[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]













         A REPORT ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES
           AFFECTING THE MANAGEMENT OF PERDIDO BAY




                              Results of the
                    PERDIDO BAY INTERSTATE PROJECT





                     ADEM
                                      ALABAMA
                     DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT




           
                      Florida Department of
          
                         Environmental Regulation
             








                            January 25, 1991

        GB
        991
        .S37
        F6
        1991        
 










                                A REPORT ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES
                                   AFFECTING THE MANAGEMENT OF PERDIDO.BAY


                                                           Results of the
                                             PERDIDO BAY INTERSTATE PROJECT




                                                       Steven J. Schropp, Ph.D.
                                                            Fred D. Calder
                                                            Gail M. Sloane
                                                         Kathleen 0. Swanson

                                            Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
                                                  Coastal Zone Management Section
                                                          2600 Blairstone Rd.
                                                      Tallahassee, Florida 32301




                                                            John C. Carlton
                                                           Gary L. Halcomb

                                          Alabama Department of Environmental Management
                                                          Mobile Field Office
                                                          2204 Perimeter Rd.
                                                       Mobile, Alabama 36615




                                                       Herbert L. Windom, Ph.D.
                                                              Feng Huan

                                                  Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
                                                      Savannah, Georgia 31406



                                                      R. Bruce Taylor, Ph.D., P.E.
                                                             Terrence Hull


                                                          Taylor Engineering
                                                        9086 Cypress Green Dr.
                                                      Jacksonville, Florida 32216
       z"


                                                          January 25, 1991




                  Funding for this project was provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation,. Coastal
                 Zone Management Section, using funds made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                             Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.



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                                   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



           BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
                 The Florida Department of Environmental Re gulation and
           Alabama Department of Environmental Management initiated this
           study in response to increasing public.and agency concern over
           the future of Perdido Bay. From a review of existing data and
           interviews'it was evident that judgments on the effects of
           present activities and future development on the bay could  not be
           supported without system-wide water chemistry and.circulation
           information.


                 Objectives of this study were to describe physical and
           chemical processes affecting dissolved and particulate.nutrient
           and suspended solid transport in the Perdido River basin and the
           fate of these materials in Perdido Bay. We also had the
           opportunity, under Florida's Coastal Zone Management Program, to
           analyze sediments for metals and organic compounds. Achieving
           these objectives provides information needed to answer several
           questions about the condition of Perdido Bay:


                 ï¿½ How do tide, wind, and runoff affect water movement in
                      Perdido Bay and to what extent is circulation confined
                      in the upper bay?
                 ï¿½ What pollutants are entering the bay and from where?
                 0 Is Perdido Bay silting up due to man's activities in
                      adjacent watersheds?
                 ï¿½ What is the rate of supply of nutrients to Perdido Bay and
                      what is man's influence on this rate?
                 ï¿½ Does Perdido Bay trap nutrients?
                 ï¿½ How prevalent are hypoxic c-onditions in Perdido Bay and
                      what are the causes?
                 ï¿½ How can we summarize the present condition of Perdido Bay?


                 As in many other coastal systems, the limited information
           that did exisL for Perdido Bay was not on system-wide processes
           and could not provide answers to the questions above.   While
           localized data are useful for individual regulatory decisions,


                                           iii






            broader studies that integrate 'bay-wide physical and chemical
            information are essential for judging the susceptibility of the
            bay to development pressures, deve   loping practical bay management
            objectives and plans, and providing.sound guidance for
            maintaining conditions to support 'estuarine productivity.


            STUDY COMPONENTS
                 To answer the questions posed in the-preceding section, the
            Interstate Project conducted a multi-faceted investigation of the
            Perdido Bay estuarine system. Components of the study included:

                 0 Water movement
                       - Streamflow.
                       - Estuarine circulation

                 0 Water chemistry
                       - River chemistry
                       - Estuarine chemistry

                 0 Sediment chemistry



           ..SUMMARY OF RESULTS
                 With the Interstate Project, we have attempted to identify
            conditions in Perdido Bay that are due to natural characteristics
            of the bay and watershed as opposed to those that result from
            anthropogenic activities. Because of the limited resources
            available for the Interstate Project and general perceptions
            regarding conditions in the upper part of the bay, information
            gathered during this study provides a better basis for evaluating
            environmental conditions in the upper bay (north of Highway 98)
            than in the lower bay. This is because the-boundaries of the
            lower bay are considerably more complicated than those of the
            upper bay.'


                 The results of this study show that Perdido Bay receives
            nutrients from anthropogenic sources, dominated during this study
            by materials delivered by Elevenmile Creek. The Styx and
            Blackwater Rivers and Bayou Marcus Creek also show evidence of
            anthropogenic contributions of nutrients. A substantial portion
            of carbon delivered to the estuary is trapped in the upper bay.


                                              iv










           The results also show that physical conditions in Perdido Bay,
           controlled by the natural forces of wind, streamflow, and tide,
           are such that stratification and hypoxia occur during a major
           portion of the year. Summer and early fall months are critical'
           periods when maximum natural stresses (hypoxia) are imposed on
           the bay and its biological communities. oxidation of carbon
           trapped in the bay can aggravate seasonal hypoxia.


                The results of sediment studies indicate that, at present,
           Perdido Bay does not suffer from acute toxic Contamination.
           There is evidence of some contamination from urban runoff,
           although contaminants have not reached levels encountered in
           other, more'developed, parts of Alabama and Florida.




           RECOMMENDATIONS
                The following recommendations are based on the need to
           prevent future degradation of Perdido Bay and to evaluate changes
           that may occur as development increases around the bay.


                1. Reduce nutrient loadings from'Elevenmile Creek.  Due to.
                     the dominance of Elevemile Creek in delivering
                     anthropogenic nutrients to Perdido Bay, a first
                     management priority should be to reduce these loadings.


                2. Reduce and prevent other nutrient loadings.
                     a) Determine the effects of agricultural practices in
                          the Styx and Blackwater River watersheds on
                          nutrient and suspended solids transport.
                     b) Determine effective stormwater management strategies
                          to control nutrients, especially during the
                          critical summer period when stratification and
                          concomitant hypoxic conditions are prevalent.


                3. Begin syste m-wide monitoring of nutrient concentrations,
                     productivity and sediment contamination, best achieved
                     through a cooperative interstate effort. This

                                           v








                     monitoring should be sensitive to natural variability
                     (eg. seasonal physical, chemical, and biological
                     changes).


                4. Develop capacity to predict, based on wind, streamflow,
                     and tides, water movements and retention times in
                     Perdido Bay. This will allow a critical examination of
                     management strategies based on characteristic water
                     movements in the bay. FDER/CZM has supported the first
                     steps toward developing a simple predictive model for
                     net water circulation and concentrations' of materials
                     in the bay [described in the companion report
                     Prediction of water Quality at Perdido Bay, Florida
                     (Taylor et al., 1991)].




































                                           vi













                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS



                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

                 LIST OF TABLES     . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .      x
                 LIST OF FIGURES      . . . . . . .. . . . . .   . . . . . . . . .       xi

                 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS     . . . . . . . . .  *. . . . . . . . . . . .        xv
             1.  INTRODUCTION       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        1
                   BACKGROUND AND     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY     . . . . . . . . . . .     1
                   REVIEW OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION       . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3
                   ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      5
             2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PERDIDO BAY SYSTEM            . . . . . .   7
                   PHYSIOGRAPHY OF PERDIDO BAY AND ITS WATERSHED           . . . . . .   7
                         Perdido-Bay    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        7
                               Geography     . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      7
                               Bathymetry    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8
                               Sediments     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8
                         Perdido Bay Watershed      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      9
                   CLIMATOLOGY      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          10
                         General Conditions       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        10
                         Wind   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .           10
                         Rainfall     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          11
                         Streamflow     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          12
                         Tides  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            16
                   LAN D USE   * i " *  * * '  *  * ' " * .      *  * *  .      * '  *   16
                   WATER QUALITY      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          17
                         Perdido River     and Tributaries   . . . . . ... ... . .       17
                         Perdido    Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          17

             3. HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS DURING        PERIOD OF  STUDY     , * . . . .     25
                   OBJECTIVES    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           25
                   RAINFALL    , , *  , * * ,  *  , , *  *.      *  * "  * , ,  , ,  ,   25
                   STREAMFLOW       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          26
                         Perdido    River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          26
                         Styx River     . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        27
                         Blackwater River    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         38
                         Elevenmile Creek      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         29
                         Bayou Marcus Creek       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        30

             4.  SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          31
                   OBJECTIVES    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           31
                   METHODS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           31
                         Station Locations and      Parameters Measured      . . . .     31
                         Sample Collection     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         32
                         Laboratory Analyses      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        32
                               Metals   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          32
                               Nutrients     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       33
                               O'tganics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          33
                   RESULTS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           33
                         Metals     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          33
                         Nutrients    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          34
                         organics     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..         35


                                                  vii










                   FDER PRIORITY POLLUTANT SURVEY       . . . . . . . . . . . . .      36
                   SUMMARY     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         36


              5. ESTUARINE HYDROGRAPHY       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       49
                   OBJECTIVES      . . . . ... I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       49
                   MEASUREMENT METHODS       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       50
                         Sampling Strategy     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       50
                         Station Locations     . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .       51
                         Current Measurements      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       52
                         Tide Measurements     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       53
                   DATA  REDUCTION   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         54
                   RESULTS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         57
                         June 1988   ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         57
                         August 1988    . . . . . . . .   . . .. . . . . . . . . .     60
                         November 1988    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        62
                         February 1989    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        64
                         June'1989   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         67
                   SUMMARY OF OBSERVED CIRCULATION        . . . . . . . . . . . .      71
                   ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF NET BAY       CIRCULATIO N  . . . . .    74


             6. WATER CHEMISTRY      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       117
                   OBJECTIVES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        117
                   SAMPLING METHODS     . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      118
                         Strategy    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       118
                         Station Locations     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     118
                         Sampling Dates      . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .     120
                         Sample Collection     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     120
                               Monthly samples     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     120
                               Storm samples     . . . . . ... . . . . . . .         121
                   LABORATORY ANALYSES       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..    121
                   DATA REDUCTION       . . . . .                                    123
                         Estimates of Annual Material Flux to Perdido Bay            123
                               Extrapolation method for estimating material
                                     flux    . ... . . . . . .   *I, * , * , * ,     124
                               Interpolation method for estimating material
                                     flux    . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .     126
                         Determining Behavior of Nutrients and Solids in
                               the Estuary     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     127
                                                            . . . . . . . . . . .    128
                   RESULTS           . . . . . . . . . .
                         General Chemical Characteristics of       Streams  . . . .  129
                         Chemical Transport    to Perdido Bay   . . . . . . .. . .   130
                               Rating curves     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     131
                               Riverine flux     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     133
                         Estuarine Nutrient    Chemistry    . . . . . . . . . . .    138
                               Dissolved and   particulate carbon      . . . . . .   138
                               Dissolved and   particulate nitrogen    . . .  . . .  139
                               Dissolved and   particulate phosphorus    .. . . . .  139
                         Nutrient Mass Balance in Perdido Bay        . . . . . . .   140
                               Carbon     . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . .    142
                               Nitrogen      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     142
                               Phosphorus      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     142
                               Estuarine Dissolved Oxygen     . . . . . . . . . .    142
                         Controls on Dissolved Oxygen       . . . . . . . . . . .    144
                               Chemical processes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     144
                               Physical processes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     147

                                                 viii












            7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS       . . . . . . . . . . . . .    175
                  CONCLUSIONS    . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      176
                  SUMMARY     i ' * * ' ' * ' ' *    ' ' * ' * ' *  * *  ' ' *  ' 183
                  RECOMMENDA*TIONS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      184

            8. REFERENCES     . . . ?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      187

                APPENDIX A: BENTHIC BIOLOGY RESULT5       SUMMARY   . . . . . .   193

                APPENDIX B: METRIC/ENGLISH UNIT CONVERSIONS       . . . . . . .   197


                APPENDIX C: SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    199


                APPENDIX D: DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE NUTRI     ENT
                  CONCENTRATIONS PLOTTED AGAINST SALINITY       . . . . . . . .   211


                APPENDIX E: SALINITY AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES       FROM
                  HYDROGRAPHIC CAMPAIGNS IN PERDIDO BAY       . . . . . . . . .   241


                APPENDIX F: DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT ESTUARINE STATIONS       IN
                  PERDIDO BAY MONTHLY SAMPLES      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    309












































                                                ix











                                           LIST OF TABLES



                                                          -flow  recurrence
                   intervals    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
             Table 2.1. Perdido Bay watershed flood                                   14

             Table 4.1. Organic compounds detected in Perdido Bay
                   tributary sediments collected in.March, 1989        . . . ... .    38

             Table 5.1. Hydrographic sampling periods and target
                   conditions   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...         51
             Table 5.2. Current measurement station locations          . . . . . .    52
             Table 5.3. Breakdown of net circulation into components by
                   transect   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             . . . . .   76

             Table 6.1. Water chemistry sampling station locations          . . . .  119
             Table 6.2., Chemical parameters analyzed and methods           . . . .  122
             Table 6.3. Rating curve constants and levels.of
                   significance. . . . :    . .      * , , * ,  .      * , *  * * *  132
             Table 6.4. Annual riverine fluxes to Perdido Bay          . . . . . .   134
             Table 6.5. Major annual material fluxes to Perdido Bay           from
                   freshwater runoff     . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .     135
             Table 6.6. Estimate of material fluxes above expected
                   natural levels from Elevenmile Creek into Perdido Bay.            137
































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                                           LIST OF.FIGURES



             Figure 2.1. Perdido Bay         . . . . . . . . . .                         18
             Figure 2.2. General features of the Perdido Bay watershed                   19
             Figure 2.3. Probability distribution of freshwater inflows
                   to tipper Perdido Bay . . :       * * * ' ' * ' " ' ' * ' * *      '  20
             Figure 2.4. Cumulative probability o@f exceedance of
                   freshwater inflows to upper Perdido Bay           . . . . . . . .     21
             Figure 2.5. Probability distribution of annual peak flows
                   into upper Perdido Bay      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         22
             Figure 2..6  . Seasonal probability distribution of freshwater
                   inflows to.upper Perdido Bay        . . . . . . . .   * ' * ' * *     23
             Figure 2.7. Seasonal cumulative probability of exceedance
                   of freshwater inflow to upper Perdido Bay           . . . . . . .     24

             Figure 4.1.     Sediment sampling stations in Perdido Bay,
                   Perdido   River, and Elevenmile Creek, August 1987 . . . .            40
             Figure 4.2.     Sediment sampling stations in tributaries to
                   Perdido   Bay, March, 1989     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        41
             Figure 4.3.     Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and copper
                   concentrations in Perdido'Bay system sediments            . . . . .   42
             Figure 4.4. Lead, nickel, and zinc concentrations in
                   Perdido   Bay  system sediments     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       43
             Figure 4.5.     TOC  and TKN concentrations from natural Florida
                   and Perdido    Bay system sediments     . . . . . . . . . . . .       44
             Figure 4.6. TKN      and TP concentrations from natural Florida
                   and Perdido.Bay system sediments        . . . . . . . . . . . .       45
             Figure 4.7. TOC/TKN ratios in Perdido Bay system sediment
                   cores    . . . . . . . . . .      *                           '  ' *  46
             Figure 4.8. TKN/TP ratios in Perdi:do* Bay* system*se*di:me*nt
                   cores    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            47

             Figure 5.1. Perdido Bay landmarks and major divisions               . . .   84
             Figure 5.2. Current measurement and tide gauge locations                    85
             Figure 5.3. Examples of vertical profiles of            current
                   velocity    * * i * *   . .       * * * ' * ' ' * ' * * "     *  * *  86
             Figure 5.4. Example of horizontal profile of            current
                   velocity    . . . . . .   * * * ' *   : * *  .      * * ' *   . . .   87
             Figure 5.5. USGS      stream gauge locations in the       Perdido   Bay
                   watershed     . . . . .. . . .    * * * * ' *   .      * * '  '  * '  88
             Figure   5.6.   Flow  history, Transect CT1, June       7 - 8, 1988         89
             Figure   5.7.   Flow  history, Transect CT2, June       8 - 9, 1988         90
             Figure   5.8.   Flow  history, Transect CT3, June       7 - 8, 1988         91
             Figure.5.9.     Flow  history, Transect CT4, June       9, 1988     '  * *  92
             Figure   5.10.  Net diurnal tidal and freshwater        fluxes, June   7
                   - 9, 1988     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       93
             Figure   5.11. Flow   history, Transect    CT1, August    24*-'25',
                   1988 . .*   . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         * . . .   94
             Figure 5.12. Flow     history, Transect    CT2, August    22 - 23,
                   1988   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          * *  ' '  95
             Figure 5.13. Flow     history, Transect    CT3, August    23 - 24,
                   1988   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       * * '  * ' * *   '  * '  96
             Figure 5.14. Flow     history, Transect    CT4, August    22 - 23,
                   1988   . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . . . . .    97

                                                   xi








             Figure 5.15. Net diurnal tidal and freshwater fluxes,           August
                   22 - 25, 1988    . . . . . .   ' '  * i ' * ' *    .''  ' * * '  . 98
             Figure 5.16. Flow    history, Transect    M, November      4  - 5,        99
                   1988  . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
             Figure 5.17. Flow    history, Transect    CT3, November    3  - 4,-
                   1988  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         100
             Figure 5.18. Flow    history, Transect    CT4, November    3  - 4,
                   1988  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .         101
             Figure 5.19. Net diurnal tidal and freshwater fluxes,
                   November 3 -   5, 1988  . . . . . . . . . . .                     102
             Figure 5.20. Flow    history, Transect    CT1 , February   8    9,
                   1989  . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     . . . . 103
             Figure 5.21. Flow    history, Transect    CT2, February    8    9,
                   1989  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             104
             Figure 5.22. Flow    history, Transect    CT3 , February   7    8,
                   1989  . . . . . . . . . . . . .     * * ' ' * ' *    *    .      *105.
             Figure 5.23. Flow    history, Transect    CT4, February    7    8,
                   1989  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...         106
             Figure 5.24. Net diurnal tidal and freshwater         fluxes,
                   February 7 - 9, 1989 . . . . . .           *  . i . . i . . . .   1  07
             Figure 5.25. Flow history, Transect       CT1 , June  10 - 11,
                   1989  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         108
             Figure 5.26. Flow.history, Transect       CT2, June   10 - 11,
                   1989  . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .       * * *  . . . . . .  109
             Figure 5.27. Flow history, Transect       CT3, June   9 - 10,   1989    110
             Figure 5.28'. Flow history, Transect      CT4, June   9 - 10,   1989    111
             Figure 5.29. Net diurnal tidal and freshwater         fluxes,   June
                   9 - 11, 1989   . . . . . .                                        112
             Figure 5.30..Plot of wind-driv          e   irculation as a
                                                en n t c
                   function of wind stress along the axis of        Perdido Bay
                   at Transect CT1     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       113
             Figure 5.31. Plot of wind-driven net circulation as a
                   function of wind stress along the axis of Perdido Bay
                   at Transect CT3     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .      114
             Figure 5.32. Plot of wind-driven net circulation as a
                   function of wind stress along the.axis of Perdido Bay
                   at Transect CT4     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       115

             Figure 6.1. Estuarine sampling       stations,   March - June,
                 . 1988  . . . . ... . .   * ' *  * '  : ' *  * i *   . . . . . . .  150
             Figure 6.2. Estuarine sampling       stations,   July - September,
                   1988  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           ' * ' 151
             Figure 6.3. Estuarine sampling       stations,   October   - Dec'ember
                   1988  . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .       152
             Figure 6.4. Estuarine sampling       stations,   January   and
                   February, 1989   . . . . . . . .    : ' *  ' ' * '   * ' ' * ' -  153
             Figure 6.5. Estuarine sampling       stations,   April -   June 1989    154
             Figure 6.6. Concentration-discharge rating relationship for
                   dissolved, particulate.and particulate-associated
                   substances in rivers    . . . . . . .                             155
             Figure 6.7. General representation of concentration of
                   constituent, X, with respect to salinity,
                   illustrating addition, removal, and conservative mixing 156
             Figure 6.8. Hydrographs of sampling stations for Perdido
                   and Styx Rivers     . . . . . . . . . . . . .      . . . . . . .  157

                                                 Xii










             Figure 6.9. Hydrographs of samping stations on the
                   Blackwater River and'Elevenmile Creek        . . . . . . . . .    158
             Figure 6.10. Hydrograph for sampling station on Bayou Marcus
                   Creek .   * * * * ' ' *    ' * *  .      * ' * * * * * * * * *    159
             Figure 6.11. Seasonal variations in temperature, pH and
                   dissolved oxygen at river and creek sampling stations             160
             Figure 6.12. DOC, TKN, N03+NO2 and P04 variations in river
                . and creek samples      . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .            161
             Figure 6.13..Total suspended solids and particulate carbon,
                   nitrogen, and phosphorus-concentrations in river and
                   creek samples    . . . . . . . . . .     * ' ' * * * ' I * * *    162
             Figure 6.14. Rating curves for DOC for river and creek
                   sampling stations     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               163
             Figure 6.15. Material flux versus mean discharge for river
                   and creek sampling stations       . . . . . . . . . .      . . . 164
             Figure 6.16. Storm hydrographs for Perdido and Styx Rivers.
                   Storms occurring 1 - 11 March and 20 - 31 March          . . . . 165
             Figure 6.17. Storm hydrographs for the Blackwater River and
                   Elevenmile Creek    . . . . . . . . . .    *    . . . . . . . .   166
             Figure 6.18. Storm hydrographs for Bayou MarLs Creek             . . .  167
             Figure 6.19. Histograms of the daily flux of materials at
                   each gauging station averaged over the entire year,
                   1 - 11 March storm, and 20 - 31 March storm         . . . . . .   168
             Figure 6.20.   Freshwater residence time in Perdido Bay :        . . .  169
             Figure 6.21.   Seasonal dissolved oxygenstratification in
                   Perdido  Bay        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       170
             Figure 6.22.   Estimated oxygen deficits in upper       and lower
               . bays by    month    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       171
             Figure 6.23.   Apparent oxygen utilization versus       month for
                   upper and lower Perdido Bay       . . . . . .   : ' * * ' * *   * 172
             Figure 6.24. Dissolved oxygen versus salinity in Perdido Bay
                   observed during hydrographic campaigns       . . . . . . . . .    173



























                                                 xiii













                                    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                 Agencies hesitate to conduct management-oriented
            investigations of coastal systems for many reasons, including
            concerns about the availability and cost of skills to conduct
            estuarine studies. The Perdido Bay work illustrates the fact
            that skilled people are available and will go beyond their
            routine obligations to help stretch public funds and make a
            project successful.


                 This study involved complex field and laboratory activities
            which could not have been executed without the personal interest
            and professional assistance of the following people: Eddie
            Wolfe, David.Wigger, Clinton Townsend, and Carolyn Merryman (ADEM
            mobile Field Office Laboratory); James Andrews, Ph.D. (Savannah
            Laboratories and Environmental Services); Carla Cannon and Paul
            Witt (Taylor Engineering,'Inc.); and James Stoutamire,'Ph.D.,
            Louis Burney, Ted Hoehn, Peggy Mathews, David Worley, and Jerrell
            Daigle (FDER). Thanks also to the Bureau, of Information Systems
            (FDER) for-their assistance in preparing figures for this report.


                 Our field operations required a secure staging area and
            communications center at.Perdido Bay. Special thanks are
            extended to Chris and Rose Russo at Kit's Marina, Lillian,
            Alabama, for their generosity in providing facilities and hel ping
            us overcome the problems that can impair a field program.


                 Personnel from various state, federal and private
            organizations assisted us by providing ancillary information
            crucial to the interpretation of our chemical and hydrographic
            data. We thank the Alabama Forestry Commission, Florida Division
            of Forestry, U.S. Navy, U.S. Department of Agriculture Soils
            Conservation Service, U.S. Geological Survey and Champion
            International Corporat ion.for providing anci llary information.


                 Individuals throughout the Perdido Bay area made us welcome
            during the course of our work. We especially appreciate the help

                                           xv








           beyond the call of duty by the people at the Original Point
           Restaurant, Ross Hardware, and the Comfort Inn at Perdido Key.
           Also appreciated were the good meals at the Wol.f Bay Lodge,, home
          .of the "Perdido Bay Padres".


                Under provisions of Section 309 of the Coastal Zone
           Management Act of 1972., as. amended, Florida and Alabama joined to
           compete nationally for a grant from the.National oceanic and
           Atmospheric Administration (NbAA). This section.of the:Act was
           created to encourage jointstate actions to protect coastal
           systems. The grant.proposa-1 was. submitted to NOAA in March 19.87
           and late that year an award was made to the states for the joint
           investigation of Perdido Bay.





































                                          xvi












                                    1. INTRODUCTION




           BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

                The Florida Depart ment of Environmental. Regulation (FDER)
           and Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM)
           initiated this project in response to increasing public and
           agency concern over the future of Perdido Bay. From a review of
           existing'data and interviews it was evident that judgments about
           effects of present activities and future development on the bay
           could not be supported without system-wide water chemistry and
           circulation information. Since management of the bay is in the
           hands of both states,.it was necessary for the agencies to
           combine efforts to produce@this basic information.


                objectives of this project were to describe physical and
           chemical processes affecting dissolved and particulate nutrient
           and suspended solid transport in the Perdido River basin and the
           fate of these materials in Perdido Bay. This effort involved
           several components including measurements of stream discharge,
           cur rents, and nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and salinity in
           tributaries and the bay, and the collection of local weather
           records. Achieving these objectives provides information needed
           to answer several questions about the condition of Perdido Bay:
                - How do tide, wind, and runoff affect water movement in
                     Perdido Bay and to what extent is circulation confined
                     in the upper bay?
                . What pollutants are entering the bay and from where?
                0 Is Perdido Bay silting up due to increased erosion
                     resulting from man's activities in adjacent watersheds?
                0 What is the rate of supply of nutrients to Perdido Bay and
                     what is man's influence on this rate?
                0 Does Perdido Bay trap nutrients?
                * How prevalent are hypoxic conditions in Perdido Bay and
                     what are the causes?
                0 How can we summarize the present condition of Perdido Bay?








                As in many other coastal systems, the limited information
           that does exist for Perdido Bay is not on system-wide processes
           and cannot provide answers to the questions above. While
           localized data are useful for individual regulator@r decisions,
           broader studies that integrate bay-wide physical and chemical
           information are es.sential for judging*the susceptibility of the
           bay to development pressures, developing practical bay management
           objectives and plans, and providing sound guidance for
           maintaining conditions to support estuarine productivity.


                Estuarine living resources exist under dynamic physical and'
           chemical conditions. Delivery of nutrients from the watershed,
           variations in the mixture of fresh-and salt water, and seasonal
           changes in temperature and light intensity form the basis of
           estuarine productivity. However, these processes also impose
           natural stresses. Thus, during low rainfall periods, increases
           in salinity may be accompanied by wide.spread low dissolved oxygen
           levels. Similarly, t  he absence of wind to induce mixing of bay
           waters increases the likelihood of stratification and low
           dissolved oxygen.


                Estuaries di ffer in the degree to which man can affect basic
           chemical and physical processes without magnifying the natural
           stresses. In thi's regard, Perdido Bay is clearly an estuary of
           priority concern, for it has features which could profoundly
           affect the bay's tolerance to,stress.


                A glance at a-chart of Perdido Bay indicates why a system-
           wide understanding  of the bay's physical and chemical environment
           is imperative. The bay has limited connection with the Gulf of
           Mexico and its tidal fitshing effects. Moreover, it   .appears that
           constrictions within the bay could further reduce water movement
           and restrict delivery of nutrients and solids through the system.
           The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has
           classified Gulf coast estuaries according to their "pollution
           susceptibility", defined as an' estuary's. ability to concentrate
           dissolved and particulate pollutants. Perdido Bay received a

                                            2










            rating of high and medium for dissolved and  particulate
            susceptibility, respectively (NOAA/EPA, 1989). Limited
            historical data indicated that the upper portion'of the bay is
            subject to stratification with concurrent hypoxia (low dissolved
            oxygen) in deeper water.


            REVIEW OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION
                Prior to beginning the study, we consulted with various
            state and federal agencies and Champion International Corporation
            to determine the extent that previous information on the Perdido
            Bay system could be used to meet project objectives. A
            fragmented set of historical data-does exist for the Perdido Bay
            system. Compilation and organization of these data is part of a
            separate "Perdido Bay Cooperative Management Project" funded by
            the U.S."Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).


                Much of the historical information was produced as part of
            state and federal pollution monitoring requirements.-pertaining to
            issuance and renewal of permits. These data are available in the
            EPA STORET system. The Florida Department of Natural Resources
            has a limited amount of water temperature, salinity, pH, and
            dissolved oxygen information taken in conjunction with shellfish
            surveys. FDER has supported collection of similar water-quality
            data by a local environmental interest group, the Bream
            Fisherman's Association.



                The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
            has collected biological samples from a few stations in lower
            Perdido Bay. Biological surveys, which included some water-
            quality parameters, were conducted f'or St. Regis Paper Company
            and continued by Champion International Corporation. FDER also
            has collected limited biological data from the bay. The Dauphin
            Island Sea Lab collected benthic invertebrates from four stations
            in the bay in 1987. ADEM has limited water chemistry data from
            10 stations sampled in 1987 and routinely collects data from one
            continuing trend station established in the bay in 1987.



                                            3









                 The most comprehensive recent work on Perdido Bay was done
            by EPA as a part of a wasteload allocation study on Elevenmile
            Creek. The study began in July 1986 and ended in April 1987. It
            included measurements of total nutrients and other water quality
            parameters from the bay and its major tributaries, current
            measurements, and dye studies of water movement'. Preliminary
            results available as the Interstate Project was getting underway
            indicated that Elevenmile Creek accounted for 30 - 50% of the
            nutrient loading to Perdido Bay and that water from Elevenmile
            Creek tended to move down the northeastern side of upper Perdido
            Bay. Dramatic salinity and dissolved oxygen stratification were
            observed at times in both upper and lower Perdido Bay.


                 Since much historical data were permit-related, they addres      s
            "near-field" objectives and have limited usefulness in describing
            bay-wide processes. The above-mentioned information on Perdido
            Bay was collected from different stations     under vari-ous, 'often
           .unknown, tidal and climatic conditions. Different parameters
            were measured using a varie   ty of-techniques. Consequently, the
            data from existing sampling stations do not have the required
            spatial distribution, common parameters, or synopticity to be
            useful in assessing nutrient and suspended solids transport and
            the fate of these materials in the Perdido Bay watershed and

            estuary.


                 This investigation attempts to help remedy these
            deficiencies and provide better scientific foundations for
            managing activities that affect the Perdido Bay estuarine system.
            Since the inception of   the Interstate Project in 1988, Perdido
            Bay has become the subject of other studies under the EPA-
            sponsored Perdido Bay Cooperative Management Project and
            investigations commissioned by Champ   ion International
            Corporation.







                                               4












           ORGANIZATION OF THE,REPORT
                To give the reader a perspective on Perdido Bay,
           Chapter 2 provides a summary of the environmental setting of the
           Perdido Bay watershed and estuarine system. Hydrologic
           conditions during the study period are discussed in Chapter 3 and
           those conditions are compared to the long-term norms for the
           area. Sediment chemistry, estuarine hydrography, and water
           chemistry are discussed in Chapters 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
           For the work component presented in each of these chapters,
           objectives, sampling and analytical techniques, and results are
           discussed. Finally, in Chapter 7, results are synthesized to
           answer the questions posed at the beginning of this introduction.


                In addition to the physical and chemical studies described
           in this report, there was also a biological component of the
           Interstate Project. Benthic community str ucture was determined
           at several locations in the bay during the study period. Results
           are summarized in Appendix A and a complete report is available
           from the ADEM Mobile Field Office.


































                                           5










                    2. ENVIRONMEkTAL SETTING OF THE PERDIDO BAY SYSTEM


                 The environmental setting of the Perdido Bay system is more
            modest than other nearby Gulf coast estuaries. The bay is
            smaller and has,less freshwater inflow. Its watershed is less
            urbanized and, although shared by two-states, contains fewer
            political jurisdictions. However, from a management poin    t of
            view, the bay should not be subordinate to other estuaries.
            Precisely because of its limited scale it is both more
            susceptible to degradation and more amenable to successful
            management. T  he high level of public attention now being
            focussed on the bay increases the likelihood for successful
            protective actions.


                 Physical and chemical conditions in Perdido Bay and its
            tributaries are influenced by myriad geological, climatological,
            hydrological and biological factors in the watershed, as well as
            perturbations of the natural regime due to man's activities.
            Although it is beyond the scope of this project to present a
            detailed report on the environmental setting of Perdido Bay and
            its watershed, a general knowledge of the area is useful for
            interpreting data collected during this project. This chapter
            provides a synopsis of the environmental setting of Perdido Bay,
            compiled from existing sources of information. It is not
            intended to be a comprehensive analysis of watershed features.


            PHYSIOGRAPHY OF PERDIDO BAY AND ITS WATERSHED
            Perdido Bay
                 Geography. Perdido Bay (Figure 2.1) encompasses an area of
            about 130 square kilometersi between Alabama and Florida with
            the state line running approximately down the centerline of the
            bay (Hand et al., 1988). It has an elongated shape along a.
            northeast-southwest axis.




                 iMetric  units are used throughout  this report. Some
            relevant conversion factors are listed   in Appendix B.

                                              7








                Bathymetry. Starting at the mouth of the  Perdido River,
           maximum depth where the river enters the bay is approximately 2
           meters, but depths increase upstream in the river. The river is
           about 3 meters deep for at least 16 km upstream but there are
           irregularly spaced depressions up to 12 meters deep in the river

           bed.


                Perdido Bay proper is a relatively shallow estuary. Maximum
          .depths generally occur closer to the Alabama side of the bay but
           there is. no evidence of a well defined channel up into the bay
           except in the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway         between Mill
           Point and Inerarity Point.


                National Ocean Service charted depths in the center-of the
           upper bay (above Grassy'Point) range from 1.5 to 2A meters.
           Depths in the middle bay, from Grassy Point to DuPont Point,
           range from 2.8 to 3.7 meters in the center of the bay. Along the
           edge of the bay is a shelf up to 0.4 km wide with depths,of 0.6
           to 0.9 meter. South of DuPont Point, depths increase from 3 -to
           3.4 meters to a maximum of 6.1 meters in the G'ICWW channel
           between Mill Point and Inerarity Point. A shallow shelf (0.3
           0.9 meter depth) extends about 0.4 to 0.8 km from the shoreline.
           Fathometer transects across several portions of the estuary,
           obtained during this study, confirmed the general accuracy of
           these charted features.



                Sediments. Sediments in,Perdido  Bay are largely terrigenous
          .clastics delivered to the bay by the Perdido River and other
           tributaries (Parker, 1968).  Th e perimeter of the bay contains
           predominately quartz sands. Nearshore sediments are winnowed by
           wave action and fine materials are removed and transported toward
           the central part of the bay. The fines settle in the deeper
           portions of the bay, resulting in accumulation of clayey silt and
           silty clay sediments. Sediment grain size generally increases

           seaward.






                                           8











           Perdido Bay Watershed
                The Perdido Bay drainage basin covers 3121 km2 (NOAA, 1985)
           in the Coastal Plain geological province and encompasses parts of
           Baldwin and Escambia Counties, Alabama and western Escambia
           County, Florida. Numerous tributary streams in the upper basin
           drain hilly country, forming the Perdido River and its two major
           tributaries, the Styx and Blackwater Rivers (Figure 2.2).


                The fall of the Perdido stream bed from the Alabama/Florida
           state line to Muscogee, Florida is 45.7 metets for a channel
           length of 64 km. The fall from-Muscogee'south to Perdido Bay is
           4.6 meters, with a chan nel length of 32 km (Musgrove et al.
           1965). Lower in the watershed, Elevenmile Creek and Bayou Marcus
           Creek are the only significant streams entering the bay. Small
           streams (eg. Soldier and Palmetto Creeks) and general runoff
           around the bay constitute the balance of fresh water
           contributions to the estuary.


                Principal soils of the area include unconsolidated sands,
           silts and clays deposited from prehistoric seas and alluvial
           Appalachian deposits. Two topographic divisions are evident: the
           western highlands consisting of a southward  sloping plateau, and
           the Gulf or Coastal western lowlands, a relatively continuous,
           near level plain, less than 30 meters above sea level (Marsh,
           1966).


                The Plio-Pleistocene Citronelle Formation caps most of the
           western highlands and consists primarily of quartz sands, with
           beds of clay, gravel, layers of hardpan,  fossil wood, a few
           shells, and kaolinitic burrows of aquatic animals.    Solution
           activities (Karst topography) are precluded by the depth of the
           Citronelle formation, and by older impermeable clastics. The
           Gulf Coastal or Western lowlands are characterized by broad,
           level marine terraces of Plio-Pleistocene sand extending several
           kilometers inland from the coast. These merge with narrow
           terraces along the Perdido River (Marsh, 1966).



                                            9










           CLIMATOLOGY

           Gener al Conditions
               'Weather records have been kept for Pensacola, Florida, a few
           kilometers east of Perdido Bay, since 1879. The primary sources
           for weather observations are the Pensacola commercial air port and
           the Pensacola Naval Air Station. Summaries of weather conditions
           were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center.    The
           Perdido Bay system lies in a humid temperate climatic  zone.
           Temperature, rainfall, and wind speed and direction vary
           seasonally. Average temperature for the summer (June, July, and
           August) is 26.70C. Winters (December, January, February) are
           relatively warm with'an average temperature of 12.20, although
           the area is affected by periodic frontal systems.   The area is
           also subject to tropical storm systems, being struck by
           hurricanes about once every 17 years and.receiving fringe effects
           approximately every 5 years.


           Wind
                Wind speed and direction are key influences over the
           movement of water in Perdido Bay and are important parts o f the
           analyses used in this study. The following summary of wind
           patterns in the Perdido  Bay region was extracted from information
           in the 1986 Coast Pilot and weather-records for Pensacola from

           the National Climatic Data Center.


                Winds in the area are subject  to seasonal variations with
           relatively distinct seasonal northerly and southerly components.
           Southerly wind directions dominate from April through August
           (frequency greater than 65.8 percent). The distribution of wind
           directions between easterly and westerly sectors is less clear
           during this period. However, diurnal patterns.are clearly
           present as rising surface temperatures create afternoon
           convective air currents. The lowest average wind speeds for the
           year occur during July and August (7.4 and 7.0 knots,
           respectively). Because of the northeast-southwest orientation of
           the-bay system, typical condi 'tions during this period tend to
           enhance flood tide flow and impede ebb flow.

                                           10










                 During the months of September and October the     north-south
            wind components diminish. This is a.transitional period during
            which easterly winds dominate 61 percent or more of the time.
            The period from November through February is marked by frequent
            occurrence of strong frontal systems. The northerly winds
            associated with these systems tend to-reduce flood tide flows
            into the bay while rein forcing ebb flows out of t  he bay.' Due to
            the persistent nature of these winds, effects on tidal flow are
            magnified and may last for extended periods of time.


                 Diurnal wind patterns during the late fall-winter period are
            less pronounced as  a result of lower daytime surface
            temperatures. Winds become stronger in February reaching an
            average speed of 10.3 knots. This trend continues into March
            making these two-months the period of highest wind speeds of the

            year.



            Rainfall
                 Along with wind, rainfall in the Perdido Bay basin ex-erts a
            dominant influence on the composition.and*movement of bay waters.
            Following is a brief description of rainfall in the basin.


                 Daily average rainfall data were obtained from five
            monitoring stations in the Perdido Basin. Four of these are.
            located in Escambia County, Florida. The Oak Grove Tower and
            Molino Tower stations, operated by the Florida Division of
            Forestry, provided rainfall data for the period of June 1977
            through June 1989. The third and fourth stations, located at
            Champion International's Cantonment Mill and.the Pensacola Naval
            Air Station provide records covering January 1987 through June
            1989 and January 1988 through June 1989, respectively. The fifth
            recording' station, Carpenter Tower, is 9.7 km south of Bay
            Minette, Alabama, and is operated by the Alabama Forestry
            Commission. Data obtained from this station cover the period
            January 1983 through June 1989. An overview of all of these
            provide a characteristic profile of the rainfall patterns within

            the watershed.








                 Average annual rainfall at Pensacola is approximately
            152 cm. Highest.rainfall occurs in July and-August; storms during
            this time of the year are normally convective, of short duration,
            and intense. They also tend to be more localized',. affecting
            smaller areas of.the drainage basin,. The drier months of the
            year occur in the fall with November being the driest. Winter
            storms tend to produce lower rates,of rainfall at all of.the
            stations when compared to storms occurring during thesummer
            months. Winter storms, however,. tend@to cover larger areas-and
            last over longer periods of time.


            Stfeamflow
                 The majority-of freshwater inflow to Perdido Bay enters by
            way of five tributary drainage basins - the Perdido River, Styx
            River, Blackwater River, Elevenmile Creek, and@Bayou Marcus,
            Creek. Streamflow, in.the largest of these, the Perdido River,
            has been.monitored by a United States Geological Survey (USGS)
            gauging station at Barrineau Park, Florida, since 1941 (meadows et
            al.,-1988),.. This gauging station is the sole source of long term
            streamflow data'within the Perdido Bay watershed-.. Therefore,
            these data were used to develop a long term profile of freshwater
            inflow to the Bay. This profile, discussed below, provides a
            historical background against which the hydrologic events of the
            study period can be weighed.


                 The flow of fresh water in the Perdido Bay basin is affected
            by factors that exhibit inherently random characteristics within
            somewhat predictable seasonal bounds (e.g., rainfall frequency
            and intensity). Therefore,. in an effort to put the hydrologic
            conditions of the study period into historical perspective, a,
            statistical profile of long-term streamflow patterns was
            developed. This was accomplished through the application of
            statistical analyses commonly used in the analysis of hydrologic
            phenomena.


                 Mean daily discharges of the Perdido River at Barrineau-Park
            for the years 1959 through 1989 were adjusted upward by a factor

                                            12











            of 2.6 to reflect the ratio of the entire five tributary
            watershed to that portion drained by the Perdido River above the
            Barrineau Park gaugingstation. The value of 2.6 was obtained by
            first determining the total drainage area of the five tributary
            basins using standard USGS topographic quadrangle maps and then
            dividing that by the published value for the basin area serving
            the Barrineau Park gauge. The adjustment factor (2.6) should be
            generally adequate, but its uncertainty increases in estimating
            flood peaks. Results of the statistical analyses of the adjusted
            Barrineau Park data are presented below.


                 For the period of record, January 1, 1959 to August 31,
            1989, flows in the 14.2 to 42.5 m3 sec-1 range (Figure 2.3) had
            the highest probability of occurrence, at 29 percent. The median
            flQw of 37.1 m3 sec-1 fell within this range, while the'mean flow
            of 56.2 m3 sec-1 fell slightly above this range. This suggests
            that extreme events have some influence on the mean statistic,
            but their affect on the overall distribution of  flows is
            relatively minor.' Flow rates of 20.1 and 156 m sec-1 were
            calculated to have exceedance  probabilities of 95 and 5 percent,
            respectively (Figure 2.4).


                 A flood-frequency analysis was also performed   to examine the
            distribution of return periods for flows of larger   magnitude
            which can be expected to occur within the Perdido Bay basin. A
            frequency curve for annual peak flows into the upper bay (Figure
            2.5) was developed following the guidelines set forth Bridges
            (1982). A log Pearson Type III distribution function was used to
            fit annual peak flows to a log-probability curve. Flood flow
            recurrence intervals interpolated'from the curve are summa  .rized
            in Table 2.1.



                 The likelihood that a flood of given magnitude will occur
            during any given period of time can be easily obtained from the
            application of standard risk analyses. Applying these types of.
            analyses to the flood values listed in Table 2.1 yields the
            following results:

                                             13









                             Table 2.1. Perdido Bay watershed
                             flood-flow recurrence intervals.

                              Interval (yrs) Flow (m3    sec-1)
                                      1               223
                                      5               856
                                    25               1477
                                    50               1764
                                   100               2066



                  o A 5-year flood of 856 m3 sec-1 has a 89 per cent chance
                        of occurrence during any given 10 year period, and a
                        96 per cent chance of occurrence during any given 15
                        year period.
                  ï¿½ A  25-year flood of 1477 M3 sec-1 has a 34 per    .cent chance
                        of occurrence during any given 10 year period, and a
                        46 per cent.chance of occurrence during any given 15
                        year period.
                  ï¿½ A. 50-year flood of.1764 m3 sec-1 has a 18 per cent chance
                        of occurrence during any given 10 year period, and a
                                                               ring any given 15
                        26 per cent chance of occurrence-du
                        year period.
                  ï¿½ A 100-year flood of 2'066 m3 sec-1 has a 10 per cent
                        chance of occurrence during any given 10 year period,
                        and a 14 per cent chance of occurrence during any
                        given 15 year period.


                  Finally, additional analyses were carried out to evaluate
             seasonal variations in tributary inflows to the bay. To
             accomplish this theadjusted daily mean discharge record was
             divided into four component data sets, each corresponding to a
             season of occurrence (e.g. June - August (Summer), Sept - Nov
             (Fall), Dec - Feb (Winter)*, and March - May (Spring)).
             Probability distribution functions and cumulative probability      of
             exceedance functions were then developed for each seasonal record
             (Figures 2.4 and 2.5).





                                               14








                 During the winter months, flows in the 28.3 to 56.6 m3 sec-  1
            range exhibit the highest frequency of occurrence, 27 percent
            (Figure 2.6). Flows of 25.3 and 161 m3 sec-1 exceedance
            probabilities of 95 and 5 per cent, respectively (Figure 2.7).
            Conditions in the spring months are similar to those of the
            winter months with flows in'the 28.3 to 56.6 m3 sec-1 range again
            occurring with a frequency of 27 percent. However, for this
            season more.variation in streamflow is apparent with 20.7 and 190
            M3 sec-1 representing the 95 and 5 per cent exceedance
            probability values.


                 In contrast to conditions characteristic of   the winter and
            spring seasonsi a marked reduction in streamflow   is apparent
            during the summer months. Here, flows in the 14.2 to 42.5 m3
            sec-1 range occur with the greatest frequencyj 32 percent. The
            corresponding 95 and 5 per cent exceedance probability flows for
            summer were found to be 18.6 and 136 m3 sec-1, resp  ectively.
            While extremely high flow rates do occur during this time of
            year, these events are of infrequent occurrence, and are
            therefore statistical ly insignificant.


                 The smallest streamflows during the four seasons were
            observed during the fall months. During this season flows in the
            14.2 to 28.3 m3 sed-1 range can. be expected to occur 49 percent
            of the time. Flows of 28.3 to 42.5 m3 sec-1 make up another 28
            percent of all occurrences (Figure 2.6). Thus, 77 percent of all
            daily mean discharge rates are less than  42.5 m3 sec-1 during
            this time of the year. The 95 and 5 percent exceedance
            probability values for the fall season are 18.3 and   108 m3 sec-1
            respectively (Figure 2.7).


                 The information presented above provides a perspective for
            the hydrologic conditions experienced during the Interstate
            project. These conditions are discussed in more detail in
            Chapter 3.




