peter Seige
                        Title:    Project Manager
                        Address:  DLR-OP
                                  P.O. Box 1116
                                  82230 Wessling
                                  GERMANY
                        Phone:    49-8153-28-2766
                        Fax:      49-8153-28-1349

                         Appemdix D (contirlued)

                         RADARSAT: CANADA
                         Mission/Instrument name:         RADARSAT / Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
                         Operating organizations:         Canadian Space Agency
                         Operational date:                October 1995 launch
                         Number of satellites:            1, with follow-ons

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                        798 kin nominal
                         Inclination:                     98.6 deg
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing:      1800 ascending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:    24 days and 343 orbits
                         Sar Sensors Modes Fine           Standard   Wide       ScanSar-N             ScanSar-W            Ext-H      Ext-L
                         Incidence angle range deg:       37         20         20         20                    20                   49         10
                                                          48         49         49         46                    49                   50         23
                         Slant range km:
                         Effective coverage wid km:       500        500        Soo        500                   500
                         Nominal swath width km:          50         100        150        300                   500                  75         170
                         Nominal resolution m:            10         30         30         50                    100                  25         35

                         Instrument Bands
                         Band:                            C
                         Spectral range from Ghz:         5.6
                         Polarization:                    H/H
                         Dynamic range dB:                30
                         Ground sample distance in:       10-100

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:
                         Scene dimension at nadir:        100 kni x 100 kin to 500 kin x 500 kin
                         Instrument field of regard:      10 - 60 deg from nadir, normally right
                         Along-track tilt:                n/a
                         Stereo capability:               adjoin passes or orbits

                         Precisions
                         Radiornetric calibration accuracy:          1 dB within 100 km x 100 kin scene
                         RMS ground location accuracy:               1500 kni

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       5 days at the equator, 3.5 days at �30 lat
                         Onboard storage:                            72 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          500 kin x 6720 kin = 2,260 k sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                   3 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:        2,200 k sq kin
                         System annual land data collection capability:         4,000 M sq km

                         Notes
                         Field of regard: Twice during 5 year mission, spacecraft will be turned around forhorninal 2-wk period each to provide left-looking SAR,
                         allowing complete coverage of Antarctica

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Dr. Surendra Parashar
                         Title:     Deputy Director, RADARSAT
                         Address:   Mission Systems & Operations
                                    Canadian Space Agency
                                    6767 Route de I'Aeroport
                                    Saint-Hubert, Quebec J3Y 8Y9
                                    CANADA
                         Phone:     514-926-4412
                         Fax:       514-926-4433
                         e-mail:    parashars@sp-agencyca

                                                                                                                                                                       (59

                        Appendix 0 (cotitinucJ)

                        RESOURCE21
                        Mission/Instrument name:        Resource2l.
                        Operating organizations:        Resource2l
                        Operational date:               1998-1999
                        Number of satellites:           4 in orbit + ground spare

                        Satellite Orbit
                        Altitude:                       743.4 kin
                        Inclination:                    98.36 deg, Sun synchronous
                        Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                        Ground track repeat interval: 7 days and 101 orbits (each spacecraft)

                        Instrument Bands                                                 cirrus
                        Band:                                       1         2          3          4          5           1          6
                        Spectral range from gm:                     0.45      0.52       0.63       0.775      1.55                   1.23
                                             to:                    0.52      0.60       0.68       0.90       1.65                   1.53
                        Signal to noise ratio: (high radiance)      119       140        123        171        464
                                             (low radiance)         49        50         36         52         133
                        Ground sample distance in:                  10        10         10         10         20                     100+

                        Viewing Geometry
                        Instrument field of view:       15.9 deg
                        Scene dimension at nadir:       205 kin CT x 1-4000 kin AT
                        Instrument field of regard:     �40 deg <-> �1270 kin
                        Along-track tilt:               �30 deg
                        Stereo capability:              yes

                        Precisions
                        Radiometric calibration accuracy:           Absolute accuracy <10%; relative accuracy <2%; pol. sensitivity <5% Calibration using Sun
                                                                    and ground targets Atmospheric compensation by cirrus band & ground truth & atm. modeling
                        RMS ground location accuracy:               30 in

                        Collection/Return Capacity
                        Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       Twice in 25 min per day at equator; 2-3 times in 25-50 min at 30 lat
                                                                    Twice weekly with nadir view only
                        Onboard storage:                            176 Gb
                        Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          205 kin x 4000 kin = 820 k sq kin
                        Ground network (nominal):                   3 stations
                        Avg. land data collection per orbit:        820 k sq kin per satellite
                        System annual land data collection capability:        7,200 M sq kin