                                            15










           .Tides
                Information on tides in Perdido Bay was obtained fromthe
           Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Survoy.and
           Mapping. Mean tidal ranges throughout the bay are surprisingly
           uniform, varying from 0.18 meter in Old River to 0.22 meter at
           Millview, midway along the eastern shore of the Upper Bay. Thus,
           there appears to  be a slight amplification of the tide due to a
           gradual reduction in bay plan area as one proceeds away from
           Perdido Pass. Moreover, any accompanying frictional dampening of
           the tidal wave as it propagates inland appears to be negligible.
           The character of the tide is expected to be similar to the tide
           in Pensacola.Bay, predominantly diurnal during most of the lunar
           cycle and becoming very small at neap.



           LAND USE
                The Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs and
           West Florida Regional Planning Council provided information about
           present and projected land use in the basin. Land use in the
           .Perdido Bay watershed is.predominantly agriculture and
           silv iculture. Although there are two small cities, Bay Minette
           and Atmore, in the upper portion of the watershed, most urban and
           light commercial land use is concentrated on the,lower part of
           the system.


                Most growth in the Perdido Bay drainage area is projected to
           occur in Baldwin County, Alabama and Escambia County, Florida in
           association with increased recreation and toui@ism. Permanent
           population in the Baldwin County portion of the watershed
           adjacent to the bay is projected to increase from 5004 in 1980 to
           9250 by the year 2000, primarily along lower Perdido Bay and
           around Lillian. Additional urban growth is expected in the upper
           watershed around Bay Minette. Population in Escambia County,
           Florida is projected to increase from 269,800 in 1987 to 298,300
           by 1995. Growth is expected to occur southwest of the City of
           Pensacola in the Perdido Bay and Perdido Key area. Population
           growth in both states is expected to result in the construction
           of additional package sewage treatment plants and increased use

                                            16










            of septic tanks. Non-point discharges are also expected to
            increase. However, it is expected that population growth in the
            upper portions of the watershed will be slower and large tracts
            are projected to remain in agriculture and silviculture.


            WATER QUALITY
            Perdido River and Tributaries
                 There are several industrial and municipal wastewater
            treatment-facilities in the Perdido Bay watershed with National
            Pollution Discharge Elimination'System (NPDES) permits. The
            majority of these are small facilities on tributaries to the
            upper reaches of the main streams of the watershed. The Styx,
            Blackwate'r, and Perdido Rivers, do not appear to be adversely
            affected by these discharges. Water quality in the upper Perdido
            River is considered to be very good. Bushy Creek, a tributary to
            the Perdido River, has historically had only fair water quality,
            presumably being affected by the City of Atmore Wastewater
            Treatment Plant (WWTP) and light industry. Water quality has
            shown signs of improvement following an upgrade of the WWTP in
            1984 (ADEM, 1986).


                 Elevenmile Creek, which drains directly into upper Perdido.
            Bay, has historically had poor water quality, due to the
            discharge of pulp mill wastewater by St. Regis Paper Company  and,
            more recently, Champion International Corporation. Eightmile
            Creek, a tributary to Elevenmile Creek, receives urban runoff.
            Bayou Marcus, classified as having fair water quality, also
            drains into upper Perdido Bay and receives discharge from.the
            Avondale WWTP as well as urban runoff (Hand et al., 1988).


            Perdido Bay
                 Water quality in upper Perdido Bay is considered to be poor,
            due primarily to the influence of Elevenmile Creek. The mid-
            portion of the bay down to Inerarity Point is described as having
            fair water quality and may be adversely affected by increased
            runoff from development around the bay (Hand et al., 1988).



                                            17



















               m
                                                                                                       PERDIDO
                                                                                                         RAIER





               (D

                                                                                                                 "Ef
               0                                                                    ALABAIVA


                                                                                              wy- MIDDLE
                                                                                               96


                                                                            SOLDIER            BAY
                                                                  PALMETTO    CREEK
                                                                     CREEK
          Co                                                                                                   FLO
                                                                                    fv#T

                                                                   SPRING                               TARKILN
                                                                    BRANCH                                   BAYOU

                                                                                     MAIN
                                            WOLF                 ROSS                    BAY
                                                                  Pl'.         INERARIrY        a4YOU GARM
                                             BAY           HATCHET                PT.
                                                            pr.                                    SJ9 292     BIG
                                                                 poto  "LOWER               ?_             /i@ @8 /
                       ALABAMA    WEST                        010-   51. 300 BAY            pERIxvo XEY
                        CMAL                                    goo
                                                      PERDIDO PASS       GULF -OF MEXICO                             SCA
                                        d





























                           'Im Im, low 'am Ao M.".



















                                                              PERDIDO
                                                                 RIVER





















                               STYX
                              RIVER




                                                               rill,







                                                                                        ELEVENMILE

                                                                                             CREEK


                                     BLACKWATER
                                                RIVER




                                                                                    BAYOU'


                                                                                      MARCUS





                                                                    ERDI
                                                                    BAY


                                                      GAF OF MEXICO


                 Figure 2.2. G        eneral features of the Perdido Bay watershed.

                                                                  19
















                      r- M          0.30


                      M






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                      oj v
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                                    0.00
                                         0                               100                               200                              300

                         0
                                                            TOTAL   FRESHWATER INFLOW TO UPPER PERDIDO BAY (cubic                  meters   per secon



                                                                                         Mao M 'M








                        1.00

             Fj-M
             @:s
             ttN
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             0



             rt n       0.80
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                   <    0.70
             (D CT C3
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               (D  x
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             to H. ca
             0 F-  '<
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               0


               M   -J   0.30
                   D


               M
               M
                        0.20



               M
               0        0.10


                        0.00
               M
                            0                   100                  200                 300                  400


               rt                           TOTAL FRESHWATER  INFLOW TO UPPER PERDIDO BAY (cubic meters per second)
               M
















                            1-00
                 r-M

                 10 to
                 M
                            0.90


                 M

                            0.80
                   0

                 0 0
                   ty
                   P.       0.70
                   H
                   H. UJ
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                                0         200       400        600       800        iodo      1200       1400       1600


                                                TOTAL FRESHWATER INFLOW TO UPPER PERDIDO BAY (cubic meters pet, sno
                   0















                       0.50

               (D




                       0.40                                                                       LEGEND
             0 M
               0)                                                                           WINTER
             r- (0                                                                          SPRING
             @00                                                                            SUMMER
             (D0                                                                            FALL
               F- W
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             1-010w
             (D tl cc  0.30
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             0 P. W
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               (D

                       0.00
               V                                                              200                      300
               0)          0                        i0o
               Cr
               (D
                                           TOTAL FRESHWATER INFLOW TO UPPER  PERDIDO BAY (cubic meters per second)
















                            i.00


                 (DW

                            0.90

                 0

                 (D (n
                  )


                            0.80
                                                                                                          LEGEND
                 Fj (A
                 @l 0 W                                                                            WINTER
                      U                                                                            SPRING
                      Z<
                 0    C3    0.70                                                                   SUMMER
                      Uj                                                                           FALL
                      Uj
                   0  U
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                            0.00
                   (D           0                   too                  200.                 300                  400

                   0

                                                TOTAL FRESHWATER INFLOW TO UPPER PERDIDO BAY (cubic meters per seco











                   3. HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS DURING PERIOD OF STUDY



          OBJECTIVES
               The Perdido River, its tributary streams, and the various
          other streams entering the bay are the major sources of nutrients
          to the estuary. These streams therefore have a major role in
          determining the chemical composition of Perdido Bay water,and
          sediments and, along with the forces of wind and tide, the
          movement of Perdido Bay estuarine waters.


               The primary objectives of the hydrologic analyses presented
          in this section of the report were to (1) document the ' hydrologic
          conditions which occurred during the study sampling year, (2)
          characterize these conditions in terms of their relationship to
          the long term hydrologic patterns of the system, and (3.) provide
          an empirical basis for later use in the analysis of bay system
          transport processes and water chemistry. In general, the
          hydrologic conditions observed during the sampling year were
          representative of documented long term patterns. A discussion of
          these conditions follows.



          RAINFALL
               Rainfall records were analyzed for the period from July 1,
          1988 until June 30, 1989. This period was chosen for analysis to
          be concurrent with the Perdido Bay hydrographic measurements.
          Total rainfall for the study period recorded at the Carpenter
          Tower (near Bay Minette, Alabama), Champion Internationalls
          Cantonment Mill (Elevenmile Creek basin), and Pensacola Naval Air
          Station (south of the Bayou Marcus basin) gauging stations was
          214, 165, and 196 cm, respectively. These are all greater than
          the 40-year average annual rainfall of 152 cm yr-1 recorded at
          Pensacola.



               During the study period a total of forty-five storm events
          occurred at the rainfall stations in the Perdido Bay area.
          Twenty-two of these storms had a recorded rainfall of less than
          2.5 cm in a 24 hour period. The remaining storms had peak 24

                                          25








           hour rainfalls of between 2.5 and 40 cm being reported at various
           stations. Detailed discussions of these more intense storms are
           provided in the following sections on individual stream
           hydrology.



           STREAMFLOW
                The majority of the freshwater inflow to Perdido Bay enters
           by way of five major tributaries: the Perdido River, Styx River,
           Blackwater River, Elevenmile Creek, and Bayou Marcus Creek. In
           October 1987, the USGS, with funding from Champion International
           Corp., established gauging stations on the Styx.and Blackwater
           Rivers, Elevenmile Creek, and Bayou Marcus Creek. Daily
           streamflow data from  these gauges and the Perdido River gauge at
           Barrineau Park were used to generate storm hydrographs for
           selected rainfall events occurring during the period of July 1,
           1988 throug h June 30, 1989.


           Perdido River
                mean discharge of the Perdido River during the study period
           was 20.6 m3 sec-1. This flow is approximately 94% of the 47 year
           mean value and is well within the expected annual 'range.,


                Hydrographs for the Perdido River are based on rainfall data
           collected at Carpenter Tower near Bay Minette, Alabama and Oak
           Grove Tower located in north central Escambia County, Florida.
           Of the twenty-two storm events*studied, peak 24 hour rainfalls
           ranged from 1.8 to 40 cm.


                Low intensity rainfall events were frequent in the months of
           July and August 1988. These storms were typical for this period,
           short in duration and causing only minimal increases in river
           flow. Rainfall events during the month of September 1988
           produced streamflows typical of long term seasonal patterns.
           Three storms occurred in September in which peak 24 hour
           rainfalls of between 6.4 and 7.6 cm were recorded. Peak
           discharges associated with these events ranged from 63.1   m sec-
           to a seasonal high of 118 m3 sec-1. Peak flows lagged behind the

                                            26










           center of rainfall mass by an average of 31 hours. An average of
           ten days was required for flow to return to a steady base rate
           after each storm. During the months of October 1988 through
           April 1989 rainfall was infrequent with events of 3.8 cm or less
           occurring on an average of every ten days. As in July and August
           of 1988, these events caused only minimal increases in

           streamflow.


                Storm activity intensified during the months of may and June
           1989, culminating on June 8 when 40 cm of rain fell at Carpenter
           Tower in one 24 hour period. The Perdido River's.base flow just
           prior to this event was approximately 10.8 m3 sec-1. An
           instantaneous peak flow of 476 m3 sec-1 occurred on June 9 after
           which a little over six days passed before river flow returned to
           a.steady rate near base flow.. Events of this magnitude or
           greater have occurred on three other occasions since 1980 and
           occur on average every two to five years.


                  The sequence-of events occurring from July 1, 1988 to June
           30, 1989 generally reflects the long term hydrologic patterns of
           the Perdido River. It is assumed that this characterization holds
           true for the four remaining tributaries.


           Styx River
                The mean discharge rate of the Styx River during the study
           period was 15.1 m3 sec-1. Hydrographs for the Styx River were
           based on rainfall data collected at the Carpenter and Molino

           towers.



                Of the twenty-two events for which hydrographs were'
           generated, four had peak 24 hour rainfall values of less than 2.5
           CM. Flow rates of the Styx River were more responsive to events
           having peak rainfalls of less than 3.8 cm when compared to the
           Perdido River. Therefore the low intensity storms of July and
           August 1988, and October 1988 through April 1989, had
           significantly greater effect. Base flow during July and August
           1988 increased from 3.4 to 5.9 m3 sec-1. Storm events during

                                           27







            July brought about peak flow rates averaging 15.8 m3 sec-1. Peak
            flows increased sharply in August averaging 71.2 m3 sec-1, while
            lag times remained fairly consistent with those of the two
            previous months at an average of 36 hours.


                 Four events occurred in September 1988 of 4.2 to 7.6 cm per
            24 hour period with a mean peak flow rate of 71.7 m3 sec-1. Lag
            times averaged 24 hours and periods in excess of five days were
            required to return flow rates to base value.      The short
            duration, high intensity storms occurring in.May and June of 1989
            brought about peak flows averaging 49.3 m3 sec-1 with a mean lag
            time of 54 hours.



            Blackwater River
                 Owing to the close proximity of the two watersheds, the
            Blackwater and Styx rivers are normally affected by    the same
            storm events. However, the Blackwater River, with a mean
            discharge of 4.6 m3 sec-1, drains a somewhat smaller watershed.


                 Peak flows for the months of July through September,      1988
            averaged 22.1 m3 sec-1. Stream flows vari   ed from 1.0 to 58.0 m3
            sec-1. Lag time between the center of rainfall mass-and time of
            peak flow was typically 41 hours with an average of six days
            passing before river flow returned to a steady base rate. Storm
            events occurring in the months of October 1988 through February
            1989 caused only minor fluctuations in the steadily decreasing
            flow rate.



                 A significant increase in storm activity beginning in March
            1989 initiated a trend of increasing stteamflow that continued
            through June. During this period peak 24 hour rainfalls ranged
            from 2.5 to 40 cm. Peak flows typically averaged 20 m3 sec-1
            with lag times of 24 to 48 hours. The storm of June 8, with a
            peak 24 hour rainfall of 40 cm, produced a peak flow of 269 m3
            sec-1 after a lag of 24 hours.



                                             28











           Elevenmile Creek
               Rainfall data from Champion International's Cantonment Mill
           gauging station was used in the development of hydrographs for
           Elevenmile Creek. Records for the study period, July 1, 1988
           through June 30, 1989, indicate that the precipitation pattern
           for the Elevenmile Creek watershed differed significantly from
           the pattern of rainfall in the watersheds of the Perdido, Styx
           and Blackwater Rivers. Seasonal variations in storm frequency
           and intensity were much less distinct in the vicinity of the
           Elevenmile Creek watershed.


                Of the twenty-six  storm events that occurred during the
           study period, ten produced peak 24 hour rainfalls of less than
           2.5 cm. Not surprisingly, these produced minimal increases in
           streamflow. The mean flow rate during this study period was 2.9
           M3 sec-1. Nine storm events produced peak 24 hour rainfalls of
           between 2.5 and 5.1 cm. These storms were typically one to three
           days in duration, and on average produced peak flow rates@of 7.2
           M3 sec-1 with lag times usually 24 hours or less. Return to base
           flow rate conditions in most cases required five to seven days.
           Five events produced peak 24 hour rainfalls of between 5.1 and
           10.2 cm. These storms produced peak flows averaging 14.4 m3
           sec-1 with lag times again 24 hours or less. The time required
           to return to base flow conditions for these events generally
           ranged from eight to fifteen days.


               Two events occurred in June 1989.during which peak 24 hour
           rainfalls of greater than 12.7 cm were recorded. The first of
           these occurred on June 8, and produced a peak 24 hour rainfall of
           16.6 cm with a corresponding peak streamflow of 179 m3 sec-1.
           Seven days after the passage of the center of rainfall mass of
           the first storm, a second event occurred on June 15. This event
           produced a peak 24 hour rainfall of 15.9 cm. Streamflow again
           increased and culminated with a peak of 125 m3 sec-1 after a lag
           of approximately 24 hours.




                                          29









           Bayou Marcus Creek
                Bayou Marcus Creek is the smallest of the five-drainage
           basins discussed thus far. The mean flow.rate for this tributary
           is 1.0 M3 sec-1. Rainfall data from Champion International's
           Cantonment Mill and the Pensacola Naval Air Station monitoring
           stations were used to generate hydrographs for thirty storm
           events that occurred during the study period. Twenty of these
           produced peak 24 hour rainfalls of less than 5.1 cm with a mean
                                   3
           peak flow rate of 1.7 m sec-1. Lag times were typically less
           than 24 hours with return to base flow rate occurring after an
           average of six days. Eight storms with peak 24 hour rainfalls   of
           5.1 to 10.2 cm occurred during the study period. These storms
           produced peak flow rates having a mean value 3.0 m3 sec-1. Lag
           times were slightly higher, typically 30 hours, and return to
           base flow rate required nine days on average.


                During this same period, two storms with peak 24 hour
           rainfalls. in excess of 12.7 cm. occurred. The first occurred in
           August 1988, producing a peak 24 hour rainfall of 12.8 cm.   A
           peak flow of 8.6 m3 sec-1 was reached after a lag time of less
           than 24 hours. The second event began on June 8, 1989 and
           continued through June 9. This event generated a peak 24 hour
                                                                           3
           rainfall of 13.6 cm. Streamflow rate reached a peak of 10.6 m
           sec-1, less than 24 hours after the center of mass of rainfall.
           The time required to return to base flow rate was in excess of
           nine days.

















                                           30












                                 4. SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY



           OBJECTIVES
                Examination of sediments can offer insight into past
           conditions as well as indicating the present "pollution climate"
           because sediments represent a temporally integrated record of
           chemical conditions in an estuary. Many contaminants entering an
           estuary tend to be sequestered in the sediments. The objective
           of the project sediment sampling program was to determine the
           presence of metals, synthetic organic compounds, and nutrients in
           the bay as well as in streams contributing materials to the bay.
           Samples were also taken to determine if recent temporal trends in
           nutrient enrichment were appar ent. For interpretation, these
           results were compared to results of a statewide (Florida) survey
           of natural estuarine sediments.


                in addition to the sediment samples collected for the
           Interstate Project, sediment samples have been collected and
           analyzed for priority pollutants in Elevenmile Creek, Perdido
           River, and Jacks Branch, a tributary.entering the Perdido River
           about 9 km downstream from Barrineau Park. These samples were
           collected as a part of an FDER project to identify priority
           pollutants in the vicinity of known or suspected sources of toxic
           materials. Results from these samples are also discussed in this
           chapter.



           METHODS

           Station Locations and Parameters Measured

                On August 18, 1987, sediment samples were collected from
           seven stations in Perdido Bay, and one each in the Perdido River,
           Elevenmile Creek, Palmetto Creek, and Soldier Creek (Figure 4.1).
           These samples were analyzed for nutrients and metals. on March
           27, 1989, sediments were collected from one station in each of
           the five tributaries at the locations shown in Figure 4.2 and
           analyzed for nutrients, metals, and a variety of organic
           compounds.



                                           31









           Samiple Collection
                The August 1987, sediment samples were collected by divers
           using cellulose-acetate-butyrate core tubes. Diver collection
           ensured the retrieval of undisturbed sediment cores. Replicate
           cores wer e taken at each station and subsamples taken from the
           0 - 2 cm depth interval. Single subsamples were taken from one
           core at each station at 5 - 7, 10 - 12, 15 - 17, and 20 - 22 cm
           depth intervals.


               .The March 1989, sediment samples were collected with a
           stainless steel Ponar grab. The grab samples represented
           surficial sediments to a depth of approximately 5 cm. At   each
           station, triplicate grabs were taken and two were analyzed. The
           third was held in reserve for use in the event of problems.


                All samples were placed in pre-cleaned plastic containers,
           stored on ice, and shipped to the laboratory for processing
           within 24 hours.



           Laboratory Analyses

                Metals. Sediment metal concentrations we're determined   for
           ,nine metals: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,  lead,
           mercury, nickel, and zinc. For all metals except mercury,
           sediment was dried at 800 C, thoroughly mixed, and a 0.3 to  0.5 g
           portion weighed into a 100 ml polytetrafluoroethylene vial. Five
           ml of Ultrex HF and 10 ml concentrated Ultrex HN03 were added,
           the vials capped, and the sample digested by refluxing at 1000 C
           for 48 hours. After digestion, the sample was taken to dryness
           and the residue dissolved in 1 ml concentrated Ultrex HN03 and 9
           ml deionized, double 'distilled water. Total digestion using HF
           is essential for releasing all metals from aluminosilicate
           mineral lattices.. Sediment samples for mercury were first
           digested with H2SO4 and HN03 on a water bath at 600 C and then
           further oxidized with potassium permanganate.


                Aluminum and zinc were analyzed using flame atomic
           absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,

                                           32









            and nickel were analyzed by flameless AAS using a Zeeman furnace.
            Flameless AAS methods were used'for arsenic (hydride) and mercury
            (cold vapor). The AAS methods are described in APHA (1985).


                Duplicate laboratory analyses and spikes were performed on
            10% of all samples. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Estuarine
            Sediment Standard Reference Material 1646 was run with each batch
            of sediment samples. Recovery of metals from the reference
            material ranged from 94 - 105% with relative standard deviations-
            (RSD) of 2 - 7%, most being <5%. The exception was arsenic with
            pproximately 90% recovery and RSD of 8.5%. If-analytical
            results of the Standard Reference Material deviated by more than
            two standard deviations (lab results) from the mean reported by
            NBS, then the analyses of all sediment samples in that batch were
            repeated.


                Nutrients. Total organic carbon (TOC)j   total Kjeldahl
            nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) were determined
            according to methods described in APHA (1985).


                Organics. Chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated
            biphenyls (PCB) were analyzed by Method 608 (40 CFR, Part 136).
            Semi-volatile organics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
            (PAH) were analyzed by Methods 8270 and 8310 (EPA SW 846),
            respectively. The compounds measured and detection limits are
            listed in Appendix C (Table C.1).



            RESULTS

            Metals
                Results of sediment metal analyses are listed in Appendix C
            (Table C.2). The concentrations of seven trace metals (arsenic,
            cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and mercury) were
            compared to the concentration of aluminum as described in Schropp
            et al. (1990) to determine whether Perdido Bay sediments were
            enriched with trace metals. Since the interpretive approach is
            based on analyses of.surficial sediments, only the results from



                                            33








            the 0 - 2 cm depth interval are used for the August 1987 samples.
            Results of these comparisons are shown in Figures 4.3 and 4.4.


                Aluminum concentrations ranged from 5000 to 114000 pp.m.
            Sediments from the tributaries generally contained the lowest
            aluminum concentrations, reflecting the coarser nature of these
            sediments. The finer-grained, silty-clay sediments of Perdido
            Bay contained higher concentrations of aluminum. Concentrations
            of metals at most stations fell within expected natural ranges
            (based on the metal:aluminum, relationships). Exceptions were
            lead in Bayou Marcus and zinc in Elevenmile Creek and Bayou
            Marcus. Lead and zinc enrichment in Bayou Marcus sediments is
            consistent with the urban nature of the watershed in contrast to
            the predominately rural nature of the other four watersheds.
            Zinc enrichment in Elevenmile Creek is perhaps related to paper
            mill operatio ns in the watershed.


                Mercury cannot be evaluated by its relationship to aluminum.
            Nevertheless, in a statewide survey of metals in sediments from
            natural estuarine sites, FDER found that mercury concentra  tions
            did not-exceed 0.21 ppm (FDER, 1988). Mercury concentrations
            from all stations sampled in Perdido Bay, Perdido River, and
            Elevenmile Creek were less than 0.21 ppm, indicating that mercury
            was within natural ranges.


            Nutrients
                Concentrations of TOC, TKN, and TP in Perdido Bay and
            tributary sediments are listed in Appendix C (Table C.3).
            Differences in sediment nutrient concentrations between stations
            appear due primarily to sediment grain size. Stations with the
            greatest nutrient concentrations were those that had the highest
            aluminum concentrations, high aluminum being an indicator of
            fine-grained sediments.


                Sediment nutrient concentrations in Perdido Bay were
            compared to concentrations in-natural sediments throughout
            Florida. Figure 4.5 shows TOC/TKN relationships from four

                                            34










           statewide (Florida) surveys of sediment nutrients in 1986 - 1987,
           and, for comparison, TOC/TKN relationships for Perdido Bay
           surface sediments. Data from Perdido Bay are plotted in the
           bottom of Figure 4.5 with the best fit lines from the April
           June and November - December 1987 statewide data (from the top of
           the figure). TKN/TP relationships are shown similarly in Figure
           4.6. Concentrations of TOC, TKN, and TP in Perdido Bay system
           sediments are relatively high, but are within the range of
           concentrations found in natural sediments throughout Florida.
           TOC/TKN and TKN/TP ratios in Perdido Bay sediments are also
           similar to those of natural sediments. Although not
           statistically rigorous, these comparisons indicate little or no
           deviation from nutrient conditions observed in natural sediments

           of other estuaries.


                TOC/TKN and TKN/TP ratios in cores.from the Perdido Bay
           stations are shown in Figures 4.7 and 4.8. In the upper bay
           (stations PRB-3,4,5) TOC/TKN ratios decrease with depth in the
           sediment column, suggesting that organic carbon inputs have
           increased over time relative to nitrogen in upper bay sediments.
           In the lower bay TOC/TKN ratios generally increase with depth in
           the sediments suggesting a decrease in nitrogen, perhaps lost by
           remineralization and denitrification, which is more consistent
           with natural conditions. TKN/TP ratios show less of a trend with
           depth in the sediments. There are no immediately obvious trends
           in nutrient distribution with depth in the sediment in relation
           to station location.



           Organics
                Organic compounds identified in the tributary sediment
           samples collected in March 1989 are listed in Table 4.1.
           Polychlorinated biphenyls were found in 1@w concentrations in the
           Blackwater and Styx Rivers. No PCBs were detected in any other
           tributary. Higher molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons were
           detected in all streams except the Styx River. Several types of
           PAH@ were found in all five tributaries. Greatest concentrations
           of PAH were found in Bayou Marcus sediments, probably reflecting

                                           35,








            the more urban nature of the Bayou Marcus watershed. One PAH,
            phenanthrene, was found only in the Styx and Blackwater Rivers.



            FDER PRIORITY POLLUTANT SURVEY
                 In June 1989, sediments were collected from 18 stations in
            Elevenmile Creek, Perdido River, and Jacks Branch (Delfino,
            1990). Station locations are listed in Appendix C (Table C'.4).
            These sites were selected because of the potential for sediment
            contamination from the Champion International Corporation mill on
            Elevenmile Creek and Dubose Oil Products facility on Jacks
            Branch. The sediments were analyzed for 83 priority organic
            pollutants. Results are listed in Appendix C (Tables C.5 and
            C.6).
                 In Elevenmile Creek., the only quantified contaminant was the
            PAH phenanthrene at one station. The measured concentration,
            0.05 mg kg-.1, was. at the detection limit for this compound. In
            Jacks Branch and the Perdido River, phenanthrene was present
            above the detection limit at 5 stations, in concentrations
            rang in4 from 0.05 to 0.19 ug kg-1. The stations with highest.
            concentrations were located in drainage ditches from the Dubose
            facility. Another PAH, benzo(a)anthracene was present at the
            detection limit (0.04 ug kg-1) at one station on Jac  ks Branch.
            It should be noted that samples for the priority pollutant
            project were taken shortly after the June 1989 storm which
            probably flushed an unknown amount of sediment from the
            tributaries.



            SUMMARY
                 The sediment chemistry data f rom the Interstate Study
            indicate that, at present, Perdido Bay and its tributaries are
            not seriously contaminated by toxic pollutants. Results of the
            priority pollutant survey and preliminary results from the EPA
            Cooperative Manageme nt Project and Champion-supported studies
            support this conclusion. The tributaries most influenced by
            man's activities do, however, contain small concentrations of
            contaminants in the sediments.



                                             36










                The studies discussed above did not include measurement of
           dioxin, an organic compound associated with pulp mill operations.
           Dioxin measurements are being done by EPA and Champion
           International.




























































                                          37








                Table 4.1. Organic compounds detected in Perdido Bay tributary
                      sediments collected in March,. 1989.

                            Compound            Station       Concentrationa (gg kq-1.)


                Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

                      Aroclor 1254                BWR-1                   7
                                                  STX'-1                  8

                Aliphatic hydrocarbons

                      C24 aliphatics              PRR-4                  86
                                                  BWR-1               235
                                                  EMC-4                  65
                                                  BMC-1               165

                      C25 aliphatics              PRR-4                  88
                                                  PRR-4               205
                                                  EMC-4               130-
                                                  BMC-1               275

                      C26 alipbatics              PRR-4               145
                                                  BWR-I               250
                                                  EMC-4               315
                                                  BMC-1               470

                      C28 aliphatics              PRR-4               1.05
                                                  BWR-1               525
                                                  EMC-4               375
                                                  BMC-1               450

                      C30 aliphatics              PRR-4               170
                                                  BWR-1               750
                                                  EMC-4               245
                                                  BMC-1               550


                Polvnuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

                      Benzo(k)fluoranthene
                                                  PRR-4               150
                                                  STX-1               250-
                                                  BWR-1               150
                                                  EMC-4               180
                                                  BMC-1               495













                                                           38











            Table 4.1. Continued.

                     Compound        Station    Concentration (gg kg-1)


            Polynuclear Aromatic HVdrocarbons   (PAH)

                 Chrysene              PRR-4           320
                                       STX-l           570
                                       BWR-1           415
                                       EMC-4           120
                                       BMC-1           675



                 Fluoranthene          PRR-4            180
                                       STX-l            160
                                       BWR-l             76
                                       EMC-4             69
                                       BMC-.1           315

                 Pyrene                PRR-4            315
                                       STX-l            400
                                       BWR-l            435
                                       EMC-4            140
                                       BMC-l           1050


                 Phenanthrene          STX-I             65
                                       BWR-1             81
            aMean of replicate samples.























                                              39

























                                                                                      PERDIDO
                                                                                       RIVER
                                                                                                          ELEVENMILE
                                                                                                            CREEK
                                                                                PRR-3

                                                                                                   EMC-2


                                                                                              PRB- J            BAYOU MARCUS
                                                                 ALABAIVA                           PRB- 4 0                      1
                                                                                                       PRB- '5


                                                                                   .*PRB-6           BRIDGE
                                                                                                      CREEK
                                            PALMErTO    SOLDIER
                                               CREEK      CREEK
                                                                                             FLORIDA
                                                                         PRB-7


                                             PRB-11        PRB-10                     TARKILN
                                                                                           BAYOU
                                                                      PRB-8

                      WOLF                   ROSS     pRB-9
                                                                                 BAYOU                             >
                                              pr.           INERARITY
                       BAY                                    PT.                    GARCON  BIG
                                                                                              LAGOON


                                                                         pi:11DID0
                                                     GULF- OF MEXICO                                SCAtE X MfLES
                                                                                                      6e!%6il!5iiQ                I
                                                                                                 1     0     1



                  Figure 4.1. Sediment s,amplihg stations [email protected], Perdido
                          River, and Elevenmile Creek, August 1987.










                                                                    40

















                         STYX

                            RIVER



                                         PERDIDO
                                          RIVER

                                                              ELEVENMILE
            BLACKWATER                S@v -  PRR-4               CREEK
                  RIVER


                  NEGRO
                  CREE
                                           BWR-1
                                                        EMC-3



                                                             BUN
                                                                  BAYOU
                                                                    MARCUS
                                            .'Qq.





                                         PERD
                                            IDO
                                         BAY






                                                     SCALE
                              Gu Lf OF MEXICO         2 a

          Figure 1. Sediment sampling stations in tributaries to Perdido
               Bay, March, 1989.













                                          41






















                                                  E


                                            E
               E














                                                    P.. WIN, I


                        (4idd) Wn@IWM,                     (wdd) Aeddo3









               E                                                               E

               E
                                            E
                                                  E
                                                                               E













                                -F.111,17 r

                                     d
                          (Wdd) iu@ju=N                    (Wdl) wnjwcu43


            Figure 4.3.   Arsenic,  cadmium, chromium,   and copper
                  concentrations in Perdido Bay system sediments. Points
                 within the two outer lines are considered to be within the
                  range of natural sediments (Schropp et al., 1990).

                                              42






























                                         E






                         (wdd) IV40IN                                      E
                                                                           C









                                                          (Wdd) oug
              E                          IE

                                         T
              10
                                         n
                                         Z








                          rT-


                         (wdd) pDal


           Figure 4.4. Lead, nickel,   and zinc concentrations in Perdido [email protected]
                system sediments. Points within the two outer lines are
                considered to be within the range of natural sediments
                 (Schropp et al., 1990).

                                            43













                             10000-.

                                                                                                   A

                                                                                                A
                         E                                                           A


                                                                                A

                                                                               A
                         LO
                         :t -                                              1 0  0              0
                         Z    1000-.



                                                                          0
                                                                          0
                                                                                           4AA" SepL          Dec.. 1986
                                                                  0                        Q2020 Jan.       March. 1987
                                                                                           02QAP figril     June. 1987
                         ,2                                                                AAAO NOV.        Der-   1987
                               100-.0
                                                                                               I
                                                                                                   ' '      *i    0
                                       1000                                10000                                   W
                                                         Total Organic Carbon              (mg/kg)






                            10000 7
                                                                                                      Fell  %SpAel
                                                                                                   IOR 93


                                                                                           PW
                                                                                           93.,-'         MI

                         CD
                                                                                                Ir
                         Z' 1000-:





                                                                                       F!cwldc: April  - June, 1987
                                                                                       Fkxidc: blov.   - Dec., 1987
                                                                                       Perdido Ba
                                                                                                    jr. August, 1987,
                               100                                              **A**Tributones: March 1989
                                                                                        I      . I I I., .
                                       1000                                10000
                                                         Total Organic Carbon (mg/kg)


                   Figure 4.5. TOC and TKN concentrations from natural Florida
                             (upper) and Perdido Bay-system (lower) sediments.

                                                                         44







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                                            OT) uIGqSAG AP9 OpTpaad pup (aaddn)
                   PPTaOTa Tvinqpu uioij suoTqpaqu9ouoo dl pup NXI *9*V eanBTa






                                           (6@/bw) UG60JI!N IqDpl;@f>f JDJO.L
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                                  00001                    000 L                   001
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                               Z136L lounr -;.L,4 ffmoc                         0   0
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                                                                    0         v
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                                            0                00   00  0 0
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                                             0o  0       0.0        0
                                           v                     0
                                     VV        0                 0                       0001
                                        0        0   0
                                           4:r














                                            TOC/'TKN                TOC/-rKN               TOC/TKN                 MC/-rKN                 TOCtrKN
                    (D                   0.1     @p             0-1  lp.y.              0-1.1p. V,                I  Ip 2p             a- 11 Ip 2F

                                         5-


                                  E
                                  121  to-                      to-                     10                     10-                     10-                    10



                                       is-                                              Is-                    Is-                     Is-                    16
                                       20]                                              20]                                            2.0]                   20
                    0
                    (A                                          2'01 EMC-2                   PRO-3                    PRS-,C                  PFtB-5
                                       25    PRR-3              25                      25                     25                      25                     25



                    (D
                                                         TOC/TKN                MC/rKN                 MCAM                    TOC/rKN                  Toc/m
                                                         lp 2@O                  1.0  :ko             0  10   2@0                1.0  2.0               1.0
                                                     0-                     D-
                    o





                                              E
                                              Z     10-                    10-                      10-                    10-                     10-
                    U)                        m
                    rt                        L
                    (D                        0
                                                    Is-                    15                       is-                    Is-                     Is-


                    (D
                    Qj                              201                    20-                     20-                     20-                     20-
                    P.

                    (D
                    @3                             25     PRB-7            25J PP13-8              25-   PRB-'9'           25.   PRB-10            25J PRB-11


                    0

                    (D









               (D                     TKN/TP                 TKN/TP                  TKN/TP                 TKN/TP                 TKN/TP
               &                  all  110 ;a           0.G  ip  ko            a-o  Ip   2p                1.0                aI  ip   2p
               ;o


                                  a-                                           5-                                             a-                    3-



                                 Ia-                   Ia-                    Ia-                    Ia-                      Ia-                   Ia-


                                 IS-                   15-                    Is-                    Is-                      is-                   Is-

               rt
               0                 201                   20]                    201                                             20-                   20.
                                 25   PRR-3            25    EMC-2            25     PRB-3           25     PRB-4             2S-1 PRB-5            25@

               (D


                                                                                                                                             TKN/TP
               0                                  TKN/TP                 TKN/TP                 TKN/TP                 TKN/rP
                                                                                                                    11 1,0 2,0,              to
               tcl                           0_1 11,0 2@O                Ip                     IP  2,0           0-                    a-
               51)


                                                                    5-                                            5-


                                        r:
                                        0
               (D                           Ia-                    Ia-                     Ia-                    Ia-                   Ia-


                                                                                                                                        Is-
               (D                           IS-                                            is-                    IS-



                                                                                                                                        20
               (D                           7.0
               rt                                                        PR13-8                 PR13-9            251 PRB-ID            25   PRB- 11
               0                                  PRB-7            25                      26
               0
               @l
               (D
               En













                               5. ESTUARINE HYDROGRAPHY



           OBJECTIVES
                The ability of the-bay to flush waterborne substances
           through its domain is in large part governed by the'residual or
           net movement of water outward across the bay boundaries over a
           specified period of time. This movement is referred to as net
           circulation. The objective of the hydrographic portion of this
           investigation was to develop an understanding of the physical
           processes that govern net circulation. Thus, the hydrographic
           sampling program was designed to document the movement of water,
           the transporting medium for nutrients and solids, between the
           major sub-basins comprising Perdido Bay in such a way that mass
           balances and changes in mass storage for each sub-basin could be
           determined. Once developed, it was hoped that these empirical
           water budgets, in combination with the application of the
           deterministic principles of,estuarine hydrodynamics and
           conservation of mass, could be used as the basis for a simple
           predictive model of the transport and,storage of waterborne
           substances in the bay. These objectives were accomplished as
           described in the following sections.


                In order to examine flushing patterns and transport and fate
           of nutrients in the bay, three types of physical measurements
           were taken to evaluate water movement in the watershed and
           estuarine system. In the watershed, stream discharges were
           measured (by the USGS with funding from Champion International
           Corp.) to estimate the amounts of freshwater and calculate the
           delivery of nutrients to the bay (Chapter 6). In the bay,
           current speed and'direction.were measured to help determine
           volumes of water exchanged between various compartments of the
           bay. Finally, tidal elevat ions in the bay were measured during
           the current measurement periods. This data was used to estimate
           the Gulf's influence on water movement and the exchange-of fresh
           and salt water in the bay.




                                           49.









                Since weather patterns are the major influence, along with
           tides, of water movement in the streams and bay, weather data
           were used not only in interpreting the physical measurements, but
           also were critical in identifying when and how the field program
           would be conducted.



           MEASUPJZMENT METHODS
           Sampling-Strategy
                From examining its configuration it appeared that   the
           Perdido Bay estuarine system-can*be divided into five
           compartments (Figure 5.1). These divisions are formed   by natural
           constrictions in the bay. The first compartment, referred to as
           the Upper Bay, extends from the mouths of the Perdido River and
           Eleven Mile Creek southwest to the constriction in the bay formed
           by Grassy and Double Points.   The next compartment is the Middle
           Bay, whose lower limit can be  defined by a line extending from
           Manuel to DuPont Points. The   Middle Bay is an irregular,
           transitional reach connecting  the more open Upper Bay and Main
           Bay basins. Lower boundaries   of the Main Bay are defined by two
           lines: one from Mill Point to  Inerarity Point and the other south
           across the GICWW from Hatchet  Point. The Lower Bay connects the
           Main Bay to the Gulf of Mexico via Perdido Pass and  extends east
           to the Florida SR 292 bridge where it joins Big Lagoon. The West
           Bay consists of the open water from Hatchet Point westward to the
           narrow entrance of the GICWW's "Alabama Canal".


                The sampling strategy was designed to capture characteristic
           water movements between these compartments under various
           representative conditions of tide, wind, and tributary inflow.
           Based on climatological records, four periods were chosen to be
           representative of typical seasonal conditions (Table 5.1). The
           sampling periods were selected to isolate, as much as possible,
           individual influences of tide, wind, and freshwater inflow. For
           example, the August sampling period was intended to examine the
           influence of maximum tide and maximum freshwater inflow., In
           November and March emphasis was placed on northerly wind
           conditions, while in June primary interest was-focused on the

                                           50









            Table 5.1. Hydrographic sampling periods and target conditions.
            Time                   Tide Range        Wind              Runoff

            March, neap tide         Minimum    maximum, northerly     Medium
            June, neap tide          minimum    Light, southerly       Medium
            August, spring tide      Maximum    Light, southerly       High
            November, neap tide      Minimum    Moderate, northerly    Low





            effects of a southerly wind.


                The first current measurements were conducted June 7 - 9,
            1988. This field exercise was  used to test instruments and
            procedures and to gather preliminary data. Following this,
            current measurements were obtained August 22    25, 1988; November
            3  5, 1.988; February 7 - 9, 1989; and June 9    11, 1989.


                In general, the observed conditions.of tide,-wind, and
            freshwater inflow were in good agreement with the target
            conditions upon which the timing of the field program was based.
            The most notable exceptions to this were the strong southerly
            winds which occurred during the November 1988 campaign, and the
            abnormally high freshwater inflow observed during the June 1989
            campaign. The occurrence of these unexpected conditions was not
            in any way detrimental to the success of the project in  that a
            primary objective of the sampling program was to capture a
            variety of conditions. This was accomplished.


            Station Locations

                Current measurements were made along four transects that
            formed the boundaries of the Upper, Middle, and main Bays (Figure
            5.2). Three stations were established on the boundary between
            the Upper and Middle Bays (transect CT1); three stations on the
            boundary between the Middle and Lower Bays   transect CT2), and
            three stations on the boundary between the Main and Lower Bays
            (transect CT3). One station was located at the boundary of the



                                            51








            Main and West bays (transect CT4). Station locations are listed
            in Table 5.2.




            Table 5.2. Current measurement station locations.
            Transect     Station     LORAN LOPsa           Latitude     Longitude

                  CT1       1     13169. 5   47142.4    30025.32IN      87023-95'W
                  CT1       2     13170.7    47141.5    30025 131N      87023.BOIW
                  CT1       3     13172.4    47140.1    30024.86IN      87023.611W

                  CT2       1     1 3130.4   47126.3    30022.02IN      87027.35'W
                  CT2       2     13133.5    47126.3    30022.00IN      87027.041W
                  CT2       3     13136.2    47126.3    30022.011N      87026.761W

                  CT3       1     13091.7  , 47109.7    30018.58IN      87030.731W
                  CT3       2     13094.5    47110.0    30018.611N      87030.471W
                  CT3       .3    13096.1    47110.1    30018.65IN      87030.311W

                  CT4       1.    13074.6    47108.3    30018.361N      87032.36'W

            aLORAN lines of position (time differences)


            Current Measurements
                  The objective of the current measurement sampling plan was
            to obtain a synoptic-set of current measurements for paired
            transects over a complete tidal cycle. Prior to beginning
            current measurements, moorings were set in place at each station.
            Two boats and field crews were then deployed simultaneously, each
            working on a separate transect. Beginning with Station 1, each
            station on a transect was occupied repeatedly, in sequence, over
            a 24 - 26 hour period. When measurements were concluded on the
            first two transects, the field    crews immediately moved to the
            remaining two transects and collected a similar set of

            measurements over the next 24 - 26 hours.



                  Although the ideal sampling procedure would have deployed a
            minimum of four crews working all four transects simultaneou.31y,
            this was not possible due to the limited availability of
            personnel and equipment. Therefore, it was decided to deploy the
            crews such that the two most complex and least understood basin


                                               52










           boundaries would be sampled simultaneously. These boundaries
           were located at transects CT3 and CT4. Following the completion
           of sampling at these two locations the crews were then deployed
           simultaneously at transects CT1 and CT2. Of these two, transect
           CT1 was considered to be the more important because it best
           defined the lower boundary of the Upper Bay and the seaward
           movement of freshwater.


                Measurements were performed as follows. Upon securing the
           boat to a station mooring, wind and sea conditions were evaluated
           and, if necessary, an additional anchor was deployed to stabilize
           the boat. wind speed and direction were measured using a hand-
           held wind speed indicator and hand-bearing compass. A vertical
           profile of water temperature., salinity, conductivity and
           dissolved oxygen was obtained, with measurements taken at-0.5 m
           intervals on both the downcast and upcast. Instruments and
           procedures were as described in the following chapter on water
           chemistry.


                Current measurements were made with an Endeco Type 923
           current meter or Neil Brown Model DRCM-2 current meter with Model

           CMDT-1 data terminal. Both instruments ere calibrated and
           operated according to their manufacturerw's instructions.
           vertical profiles of current speed and direction were obtained
           beginning 0.5 m below the surface and at 0.5 m intervals to as
           near bottom as possible. At each depth interval, ten replicate
           measurements of current speed and direction were recorded.


           Tide Measurements
                Three tide gauge locations were surveyed in August-1988 and
           referenced to National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD).
           Locations, shown in Figure 5.2, were selected to be as near as
           possible to historic tide gauge locations. Water levels at each
           site were recorded by Leopold & Stevens Type F water level
           recorders. These instruments provided a continuous record of
           water surface elevation at each gauging station for the duration
           of each current measurement period.

                                            53










            DATA REDUCTION
                 The process b@ which Perdido Bay water fluxes were obtained
            and related to climatological conditions at the time the current
            data were taken consisted of four major steps. The first step
            was to de fine the vertical structure of the velocity shear
            profile at each sampling station and to compute the corresponding
            integrated flow over the watercolumn. Next, a similar
            definition of the horizontal distribution of flow across each
            transept was obtained for discrete time intervals during the
            diurnal sampling period. This information was then used in the
            third step of.the analysis to develop time histories of the flow
            across each transect and to obtain the integrated volumetric
            fluxes from these data. Finally, effects of wind, tributary
            inflow, and storage changes in each basin were examined using
            available tide, climatological, and hydrologic data to compute a
            final mass balance for each sub-basin of the bay. A more
            detailed discussion of each major component of the process
            follows.



                 To begin the analytical process, a single value representing
            velocity at each half meter of water depth was obtained by
            averaging the ten magnitude and direction readings observed in
            the field. This was done to eliminate unnecessary biasing of' the
            data by short-term turbulent fluctuations or movement of the
            boat. To accomplish this so that a true vector average was
            obtained, each observed value of current velocity was first
            decomposed into its components normal and parallel to the
            transect. Individual components were then averaged and the
            resultant of the flow vel ocity normal to the transect was
            obtained. These values were then used to define the vertical
            profile of the velocity at each station.


                 Figure 5.3 shows examples of vertical profiles at Stations
            1, 2, and 3 at Transect CT3 taken on August 24, 1988. In this
            figure, the values for velocity at each depth represent-flow
            normal to the transect as described -in the preceding paragra.p
            Each profile represents the local flow characteristics for the

                                            54










           sampling interval at the given.station, where the sampling
           interval is defined by the total time that current is measured at
           the station, from the first reading at the surface to the last
           reading at the bottom. The profile curve used to fit the data
           points was constructed graphically to better capture the
           influences of wind and tidal phase. This was especially useful
           when the data points exhibited significant scatter such that
           several curves could have an equal fit but only-one curve would
           best reflect the prevailing conditions at that time. In all
           cases the velocity approached zero at the bottom as shown.


                The vertical curves were then integr ated over depth by
           determining the area between the plotted curve and the depth axis
           (zero velocity) to obtain values of the depth integrated flow.
           In cases where flow reversal existed between the upper and lower
           portions of the water column, the two layers were integrated.
           independently, and the difference between the two areas was used
           to specify the net flow over depth. If flow reversal was,a
           consistent characteristic of the vertical profiles, the upper and
           lower layers were kept independent throughout the analysis'.
           However, if the flow reversal appeared to be attributable to
           normal vertical variations characteristic of near slack water
           conditions in tidal environments, then the upper and lower layers
           were combined and were not preserved as separate flows.


                The second step in the hydrographic analysis was the
           horizontal integration of flow data across each transect. This
           was accomplished by first plotting the integrated vertical
           profile values at each station across the transect to construct a
           horizontal profile. Such a profile is shown in Figure 5.4 for
           Transect CT3 from the August 24, 1988 sampling period. This
           profile represents the flow characteristics across the transect
           from an aerial perspective. Each plotted point represents the
           depth-integrated flow value obtained from the station vertical
           profiles illustrated in Figure 5.3. As with the vertical
           profiles, a curve was then graphically fitted to the data points.
           Integration of the horizontal profiles was accomplished by

                                           55








            digitizing the areas defined by the flow curve and the,transect
            (zero flow) axis.


                The third step in the analysis was the development of time
            histories of the instantaneous volumetric flow rate across each
            transect. The integration of each horizontal profile as
            described above was assumed to be representative of a single
            volume of the instantaneous flow across the transect. Thus,
            plotting the complete set of these volumes for each.transect
            yielded the@required time history of the flow at that location in
            the bay (see Figure 5.6 for an example of these plots).


                For each individual plot, areas bounded by the curve above
            and below the horizontal axis represent total volumes of water
            crossing the transect in each direction over one complete diurnal
            tidal period. These volumes were obtained by digitizing,each
            flow time history. Subtracting the volume for each direction.
            produced the net volumetric flux across the transect. Having
            calculated the net flux of water across each transect, the final
            step in the-hydrographic analysis was to incorporate these  values
            with the external influences of wind, tide, and tributary inflows
            to arriveat a reasonable mass balance for the bay and each of
            its sub-basins. This  was accomplished by examining changes.in
            basin storage volumes which occurred during each current sampling
            period, and by computing the total freshwater inflow to the
            headwaters of the bay via the Perdido River, Styx River,
            Blackwater River, Bayou Marcus Creek, and Eleverimile Creek.


                Changes  in bay sub-basin storage volumes were computed from
            records of the tide gauges TG1, TG2, and TG3 located at Perdido-
            Pass, the Middle Bay south of Hwy. 98, and the Upper Bay
            respectively (Figure 5.2). The net change in water storage
            within each sub-basin was determined by subtracting the average
            beginning and ending water surface elevations as recorded at TG2
            for the,Main and Middle Bay sub-basin and TG3 for the Upper 3ay
            sub-basin for the time periods,defined by the current sampling



                                            56










           events and multiplying the result by the respective sub-basin
           plan area.


               The computation of tributary inflow values was accomplished
           by. adjusting published USGS stream discharge data to reflect the
           total freshwater drainage into upper Perdido Bay. Mean daily
           stream discharge values recorded at Barrineau Park on the Perdido
           River, at Baldwin County Rd. 87 on the Styx and Blackwater
           Rivers, and at Hwy. 90 on Bayou Marcus and Elevenmile Creeks
           (Figure 5.5) were adjusted upward by a factor representing the
           ratio of the total tributary drainage basin area to the
           corresponding area upstream of the gauge. A 24 hour inflow
           volume was then determined by multiplying the discharge,
           expressed as a volumetric flow rate with units of cubic meters
           per second, by 86,400 seconds (24 hours).



           RESULTS

           June 1988
                The first current sampling was performed between June 7 and
           9, 1988. This time period was chosen to reflect southerly wind
           and medium freshwater runoff conditions representative of early
           summer in the Perdido Bay area, as well as neap tide conditions.
           Although the tide was not field measured for this period, NOS-
           tide tables suggest that tidal ranges were less than the mean
           range characteristic of Perdido Bay (0.18 to 0.21 m),
           corresponding to neap conditions. However, actual wind and
           runoff during the sampling period were slightly different than
           the expected mean June conditions.


                Transects CT1 and CT3 were done concurrently June 7 - 8.
           Transect CT2 was done June 8 - 9, partially overlapping with
           transect CT4 which was done June 9. Wind patterns on the first
           day of sampling were generally light and variable with a few
           hours of stronger winds from the southwest at 10 knots. On the
           second day, June 8, winds became predominantly southwest to west
           at 10 to 14 knots which continued through most of the following
           day. The average diurnal flow entering the Upper Bay sub-basin

                                           57







             during the sampling period was calculated to be 1.4 x 1.06 m3.
             According to the statistical analyses presented in Chapter 2,
             this flow rate has a 98 percent probability of exceedance and       is
            .substantially below the average summer flow rate of 4.3 x 106       m3
             day-1   However, since the objective of the program was to
             analyze a number of differing, rather-than specific, conaiticns,
             the difference between the predicted and observed conditions is
            .not important.


                   The relative impacts of the tide, wind and freshwater
             runoff at each sub-basin boundary are illustrated by the shape of
             the curves in diurnal flow rate histories. These records arE!
             shown in Figures 5.6 through 5.9 for Transects CT1 through CT4,
             respectively.


                  At Transect CT1 in the upper portion of the bay, flow was
             predominantly southerly because of the influence of the
             freshwater runoff entering the Upper Bay sub-basin and the
             absence of predominant winds and strong tides during the sampling
             period. However, strong southwesterly winds can apparently
             reverse the southerly flow created by the' runoff as.shown by the
             flow reversal in Figure 5.6 bet@Ween the hours of 1400 and 1600 on
             June 7 - the only occurrence of a significant southwesterly wind.


                  Further down the bay at Transect CT2 (Figure 5.7), the
             magnitude of the northerly and southerly components of flow
             increased probably as a result of an increase in tidal influence.
             Also the sinusoidal shape and period of the flow curve is typical
             of that produced by a diurnal tide. However, the predominant
             southwesterly winds during the sampling interval for this

             t
              ransect apparently increased the northerly component of flcw.


                  At Transect CT3 (Figure 5.8), which defines the lower
             boundary of the Main Bay (near Perdido Pass), there also existed
             a significant tidal influence as.expected during a period of'
             predominantly light wind. However, short intervals of stronger



                                               58










            wind a ear to have had some impact  as shown by the large
            northerly component of flow and the less than diurnal period.


                Finally, the flow rate curve for Transect CT4 (Figure 5.9)
            demonstrates the dominance of wind over tidal and runoff
            components of flow. As shown in the figure, the predominant
            westerly wind inhibited the full development of westerly flow
            that would be created by the flood stage of the tide and
            apparently increased the easterly component between 1200 and 1400

            hours.



                 Figure 5.10 summarizes the net movement of water through the
            system for the June 1988 sampling period. The magnitude and
            direction of the diurnal net flow (expressed in millions of cubic
            meters) at each transect was determined by temporal integration
            of the flow rate histories. The predominant effect of westerly
            wind over tide and runoff influences at CT4 is shown by the large
            easterly net movement of water. However, in the absence of
            significant wind the net flux at M (4.4 x 106 m3) was created
            by the freshwater inflow entering the Upper Bay sub-basin along
            with a possible decrease in storage to relieve a previous water
            surface setup. The decrease in net fluxes from M to CT2 can
            probably be attributed to the increase of southwesterly wind
            during the CT2 sampling interval which impeded the southerly
            component of flow. The net flux at CT3 did not appear to be
            significantly affected by the wind which was light and variable
            during the sampling interval.  The large difference between the
            net fluxes at CT3 and CT4 could be attributed to the
            significantly different wind patterns characterizing each of the
            sampling intervals of the two transects; otherwise, a large setup
            would have occurred in the main Bay. Water surface setups and
            imbalances in water storage could not be accounted for by changes
            in sub-basin storage because of the lack of tidal data for this
            period.





                                            59









           August 1988
                The August current sampling period was selected to reflect
           the light wind and high freshwater runoff typical of that time of
           year in the area, as well as a spring tidal range. The
           conditions observed during the actual sampling period, August 22
           through 25, 1988, well represented the predicted conditions.
           Transects CT2 and CT4 were sampled concurrently August 22 - 23.
           Transect CT3 was done August 23 - 24 and CT1 on August 24-25.


                The tide,, measured with water surface elevation recorders at
           three locations within the bay, exhibited ran ges of 0,37 to 0,4
           meter. These ranges were approximately twice the mean.range for
           the area. Also as expected, winds were generally light and
           variable with only a few hours of stronger winds (approximately
           10 knots each day usually from.the southwest. The final observed
           condition considered in. the analysis, high freshwater runoff, was
           also cons istent with the predicted condition, Two values for the
           average diurnal freshwater flow entering the Upper Bay sub-basixi
           during the-sampling-period were calculated., One, 6-3 x 106 m.3
           omits an uncharacteristically high discharge of short duration
           which would have only affected the measured flow at Transect CT2.
           The second value, 8.7 x  106 m3, reflects this high discharge.
           These flow rates, 6.3 and 8.7 x 106 m3 day-', have exceedance
           probabilities of 12 and 7 percent, respectively, and are much
           higher than the average summer flow of 4.3 x 106 m3 day-1.


                As shown in the previous discussion of the June data, the
           impacts of the August 1988 tide, wind, and freshwater runoff at
           each transect can be qualitatively determined from the
           characteristics of the flow rate histories'. The dominance of
           tidal influence was particularly noticeable at Transects M,
           CT2, and CT3 as illustrated in Figures 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13,
           respectively. Flow at each of these transects had a definitE@ 24
           hour pattern, consistent with the tide, moving northerly through
           Perdido Bay.for the 1G to 12 hours of flood tide and southerly,
           during a similar interval for.ebb tide. The well-behaved
           directional fluctuations and large magnitude of flow reversal

                                           60:










           were consistent with a spring tide and lack of complicating
           factors (eg. high wind). This behavior was most evident at CT3.
           The exception to the tidal flow described above is illustrated in
           Figure 5.14-for Transect CT4. Here the flow was easterly for all
           but one hour of the sampling interval. This includes the period
           of flood tide between 2200 hours on August 22 and 1000 hours on
           August 23, when a westerly flow might be expected.


               Wind appears to have had little impact on the flow relative
           to tidal influence. Even the unexpected easterly flow during
           flood at Transect CT4 cannot be accounted for by wind, which was
           very light at the time. H owever, freshwater runoff does appear -
           to have influenced the flow as evidenced by the more heavily
           weighted southerly components of flow at CT1, CT2, and CT3. This
           behavior suggests that freshwater runoff was travelling southerly
           through the Upper, Middle, and Main Bay sub-basins, as expected,
           and exiting entirely through the Transect CT3 boundary instead of
           moving westerly through Transect CT4.


                Figure 5.15 summarizes the net movement of water through the
           system during the August'1988 sampling period. Again the diurnal
           net flow (expressed in millions of cubic meters) at each transect
           was determined by temporal integration of the flow rate histories
           in Figures 5.11 through 5.14. For this period the effect of
           freshwater runoff is shown by the large magnitude of net fluxes
           southerly through the sub-basins and but through CT3.' The value
           of the net flux at CT1 (5.0 x 106 m3) very closely matched the
           magnitude of the average diurnal freshwater inflow of 6.6 x 106
           M3 entering the Upper Bay sub-basin during the sampling period
           (without considering the one high discharge discussed above which
           should have passed through the basin before CT1 was sampled).
           The net flux at CT2 (9.1 X 106 m3) was representative of the
           higher freshwater runoff of 8.6 x 106 m3.  I This may be inferred
           for two reasons: First, CT2 was sampled during the period
           immediately following the time that the high upstream discharge
           was measured; and second, the time requ ired for the peak
           discharge to reach the transect was relatively short

                                           61








            (approximately 8 to 12 hours). Also shown in the figure-is the
            large easterly net flux through CT4 as a result of the continuous
            easterly movement of water during the sampling period.


                 The imbalance of the net fluxes entering and leaving the
            basins was partially accounted for by-analyzing the change in
            storage in the system. Using the average setup in water surface
            elevation (at TG2) measured from the tidal record shown in Figure
            5.15, the increase in storage  in the Main and Middle Bay sub-
            basins was determined to be 1.2 and 0.6 x 106 m3, respectively.
            Taken together, these changes represent a 1.3%,in,crease in
            storage volume. The increase in the main Bay storage helped
            balance the high net inflow through CT2 and CT4.


            November 1988
                 The next current sampling was performed between November 3
            5, 1988. The  conditions.represented during this sampling period
            were a strong southerly wind, low freshwater runoff, and a neap
            tidal range.  A predominant north wind, characteristic of
            November, was expected during the sampling interval instead of
            the observed south wind. On the final day, November 5, the wind
            did change to the north, but most of the sampling had been
            completed so the effects were not significantly,revealed in the
            results. Again, as with the June analysis, the difference
            between observed and predicted conditions has little impact on
            this analysis. Both the tidal amplitude and freshwater runoff
            acted as expected. The measured,tide exhibited ranges of zero     to
            0.27 meter. The average range was difficult to determine because
            of the influence of the southerly wind, but was considered to be
           .below Perdido Bay's mean range of 0.18 to 0.21 meter. The other
            observed factor affecting flow characteristics, low freshwatE@r
            runoff, was also consistent with the predicted condition. The
            average diurnal freshwater flow entering the Upper Bay during the
            sampling period was calculated to be 2.2 x 106 m3. This is urell
            below the average fall flow rate of 3.6 x 106 m3 day-', and as
            presented in Chapter 2, it represents the 95 percent probability
            of exceedance value for fall seasonal flow.


                                            62










                Current was measured at three transects during the November
           sampling period, CT1, CT3, and CT4. Transects CT3 and CT4 were
           done concurrently November 3 - 4; CT1 was sampled November 4 - 5.
           Transect CT2 was omitted because of a substanti al shift in wind
           direction from that encountered during the first three days and
           because it was the least important to-the overall analysis. The
           flow rate histories for the three transects are shown in Figures
           5.16 through 5.18 for CT1, CT3, and CT4. respectively. The
           influence of the wind is very noticeable in the flow curves at
           CTl and CT3. At M (Figure 5.16) the    presence of the strong
           south wind created a significant northerly component of flow
           during the first half of the period. However, if light wind and
           neap tide conditions had existed, the freshwater inflow, although
           small, would have dominated the transect flow by forcing it south
           for most or all of the period as seen in the June 1988 results.
           The northerly flow might have been even more significant if the
           winds had not reversed direction during the second half of the
           period. At CT3 (Figure 5.17) the significant northerly component
           of flow is also noticeable as shown by the large area under the
           flow curve in the northerly direction compared to that in the
           southerly direction. However, the relative magnitude of flow was
           much less than was observed under spring tide conditions (August
           analysis). As in the previous two sampling periods (June and
           August), the flow at CT4 was erratic and did not appear to fully
           develop in either direction. There was, however, a significant
           flow to the west which was not observed in the previous two
           sampling periods.


                Figure 5.19 illustrates the diurnal net movement of water
           through the system during the November 1988 sampling period,
           determined from the flow rate histories in Figures 5.16 through
           5.18, as well as the dramatic effect of the wind on the water
           surface elevation. The strong southerly winds during the first
           three days of the tidal record (shown in the upper left corner of
           Figure 5.19) increased the water surface elevation as much as
           0.76 meter and further damped the already low tidal amplitude of
           the neap tide. A result of this setup is shown by the northerly

                                           63








            net flux across CT3.which was not observed in other sampling
            periods. Another probable and unique result of the setup was, the
            westerly net flux through CT4. Although relatively small in
            magnitude, the direction of this flux, like the flux at CT3, was
            not observed in other sampling periods. At CT1 the net flux
            appears to closely reflect the value for freshwater runoff
            entering the Upper Bay sub-basin suggesting that the'runoff had a
            st rong influence on the transect flow. However, the similarity
            might only have been a result of the shift in winds from south    to
            north midway through the sampling interval. If winds had
            remained consistently from the south or if the sampling interval
            was earlier, the northerly component of flow prevalent only in
            the first half of the period probably would have dominated the
            overall period, or the southerly component would have been
            reduced. This would have created a net flux much smaller than
            the freshwater inflow @nd perhaps in the opposite direction.


                The mass balance was determined by summing the net fluxes at
            the sub-basin boundaries, using a convention of positive flow
            inward and negative flow outward. The result was a   5.7 x 106 m3
            net increase in water volume in  the Main and Middle Bays (4.0%
            volume increase), suggesting an   i.ncrease in the internal storage
          .of the system, as expected with   the significant setup obserVE!d.
                                                          he measured fluxes,
            For comparison, and as an internal check on t
            internal storage was quantified from the tidal record. The
            calculated value was 4.9 x 106 m3' which is fairly consistent
            with the mass imbalance determined from the net fluxes.



            February 1989
                 The fourth current'sampling was performed between February
            7-9, 1989. The conditions represented during this sampling
            period were a strong north wind, low freshwater runoff, "and a.
            neap tidal range.   These conditions were consistent with those
            expected except that the freshwater runoff was much lower than
            average. For the three day period winds were constantly,frorrithe
            north ranging on average between 12 and 16 knots. Tidal rances,
            -significantly affected by the wind during the current sampling

                                             64









            period, varied from zero to 0.18 meter and averaged much lower
            than Perdido Bay's mean range of 0.18 to 0.21 meter. The average
            diurnal freshwater runoff for the three day sampling period was
           .computed to be 1.9 x 106 m3. This value was unexpectedly below
            the average winter diurnal flow of 5.5 x 106 m3 and had an
            exceedance probability of slightly greater than 98 percent.
            Therefore, the analysis for this period examines the effect of
            strong north winds on the flow characteristics during minimum
            freshwater runoff and tidal influence.


                Current was measured at all four transects during the
            February sampling period. Transects CT3 and CT4 were measured
            concurrently February 7 - 8. Transects M and CT2 were measured
            concurrently February 8 - 9; CT2, however, was terminated early
            when deteriorating weather conditions made working conditions
            hazardous. The record at CT2 was thus too short to analyze in
            detail.



                The flow rate h istories for the transects are shown in
            Figures 5.20 through 5.23 for CT1 through CT4, respectively. The
            influence of wind is very noticeable in the flow curves at M
            and CT3. This is similar to the case of strong   southerly wind,
            neap tide, and low runoff shown.in the November analysis. At M
            (Figure 5.20) the presence of the strong north wind created a
            southerly flow during all but five hours of the 25 hour sampling
            interval. The short period of northerly flow occurred in
            response to a very small amplitude flood tide. At CT3 (Figure
            5.22) the significant southerly component of flow was also
            noticeable as shown by the large area under the flow curve in
            that direction. The smaller northerly flow occurred during a six
            hour flood tide that was shortened from the-normal 12.4 hours
            because of the impeding north wind.   As in the other sampling
            periods (June, August, and November), the flow at CT4 (Figure
            5.23) was erratic and does not appear to fully develop in either
            direction. There was, however, a somewhat significant flow to
            the west. This could be a result of the similar conditions of
            both the November and February sampling periods: that is, neap

                                            65








           tide, low runoff, and wind perpendicular to the general alignment
           of the channel at CT4.


                Figure 5.24 illustrates the diurnal net movement of water
           through the system during the February 1989 sampling period as
           determined from the flow rate histories in Figures 5.20 through
           5.23 (excluding CT2 which was too short to obtain a meaningful
           net flux). Also, in the upper corner of the figure, the effect
           of the wind.on the  water surface elevation is shown. The skrong
           north winds over the three day period created a significant
           setdown of the water surface elevation, damped the tidal,
           amplitude,  and shortened the flood stage of the tide. This
           setdown was accompanied by a significant southerly net flux
           across CT3 (13.1 x. 106.m3). At the western system interface
           (CT4) the net flux  was very small (0.5 x 106 m3) compared to the
           net fluxes of other sampling periods. Since this net had a
           easterly direction, all of the water leaving the system passed
                     P3. In the upper portion of the bay, the flux through
           through Cr
           CT1 was very large compared to the freshwater inflow entering the
           Upper Bay sub-basin. This was a result of the strong north winds
           forcing water south from the sub-basin and impeding flood stage
           tidal flow moving north into the sub-basin.


                The result of the mass balaftce, summing the net fluxes at
           the sub-basin boundaries, was -6.3 x 106 m3 for the Main and
           Middle Bays. This represents a decrease in the internal storage
           of the system. The internal loss of storage in the Main and
           Middle Bays, quantified-from the tidal record, was 7.5 x 106 :m3
           -(5.2% volume decrease), which adequately accounts for the mass
           imbalance determined by the net f  luxes. A similar analysis
           performed for the Upper Bay sub-basin also showsgood agreement
           between the flux imbalance and the loss in storage in that sub-
           basin. The flux imbalance amounted to -4.0 x 106 m3, and the
           loss of water volume  in the sub-basin, quantified from the tidal
           record, amounted to 4.1 x 106 m3 (14% volume decrease).



                                            66











            -June 1989
                The final current  sampling effort was  performed between June
            9 and 11, 1989 to supplement data obtained  in the June 1988
            sampling campaign.. This additional campaign was warranted
            because of changes made in the sampling strategy after June 1988
            (beginning in August 1988). These included the recording of
            concurrent water elevation (tide)-data at three locations in the
            bay, the extension of the sampling.periods to cover full diurnal
            periods,..and the concurrent sampling of the Lower (Transe*ct CT3)
            and West (Transect CT4) Bay transects.


                As in the June 1988 campaign, the sampling period was chosen
            to reflect southerly wind, medium freshwater runoff, and neap
            tide conditions. Actual wind conditions observed during the
            campaign reveal a variable but mostly southerly wind pattern.
            During the first 12 hours, the wind was from the southwest at 8
            knots. It then turned north at 6 knots for 10 hours, and
            returned back to the south at 5 knots for 12 hours. This was
            followed by a period of calm for 12 hours and southwesterly winds
            at 8 knots for the last 8 hours ofsampling. Freshwater runoff
            was much higher than expected. The normal, or average, daily
            runoff entering the Upper Bay during the summer is about 4.3 x
            106 m3 day-'. However, during and just prior to the sampling
            event, the freshwater inflow ranged from 27.5 to 141.1 x 106 m3
            day-1. As shown in the annual peak flood-flow analysis
            (presented in Chapter 2), these values approximate the 2 year and
            20 year flood events for th e Perdido Bay basin, respectively.
            This high flow-is attributable to a rainfall event on June 8 of
            seven to eight inches determined by averaging the gauge records
            from Molino, Oak Grove, Carpenter Tower, Champion International,
            and the Naval Air Station. This level of intensity is equivalent
            to a 2 - 5 year rainstorm event for this region.


                The significant influence of the high freshwater inflow to
            the bay is evident in the diurnal flow time histories shown in
            Figures 5.25 through 5.28. At Transects CT1, CT2, and CT3,
            representing flows from the Upper to Middle Bay, Middle to main

                                            67








            Bay, and Main to Lower Bay,.respectively, the flow of water Was
            quite large and remained southerly during the entire sampling-
            period. At the Lower Bay interface, Transect CT3, the magnitude
            of the southerly flow averaged about 900 m3 sec-1. It was lcwer
            during periods that would normally be flood tide, such as 12::00
            13:00'hours on June 9 when the flow is about-500 m3 sec-1.
            However, the combination of the southerly wind and the rising
            offshore tide were not of sufficient magnitude to overcome the
            influence of the outward*moving freshwater flow. During the
            previous four sampling campaigns a northerly component of the
            flow always existed during some portion of the sampling interval
            at each of these transects.



                The mean flow rates during the sampling period through the
            Upper and Middle Bays (Transects CT1 and CT2, respectively) were
            slightly lower than those at the Lower Bay interface. At
            Transect CT1, the flow averaged 700 m3 sec-1, peaking at about
            850 m3 sec-1. and tapering off to about 400 m3 sec-1. At Tran.sect
            CT2 the flow also averaged 700 m3 sec-1, and ranged from 900 m3
            sec-1 to 500 m3 sec-1. The drop in flow at the two interfaces
            from 10 :00 - 18:00 hours on June 11 could be attributed to a
            flooding tide, subsiding stormwater runoff, and southerly wind.
            However, the freshwater component of the flow remained domimant
            throughout, forcing the flow south.


                 The characteristics of the flow at Transect CT4 (Figure
            5.28) were significantly different from those of the flows at
            Transects CT1, CT2, and CT3. Both easterly and westerly
            components of flow exist during the sampling period, with peak
            flows'of about 250 m3 sec-1 in each direction.' The flow shifted
            directions every 3   6 hours, unlike that of a typical diurnal
            tide which changes directions every 12 hours. This higher than
            normal frequency pattern of the flow was characteristic of all of
            the other'sampling campaigns at Transect CT4 except August 88
            when the flow remained easterly for the entire sampling period..
            The oscillating flow at Transect CT4, compared to the"
            unidirectional flows at the other transects, was probably due to

                                           68










           another high freshwater inflow entering the Western Bay. The
           Carpenter Tower station, which recorded 39.6 cm of rain on June
           8, is located just west of the Perdido River basin in the
           drainage basin for the Western Bay. Therefore, a similar
           rainfall event most likely occurred to the west of the Perdido
           River basin. Such a large volume'of runoff entering the Western
           Bay from its tributaries could neutralize the hydraulic head
           effects of the freshwater entering the Main Bay, thereby allowing
           the tide and wind to play significant roles in the water movement

           across Transect CT4.


               An interesting characteristic of the vertical current
           velocity profiles at Transect CT4 (not shown) was a reversal in
           the flow direction over the water column during the entire
           sampling period. Near the surface, flow was predominantly to the
           east (18 hours), whereas at greater depths flow was to the west
           (18 hours). During the remaining 6 hours, the surface water
           flowed to the west and the deeper water flowed to the east. This
           produced a continual exchange of water between the Western and
           Main Bays.


               Figure 5.29 illustrates the diurnal net movement of water
           across the four transects, the changes in storage in the Main,
           Middle, and Upper Bays, and the average daily freshwater flow
           entering the Upper Bay during the sampling period. Also shown in
           the figure inset are the tide gauge records for the three gauging
           stations TG1, TG2, and TG3 which were operational throughout the
           sampling period. Note the extremely large southerly movement of
           water from the Perdido River throughout the Upper, Middle and
           Main Bays, and out of the system through the Lower Bay. These
           values were as much as 25 times greater than those calculated
           from the previous four campaigns. The net flow at the Western
           Bay interface (Transect CT4) was similar to those of the other
           campaigns in magnitude. However, the net direction had changed
           from east to west. The reversal in the net flow at Transect CT4
           was also observed during the November 1988 sampling period. The



                                          69







             average net flow through the Upper, Middle, and,Main Bays were,
             260, 160, and 80 percent of-the respective compartment VOlUME!,S.
             Assuming complete mixing, this suggests that the water in thE! bay
             prior to the,storm event was completely or nearly compIetely
             replaced.


                  Although neap,astronomical tidal    var-iations.exi-sted.in the
             system during the campaign as. expected, the. varia,.t-ion in the,
             actual record of the water@surface-eleva-tion wa.s.much*,more
             dramatic. As shown in the,inset in the upper left corner of
             Figure, 5.2.9, a setdown of the mean, water surfa,cet equal to. about
             0.15 meter per day was measured at-.the three tide-gauges- Since
             no significant southerly winds existed prior t,o sampling-, and
             northerly winds- were not prevalent during sampling-,, thiz.. setdown
             can probably be attributed to the post-peak conditIons@of the
             storm hydrograph. For such conditi.ons-,the-water surface@lowered
             in response to a decreasing stormwater discharge-. In the figure,
             the neap astronomical tide is barely visible,dueto the
             overshadowing effects of the stormwaEer di.s@charge..


                  The setdown in the mean water surface of the bay, that
             occurred during this campaign was    similar to that observed during
             the February 1989 campaign. As shown by the tide records in
             Figure 5.29, the water surface elevation.in the Upper, Middle,
             and Main Bays decreased by 0.1 to 0.2 meter during.each day of
             sampling,. This corresponded to storage los-ses of 3.6, 3-2., and
             6.0 x 106 m3 in the Upper, Middle, and Main Bays, respectively,
             for the one day sampling period. These losses-were 13.,. 8, and 7
             percent of the average respective.bay compartment volumes.


                  As shown in Figure 5.29 the calculated system fluxes
             balanced relatively well. In the Main Bay, 83..2. x 106-m3     of
             water exited through the western and lower interfaces-, while 65.0
             x-106.m3 of water entered through the Middle Bay interface. This
             was. accompanied by a setdown in the water surface equivalent to a
             storage loss of 6.0 x 106 m3. summihg these fluxes for the Main
             Bay, yields an imbalance of 12-2 x 106 m3 (16 percent of the

                                               70









           average flow). A simi lar analysis of the middle Bay yields a 2.5
           x 106 m3 imbalance (4 percent of average flow). Performing a
           similar mass balance for the Upper Bay using the freshwater
           inflow is difficult because of the variable magnitude of
           streamflow (27.5 to 141.1 x 106 m3 day-') during the total
           sampling period.


           SUMMARY OF OBSERVED CIRCULATION
                The net circulation patterns within Perdido Bay are
           predominantly influenced by prevailing wind conditions and
           tributary discharges entering the system. Either of these  two
           factors can significantly alter the bay circulation driven by.
           normal tidal variations of the water surface. Generally, without
           the influence of wind and under normal freshwater inflow, net
           flow is southerly from the Upper Bay into the Middle and Main
           Bays. Concurrently, there is a net movement of water from Wolf
           Bay (and probably Mobile Bay) easterly past Hatchet Point
           (Transect CT4) into the Main Bay. From the Main Bay the net
           movement of water is southerly past Inerari ty Point and Mill
           Point (Transect CT3) towards Perdido Pass and, perhaps, Big
           Lagoon. This pattern, attributable to the tidally driven
           components of the flow, is present for spri ng and neap tides as
           well as low and seasonally high freshwater runoff. However,
           steady winds or abnormally high freshwater runoff easily,change
           this general trend. Wind has a dramatic,effect on the volume of
           water in the system, either lowering or elevating the mean water
           surface by 0.15 to 0.3 meter per day. High freshwater discharges
           associated with major rainfall events, such as the one observed
           during the June 1989 sampling period, can completely overshadow
           tidal flow reversals at various locations throughout the bay to
           produce a unidirectional movement of water south from the Upper
           Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.


                Decreases in the mean water surface elevation of the system,
           resulting in large losses of water volume, were an observed
           manifestation of persistent northerly winds. This storage loss
           has a significant impact on the net movement of water through the

                                           71









           system. It also appears to reduce the net eas.terly-flow'from  the
           West Bay to the main Bay past Hatchet Point (Transect CT4). I
                                                                          .n
           the-February 1989 analysis, the net flow past Hatchet Paint wets
           reduced to near zero by the water surface setdown.
           Correspondingly, at the Upper Bay - Middle Bay interface the
           setdown during both-periods significantly increased the magnitude
           of the net flow. Under such conditions the net southerly flow
           from the Upper Bay to the Main Bay is approximately twice the net
           flow that would be established by baseline (no wind) conditions
           and average (normal) freshwater inflow. At the Main Bay's lower
           interface (Inerarity Point), a setdown does not significantly
           change either the magnitude or direction of. the net flow. The
           loss of water in the system accompanied by a typical setdown of
           0.3 meter is 25 million m3). This corresponds to 16 percent of
           the total water volume in the system (160 million m3). Bas'ed on
           the percent occurrence of northerly winds- in the Perdido;Bay
           area, as determined from the 1986 U.S'. Coast Pilot, the changes
           in circulation behavior described above can be expected to occur
           about 142 days per year and usually during the fall and winter%

           months.



               .Southerly winds- also have a dramatic effect on system
           circulation. When such winds prevail for a day or more they
           create a significant setup in the system water surface and an
           associated increase in water storage volume-. Such a setup was
           recorded in the November 1988 campaign in-response to a 10 knot
           south wind. These winds noticeably reduce the southerly movement
           of water from the Upper Bay past Grassy Point (Transect CT1).
           However, these types of wind conditions were never observed to
           have reversed the direction of the net flow at this bay sub-basin

           interface.



                At transects CT3 and CT4 the behavior-of the net flow is
           more complex and less easily attributable to specific factors
           such as tide, wind and freshwater inflow. For a more detailed
           understanding of these effects and the net flow across CT3 and



                                           72










           CT4 the reade r is referred to the discussion of net bay
           circulation presented later in this section.


                Heavy rainfall can also produce tremendous change in the net
           movements of water through Perdido Bay. Moreover, the influence
           of such events has been observed to eliminate the tidal
           associated flow reversals at Transects CT1, CT2, and CT3.
           Dominance of freshwater flow in the Upper Bay is to be expected
           because of the close proximity of the tributary mouths. However,
           the lack of any tidally-driven northerly communication from the
           Lower Bay to the main Bay after high rainfall is somewhat
           surprising. The persistence of this unidirectional flow over an
           entire tidal cycle has a tremendous impact on the net.movement of
           water through the bay, increasing this by an order of magnitude.
           Corresponding impacts at the West Bay interface (Transect CT4)
           are less dramatic, but still significant. Although at this
           location the flow continues to reverse direction over the tidal
           cycle, the net movement of water changes from east to west.


                Given all wind conditions and freshwater inflows examined
           and the results of the circulation analysis, the general flushing
           behavior of the system can be described. Under conditions of
           light and variable winds with low to average freshwater inflow
           the net circulation of the bay generally moves southward from the
           Upper Bay, Middle Bay, and Main Bay to the Lower Bay and Gulf of
           Mexico via Inerarity Point This movement of water is augmented
           by a net easterly flow into the Main Bay from the GICWW at
           Hatchet Point The Upper Bay is flushed into the Middle and Main
           Bays, driven mainly by freshwater discharge, and is the least
           affected (of the three bay compartments) by wind. Although the
           magnitude of flow past Grassy Point at the Upper Bay interface
           can be affected by wind, the direction of the net flow remains
           southerly for all wind conditions examined. This is not the
           case, however, in the Main Bay. Here the presence of either
           northerly or southerly wind conditions, with sustained speeds of
           10 knots or greater persisting for at least 24 hours, create
           significant changes in the magnitude of the net movement of water

                                           73








           through the system, and in some cases the direction of movement.
           During sustained southerly winds, the Main Bay is flushed
           westward into the GICWW at Hatchet Point This flushing is
           augmented by net flows enter'ing from the Lower Bay past Inerarity
           Point and to a lesser extent from the Upper/Middle Bay. During
           sustained northerly winds, the Main Bay is flushed into the Lower
           Bay. Again the flushing is augmented by a net flaW entering the
           Main Bay from the Upper/Middle Bay. However, very little if ZLny
           net flow enters through the GICWW at Hatchet Point   during
           northerly wind conditions.


                As discussed earlier, during periods of abnormally high
           freshwater discharge dramatic increases in the southerly movement
           of water from the Upper Bay to the Gulf of Mexico can be expected
           to occur. Net flows associated with this movement were observed
           during the June 1989 sampling period to be on the order of ten
           times normal.



           ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF NET BAY CIRCULATION
                The analysis of observed current and tide data from the five
           sampling campaigns, discussed in the previous sections, has
           provided a useful understanding of the principal factors whic'.-I
           influence the net circulation of the bay. These factors are
           wind, freshwater inflow, and to a lesser extent tide. In
           addition, the net circulation attributable to these factors has
           been quantified across three sub-basin boundaries for each of the
           five sampling periods. However, effective management of the 'bay
           can be assisted by a predictive capability to describe net ba-
           circulation for any combination of wind, freshwater inflow, and'
           tide. To develop such a capability, the individual components of
           net circulation must be separately identified, and means-must be
           developed.which permit the prediction of individual circulation
           component values from either known or assumed conditions of these
           factors. This section describes the process by which this was
           accomplished.




                                            74










                The circulation computed from the data obtained during the
           five sampling campaigns corresponds to the combined or total net
           circulation attributable to the collective influence of wind,
           freshwater inflow and tide. Therefore, the computed values which
           were obtained are dependent upon the specific conditions, or
           combination of causative factors, that prevailed during that
           particular sampling period.' However, with the knowledge of what
           these conditions were at the time that the data were taken it
           then becomes possible to separate the total net circulation into
           its component elements. The ease with which this is done varies
           significantly between individual components. This is a direct
           result of variations in the inherent physical complexities of the
           causative factors.


                Of the three components of net circulation, wind-driven
           circulation is perhaps the most difficult to predict. It is
           controlled by the duration, speed, and direction of the
           prevailing wind. The remaining components are more easily
           addressed. Circulation attributable to freshwater inflow is
           controlled by the total discharge of the five major streams
           entering the Upper Bay, and can be derived from readily available
           stream gauge data. Tidal circulation within the bay is
           controlled by the magnitude of the astronomic tidal range which
           varies in a regular and predictable manner throughout the lunar
           cycle. However,  the specification of these three circulation
           components across given bay boundaries, such as Transects CT1,
           CT2, and CT3, requires considerable judgement and an
           understanding of the physical processes involved. moreover, as
           will be seen later for the case of freshwater inflow, the
           application.of this judgement sometimes forces the investigator
           to make assumptions which ultimately dictate the method of
           prediction. obviously, with more information on the circulation
           components, judgements are less prone to error.


                Computed values of net circulation derived from the four
           field sampling campaigns performed in August and November 1988,
           and February and June 1989 (Figures 5.15, 5.19, 5.24, and 5.29)

                                          75







                  Table 5.3. Breakdown of net circulation into-components by
                          transect.


                                                          Net circulation components (xIO6 m3 day-)       Net Circulation
                       Transect      sampling Time            Tidal        Freshwater          Wind        (X106 m3 day-1)
                                   8/22  -8/25/88               0            +7.0(S)             0              +7.0(S)
                          CT1      11/3  -11/4/88,              0            +2.9(S)          -2.5(N)           +0.4(S)
                                   11/4  -11/5/88               0            +2.9(S)          -0.6(N)           +2-2(S)
                                    2/8  -2/9/89                0            +2.3(S)          +4.0(S)           +6.3(S)


                                   8/23  -8/24/88             +11.7(s)       +7.0(S)          -1.4(N)         +17.3(S)
                          CT3      11/3  -11/4/88               0             0.0             -6.3(N)           -6.3(N)
                                    2/7  -  2/8/88              0            +2.3(S)          +10.8(S)        +13-I(S)
                                    6/9  -6/10/89               0            +78.4(S)         -O.S(N)         +77-6(S)


                                   8/22  -8/23/88             -11.7(g)        0.0              0.0            -11.7(E)
                          CT4      11/3  -11/4/88               0            +2.9(w)          -0.1(z)           +2.8(W)
                                    2/7  -  2/8/88              0             0.0             -0.5(R)           -0.5(g)
                                    6/9  -6/10/89               0            +5.6(w)           0.0              5.6(W)


                          N - Northerly  or Northeasterly
                          S - Southerly  or Southwesterly
                              Easterly
                              Westerly





                  were used to develop estimates of the various circulation
                  components       . The results of this flow decomposition for Transects
                  CTI, CT3, and CT4 are shown in Table 5.3. Transect CT-2 was not
                  included because of limited data, and its secondary importance.
                  Sampling times shown in the second column                            represent the period
                  for which the net circulation was measured. The reader should

                  note that data for Transect CT1.have not been included for the
                  June 1989 sampling campaign. These data were omitted because of
                  the extremely high degree of variability in recorded freshwater
                  inflow which occurred during the period when data were obtained
                  at this t0;ansect. However, to compensate for this loss, it was
                  possible to identify two independent values for each circulation
                  component at Transect  for the November 1988 sampling
                  campaign. These have been included in the data presented.
                  Values shown in the table contain both a magnitude and direction,
                  and represent the mean for the given diurnal period of
                  observation. Their sum is shown in the last column, and is equal
                  to the net circulation from which they were derived. The methods
                  used to arrive at these values are discussed below.



                                                                      76
 









                Of the three components, the net  circulation attributable to
            freshwater inflow is perhaps the easiest to identify, and to a
            lesser extent, one for which a relatively straightforward means
            of prediction can be developed. The freshwater component of
            circulation is created by the stream discharge entering the Upper
            Bay from the five major streams (discussed in Chapters II and
            III). Therefore, at Transect CT1 the freshwater component of the
            net circulation is equal to the freshwater inflow entering the
            Upper Bay. Moreover, its direction is always southwesterly (down
            the bay) at this location. In the Main Bay the situation becomes
            more complicated. Here the net circulation exits or enters the
            bay through Transects CT3 and CT4. Therefore, the following
            assumptions had to be made about the distribution of this
            component between these two transects:


                 (1)  If the net circulation attributable to  tide and wind is
                      in phase across both Transects CT3 and  CT4 (into or out
                      of the bay at both locations) then the  component of the
                      total net circulation attributable to freshwater inflow
                      is assumed to be apportioned between these two
                      interfaces in accordance with the field measurements.



                 (2)  If the net circulation attributable to tide and wind is
                      directed into the bay across Transect CT3, and out of
                      the bay across Transect CT4, then all of the net
                      circulation attributable to freshwater inflow is
                      assumed to exit the bay across Transect CT4.


                 (3)  If the net circulation attributable to tide and wind is
                      directed out of the bay across Transect CT3, and into
                      the bay across Transect CT4, the all of the net
                      circulation attributable to fresh-water inflow is
                      assumed to exit the bay across Transect CT3.
                 The values presented in Table 5.3 for the freshwater'
            component of the total net circulation were derived using the
            streamflow data.from the sampling campaigns, discussed earlier in

                                            77








           this section, and from the application of these assumptions to
           the-observed data pertaining to net bay circulation. Thus, ii.-I
           this manner we have accomplished two objectives. First, the
           component of the total net circulation attributable to freshwater
           inflow has been identified for each of the sampling campaigns.
           Second, the application of the above stated assumptions in
           combination with specified tributary discharge values constitutes
           a reasonable means of predicting this circulation component
           across all required bay boundaries.


                The wind-driven component of net circulation was next
           determined by subtracting the freshwater circulation components
           discussed above from the observed values of the total net
           circulation. In doing this it is assumed that the tidal-
           contribution to the total net circulation is zero. As will be
           seen later, this is not universally true. However, as we shall
           also see, this does not invalidate the use of this assumption to
           initiate the wind-driven net circulation analysis. In fact,
           through the process of analyzing the wind component, the tidal
           contribution was eventually revealed and subsequently removed to
           produce the true wind-driven component of net circulation.


                The wind-driven circulation component was easily identified
           at Transect M. Here the assumption of a z    ero tidal component
           of circulation is valid for reasons of system equilibrium and.
           conservation of mass. Therefore, the true wind-driven component
           was found by subtracting the freshwater component from the total
           net circulation as shown in Table 5.3.



                For Transects CT3 and CT4 first estimates of the wind-driven-
           circulation component were obtained in a similar manner, i.e. by,
           subtracting the freshwater component from the total net
           circulation across each boundary. To evaluate the validity of
           these estimates, the values were then plotted as functions of the
           mean daily wind stress component acting along the main axis of
           the bay during the period of observation. The rationale for
           proceeding in this manner is f ounded in the basic principles  of

                                           78







           marine physics. The movement of water due to windis directly
           related to the stress created on the water surface. This stress,
           referred to" as wind stress, is proportional.to the square of the
           wind speed and acts in the direction along which the wind is
           blowing. In Perdido Bay the water movement of interest is that
           which acts along the principal axis of the bay. Therefore, the
           magnitude and general direction of the circulation component due
           to wind should be correlated to the square of the prevailing wind
           speed acting along this axis. The main axis of the bay was
           considered to be oriented along a line running 045 - 225 degrees

           true.



                Wind data necessary for these calculations were obtained
           from hourly observations taken at Saufley Field Naval Air
           Station, located one mile northeast of the Upper Bay between
           Bayou Marcus and Eleven mile Creek. These data   were then
           converted to the form of resultant wind vectors that represent
           the average wind magnitude and direction for each sampling period
           listed.in Table 5.3. To calculate wind stress, the resultant
           wind speed was squared and multiplied by the cosine of the angle
           between' the axis of the bay and the direction of the resultant
           wind vector.


                The estimated wind-driven components of the net circulation
           and the computed values of wind stress described above are
           plotted in Figures 5.30 - 5.32 for Transects CT1, CT3, and CT4
           respectively. Let us first examine the results shown in Figure
           5.32. The behavior of the circulation across Transect CT4 in
           response to wind is significant but much different from the other
           two boundaries. In fact, it is evident from this figure that the
           net circulation across this boundary is not appreciably driven by
           wind. Three of the four observed data points lie along the zero
           flow axis, independent of the observed wind stress. The lone
           exception is the data point for August 1988 which is the only
           sampling period which included the effects of spring tide.    The
           three remaining points were obtained during neap tide conditions
           when the tidal circulation was very weak or close to zero.

                                           79









           Therefore, it is-concluded that the net circulation across
           Transect CT4 is a function of dominant tidal forcing and
           freshwater contributions and is not significantly influenced by
           wind. Moreover, this result identifies the magnitude and
           direction of the net spring tidal circulation component across
           both Transects CT3 and CT4, which in and of itself is a
           significant finding. To properly account for this the first
           estimates of the wind-driven circulation components across
           Transects CT3 and CT4 were adjusted downward, and a net outward
           tidal component equal  in magnitude to the tidal component
           revealed in Figure 5.32 was introduced for the August 1988
           sampling campaign at CT3.


                In contrast to the results found at CT4 the  distribution of
           data points at both Transects CT1 and CT3 reveal  a definite
           correlation between wind.stress and the wind-driven circulation
           component. As Figures 5.30 and 5.31 illustrate, northeast winds
           produce circulation d6wn the bay through Transect CT1 and out
           through Transect CT3. Conversely, southwest winds produce
           circulation*into.the bay through Transect CT3 and up the bay
           through Transect CT1. To develop a means to predict.these
           effects exponential curves were then fitted to these data. The
           curves are confined to pass through the origin to meet the
           assumed condition that no wind-induced circulation exists in the
           absence of wind. In addition, the curves are assumed to be
           symmetric about the origin. The primary differences between the
           two figures are evident by the shapes of their respective curves.
           The slope of the curve for Transect CT3 is steeper near the
           origin (light wind), and its asymptotic value of flow, Q , is;
           higher. These differences indicate that the circulation at
           Transect CT3 is more sensitive to wind than is the circulation at
           Transect CT1. The corresponding response at Transect CT3 is much
           stronger, reacting more quickly to light winds and in gefteral
           producing a significantly larger circulation component.


                All that remains now is the development of a means to
           predict the net tidal circulation component across Transect.s CT3

                                            80









            and CT4 during periods when the tide is neither  in a spring.nor a
            neap condition. Remembering that the magnitude   of this component
            was determined to be zero at all times at Transect CT1, and was
            found to vary between a maximum value and zero at Transects CT3
            and CT4, this requirement is needed only at.the latter two
            boundaries. The simplest approach to-achieve this is to assume a
            linear variation in the magnitude of the tidal circulation .
            component between the two observed extremes. Such a variation
            can be described as follows:
                          (observed range - neep range) X 11.7 X 106m3day-' (5.1)
                           (spring range - ne* range)



            where Q(tide) is the, net tidal circulation on a given day, and
            observed range is the astronomic tidal range on the   same day.
            Equation.5.1 applies to both Transects CT3 and CT4. The.
            direction of the circulation is always easterly across Transect
            CT4, and southerly across Transect CT3. Its magnitude is zero
            for neap tide and 11.7 x 106 M3 day-1 for spring tide.