                        Technical Contact
                        Name:    Victor H. Leonard
                        Title:   Manager, System Development
                        Address: Resource2l
                                 M/S 8X-59
                                 P.O. Box 3999
                                 Seattle, WA 98124-2499
                        Phone:   206-393-0098
                        Fax:     206-393-1080
                        e-mail:  vic.leonard@msd.ds.boeing.com

                        70

                         Appendix 0 (coritinued)

                         SAC-C MMRS: Arge-n-t"i"n-a
                         Mission/Instrument name:         SAC-C / MMRS
                         Operating organizations:         Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)
                         Operational date:                October 1998 - October 2002
                         Number of satellites:            1

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                        601 kni
                         Inclination:                     97.3 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 11:00 [descending?] nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:    9 days and 14 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                                      VNIR                             SWIR
                         Band:                            1           2        3          4            1        5
                         Spectral range from gm:          0.48        0.54     0.62       0.77                  1.55
                                               to:        0.50        0.56     0.68       0.81                  1.70
                         Signal to noise ratio:           663         710      684        687                   2700
                         Ground sample distance in:       150         150      150        150                   150

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:        33.35 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:        315 kin CT x 315 kin AT
                         Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                         Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                         Stereo capability:               n/a

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy:            (TBD)
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                2250 m

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        9 days at equator, 8 days �30 lat
                         Onboard storage:                             16 Mb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           315 kin by 3500 kin = 1.1 M sq kin
                         Ground network (nominal):                    4 stations
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:         1,000 k sq km
                         System annual land data collection capability:        [not provided] M sq kni

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:     Juan Yelos
                         Title:    CONAE
                         Address:  Bajada del Cerro s/n
                                   Parque Gral. San Martin
                                   5500 Mendoza ARGENTINA
                         Phone:    54-61-288654
                         Fax:      5"1-288565
                         e-mail:

                                                                                                                                                                         71

                       Appendix D (comtitiue,@)

                       SICH-1 MSU: Ukraine
                       Mission/Instrument name:          SICH-1 / Medium Resolution Scanner MSU-S & Low Resolution Scanner MSU-M
                       Operating organizations:          National Space Agency of the Ukraine
                       Operational date:                 September 1995
                       Number of satellites:             I

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                         650 kin
                       Inclination:                      82.5 deg [97.5 deg?]
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: [not provided]
                       Ground track repeat interval:     [not provided]

                       Instrument Bands                  MSU-S                                      MSU-M
                       Band:                             1         2          1          1          2          3         4
                       Spectral range from pm:           0.55      0.1                   0.5        0.6        0.7       0.8
                                             to:         0.7       1.0                   0.6        0.7        0.8       1.0
                       Signal to noise ratio:
                       Ground sample distance in:        410       410                   2000       2000       2000      2000

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:
                       Scene dimension at nadir:         MSU-S: 1100 km CT               MSU-M: 1900 kin CT
                       Instrument field of regard:       fixed nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir
                       Stereo capability:                n/a

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:           [not provided]
                       RMS ground location accuracy:               [not provided]

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:       (TBS)
                       Onboard storage:                            [not provided]
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:          [not provided]
                       Ground network (nominal):                   [not provided]
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:        [not provided]
                       System annual land data collection capability:         [not provided)

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Victor Zubko,
                       Title:    Chief of NSAU
                       Address:  Remote Sensing Dept.
                                 11, Bozhenka Stn
                                 252022, Kyiv-22 UKRAINE
                       Phone:    380-44-261-08-27
                       Fax:      380-44-269-50-58
                       e-mail:   nsau@nsau.kievua

                       72

                         Appendix D (contimued)

                         SPACE IMAGING
                         Mission/Instrument name:          Space Imaging; Commercial Remote Sensing System
                         Operating organizations:          Space Imaging, Inc.
                         Operational date: December 1997
                         Number of satellites:             2

                         Satellite Orbit
                         Altitude:                         628 kin
                         Inclination:                      98.1 deg, Sun synchronous
                         Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                         Ground track repeat interval:     11 days and 161 orbits

                         Instrument Bands                  PAN                             VNIR
                         Band:                             1          1         2          3          4          5
                         Spectral range from gm:           0.45                 0.45       0.52       0.63       0.76
                                    to:                    0.90                 0.52       0.60       0.69       0.90
                         Signal to noise ratio:            >10                  >10        >10        >10        >10
                         Ground sample distance m:         1                    4          4          4          4