                 The tabulated values presented in Table 5.3 reflect the best
            and final estimates of all  of the computed net circulation
            components as discussed in the preceding paragraphs.    The means
            to predict each of these components have also been presented.
            That is, the net circulation through Perdido Bay can be
            constructed for any given period as described in the following
            example.


                 For a typical summer day with a mean tidal range, each of
            the three components of net circulation can be computed as
            follows. The typical summer wind conditions, as published in the
            1986 Coast Pilot for Pensacola, are southerly at about 8 knots.
            Using the wind-stress vs. wind circulation plots shown in Figures
            5.30 through 5.32, an 8 knot southerly wind produces northerly
            flows of 1.6 x 106 M3 day-' at transect CT1 and 6.3 x 106 m3



                                             81







             day-1 at transect CT3. At CT4, no wind-driven circulation is
             expected.


                  Similarly, the net tidal and freshwater circulation      can also.
             be determined. For this example, a mean tidal range is assumed.
             The net tidal circulation at t:ransects CT3 and CT4 is determined
             from Equation 5.1.. For a mean tidal range, the predicted net
             flow is -southerly at 5.9 x 106 m3 day-' at CT3,- and easterly at
             5.9 x 106 m3 day-' at.CT4. No net tidal circulation exists at.
             transect CT1. Finally, freshwater-circulation is given for
             typical summer conditions by Figure 2.6'. From this figure, the
             most probable freshwater inflow to the Upper Bay during!the
             summer months is 22 m3 sec-1 or 1.9 x 106 m3 day-'. This also
             corresponds to the net freshwater circulation at transect CTI. and
             throughout the Main Bay. At the lower end of the Main Bay its
             movement across transects CT3 and CT4 is distributed according to
             the assumptions presented earlier in this section. This method
             yields flows of +1.8 x 106 m3
                                             day-' (southerly) at CT3 and +0.1
             106 m3 day-1 (westerly) at CT4.


                  The total daily net circulation moving through the bay is
             obtained by summingthe three individual components at each
             transect described above. Thus, in the Upper Bay, 1.9 x 106 m3
             of freshwater enters the bay from the Perdido River and other
             streams, while 0.3 x 106 m3 exits southward to the Main Bay
             through transect CT1. The imbalance of 1.6 x 106 m3 between
             these two values,results in an increase in storage of water in
             the Upper Bay. In the main Bay, a net circulation of 5.8 x 106
             M3 enters from the west through transect CT4. At the same time,
             the 0.3 x 106 m3 exiting from the Upper Bay enters through
             transect CT1, while 1.4 x 106   m3 exits through transect CT3
             towards sea. The imbalance between these three flows results in
             a storage increase of 4.7 x 106 m3 of water in the main 8ay.


                  The above described method for the prediction of ddily
             values of the net movement of water into and through the major
             sub-basins of Perdido Bay constitutes one of three major elements

                                               82










           in the development of a simplified method for the prediction and
           tracking of the transport of waterborne substances through the
           bay system. The remaining two elements required to complete this
           capability are (1) a means to predict the flood and ebb tidal
           exchange volumes that flow in and out of each sub-basin with the
           tide, and (2) a simple analytical method which provides for the
           prediction of changes in substance concentration levels in the
          .bay in response to the net circulation and tidal exchange
           movements. The development of these last two elements has been
           completed and the results verified against observed data. A
           description of this work is available in a companion document,
           Prediction of Water Quality at Perdido Bay, Florida (Taylor et
           al., 1991). Future applications of this methodology should
           provide valuable insight tothe effects of anthropogenic changes
           and varying climatology on the Perdido Bay system, thereby
           providing the community with an effective resource management
           tool. Changes in bay water quality and  system fluxes can now be
           tracked or evaluated for any set of conditions, either short- or
           long-term.






























                                           83



















                   m
                   Ul                                                                                                                     PEI?0100
                                                                                                                                            RIVER






                                                                                                                                                       uppt
                                                                                                               ALABAMA,
                   0


                                                                                                                                                  %

                                                                                                                                    MIDDLE


                                                                                                    SOLDIER                   BAY
                                                                                      PALMETFO         CREEK
                                                                                         CREEK
             00
                                                                                                                                                    FLC
                                                                                                               'WANUEL
                                                                                                                mw



                                                                                        BRANCH                                                   BAYOU

                                                                                                                MAIN
                                                        Wo                            ROSS                        I 13AY
                                                                                       pf.               INERARfTY              BAYOU GARCM
                                                                                 ET
                                                          BAY                 PT.
                                                                                              --LOWER                                               LAGOON
                   0                                                              ,ILL        OtAg BAY
                   @3      ALABAVA           EST                                         51.4 @@                                  KEY
                            CA7@7                  BAY                             ogdj                   - @Y
                                                                                                                MEXICO
                                                                      PEW100 PASS               GL)Lf     OF




     rff I I a                      'low I III                                           m



                                   fill
























                                                                                                    TRANSECr
                                                                                                    CT-1 Tim
                                                                         ALABAMA                           CAME 3
                                                                                                   .3
                                                                                     so


                                                                                  TIOE
      co                                                                            GXVE z
     Ln
                                                                                TRMTUT            FLORIDA
               rt                                                           I    cr-2









                                                            TPANSECr
                                                HAT
                                  WOLF
                                   a&     TRANSE        m/u  j*3

                                                                                  PE W100
                                                                                  'KEr


                                      SAVE
               0
               @3                                                                                         SCAV N RIMS
               w                                           OF    MEXICO
                                                   GUL  F                                                   0     1











                                               STATION 1                                15..10       16:25

                                             .................. .............


                                         Is

                                         is

                                         as





                                                                                       0








                                                                                          U U
                                                                           LUL
                                                                           L
                                         U LU Uj LU LU LI.U.U.LLU.U.U=  .........
                                         Oe 49 44 40 M IME al M 0 A M 1             4 e Z 16 we4nW36,10444085E
                                                 NORTH                VELOCITY (cm/s)                 SOUTH


                                               STATION         2                        16:25        17:00

                                                ................... ......................-        ........          ......






                                         ej                                                          a




                                         33

                                         4A
                                 iL
                                         AS

                                         SA

                                         L
                                         sF
                                         . ................        ...... ........
                                                          90 *4 0 16              ........9.......... LU VtMU MM'36 40 44 48 W
                                         W 40 44 40 36 3e                           4     W 16 Ll 24
                                                                        E@O 4
                                                 NORTH                       CIT    (CM/S)            SMTH



                                                                                          -40        17:50
                                               STATION         3                        17.

                                          ..................................






                                 CX
                                 Ld

                                 LAJ


                                 3:      33
                                         41
                                 CL
                                 W
                                         45





                                         ULL" LU'LU'LL" LU'UJ'LU'Uj "LL"T. T                                 L
                                           ft    . W = ft 04 90 . 2 9 4                 -.L "T' UIP Uj  W11 L.U' WX U 40 44 40 OR
                                                 NORTH                VELOCITY (cm/s)                 SMJTH


                    Figure                 Examples of vertical profiles of                           current       velocity,
                             transect        M. August 24, 1988.


                                                                            86










                                             fo     f 71-50



                                 STA         STA     STA
                                               2




                      .2
              C-)
              Li      .3
                      .4

                      5

                      .6

                      .7

                      .8

                      .9


                      110

                                       500            1000            1500
                                       FROM W        SHORE (METERS)
           IFigure'S.4. Example of horizontal profile of current velocity,
                 transect CT3. August 24, 1988'.
























                                             87
























                                                   PRR-1









                                 S
                                  TYX
                                  TYX
                                   RIVER



                                                 PERDIDO
                                                 RIVER

                  BLACKW           SWR-j                              ELEVENAWLE
                        RAI R                                             CREEK






                                                                         8MC-/

                                                                    BAY

                                                                      MARCUS







                                               PERDID0
                                                BAY


                                    GULF OF M,EX'CO

             Figure 5.5. USGS stream     gauge locations in the   Perdido Bay
                  watershed.







                                                88


                                                                                            LE











                                                                                                     FLOW                  (M3        /SEC.)
                                                                                      NORTH                                                              SOUTH


                                                              (7%       CA          -;h-      W          ru                                            ro        w           -01        cn          a%
                                                              a         a           C>        a          CD         CD                     Ck          C>        C>          C3         0           C3
                                                              CD        CD          c)        CD         CD          C3         C)         Co          CD        a           CD         C)          C)

                                                 08100                                                                                                                                                E3


                                                 10:00                                                                                                                                                E2


                                                 12:00                                                                                                                                                S5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       tj
                                                 14:00                                                                                                                                                svio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       tzi
                                                 16100                                                                                                                                                wSwq             /-a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                 18100                                                                                                                                                                 n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      NE7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       D
                                                 20:00                                                                                                                                                CALM             Z

                                        m
                                                 2200          -                                                                                                                                      CALM


                                        ED       ONO                                                                                                                                                  CALM


                                        0        02:00                                                                                                                                                NE2              m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                 04:00                                                                                                                                                NNE2             tj

                                                 06:00
                                                                                                                                                                                                      N2               z

                                                 08100                                                                                                                                                NNE4             ---j


                                                 10100                                                                                                                                                N7


                                                 12too


                                                 14.00




                                Figure 5.6. Flow history, Transect CT1, June 7                                                                                                          8, 1988.



                                                                                                                               89









                                                                                                       FLOW (M'/SEC,)
                                                                                        NOR       TH                                                       SOUTH


                                                                                      -0.       (1          P0                                           ro        W          -P..        U           0%
                                                               C)         CD          C)        CD          C3         0                     C@          0         Cp         CD          0           CD
                                                               C31        CD          CI        CD          CD         C)         C31        C3          0         Cl                     CD          CD

                                                  1400


                                                  16-.00                                                                                                                                                SW14


                                                  18100                                                                                                                                                 WSWIp-


                                                  20-00                                                                                                                                                 WSWID
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         tz)
                                                  2200         -                                                                                                                                        WSW1I            170


                                                  00100        -                                                                                                                                        W9


                                                  02:00                                                                                                                                                 W10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Z
                                         m
                                                  04,00                                                                                                                                                 W12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Z


                                         E:1      06100                                                                                                                                                 WNW8
                                         c
                                                  08:00                                                       0                                                                                         W10              m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         m
                                                  10:00                                                                                                                                                 WSW15            tj

                                                  12:00                                                                                                                                                 SV.16            z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         D
                                                  1400                                                                                                                                                  W20


                                                  1600                                                                                                                                                  WSW18


                                                  18:00                                                                                                                                                 WSW14

                                                  20:00                                                     1         L



                                  Figure 5.7. Flow history, Transect CT2, June 8                                                                                                         9, 1988.



                                                                                                                                 90










                                                     FLOW         (M'/SEC,)
                                              NORTH                               SOUTH


                                ON    CA     -0-  W     ru                       ro   W     4     Lq     0
                                CI    CD     C3   C3    C3    C3          0      0    C)    CD    0      CD
                                0     CD     CD   CD    CD    C3    a     0      C1   01    CD    CD     C3

                         08100


                         10;00                                                                            E 2


                         12:00                                                                            S5
                                                                                                                   z
                                                                                                                   tj
                         14100                                                                            SW10
                                                                                                                   tj
                         160                                                                              WSW9     @u
                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                   n
                         18100                                                                            NE7


                         20:00                                                                            CALM     Z
                     FrI                                                                                           >
                         22,00                                                                            CALM     z
                                                                                                                   tj
                     0   00100                                                                            CALM


                     0   02:00                                                                            NE2      m
                                                                                                                   m
                         04:00                                                                            NNE2


                         06100                                                                            N 2
                                                                                                                   z


                         08100                                                                            NNE4


                         10100                                                                            N 7


                         12;00                                                                            NE3


                         14:00                                                                            SV12




                 Figure 5.8. Flow history, Transect CT3, June 7                                   8, 1988.



                                                                    91










                                                FLOW      (M3./SEC.)
                                          EAST                          WEST


                             US   Ln   -IS. W     ro   "-b-           ro   W     -01  (A    0
                             cz   C1   CI   CD    C3   C@-       CD   CD'  01    CD   CD    Cp
                             CD   CI   C@   C31   CI   a,   CD   C3   CD   CO    C3   col   CI





                       00100                                                                 V9


                       02,00                                                                 V10


                       MOO                                                                   V12


                       06:00                                                                 VNVS   X
                                                                                                    m

                       08100                         0                                       W10


                       10:00. -                                                              WSW15
                                                                                                    Z
                   m                                                                                .>
                       1200  -                                                               SW16;
                                                                                                    Z

                             0
                   0   14:00                                                                 W20


                       16:00                                                                 VSW18  M
                                                                                                    m
                       18,00                                                                 VSW14  tj


                       20,00                                                                 NE4
                                                                                                    z

                       22:00                                                                 N6


                       24-00                                                                 NNW6









               Figure 5.9. Flow history, Transect CT4,                   JunC-   9, 1988.
                             LO









                                                           92



                   ALI





















                                                                                                           .. ........................
                                     WIND

                                                                                                               . . ......
                                        JUNE 7 - 8 LIGHT AND VARIABLE
                                                                                                              ... .... ........ . .. .. . ...
                                                                                                             ...........
                                        JUNE 8- 9 WEST TO SOUTHWEST
                                                                                                                                                             .. ..... ..
                                                             10 - 14KTS
                                                                                                                                                           ............. ...


                                                                                                                                   ..... ...
                                                                                                                                          ..............   ......... .
                                                                                                                            ....... .... . .
                                                                                                     ...........

                                                                                                               .........
                                                                                                                                      ...........
                                                                                                                                     ..... ...
                         C-4
                                                                                                                                       ..........
                             z
                         @J  (D
                         (D  rt
                                                                                                                                                                            3.4'@C
                                                                     ............... ..........

                                  .... .....                                       ............                   .. ...                                    TG
                                                                                                 .........         . . ...
                                                                                ............

                                                        ..............
                                                         .... .........



                         'o rr
                                                                                                                                                                    . .... .................
                         co P-
                                                                          .................  ....



                                                                                                                                                                                 X
                            F

                                      .................                                 .. .. ......
                                                                      ...........
                            Qj
                                   .. ..... .                   .......
                                                                                                                                                                          @@* .. ........

                                                                                                                                                       .............       . . ...
                                                                ....            ....                                                                    ........
                            (D



                                                                                                                                              ...........
                                                                                                        2.9
                            rr
                                       ...........
                                       ... ........




                                                                             ..........
                                                              ........       ...     ......


                                                                                                    GULF          OF MEXICO










                                   FLOW    (M3 /'SEC'.)
                              NORTH                   SOUTH.

                      0  Ln' -01 W   rol             m  W   -14@ cn
                      C> CI   c@ CD  Cl         C)   cz cn  CD  cn.  CD
                      cnlm    cn CD  m   C)     C@   CD C3          CD

                 18100


                 200                                                 V6


                 2200                                                CALM   -4
                                                                          2:
                 00100                                               NW4  tj
                                                                          tj
                 02.00                                               NW3
                 04:00                                                    F9
                                                                     N2   C-)


                 06:00                                               NNW4 13
              X                                                           Z
              m
                 08:00                                               N4
              -r                                                          Z
              ID 10,00                                               NE3
              c

                 120                                                 S7
                                                                          F9
                                                                          rn
                 1*00                                                SSW7


                 16-00                                 0             SWI0
                                                      0                   Z
                 18100.                                              svio EI


                 200                                                 WG


                 22:00                                                               PW


                 24:00                                1   f   f




           Figur(@ 5.11., Flow history, Tkansect CT1.  August 24    25, 1988.
                                            Lo




                                            94













                                                           FLOW        (M3 /SEC.)
                                                   NOR   TH                           SOUTH


                                      0%    Ln    b.    W     ru                     ro   (i    -N    U      0%
                                      CD    C2          c@    C>   C>                      0    a     CD     CD
                                      CD    0     c@    c@    Ck   c@                      0    CD    0      ca

                               1400                                                                           SSW8


                               16100                                                                          WSWG


                               18100                                                                          WSVIO

                               20,00                                                                          WSV4    tj
                                                                                                                      tj
                               22,00                                                                          WSW4
                                                                                                                      m
                               00,00                                                                          S2


                               0200                            a                                              SW2     E3
                           m
                               040                                                                            CALM
                                                                                                                      z
                            006100                                                                            NNE2    tzi

                            008100                                                                            NE2

                                                                                                                      m
                               10100                                                                          S4      tz@

                               12,00                                                                          SSW8    7@
                                                                                                 0                    z
                               14,00                                                                          SV8
                                                                                                          0-
                               16,00                                                               0       -  SSW8

                               18,00                                                                          WSW9

                               20,00                    11111111111 fill I                            L,    1 SW9




                  Figure 5.12. Flow history, Transect CT2, August 22                                           23, 1988.


                                                                        95












                           FLOW (W/SEC.)
                       NORTH          SOUTH


                ro    CD O@ 4,M    m 46 0%m  C3  rv
                CD C@ CD C3 CDm    C2 C3 CD CD CD 0
                CD CD CD CD C@ C@ CD  C2 CD C2 C) C@ 0

              14-00                             SW8


              16-00                             Me


              18:00                             WSV9
                                                    z
                                                    U
              2000                              SV9
                                                    t:j
              22,00                             SV8'
                                                    m
              00,00                             WSWBn


              02,00                             W6
            X                                       z

              04,00                             WNW7I >
                                                    z
              060                               NNW3 tj

             008100                             NV5
                                                    m
                                                    m
              10,00                             NW8


              12:00                             NW8
                                                    z
              14-00                             WSW14 r I

              16.00                             NE17


              18100                             NNW2


              20:00                             W6






        Figure 5.13. Flow h,istory, Transect CT3, August 23.- 24, 1988.


                                96













                                              FLOW     (M3 /SEC.)
                                         EAST                       WEST


                              0%  Ln   -th,W    r1a               ro   W   4    Ln   0%
                              CD  C2   C)  c@   C>   c@       c@  C)   0   C)   C)   C)
                              c@  C)   0   CD   c@   CD  0    a   10   0   CD   0    0

                        10:00


                        12:00


                        1400                                                          SSW8
                                                                                             z
                        16:00                                                         VSV6   tj

                        18100                                                         vsvlo
                                                                                             m
                        20:00 -                                                       WSW4   C-)
                                                                                             ---i
                        220   -                                                       VSW4   E
                                                                                             z
                     m
                        24:00 -                                                       S2     I*
                     -r                                                                      77
                     D  0200  -                                                       SW2    t:j

                        0400                                                          CALM   -U
                     c:


                                                                                             m
                                                                                             m
                        0600  -                                                       NNE2

                        08100 -                                                       NE2    //-K
                                                                                             z
                        10,00                                                         S4     ID

                        1200  -                                                       SSW8

                        1+00                                                          SW8

                        16,00                                                         SSW8





              Figure 5.14. Flow history, Transect CT4, August 22                       23, 1988.


                                                         97



























                                                                                                                                                                           ..........

                                                                                                                           ..........................                                                                  ...............                                   :%
                                                                        .................   ............................
                                                         >
                                           'Do  (D
                                                                                                                                                                                    ........ .......
                                                                                                                                                                 ...................      :.*
                                                                                                                                                                                            ....... . .....            X"
                                                                                                                                                                                                      AA - .. . I             .....
                                                                                                                                                                                            .:.V. . 0                         .... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                                              . Mi.
                                                               5      ..........                      ......    ........ ....       .... ... ...... ..      X.
                                           rr   Ln       >
                                                                                                                                                                        ...........              .... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .... ......
                                                               0                                                            .....   ..................      % X                                                                    .. ..............
                                           bj                                                                                                                                                       . ..........
                                                         fr                 PERDIDO DAY TIDE                                                                                                            .............. X..
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                           W             w                           TIDE GAUGE   I
                                                                                                  ................................                                                                  ..............                                                  x
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                     X  x   .- *- :::::
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                     TIDE GAUGE   2
                                                                                                                                                                        . .......                       ............
                                                                                                                                                                           X.:   ....                   .............
                                                                                     I TOE GAUGE  3
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                rr             1     18     24       6     12     19    24      6                  24     6     12     to
                                           ul   a                      2                a         '   '              12     to                                                                                                                                  5.0
                                                                  8/2       41            /23           pl'        8/24,                      8/25
                                                                                                     TIME    (HOURS)

                                                                                     ...............            ................. ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                      ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           TG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           TGO                .........
                                           to @l                                                                                                                           . .............
                        00
                                           00   sb
                                           00   @-A                                                             ......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ..... ...........

                                                                                                                                                                                                .... ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ................                            .......... .............
                                                                                     X

                                                                                                                                                                                                   ..........
                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                                          ........ ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ............ ...............
                                                                                                                   ..........................           .....
                                                        ..................  X..
                                                         ...                                .... ....

                                                                                                             ...................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                 . .. .......
                                                                                                                                                                   X
                                                                                                                         .... ......
                                                                                                                        X                     X:
                                                                                                                                             X
                                                                                                                                                                                                STORAGE, MAIN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ....... ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                AND MVXE
                                                                                                                                                                                                SAYS: + 1.8                                                    ........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ...... ...........
                                                         :::::x
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .. ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ...............              ............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ..........
                                                                                                             X
                                                                                                                   X.:
                                                rt
                                                                                            ..............         ............                                 IT3
                                                                                     .....................
                                                                                         ................



                                                                                     X..
                                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ....... ...............
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ........           .................
                                                                                                                                                                                                             X

                                                                                                                                                        GULF                OF             MEXICO














                                                               FLOW        (M3   /SEC.)

                                                      NORTH                               SOUTH


                                       CA     CA   .16   w      ru                       ro  tj     4     Ln     M
                                       C3     c@   CD    0      CD     a          CD     CD  C)     0     M      M
                                       0           0     C3     0      C3   C3    C3     0   C3     C3    0      0

                               08,00


                               10:00


                               12100


                               1+00                                                                               S12


                               1600                                                                               SE13
                                                                       0                                                  M
                               19100                                                                              NE14    C-)

                               20:00                                                                              SE16    M
                                                                                                                          z
                           M
                               2200                                                                               SE18    I>
                           -r                                                                                           ' z
                           0   00,00                                                                              NE38    tj

                               02,00
                                                                                                                  NE12

                               0+00                                                                               NE15    M
                                                                                                                          M
                               0600                                                                               ENE9    tj

                               08,00                                                                              ENDO    2r\-
                                                                                                                          z
                               10,00                                                                              NE16    D

                               1200                                                                               ENE13


                               14--00







                  Figure 5.16. Flow history, Transect M, November 4                                                 5, 1988.


                                                                           99












                                                 FLOW     (M3 /SEC.)

                                           NORTH                      SOUTH


                                a%   0   b.  W    ro                rx)  W    b.  Ln   US
                                CD   a   0   C3   CD   CD       CI  CD   0        'cD  C)
                                C3   CD  4D                C3   CD  c@        0   0    0


                                                                                I---- -----r

                          .10,00                                                        'Sa

                                                                                               F-I
                          12100                                                         se     z               I

                          1400                                                          SSW8


                          1600                                                          SSW7


                          18100                                                         SW9

                      --A
                          '20:00                                                        'SW10  ID
                                                                                               z
                      M   '22100                                                        SW25

                      0   00800
                                                                                               tj
                      cz

                          0200                                                          SES

                          0400                                                          SE3    M
                                                                                               M

                          0600                                                          SE6
                                                               0
                          08,00                                                         NE3    7@
                                                                                               z
                          10,00                                                         SE10

                                                                                               0
                          1200                                                          SE22


                          14:00 L-                                                     -'SEII






                Figure 5.17. Flow history, Transect M, November .3                        4, 1988.



                                                          100












                                                       FLOW       (M 3  /SEC.)
                                                  EAST                             WEST


                                0     Ln    -P,   W     P0                      rx)  W      -0.    0    0
                                C)    c@    c@    c@    CD    C)          CD    CD   C)     C3     ON   C3
                                CD    C3    c@    c@    C5    M     .0    a     CD   C3     M      M    C3


                        08,00
                                                                                                 T-T-
                        10:00                                                                             S8


                        12100                                                                             S8


                        1400                                                                              SS va


                        16:00                                                                             SSV7
                                                                                                                  M
                        18,00                                                                             SW9
                        201,00                                                                            SW10
                    X                                                                                             z
                    M
                        22:00                                                                             SW25    I>

                        00100                                                                             SW10


                        02,00                                     0                                       SE8

                        04:00                                                                             SE3     F9.
                                                                                                                  M
                        06,00                                                                             SE6     tj

                        08,00                                                                             NE3     2@@
                                                                                                                  Z-
                        10:00                                                                             SE10


                        1200                                                                              SE22


                        14,00                                                                             SE11
                                                                  00


















               Figure 5.18. Flow history, Transect CT4, November 3                                        4, 1988.



                                                                  101

























                                           3            . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

                                                       00 BAY 11
                                                  P.ERDIO0 BAY 11                                                      A
                                                                                                                           ... .............     :. ...........
                                                                                                                                     .............. ::::::*.,.
                                           2.5 -TICE GAUGE I                                  .............                                           ..........
                                                        TIDE GAUGE 2
                                                        I IOE GAUGE 3
                             z   m         2
                                                                                                                                           NA

                                       CS
                                           1.5 ............................. .....     ................ .
                                                                                                                 ..............
                                                                                                               ...................


                                           I                ...  .. . ...........................................

                                                                                                                                   . ...............
                                                                                                                                           .............
                                                              .......................................................                                       % ..... %
                                                                                                                                                         X ........ . .
                                                                                                                                 . . .......          .......                   X.....
                                                                                                                                                                ..........
                                 (D        0                                                                                                            ........
                              I  rt             ill  24   6 12     16  24   6 t2 18 24                     .........
                                                                                                6 12
                                              11/2           lf/3               lf/4                11/5                                                 ......                   2.2
                                 a                                   TIME  (HOURS)
                                                    ...........
                                                                                                                                                                   TG
                                           .............
                                      ...........................
                                        . . ... ... ... .. ..                                                                  ......               X.,
                                     X,                                                                                         ......
                                                                                                                                                                                ... ........
                                                                                             X.
                                                                     ...                  ..........................
                tQ                                                        .....                     ...............                      .. ..... .
                                                                                                                                                                                ... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                ............  ...
                                                                                                                                                                                ... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                ... ............
                             00 0)                                                                                                                                              .. ........ ...
                                                                       X.
                             OD I-J                                                                ......                                                             .... . . ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                ..............
                                                                                                                                                                      ...........        .....

                                                                                                                                       ......                         ........... .
                                 F"
                                                                                                      X.         X.I...                .....                                    .... ............
                                                                                                                                                                                .... ............

                                                                                                                                                                                ... .............
                                                                                                                                                                                .... ..........
                                                                         ..............                X
                                                                                                .. ....          . . . .........
                                                                                                                            .........                                           .....  .......
                                              ...........              ..... ..................
                                                                     ..........                                                      STORAGE MAIN
                                                                       .....   ........
                                                                                                                                                                                         X
                                             .......... ....
                                                                              ....... ............                                                                      .....            .....
                                                                                 i:-        X
                                                                                                                                                                       .......... ............
                                                                                                                                     AND MIDDLE                                          .....
                                                                           .....     . .....
                                                                                                                                     BAYS: + 4.9                                         .....
                                                        X


                                                                                                                                                                   ... .......
                                                                                                            6.3
                                                                                                                                                                 . ......       . ... ...... .

                                        .............
                                                                                 2.8
                                       ...................

                                                                                                                                                     ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                .... ... .. ..
                                                         .......................
                                                                                                                                                              .............

                                      ..... ..............

                                 t-h



                                                                                                         GULF           OF MEXICO










                                                                                                    FLOW                  (M3        /SEC.)
                                                                                    NORTH                                                              SOUTH


                                                                                  -0.        W          rv                                          W          W           -01.      (A           0%
                                                           C21         C@p        CD         C=)        CD         CD                    CD         Co         c@         CDI        CD           C>
                                                           CD          C>                    0          C3         c@         Q          C)         c>         C)         Q           a           0
                                               10:00                                                                                                                                                NNE10


                                               12:00                                                                                                                                                N11


                                               14-00                                                                                                                                                N12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        z

                                               16,00                                                                                                                                                N19


                                               18100                                                                                                                                                Nil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0
                                               20,00                                                                                                                                                NIO


                                               22,00                                                                                                                                                NEE                 z


                                               00:00                                                                                                                                                N22
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        tj
                                      D        02:00                                                                                                                                                N16
                                      c
                                               04M                                                                                                                                                  NNW12               Frj
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                               06,00                                                                                                                                                NNE16
                                               08,00                                                                                                                                                N16                 7@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        z
                                                                                                                                                   0                                                                    ED
                                               10:00                                                                                                                                                N20                 --q


                                               12:00                                                                                                                                                N14


                                               14loo                                                                                                                                                N13


                                               16100                                                                                                                                                NIO
                                                                                                                                                0)











                                Figure 5.20. Flow history, Transect M, February 8                                                                                                                     9, 1989.



                                                                                                                              103









                                                      FLOW        (M3'/SE:C,)

                                              NORTH                               SOUTH


                                0%    Ln'    -P.- W,    ro                       ro   W     4%;    Ln    0%
                                CX    CD     C)   C3    C3    CD          CD,    CD   C1    CY,    C31   cm,
                                CD    C3     C3   CD    C2    CD    CD;   CD     CD   CD    CDI    C31   C@

                         10100                                                                            NNE10


                         12-00                                                                            N-11


                         14,00                                                                            N12
                                                                                                                    z

                         16100                                                                            R19
                                                                                                                    tj
                         18100                                                                            Nil       @Q
                                                                                                                    m
                                                                                                                    n
                         20:00                                                                            N10       --i

                                                                                                                    0'
                         22:00                                                                            N22       z


                         00100                                                                            N22
                                                                                                                    tj
                    0    0200                                                                             N16
                    C
                    0    04100                                                                            NNW12     m
                                                                                                                    m
                         06:00                                                                            NNE16     tj

                         08100                                                                            N16
                                                                                                                    z

                         10100                                                                            N@0,      --- I


                         12.00                                                                            N14


                         14:00                                                                            N13


                         16:00                                                                            N10



                  Figure 5...21. Flow history, Transect CT2,. February 8                                  9, 198    9.



                                                                   104











                                                      FLOW        (M3 /SED
                                             NORTH                               SOUTH


                                (IS   Ln    4     W     ro                      ro    W     _PkI         CN
                                CD    CD    CD    c@    C3    C)          CD    C1    C3    cni   CD     CD
                                C)                ca    C3    C)    0     CD                      C)     C)
                         10:00                                                                01          N12

                         12100                                                                            N12


                         14100                                                                            N11
                                                                                                                    z

                         16,00                                                                            NII
                                                                                                                    tj

                         18100                                                                            N8
                                                                                                                    m

                         20,00                                                                            N15       7--1

                                                                                                                    ID
                         22,00                                                                            N10       z
                    m                                                                                               T>
                         00:00                                                                            NW7       z
                    -F                                                                                              tj
                    D    02:00                                                                            NNW9
                    c
                         040                                                                              NNWIO     m
                                                                                                                    m
                         06,00                                                                            N10


                         08,00                                                                            NNW10
                                                                                                                    z

                         10:00                                                                            NNE10


                         12;00                                                                            N11


                         1400                                                                             N12

                         1600                                                                   J         N19



                 Figure 5.22.          Flow history, Transect M, February 7                               8, 1989.


                                                                   105










                                                      FLOV          M3  /SEC,),
                                               EAST                               WEST

                                 I     t     I     I     I

                                 0     Ln   .01-  W     ru                       ru   W     -9!6- cq     cr%
                                 CD    CI   C2    CD    CD    CD          C3     CI   C3    CI    C3     c@
                                 0     C>   (3    a     CD    0     0     m      C>   C3    C>    C3     a
                         10,00                                                                 1     F    Nl@


                         12:00                                                                            N12'


                         14:00                                                                            N11       z
                                                                                                                    tj
                         16,00                                                                            NIt
                                                                                                                    tj
                                                                                                                    F--4
                         18100                                                                            NO        70
                                                                                                                    m

                         20,00                                                                            N15

                     ---I
                         22,00                                                                            N10

                     m
                         00:00                                                                            N.W7      z

                     1:1 02-00                                                                            NNW5


                         MOO                                                                              NNWIG     m
                                                                                                                    m
                         M00                                                                              NIO       tj


                         08,00                                                                            NNW10


                         10-00                                                                            NNE10


                         12-.00                                                                           N11


                         1400                                                                             N  2


                         16100                                   1 1    t    I     I     I     I     I    NIï¿½



                 Figure 5.2.3. Flow history, Transe                     ct CT4,      February 7           81   1989.



                                                                    106




                                                                                                    -low
















                                                                                                                                                    . ................


                                                                         ...........  .............
                                                                                                                                                    ' T.. f-j
                                                                                                                                    ...........
                                                                                                                              ... . . .....
                                                                                                                                                  x-:
                                                  5  .. ... ....                                                                                                               ......
                                                                                                  ..................                                                                                 -x
                                                                                                                                                    . ..... .... . .
                                                                                                                                                -,.** .. ......
                                    ba
                                                                                                                                                    .............
                                                                                                                                                                                                 ....... .

                                                                                                                                                    .........    ... ..
                                                                                                ...............
                                                          PERDIDO Y TIDE
                                                                71
                                                                   IDE
                                                                      GAUGE  I
                                                                                                                                               ......             .. . .                                            u

                                                                        ta
                                                                   BE
                                                                                                                                                                 ...........
                                                                     &A      2                  ......            .......                      ........
                                                                TIDE GAUGE   3                                                   ........
                                    rr                                                                                                                                                           ........
                                                                                                                                              ..........-
                                                                                                                               . . . .......... ...... .

                                                                   6   te    Is  24    6
                                                                      2/7                   12 to 24         6    t2   to
                                                     2/6 +                                                                                   @                                                             453
                                                                                  +         2/6                  2/9
                                                                               TIME  moms)
                                                                                                               ..........                                                                T
                 C)             OD 0)

                                                                                                                                                                                                      ...........

                                    r'r







                                                     .............
                                                     .............
                                                                                                                                                        STORAGE, MAIN
                                           X  ...................                                                                                       AND MIDDLE
                                                     ...........
                                                                                                                                                        BAYSs      -7.5

                                    (D     X. -


                                                                                                           0
                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                              .                                                                                 . .........
                                                     ...........
                                    rr                                                                                                                     @X:
                                                                                                                               13.1
                                                                      ...                   Ali


                                                                                                                        GULF             OF MEXICO,











                                                                    M3 @S'
                                                         FLOW.'.(           EC.)
                                                  NORTH                          sbuf H",


                                                CD   0%
                                      ru  CD
                                      CD  CD    CD   CD
                                      CD  CD
                                                               P  L@
                                 IWO               r-7--r                           I    J,

                                 18,00                                                               S7


                                 20,00                                                               SSW3


                                 2200
                     m
                                 00,00                                                               CALM

                                                                                                              m
                                 0200                                                                CALM

                                 0400                                                                CALM     0
                             M.                                                                               7-
                     c-          06-00                                                               N1       >
                             /-%                                                                              z
                               r
                             0   08,00                                                               CALM
                             c:
                                 10100                                                               CALM     m
                                                                                                              m
                     0
                                 1210D                                                               SSW8


                                 14,00                                                               SW9      z
                                                                                                              0

                                 16,00
                     Q0
                                 18,00
                     00
                     CD
                                 2000
                                                                             a

                                 2200







                 Figure 5.25.          Flow historyi















                                                                                                             FLOW               (M3       /SEC.)
                                                                                               NORTH                                                       SOUTH

                                                                       ro       c@         m         0                    M,                ra         -bl       ON       CD         c@        ro
                                                                       c@       -cD        cnl       CD        CD         -cD               c@         C=p       CD       C='        C)        CD
                                                                       CD       CD         CD        CD        ca         CD                ca                   C3       C>         c@        cm
                                                              16,00


                                                              18,00                                                                                                                                S7

                                        >                     2000                                                                                                                                 SSW3
                                        71
                                        C/)                   22100-                                                                                                                           -S2                 z
                                        m                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                                              00100                                                                                                                                CALM            0
                                        ---1                                                                                                                                                                       55
                                                              02,00                                                                                                                                CALM            m

                                                              04tOG                                                                                                                                CALM            0
                                                     m
                                        c-                    0600                                                                                                                                 N1              >

                                        7r           ED       08100                                                                                                                                CALM
                                                     c
                                        m            /-a
                                                     0        10:00                                                                                                                                CALM            m
                                             t       %-/                                                                                                                                                           m
                                        (D                    12100                                                                                                                                sswa
                                                              14,00        -                                                                                                                                       2K
                                                                                                                                                                                                   SW9             Z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       i
                                                              16100                                                                                                                                SSWB            cn

                                        Q0
                                        00                    19100
                                        (D
                                                              20,00 -
                                                              22,00 r





                               Figure 5.26. Flow history, Transect CT2, June 10                                                                                                           11, 1989.



                                                                                                                            109













                                                                 FLOW       (M3     SEC.)
                                                         NORTH                             SOUTH


                                           ra
                                                CD    co    01           m         ro     b.   (7.  CD     40    ro
                                           CD   c@    c@    c@           c@        Q,     CD
                                           CD               C2           C31                   CD          fm    c@
                                                                                                    01     c@    CD
                                    10100                                                            r-r-T-r-

                                    12,00


                         >          1400                                                                          sswa
                         C/)        1600                                                                                    ZE
                                                                                                                  swi 1     z
                         m                                                                                                  0
                         0          18100                                                                         SSW9
                                    20100                                                                                   X
                                                                                                                  SW9      'M
                                --j                                                                                         0
                                1-422100                                                                                    --1
                                X                                                                                 SW5      -0
                                m                                                                                           z
                                    00100                                                                         WSW3      >
                         C      -r                                                                                          z
                         :7     002100                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                  N4
                                                                                                                            CA
                                    04:00                                                                                   -V               I
                                                                                                                  N4        m
                                                                                                                            m
                                    0600                                                                          N9
                         C-)        08100                                                                                   x
                                                                                                                  N5        z
                                                                                                                            0
                                    10100                                                                                   ---q
                                                                                                                  N6        (A

                         00         12,00                                                                         ESE7

                                    14100


                                    MOO







                    Figure 5.27. Flow history, Transect CT3,                               June 9          10, 1989.



                                                                         110















                                                               FLOW       (M3   /SEC.)
                                                        EAST                              WEST


                                          ON    U    -b6   La    ro                     rlu              Lq     cr%
                                          CD    C@O  c@    (Z)   c@               01    CD    c@   c@    C3     C>
                                          c@    CD   CD    CD    CD    CD   CD    CD    4@         CD    c@     c:O

                                   10,00


                                   12,00

                       >           140                                                                           SSWB
                       z
                       cf)         16,00                                                                         ï¿½W11     Z:
                       m                                                                                                  0
                                   18100                                                                         SSW9     0

                       4@1         20100                                                                         SW9      m

                                   22100                                                                         SW5
                               X                                                                                          z
                               m
                                   00,00                                            0                            WSM      >
                       7-      7-                                                                                         z
                       m       E-3 0200   -                                                                      N4       0
                               cz                                                                                         U)
                       CD      70  04100  -                                                                      N4       -70
                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                       0
                       0           06,00  -                                                                      Ng

                                   08100  -                                                                      N5       z
                       QO                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                          ---i
                       00          10,00                                                                         N6       (A

                                   12,00  -                                                                      ESE7

                                   14,00


                                   16100
                                                                                   10

                                                                                      10





























                  FigUre 5.28. Flow history, Transect CT4, June'9                                        10, 1989.



                                                                       1

























                                                         3                                                                                                                                                                                    .............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ......            ............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    x .
                                                                                                                  PEW100 BAY TIOE
                                                                .........................   ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                         .......... .
                                                                                                                         TIDE GAUGE I
                                                   3     2,5-                                        ....

                                                   z                                                                     TIDE GAUGE   2
                                                                                                                                                ...................                                      ..... ..
                                                         2              ..............      ................... -----7 DE GAUGE       3                                                                                           N
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                                                                           ..................
                                            (D
                                                                                                  ..........................  ..........                     . . ...................
                                                                                                                                                                        ....................
                                                         1.5 -
                                                                                                                                                                                 ::X
                                         r_: ul
                                         X
                                                                                                                                                             ARIA
                                                                                                                                                                                               ...........
                                                                                                                                                                         .. ...................
                                         (D W                           .... .............  .. ...... ..     ... . ............. .. ....
                                         03 to
                                                                                                                                                  ,x.                                           .............
                                                              .....  ......   ............  .................                                                                                                                        . ..... .
                                                         .5                                                  ........                                                              .......
                                         C4                                                                                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           X
                                                                                                                                                 X                                                                                  . .....
                                         @J (D             12 16        24    5     t2 IS 24           6     12 IS 24
                                         .(D rr              6/9        IF          6/10         IF        6/it                    6/12                                                                                                     59.3
                                                                           ----------       -T IKE   OuFtsl                                                                     ........
                                         0  @l     ...................
                                                                                       .............                                                                                                                                                        X
                                                                                                                    ........ ..                           .......................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           TG.
                                                                                            ...........
                                                                                            ...........                                                                                                                                ... .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                           SMRAG
                                                                                            ...........                                                                                                                 E
                                                                                                                                                                                      ......               MIDDLE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                                              ......... ..                                                                                    ... ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                          BAY:-3.2


                                                                                                                                ..                                                                                                            ............


                                         00 ol                                                                                                         ... ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ............
                                                                                                                                                                                                 65.0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  . .. ...........
                                                                                                                                                               STORAGE,WAIN.
                                                                                                                                                               SAY: -6.0





                                                                                                                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ............
                                                                           .................
                                                                         .....................                                                      77.6                                              ...
                                            c t                                                                                                                                                                                           ...............


                                                                                                                                                                                                    .. .. ... ...


                                                                                                               ...........                                                                                         ........
                                                                                                                                                   X. -






























                                                                                                                                              GULF               OF           MEXICO




























                                          19  -
                                          26  -                 Observed
                                          14  -                             :&:t:o :P
                                      0>  12
                                      *a  10
                                      0


                                  0                                                                                                                         FED
                                  V       4
                                      100 2
                                                                                                    AUC
                                  ,6                                                   NO
                                      0
                                      V)                                                 @,Ov                                          CURVE EQUAMON'
                                  X       -4
                                  1.-,0
                                  CY  IC -6                                                                                                   e'4 "'cos 01) Om
                                      0-
                                      +1 8                                                                                       Whorr. k- 0.015SI/M2
                                                                                                                                    Q.F i0xiew/day
                                      FT-2                                                                                V= Resultant wind speed (m/seq)
                                          -it                                                                               O=Angle between Say axis and
                                          -16                                                                                       resultant wind vector
                                              F                                                                                                                    _Lj
                                           -40 -36 -32 -M -24 -20 -16 -12 -6 -4                           0     4      8    12    16    20     24    28 32       36 40
                                                                                               VCOS 9 W/V)
                                                                                         (Northeast winds are posiftirve)













                         Figure 5.30. Plot of wind-driven net circulation as a function
                                     of wind stress along the axis of Perdido Bay at Transect
                                     M.
















                                                                                                  113





















                                          Observed data points
                            14



                                                                                                    FEB


                         CL
                         .0 4
                       INI  2

                         (n                                  A"W
                         0                                                           CURVE EQUAMCM:
                          -4
                      CY 0 -6                              NDV                   Q =ï¿½(1   0 "'cos
                         3C -8                                                   Where: k- 0.05 g2/M2
                                                                                    Qi:= 114406rns/day
                                                                             V=  Resultant wind speed (M/Sec)
                                                                              O=Angle between Bay axis end
                                                                                   resultant wind vector

                                        -L   j                                       I I I I I I I " 1 1
                            -40 -36 -32 -M -24 -20 -16 -12 -0 -4   0   4   8   12 26  20  24  29 32   36 40
                                                             V'COS   (rr?/e)
                                                        (Northeast winds are positive)













                 Figure 5.31. Plot of wind-driven net circulation as a function
                         of wind stress along the axis of Perdido Bay at Transect
                         M.
                                     @@16 NI>V






                                                              114































                    14 -
                    19 -            Obswved daW :pdn:tm]

                    4
                    2                                                                             FED
                    0                                        JUN
                '6  _e                             Z
                ,4  fy
                X   -4
                (31  1-6
                    -9
                    -10-                                  AUC
                    -12-
                    -14-
                    -16



                      -40 -36 -32 -@W -24 -0 -16 -12 -6 -4         4    0  2   16   20  24 80 32 36-    40
                                                        V"COB 0 (elea)
                                                   (Northead wh4a are poettl")












              Figure 5    .32. Plot of wind-driven net-circulation as a function
                      of wind stress along the axis of Perdido Bay at Transect
                      CT4.

















                                                           115












                                  6. WATER CHEMISTRY



           OBJECTIVES
                water quality in an estuary is the result of a complex
           interplay of factors including water movement, nutrient delivery,
           and in situ biological and chemical processes. The goal of the
           water chemistry part of the Interstate Proje ct was to describe
           basic chemical conditions in Perdido Bay and its tributaries,
           based on an annual budget of nutrients and suspended sol 'ids and
           their distribution in the Perdido Bay system, and salinity and
           dissolved oxygen distribution in the bay. This included an
           evaluation of removal or retention of materials in the system and
           processes affecting the chemical behavior-of nutrients entering
           the system.


                To meet this goal the water chemistry sampling program was
           designed to address three objectives:
                     1) to describe the transport of nutrients and suspended
                          solids by the major freshwater' sources to Perdido
                          Bay during typical seasonal conditions and during
                          high flow events,
                     2) to evaluate the general movement (including
                          transport, removal and addition) of these
                          materials in Perdido Bay, and
                     3) to determine the.seasonal variations in dissolved
                          oxygen in the Bay and elucidate the causes for
                          observed periodic hypoxia.


                The study team selected a mass balance approach to interpret
           conditions in Perdido Bay. This approach was used to evaluate
           nutrients and dissolved oxygen employing a simple box models for
           evaluating net movement of water and nutrients through the bay.
           This approach is best suited for understanding longer term, broad
           scale processes. It was chosen because of the lack of historical
           data for Perdido Bay and the level of funding and manpower
           available for this project. This approach is simple in concept,
           rapid to develop, and practical for establi'shing useful goals

                                           117








           which allow identification of specific data collection
           objectives. The approach used represented the best compromise
          .between conducting an affordable system-wide eff ort and
           establishing technically sound management foundations.



           SA14PLING METHODS

           Stratecry
                Water samples were collected approximately monthly from five
           tributaries to Perdido Bay (Perdido River, Blackwater River, Styx
           River, Elevenmile Creek, and Bayou Marcus) and from ten stations
           in the estuary. Tributary samples were collected on one,day,
           followed a day later by the estuarine samples. To obtain a
           better estimate of movement of materials during high flow
           conditions, water samples were also collected during and,after
           two storms. Storm event samples were collected from the
           tributaries during rising, peak, and falling periods of storm
           hydrographs.


           Station Locations
                Samples from the five tributaries were collected at the USGS
           streamflow gaging sites (Figure 5.5) so that water chemistry data
           could be used in conjunction with streamflow information to
           calculate nutrient-discharge rating curves. Tributary water
           quality and streamflow station locations are identified in Table

           6.1.



                Four stations in Perdido Bay were located at fixed
           positions. one fixed  station (PRB-1) was located near the mouth
           of the bay off Ross Point and served as'a high salinity 6nd
           member. Another fixed  station (PRB-5) was located mid-bay just
           above the Highway 98 bridge. Two fixed stations were loc'ated
           within tidally influenced tributaries to the main bay, one ii.'I
           Soldier Creek (SDC-1) and the other (PMC-1) near the conflue:.-ice
           of Palmetto Creek and Spring Branch.


                Six stations were placed along the surface salinity gradient
           at the time of sampling. This approach allowed interpretation of
                                           11.8










            Table 6.1. Water chemistry sampling station locations.


            Station    Location and comments


            PRR-1      Perdido River at Barrineau Park. Approximately 0.5
                       mile southwest of Barrineau Park, Florida, on bridge on
                       unpaved county road.

            STX-1      Styx River at bridge on Baldwin C  ounty Road 87.

            BWR-1      Blackwater River at bridge on Baldwin County Road 87.
                       Samples were collected from September 1988 through the
                       end of the project.a

            EMC-1      Eleven Mile Creek at bridge on U.S. Highway 90.
            BMC-1      Bayou'Marcus Creek at bridge on-U.S. Highway 90.
            PRB-1      Perdido Bay off Ross Point. 30019.451 N, 87030.58, W.
                       LORAN LOPs,J: 13094.3, 47113.8.

            PRB-5      Perdido Bay, mid-bay approximately 1/4 mile north of
                       center span of U. S. Hwy 98 bridge. 30124.45, N,
                       87025.82, W. LORAN LOPs: 13148.9, 47137.5.

            SDC-1      Soldier Creek, approximately 0.5 mile into creek from
                       mouth. 30021.33, N, 87029.84, W. LORAN LOPs:
                       13104.0, 47122.5.

            PMC-1      Palmetto Creek, at confluence with Spring Branch.
                       30020.761 N, 87030.71, W. LORAN LOPs: 13094.3,
                       47119.7.

            PRB-2      Perdido Bay, lower portion of bay between PRB-I and
            PRB-3      PRB-5, locations variable, depending on salinity
            PRB-4      gradient at time of sampling.

            PRB-6      Perdido Bay, upper portion of bay above PRB-5,
            PRB-7      locations variable, depending on salinity gradient
            PRB-8      at time of sampling.


            aSamples were also taken from Negro Creek, a tributary to the
                 Blackwater River; however, since no stream discharge
                 information was-available from this site, interpretation of
                 these samples is not included in this report.
            bLORAN lines of position (time differences)






                                             119








            nutrient and suspended solid concentrations with respect to
            salinity, a conservative tracer. Three of these moveable
            stations were placed at equal salinity intervals in the lower
            half of the bay between PRB-1 and PRB-5 and three were placed at
            equal salinity intervals in the upper half of the bay. At some
            times of the year the lowest salinity-station (PRB-@) was
            actually located in the lower Perdido River.. Fixed estuarine
            stat ion locations are described in Table 6.1; estuarine station
            locations for all sampling periods are shown in Figures 6.1
            6.5.



            Sampling Dates
                                                       Tributary and estuarine
                 Sampling commenced.in   March 1988..
            samples were collected approximately monthly through June 1989
            with the.exception of April 1988 and March 1989. Water samples
            were also collected from the tributaries during and after two
            storms, March 1 - 11 and March 20 - 31, 1989.



            Sample Collection
                 Monthly samples. Field teams from ADEM and FDER worked
            concurrently so that samples could be collected and returned to
            the laboratory as quickly as possible. At each station, vertical
            profiles of water temperature, salinity, conductivity and
            dissolved oxygen were taken at 0.5 m depth intervals.
            Measurements were obtained both on a downcast and upcast using
            Yellow Springs Instruments Model 33 S-C-T meters and Model 57
            dissolved oxygen meters. Prior to commencing sampling each day,
            all primary and backup instruments were intercalibrated by
            immersing all probes simultaneously into a 20-L container of bay
            water. Dissolved oxygen meters were calibrated to the oxygen
            content of the bay water as determined by a modified'Winkler
            dissolved oxygen technique (APHA, 1980). S-C-T meter calibration
            was checked using laboratory-prepared conductivity and sailinity
            standards.







                                             120










                Wind speed and direction were measured using a hand-held
           wind speed indicator (Dwyer) and hand-bearing or boat's compass.
           Depths were measured with recording fathometers or lead lines.


                Water samples were collected using Kemmerer  or Beta bottles
           (Wildco) and placed into clean 3.8-L plastic bottles. When the
           water column was stratified (defined as a change in salinity of/
           30/oo or greater over a 0.5 m depth interval), samples were taken
           from both upper and lower strata; water was collected from mid-
           depth when the water column was vertically mixed. Replicate
           samples were collected and analyzed from each station and each
           depth. Samples were immediately placed on ice and delivered to
           the ADEM laboratory in Mobile, normally within two hours of
           completion of sampling.


                Storm samples. Storm samples were collected from the
           surface of the tributaries as described above with the exception
           that no profiles of temperature, conductivity, and dissolved .
           oxygen were taken.- Temperature and salinity were measured in the
           samples. It was assumed that the streams were thoroughly mixed
           vertically during the high flow conditions. ADEM and FDER field
           teams worked alternately to collect samples from each tributary
           every six hours (12 hours for Perdido River) during peak flow.
           After peak flow, sampling was continued at reduced frequency
           until each tributary returned to base flow. Based on field
           measurements of stream stage, a subset of the samples collected
           from each stream, representing rising,.peak, and fall ing portions
           of storm hydrographs, was chosen for analysis.



           LABORATORY ANALYSES
                Parameters analyzed and methods used are listed in Table
           6.2. Dissolved components, turbidity, and total suspended solids
           were analyzed by the ADEM Mobile Field office laboratory.
           Particulate components (ie., materials retained on a glass fiber
           filter, nominal pore size 0.4 gm) were analyzed by Savannah
           Laboratories and Environmental Services (SL&ES, Savannah, GA).
           The ADEM laboratory prepared, froze and shipped filters to SL&ES.

                                           121








               Table 6.2.. Chemical parameters analyzed and methods.

                     Parameters                Abbreviation       methods             -Units
               DISSOLVED COMPONENTS                                   a 415.2                            I
                 Total organic carbon                 DOC         EPA                 mgC 0L'_q1
                 Nitrate-+ Nitrite                    N03+N8qO2.    EPA .3 53 ..2 b     mg-N 4qL_1
                 Total Kj.eldahl nitrogen             TKN         @EPA  351-2c        mg -N 0qZ
                 Ortho-phosphate                      DP8q04        EPA   36q65.0q3d        mg-P L-1

               PARTICULATE COMPONENTS
                 Total Carbon                         PC          P.E. (1972q)e        mg-C L-1
                 Total Nitrogen                       PN          0qR.E. (198q72q)e        mg-N L-1
                 Total Phosphorus                     qP4qP          EPA 365.1           m8qd-.8qP L-q1

               .OTHER PARAMETERS
                 Total suspended solids               TSS         EPA 160.3           mg.-8qL-1

                 Turbidity                                        EPA 180.1           NTU

               aMethods for chemical analysis of water,and wastes,
                     EPA 600 4-79-020.
               bmodified 'for autoanalyzer according to Lachat (1988) method
                     10-107-'04-1-B..
               cM8qodified for autoanaly.zer according to Lachat (1988) method
                     10-107-06-2.
               dModified for autoanalyzer acqciording@to Lacha-t (1-988)-method
                     10-115-01-1-13.
             Perkin-Elmer 240 Elemental Analyzer Manual, December 1972
                     Revision.









               .DATA REDUCTION

                     The data for water samples collected monthly from the
               tributary and estuarine stations were evaluated to determine
               fluxes of materials (nutrients and solids) -from the main
               tributaries (Perdido, Styx, and Blackwater Rivers, Elevenmile and
               Bayou Marcus Creeks) to Perdido Bay and to elucidate processes
               influencing the transport of these materials through Perdido Bay.


                                                       122
 









           Data on water chemistry collected from storm sampling campaigns
           were used to assess the importance of storm events on the flux of
           materials to the Bay. The estuarine chemistry data were also
           coupled with hydrographic data to quantify transport of material
           through Perdido Bay and to assess what'climatologic conditions
           favored storage or removal.


                The monthly dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature data
           for Perdido Bay and that collected during the hydrographic
           campaigns were evaluated separately to describe temporal and
           spatial variations in dissolved oxygen and to assess how factors
           such as freshwater discharge, wind, season and tide affect these
           variations.


                The following sections describe methods used to reduce and
           analyze the data for the objectives described in the introduction
           to this chapter.


           Estimates of Annual Material Flux to Perdido Bay.
                The Perdido, Blackwater and Styx Rivers and Elevenmile and
           Bayou Marcus Creeks are the major sources of freshwater to
           Perdido Bay. Thus they, (along with the Gulf of Mexico via
           Perdido Pass, Big Lagoon, and the Alabama Canal at the mouth of
           the bay), are the major sources of materials, such as nutrients,
           supplied to the bay.


                The flux or load of a chemical substance transported by each
           of the rivers is simply the product of the chemical concentration
           and water discharge. Instantaneous values of flux are relatively
           simple to derive for each river station using measured substance
           concentrations and instantaneous or daily mean discharge at the
           time of sampling. It is much more difficult to estimate, with a'
           high degree of accuracy, fluxes over longer periods of time such
           as a year or more since this requires long term records of
           concentration (C) and discharge (Q), so that flux (F) can be
           calculated by integration-using the equation:



                                          123









                                                                               (6.1)
                                           F  fcaft
                                              0


                  It wouldbe simple to   calculate fluxes if concentrations of
             substances wereconstant over all variations in discharge. This,
             however, is not the case since the concentrations.of virtually
             all substances, both particulate and soluble, vary with
             discharge. Nonetheless,. several approaches have been used to
             calculate fluxes, with limited data collected over various flow
             conditions of a watershed. Generally the. approaches used involve
             either-extrapolation or interpolation of the data. Both
             approaches were.used in,this study and arediscussed.below.


                 Extrapolation method for estimating material flux. These
             procedures attempt to extrapolate.the available database    by
             developing rating relationships which link chemical
             concentrations measured at i nfrequent. interval,s to river
             discharge at the time of sampling. Rating relationships     are-
             normally developed for sites with discharge monitoring facilities
             so that the rating function may be applied.to a continuous.flow
             record thus allowing for extrapolation of chemical concent.ra-.tion
             (and flux') between periods of sample collection. Simple power
             functions of the f .orm: Concentra.don = aQ b'                    (6.2)
             are used to relate the concentration of a substance and river
             flow, Q. Such relationships have been routine-ly'documented by
             many studies. For example, suspended sediments gene-rally show
             increased concentration with discharge following a relations*.-lip
             described in Equation 6.2 with b being a positive number. In the
             case of total dissolved solids a similar'relationship is
             observed, but b is often negative (Figure 6.6). Rating
             relationships or rating curves have beendemonstrated for many
             specific substances, for both natural and anthropogenical.ly
             disturbed (e.g., agricultural areas) watersheds (Nilsson, 1971;
             .Turvey, 1975; Walling and Webb, 1983; Walling and'Kane, 1984).



                                              124










               Although rating relationships for total dissolved solids
           often exhibit decreasing concentrations with increasing
           discharge, specific dissolved substances such as nutrients often
           show increases with discharge (Walling and Webb, 1984; Webb and
           Walling, 1985).


               Rating curves are developed by obtaining concentration data
           over seasonal variations in discharge for a given watershed.
           Fitting concentration data to discharge is usually accomplished
           by least-squares regression'techniques. This approach was
           employed in this study using the individual monthly
           concentrations of constituents and mean discharge for the station
           on.the day of sample collection using a log transformation of
           Equation 6.2.


               Other authors (e.g., Jansson, 1985) have argued that other
           methods of curve fitting are more appropriate, and in some cases
           (e.g., Hall, 1970; Davis and Zobrist, 1978; Foster, 1980), the
           relationship between concentration and discharge will not be
           described by a simple power function. Nonetheless, we felt that
           the approach used in this study (ie., linear regression of log
           transforms of Equation 6.2) was more appropriate given the
           limited data set for each station.


               Many inves tigators have stressed the complexity and
           variability of storm-period sediment and solute responses to-
           discharge (Walling and Foster, 1978; Miller and Drever, 1977;
           Foster, 1978a,b; Reid et al., 1981; Dupraz et al., 1982; Webb and
           Walling, 1983; Walling and Webb 1986a,b). Thus it is important
           to determine concentration relationships to storm related
           variations in flow. In practice,  for a given watershed, separate
           rating curves are developed for seasonal flow 'and storm related
           flow. For this study data collected during storm event campaigns
           is related to discharge averaged over hourly intervals also using
           the least squares regression approach.




                                          125









                               Once the rating curves were developed, annual flux of a
                     given material by each river was                              calculated using the following
                     equation,


                                                                                  (6.3)
                                                                                   
                     where Qj is the mean daily (hourly from storm event) discharge
                     recorded at thespecific stream gage, n = 365 (or the-number of
                     15 minute intervals represented by the storm event), a and b are
                     constants derived from the least square regression analysis of
                     concentration on discharge, and t is the time over which Qj is
                     averaged.


                               Interpolation method for estimating material                                         flux. Several
                     interpolation procedures have been used'for estimating total
                     loads or fluxes of materials. Five representative numerical
                     procedures a           re presented in equations.6.4                               6.8:

                                                                                           
                                                             Total   Load =              (6.4)
                                                                                          n IN n
                                                                 Total Load          4qK2qQ4q@6qt C)                                              (6-5)
                                                                                                 6qR

                                                                                             CA                                           (6.q6)
                                                                 Total Load           K2qE   @ n

                                                                                         n
                                                                  Total Load         K6qE q(4qC6qQ2qpq)                                             (6.7)


                                                                                    K52qE 4q(56qC64qQ0qp6q)
                                                                Total Load            8q'-4q' qn    -Or                                        (6.8)
                                                                                       52qE 76q08q1
                                                                                         08qW




                     where K             conversion factor to take account of period of record,,


                                                                                126
 








           Ci = instantaneous concentration associated with individual
           samples, Qi = instantaneous discharge at time of sampling, Qr
           mean discharge for period of record, QP = mean discharge for
           interval between samples, and n = number of samples.


                These procedures make the assumption that the'chemical
           concentration of a water sample is representative of conditions
           in the river for the period between sampling. These approaches
           essentially attempt to weight the concentration to discharge.
           Considerable differences in flux values were generated by the
           application of the different procedures to our data, thus the   two
           that gave the best agreement wer e chosen: Equations 6.6.and 6..8.
           In each case the calculations were carried out using the results
           from the fourteen monthly samples collected between March 1988
           and June 1989. Thus n = 14 and the conversion factor K was
           adjusted for a discharge record of 12 months.


           Determining Behavior of Nutrients and Solids in the Estuary
                Advection-diffusion models have been used by many
           investigators to interpret estuarine chemical data (e.g., Li and
           Chan, 1979; Kaul and Froelich, 1984). These models use salinity
           as a tracer. The distribution of a constituent in estuarine
           waters can be compared to salinity to determine whether a
           substance is: 1) conservatively transported through the estuary,
           (2) removed from the water column or (3) added to the water
           column due to local input (e.g. anthropogenic, release from
           sediments, etc.). These types of estuarine behaviors are
           demonstrated in Figure 6.7.


                Fr om the advection-diffusion models using salinity as a
           conservative tracer, the intercept of the extrapolation (or
           tangent) of the 'constituent-salinity curve at the high salinity
           end of the curve, where change in constituent concentration with
           change in salinity is constant, is defined as the apparent zero
           salinity end-member (AZE). It c  an be demonstrated mathematically
           that river discharge multiplied by the difference in'th  e observed
           zero salinity concentration and the AZE value gives the rate of

                                           127








             removal, or release, of-the constituent. per unit timenecessary
             to produce the observed. concentration distribution. The. only-
             assumption required is thatthe concentration of the constituent
             in the freshwater inputs constant over the residence time of
             the estuary. For Perdido Bay, this, is, assumed,to-be satisfiEd
             sufficiently to draw conclusi  ons.


                  Following-the approach described above,,. monthly-data for
             concentrations of dissolved nitrate + nitrite. (NO.3+N,02,),
             orthophosphate (4qP8q04.), organic carbon (DOC), and total Kjeldahl
             nitrogen (TKN); total suspended solid   s (TSS);- and particulate
             carbon (PC), nitrogen (PN) and phosphorus (PP) were plotted
             against-salinity. The zero salinity concentration was taken to,
             be the. mean value: of. the monthly concentrations. observed at the'.
             five freshwater stations (PRR, STX,BWR, BMC,) weighted by
             their mean.daily discharge at the .tim   e of sampling. This value
             was. then plotted on the constituent vs. salinity curves.for each
             month.



             RESULTS

                  Two sets of data are discussed in this section. The first
             includes. the results of analyses of monthly water samples,
             collected at the five river stations and samples; collected during
             two storm events. The second data set contains the results of
             the analyses of water samples   collected at the stuarine
             stations.



                  The discussion of river chemistry results will first. address
             seasonal variations in chemistry. These results will tHen be
             combined with river hydrology to describe and quantify fluxes of
             nutrients and suspended solids to Perdido Bay. Results from
             samples collected during two storm events will also be discussed
             with regard to the significance of such episodes,on material flux
             to Perdido Bay.


                  The discussion of estuarine chemistry will first address
             seasonal variations in nutrient and suspended solid

                                              128
 









           concentrations. Following that will be a discussion o  f mass
           balance calculations for nutrients in the upper bay to estimate
           the efficiency of material transport through that system.


           General Chemical Characteristics of Streams
                Hydrographs for the five streams-during the period of study
           are shown in Figure 6.8   6.10. Dates of routine sample
           collection are shown by arrows. Compared to historical
           streamflow data for the Perdido River, the sampling appeared.to
           capture a fairly wide range of discharge conditions.     Seasonal
           variations in water temperature, with maximum values of around
           25-270C, were similar for all tributary stat ions sampled (Figure
           6.11). Maximum temperatures occurred during June, July, August
           and September.


                The Perdido and Styx Rivers generally had the highest
           percent dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation values. Dissolved.
           oxygen saturation values were consistently lower in Elevenmi16
           Creek. Dissolved oxygen in the streams showed only slightly
           lower saturation values during summer months when water
           temperatures were highest.


                pH varied from less than 5 (observed in the Perdido and Styx
           Rivers during periods of high discharge and high DOC) to about
           7.5. The highest pH values were observed in samples from
           Elevenmile Creek even though they had the highest DOC
           concentrations, which is contrary to most natural systems where
           organic acids account for much of the DOC. The Styx River had
           the lowest pH during most of the year.


                Of the dissolved species analyzed (i.e., DOC, TKN, N03+NO2
           and P04) only DOC exhibited a distinct seasonal variation in all
           streams (Figure 6.12). With the exception of Elevenmile Creek,
           DOC concentrations were similar at all sampling stations and were
           greatest during high runoff. At Elevenmile Creek DOC
           concentrations were consistently greater than for the other
           streams and were lowest during periods of highest runoff.

                                          129


The other dissolved materials studied showed little seasonal
variation with the exception perhaps of NO3 + NO2, the
concentrations of which appeared to be lowest during high
discharge.  The Perdido River tended to have the lowest NO3 + NO2
concentrations; Elevenmile Creek had the greatest NO3 + NO2.
Concentrations of TKN, and PO4 were also highest in samples from
Elevenmile Creek.

For the river and creek stations, particulate carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus showed slight concentration maxima during
periods of high runoff (Figure 6.13).  The exception to this was
Elevenmile Creek, samples from which had the highest particulate
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous concentration with no obvious
seasonal maxima.

Elevenmile Creek generally had the larget concentration of
total suspended solids.  Of the other streams, TSS was usually
greatest in the Perdido River, especially during periods of high
flow.  Occasionally, the Styx River had relatively large TSS
concentrations.

In general, with the exception of Elevenmile Creek, the
range of values and relationships among chemical constituents
were similar to obervations of other streams in the southeastern
United States (H. Windom, unpublished data).

Chemical Transport to Perdido Bay

As was discussed in the methods section, annual fluxes of
dissolved and particulate nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon and
total suspended solids were calculated using two different
approaches:  extrapolation and interpolation.  The firest approach
is accomplished by developing rating curves and integrating these
over the annual hydrographs.  For the second approach, two
interpolation procedures were used to calculate annual fluxes.

Because the rating curves provide information from which
other conclusions can be drawn (ie., they provide information on

130









           relationships between discharge and concentration), the
           statistical significance of the relationships between measured
           constituents and streamflow will be discussed first. Following
           that, annual flux estimates based on both the extrapolation and
           interpolation approaches will be presented, compared and
           discussed.


                Rating curves. The results of the least square regression
           fit of the data for the various parameters to discharge are given
           in Table 6.3. F or dissolved constituents, significant rating
           curves could be established for N03+NO2 and DOC at all of the
           streamflow gauging locations with the exception of Bayou Marcus
           Creek. For the other dissolved components, only the Perdido,
           River and Bayou Marcus Creek had significant rating curves for
           P04 and only Elevenmile Creek had a significant rating curve for
           TKN. The Styx and Bayou Marcus watersheds exhibited signi ficant
           rating curves for PC; the Styx, Blackwater, and Bayou Marcus
           watersheds had significant rating curves for PN; the Elevenmile
           Creek watershed had the only significant rating curve for PP; and
           the Styx, Blackwater and Elevenmile Creek watersheds had
           significant rating curves for TSS.


                The lack of observed significant rating relationships for
           P04 and TKN generally reflects the more complicated behavior of
           these dissolved parameters in rivers. For example, it has been
           demonstrated by Fox (1989) that concentrations of P04 in rivers
           are controlled by inorganic chemical reactions, chiefly involving
           the formation of iron phosphates. This complicates P04 as well
           as particulate phosphorus variations with discharge since iron is
           also expected to have a discharge dependent concentration. TKN
           is a measure of organic nitrogen and ammonia, each of which has
           its own concentration- discharge relationship, thus complicating
           the TKN-discharge relationship.


                For the relatively limited set of observations (14) it is
           not surprising that significant rating curves for many
           constituents could not be developed. Nonetheless the significant

                                          131









                      Table 6.3. Rating curve constantsa and levels. of sIgnificance.

                                           N03+N6qO2                                 P04                                    TKN
                                     b           a        r2              b            a         r2             b..           a          r2.

                      PRRb       -0.77         5.5      0.80          - 1. 3'0,      8.4       0.30           0.16q5        -3..0qa        0.0q8,
                      ST0qX        -0.63         4.3      0.84            0.07        -4.5     'q0.01            0.24         -3.'qT       0.q06q6
                      BWR        -1.04         70qA       0.70          -0.24         -1.4       0.13           0.0q2q0         -4q2.6q8        q0-q11
                      EMC        -0.68         5.4      0.47          -0.22          0.3.      0-05          -0.q65          5.7        0 . q43
                      BMC        -0.40         1.7      0.19,         -0-95          2-6q5       0.40          -0.35          1.0        0.10


                                                 DOC                                   PC                                   PN

                                     b             a,        r2            b              a,       r2,           b"            a           :qr2


                      PRR          0.64        -4.8       0.57            0.1q6,      -6q2.1        0.07           0.q2;6q9       -5.8         0.12
                      STX          0.57        -3.7       0.74            0.46       -4.7        0.65           0.3q8-       -:-q61.5      06qA9
                      BWR          0.79        -4.,9     0.72q5         -qG--03       -0-.5       0. q02q1          0-74        -9- q0        qQ6qjl
                      EMC        -0.54           8.0      0.82          -0.07         .1.7      0.0q1         -0.17          q06qA7         0.02
                      BMC          0.57          3.0      0.28.           02qA8        -4.2        0 . 57'        q0    6,8   -8.1         0.39


                                                 4qP4qP                                  TSS

                                     b             a         0qr2            b              a        r2.

                      PRR          0.3       -8.1       0.21            0 ..'4 8,  -3.0.       0 -19,
                      S2qtX          0.35        -8.1       0.20            0-93*      -6.       qQ2qJ8
                      BWR        -q0'.15        -4.0       0.02          -0.20          2-5       0.03
                      EMC        -0.35           0-27     0.29,           0-'q65      -2-q0        0.54
                      BMC          0.48        -8.2       0.12            0.98       -5-7        q0.6q29




                      aConstants are for the equation of the form ln C                                                 b-qln Q + a,
                               where C = concentration and Q = stream discharge.
                               Underlined v           alues of r2 are significant at P <.05.
                      bPRR =.Perdido River, STX = Styx River, BWR = Blackwater RiVEr,
                                EMC        Elevenmile Creek, BMC = Bayou Marcus Creek.



                      rating curves developed for DOC and NO0q@q+N28qO2 for moq,stq. of 2q@he
                      watersheds are useful fo00qr predicting future loadings: as well as
                      for estimating fluxes. over the period for which the d00qata.q'wer00qeq-
                      gathered. In addition, these rating curves allow usq.to draw
                      further conclusions on the nature of the discharges of materials
                      from the diff            erent watersheds., F00qor example, the rating curves
                      for DOC were similar for all of the watershed except Eleve6qn2qmile

                                                                                 132.
 









           Creek (Figure 6.14). The slopes of the rating curves for the
           Perdido, Styx and Blackwater Rivers and Bayou Marcus Creek were
           all positive whereas the Elevenmile Creek DOC rating curve had a
           negative slope. This indicates that the concentration of DOC in
           Elevenmile Creek water is diluted as discharge increases,
           suggesting a dominant unnatural source of DOC.


                Riverine flux. Although the rating curves provide an
           evaluation of the results-of the stream nutrient concentration
           data, they are overall of limited use for riverine flux
           estimates. Thus we use interpolation methods for this purpose,
           as discussed below, along with the extrapolation method when
           results using this procedure agree with those of the
           interpolation procedure.


                The annual fluxes of dissolved nitrate + nitrite, phosphate,
           total Kjeldahl nitrogen, organic carbon; particulat e carbon,
           nitrogen and phosphorous; and total suspended solids from the
           four watersheds emptying into Perdido Bay were estimated using
           the three methods described in the water chemistry data reduction
           section. In general, the results of all three methods agreed
           well (Table 6.4). The only exceptions were six cases where the
           extrapolation method gave results considerably higher than the
           two interpolation methods. Excluding these six results, the
           estimates of fluxes for each constituent for each watershed were
           used to calculate mean annual fluxes. With one exception (P04
           for the Perdido River), the coefficient of variation for the
           different estimates of flux was less than 20%.



                The total fluxes of the various constituents due to
           discharges from all watersheds are presented in Table
           6.5. The relative contribution to these fluxes from each stream
           are also given in this table. In general, Elevenmile Creek
           accounted for around 30% of the total flux of all the
           constituents while it only accounted for 8% of the total
           freshwater inflow. Total fluxes given in Table 6.5 are
           conservative estimates of the amount of material delivered to

                                          133






                   Table 6.4.           Annual riverine fluxes to-Perdido Bay (kg yr-.1)

                                      N03+NO2 P04                TKN         DOC         PC          PN           PP          TSS
                   Rivera Metb (104)                (103)        (105)       (106)      (105)       (10)       (103         10 6)


                   PRR           1.      6.2         7.8         (4.4)c      3.0.        3.2         (2.9)        6.2         3.3
                                 2       6.1        12.1         1.4         3.6         3.1         3.1-         7.2         3.5
                                 3       7.2         8.8         1.6         4.2         4.0         3.8          8.7         4.5
                             Te-a-n      -@ -.5'     -@75        T-.5        3.6         3.5         3.4          7.4         3.8
                               sd       ï¿½0.6        ï¿½2.2         ï¿½0.2        ï¿½0.6       ï¿½0.6         ï¿½0.5       ï¿½1.2         ï¿½0.6

                   ST:K          1       7.0         8.3         1.0         2.5         3.2         2.4          3.6      (!5.9)
                                 2       7.0         9.8         1.2         2.4         3.0         2.4          3.,9        3.8
                                 3       7.2         8.4         1.2         2.5         3.4         2.5          4A          2.9
                             Rean        7.1         T-8         T-1         2.5         3.2         2.4          4.0         3.3
                               sd       ï¿½0.1        ï¿½0.9         ï¿½0.1        ï¿½0.1       ï¿½0.2         ï¿½0.1       ï¿½0.5          0.6

                   BWR           1       4.1         3.7         0.4         (1.7)       0.6         (1.8)        0.6         0.3
                                 2       5.,6        4.4         0.4         0.6         0.5         0.9          0.7         0.3
                                 3       4.6         3.6         0.3         0.5        .0.5         0.7          0.7         0.3
                                                        -.9
                             Rean        T8                      T-A         0.6         0.5         0.8          0.7         0.3
                               sd       ï¿½0.8        ï¿½0.4         ï¿½0.1        ï¿½0.1       ï¿½0.1         ï¿½0.1       ï¿½0.1       ï¿½0.01

                   EMC           1       7.8        19.3         1.3         3.2         2.5         3.9          7.0         2.5
                                 2       8.0        19.1         1.1         3.1         2.5         4.1          6.8         3.0
                                 1       8.9        21.3         1.3         3.4         3.1         4.4          7.6         3.3
                             Re-a-n      '@ -.2     T-9.9        -17-3       3.3         2.7         4.1-         7.1         3.2
                               .sd      ï¿½0.6        +1.2         to.1        ï¿½0.2       ï¿½0.3         tO.2       ï¿½0.4         ï¿½0.2

                   BMCI          1       1.1         0.5         0.07        0.1         0.1         (0.7)        0.3         0.1
                                 2       1.1         0.6         0.08        0.1         0.1         0.1          0.4         0.1
                                 3       1.1         0.6         0.09        0.1         0.1         .0.1         0.4         0.1
                             Re- -an     Y-.I        -676        T.-08                   0.1         0-.1         Z -.4       0.1
                               sd       ï¿½0.05       ï¿½0.1         ï¿½0.01       +0.01      ï¿½0.01        ï¿½0.0       ï¿½0.06 ï¿½0.01



                   aPRR = Perdido River, STX = Styx                          River, BWR =         Blackwater River,
                            EMC = Elevenmile Creek, BMC                      = Bayou Marcus Creek.
                   b                                                                                              .'                        a
                    Calculation methods described in data reduction section
                            1 = extrapolation, 2 = interpolation (Equation 6.6),
                            3 = interpolation (Equation 6.8).

                   cNumbers in parentheses not included in calculation of means.








                                                                        134










           Perdido Bay because we have  not considered smaller sources of
           materials such as direct surface runoff and contributions
           downstream of the riverine sampling stations. We also have not
           considered removal processes that may be occurring downstream of
           the gauging sites.


                When the fluxes of material from Elevenmile Creek are
           compared to those from the other watersheds in the Perdido River
           basin, the former appears to be considerably larger than one
           would expect given the relative freshwater discharge and the
           drainage basin size of Elevenmile Creek. This is even more
           apparent when the fluxes of given constituents for each watershed
           are compared to their mean freshwater discharge (Figure 6.15).


           Table 6.5.   Major annual material fluxes to Perdido Bay from
                freshwater runoff.

                               Total Flux            Contribution M from
           Material       (metric tons yr-1) PRRa      STX    BWR     EMC    BMC
           Dissolved
            Nitrate + Nitrite      277          23     26       17    30        4

            Phosphate               43          22     21       9     47        1

            Total Kjeldahl         438          34     25       9     30        2
              Nitrogen

            Organic Carbon      10,100          35     25       6     33        1

           Particulate
            Carbon               11000          35     32       5     27        1

            Nitrogen               108          32     22       7     38        1

            Phosphorus              20          38     20       4     36        2

            Suspended-Solids 10,700             35     31       3     30        1


           aPRR = Perdido River, STX    Styx River, BWR    Blackwater River,
                EMC = Elevenmile Creek, BMC     Bayou Marcus Creek.



                There appears to be a systematic trend between material flux
           and discharge for all of the watersheds except Elevenmile Creek.
           If it is assumed that the natural features (i.e. relief,

A                                           135


vegetation, cover, soils, etc.)  are similar, and that, under
"natural" conditions, total chemical flux is proportional to
discharge, then for each constituent shown in Figure 6.15 a line
drawn from Perdido River data point to the origin (no flow, no
flux) represents naturally expected constituent concentrations.
For all measured constituents, the plotted point from Elevenmile
Creek lies well above that line, indicating unnatural
concentrations of nutrients in Elevenmile Creek.  For several
constituents (DOC, TKN, PN) points from teh remaining streams all
fall reasonably close to that line.  There is some indication
that the Styx and Blackwater Rivers and Bayou Marcus Creek are
affected by agriculture or urban development.  The Styx and 
Blackwater Rivers appear to have slightly higher than expected
levels of NO3 + NO2 and PO4, perhaps from agricultural runoff.
Bayou Marcus Creef appears to have excess NO3 + NO2 which could
result from urban development in the watershed.

Following this line of reasoning, the flux of materials that
exceeds the expected natural flux can be estimated.  We have done
this for Elevenmile Creek where the data clearly indicates
substantial unnatural fluxes of materials.  This is accomplished
by calculating the additional flux of a given constituent 
necessary to move the data point for Elevenmile Creek off the
systematic trend observed between flux and discharge for the
other watersheds.  The results of such calculations are given in
Table 6.6.

Water samples were collected at eaach of the five gauging
stations during two separate storms to assess the importance of
material flux during these events.  The variations in discharge
at each gauging station during these storms are shown in Figure
6.16 - 6.18.  Comparing these storm hydrographs to the annual
hydrographs shown in Figure 6.8 - 6.10 indicates that the first
storm was relatively small. The second strom, however,
represents about the average intensity of storms that occur
throughout the year.

136










                        Table 6.6. Estimate of material fluxes
                             above expected natural levels from
                             Elevenmile Creek into Perdido Bay.
                            Material            (metric tons yr-1

                        Dissolved
                          Nitrate +  nitrite          48
                          Phosphate                   17.5
                          Total Kjeldahl              95
                             nitrogen
                          organic carbon             2800

                         Particulate
                          Carbon                      210
                          Nitrogen                    36
                          Phosphorus                   6.2
                          Suspended Solids          2700.







                 Approximately 9 samples from each gauging site were analyzed
           for the first storm and 10 for the second, spaced throughout the
           rising, peak, and falling portions of storm hydrographs. Results
           of analyses of these samples were used along with the
           hydrographic data to estimate fluxes during each storm. The
           interpolation method was used to make these estimates; results
           are shown in Figure 6.19.


                 A comparison of the estimated daily fluxes of materials
           during storms to the average daily flux for the year yield the
           following conclusions:
                 1. For dissolved organic carbon (not analyzed in samples
                      collected. from the first storm), inorganic nitrogen
                      species, and all particulate materials there is litt    le
                      difference in material flux during storms as compared
                      to average conditions. Elevenmile Creek, however, is
                      an exception.
                 2. Fluxes of dissolved phosphate are significantly greater
                      during the second storm period for all of the gauging
                      stations.



                                             137








                 3. Fluxes of TKN are less during storms.
                 4. Fluxes of all particulate materials are greater durii,-Ig
                       storm events than during normal discharge conditions in
                       Elevenmile Creek.



             Estuarine Nutrient Chemistry
                 The changing chemical'and physical conditions encountered in
             estuaries along the salinity gradient (ie., from freshwater to
             saltwater) may lead to changes in the solubility of substances
             such that they may be removed from solution to particles-or may
             be leached from particles into solution. Chemical precipitation
             of substances may lead to the formation of particles which are
             preferentially removed from the water column during transport.
             through estuarine systems. The effect.of these processes can be
             evaluated from constituent-salinity relationships as discussed
             earlier. The results of the analyses of dissolved and
             particulate nutrients inestuarine samples are plotted against
             salinity in Appendix D. Comt)aring the weighted freshwater
             concentration of a substance to its concentrations at higher
             salinities provides a basis for judging estuarine behavior of the
             substance. For this purpose a line is subjectively drawn through
             the data for concentration versus  salinity connecting weighted
             'mean freshwater concentration to concentration at highest
             salinity and interpreted as in Figure 6.7. Data at lowest
             salinities sometime fall below the lines because these samples
             were collected in the mouth of the Perdido River and are biased
             by that freshwater source. Also, samples collected in Soldier
             Creek (SD) and Palmetto Creek (PM),are indicated since they may
             be influenced by other local inputs. Taking into account the
             above, the following discussion summarizes the behavior'of the
             nutrients based on their estuarine distributions.



                 Dissolved and particulate carbon. The estuarine
             distribution of DOC indicates that DOC was removed from the water
             (ie., either chemically broken down or incorporated into
             particles) column in the upper part of Perdido Bay during March
           .through June 1988 and November 1988 through May 1989. During

                                            138










          July through October 1988 DOC was mixed relatively conservative-
          ly. This was the higher'discharge period and thus residence time
          in the upper bay was shortest. Conversely, PC was generated or
          conservatively mixed in the bay during most of the study period.


               Dissolved and particulate nitrogen. N03+N02 was removed
          during estuarine transport throughout Perdido Bay between March
          and November 1988. This period of removal was followed by a
          period of more or less conservative transport in the upper bay
          and perhaps some removal in the lower bay between December 1988
          and February 1989, periods of lowest production. N03+NO2 removal
          occurred again throughout the estuary from April - June f989.
          TKN distribution generally appeared to be conservative although
          the values were scattered.



               Particulate nitrogen was enriched in the water column
          throughout Perdido Bay during most of the year. Concentrations
          were highest in bottom waters during stratified conditions which
          may be the result of sediment resuspension and/or settling of
          plankton detritus. Presumably, biogenic formation of particulate
          nitrogen in the upper part of the water column was responsible
          for the observed removal of N03+NO2. Relatively high chlorophyll
          concentrations, indicating-high phytoplankton biomass, have been
          measured in the upper bay (David Flemer, personal communication).


               Dissolved and particulate -phosT)horus. Like nitrate,
          dissolved phosphate was removed from the water column during most
          of the year. This removal took place in the upper half of the
          bay. The rest of the bay experienced very little variation in
          phosphate.


               Particulate phosphorus was produced in the estuary most of
          the year. occasionally, particulate phosphorus was relatively
          conservative with highest values observed in the lower half of
          the bay, perhaps due to sediment resuspension.




                                         139





           Nutrient mass Balance.in Perdido Bay                         nitragen
                 The following mass balance calculations for carbon,
           and phosphorus are an attempt to assess whetheror not, there was
           significant storage of nutrients in Perdido Bay over an annual
           cycle. The calculations assume that the system was in steady
           state (averaged over the year) and that the only significant
           inputs of nutrients and freshwater are from the five gauged
           tributaries which empty into the upper bay..


                 Perdido-Bay can be divided into a two-box model. The-first
           box is-the upper bay above highway US 98 and the second box is
           the lower bay below the highway. Using freshwater as a tracer     of
           conservative substances (i.e. those which are-not removed or
           formed within the system or boxes) the residence time,. T, of
           conservative materials can be calculated for the upper bay using
           the equation,
                                          T   VfW                           (6.9)
                                              0-


           where Vfw is the volume of freshwater in the upper bay and Q is
           the total discharge for the rivers. A similar calculation can be
           made for the lower bay. However, the practical utility of this
           approach for the lower bay is somewhat questionable because of
           the additional complexities introduced by tidal circulation
           across multiple boundaries (ie. mouth of bay and Alabama Canal).


                 From the results of the seasonal field studies of Perdido
           Bay the volume of freshwater in the upper and l.ower bays can be
           estimated from salinity measurements. Thus for each period for
           which field data are available the numerator of Equation (6.9)
           can be estimated and the denominator can be obtained by averaging
           the discharge, from the hydrographs.(Figure 6.8), over a*period
           approximately equal to T prior to t  he time of data collection..
           By iterative calculations the value of T calculated for 'each
           period of time over which Q is averaged will become equal.




                                            140









               By this.process, the variation in residence time of
           freshwater in upper and lower Perdido Bay was estimated for each
           sampling period included in the study (Figure 6.20). The
           observed seasonality was dominated by variation in runoff as
           expected from the assumptions upon which this analytical approach
           is founded. However, the inconsistent correlation of these
           results during portions of the year also serves to demonstrate
           the significance of the other factors influencing transport
           processes in the bay, namely.wind and, to a lesser degree, tide.


               The mass balance of nutrients can be estimated by first
           assuming that they behave conservatively, thus their residence
           time, Ti, for a sampling period i, would be the same as for
           freshwater. If such is the case, then the total content of a
           given nutrient in the upper bay, Cub, would be approximately
           given by the following equation,
                                       Cub = TICUOI                     (6.10)


           where CU is the composite concentration of the nutrient in-the
           freshwater input from the rivers during sampling period i and Q
           is the mean freshwater discharge for the period. Cub can also be
           estimated from the results of the estuarine samples collected
           during each sampling period i. The difference between the
           observed and calculated Cub implies either a deficiency or an
           excess in the given nutrient. In other words, an additional
           input or removal term must be added to Equation (6.10). This
           additional input or removal is needed to balance the input for
           each sampling period. A plot of the excess or deficit can then
           be integrated over the annual cycle to estimate the net excess or
           deficiency of the nutrient in the upper bay.  Similar mass
           balance estimates were attempted for the lower bay but results
          -indicated additional significant inputs of nutrients, presumably
           through CT3 and CT4. Thus, the assumption used in the mass
           balance calculations for the upper bay were clearly not met@ in
           the lower bay. Net budgets for nutrients in the upper bay can be
           calculated as follows.



                                          141


Carbon.  The integrated dissolved organic carbon context of
the upper bay indicates that there was a 1.3 x 10 6 kg loss over
the annual cycle during the study period.  For particulate carbon
there was an excess of about 0.1 x 10 6 kg,  which could be due to
primary production, secondary production, or adsorption of
organic carbon to praticles.  However, most of the deficiency in
carbon, ca. , 1.2 x 10 6 kg, must be explained by removal to upper
by sediments and oxidation to CO 2.  The carbon removed in the upper
bay represents 10% of the total annual organic carbon input
to the bay by rivers (Table 6.5).  This will be further
considered with regard todissolved oxygen consumption in a
subsequent section.

Nitrogen.  Over the annual cycle there was a 1.4 x 10 5 kg
deficiency in NO3 + NO 2 nitrogen in the water column of the uper
bay.  During this time, 0.6 x 10 5 kg of excess TKN was produced
along with about 0.6 x 10 5 kg of particulate nitrogen.  This
resulted in a net deficit of about 2 x 10 4 kg of nitrogen,
representing about 2.5% of the 8.23 x 10 6 kg of nitrogen supplied
to the upper bay and certainly within the error of the estimate.
Thus, it is concluded that, over a year, no significant part of
the nitrogen supplied by the rivers accumulated in the upper bay.

Phosphorus.  A 1.2 x 10 4 kg PO4 phosphorus deficiency was
estimated for the annual cycle in the upper bay.  In the case of
particulate phosphorus there was a 0.9 x 10 4 kg gain.  Here
again, the difference (3 x 10 3 kg) is less than 5% of the 6.3 x
10 5 kg of phosphorus transported to the upper bay.  Thus, 
phosphorus inputs to the bay were also not significantly stored
there.

Estuarine Dissolved Oxygen

Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and salinity from the 
hydrographic campaigns in June, August, and November 1988 and
February and June 1989 are given in Appendix E.  Vertical
profiles of dissolved oxygen at stations along the axis of the 



142









           bay, sampled at monthly intervals (March 1988 to June 1989) are
           given in Appendix F.


                These results clearly indicate that Perdido Bay often
           experiences density stratification, which results in dissolved
           oxygen stratification as well. Such conditions often lead to
           bottom water hypoxia.-'


                The results of the seasonal assessment of dissolved oxygen
           conditions in Perdido Bay, given in Appendix F, are summarized"in
           Figure 6.21. In this figure the difference between the surface
           and bottom-most water dissolved oxygen are represented by the
           width of shading. These results indicate the following general

           trends:
                1. During the winter (December through March) oxygen
                      strat ification'and bottom water depletion were minimal
                      throughout the bay although surface Do during December
                      was only about 80% saturated.
                2. During the spring (April through May) DO stratification
                      was detected in the upper and lower bays.
                3. During the summer (June through September) DO
                      stratification was pronounced in the upper and lower
                      bay with extreme hypoxia bordering on anoxia in the
                      lower bay.


                There are, of course, other features that add complexity to
           the simple seasonal scenario described above (eg., sediment
           oxygen demand, water column respiration), but most of the DO
           variability appears to be advectively dominated as demonstrated
           by the covariance of DO and salinity. Dissolved oxygen was
           inversely correlated to salinity for data sets for each month.
           Only the slope of the regression curves are different between

           months.



                Schroeder and  Wiseman (1988) report similar DO
           stratification in Mobile Bay and indicate that the condition
           there is advectively controlled. Due to the paucity of

                                            143








            hydrographic data, however, these authors were unable to
            elucidate the specific advective processes that dominate@the
            stratification. Fortunately, for the Interstate.Study of Perdido
            Bay, extensive hydrographic data are.available. Thes,e data.,
            discussed in the next section, give some insight about -the
            conditions conducive to stratification and consequent hypoxi.a.


            Controls on Dissolved Oxygen
                 From Chapter 4 (Sediment Chemistry) it can be concluded that
                                                                     L
            toxic pollutants are probably not a significant problem today, in
            Perdido Bay. Low dissolved oxygen,on the other hand, is not.
            only perceived as a problem but has been documented to occur on a
            regular basis in the bay. Because of t  he insidious nature of the
            contributing causes of decreased dissolved oxygen, thi.sproblem
            is not as easily managed by existing environmental regulati-ons
            as, for example, are toxic discharges.


                 Periodic hypoxic conditions in the bay are clear ly
            influenced, and perhaps dominated by natural conditions, but
            anthropogenic inputs of oxygen demanding materials And nutrients
            contribute to the problem. In this section, the proces.ses that
            contribute to dissolved oxygen conditions in Perdido Bay will be
            discussed and summarized. An attempt is made to break down the
            causes of decreased oxygen or hypoxia into specific categories so
            that a better basis for developing management strategies might
            result.



                 In general, the causes for decreased dissolved oxygen can be
            divided into two basic categories, chemical and physical.
            Chemical processes directly and indirectly determine how and in.
            what quantities dis.solved oxygen is consumed. Physical
            conditions (e.g., tides, winds freshwater dis.charge) generally
            influence the rate at which the chemical processes proceed.


                 Chemical processes. In Perdido Bay, the major proc.ess
            leading to dissolved oxygen consumption is the oxidation of


                                           144








           organic matter. Both allochthonous and autochthonousi organic
           matter are involved.


                In previous sections, budgets for carbon and nutrients were
           discussed. It was calculated that 1.3 x 106 kg of dissolved
           organic carbon was removed from the water column in the upper
           bay. This organic carbon is part of the allochthonous organic
           matter transported into the bay from runoff. An additional
           amount of autochthonous organic matter is produced in the upper
           bay by primary production. If all of the removed inorganic
           nitrogen (N03+NO2) in the upper bay (i.e.,- 1.4 x 105 kg yr-1 is
           converted to plant detritus having a'C:N ratio of 10 (due to the
           "fixing" of inorganic carbon) then the amount of additional
           autochthonous organic carbon that is produced is 1.4 x 106 kg
           yr-1. Of the particulate organic carbon produced, 0.1 x 106 kg
           yr-1 can be accounted for by the excess particulate carbon
           estimated from the mass balance calculation discussed previously.
           The rest (1.3 x 106 kg yr-1) and the 1.3 x 106 kg yr-1 of
           dissolved organic carbon removed in the upper bay must be
           accounted for by removal to bottom sediments and by oxidation to
           C02*


                The total annual input of suspended sediments to the upper
           bay was determined to be 10,700 metric tons. The supply of
           sediments to the upper bay could easily be double this amount due
           to direct inputs, inputs downstream of the gaging stations, bed
           load transport and exchange with the lower bay. Therefo  re, we
           can conservatively estimate that the total sediment input to the
           upper bay is 25,000 metric tons per year. This sediment has an
           average organic carbon content of about 4.5%. Thus, 1.1 x 106 kg
           yr-1 of organic carbon could be accommodated here. This leaves
           1.5 x 106 kg of organic carbon to be accounted for annually.



           lAllocthonous - brought to the system from elsewhere.  For
                example, material transported by rivers.
            Autochthonous - produced in the system. For example, organic
                matter produced by primary production.