                         Viewing Geometry
                         Instrument field of view:         0.93 deg
                         Scene dimension at nadir:         11 kin CT x 100+ kin AT
                         Instrument field of regard:       �45+deg <-> 680+ kin
                         Along-track tilt:                 �45+deg <-> 680+ kin
                         Stereo capability:                Both fore/aft and cross-track

                         Precisions
                         Radiometric calibration accuracy.            External calibration, �4.5% linearity, relative accuracy �4.3%, absolute -+9.5/o
                         RMS ground location accuracy:                6 m

                         Collection/Return Capacity
                         Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        11 days at equator, 9-10 days at �30 lat (at 109/6 tilt)
                         Onboard storage:                             64 Gb
                         Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           72 krn by 140 km = 10,080 sq km
                         Ground network (nominal):                    3 statons assumed, 4 expected
                         Avg. land data collection per orbit:         22 k sq kin
                         System annual land data collection capability:         110 M sq kin

                         Notes
                         Signal to noise ratio:            SNR is peak to peak at Nyquist for 30 deg solar elevation,
                                                           10% low reflectivity & 2:1 contrast ratio at entrance aperture
                         Min revisit time:                 Revisit time substantially less with tilt > 10 deg

                         Technical Contact
                         Name:      Fran Gerlach
                         Title:     Director, Program Analysis and Performance Evaluation
                         Address:   Space Imaging
                                    9351 Grant Street
                                    Thornton, CO 80229
                         Phone:     303-254-2051
                         Fax:       303-254-2211
                         e-mail:    fgerlach@spaceimage.com,

                                                                                                                                                                        73

                           Appemdix D (oontinucJ)
                           SPIN-2 KVR-1000, TK-350: RUS91A & commercial s7p-pliers
                           Mission /Instrument name:               SPIN-2 / KVR-1000 Panoramic Camera & TK-350 Topographic Camera
                           Operating organizations:                Interbranch Association "SOVINFORMSPUTNIK"
                           Operational date:                       Regular launches since 1987 with 2+ months collection per mission
                           Number of satellites:                   1

                           Satellite Orbit
                           Altitude:                               190-270 km
                           Inclination:                            65 deg
                           Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: not applicable
                           Ground track repeat interval:           8-15 days and 130-240 orbits

                           Instrument Bands
                           Instrument:                             KVR-1000                TK-350
                           Spectral range from gm:                 0.58                    0.58
                                                    to:            0.72                    0.72
                           Signal to noise ratio:                  n/a                     n/a
                           Ground sample distance m:               2                       10

                           Viewing Geometry                        KVR-1000                             TK-350
                           Instrument field of view:               10 deg AT x 40 deg CT                75 deg [diagonal ?]
                           Scene dimension at nadir:               40 krn AT x 160 km CT                300 km AT x 200 kni CT
                           Instrument field of regard:             nadir ctr, pan scan                  fixed nadir
                           Along-track tilt:                       fixed                                fixed nadir
                           Stereo capability:                      none                                 60% or 80% AT overlap

                           Precisions
                           Radiometric calibration accuracy:                  not applicable
                           RMS ground location accuracy:                      not applicable

                           Collection/Return Capacity
                           Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:                           8-15 days at equator, 6-12 days at �30 lat
                           Onboard storage:                                                film
                           Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:                              continuous running
                           Ground network (nominal):                                       n/a
                           Avg. land data collection per orbit:                            n/a
                           System annual land data collection capability:                  n/a

                           Notes
                           Ground sample distance:                 applies to the digitally scanned output
                           Orbital elements:                       may be adjusted during mission lifetime to collect desired scenes
                           Annual land data collection:            test. 2A M sq kin per mission of 2-3 months]

                           Technical Contact
                           Name:      David Baraniak                                                    Name:       VN. Lavrov
                           Title:     President                                                         Title@      Deputy General Director
                           Address:   Lambda Tech International                                         Address:    Interbranch Association "SOVINFORMSPUTNIK"
                                      W239 N1812 Rockwood Drive, Suite 100                                          47 Leningradskiy Prospect
                                      Waukesha, WI 53188                                                            125167 Moscow RUSSIA
                           Phone:     414-523-1215                                                      Phone:      7-09-594-30757
                           Fax:       414-523-1219                                                      Fax:        7-50-194-30585
                           e-mail:    baraniak@lambdatech.com                                           e-mail:     id@iasis.msk.su