                                          145








                 Some,organic carbon  entering the bay is undoubtedly@
            refractory lignin.-carbon from pulp mill. wastewater and other-
            sources and is deposited  in the.s@ediments. we did not attempt to
            determine-the.percentage  of refractory material. Nevertheless.,
            we can reasonably assume  that oxidization accounts f-or-much of
            the remaining carbon..


                 I.f' it is, assumed. that the excess 1.5 x-106 kg-of organic
            carbon is accounted for by-the following oxidation process:
                                     Corg + 02 -'-> C02
            where.2..7 g of oxygen-are consumed for every gram-of carbon
            oxidized, then a total of 4 x-106 kg of dissolved oxygen,i.s
            therefore required to oxidize the-organic carbon that is,not
            .accounted forby-burial in upper bay sediments.


                 The estimated amount of dissolved oxygen necessary to
            oxidize the organic carbon can be compared to the estimated
            dissolved oxygen budget for the-upper- bay. This budget is
            cal.culated.by plotting the oxygen deficit, shown in Figure   6.22,
            divided.by the residence time,calculated for a conservative
            property (Figure 6.20), against month.* Results of thi.s
            calculation are shown.in Figure 6.23. By integrating-the-
            apparent oxygen utilization rate for the upper bay over a    yeax@,
            corresponding to the time o ver which the carbon budget was
            estimated., the total annual dissolved oxygen utilization is
            estimated.to be 3.9*x 106 kg., This is in excellent agreement
            with the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the organic carbon
            not buried in upper bay sedimenta (4 x 106 kg).


                 The annual oxygen utilization  for the lower+bay was
            estimated to be about 3.5 x 106 kg. By dividing the annual
            apparent oxygen utilization of the-upper bay and.lower bay by
            their volumes (4.7 and 12.8 x 107 m3, respectively) it is
            apparent that the rate of oxygen utilization in the upper    bay-is
            about four times that in the lower bay.                    t




                                            14-6.










                while the above discussion and calculations are a simple
           representation of complex nutrient, carbon and oxygen cycles in
           Perdido Bay, they nonetheless serve to demonstrate important
           aspects of the chemical processes that influence dissolved oxygen
           variability in the bay. A 'main conclusion is that at the present
           time nutrient inputs and inputs of organic carbon have about an
           equal control on oxygen depletion in th.e bay.


                Physical processes. The rates at which the chemical
           processes described above proceed are controlled by physical
           conditions in the bay. Physical conditions control the rate at
           which oxygen diffuses into and through the water column, mixing
           of material in the water column and input and exchange of
           materials. Input and exchange are controlled by freshwater
           inflow, wind, and, to a lesser extent, tide. This section will
           attempt to summarize the influence of physical conditions on
           diffusion and the mixing of dissolved oxygen using information
           gained during this project. While the discussion of chemical
           processes was based primarily on data from the upper bay, data
           throughout the bay are useful in considering effects of physical
           conditions.


                In general,, seasonal variations in physical conditions such
           as freshwater input, tidal range and winds control stratification
           or mixing of the water column. Stratification, in turn, controls
           the rate at which dissolved oxygen diffuses into and through the
           water column to be available for oxidation of organic matter.
           During the course of this project, detailed analysis of the
           dissolved oxygen and salinity distribution in the bay was carried
           out, as a part of hydrographic studies, during different climatic
           and seasonal conditions. Dissolved oxygen and salinity profiles
           are presented in Appendices E and F.


                Observed dissolved oxygen is plotted against salinity in
          'Figure 6.24 for the five hydrographic campaigns conducted during
           this project. These results will be discussed in relation to
           observed wind and tidal conditions and freshwater discharge.

                                           147








                 During the June 1988 hydrographic campaig n, freshwater
            runoff was relatively low and winds were generally light and
            variable, and the tidal range was below the average. The linear
            relationship between dissolved oxygen and salinity during this
            time indicates stratification which is greatest in the upper.bay
            where lowest dissolved oxygen is observed*in bottom waters.
            Stratification is still obvious in the lower bay but bottom
            waters are not as depleted in dissolved oxygen.


                 Results from the August campaign indicate that the entire
            bay is stratified owing to the effects of relati:ve-ly hi-gh runoff,
            spring tides and fight winds; The high runoff and large tida-1
            range lead to large top-to-bottom salinity gradients thrgughout
            the bay. The dissolved oxygen-salinity relationship (concave
            curvature) indicates a relatively stable stratification that has
            allowed oxygen consumption to proceed in bottom waters while
            cutting off oxygen supply from the surface.


                 Later in the year (November), strong southerly winds, l.ow
            runoff and smaller tides conspire to enhance better mixing . This
            leads to a flatter dissolved oxygen-salinity curve, indicating
            less stratification everywhere except the upper bay.


                 Strong,north winds during the winter (February 1988), low
            freshwater input, and low water temperatures continue to reduce
            stratification by improving mixing resulting in smaller salinity
            and dissolved oxygen variation throughout the bay. Low
            temperatures in winter probably also limit biological oxygen
            consumption.


                 During June 1989, heavy rains resulted in a large freshwater
            inflow into the upper bay. This led to lower dissolved oxygen in
            the upper bay because of increased organic carbon input 'and lower
            dissolved oxygen associated with the freshwater. The rest ojI the
            bay was still stratified although some of the stratification was
            beginning to break down due to the increased freshwater input.



                                           148










                These results suggest that during periods of relatively high
           freshwater discharge (but after peak discharge season), spring
           tides and light winds, stratification exists throughout the bay.
           These physical conditions are most conducive to oxygen depletion
           in the bay. Periods of low discharge and high winds (either
           southerly or northerly), however, favor mixing.. During such
           periods the bay is less susceptible to the development of low
           dissolved oxygen conditions.













































                                          149














































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                                    0
                             ol





                                            di




                                                ET


                                                     El O@


                                                                                     LIJ

                                                                    0

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              @Figure-6.1.      Estuarine    s,ampling sta@tioriz:,, March     iune@,.





































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                                                                  ME

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          Figure 6.2. Estuarine sampling stations,  July   September, 1988.




                                          151

















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                                                                                                                    PR&J                       APRIL       0        XWER
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                                                                                                                                         APRIL        (a      OCTOBER
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                                                                                                                          apRe                       MARCH      0         SEPTEMBER
                                                                                                                                                     APRIL                OCTOBER
                                                                                                                                                     MAY        13        MWEMBER
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                      MIM on MIM M                                                                                                                                            MIMI M







                      :E: P- C)j    (D
                      (D IJ  P-
                      Cr     rn     M
                         "   w      -           Dissolved solids concentration (rngl
                         Fi- 0      Ch
                         e,                                                                                           C"
                      kO (D                                                                   C"       0              0
                      CO     (D                                        U1     0               0        Q              0
                                                      0                0      0               CD       C:)            0
                                    0
                             10 E,                                                                                                        Suspended               Sediment Concentratio
                         t-h 0 (D                                                             C:=) 0
                                                          0                                   (n(D 0
                                                                                              >a) 0                                          0
                         (D  rt rt                        3 (D
                                                                                                                                                    NNO
                                                          CD                                                                                       Z.@;
                             0 0                          "                                        n(D
                         :4 r- rt                         cn                                       rn-cn
                         0 @- P-                          (D                                       0 M
                             0 0                                       -ap,
                             rt ::5                                    A                                                                                                                      MW
                                                          C:                                           CD
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                                           3w                                                                                           fn
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                         t,o rt @J                                 .0
                         00 (D Q
                                                  0-
                             01) @,               0                 L
                             En     (D                               (A)                                                                                                              a-
                             (n     F-                              0
                             0      0)
                             0      rt

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                             rIr    ::5                               Z,
                             (D     U)            01
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                         r
                             P.). 0
                           l.pl 0
                                 @3?                                                       CONCFNTRATION OF                                                                        X
                             rT rr   -4

                         1-40    I-r



                                                                                                                   CD










                                     rr
                             @j  (D  p)
                         rr Lo   ()
                             (D



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                             Fi-
                                 rT















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                                                         go,                      so" mo                                                         M "me "ON, "MI










                      125-                                                          416 174
                            Perdido River

                    lo@
                      100-





                    E
                       75-


                    CD 50-


                    C)
                    U) 25-
                    0




                        0
                           M A      M J J A         S   0   N   D J F M 'A          M   i
                      125                   1988                           1989        453
                            Styx    River

                    1 100-





                       75-
                    E

                    Lij
                    U  so-

                    T-
                    C)
                    C/) 25
                    0




                         0-
                           M A M       J J A S 0 N D J                  F M. A      M  'J
                                            1988                           1989
             Figure 6.8. Hydrographs of           sampling stations      for Perdido    and
                    Styx Rivers. Arrows indicate dates of sample collection.



                                                      157













                                                                                                                    170
                                .60' Blackwater River



                              U)

                                4-0,







                            @:]Z,207

                            V)
                            c)




                                  D-
                                      'M   A     m    -i    -,j   A    s    0    N     D    i    F    'M   'A    ;M    J
                                                            1988                                      19,89

                                25
                                       Elevenm'ile          -C ree"k


                                ,-20-








                            LLJ
                            (D lom-

                            C)
                            U)
                                  5-




                                                                                                     i    A     i
                                      M    A M        i     J     A    s    0    N    D     J     F @m      A    ml    i
                                                            1988
                   Figure 6.9.            Hydrographs of            sapping       st-ations ,on       th e   @lackwat(@r
                            River and Elevenmile Creek.. Axrows IndIcalte dates -of sample
                            collection.
                                    ULL


















                             7
                                  Bayou Marcus



                          CO 5-

                          E 4-

                         LLJ
                         03-
                         ry

                         0    2-
                         U)


                             o   M    A   iM    i    i    A     S    0    N    D    J    F    M !A      M    i
                                                     1988                                    1989
                                                                   ILI





























                Figure 6.10. Hydrograph tor sampling station on Bayou Marcus
                        Creek. Arrows indicate dates of sample collection.

                                                                   159
















                               3
                              @@25-
                              LLI                                          0
                              w 20-

                               15-
                              LLI 10-

                              UJ 5-
                              F-
                                01            j J A'   S' 0'

                            z                                        IR
                            2 100-                                         0
                               so             2 16 0                       6

                               60-
                            V)
                            te 40-
                            0  20

                                        A'           A'


                                                                     0
                                7-                                0,
                                              13
                                     0        A  0 A 0 0 0 a      *
                                     A           a        0     0    0
                                     13               0   '&    0                0
                                5-                        0                   0  A

                                4
                                     M  A                                        J

                                                 1988                    1989
                                               00000 Perdido   River
                                                      Styx River
                                               00000 Blackwater River
                                               ***** Elevenmile   Creek
                                               01313013 Bayou Marcus


              Figure 6.11. Seasonal variat-ions in temperature, pH and
                    dissolved oxygen at river and creek sampling stations.




                                                       160

























                                  70   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


                                  60-
                                      . *                                                 2
                                  50-


                                  40-
                              E
                                                                                      04
                                                                                      0
                                                                                      z
                                                                                                                     0

                                  20-
                                                                                            13                            0
                                                                                      0    -                ï¿½V13 I R
                                  10                 0                                z                                   n     13
                                                     0                                                               0
                                      0[s            a                                          00   a           IR 0     00A
                                                                          _13
                                                                                          O@
                                       MAMJJASONDJFMAMJ                                      MAMJJASONDJFMAMJ





                                      5. . . . . .                 . . . .            0.6        . . . . . .     . . . . . .



                                                                                      0.5 -
                                      4-


                                                                                      0.4 -
                                      3 -
                                  E                                                   0.3 -
                                1@ .
                                 Z@   2-
                                                                                  0
                                                                                  (L  0.2 -


                                            (3                                        0.1
                                                                                                   13
                                                                                                 02882900             9 60      -4
                                      0                                               0.01   . . . . . .
                                       @A    MJJASONI)JFMAMJ                                MA MJ J A S 0 N D J F MA MJ
                                                 1988                1989                             1988                1989

                                                                       00000 Perdido       River
                                                                       &AAAA Styx River
                                                                       00000 Blackwater River
                                                                       ***** Elevenmile Creek
                                                                                Bayou Marcus





                         Figure 6.12. DOC, TKN, N03+NO2 and P04 variations in river
                                  and creek samples.



                                                                           161

















                          70                                                   6  . . .


                          SD-                                                 .5-

                      1   50-


                          4D -
                      E
                                                                            E  3-
                      V)  30-
                      F-                                                       2-*
                          20-            0*                   00                             0
                          10-2       60  E3                   A 0                       0013          VO            01
                           0                                                   0
                               M A M J J ASONDJ        F M A  M J                 MA MJ J    A S 0 N  DJ F MA MJ





                         1.5   . . . . . . .     . . . . . . .             0.20               . . . . . ..




                                                                           0. 15
                       '1.0                                              1_j

                                                                         CP
                                                                         E wo -

                      z                                                  a-
                        0.5 -                                              0.05 -
                                                                                           0
                               0                   0                              0        13
                               13  0                                              a   cc
                        0.01                                               O.DO
                                                                  4
                               M A M J J A   SONDJFMAMJ                           M A M J  JASONDJFMA             M J
                                       1988                1989                            19B8                1989

                                                              ooooo Perdido River
                                                                      Styx River
                                                              00000 Blackwater 'River
                                                              ***** Elevenmile      Creek
                                                              130130o Bayou Marcus





                  Figure 6.13. Total suspended solids and particulate carbon,
                          nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrationsin river and creek
                          samples.

                                                                     16,2



















                                              BM







               -j



                                                         BWR


               U
               0                                           STX


                                                             PRR



                                                           EMC



                                              10           12           14
                                        I n Q (L s-1)
           Figure 6.14. Rating   curves for DOC for river  and creek sampling
                stations.
                                                          WR


























































                                           163















                                                                                   0
                                                              PRR
                                  -  EUC
                                                                                CP                     STX
                                3-                                                 a                            PRR
                                                     STX

                                                                                          Un
                                2                                               X
                                                                                   4-


                                       an                                       +  2 MC
                                                                                CT
                                                                                Z
                                          5        Ib        13                                      1LO       IV       20
                                        MEAN DISCHARGE       seC)                         MEAN  DISCHARGE (rr? Seel)
                                                                                       EUC
                              2.0                                               2.0


                                                              PRR
                                     EWC                      a-
                                       a             SIX
                           00                                                                                   Pw
                           ,-@ 1.0                                            C11.0                    SDC       13
                           X                                                   X                         G


                                       BWR
                           z 0.5                                                0.5

                              0.00 0.     5        10                           0.00        5        10        15        2-0
                                        MEAN   DISCHARGE     11-1)   20                   MEAN DISCHARGE

                                                                                   a
                                                              PRR
                                                     SIX                               DAC
                                                                                   4 -   13
                                     EMC



                                                                                                       5TX
                                2 -                                                                      13
                                                                                X  2-

                                                                                z         MR
                                       MR                                       IL 11.    0
                                  8UC                                                13mc
                                010                                                DDL               i Lb-     t        20
                                 G        5        10      3 Is  -1) 20                   MEAN DISCHARGE      3   -1)
                                        MEAN DISCHARGE (m sec                                                  9=

                                                                                   4
                                     EMC
                                                                                       Ewc             STX
                                                                                         13



                            'b                       STX
                                4-                                                 2-
                             X                                                  X

                             U. 2-
                                       BWR                                                BWR
                                                                                     amc  13
                                                                                     13
                                0                                                  L
                                 0        5        10        15      20            00       5        1'0
                                        MEAN DISCHARGE       sec-                         MEAN DISCHARGE (rn'  sec-


                   Figure 6.15.            Material flux versus mean discharge for                              river and
                            creek sampling stations.
                                                                     20            0






















































                                                                        1.64















                                                                    DAYS (storm 2)
                                          40   3/20.              3/23             .3/26,            .3/29.
                                                                                   'Perdido River

                                                                        4                     Storm 1
                                          30-                     f(                          Storm 2
                                       (D



                                          20-
                                       LLI                          t


                                       CO io-


                                            01 3/01               3/04'             3/07'              3/1 D
                                                                    DAYS (storm 1)
                                                                    DAYS (storm 2)
                                          4    1_13/20.         .3/23,              3/26,             .3/29
                                                                                    Styx River

                                                                                              Storm   1
                                          30-
                                                                                              Storm   2
                                       "(n

                                          20-
                                       Li
                                       0                   t


                                          io--



                                            0.
                                               3101               3/04              3/07               3/10
                                                                    DAYS (storm     1)




                      Figure 6.16. Storm hydrographs for Perdido and Styx Rivers.
                                                                    t



                                                                                                        4,


































                               Storms occurring 1 - 11 March (lower curves) and 20 - 31
                              March (upper curves). Arrows indicate time of sample
                               collection.



                                                                        165










                                                             DAYS (storm 2)
                                        3/20             .3/23,            ,3/25,             -3/29,

                                                                             Blackwater      River


                                                                                      Storm   1
                                i                                                     Storm



                                E
                                 "   4-


                                <

                                     2-


                                     0-1
                                        3/01              3/04               3/07              3/10
                                                             DAYS (storm     1)
                                                             DAYS -(storm    21)
                                                         .3/2-3.           .3/26,             3/29,

                                                                             "Elevenmile Creek


                                                                                      storm 1
                                IU                                             - - - Storm 2





                                   lo-








                                                                                - - - - - - - - - -
                                                   ITT tt    T    t                                     '-4
                                        3/01              3/04               3/07              3/10
                                                             DAYS (storm     1)


                    Figure 6.17. Storm hydrographs for                       the Blackwater River and
                            Elevenmile Creek. Storms occurring 1 - 11 March -(lower
                            curve) and 20 - 31 March (upper curve). Arrows indicate
                            time of sample collection.


                                                                 166









                                                      DAYS (storm 2)
                              5-  3/20,             3/2,31            3/26,             3/29
                                                                      Bayou Marcus

                              4-                                                Storm 1
                                                                                Storm 2


                              3-
                         %E,

                         Ld
                              2-


                         0
                         U)
                                         'PI

                              0-
                                  3/01              3/04              3/D7              3/10
                                                       DAYS (storm    1)
               Figure 6.18. Storm           hydrographs for Bayou           Marcus Creek. Storms
                      -occurring 1 - 11. March (lower curve)                 and 20 - 31 March
                       (upper curve). Arrows indicate time                   of sample collection.





























                                                            167



















                          DOC
                                                               TSS





                     a=
                       0                                   01     A
                          I  -V      V                    4=1
                                 DNO2+DNO3                     PC
                                                          awo
                     zo


                                                          am


                     1w
                                                          Um
                CU

                       a                                    0

                     a=                                   4W
                                      DTKN                    PN
                                                          aw
              X      Iwo
              D
              -i     2=
              LL


                       a

                       6D            DPO4                 AW   pp

                       OD                                 am


                       40


                       ID


                       0
                          FM WX         OWD                    pw &Tx







             Figure 6.19. Histograms of the daily flux of materials at each
                  gauging station averaged over the entire year (solid), I
                  11 March storm (cross hatched), and 20 - 31 March storm
                       ble cross hatched).
                    (dou        JL                                  j
                                                16a










                                         60




                                         50
                                                                                                                    tower Bay
                                 CO


                                 0
                                         40
                                 -C


                                 E       30
           0) 0                  F-
           ko m




                                 c       20


                                 CO
                    FJ-                  10
                    a
                    0                                                                                                                                                       Upper Bay

                                             0
                                                    March                                May                                 July                            Sept.                               Nov.
                                                                                                                                           1988











                          10               ARCH 88                           SEPT,  118                         JAN. 89



                             OL
                         100               M AY 86                           OCT. 88                            FEB. 89





                      C    0
                      'ca 100'--          JUNE 88                            NOV. 8&                          APRIL. 89
                                                                                                                  AW
                      to                      Aho
                      co
                                                                                                                    F

                      a)    oL
                      (L
                      0  1001`77@'        JULY 88                            DEC. 88-                          MAY 89





                            0-
                         100             -AUG. 88              Upperl Low                                     JUNE 89
                                                                Bay Bay





                             L
                             Upper   Low                                                        -upperl Low
                               Bay   Bay                                                           Bay Bay.









                                                                                        -a-t,.i f
                   Figure 6.21.- Seasonal dissolved.oxygen str                                  cation TnPerdido
                           Bay. Width of shadingrepresents di.ff'erence@between@surface
                           and bottom waters.
                            0































































                                                                     170













                     100           1 --T - V



                       50


                        0



                     -50


                    -100


                                                                               A
                     150


             C      -200
             0


                    -250


                    -300          1       t

                        0

                     -50


                    -100

                    -150


                    -200
                                                               'A

                    -250                          A

                    -300
                                                                                 A
                                                                              A
                    -350
                                                                            A
                    -400                                  A. -A

                    -450


                    -500
                                                                           A

                    -550

                    -600
                          J F MA M J J A S 0 N D J FM A M J J A S 0 N D J F M AM J J A S 0 N D
                           ---- 1987   -----       1988 -------- -----  1989 -----


            Figure 6.22. Estimated oxygen deficits in upper (top) and lower
                   (bottom) bays by month. Dots       ' indicate data from this study;
                  triangles indicate EPA data (provided by David Flemer).

                                                   171       1











                       10



                       0



                     -10



                     -20




                     -30



              4J     -40



                     -50

                       .0

              -j




                     -10






                     -20






                     -30






                     -40
                          F    M  A    M   i    J   A   S    0   N   D    J   F
                         ------------------ 1988 ------------------------ 1989

            LF-igure 6.23. Apparent oxygen utilization versus month      for upper
                   (top) and lower (bottom) Perdido Bay.
                                                                    I







































                                               172



























                                           120
                                                     019
                                                          00                      6/88                                                      8/88
                                           100
                                                            0

                                           so                                                                         0

                                                               cr@
                                                            0
                                           60
                                                                                                                       %
                                                                 Olb@
                                           40                                                            01,               0Cb
                                                                        0
                                                                  0
                          z                                      0                                           OD
                                           20                       00 0                                     0               C,  CP
                          0                                           0
                                           0                                                                                                          -j


                                           120
                                           100                                     11/88                                                     2/89

                                           80  -
                          U)
                          z
                                           60  -
                          w                                    10
                                                                 0 WO
                                           40  -                   O.e..

                                           20  -                        0


                          C)                                                                            0     5      10   15   20    25     30    35    40
                          Lij              120
                          >1               100 -                                   6/89
                          0



                                           40


                                           20


                                             0
                                               0    5      10   15    20   25    30    35    40


                                                                                    SALINITY (ppt)
                                                                  '. V@A.










                      Figure 6.24. Dissolved oxygen versus salinity in Perdido Bay
                                 observed during hydrographic campaigns. Symbols refer to
                                 transects: 0 M, & CT2, 0 CT3, 0 CT4.

                                                                                      173













                          '7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


                This chapter summarizes results discussed in previous
           sections of this'report regarding the environmental quality of
           Perdido Bay and recommends management responses to priority
           issues. The discussions in this chapter focus on questions
           concerning present environmental conditions of the bay. In the
           discussions, attempts will be made to identify conditions that
           are due to natural characteristics of the bay as opposed to those
           that result from anthropogenic activities.


                Because of the limited r esources available for the
           Interstate Study and general perceptions regarding conditions in
           the upper part of the bay, information gathered during this study
           provides a better basis for evaluating environmental conditions
           in the upper bay (north of Highway 98) than in the lower bay.
           Although results of this study provide an understanding of how
           the whole bay works hydrographically and, to some extent.,
           chemically, the study did not.take into detailed account material
           inputs to the  lower bay. This is because the boundaries of the
           lower bay are considerably more complicated than those of the
           upper bay. For example, inputs to the upper bay are dominantly
           related to fresh-water runoff and, as we have shown, material
           inputs can be reasonably estimated. However, material inputs to
           the lower bay are controlled by freshwater input and exchange
           with the upper bay, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GICWW) and Gulf
           of Mexico. Quantification of inputs due to these exchanges is
           difficult to assess without considerably more effort than was
           possible under this study.


                Given the above limitations, the conclusions presented below
           are intended to address some of the most commonly asked questions
           concerning the environmental quality of Perdido Bay.







                                           175









           CONCLUSIONS
           How do tide, wind, and runoff affect water movement in Perdido
           Bay and to what extent is circulation confined in the upper ba_y?
                The characteristic circulation of Perdido Bay, and the net
           movement of water and waterborne substances, are both strongly
           influenced by the interplay of tide, wind, and tributary
           freshwater inflow. Although the relative significance of these
           factors varies both spatially within the bay, and temporally with
           changes in the area climatology, each is important.


                The regular influence o  f the tide is exerted throughout 'the
           Upper and main Bays during each semi-diurnal portion tidal cycle
           lasting approximately,12 hours, transporting significant.volLu.-aes
           of water into and out of the bay sub-basins with the ebb    and
           flood. The magnitudes of these volumes are determined by the
           amplitude of the tide which varies every 7+ days from a maximum
           of about 0.4 meter at spring tide, to a minimum of about 0.06
           meter at neap tide. For average conditions-corresponding to a
           mean tidal range of 0.2 meter, tidal exchange volume is
           especially significant in the Up  per Bay where it represents
           approximately 14 per cent of the mean volume of the sub-basin.
           In the Main Bay the corresponding tidal exchange volume
           represents approximately 8 per cent of the mean sub-basin volume.


                The contribution of the tide to the net movement of water
           through the bay is determined by the inequality of the ebb and
           flood tidal exchange volumes. At transect M, these volumes are
           nearly equal. Therefore, no net movement of the bay water is
           produced across this boundary as a result of tidal forcing.
           However, at transects CT3 and CT4 the flood and ebb tidal
           exchange volumes are not equal because of complex-differences in
           the hydrodynamic characteristics of the tidal entrances at Mobile
           Bay and Perdido Pass. Thus, a significant net tidal circulation,
           or movement of water across these two boundaries is evident
           during portions of the lunar cycle. At transect CT4, in'the
           GICWW near Hatchet Pt., the net tide-induced movement of water is
           to the east. At transect CT3, the net tide-induced movement is

                                            176












           southward towards Perdido Pass. These net movements were
           observed to be greatest during spring tide and near zero during
           neap tide.


                 The effects of wind on the movement of water in Perdido Bay
           also  vary with location and time. In-the GICWW near Hatchet Pt.
           wind  was observed to have no-significant effect on the net
           movement of water across transect CT4. This was no   t the case at
           other more exposed locations in the bay. At the entrance to the
           Main Bay, between Mill Pt. and Inerarity Pt. (transect CT3), the
           wind was seen to produce significant changes in the net water
           movement. Here, southerly winds push water northward into the
           Main Bay in opposition to the characteristic net tidal
           circulation described above. Conversely, northerly winds push
           the water southward at this location out of the Main Bay, thereby
           acting in concert  with the net tidal movement. The net volume of
           water transported across transect CT3 in response t@ the wind was
           observed to represent as much as 5 per cent of the mean volume of
           the Main Bay.


                 At the entranc e to the Upper Bay at Grassy Pt. (transect
           CT1) the wind has a similar effect on the movement of water and
           the overall net circulation of the Upper Bay. This wind-induced
           net movement was observed to comprise as much as 14 per cent of
           the mean volume of the Upper Bay, even though the absolute
           magnitudes of the volumes are lower than the corresponding
           movements across the Main Bay entrance at transect CT3.


                 The contribution of freshwater inflow to the net circulation
           of the bay is the most predictable of the three causative
           factors. This predictability is attributable to the relative
           ease with which the freshwater discharge into the Upper Bay is
           quantified, and the fact that the flow once having entered the
           bay, acts as a net movement of water to'wards sea. It first
           passes southward through the Upper Bay, without contributing to
           long term changes in the sub-basin storage volume, and exits into
           the Main Bay at Grassy Pt. with the same magnitude. The

                                            177








            freshwater then moves through the Main Bay and exits to the GICWW
            to the west, or to the south past Inerarity Point and Mill Point
            towards sea. The distribution of the total freshwater movement
            between these two exits is a function of the particular
            conditions of tide and wind which exist at the-time of interest.


            What: pollutants are entering the bay and from where?
                The results of the chemical.studies of Perdido Bay'sediments
            (Chapter 4) provide a basis for evaluating anthropogenic
            contributions of metals, synthetic organic compounds and
            petroleum hydrocarbons, all of which tend to concentrate on
            particles and ultimately in sediments. Metal concentrations in
            sediments throughout the bay appear to be at natural levels
            except for a slight enrichment of lead in sediments from Bayou
            Marcus Creek and zinc in sediments from Bayou Marcus Creek and
            Elevenmile Creek. Metal enrichment in these creeks indicates;
            that these watersheds are probable sources of anthropogenic
            meta ls to Perdido Bay.


                PCBs were detected in only two sediment samples, at 1  eVelS
            approaching detection limits. Somewhat surprisingly, these two
            samples were taken from the Styx and Blackwater Rivers.
            Hydrocarbon compounds were more commonly found in the upper bay,
            but levels were always below 1 ppm. Sediments in Bayou Marcus
            have the highest concentrations, suggesting this watershed as a
            source of hydrocarbons. This is consistent with the more urban
            nature of the Bayou Marcus waters@ed.


                The main conclusion from the above is that, up to now,
            Perdido Bay has not received significant inputs of metals,
            synthetic organic compounds or hydrocarbons as a result of
            anthropogenic activities.  The evidence does indicate the
            potential for increased inputs of pollutants from the urban
            watersheds.







                                           178










           is Perdido Bay silting up due to increased erosion resulting from
           man's activities in adjacent watersheds?
                In Chapter 6, we estimated that the annual supply of-
           sediments to the upper bay could easily be 25,000 metric tons.
           Assuming that the solids in this sediment have a specific gravity
           of 2.6 g cm-11 the water content is about 50%, and that it
           accumulates in the 28 km2 area of the upper bay, this would
           result in a sedimentation rate of less than 1.0 mm yr-1.


                Coastal and estuarine sediments of the southeast U.S.
           typically accumulate at a rate of about 5 mm yr-1 or
           approximately equal to the present rate of sea level rise. Thus,
           even though it was argued in Chapter 6 that about*25 percent of
           the suspended solids transported to the upper bay by streams
           (Table 6.6) may be due to anthropogenic activities, the net
           result on sedimentation rate is relatively insignificant.


                This study did not examine bed load transport. Erosion in
           the watershed can lead to slow, but profound changes in sediment
           delivery (Meade, 1982). Agriculture, silviculture, and urban
           activities can result in increased sediment loadings which are
           not yet evident in the downstream estuarine reaches.


           What is the rate of supply of nutrients to Perdido Bay and what
           is man Is influence on. this rate?      r
                The rates of input of dissolved and particulate nitrogen,
           phosphorus, and carbon in the upper bay were presented in Chapter
           6. Estimated total fluxes to the upper bay were based on fluxes
           calculated for each of the gaging stations on the five
           tributaries discharging into the bay.  These are minimum
           estimates since they do not account for additional inputs
           directly into the bay or additional sources downstream of the
           gaging stations.


                The similarities of the rating relationships (i.e.
           concentration vs. discharge) for DOC, TKN, and PC transported by
           Bayou Marcus Creek, Perdido River, Blackwater River and Styx

                                          179







            River and their similar flux:discharge ratios (Figure 6.15)
            suggest that nutrients are mobilized in these watersheds with
            similar efficiencies. It is plausible to assume that
            mobilization is dominated by natural processes since
            anthropogenic activities would have to be constant per unit area
            of watershed for all watersheds to give similar results.


                 The mobilization of all measured nutrients   in the watershed
            of Elevenmile Creek is considerably greater than that in the
            other watersheds. There is no compelling reason    that this
            watershed should be different in its natural characteris-tics   from
            the others. Thus, it follows that the excess flux from this
            watershed (Table 6.6) is due to anthropogenic activities@.
            Certainly, the operation of the Champion International p  aper mill
            must be considered as a likely source of the excess nutrients.
            Of the total estimated nutrient supply to upper Perdido Bay, 27   ,
            24, and 38 percent of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus,
            respectively, is estimated to be anthropogenic, from Elevenmile
            Creek.


                 The flux:discharge ratios (Figure 6.15) also suggest
            anthropogenic contributions of dissolved N03+NO2 and P04 f rora the
            Styx and Blac@water Rivers and N03+NO2 from Bayou Marcus Creek.
            These nutrients could come from agricultural activities in the
            Styx and Blackwater watersheds and urban sources in the Bayou
            Marcus watershed.



            Does Perdido Bay trap nutrients?
                 Trapping of nutrients occurs in virtually all southeastern
            estuaries. In the case of Perdido Bay, the concern is related to
            the efficiency of trapping. While natural estuarine systems
            equilibrate to the natural inputs and internal cycles of
            nutrients which in part control seasonal fluctuations of primary
            production and dissolved oxygen, perturbation due to
            anthropogenic nutrient inputs will vary in severity in relation
            to trapping efficiency.



                                            180











                In Chapter 6, mass-balance calculations were made for
           carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper  bay. Results
           indicated that about 1.1 x 106 kg C, 2 x j_04 kg N and 3 x 103 kg
           P are removed from the water column annually  in the upper bay.


                In the case of nitrogen and phosphorus,  the losses represent
           less than five percent of the total annual input. These losses
           are probably accounted for by accumulation in bottom sediments
           where the N:P ratios (Figure 3.8) are about the same as the ratio
           of the loss (i.e., 20.3). If the 2 x 104 %g of nitrogen and the
           3 x 103 kg of phosphorus accumulated in upper bay sediments with
           the total annual suspended flux of 10.7 x 106 kg yr-1, then the
           resulting nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in upper bay
           sediments would be about 2000 and 300 mg kg-1 respectively. This
           is certainly within the range of observed concentrations. These
           results suggest that although some nutrients may be retained in
           the upper bay, the upper bay is not a particularly efficient trap
           for these nutrients.


                The mass-balance calculations indicated that 1.1 x  106 kg of
           carbon is removed from the water column in the upper bay-. This
           represents more than 10% of the organic carbon entering the upper
           bay.


                As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, mass
           balance calculations could not be made adequately in the lower
           bay. An attempt to'assess nutrient concentrations in lower bay
           waters in relation to inputs from the upper bay, however, was
           made. If it is assumed tha t.the residence times calculated for
           conservative substances in the lower bay are accurate (Figure
           6.17) then the average observed concentrations of nutrients in
           lower bay waters are considerably higher than expected. This
           implies that additional nutrient inputs from adjacent areas,
           perhaps through transect CT3 and CT4, have occurred. Consistent
           with this are the generally higher nitrogen and phosphorus
           concentrations in lower bay sediments. Thus, the lower bay may
           trap a greater amount of nutrients per unit area, but its overall

                                           181







            efficiency in relation to inputs has not been assessed with the
            existing data.


            HdT,@ prevalent are hypoxic conditions in Perdido Bay and what are
            the causes?
                 The environmental condition in Perdido Bay that generates
            the greatest concern is periodic hypoxia. The results of this
            study and those from EPA provide an adequate basis for evaluating
            both the frequency and the causes of hypoxic conditions in
            Perdido Bay. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, and salinity were
            measured in depth profiles at a number of stations within Perdido
            Bay as a part of this study and by EPA. If it is assumed that
            these profiles give a reasonable representation of the dissolved
            oxygen structure of the bay, then the.total oxygen content of: the
            upper and lower bays can be estimated. The mean salinity and
            temperature of the bay taken from the results of the profiles can
            be used to calculate what the oxygen content of the upper and
            lower bay should be, assuming dissolved oxygen saturation. The
            difference between the observed dissolved oxygen  content and the
            theoretical, saturated content can then be calculated as an
            apparent oxygen deficit (Figure 6.22).


                 This analysis of the data provides a basis for evaluating
            dissolved oxygen conditions over a two-to-three year period. The
            results show that hypoxic conditions are periodic and associated
            with season in both the upper and lower bays. The period between
            June and October is the time when hypoxic conditions are more
            prevalent. During the sampling year, this was also the time of
            highest runoff to the bay (Figures 6.8 - 6.10) and the time w  hen
            the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon
            are highest in the "natural" rivers and creeks (Figures'6.12 and
            6.13).


                 The major process leading to oxygen uptake is oxidation of
            organic matter.  Reduced mixing caused by stratification during
            the spring through early fall allows oxygen to be consumed in the
            water column and by the benthic community faster than it can be

                                            182










           replaced from the surface. Hypoxic periods coincide with the
           periods of greatest total organic carbon input and with higher
           water temperatures. Biological oxygen consumption is greatest
           during these months of higher water temperatures.


               Stratification and hypoxia are natural conditions that can
           be exacerbated by man's activities. We cannot, fr'om our data,
           quantify oxygen demand from differeht sources (eg. oxidation of
           organic carbon deposited in the sediments throughout the year,
         .oxidation of DOC delivered during the warm months, phytoplankton
           respiration). Nevertheless, the upper half of the bay does serve
           as a trap for carbon and oxidation of anthropo genic carbon
           deposited in the upper bay certainly contributes to the observed
           hypoxic conditions. It must be noted, however, that
           stratification and hypoxia are natural conditions and that total
           elimination of anthropogenic nutrient loadings will probably not
           completely eliminate hypoxia during part of the year.


           How can wesummarize the present condition of Perdido Bay?
               The results of this study show that physical conditions   in
           Perdido Bay, controlled by the natural forces of wind,
           streamflow, and tide, are such that stratification and hypoxia
           occur during a major portion of-the year. Summer and early fall
           months are critical periods when maximum natural stresses
           (hypoxia) are imposed on the bay and its biological communities.
           The results also show that Perdido Bay receives nutrients from
           anthropogenic sources, dominated during this study by materials
           delivered by Elevenmile Creek. The Styx and Blackwater Rivers
           and Bayou Marcus Creek also show evidence of anthropogenic
           contributions of nutrients.  A substantial portion of carbon
           delivered to the estuary is trapped in the upper bay where
           oxidation of this material can aggravate seasonal hypoxia.



           SUId4ARY

               The results of the Interstate Study indicate that, at
           present, Perdido Bay does not suffer from acute toxic
           contamination. The results of sediment studies indicate that the


                                          183







            bay is, however, subject to contamination from urban runoff,
            although contaminants have not reached levels encountered in
            other more developed parts of Alabama  and Florida.


                 Nutrient inputs to the bay are increased above natural
            levels by man's activities in the watershed. Excess carbon
            appears to contribute to seasonal oxygen deficiencies. Nitrogen
            and phosphorus do not appear to be trapped in the bay but. COUld
            contribute to increased productivity, also exacerbating seasonal
            oxygen deficiencies.


            RECOMMENDATIONS
                 The following recommendations are based on the need to
            prevent future degradation of Perdido Bay and to evaluate  changes
            that may occur'as development increases around the bay.


                 1. Reduce nutrient loadings from Elevenmile Creek. Due to
                      the dominance of Elevenmile Creek in delivering
                      anthropogenic nutrients to Perdido Bay, a first
                      management priority should be to reduce these loadings.
                      Champion International has already begun to examine
                     .alternate treatment strategies for its pulp mill
                      wast'ewater.


                 2. Reduce and prevent other nutrient loadings.
                      a) Determine the effects of agricultural practices in
                           the Styx and Blackwater River watersheds on
                           nutrient and suspended solids transport.
                      b) Determine effective stormwater manageme nt strategies
                           to control nutrients, especially during the
                           critical summer period when stratification and
                           concomitant hypoxic conditions are prevalent.


                 3. Begin system-wide monitoring of nutrient c oncentrations,
                      productivity and sediment contamination which can 'best
                      be done through a cooperative interstate program. This
                      monitoring should be sensitive to natural variability

                                            184










                    (eg. seasonal physical, chemical, and biological
                    changes). With proper training, some aspects-of
                    monitoring could.be carried out by concerned citizen

                    groups.
                    A) Nutrient monitoring program. This program should be
                         designed to address the following objectives:
                         1) assess the amounts of nutrients entering,
                         leaving, and stored in the estuary and changes in
                         these amounts, 2) determine the relationship of
                         nutrient levels to estuarine productivity and
                         dissolved oxygen, 3).determine what valued
                         resources are vulnerable to or presently affected
                         by changing nutrient levels.
                    B) Supplement Interstate Project data with-measurements
                         of nutrients and water movement in the lower
                          ortions of Perdido Bay. Because of the higher
                         pace of urban development around the southern
                         portion of the bay and the influence of the GICWW
                         on that part of the bay, better information is
                         needed to assess potential problems and management
                         strategies for the lower bay.
                    C) Sediment monitoring program. The objectives of
                         sediment monitoring should be to assess inputs of
                         pollutants and effectiveness of controls. Results
                         from this study indicate pollutant input from the
                         Bayou Marcus and Elevenmile Creek watersheds. A
                         sediment monitoring program should include these
                         streams as well as other areas in the lower bay
                         likely to be impacted by development. Given the
                         sediment information collected by this and other
                         recent projects, follow-up surveys are not needed
                         immediately but should form major components of a
                         future monitoring strategy.
               4. Develop capacity to predict, based on wind, streamflow,
                    and tides, water movements and retention times in
                    Perdido Bay. This will allow a critical examination of
                    management strategies based on characteristic water

                                         185







                      movements in the bay. During the summer of 1990, the
                      FDER/Coastal Zone Management program took the first.
                      steps towards developing a simple predictive model for
                      net water circulation and concentration of substances
                      in the bay. The re sults are presented in a companion
                      report, Px-ediction of Water- Quality at; Perdido Bay,
                      Flo.rida (Taylor et al., 1991).












































                                           186













                                       8. REFERENCES

           ADEM. 1986. Brushy Creek/Boggy Branch water quality survey.
                Alabama Department of Environmental Management.

           APHA. 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and
                wastewater, 16th edition. American Public Health
                Association, Washington, D.C..

           APHA. .1980. Standard methods for the examination of water and
                wastewater, 15th edition. American Public Health
                Association, Washington, D.C.

           Bridges, W.C. 1982. -Technique for estimating magnitude and
                frequency of floods on natural-flow streams in Florida.
                United States Geological Survey and the Florida Department
                of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.

           Davis, J. S. and J. Zobrist. 1978. The interrelationships among
                chemical parameters in rivers - analysing the effect of
                natural and anthropogenic sources. Progress Water
                Technology 10: 65-78.

           Delfino, J. J. 1990. Toxic pollutants in dis      charges, ambient
                waters, and bottom sediments. Quarterly Progress Report No.
                6, FDER Contract No. WM266. Florida-Department of
                Environmental Regulation. Tallahassee, Florida.

           Dupraz, C., F. LeLong, J. P. Trop and B. Dumazet. 1982.
                Comparative study of the effects of vegetation on the
                hydrological and hydrochemial flows in three minor
                catchments of Mount Lozere (France) - methodological aspects
                and first results. In Hydrological Research Basins and
                Their Use in Water Resources Planning. Landeshydrologie,
                Berne, pj@. 671-682.

           FDER.   1988. A guide to the interpretation of metal
                concentrations in estuarine sediments. Florida Department
                of Environmental Regulation. Tallahassee, Florida.

           Foster, I. D. L. 1978a. Seasonal solute behaviour of stormflow
                in a small agricultural catchment. Catena. 5: 151-163.

           Foster,*I. D. L. 1978b. A multivariate model of storm-period
                solute behaviour. J. Hydrol. 39: 339-353.

           Foster, I. D. L. 1980. Chemical yields in runoff and denudation
                in a small arable catchment, East Devon, England. J Hydrol.
                47: 349-368.

           Fox, L. E. 1989. A model for inorganic control of phosphate
                concentrations in river waters. Geochim. Cosmochim.-Acta
                53: 417- 428.




                                             10







            Hall, F. R. 1970. Dissolved solids-discharge relationships.
                 1: Mixing models. Water Resources Res.. 6: 845-850.

            Hand, J.; V. Tauxe, and M. Friedemann. 1988. 1988 Florida water
                 quality assessment-305(b). Technical Appendix. Florida.
                 Department of Environmental Regulation.

            Jansson, M. 1985.   A comparison of detransformed logarithmic.
                 regressions and power function P*regressions. Geografiska
                 Annaler 67A: 61-70.

            Kaul, L. W. and P. N. Froelich, 1984. modeling estuarine
                 nutrient geochemistry in a simple system. Geochem.
                 Cosmochim. Acta. 48: 1417-1433.

            Lachat Instruments. 1988. Methods manual for the Quikchem
                 Automatedlon Analyzer.
            Li, Y. and L. Chan. 1979. Desorption of 8a and 226Ra from
                 river-borne sediments in the Hudson estuary. Earth Plant.
                 Sci. Lett. 43: 343-350.

            Liss, P.S. 1976. Conservative and non-conservative behaviour of
                 dissolved constituents during estuarine mixing. In
                 Estuarine Chemistry, J.D. Burton and P.S. Liss, editors.,
                 Academic Press, London, p. 93 - 130.*

            Marsh, 0. T. 1966. Geology of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties,
                 Western Florida panhandle,. Bulletin # 46, Florida
                 Geological Survey, State of Florida, State Board of
                 Conservation, Division of Geology.

            Meade, R. H. 1982. Sources, sinks, and storage of river
                 sediment in the Atlantic drainage of the U.S. J. Geol. 90.
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            Meadows, P. E., J. B. Martin, and P. R. Mixson. 1988. Water
                 Resources Data Florida. Volume 4. Northwest Florida. U.S.
                 Geological Survey Water-Data Report FL-87-4.

            Miller, W. R. and R. H. Drever. 1977. Water chemistry of a
                 stream following a storm, Absarokah Mountains, Wyoming.
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            Musgrove, R. H. , J. T. Barraclough, and R G. Granth am. 1965.
                 Water resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties,
                 Florida. Report of Investigations No.-40. Florida  '
                 Geological Survey, State of Florida, State Board of
                 Conservation, Division of Geology.

            Nilsson, B. 1971. Sediment transport i svenska vattendrag. Ett
                 IHD-projekt. Del. 1, Methodik, PUNGI Rapport 4, Uppsala.




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           NOAA. 1985. National estuarine inventory data atlas. Vol. 1.
                Physical and hydrologic characteristics. Strategic
                Assessments Branch, Office of Oceanography and Marine
                Assessment, National Ocean Service.

           NOAA/EPA. 1989. Susceptibility and status of Gulf of Mexico
                estuaries to nutrient discharges. Strategic Assessment
                Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, National Oceanic and
                Atmospheric Administration, Rockv'ille, MD.

           Parker, N. M. 1968. A sedimentologic study of Perdido Bay and
                adjacent offshore environments. Thesis. Florida State
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           Reid, J. M., D. A. MacLeod and M. S. Cresser. 1981. Factors
                affecting the chemistry of precipitation and river water in
                an upland catchment. J. Hydrol. 50: 129-145.

           Schroeder, W. W. and W. J. Wiseman. 1988. The Mobile Bay
                estuary: stratification, oxygen depletion and jubilees. In:
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                CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 41 - 52.

           Schropp, S. J., F. G. Lewis, H. L. Windom, J. D. Ryan, F. D.
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                concentrations in estuarine sediments of Florida using
                aluminum as a reference element. Estuaries 13: 227 - 235.

           Taylor, R. B., M. A. Yanez and T. J. Hull. 1991. Prediction of
                water quality at Perdido Bay, Florida. Report prepared for
                Florida Department of Environmental Regulation by Taylor
                Engineering, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida.

           Turvey, N. D. 1975. water quality in a tropical rain forested
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           Walling, D. E. and I. D. L. Foster. 1978. The 1976 drought and
                nitrate levels in the River Exe Basin. J. Institution Water
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           Walling, D. E. and P. Kane. 1984. Suspended sediment properties
                and theirgeomorphological significance. In: Catchment
                Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology, T. P. Burt and D. E.
                Walling, Editors. Geo Books, Norwich, pp. 311-334.

           Walling, D. E. and B. W. Webb. 1981. The reliability of
                suspended sediment load data. JAHS Publication 133: 177-
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           Walling, D. E. and B. W. Webb. 1983. The dissolved loads of
                rivers: A global overview. IAHS Publication 141: 3-20.

           Walling, D. E. and B. W. Webb. 1984. Local variation of nitrate
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                10: 71-100.


                                          189







           Walling, D. E. and B. W. Webb. 1986a. Solutes in river systems.
                 In: Solute Processes, S.T. Trudgill, Editor. Wiley,
                 Chichester, pp. 251-327.

           Walling, D. E. and W. B. Webb. 1986b. Suspended load in gravel
                 bed rivers: UK experience. In: Problems of Sediment
                 Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers, C.R. Thorne, R. D. Hey and
                 J. C. Bathurst, editors. Wiley, Chichester (in press).

           Webb  B. W. and D. E. Walling. 1983. Stream solute behaviour in
                 the River Exe basin, Devon, 4 UK. IAHS Publication 414:
                 153-169.

           Webb, B. W. and D. E. Walling. 1985. Nitrate behavior in
                 streamflow from a grassland catchment in Devon, U.K. Water
                 Res.-19: 1005-1016.



















































                                          190




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                                           192                                    1
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                                      APPENDIX A

                          BENTHIC BIOLOGY RESULTS - $UMMARY


                The structure of a benthic community in an estuary is
           governed by various factors including dissolved oxygen, salinity,
           nutrient loading, and sediment characteristics. The study of
           benthic communities has become a valuable component of monitoring
           strategies, providing information above and beyond that which is
           obtained through projects focusing only on physical and chemical
           parameters. When such information is combined with a knowledge
           of a system-wide water chemistry and hydrography, more effective
           management plans and regulatory decisions may be developed.


                The objective of the benthic biology program was to
           characterize the benthic macroinvertebrate community of Perdido
           Bay with respect to spatial and temporal variations and to
           evaluate the water quality data for chemical and physical factors
           influencing the distribution of species and diversity of the
           community. More specifically, the program sought to quantify
           abundance of individuals and species; determine diversity,
           evenness and richness of the community in upper, middle, and
           lower bay segments; examine for seasonal variations of these
           biological parameters; and compare biological data wiEh data on
           water chemistry and hydrography for possible associations between
           changes in community structure and variations in physico-chemical

           parameters.


                Four stations were established for collecting benthic
           invertebrate samples, one in the upper bay (Station PBB-l
           approximately one-half mile west of Bayou Marcus), two in the
           middle bay (Station PBB-2 approximately one-fourth mile north of
           the Hwy. 98 bridge and Station PBB-3 between DuPont Point and
           Manuel Point) and one in the lower bay (Station PBB-4 between


                IThe complete report on benthic biology results is available
           from the ADEM Mobile Field Office, 2204 Perimeter Rd., Mobile,
           Alabama 36615.


                                          193







            Ross Point and Inerarity Point). Samples were collected   eight
            times during the period March 1988 to February 1989 with  each
            collection occurring within one week of water quality sampling.


                 At each station a vertical profile of water temperature,
            salinity, con ductivity, and dissolved.oxygen was obtained using a
            Yellow Springs Instrument Co. Model 33 Salinity, Conductivity and
            Temperature meter and Model 57 Dissolved Oxygen meter.
            Measurements were taken at 0.5 meter intervals from immediately
            below the surface of the water to near bottom. This information
            was combined with profile and nutrient data for determining which
            of these factors influenced abundance, diversity and distribution
            of species collected.


                 Variations in dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and salinity appeared
            to affect diversity, abundance and richness of the benthic
            community. These community parameters displayed a negative
            correlation with the range in D.O. and salinity values observed
            at each -s'tati-on (i.:e. . the station with -the least 'variable D.O.
            and salinity had the most diverse benthic community).
            Additionally, the stations with lower D.O. and salinity values
            showed lower diversity and abundance of species.


                 Concentrations of nutrients also appeared to strongly
            influence the benthic community of Perdido Bay. Species
            diversity and evenness showed a significant negative correlation
            with the concentration of particulate carbon and particulate
            nitrogen. The stations with the most variable salinity and D.O.
            and the lowest D.O. values (Stations PBB-1, PBB-2, and PBB-3)
            also were the stations with the highest concentrations of
            particulate carbon and nitrogen. Station PBB-4 had the least
            variation in salinity and D.O., the highest average D.O. and
            salinity values throughout the year, and the lowest
            concentrations of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. This
            station also had the most diverse benthic community of all
            stations monitored during the study.



                                           194


Some variability of the benthic community with respect to
the seasons of the year also was observed.  During the summer and
fall the lowest diversities and numbers of species observed
during the study were recorded at the upper and middle bay
stations.  This corresponded with the occurrence of strong
stratification and the lowest values of D.O. measured during the
study.  Station PBB-4 with a more stable regime of D.O. and
salinity and lower concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen
did not exhibit as severe a decline in species abundance and
diversity as that observed at the other three stations.

195












                                       APPENDIX B

                            METRIC/ENGLISH UNIT CONVERSIONS


                             1 centimeter (cm) = 0.39 inch
                                1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet
                              1 kilometer (km) =-0.62 mile
                                    .1 km2 ='0.39 mi2
                               1 cm sec-1   0.022 mi hr-1
                                    1 M3   35.3 ft3
                                 OC = (OF   32) x 0.555
                                  (OC x 1.80) + 32   OF

































                                           197













                                      APPENDIX C

                                  SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY






                Table C.1. Organic compounds measured and detection limits
                     for March 1989 sediment samples.


                Table C.2. Metal concentrations in Perdido Bay sediments.


                Table C.3. Nutrient concentrations in Perdido Bay
                     sediments.


                Table CA. Sampling stations for FDER priority pollutant
                     survey.


                Table C.5. Organics,concentrations in FDER priority
                     pollutant survey samples in Elevenmile Creek.


                Table C.6. Organics concentrations in FDER priority
                     pollutant survey samples in Jacks Branch, Perdido River
                     basin.































                                          199








              Table-C.1. Organic compounds measured and detection limits for
                   March 1989 sediment samples.

                        Compound                                 Detection Limit


                   Chlorinated Pesticides
                        Aldrin                                       1 gg kg-
                        alpha.-BHC                                   1
                        beta-BHC                                     1
                        delta-BHC                                    1
                        gamma-BHC                                    1
                        Chlordane                                  10
                        4,41 -DDD                                    2
                        4,41-DDE                                     2.
                        4,41-DDT
                        Dieldrin                                     2
                        Endosulfan 1                                 2
                        Endosulfan 11                                5
                        Endosulfan sulfate                           5
                        Endrin                                       2
                        Endrin Aldehyde                              5
                        Heptac.hlor                                  1
                        Heptachlor epoxide                           2
                        Toxaphene                                  2G

                   Polychl-orinated biohenvit    UCB)
                        Aroclor  1016                                5 gg kg-I
                        Aroclor  1221                                5
                        Aroclor  1232                                5
                        Aroclor  1242                                5
                        Aroclor  1248                                5
                        Aroclor  1254                                5
                        Aroclor  1260                                5

                   Aliphatic hydrocarbons
                        C10 aliphatics                             50  gg kg-1
                        C11 aliphatics                             50
                        C12 aliphatics                             50
                        C13 aliphatics                             50
                        C14 aliphatics                             50
                        C15 aliphatics                             50
                        C16 aliphatics                             50
                        C17 aliphatics                             50
                        C18 'aliphatics'                           50
                        C19 aliphatics                             50
                        C20 aliphatics                             50
                        C21 aliphatics                             50
                        C22 aliphatics                             50
                        C23 aliphatics                             50





                                                 200












           Table C.1. Continued.


                     Compound                               Detection Limit


                     C24 aliphatics                           50 @Lg kg-1
                     C25 aliphatics                           50
                     C26 aliphatics                          100
                     C27 aliphatics                          100
                     C28 aliphatics                          100
                     C29 aliphatics                          100
                     C30 aliphatics                          100
                 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAIj)    400 4g k
                     Acenapthene                                     9
                     Acenapthylene                           100
                     Anthracene                               .30
                     Benzo(a)anthracene                       50
                     Benzo(a)pyrene                          200
                     Benzo(b)fluoranthene                     50
                     Benzo(g,h,i)perylene                    100
                     Benzo(k)fluoranthene                     50
                     Chrysene                                 50
                     Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene                  600
                     Fluoranthene                             50
                     Fluorene                                150
                     Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene                   50
                     Napthalene                              500
                     Pyrene                                   50
                     Phenanthrene                             50
                     1-Methylnaphthalene                     400
                     2-Methylnaphthalene                     400
                     Benzonitrile                            400
                     Quinoline                               1500
                     Quinaldine                              150
                     8-Methylquinaline                       100
                     7,8-Benzoquinoline                       50
                     2,4-Dimethylquinoline                   600
                     Acridine                                 50
                     Carbazole                                75

















                                            201








                         Table C.2. Metal concentrations in Perdido Bay sediments.


                         Station Core Depth                      Al         As          Cd           Cr           CU          Tb           Ni Zn                 Hg
                                                (cm)                                                  (mg kg-1)


                         August 1987

                             PRR-3           0   -  2a     114000         56.5         0.46        96.6         40.0         60.5         23.0       195       0.11
                             PRR-3           5   -  7      110000         46.0         0.53        87.0         52.0         57.0         21.0       '190      0..07
                             PRR-3         11    -  13       96000        63.0         0.46      110.0          42-0         -52.0        27.0       120       0.11
                             PRR-3         15    -  17       99000        42.0         0.47      100.0          43.0         58.0         31.0       210       0.07
                             PRR-3         20    -  22     104000         47.0         0.42-       97.0         42.0         55.0         20.0       230       0.06


                             EMC-2           0   -  2        17000          2.9        [email protected]       18.0           5.@o        4.8          2.7        45       0.02
                             EMC-2           5   -  7        14000          3.4        0.07        14.0           4.2         5.7          3.6        37       0.02
                             EMC-2         11    -  13       18000          3.0        0.06        17.0           5.8         5.7          2.7        32       0.01
                             EMC-2         15    -  17       16000          3.6        0.07        19.0           5.6         @5.5         2-9        27       0.01


                             PRB-3           0   -  2        45000        16.0         0.38        56.0         14.5         23.0         13.2        70       0.04
                             PRB-3         2'0   -  22       33000        10.0         0.41        54.0         14-0         17.G          6.-2       91       0.05

                             PRB-4           0   -  2        41500        14.5         0.54        59.0         .12..8       15 -.3       11-3        56       0.,04
                             PRB-4         20    -  22       54000        17.0         0.32        89.0         21-0         21.0         21.0        93       0.02

                             PRB-6           0   -  2        81000        13   .5      -0.43     .106.0         30.0         24-.5        23.5        69       0.@05
                             PRB-6         20    -  22       83000        11.0         ;0.31     107.0          22.0         .2:8 . D     20.-'0      @83      0.04

                             PRB-9               -  2        69500        3*7,5        :0.25       U-0          25A          33 4         If . .0     9-9      @0. 13
                             PRB-9           5   -  1        5'7000       37.0         40-11       '57.0        21.,D        32A          12-0       110       10.07
                             PR13-9        1,0      12       540,00       J6.0         10.18       SSA          27-:0,       36-0         V. 0       .12,0     @0-.'O 7
                             PRB-9         15       17       59000        32.0         0.36        62.0         23.,0        32.D         18.-0       92       0.03
                             PRB-9         20       22       56000        30.0         0.24        67.0         27.0         27.,0        .21.0      110       0.03

                             PRB-11          0      2        60500          4.8        6.35        66.0         24-5         25.0         13-0       115       0.04
                             PRB-11          5      7        59000          4.2        0.28        57.0         23.-0        24.0         1.2.0      110       0.04
                             PRB-11        10       12       52000          4.7        0.37        72.0         21.:0        32.0         19.0       120       0.04
                             PRB-11        15       17       54000          5.3        0.32        73.0         21.0         24.0         14..0      100       0.04
                             PRB-11        20       22       52000          5.9        0.35        70.0,        18.0         25.0         19-0        97       0.05


                         March 1989

                             PRR-4            NAb               1900        1.2c <0.20             17.5           6.5         9.3          5.0        25 <0.086

                             STX-1            NA             18500        17.5       <6.17         17.0           6.2         8.5          5.6        22      <0.058

                             BWR-1            NA             20000        36.0         0.31c       13.0           7.2        14.0          5.0        23      <0.082

                             EMC-4            NA               5  050       7-9        '0. 14c        6.6         4.1         4.2          2@. 0      28       0.069

                             BMC-l            NA             11000        14.0         0.42        13.0         15.0         46.0          4.6        53       0.17


                         aMetal      concentrations for                 0 - 2      ciii-core     depth      from August 1988               and    surficial
                                    grab samples from March 1989 are mean values of replicate samples. Other
                                    values are results from single samples.
                         bNA = Not applicable. Samples were surficial (ca. 0                                                 5 cm)
                                    sediments from Ponar grab.
                         c:Value is for single replicate, second replicate was below
                                    detection limit.





                                                                                             202









            Table C.3. Nutrient concentrations in Perdido.Bay sediments.


             Station      Core Depth        TOC            TKN             TP
                               (cm)     (mg-C kg  1) (mg-N kg-1)' (mg-P kg-1)


             August 1988
             PRR-3          0  -  2        75000,         3900           1985
             PRR-3          5  -  7        21000          2300           260
             PRR-3         11  -  13       39000          3700           300
             PRR-3         15  -  17       34000          2900           270
             PRR-3         20  -  22       46000          2200           310

             EMC-2          0  -  2        13000          1550           125
             EMC-2          5  -  7        16000          1400           110
             EMC-2         11  -  13       14000          1200           130
             EMC-2         15  -  17       11000           730           110
             PRB-2         20  -  22       22000          1900           130

             PRB-3          0  -  2        44500          5250           505
             PRB-3         20  -  22       14000          3600           130

             PRB-4          0  -  2        44500          5150           915
             PRB-4         20  -  22       40000          3200           860

             PRB-5          0  -  2          5950          290           11 2
             PRB-5         20  -  22         4900          400           110
             PRB-6          0  -  2        72500          6550           760
             PRB-6         20  -  22       79000          8100           510

             PRB-7          0  -  2        24500          2950           630
             PRB-7          5  -  7        23000          2900           360
             PRB-7         11  -  13       19000          1400           260
             PRB-7         15  -  17       14000          1100           230
             PRB-7         20  -  22       14000           920           200
             PRB-8          0  -  2        65000          8500           925
             PRB-8           .5-  7        67000          5100           755
             PRB-8         11  -  13       62000          4300           750
             PRB-8         15  -  17       53000          1900           620
             PRB-8         20  -  22       31000          1600           720
             PRB-9          0  -  2        65500          7450           720
             PRB-9          5  -  7        56000          6700           740
             PRB-9         11  -  13       57000          4200           730
             PRB-9         15  -  17       68000          4100           460
             PRB-9         20  -  22       53000          3600           330
             PRB-10         0  -  2        44000          4850           810
             PRB-10         5  -  7        47000          4200           750
             'PRB-10       11  -  13       44000          42QO           740
             PRB-10        15  -  17       51000          32QO           460
             PRB-10        20  -  22       42000          2700           320






                                                 203








             Table C.  3. Continued.

             Station       Core Depth         TOC            TKN             TP
                               (cm)      (mg-C kg-1) (mg-N kg-1) (mg-P kg-1)


               PRB-11         0 - 2          54000         6400            520
               .PRB-11        5 - 7          5SO00         5000            600
               PRB-11       11 - 13          47000         5100            680
               PRB-11       15 - 17          50000         4700            590
               PRB-11      -20 - 22                        4200            760
             March 1988          b
               PRR-4           NA            70500         2600            .460
               STX-1           NA'           3@000         1400            260

               BWR-1           NA            67500         2150            505

               EMC-1           NA            22500            770          230

               BMC-l           NA            95000         '6050           236
             aMetal  concentrations for 0 - 2 cm core      depth from August 1988 and
                   surficial grab samples     from March 1989 are mean values of
                   replicate samples. Other values are results from single
                   samples.
             bNA    Not applicable.. Samples were surficial (ca. 0           5 cm)
             sediments from Ponar grab.




























                                                  204









                  Table C.4. Sampling'stations for FDER priority pollutant surveya.
                  Station        Latitude/                                                                   Date
                  Code           Longitude      Description                                                 Sampled

                  ESC-07-01      30 28'33'      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/27/89
                                 87021 125"      Eleven Mile Cr. W of USN Saufley Field (1.8 m deep]

                  ESC-07-02      30 28'33"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/27/89
                                 87 21'46"      Eleven Mile Cr. d/s Sta. 01 just u/s Confl.
                                                with Hurst Br. Cr. [0.6 m deep)

                  ESC-07-03      30 28'05"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/27/89
                                 87 21'55*      Eleven Mile Cr. d/s Sta. 02- on inside of wide curve
                                                (4.5 m deep]

                  ESC-07-04      30 27'22"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr                           06/27/89
                                 87 22'36"      Mouth of Eleven Mile Cr. at Perdido Bay (2.1 m deep)
                  ESC-07-05      30 27'00*      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06'/27/89
                                 87022'15*      200 m into Perdido Bay SE of mouth      of Eleven Mile
                                                Creek (1.5 m deep]

                  ESC-07-10                     Field duplicate of ESC-07-05                                06/27/89

                  ESC-07-06      30 34'59'      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/28/89
                                 87 19'42"      NW Tributary to Eleven Mile Cr. at Hwy 297A Br.
                                                (0.4 m deep)

                  ESC-07-07      30 34'22"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/28/89
                                 87 19'18"      15 m N of Hwy 86 Br. just u/s of Cantonment STP
                                                Outfall (0.75 m deep]
                  ESC-07-08      30 34121"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr.                          06/28/89
                                 87 19'18*      100 m d/s Hwy 86 Br. at Champion Discharge 'Boil"
                                                [0.9 m deep]
                  ESC-07-09      30 32'29"      Champion Paper Co./Eleven Mile Cr                           06/28/89
                                 87 19'48'      1.6 km d/s Sta. 08 at Hwy 297A Br: [0.6 m deep)

                  ESC-08-01      30 31'17"      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87 26'51"      Perdido R. 100 m d/s Hwy 90 Br. (5.1 m deep]

                  ESC-08-02      30 27'00"      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87 23'21-      Mouth of Perdido R. at Perdido Bay (2.4 m deep]
                  ESC-08-03      30037'12"      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87 22'30-      Drainage Ditch from Dubose at rear of Whitehurst
                                                Property 701 Hwy 97 [7.6 cm deep)

                  ESC-08-10                    Field Duplicate of ESC-08-03                                06/27/89

                  ESC-08-04      30 37'11*      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89.
                                 87 22'38"      Drainage Ditch from DuBose Pond at Base of Dam on
                                                Whitehurst Property (7.6 cm deep)
                  ESC-08-05      30 37'11"      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87 22'38"      Drainage Ditch from DuBose Pond 15 m d/s
                                                from Station 04 (7.6 cm deep)

                  ESC-08-06      30 37'48-      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87 22'55"      Creek u/s of Confl. w/ Jacks Br. 1.6 km d/s
                                                from Station 05 (15 cm deep]
                  ESC-08-07      30 38'13'      DuBose Oil Prod,/Jacks Br,                                  06/27/89
                                 87022'24"      Jacks Br. at Hwy 97 Br. (1.7     m deep]
                  ESC-08-08      30037'43q-      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87023'13'      Jacks Br. off old Br. Rd. 700 m d/s Station 07
                                                (0.45 m deep]
                  ESC-08-09      30036'10-      DuBose Oil Prod./Jacks Br.                                  06/27/89
                                 87024109.      Perdido R. 100 m u/s Hwy 184 Br. (0.6 m deep)

                  
                   From Delfino, 1990.


                                                                     205
 

~0




                       Table C.~S. organics concentrations (m~qg kg~1~)~ in ~qFDER priority
                                    pollutant survey sa~0qm~qr~q)1es from Eleven~8qmile Cre~8q6k.b
                                                                                                                                 station
                       organic priority
                       pollutant                                 ~JESC07-011ESC07~-02~[ESC07~-031~ESC07-041ESC07~-05~l~t~SC07~-061ESCO~T~-07~[ESC07-08~iEsc~O7-09~JESC07-101

                       2-chlorophenol                            10.25 U      10.25 U       1~0.25 U~     10~4~.25 ~U      1~~.~25 ~U    ~1~0..25 U      10~.~,25 U      ~1~0..25 ~U     ~qW~-25 ~U        ~10.25 U
                       2,4-dichlorophenol                        10.39 U      ~1~0~o39 U       10.39 U       10~.39 U       1~0~.~39 U      10 39 U       10.39 U       ~10,39 U      ~1~0-39 ~U       ~10.39 U
                       2,4-dim~et~hylphenol                        10.~35 U      10.35 U       10.35-~U       10.35 U       10~..~S~,U    10:3~5 U.      10.35 U       ~1~0.~15 U      10.35 ~U       10.35 ~U       I
                       4,6-dinitr~o-o-cresol                      11~-~49 U      1~2.49 U       11.49~@~V~-      ~1~1.49 ~V       1~1.49 U     ~11.~49 U       1~1.~49 ~U       ~11.49 U      ~)~1.49 ~U       12.49 U       I
                            (2-methyl~-4,6-                       I            I             1             1~           1            ~~1            1             1            1             1             1
                            dinitrophenol)                       I            I             I             I             I            I             I             I            I             I             I
                       2,4-dinitrophenol                         114.29    U  114.29    U   114-29 U      114,29        U114.29 U    114.29    U   114.29    U   114.29   U   114.~q29    U   114 29   U
                       2-nitrophenol                             10.48   U    10.48 U       10.48 U       10.48   U     10.48    U   10.48     U   10.48   U     10.48    U   10.48     ~U   ~1~0.~qi~B    U
                       4-nitrophenol                             11.~36   U    11.36 U       ~11.~36 M       11~.36   U     11,36    U   11~,36     U   11.36   U     11.36    U   11.36     U   11.36    U    I
                       p-chloro-m~@cresol                         10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49 U       1~0.49  U     10.49    U   10.49     U   10.49   U     10.49    U   10.49     ~U   10.49    U    I
                            (4-chloro-3-                         1            ~1~            1             ~.~1~,           1            1             1             1            1             1             1
                            methylphenol)                        I            I             I             I             I            I             I             I            I             I             I
                       pe~ntachlorophenol                         11.30   U~'   11.~30.U       11.30 U       ~11.30   U     1~1.30    U   11.30     U   11.30   U     11.30    U   11.30     ~U   11.30    U    I
                       phenol                                    10.21   U    .10.~q11  U     10.21 U       ~q0.21    U     1~0.21    U   10.21     U   10.21   U     10,21    U   10.21     ~11  10.
                       2,4,6-trichlorophenol                     10~-47   u    10.47   u     JO~qA~T~U         10.47   U     10.47    u   10.47     U   ~10.47   U     ~10.47    U   10.47     if  ~10.
                       acenaphthene                              10.~08   U    10.08   U     10.08     M   10.08   U     10.08    U   1~q0.08     U   10.08   U     10.08    U   10.08     U   10.08    U    I
                       acenaphthylene                            10.0~5   U    10.0~5   ~U     10.05     U   10,0~5   U     10.05    ~U   10.05     U   10.0~5   U     10,~0~5.~U      10.05     ~1~)  1~0.05    U    I
                       anthracene                                10.0~5   u    10.05   u     10.0~5     U   10.05   U     10.05    ~U   10.05     ~U   10.0~5   U     10.05    U   10.05     ~1~1  10.05    U    I
                       ~benzidine                                 10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49     U   '10.49  U     10.49    U   10.49     U   10.49   U     10.49    U   10.49     ~1~1  10.49    U    I
                       ~benzo~(a~)anthrace~ne                        10.04   U    10.04   U     10.04     U   10.04   U     10.04    U   10.04     U   10.04   U     10.04    U   10.04     ~1~1  10.04    U    I
                       benzo(a~)pyrene                            10~-05   U    10.05   ~U     10.~O~S     U   ~10.~0~!~q@  U     10.05    U   ~1~0~~.0~5   U   10.05   U     10.05    U   10.05     ~1~7  10.05    U    I
                       3,4-~benzofluoranthene                     I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     N~D      I     ~N~D     I ~-N~D         I     ND      I     ND     I         ND  I     ND      I
                            ~(~ben~7o(~b)fluoranthene)               I            I.            I             I             I            I             I             I            I             I             I
                       ~henzo(ghi~)peryle~ne                        10.21 U      10.21 ~U       10.21 U       10~.21 U       10.21 U      10.21 U       1~0~@21 ~U       ~10.21 U      ~10.21 U       10~-21 U
                       benzo(k)fluoranthene                      I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     N~D      1~,    ND     I ~~N~D         I     N~r~)     j     ND     I         ND  I     ND      ~q1     ~4q1
                       bis~(2-chlorcethoxy~)~methane                10~-13 U      10.~13 U       10.13 U       10.13 U       10.13 U      1~0~-13 ~U       ~I~.~O.~qJ3 U      ~10,13 U      ~10.13 1)      ~q0.13 ~U        I
                       bis~(2-chloroethyl)eth~er                   I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     N~D     I         ND  I     ND      I
                       bis~(2-chloroisopropyl)ether~il.37 U                     11.37 U       11.37 U       11.37 U       ~q1~:1.37 U     11.~37 ~U       ~q1~1.3~7 U       11.37 U      1~1.37 U       ~i~l.37 U       I
                       bi~s~(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 10.06 M                     10.06 M       0.06 M        10~'~.0~6~-M      10.0~6 M      10.0~6 M       10.0~6 M       10.0~6 M      10.06 ~H       10.06 M       I
                       4-~bromophenyl phe~nyl ether 10.37 u                     ~q10~~.37 ~m      ~q:0.31 U       10.37 U       ~10.37 U      10.37 ~V       ~.10.37 U      10.37 M      10.~q37 U       10.37 U       I
                       butyl benzyl phthalate                    10.07 U      10,07 U       10.07 ~U       ~J~O..07 U      10.07 U      10.07 U       10.07 U       10~.~0~7 U     10.07 U       10.07 U       I
                       2-chloronaphthalene,                  ~  ~10~-11 ~U      ~10.1~1 ~U       ~10.11 ~U       ~1~0.~1~1 ~U       ~q1~0.11 ~U      10~.~1~1 ~U       10.1~1 ~U       ~10.1~1~. ~U     ~1~,~0.11 U      ~10.11 ~U       I
                       4-chloroph~enyl phenyl etherl                   ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     N~D      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     N~D     I         ND  I     ND      I
                       chrysene                                  10.03 U      10.03 U       10.03 U       I~qM~3 U~       10.03 U      1~-0.03 U      10.03 u       10.03 ~U      10.03 U       10.03 U       I
                       di~benzo~(a,h~)anthr~a~Cen~~4~6                  ~~10~-09 U     ~q1~q0.~4q09~. U      ~10~-09 ~Q       ~q1.~q0     ~V     ~0qW.~09 ~U       ~q1~-~.Q 09~, ~U    ~1~0~.~qU ~U        ~10.09 ~U      ~1~.0~-~.09 U     10.09 ~U       I
                                                                 1~0~-22 ~V      1~:~0.22 U      1~0.2~q2 U       ~1~0~0q1     U     ~1~0.~2~q1 ~L~t     10 22 U       I
                       1,2-dichlor~o~benz~e~n~e                                                                  ~. ~q4                                    0~.~2~q@ U        10.22 U-     1~0.22 1~)      1~0.22 U       I
                       1,3-dichlorobenzen~e,                      ~[0~-~22 U~,     ~q1~4~.~1~22 ~'~U~.    ~1~-0.22 ~U     1~0.22   -~V~*   A~0.~q2~q2 U      10~-~22~ U      ~1~,0~.~,~22 U~    ~10-22 U      ~10.22 ~I~j      ~10.22 U       ~i
                       1,4-dichloro~benz~qo~A~m~,                      ~1,   ND      I      N~D~    1:    N~D~-     I     ISM,    '1    ~1~q0~-    J~ ~- ND       It:   ~4~q0      ~1,    ND     I         ND  ~f     ND      I
                       3,3-dic~hloro~benzi~dine                     10.21   U~.   ~10-2    U     ~1~,0.21    U   ~J~~qa~-~.~q2~1 ~qV     ~1~0~.~q2~q%    V   1~0r.~21 ~U     I ~Q~-~.~7~.~1 ~'~U~;  1~:0..21  U   ~1~;~0.21    ~V   10.21    U    I
                       diethyl phthalate                         10.08   U    10.0~q1   U     10.08     U   1~0.08   U     10.08    U   10~.08 U       10~.~,0~8  U     10.08    U   10.08     ~1~1  10.08    U    I
                       dimethyl phthalate                        ~1~0~-~0~9   U    ~1~0,~q6~9   m     ~1~0~-~0~9     U   10~.0~9   U~   10.09    U   10.09 U       ~1~o~.~.~O~.~9 U     ~1~0~.~:~0~9   m   ~10.09     u   ~1~2p~p~p~p~ U
                       di-n-butyl phth~alat~b                      10.03   M    10.03   U     10.03     U   10.03   U     1~0~;03    U   1~.0~-0~3.U      ~1~O.~qW    U     10.03    U   10.03     1~)  10.03    M
                       2,4-dinitrotolue~ne                        10.42   U    10,42   U     10.42     U   10.42   U     10.42    U   ~1~@0,4~2~'U      ~10.42   U     10.42    U   10.42     ~'~1  10.42    ~U    I
                       2~,6-dinitrotoluene                        10.52   U    10.52   U     10.52     U   10.52   U     10.52    U   10~.52     U   ~1~.0-52  U     ~1~.5~2   U   10.52     U   10.52    U    I
                       di-n-octyl phthalate                      0 O~qg    U    10.03   U     10.0~3     U   10.03   U     10.03    ~U   10.03     U   10.03   U     10.0~3    U   ~10.03     U   10.03    U    I
                       1,2-diphenylhydrazi~ne                     ~q:0~q:3    U    10.30   U     10.30     U   JOAO    ~U     10.30    U   ~1~-0.30    ~U   10.30.  U~:    1.0.30   U   10.30     U   10.30    U
                            (azo~b~enzene)                         I            I             I             I             I        ~t   I             I             I            I             I
                       fluor~anthene                              10.05   U    10.05   U     10.05     M   10.~OS   U     10.0~5    U   10.05     U   ~j~O~i~O~5   U     10.0~5    U   10.05     ~"~1  10.05    U    I
                       fluoren~e                                  10~-08-~U      10.08   U     16.08     M   10.08   U     10.08    U   10.08     U   10.08~"U       ~1~0.08    ~m   ~1~0.0~8     ~'~1  ~1~0.08    ~U    I
                       hexachl~orobenzene                         10.~18~.U      10.18   U     10.18     U   10.18   U     10.18    U   10.18     U   .10.18 U      10.18    U   10.18     U   10.~1~8    ~U    I
                       hexachl~orobutadien~e                       10~qA~5 U       10.45   U     10.45     U   10.45   U     10.45~.U      10.45     U   10.45 U       ~1~0-45    U   10.45     ~"~1  10.45    U    I
                       hexachl~orocyclopentadiene                 I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         ND  I     ND      I
                       h~exachloroethane                          10.38 U      10.38 U       10.38 U       10.38 U       10.38 U      10.38 U       10.38 U       ~JQ.38 U      10.38 ~U       10.3~8 ~U       I
                       indeno~(1~,2,3-c,d~)pyrene                   10.31 U      10.31 U       10.31 U       10.31 U       10.31 U      10.31 U       10.31 U       10.31 ~U      10.31 ~U       10.31 U       I
                       isophorone                                10.07 U      10.07   U     10.07     U   10~.07   U     10.07    U   10.07     U   ~1~.07 U      10.07    U   10.07     ~U   1~0.07    U    I
                       naphthalene                               10.06 U      10.06   U     10~.06     U   10.06   U     10.06    U   1~.0.06    U   10.06 U       10.06    U   10.06     ~U   10.06    U    I
                       nitrobe~nzene                              ~10.19 U      ~10.19   U     ~10.19     ~U   ~10.19   ~U     ~10.19    ~U   ~10~-19     U   ~10.19 U       ~10.19    U   ~10.19     ~U   10.19    ~U    I
                       N-nitr~osodimethylamine                    I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     N~D~.    I         ND  I     ND
                       N-nitrosodi-n-propyl~amine                 10.17 u      10.17 U       10.17 U       10.17 U       10.17 U      10~.17 U       10.17 U       10.17 U      10.17 U       10.~17 U
                       N-nitrosodiphenylamine                    I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         ND  I     ND      I
                       phenanthrene                              10.05   U    10.05   ~m     I     0.05c~l~O.05      U     10.05    U   10.05     U   10.05 U       10.05    M   10.05     ~U   10~.05    U    I
                       pyrene                                    10.04   U    10.04   U     10.04     U   10.04   U     10.04    U   10.04     U   10.04 U       10.04    U   10.04     U   10.04    U    I
                       1,2,4-trichlor~obenzene                    10.29   U    10.29   U     10.29     U   10.29   U     10.29    U   10.29     U   f~O.29 U       10.29    U   10.29     ~U   1~0.29    U
                       aldrin                                    10.19   ~U    ~10.19   ~U     ~10.19     ~U   ~10.~19   ~U     ~10.19    ~U   ~10.19     ~U   ~10.19 U       ~1~0~-~.19   ~U   ~10.19     ~U   ~10.19    ~U
                       alpha-B~HC                                 10.28   u    10.28   u     10.28     U   10.28   u     10.28    U   10~-2~8     U   ~1~0~-~Z~8 u       ~10.28    U   10.28     U   10.28    U    I
                       beta-BHC                                  10~-36   u    10.36   u     10.36     U   10.36   U     10.36    ~U   10.36     U   10~.3~6~'U~,      10.36    U   10.36     U   10.36    U    I
                       gamma-BHC                                 10.36   U    10.36   U     10.36     U   10.36   U     10.36    U   10~-36     ~U   10.36 u       ~10.36    U   10.36     ~U   10.36    U    I
                       delta~-B~HC                                 )    ND      I      ~N~D     I     ND      I     ~ND      I     ND     I     ~N~D      I     ~ND      I     ND     I         ND  I     ND      I
                       chlordane                                 I    ND      I      ND     I     ND~*     I     ND      I     N~D~.    I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         ND  I     ND
                       4,4~1-DDT                                  10.30 U      10.30 U       10.30 U       10.30 U       10.30 U      10.30 U       10.30 U       10.30 U      10.30 U       10.~1~1~0 U
                       4,4~q'-DDE                                  10.21 u      10.21 U       10.21~q'U       10.21 U       10.21 ~qP      10.21 U       10.21 U       10.21 U      10.21 U       10.21 U       I
                       4,4~q'-DDD                                  10.13   U    10.13   U     10.13     U   10.13   U     10.13    U   10.1~q1     U   10.13 U       10.1~q3    U   10.13     U   10.13    U    I
                       dieldri~qn                                  10.14   U    10.14   U     10.14     U   10.14   U     10.14    U   10.14     U   10.14 U       10.14    U   10.14     U   10.14    U    I
                       alpha-endosulfan                          I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         N~qP~q. I     ND      I
                       beta-endosulfan                           I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         N~qE  I     ND
                       endosulfan sulfate                        10.55 U      ~qJ~qO.S5 U       10.55 U       10.55 U       10.55 U      10.55 ~qU       ~qJ~qO.~qSS u       10.55 ~qU      10.55 ~qU       10~q.55 U
                       ~qendrin                                    ~q11.~q90 ~qU      ~q11.90 ~qU       ~q11.90 ~qU       ~q1~q1~q.~q90 ~qU       ~q11.90 ~qU      ~q11.90 ~qU       ~q11.90 U       ~q1~q1~q.~q9~q0 ~qU      ~q1~q1.90 ~qU       ~q1~q1.90 ~qU       I
                       endrin ~qaldehyde                           I    ND      I      ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I     ND      I     ND      I     ND     I         NE  I     ND      I
                       heptachlor                                10.33 ~qU      10.33 ~qU       10.33 U       10.33 U       10.33 U      10.33 U       10.33 U       10.33 U      10.33 U       10.33 U       I
                       hept~qachlor epoxide                        10.40 U      10.40 U       10.40 U       10.40 U       1~q0.40~~qU      10.40 U       10.40 u       10.40 U      10.40 U       10.40 U       I




                                                                                                                2~06
 





                 Table C. 5.           C  ontinued.                                            Station
                 organic priority
                 ]2011utant                      JESC07-01JESC07-02]ESC07-031ESC07-041ESC07-05JESC67-06JESC07-07JESC07-081ESCO7-091ESC07-101

                 PCB-1242                        112.68 U 112.68 U   112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U   112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U   I
                 PCB-1254                        19.89 U  19.89 U    19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U    19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U    I
                 PCB-1221                        I  ND    I   ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND  , I   ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 PCB-1232                        I  ND    I   ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    i   ND    1   1111)  1   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 PCB-1248                           ND        ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND    1   ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 PCB-1260                           ND        ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 PCB-1016                        I  ND    I   ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 Toxaphena                       I  ND    I   ND     I  ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I   ND    I   ND    I   ND     I
                 benzo(b+Mfluoranthene           10.10 U  10.10 U    10.10 U   10-10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U    10-10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U    I
                 -aCodes indicate               as   follows:
                    U -> Indicates                 material was analyzed for but not detected. Value
                            indicates a            calculated detection limit.
                    1M -> indicates                presence of material was verified but not
                             quantified.
                    ND           Indicates         no calculated detection limit.
                    na           Indicates         no anaylsis performed.
                 bFrOM Delfino, 1990.

                 'Concentrations above detection limit are in bold type.






























                                                                                   207


~0



                       Table C.6. Organics concentrations (mg kg~1~)a in FDER.~qPriority                                                                                                        b
                                   pollutant survey samples from~~0qjack's Branch, Perdido River 'basin.
                       organic priority                                                                                                                   Station
                       ~q2ol~lutant                              IESC08-01~JESC08-02~JESC08-03~JESC08-041ESC08-05~JESC08-061~ESC08-07~JESC08-081ESC~O8-091ESC08-101

                       2-chlorophenol                         10.25 U      10.25 U      10.25 U       ~1~-~0~.~75 U     10.25 U     ~10.25 U 10.25 U            ~10.25 U      ~10.2S ~U      ~10 25 U
                       2,4-dichloroph~enol                     10.39 U      10.39 U      10.39 U       10.39 U      10.39 U     10.39~U      '10.39 U      ~10.39 U     10.39 ~U      10~q:39 U
                       2,4-dimethylphenol                     10.35 U      10.35 U      10.3~S U       10.35 U      10.35 U     16.35 U      10.35 U       10.35 U      10.35 U      10.35 U    ~. I
                       4,6-dinitro-o-cres~ol                   11.49 U      11.49 U      11.49 U       11.49 U      11.49 U     11.49 U      11~;49 U       11.49 U      11.49 U      11.49 U      I
                            (2-methyl~-4,6-                    I            I            I             I            I           I            'I            ~f         ~  I            I            I
                            dinitrophenol)                    f            I            I             I            I           1            ~:~1            1            1            1            1
                       2,4-dinitrophenol                      114.29    U  114.29    U  114.29    U   114.29   U   114.29   U  114.29 U     114~.~~29    U  114.~29    U  114 29   U   114.29 U     I
                       2-nitrophenol                          10.48   U    10.48   ~U    10.48   U     10.48  U     10:48  U    10.48   U    10.48   ~U     10.48   ~U    10.~q@~8   U    10.48    U   I
                       4-nitrophenol~                         11.36   U    11.36   U    11.36   M     11.36  U     11.36  U    11.36   U    11.~1~6   U     11.36   U    11.36   U    11.36    U   I
                       p-chloro-m-cresol                      10.49   U    10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49  U     10.49  U    10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49   U    10.49   U    10~-49    U   I
                            (4-chloro-3-                      I            I            I             I            I           I            I             I            I            I            I
                            methylphenol)                     I            I            I             I            I           I            I             II           I            I            I
                       pentachlorophenol                      11.30   U    11.30   U    11.30   U     11.30  U     11.30  U    11.30   U    11.30   U     11.30   U    11.30   U    11 30    U
                       phenol                                 10.21   U    10.21   U    10.21   U     10.21  U     1~q0.21  U    10.21   U    10.21   U     10.21   U    10.21   U    10~q:21    U
                       2~,4,6-trichloroph~enol                  10.47   U    10.47   U    10.47   U     10.47  U     10.47  U    10.47   U    10.47   ~V     10.47   U    10.47   U    10.47    ~U   I
                       acenaphthene                           10.08   U    10.08   U    10.08   U     10.08  U     10.08  M    10.08   U    10.08   M     10.08   U    10.08   U    10.08    U   I
                       acenaphthylene                         10.05   U    10.05   U    10.05   U     10.05  U     10.05  U    10.0~5   U    10.0~5   U     10.05   ~U    ~10.~O~S   U    10.05    U   I
                       anthracen~e                             10.05   U    10.05   U    10.05   U     10.05  U     10.27       10.05   U    ~10.~OS   U     10.05   U~   ~10.0~5   U    ~10.05    U
                       ~benzidine                              10.49   U    10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49  U     10.49  U    10.49   U    10.49   U     10.49   U    10.49   U    10.49    U
                       benzo(~a~)anthracene                     10.04   U    10.04   U    10.04   ~U     10.04  U     10.04       10.04   U    10.04   U     10.04   M    10.04   U    10.04    U   I
                       benzo(a~)pyrene                         10.05   U    10.05   U    10.0~5   U     10.05  U     10.05  U    ~t~O.05   U    10.0~5   U.    10.05   U    10.05   U    10.05    U   I
                       3,4-benzofluoranthen~e                  I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I ~'~,ND       'I   NIP     I    ND      I
                            (~benzo(b)fluoranth~ene)            I            I            I             I            I           I            I             I ~,          I            I            I
                       benzo(~ghi~)perylene                     10.21 U      10.21 ~U      10.21 ~U       10.21 U      10.21 U     10.21 U      10.21 U       10.21 U      ~1'~0.21 U     10.21 U
                       benzo(k)fluoranthene                   I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND     A     ND      I    N~qb      ~-1   ND       I   ND       I    NEI     I    ND      ~q1    A
                       bis~(2-chloroethoxy~)~methane             10.13 U      10.13 U      10.13 U       10.13 U      10.13 U     10.13 U      ~1~,~0.13 U      10.13 U      10.13~.~U      10~-13 ~U      I
                       bis~(2-~chloroethyl)eth~er                I    ND      I    ND      I    ~N~D       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I ~qM          I    N~E~I     I    ND      I
                       bis~(2-chloroisopropyl)etherll.37 U                  11.37 U      11.37 U       11.37 U      11.37 U     ~il.'37 ~U     ~11.37~-~V       ~q(1.37 U      11.37 ~U      ~[1.37 U      I
                       bis~(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 10.06 U                  10.06 U      10.06 ~T~j      10.06 U      J~-~0.06~-~U    10.06 U      10.06 U       10.06 U      10.06 U      10.06 U
                       4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 10.37 M                  10.37 M      10.37 U       10.37 U      10.37 U     10.37 U      ~1~0.~S7 U       ~J~0.37 M~,     10.37 U      10.37 U
                       ~butyl ~benzyl phthalat~e                 10.07 U      10.07 U      10.07 U       10.07 U    ~.10.07 U      10.07 U      10.07 U       1~0.07 U      1~0.07 U      10~;07 U
                       2-chloronaphthalene                    ~10.11 ~U      ~10.11 ~U      ~10~-11 ~U       10.11 ~U      ~1~~0.1~1 ~U    ~10.1~1 ~U      ~'~10~-11 ~U      ~10.11 U~!     ~10.~1~1 ~U      10.11 ~U
                       4-chlorophenyl phenyl etherl ~ ND                   I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       'I   ND      I    ND      I
                       chryse~ne                               10.03 U      10.03 U      10.03 ~U       10.03 U      10.03 U     10.03 U      10.03 U       10.03 U      10~*03 U      10.03 U      I
                       dibenzo(a,h~)~anthr~d~Lcen~e                ~10.09 ~U      ~10.09 ~U      10.09 ~U       ~10.09 ~U    ~1~10~-~09~,~U      ~10.09 ~U      ~10.09 ~U       10.09 ~U ~10.09 ~U           ~qt~o.~0~9 ~U
                       1,2-dichlorobenzene                    10.22 U      10.22 U      10.22 ~U       10.22~-~U    ~10~o~22 U      10.22 U      10.~22 U       10~-22 ~U      1~0.22 U      10.22 ~U
                       ~1~,3~-dichloro~benzene                    10.22 U      ~~10.22 U     10.22~,~U       10~* 22'U   `~q10~.~22~~U      ~1~0.~22 U      ~10~@~2~2 U      ~10.22 U      ~'~10~.22 ~U     10.22 ~U      I
                       ~1~,4~-dichloro~be~nz~ene                    I    ~ND      I    ~ND      I    N~D       I   ~ND       I   ~.~-~N~D    I    ND      ~@~4   RD       I   ND       I    ~N~D      I    ND      I
                       3,3-di~chloro~benzidine                  10.21   U    ~10.21   U    10.21   ~U    ~10~:21   U     1~0.21  U    10.21   ~U    ~4~0~.2~1~'~U~1p~p~2p~p~p~       ~U    '~10.21  U    10.21    U   I
                       diethyl phthalate                      10.08   U    1~.08  U    10.0~8   ~U     10.08  U     10.0~8  U    10.08   U    10.08 U       ~J~O.~'08  U    10.08   U    10.08    U
                       dimethyl phthalate                     10.09   ~m    ~10.09   ~U    10.09   ~0     10.09  ~U     ~10~-09  ~U    ~1~1~0.09  ~U    ~10.09 ~l~u      ~1~0~:~0~9   ~U    ~10.09   ~U    ~[0~.0~9    ~U
                       di-n-~butyl phthalate                   10.03   U    10.03   U    10.03   U     ~10.03~-~U      10.03  U    10.03   U    ~A0.~03~-~U       ~10.03   U    ~@~10.0~3  U    ~10.03    M   I
                       2,4-di~nitrotoluene                     10.42   U    10.42   U    10.42   ~T~j    10.42  U     10.42  U    10.42   U    ~q10.42   U     10.42   U    10.42   U    10  ~.42  U   I
                       2,6-di~nitrotoluene                     1~0.52   U    10.52   U    10.52   ~U     ~10.52  U     ~10.52  U    10.52   U    10.52   U     10.52   U    ~10~;52   U    ~1~0.52    U   I
                       di-n-octyl phthalate                   10.03   U    10.03-U      10.03   ~U     jo.b3  U     10.03  U    10.03   U    '10.03  U     10.03   U    10.03   U    10~-03    U   I
                       1,2-diphenylhydrazine                  10.30   U    10.30 U      10.30   ~U     10.30  U     10.30  U    10.30   U    1~-0.30  U     10.30   U    10.30   U    10.30    U
                            (az~o~benzene)                      I            I            I             I            I           I            ~f             I            I         ~  I            ~qi    I
                       fluora~nthen~e                           10.0~5   U    10.0~5   U    ~10~:~O~S   ~U     10.05  U     10.0~5  U    ~q0.05    U    ~10.~O~S   U     10.05   U    10.~O~S   U    ~10.~OS    U   I
                       fluorene                               10.08   M    ~1~0.'08  U    10.08   ~M     10.08  U     10.~08  M    10.08   ~U    10.08   M     10.08   M    1~0.08   U    ~;0.08    U   I
                       hexachloro~benzene                      10.18   U    10.18   U    ~10.18  ~0     10.18  U     10.1~8  U    10.18   U    10.18   U     ~'1~,0.18 U    10.~q1~8   ~U    10.18    U   I
                       hexachlorobutadie~ne                    10.45   U    10.45   U    10.45   ~U     10.45  U     10.45  U    10.45   U    10.45   U     10.45   U    JO~qAS    U    10.45    U   I
                       hexachlorocyclopentadi~ene              I    ND      I    ND      .1   ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ~ND       I   ND       I    ND      I    ND
                       hexach~loroethane                       10.38 U      10.38 U      10.38 U       ~1~,0.38 U     10.38 U     10.38 U      10.38 U       10.38 U      10.38 U      10.38 ~U
                       indeno~(1~,2,3-c,d~)pyre~ne                10.31 U      10.31 U      10.31 ~U       10.31 U      10.31 U     10.31 U      10.31 U       10,31 U      10.31 U      10.31 U      I
                       isophorone                             ~f~0.07   U    ~f~0~-07   U    10.07   U     10.07  U     10.~07  U    ~f~O~.07   U    10.07   U     10.07   U    10.07   U    10~-07    u   I
                       naphthalene                            10.06   U    10.0~6   U    10.06   ~U     10.06  U     10.06  U    10.06   ~U    10.06   U     10.06   U    10.0~6   U    10.06    U   I
                       nitrob~enzene                           10.19   ~U    10.19   ~U    ~10.19   ~U    ~2p~2p~2p~~U     ~10.19  ~U    ~10.19   ~U    10~-19   ~U     ~10.~q19   U    ~1~0~-~1~9   U    ~1~0~-~1~9    ~U
                       N-nitrosodimethyl~amine                 I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I    ND      I    ND
                       N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine              10.17 U      10.17 U      10.17 U       ~3~0.17 ~U      ~10.17 U     10~.17 U      ~10~;17 U       ~10~.17 U      ~10~.17 ~U      10  ~.~17 ~U
                       N-nitrosodiphenyl~amin~e                 I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I    N~:~)     I    ND
                       phenanthrene                           ~1~0.~0~S~C       ~10 ~' 05 U    10.05 ~U       10.0~6        10.09       10.05   U    10.10         10.05   M    10.0~5   U    10.19        ~1
                       pyrene                                 10.04 U      1~0.04   U    10.04 ~U       10.04  U     10.04  U    10.04   U    10.04   U     10.04   U    10.04   U    10.04    U   I
                       1,2,4-trichlorobenzene                 10.29 U      10.29   U    10.29 U       10.29  U     10.29  U    10.29   U    10.29   U     10.29   U    10.29   U    10~-20    U
                       aldrin                                 ~10~.~19~1~U      10.19   ~U    ~10~-~19~-~U       ~10.19  U     10.19  ~U    ~10.19   U    ~10.19   ~U     ~10.19   ~U    ~10.~19   ~U    ~10~-~T9    U
                       alpha~-~BHC                              10.28 U      10.28   U    10.28 U       ~10.28  U     10.28  U    10.28   U    10.28   U     10.28   U    10.28   U    10.28    U   I
                       beta-BHC                               10.36 U      10.36   ~U    10.36 U       10.36  U     10.36  U    10.36   U    10.36   U     10.36   U    10.~q@~6   U    10.36    U   I
                       gamma-BHC                              ~10.36 U      10.36   U    10.36 U       10.36  u     10.36  u    10.36   U    10~-36   U     10.36   U    10.36   U    10~-36    U   I
                       delta-BHC                              I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I    ND      I    ND
                       chlordane                              I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ~N~D       I   ND       I    N~D      I    ND
                       4,4~q'-DDT                               ~q10.30 U      10.30 U      10.30 ~qU       ~q10.30 ~qU      10.30 U     10.30 U      ~q10.30 U       10.30 U      10.30 U      ~q10  ~q.30 U    I
                       4,4~q'-DDE                               10.21 U      10.21 U      10.21 U       10.21 U      10.21 U     10.21 U      10.21 U       10.21 U      10.21 U      ~q10~q-21 U      I
                       4,4~q'-DDD                               10.13 U      10.13   U    10.13 U       0 13   U     ~4q10.13  U    10.13   U    10.13   U     10.13   U    10.13   ~qU    10~q-13    U   I
                       dieldrin                               10.14 U      10.14   U    10.14 U       ~4qi~qO~6q:14  u     6.14   U    10.14   U    10.14   U     10.14   U    ~q1~q0.'14  U    10.14    ~qU   I
                       ~qalpha-endosulfan                       I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I ~ND        I    ND      I    ND
                       b~qeta-e~qndosulfan                        I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I    ND      I    ND      ~4qi
                       ~qendosulfan sulfate                     10.55 U      1~q0.55 U      ~q10.55 U       10.55 U      ~qJ~q0.S5 U     1~q0.55 ~qU      ~q1~q0.55 U       ~q10.55 ~qU      ~q10.55 U      ~q10 55 U      I
                       endrin                                 ~q1~q1.90 ~qU      ~q1~q1.90 ~qU      ~q1~q1.90 ~qU       ~q1~q1.90 ~qU      ~q1~q1.90 ~qU     ~q11.90 ~qU      ~q11.~q90 ~qU       ~q11.90 ~qU      ~q11.90 ~qU      ~q11~q-~q90 ~qU      I
                       endrin aldehyde                        I    ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I   ND      I    ND      I    ND       I   ND       I    ND      I    ND      I
                       heptachlor                             10.33 U      10.33 U      10.33 U       10.33 U      10.33 U     10.33 U      10.33 ~qU       10.33 U      1~q0.~qS3 ~qU      ~.10~q-33 U     I
                       heptac~qhlor epoxid~qe                     10.40 U      10.40 U      10.40 U       10.40 U      10.40 U     10.40 U      10.40 U       10.40 U      10.40 U      10~q-40 U      I