                           Name:      George Palesh                                                     Name:       James M. Newlin
                           Title:                                                                       Title:      Manager, Russian Imagery Sales
                           Address:   DBA Systems Inc., Commercial Imagery                              Address:    Autometric Inc.
                                      P.O. Drawer 550                                                               5301 Shawnee Road
                                      1200 S. Woody Burke                                                           Alexandria, VA 22312-2333
                                      Melbourne, FL 32902
                           Phone:     407-727-0660                                                      Phone:      703-658-4000
                           Fax:       407-727-7019                                                      Fax:        703-658-4426
                           e-mail:    gpalesh(Rdba-sys.com                                              e-mail:     jnewlin@autometric.com

                           74

                          Appendix 0 (continued)

                          SPOT HRV, HR-VIR, HRG: France
                          Mission/Instrument name:          SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) / HRV (Haute Resolution Visible), HRVIR, & HRG
                          Operating organizations:          Centre Nationale des d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) & SPOT Image
                          Operational date:                 February 1986 to 1998+ (SPOT-1/2/3); Late 1997 to 2002+ (SPOT4); 2000 to 2010+ (SPOT-5A/B)
                          Number of satellites:             3 (SPOT-1/2/3) with 2 HRV; 1 (SPOT4) with 2 HRVIR instruments; 2 (SPOT-5A/B) with 3 HRG on each

                          Satellite Orbit
                          Altitude:                         832 kin Sun synchronous
                          Inclination:                      98.7 deg
                          Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                          Ground track repeat interval: 26 days and 369 orbits

                          Instrument Bands
                          Band:                                        1            2        3          4          1          PAN
                          Spectral range from gm:                      0.50         0.61     0.79       1.58                  0.51
                                                to:                    0.59         0.68     0.89       1.75                  0.73
                          Signal to noise ratio HRV measured:          190-240      140-250  250-270    n/a                   130-205
                                     HRVIR specified:                  165          140      170        127                   100
                                     BRG specified:                    120          100      120        130                   120
                          Ground sample distance HRV in:               20           20       20         n/a                   10
                                     BRVIRm:                           20           20       20         20                    20
                                     HRG in:                           10           10       10         20                    5

                          Viewing Geometry                  HRV, HRVIR              HRG
                          Instrument field of view:         2x 4.13 deg             3 x 4.13 deg
                          Scene dimension at nadir:         60kmCTx6OkmAT
                          Instrument field of regard:       �27 deg <-> �870 kin
                          Along-track tilt:                 fixed nadir             �19.2 deg & nadir
                          Stereo capability:                cross-track             both along-track & cross-track

                          Precisions
                          Radiometric calibration accuracy:            < 10%
                          RMS ground location accuracy:                300 - 500 in

                          Collection/Return Capacity
                          Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        2.9 days at equator, 2.4 days 30 lat
                          Onboard storage:                             HRV 132 Gb = 2 x 22 min x 50 Mbps; BRVIR 240 Gb               2 x 40 min x 50 Mbps; HRG 90 Gb
                          Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           HRVHRVIR 120 x 2000 kin = 240 k sq kin HRG 180 x 2500 kin = 450 k sq kin
                          Ground network (nominal):                    BRV 15 stations; HRVIR 15-18 stations; HRG 15-20 stations
                          Avg. land data collection per orbit:         HRV 260 k sq kin; HRVIR 300 k sq km; HRG 400 k sq kin
                          System annual land data collection capability:            HRV 1200 M sq km; HRVIR 1500 M sq km; HRG 2000 M sq kin

                          Notes
                          Signal to noise ratio:            HRV: Computed from real images HRVIR, HRG: Specification; real performance should be better
                          Annual collection:                HRV. 3,300,000 images from 1986-1995; 1200 M sq kin per year - 180 M cloudfree sq km per year
                                                            HRVIR: Estimate 1500 M sq kin per year - 200 M cloudfree sq kin per year
                                                            BRG: Estimate 2000 M sq km per year - 300 M cloudfree sq kin per year

                          Technical Contact
                          Name:      Alain Baudoin                                           Name:      Terry Busch
                          Title:     Earth Observation Group                                 Title:
                          Address:   CNES                                                    Address:   SPOT Image Corporation
                                     2 place Maurice Quentin                                            1897 Preston White Drive
                                     75039 Paris Cedex 01                                               Reston, VA 22091-4368
                                     FRANCE
                          Phone:     33-1-4476-7810                                          Phone:     703-715-3125 or 800-275-7768
                          Fax:       33-1-4476-7867                                          Fax:       703-648-1813
                          e-mail:                                                            e-mail:    busch@spot.corn

                                                                                                                                                                           75

                       Appendix P (comtinue6i)

                       !Sru I Vegetation:              France
                       Mission/Instrument name:         SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) / VEGETATION
                       Operating organizations:         Centre Nationale des d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) & SPOT Image
                       Operational date:                Late 1997 to 2010+
                       Number of satellites:            3 (SPOT-4/5A/B)

                       Satellite Orbit
                       Altitude:                        832 kin Sun synchronous
                       Inclination:                     98.7 deg
                       Local mean solar time at equatorial crossing: 10:30 descending nodal crossing
                       Ground track repeat interval:    26 days and 369 orbits

                       Instrument Bands
                       Band:                            1           2         3           4
                       Spectral range from gm:          0.43        0.61      0.78        1.58
                                            to:         0.47        0.68      0.89        1.75
                       Signal to noise ratio spec:      134         234       279         222
                       Ground sample distance in:       1150        1150      1150        1150

                       Viewing Geometry
                       Instrument field of view:        �50.5 deg
                       Scene dimension at nadir:        2200 kin CT
                       Instrument field of regard:      fixed nadir
                       Along-track tilt:                fixed nadir
                       Stereo capability:               n/a

                       Precisions
                       Radiometric calibration accuracy:            absolute: <5%; interband & multitemporal <3%
                       RMS ground location accuracy:                1000 in (spec); 500 in (goal)

                       Collection/Return Capacity
                       Min. revisit time w/cross-track tilt:        1.3 days at equator, 1 day at 30 lat
                       Onboard storage:                             2.2 Gb
                       Max. contiguous one-pass coverage:           2200 krn x 20,000 kin
                       Ground network (nominal):                    1 primary + (TBD) local stations
                       Avg. land data collection per orbit:         15Msqkm
                       System annual land data collection capability:         70 G sq kin

                       Notes
                       Satellite: To be confirmed on SPOT-5A, to be decided on SPOT-513
                       Signal to noise ratio:           Specification; real performance should be better

                       Technical Contact
                       Name:     Alain Baudoin                                            Name:    Terry Busch
                       Title:    Earth Observation Group                                  Title:
                       Address:  CNES                                                     Address: SPOT Image Corporation
                                 2 place Maurice Quentin                                           1897 Preston White Drive
                                 75039 Paris Cedex 01                                              Reston, VA 22091-4368
                                 FRANCE
                       Phone:    33-1-4476-7810                                           Phone:   703-715-3125 or 800-275-7768
                       Fax:      33-1-4476-7867                                           Fax:     703-648-1813
                       e-mail:                                                            e-mail:  busch@spot.com

                       76

                       Appendix 0 (continued)

                       Band            Center            Width             IFO               Purpose

                                     (nm. or um)        (nm or um)         (m)
                       Land & Cloud Boundaries
                       1                645              50                250               Veg chlorophyll abs land cover trans
                       2                858              35                250               Cloud & vegetation land cover trans
                       Land & Cloud Properties
                       3                469              20                500               Soil, veg differences
                       4                555              20                500               Green vegetation
                       5                1240             20                500               Leaf canopy properties
                       6                1640             24.6              500               Snow/cloud differences
                       7                2130             50                500               Land & cloud properties
                       Ocean Color
                       8                412              15                1000              Cholorphyll
                       9                443              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                       10               488              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                       11               531              10                1000              Cholorphyll
                       12               551              10                1000              Sediments, atmosphere
                       13               667              15                1000              Sediments
                       14               678              10                1000              Cholorphyll fluorescence
                       15               748              10                1000              Aerosol properties
                       16               869              15                1000              Aerosol, atmos. properties
                       Atmosphere/Clouds
                       17               905              30                1000              Cloud/atm properties
                       18               936              10                1000              Cloud/atm properties
                       19               940              50                1000              Cloud/atrn properties
                       Thermal
                       20               3.750            0.180             1000              Sea surface temp
                       21               3.959            0.060             1000              Forest fires, volcanoes
                       22               3.959            0.060             1000              Cloud/ sft temp
                       23               4.050            0.060             1000              Cloud/ sft temp
                       24               4.465            0.065             1000              Trop temp/cld fract
                       25               4.515            0.067             1000              Trop temp/cld. fract
                       26               1.375            0.030             1000              Trop temp / cld. fract
                       27               6.715            0.360             1000              Upper-trop humidity
                       28               7.325            0.300             1000              Mid-trop humidity
                       29               8.550            0.300             1000              Sfc temp
                       30               9.730            0.300             1000              Total ozone
                       31               11.030           0.500             1000              Cloud/sfc temp,
                       32               12.020           0.500             1000              Cloud/sfc temp
                       33               13.335           0.300             1000              Cld. height & fraction
                       34               13.635           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction
                       35               13.935           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction
                       36               14.235           0.300             1000              CId height & fraction

                                                 IIIIIHIIIIIIIII
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