                                                                                                          208
 






               Table C. 6.            Continued.                                          Station
               organic priority
                   " ant                     JESC08-OIJESCOS-021ESC08-031ESC08-04JESC08-05JESC08-061ESCOS-07JESC08-081ESCO8-091ESC08-101

               PCB-1242                      112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U 112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U  112.68 U 112.68 U  112.68 U  I
               PCB-1254                      19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U  19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U   19.89 U  19.89 U   19.89 U   I
               poll t



               PCB-1221                      I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  14D    I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               PCB-1232                      I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  ND     I  NY)    I  ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               PCB-1248                          ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               PCB-1260                          ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I 'ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               PCB-1016                      I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               Toxaphene                     I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I  ND     I  ND     I  ND    I   ND    I   ND    I
               benzo(b+k)fluoranthene        10.10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U  10.10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U   10.10 U  10.10 U   10.10 U   I



               aCodes indicate               as   follows:
                   U     -> Indicates           material was analyzed for but not detected. Value
                          indicates a           calculated detection limit.
                   Ki          Indicates        presence of material was verified but not
                           quantified.
                   ND    -> Indicates           no calculated detection limit.
                   na    -> Indicates           no anaylsis performed.
               bFrom Delfino, 1990.

               cConcentrations above detectio                        n limit are in             bold type.




























                                                                           209

















































































                                                                210











                                      APPENDIX D



                   DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE NJJTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS
                               PLOTTED AGAINST SALINXTY




                 All concentrations are in mg L-1 (see Table 6.2) and
                           salinity is in parts per thousand.


                Explanation of Symbols:

                     Square - sample collected from mid-depth (no
                          stratification).
                     Triangle - near surface sample (stratification)
                     Inverted triangle - near-bottom sample
                          (stratification).
                     SD - Soldier Creek
                     PM - Palmetto Creek



                zero salinity value is weighted mean from the five tributary
                     stations.


































                                          211















                             0                                                               0.6
                                                                                                                                    March 1988
                                                                 March 1988,,
                          U  8(l
                          I                                                                _;j

                                                                                           z
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                          z  6-
                          0           13
                          Cla
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                                           b"

                                                                                                                       FP
                                   13                                                                               VV m
                          z  2-
                                                                                                               rR  ocka
                          0                                                                  110                                     v
                               0                                 20               30             0                  10              20               30
                                                SALINITY (ppt)                                                      SALINITY   (ppt)


                        4""D.6                                                                           . . . . . .
                        L.J           0                          l4brch, 1986                                                       lvlorc@ 1988
                        z
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                        TZ                                                                CL

                        LL3
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                                                           k
                                                            /-Pt\                                                   SIA I IN, I
                                                            p                                                        I- ITY %rrl/





                                       W



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                    1.00                                                       0. 15
                              E3                       March 1988            z                                     March 1988
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                                        SALINITY (ppt)                       a-                      SALINITY (ppt)
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                     50    . . . .
                                                       March 1988            a_                                    March 1988
                    qr4O
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                                        SALINITY (ppt)                                               SALINITY (ppt)












                               813                                . . . . . .                     0.4
                                                                    May 1988                                                              may 1988
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                             04-                                                                E
                             co                                                                 [email protected]


                             U2-                                                                +0.1'
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                              0                                                                 0.07
                                                                        May 1988                                                          may   1988
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                                                 'M low, go                                             low,



















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                                     SALINITY (Ppt)                                        SALINITY (ppt)

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                    20   . . .                                        -LIO.03   . . .
                                                  May 1988            a_                                May 1988

                  CP                vv
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                                     SALINITY (ppt)                                        SALINITY (ppt)
















                            14                                                              0.6                             . . . . . . ..
                                                                 June 1988                                                        June 1988
                            12-


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                                                                                                           . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                    June 1988'            0.08                                    June 1988
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   =mom wmmm@mmm m mm Mumma mm







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                   '10   . . . . . . .                           0.4                      . . . . . .
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                                   0           July 1988      z                        IMP    July 1988
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                                              i                                               July 1988
                                               uly 1988       CL
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                                SALINITY (Ppt)                                 SAUNITY (ppt)













                           ,,14                                                                 0.20.
                                  -A                                August 19.88                                                          August 1988
                             120

                                (3
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                                                                    August 1988                                                           August 1988
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                         E                                                                              p
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                                                                                                                'm so,                                        Mll
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         Ilk'! IMI IND IN NO m AM an ON NO                                       m m m as ON an m







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                                             August 1988       z                              August 1988
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                                 SALINITY (ppt)                                   SALINITY (Ppt)

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                  140  . . . . . . .                           7 0.04
                  130                                          -1
                                             August 1988                 'a                   August 1988
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                                 SALINITY (Ppt)                                   SALINITY (PPO















                         12                                                         0.2
                        7 j 11                             September 1988,                                             September 1988
                        uloso
                        I    i    s
                        CD,  '&   &S
                        E   8-    A
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                        z
                        0   6-                                                     E   .1
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                        0   0                                                       0.0        acm an vvw. vy
                            0              10              20              30           0               10             20              30
                                            SALINITY (ppt)                                               SALINITY (ppt)


                         .6               V.                                       0.02
                                                           September 1988                                              September   1988
                        z
                        I                 v
                        E0.4.        A
                        z
                        uj  W     s
                                           v
                                    s
                             13                                                  ol
                        t=   AN                                                  E
                        ZO,2                                                                   ss   F
                                                                                 0      ANK MLEWL a vvw vv
                                                                                 CL



                        0.0
                                                           20              30                           lo             20              So
                                            SALINITY (ppt)                                               SALINITY (ppt)




                            as go, 'MI 'M in,                             'so, IM, low,                            M                      'low












                  1.25                 . . . . . . . . .               !-J 0 30 . . . . . . . . . .
                C-)                                                    z                                 September 1988
                            s                     September 1988.      10.25
                0,1.00                                                 CA            S  0
                E                                                      E             0
                                     @7
                ZO.75 11 13               vv                           z0.20      s        v
                M                                                      w          a            v
                0                                                      CD            ba    7%
                cr-                                                    00.15      A
                <
                00.50
                                                                       z
                Ld                                                      0.10
                tR
                                                                       SO.05

                  0.00                                                 [email protected]
                      0                           20            30     0_     0            10            20            30
                                     SALINITY  (ppt)                                        SALINITY (ppt)


                   30    . . . . . . .                                 7 0.04   . . . .
                                                  Sep tember 1988                                        September 1988
                  CA                                                                    P
                  E                                                    ?0.03      ss    et
                   20-                                                            00    0


                                                                                            1@7 V
                  0                                                    00.02  -
                                                                       a:     13
                  C3  M
                  W10 A         P    v                                 0
                  0    i'a s                                           3:
                  z                                                     0.01
                  uj       osa   P                                     a.
                  0-         C3  0
                  (n       A                                           C-5
                  =3          a
                     0                                                  0.00
                      0             l'O           20            30            0               . . . . to               30
                                     SALINITY (PPO                                          SALINITY (ppt)















                                                                                                                0.6
                               7
                                                                              Ocio@oir I 9's' 8-                                                               Ociiobee 19:68


                                                    13 j3
                               E                                                                              2'    4
                                   6-

                                                                vv

                                   4-
                                                                                                              Z6.2

                               z   2
                               0                                                                              0
                               <                                                                              . Pq


                                   0                                                                                                                                             C7 M
                                    0                                         20                   -30          0.0  0                    10                   20
                                                           SALINITY     (.pot)                                                             sAILATY (pot)


                                         . . . . . . ... . . . . . .                                          6.20
                                                                              Octob6i- 1988                                                                    Odtbbe- r i 988'
                             z 1.2


                             E 1.0

                             UZ.
                                                                                                             J-OJO
                             8
                             w 0.6

                               0.4-
                                                          0                                     v V.
                                                cili                                                        o-
                               0.2                                                                                                         P.
                             U-1

                                                         4 r%                                                        0                    10                                        30
                                    Li                     v                                                          -                                        20
                                                           SALINITY (ppt)                                                                  SALINITY      (pot)




                                                                                                                                                                  m          so         'Op       m












           71.25                                   JO.20 . . . . P . . . . . . . . .
                         v          October 1988                 0         October 1988
           0                                       z
                           p                       I
           ",l.c)o       7 p                       W.   -   A
           E               137                     EO-15
                      SO
                                                   z                VV
           ZO.75                                   1A
           0                                       CD
           m                                                12@
                                                   00.10
                                                   m
           60.50                                   t=
                                             v     z
                                                   SO.05

           C< 0.00                            -
           L   0           10       20        30        0        10        20        30
                           SALINITY (ppt)                         SALINITY (ppt)


              30                                   0.04    . . . . . .
                                                                           October 1988
                                    October 1988               C3
                                                   @0.03
              20-          p
                         v Cv               vv     D
                           p                       CE
            0         s                            50.02
            0           Ct 13
                      Cl                           0-
                                                           A
            LU 0 -                                               p
            0                                                 s  13  %7
            z                                      a.0.01 - m                       v -
            w     & A 0    a                                     pq
            U)                                     Ci -      0 0 A2
            D
               0
                                               0   < 0.00
               0           10       20        3    a-   0        10        20        30
                           SALINITY (ppt)                         SALINITY (Ppt)















                                                                                            0.4
                                                                November 1988-                                                     November 19'88
                               M
                           16-
                           E

                                                                                           cyl
                           z
                           04-                     A

                           <
                           Q                          V  O-P i@L                           z
                           L-J 2 -                                                         +
                           z
                           <
                           0                                                               0
                           ck@                                                             z
                           0
                                                                                                                                                    30
                                                                20                30            0                 10               20',
                                                SALINITY    (ppt)                                                  SAL NITY (ppt)


                        4`0.6                                                              O@04
                        1-i                                     Nove-mb-er '1988                                                   November 1988.
                        z

                                                                                           0.03
                        E  0.4-
                        z                        kw
                        LLJ              (3
                        0                 a             V                                  U2
                        0                                 p                                4                E3                  V
                        x                                    7
                        t=                                   Vk
                        z 0.2                          0 13
                                                       V                          '@7     00.01
                                                                                         CL                               s  p


                        --30.0
                                                                                           000                                                      30
                               0                                2b                SO             0                10               20
                                                                                                                   @ A. I k 1 f-&%
                                                SALINITY (ppt)                                                     --It%U I'M 1 @PPLJ
















                    1.25
                                                                              LJO 20                               November 1988
                                                       November 1988          z
                                                  p                           E"O. 15          C3     AA ,Us   7p
                 E                                                                                  "p - I I   el
                                                                                               13       11
                                                                              z                         F 0    13V
                 zO.75   -              A
                 0
                 M
                               A                                              00.10   -
                                                                              x
                 <
                    0.50                                                      z            46
                 LU
                                                                              SO.05   -
                                                                              D
                                                                       30     P.00                                 to               30
                                         SALINITY (ppt)                                              SALINITY (ppt)


                      30                                                       0.04
                                                       November 1988                                               November 1988
                                                                              0-



                      20
                    C,                            p
                    0                                                         00.02            cl
                    W                                                         M:                            A      F    V
                                                                              0-                      A w      VV
                    Lulo                   A                                                   0               pV
                    a                        A%                                                      & AAA V -'M                  VV
                    z                                                  17     0-0.01                           P
                    Li                      V                                                                  E3
                    CL
                                   13     46  17                     7

                    V)
                                                                       30      0. 00
                                       10              20                     a-     0                             to               30
                                         SALINITY (ppt)                                              SALINITY  (ppt)










                    ,8.                                              0.4                        D@cimb@; '198F
                    7                          December 1988               A

                     613
                    EI                   A

                    z
                                                                   E
                    04-                                            -!71().2-          A
                    cc
                                                                   C14
                                      AM                           0                      A   a

                     2 -                                           +                     s
                                                                                                  v        v
                    <
                    0  -                                           0                          %v
                    Cr_                                            z
                     0
                      0           10           20           30          0                       2`0         '30
                                   SALINITY (ppt)                                   SALINITY (ppt)


                                                                   0.04
                                       ss                                                       December 1988
                                              2"becember 1988 J
                                       A       0  v
                                                 v                 0.03
                 E  04                                             4`1%
                 z                               v
                                                                   a.- 0,02
                 0                                                 1
                                                 v v               0
                                                                   E                        . s
                 z 0.2
                                                                   00.01
                                                                   a.                         @v       v   V.
                 uj
                    0. o                                           0.00
                                               2@           30          o          1@           20           50
                                   SALINITY  (ppt)                                  SAUNiTY  (ppt')'





   'Ion    11   'MIN  on       1, '11110,            W,








                   1.00                             DeceI mbIer  198B      JO.20    . . . .         A         Dece'mb'er 'l 988
                                                       v


                                                   p v
                E 0.75                                                    E10-15
                1-1                                                       -                                   vq
                z                                                         Z                         AAA    sg!v
                                           ,CAI   9pv v                   w      11  A                         v v
                0                                                         C)
                M           A             1@       0                                                                  v
                   0. 5 0                                    v            00.10  -
                                                                          x                                           v
                                                                          z
                                                                          ui 0.05
                   0.25
                D

                                                                          C.>
                <0.00                                                      0.006                                             so
                CL
                       0                             @0-           30                          lo
                                      SALINITY (ppt)                                            SAUNITY (ppt)


                    60    . . .                                           TLJ 0.03  . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                              December 1988
                                                                          a.                                  v
                    so-                             December 1988
                                            s
                   E                                                      E
                    40                                                    ""0.02                                      v
                   0                       s                                                                          v
                                                                                                           A    v
                   030-                           A                                                 s         v  v
                                                                                                    AA     sv
                                                                                                     s
                   E320 -                                                 00.01                            Ep  v
                   in                                                     M:
                   z                                                      CL                                     v
                   w                         A     v  7 @    v   v
                   0-10                                                   C)
                   U)                                 w      v   v
                                          A
                      OOL.  let,                                   -j     < 0.00                                             go
                                     10              20            30     a_
                                      SALINITY (ppt)                                            SALINITY (ppt)












                                     January 1989          4L               January 1989
                 13
                 6-                                   0.3
                CD
                E
                z                                                 6A
                                                     E  .2
                04-

                                                                         s
                                                     0
                                                     z                   as
                c)2 -                                +0.1
                z        4c",&      19                                    134
                <                                                         A- p
                0                     vffl vv v      6                    N?
                w                                    z
                0
                                                                              mu wysz 39
                 0o                  no         30      0                   20        30
                            SALINITY (ppt)                          SAUNITY (ppt)

      0

              ;:-"0.6                                0.04                 . . . . . . .
                                     January 1989                           January 1989
              z
                                                                          s
                                                     0.03
              E0.4 13
              z                     p
              Uj                                     iL
                                                     10.02
                                  Sv        v
                                 SO                                   A
              z 0.2              13
                                       v                               AS mg
                               A                     00.01                vo t   v
                                       V,   v                             A

              W
               o.0                                   0.00
                 n                   20         3JO     0         10                   30
                            SALINITY  (ppt)                         SALINITY kppLI





  Jill   1,1111 din                                                                m w



                             III ills sm m m










                                                      0.20
                                      January @89                              January 1989
                                   g Pi                                           I
            "0.75                                    E0.15
            E

                                                     z
            z    Kj         A          "@7                                 S
            '00.50                                   00.10              A       V7
                                                     z
            '[email protected]                                  @-o 05
            D

            [email protected]                    iLo-      .310 !@0-00 0                  2'0 . . . . 30
                            SALINITY (ppt)                           SALINnY (ppt)


              -,50                                    JO.02 . . . . .
                                      January 1989   a.                        January 1989
              cn40 -                                        A                FIB
              E                                      E
              %@ .                     v                                     13
              030-                S A                                    A El   v
              M                   azv                                              7
              i                    v                 Of
              0                ASA                   00.01                S
              V)                   A                                        A   w
              C120          A                        a-           A
                                                     ta
              Ui                                     0

              z                                      QL                     A
              Uilo
              a_
              to                                     6                       w
              n
              V)
                0                                    <0.00
                 0                    2@        30   CL   0                    2@         30
                            SALINITY (ppt)                           SALINITY (ppt)















                            18                                                                  0.5
                            7 1 1]                                 February 1989                     M                                   February 1989
                            C)
                              6-                                                                0 . 4
                            E
                                                                                              z
                            z                                                                 M0.3
                            04                                                                E
                            03
                                                              s p
                                                                   8 V V                      0
                                                             Ayg[3                            z
                            02-                                    &
                                                              130                             +                                     s
                                                                   A V   v V   V
                                                             A     AV
                                                                               V
                            0                                                                 z
                              0
                                                                                                0.0
                                                                                                                                         9.
                                                                   20                30             0                 10                 20               30
                                                  SALINITY                                                             SALINITY    (ppt)
          L4


                                                                                              0.08
                                                                   February 1989
                                                                                              0.07(l                                     February 1989
                                                                 0
                         %J,0.6                                               V               0.06
                         E
                                                                               V
                                                                         V
                         z                                   ASO   p      V                   0.05
                         00.4          A                               vV                     CL 0.04
                         0                                    01V          V,  V              I
                                                                                              %ji
                         z            A                            A           V              @@0.03                                     p
                            0.2
                                                                                              00.02
                                                                                              CL                                   As8pV
                                                                                                                                    q' 13         V
                                                                                              0.01                                                  V
                                                                                                                                         A  v
                                                                                                                                    n A&V @7 V
                                                                                              0.00
                                                                                                                      10                 20               30
                                                  SALINITY (ppt)                                                        SALINITY   (ppt)
















                                                                 0.20
                1.25
                                              February 1989                                    February 1989
                                                               z
                1.00                      5   El                                           SO    V
                                          13
              E                                                EO.15                       13
                                              Av v v
                                           A
              zO.75                                            z
              0                                                w                           6
              m                           R A      v           0
                                          13                   00.10
                                                               ir
              00.50                                   v        t-
                                                               z
                         A
                                                                 0.05     A
              D                                                           A
              0
                                                               C-)
              w                                                I--
                                                          _j         L               . . . . . . . . .
              a< 0.000                        to          30   P.00 0                         20           30
                                 SALINITY (ppt)                                    SAUNITY (ppt)


                  60   . . . . . . .          p                TLJ 0.03
                                              0                a.                             February 1989
                  50
                                              February 1989
                  40-                         p
                                                                 0.02            A             v

                030-                          Al,                                         I& ALV v
                                              &IF @;V                                      A13      17v;&
                                      13                                                          v
                                                v                                          s
                UJ20 -                               17        00-01
                n              A                               X
                z                         SO                   a.
                w        A     A          cl
                6.10 -
                         A                                     C-5
                                                                 o.00 OL . . . .
                    0                         20                                              TO-          30
                                 SALINITY (ppt)                                    SALINITY  (ppt)















                                                         0.41J...
                                        April 1989                               April 1989
               y  8
                                                         0.3
               E                                        z
               z  6-             P       V*             cm
               0                                        E
                                a3l                     -ZO. 2

                                                        C*4
                  4-
                       13            v
                       0          VAA    v7             z
               z  2 -                      V            1+0.1
                                                        0$              ï¿½
                                           V,           0
                                                        z
                  0
                  0          10         20        30        0         10         20         30,
                              SALINITY (ppt)                           SAUNITY (ppt)


               4-10.8                                   0.05
               1-i             s        April 1989                               April 1989
               z
               1              0                         0.04
               00.6
               z         A                              7j [email protected] 13    'd s
               LLJ            s                                 0         P
                                                        0-             AM 0 A      v
               00.4-      A a OA Pv A                   I
               0                                                         ALP       v
                             A     V 7                  E 0.02     A  AO 0  v
               z             A   13      V              1-1                v  Vv
                       8                                           A
               -j 0 2                                   0


               -*-. 23 0. o0    . . . . to        30    0.000         10.        2@ . . .   30
                              SALINITY  (ppt)
                                                                       SALIM 1-1












                 71.75                                             JO.30
                                              April 1989           z                  s      W April 1989
                 Ul-50                          'VV
                 1                                                 10.25              n PIV    v 1vv
                 C71                                               a)
                 1-25 -               P                            E
                                      03                           0.20
                 z                                                 z
                 01.00 -
                                                                   w
                                                                   CD
                                                                                      A6,
                 x                                                 00.15              AA
                 <                                                 x
                 00.75                                             t--
                 Lu                                                z0.10
                 !:RG-50                                               M
                 __j
                 D
                 C-) 0.25                                          0.05
                 P:
                 x
                 [email protected]              . . . . . . . . .             %0.001 . . . . . . . ... .
                     0            10          20            .30    a.  0            10           20           30
                                  SALINITY (PPt)                                     SAUNITY  (ppt)

     Ln

                  50                             V.                j 0.04            . . . . . .
                                              April 1989                                         April 1989

                 cr4O
                                                                   "0.03                        v

                 0,30-                P
                                      (37
                                      P     v                                         s
                                                                   0 OM
                  20-              s    A
                                                w                  0-               A& E3
                 w                                                 (A                 A
                 n                                                 0
                 z                                                 m
                 W10
                 0-                A
                                 A
                          El a
                     0            10          20            go     [email protected] 8. . . . lb . . . . to              30
                                  SALINITY (Ppt)                                     SALINITY (ppt)















                                                               . . . .               .0.2
                                                           May 1989                                                     May 1989
                       U10  13

                       E  8-                                                        z

                       z                     s                                      E
                       0  6-
                       m          13         13
                                  13                                                C*4
                          4-         13      s                                      z
                       L)                    V C]
                       z                     El    g    13                          +
                          2-                 13 7                                   W$
                                                        13                          0
                                                                                    z                    ss
                                                                                     3,0  LA      9M.,  WOW w .1m
                            0                10            20              30             0             10              20               30
                                             SALINITY  (Pot)                                              SALINITY (pot)


                                                                                    0.07    . . .
                      -j 1.6-                              May 1989                                                     may 19819
                      z                                                             0.06

                      E                                                             O.o5  -
                      @1.2
                      z                                                             0.04
                       1.0
                      000.8       13                                                 03   -                    P
                                             s          13
                      zO.6        13         13 V                                                 C3 13  V
                                             s    P                               *0.02        13       0 S 0
                       0.4 -                 [53  P                               0                      SIOV
                                                0 C3    13                        a.                            P
                       0. 2 -                C3.!V C3                               0.01                     13-0
                      La
                       30.0 1                            . . . . . .                0.00    . . . .
                                                           -?0
                                                                           30             0                             20              30
                                             SALIM TY (pot)                                               SALINITY  (pot)
















              1.75                                       0. 30
                                        May 1989         z                         May 1989
                                                         10.25 -
                                                         CA                  p
             E 1.25 1   [313 S    P                      E           0   ss  a
             l-.                                         I .
             zI             &     0                      z0.20 -    a   6p   p
             01.00 -                                     w
             m                       m                   0           A
             x                                           00.15 -
              0.75 -
             U-i                                         z0.10  13
              0.50 -                                          4k


             C-) 0.25
              0.00  . . . . .... .                       %0.00 1. . . . ... . . . .
             L   0          10          20                    0         10         20          0
                             SALINITY (pPt)                              SAUNITY (Ppt)


                 40                                      0.07
                                        May 1989         a-                   0    May 1989
                             v       CJ3                 10.06
              E-30                                       E
                                                         10.05


                                                         0.04 -
              020                                        0
              V)             s    p                      2:0.03 -       v v  E3
                             13S  0                      CL                0 p
              C3                                         V)         (3    s
                          A 0                            0              0 0
                                                         3:0.02              13
              zio             v                          a.                     q3
              uj
              a_                  p                      L5 0.01
              V)    A
              D     A
              V) ol . . . .                              Q:
                                                         < 0.00
                 0                      2b         30    a-   0                    2b          30
                             SALINITY (ppt)                              SALINITY (ppt)















                                                                                                           0.28       . . . . . .
                                                                            June 1989                                                                     June 1989
                                 101?                                                                      -,,0.24
                                  8            A                                                           0.20.-
                                               A
                              z                                                                            -@O. 16
                                                                                                           E
                              0   6-
                              co
                                                                                                           C-4 0. 12
                                                                                                           0
                                  4-                                                                       z
                                                                                                           +0.08
                                  2-                                                                       on
                                                                                                           00.04          A
                              m                                                                            z                                VW
                                  0                    10                   20                  30         0.00   0                   10                  20                  30
                                                         SALINITY (ppt)                                                                SALINITY     (ppt)
            Li
            03

                                                                                                           0.07 L J   . . . . .                . . . . . .
                              z 1.4-                                        June 1989                      0.06                                           June    1989
                              I                                                                                   1 -3
                              1--1.2                                                                       -,0.05
                              z 1.0                                                                        1-1    1
                              U-1                                                                          (L 0.04
                              80.8
                              0                                                                            1       k 'k A
                              ck@                                                                          -1103
                              t= 0.6                                                                       E                          v v
                              z                                                                            .11,
                                0.4                                                                        0
                                    913                                                                    CL
                                0.2                                                                        0.01-
                              Ui
                              @23 0.0                                                                      13.00
                                                                                                An                                    10,                 20                  30
                                                         SALINITY (ppt)                                                                 SALINITY (ppt)



                            =aim mm mm










                                                                                     0.20
                       1.25
                    U                                       June 1989               z                                      June 1989
                    011.00
                                                                                    E0.15
                    0                                                               z
                    zO.75                        V                                  w
                    m                                                               (D           h
                    x                                                               00.10   am
                    <                                                               t=
                    00.50                                                           z
                    w
                                                                                    w
                                                                                    !:@ 0.05
                    C-)                                                             D
                                                                                    C-)

                       0. 00
                    L                                       A               310     !@0'00 0               10              20               30
       bi                                   SALINITY (ppt)                          CL                      SAUNITY    (Ppt)


                        20                                                           0.04
                                                                                             0
                       1-j                                  June 1989               CL                                     June 1989
                       CP                                                           I
                                                                                    "0-03
                                                                                             13

                                                                                    D        Cl
                       olom                                                         00.02
                       0)  13                                                       x       13
                                                                                    0-
                                                                                    V)
                       w   (IM                                                      0
                       z    3                                                       a- 0.0 1
                       LLI
                       CL                                                           6
                       W
                       D
                       V)                                                           w0.00
                          0                                                         <
                           0                                20              30      a-     0                               20               30
                                            SALINITY (Ppt)                                                  SALINITY   (ppt)
































































































                                                                240











                                       APPENDIX E



                        SALINITY AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
                      FROM HYDROGRAPHIC CAMPAIGNS IN PERDIDO BAY




                Explanation:

                     Dissolved oxygen is reported in percent saturation and
                          salinity is in parts per-thousand.

                     Data is plotted for each station and presented in a
                          time series.

                     Time of cast (start) is given in upper left corner of
                          each figure.

                     Salinity is represented by open circles.

                     Oxygen is.represented by dots.
































                                           241







                                                                                      DISSOLVED OX                                         YGEN                   (Saturation                               %)
                                               0              a              IN                   a             m               IN.                 a               w             IN                   0              a              IN


                                                                                                                                                                                                           1414



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         C-4







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00
                                               0                                                  0               10               n                0                to               as               9                is               so              00




                                                                                                                a              lack                 0                             100                  0

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                                                               16                w                                to               so                                                                                   ia


                                                                                                                SALINITY (ppt)







                          DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)
             0






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                                  SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                          DISSOLVED OXYGEN                                                  (Saturation                          %)
                                         a            so           IN               0            w            to                I             w           to               .0             N            IN


                                                                                       IN$                                          1200                                       ISO


                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C4




                                       -8                                                                                                                                                                   .............. 00
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                                         0                        100                            Go           100                                         IN                              00


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0


                                         0            so           100              0                          100              0             Do           no                              00


                                                                                         ow                                         om                                          NO

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                                                       to                                          10                                          10                                           to             So


                                                                                                  SALI N ITY                  (ppt)







                        DISSOLVED    OXYGEN (Saturation %)

            0    so  im





                                                                          C4


                                                                          M



                                                                          00
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   Ul





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                                SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                                                                                                  DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                                                          a                          so                          IN                                       0                          n                           Sao                                   a                             so
                                                                                      a


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Im


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      L4


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      M




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4                                                           00
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                                                                                                                    so                          100                                                                                             100                                   a                                                                                                   0                         so                            to


                                                                                                                                                                                                  ml


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4-                                                                                                                                                            ct
                                             Lli                                          0                             110                             -010                              0                              I's                             so                                                             10                                                                a                                                               0                           0)
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                          0                         so                                                                    0                          so                          too                                   a                            0                            lao                                      0                          00                           too


                                                                                                aim                                                                                             ow                                                                                             Wis                                                                                              em







                                                                                                                                                                                          0                              SO                              -3*0                                                                                                                                                                                             m


                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SALINITY (ppt)







                      DISS OLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

               w    100





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                                                                    (D
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                              SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                                                                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                                             0                         0                            IN                           9                         N                           I=                        a                             a                          100                         0                          a                           100



                                                                                                                                                                       INS                                                                               sin                                                                                 UN


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       C4







                                                                        -4+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            00
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                                                                             0                         so                           100                          0                         so                          100                       0                                                        IN                                                     a                            too


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
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                                       n
                                                                        -4   0                                                   -2+0                                                                               so                           Go                          1-0                       N-                                                                                                              rt
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                             0                         so                           IN                           a                         00                                                    a                             so                         100
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                                                                                                                                                                                        SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                        0              GO               IN               0               w               IN               a               GO              too               a              Is


                                           1710                                                less                                                                                             gin


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           C4




                                                      to                                                                                                                                    0             10                               00
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                                        0              Is               IN               0              so               IN               a              so               100


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                                                                                                      SALINITY (Ppt)







                                                                                                                         DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                                                         a                        IN                     9                      Am                       IN                      0                      a                       100                      0                     a



                                                                                                                                                                                                                        el"


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             C-4







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             00
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             @-3

                                                                 0                       so                       too                    0                      so                      IN                       0                     w                        100                      0                     so                       Im
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                                                                                                                                                                SALINITY (ppt)







                                                      DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                            0          w           IN          0          N           IN         a           w           I=          0


                                                                 1400                                ism



                                                                                                                                                                         C4
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                                                                        SALI N I TY (p pt)







                                                                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN                                                    (Saturation %)

                                          0              so              ISO                                                                                        100            0              m               100
                                        0

                                       -1.   Im


                                                                                                                                                                                                                               C-4







                                                                                                                                                                                                                               00
                                                                                                                                                                                                10
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6-3
                                         0              so              In             0              so              100


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                                                                                                    SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                                                DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                          0                     N                       too                      0                      to                       IN                    a                                                100                     0                                                INS


                                                                                                                                        loll                                                                    am                                                                      om



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      C-4






                                                     -5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               00
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      s-3

                                                          0                    so                       100                      0                      w                       too                                                                                                                                                                   0)


                                                                                                                                        080
                                                              am


              Ln


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LJ




                                                          0                 to                                                   0                   10






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      W





                                                                                                                                                    SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                                          DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                         0                        so                        110                                  m                                                                                      sm a                                                           M





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   C-4







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   00
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                                                                                                                                                 80                                                                                                   0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   U)

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0-3



                              bi                                             10                   lio                                                            No                                                                                                      10                   a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0

                                                         0                        w                         lw          a                        so                                                            so                                     0                       m                        we


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                                                                                                                                           SALINITY (ppt)







                                DISSOI VF--'D OXYG,-!           So t   r c7i t',o n %)

                        L:@)     1r) 1)      C3       aw a        L3      ZG3 a        w       m





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       n
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       LLJ                                                                                       W
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                                           SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                         DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                 0            m              IN             IN 0                   w             IN             IN a                  w              IN             In 0                  w              IN             190
                                                 0                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                       200


                                                                                                  -16




                                              -2                                                  -2                                                 -2                                                   -2



                                                                                    +                                                                -31                                           --J    -31         0                 i        i
                                                          1       2        3        4        a      0         1       2        3         4       a       a                         3        4         5     0         1       2        3        4        5      00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                OD



                                                 0            30             IN             13D     0                            IN             130      a            so             100            ISO     0              so            IN             ISO


                                                                                      Olm                                                0"s                                                                                                      W47

                  U1




                                              -2                                                  -2                                                 -2                                                   -2


                         n
                                              -3                                                  -3                                                 -3                                            -4     -3.                                            1      rn
                                                 0        1       2        3        4        5      0         1       2                  4                                                  4         5               1       2                 4


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              IN              lop
                                                                                                                                                     im     0                             100             ISO   0a              so                              z
                                                   00              30             1 w             Igo                  55              100      l31l       0                                                                                            1462    @-j
                                                   -1                                       1135                                                          -1

                                                   -2                                                  -2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                @3                                     4
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                                                   -3                                                                       2        3         4
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                                                                                                                    SALINITY (Ppt)
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                                      DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                   0      to     1w     110







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                                                   SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                        DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                0             M             IN              IN 0                  w             IN              In 0                  w             IN             IN 0                   to             IN             IN


                                                                                     2m                                                                                                                                                          oils




                                            -2-                                                   -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ct



                                            -3                                     +
                                                                 1        3        4        5        0       1        2        3       4                                          3        4                                  2                  4               00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 00


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1-3
                                                0            30             IN             Igo       0            30            100            Igo      0             so            IN             ISO      a             so             IN             ISO



                                                                                      0213                                                                                                     07"                                               Ono
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 M
                 U1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0
                 00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ct


                                            -21,                                                 -2                                                  -all                                                 -2



                                            -3                                                                                                                                             4      -4      -3
                                                0                         *3       +4                0       1                  4-6                     0       1        2        3        4        IS      0        1                 3         4               rt.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                0             80            IN             ISO       0            SO            IN             IN a                   so            IN             Iw       0             DO             IN             IN
                                                0
                                                                                    11566                                                                                                     1863                                                 1720          fj

                                            -1                                                                                                                                                            -1




                                            -2                                                   -2                                                 -2



                                                                                                                                                                                                  --4                                                  --4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1        2        3         4


                                                                                                                   SALI N ITY                       (p pt)



                                                                     win                         m




                                DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Scturation %)



                                                                                                  rr



                0         3   4  5                                                                00






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                                          SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                     DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation,%)

                                               a            m             IN            Ito 0                               IN              IN a               to             IN            IN 0                 to             1w             Ilm
                                               0
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                                                                                       ON                                                IMM




                                                                                             -2                                                                                                   -2
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                                           -3                                                _3+                                              -3                                                                                        +
                                                                                +        5       0       1                3       4         4    0                                                                              3       4      a
                                               0                        3       4                                                                                          3        4                                                                00
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                                               0                         100            Igo      0            go           IN               ISO  0             19,           100            1110    0             go            IN             130.
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                                           -2                                                -2                                                                                                   -2                                                 0

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                                                                                             -31                                              -3                                                  -31-                          i       i
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0
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                                                                                   1220                                             1424                                              Im                                                 1746        LJ

                                           -1                                                -1




                                           -2


                                           -3                                                -3                                               -3                                             a    _3U
                                                                       3                                                  3       4         a    0         1      2        3        4


                                                                                                               SALI N ITY                     (ppt)
                                m              ow mw                    no, go M                                                            fi-M (.0w                 at            in            aft                        m            min, im







                                                                        DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                 w            Im            Ito


                                                                       1913



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                                                                                                 SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                     DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                              0             so            100             150     0            80            100             180    a                           100            ISO    0              so             100           ISO
                                              0

                                                                                  1717                                                                                                                                                     2047

                                          -1



                                          -2                                                                                                    -2                                                                                                    in


                                          -3                                            -4     -3                                            .4 -3-                                          -4     -3                              41     4"
                                                                                                                                             Is                                                                                     1      15
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                                              0             30            iw             150      0           w              Iw              ISO    0             w             100            ISO    0              w              1w            Iw
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                                              0             80            100             Im      0           OD             Iw              ma     o             SO            100            ISO    a              DO             Iw            1100
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                                          -2                                                   -2..                                             -2                                                  -2




                                          -3                                                            4,
                                                                                         -44                                          11     -4                                 4,      1.          -3.       4
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                                                                                                               SALI N ITY                       (,ppt)
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                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                           0             to             Iw              Ito 0                  to             Im              Ito 0                  SO              Im             ISO


                                                                                 12"                                                    IMIP






                                        -2-                                                                                                        -2




                                        -31                                           -4     -31                                                              i                                                                                                   00
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                                                                                                               SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                              0            50             lw            150     0              w            100              ISO 0             so             100           150    0                            lw            SOD
                                              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                   0

                                                                                   1740                                                                                                                                                 silo

                                           -1




                                           -2                                                -2



                                           -3                                         -4     -a                                               -3                                                  -3
                                                            6       1            Is     Is      0              6            12     Is        Is
                                              0                           12                           3             9                           0      3      1       9      12     15     18     0      3       6       9     12     Is           CO
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                                              0            so             1w            150     0              30           Iw               ISO 0@            so                           ISO    0-             5-0           100           SOD
                                                                                                                                                a                                                  0

                                                                                                                                                                                     02DO
                                                                                  2217                                                                                                                                                  0337        U)


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                                           -2                                                -2                                               -2                                                 -2




                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1     .4
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                                              0            60             -101)         lob     0              SO           160              lob a             86             lob           isc    0              so            ibb           lob
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                                                                                                                                              -2



                                           -3@                                               -3
                                                                    9     12     i                                                                                                          is


                                                                                                               SALI N ITY                     (ppt)
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                                                           DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                              0         to         Iw         110 0           SO         IN         Ito 0           GO         IN         IN


                                                                                                140                                   Im





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                                                                               SALINITY (ppt)







                                                               DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                   a        so         Iw         Ila a             w        Iw         Im 0             0         IN         Im a                       Iw         too
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                                                               1813                                 1817                                  20n                                  213Y


                                -1                                                                         -1                                      -t




                                -2                                                                         -2



                                                                       -31
                                                             Ii                                                                           1 -4     -31
                                                                              3                           5                   9    12     is  Is    0    3    a     9    12    Is       CO
                                                                                                                                                                                        00


                                                                                                                                                                                        6-3
                                            36         Im          ISO              w        Iw          ISO a           so        100        130   0         so         Iw         ISO
                                                                       a                                     0

                                                              22U                                  0002                                   am                                   say      En
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                                -3                                                                                                        4,
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                                -2                                                                         -2




                                -3                                     -3     1                            -a                                      -3
                                       3          2                -5    0    3     Lk  9      1   lot   lit 0     -3    p    to   12     is  Is    0    3                     16   ts
                                                                                                                                                    IT                I



                                   FF7









                                                                                    SALI N ITY             (ppt)
                                   OW, %W (do* Wd @20 am, 00 "OW Am low ow aft, Aw cd"                                                                                             10M






                                                               DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Sat-uration %)

                               0           50         100         150    0          w           100        ISO    a          30          100         130
                              0                                         0.                                       0

                                                             1332                                      1511                                     1643








                                                                 --1   -31                                      -3
                                                                                                                  -                                --A                                             00
                                                                                                            to    0                                                                                co
                               0     3     6     9    12    15    Is     0    3           9     12    15               3     6 via"      Il    is    Is





                                                                                                                                                                                                   cu
                                                                                                                                                                                                   :3
                                                                                                                                                                                                   cn

                                                                                                                                                                                                   0







                                                                                                                                                                                                   cn
                                                                                                                                                                                                   rt,
             Lij                                                                                                                                                                                   w
                                                                                                                                                                                                   rr






                                                                                    SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                             %)

                                    0         80         IN         ISO   0         so         IN         180   0         w          100        IN      a                   Iw         ISO
                                    0                                                                           0                                       0

                                 -1                             IM        -1                         2M      -1                             2w          -1                         OM4


                                 -2                                       -2                                 -2                                         -2


                                 -3                                       -3                                                                            -3


                                 -4                                       -4                                 -4                                         -4




                                    0                                                                                                                   a
                                            a      10       24      32    0       a       is      24                            i's     24                             fs      24      3200
                                                                                                                                                                                         00



                                                         1w         ISO   0         so        100         IN    0,        so         100        130     a        so         IN         I
                                                                          a                                                                             .0

                                                                0215      -1                         05"                                  ow            -1                       1157
                                                                                                                                                                                         M
            CY)                  -2                                       -2                                 -2                                         -2
            OD                                                                                                                                                                           0
                                                                          -3                                 -3                                         -3                               rt
                                                                                                                                                                                         0
                                 -4...                                                                       -4.-                                       -4                               1-3
                                                                                                                                                                                         Lij

                  LLJ               0       s       s       24      31    0       a      Is       i4      32    a       a       Is      14      32                     Is      24      32
                                                                                                                                                                                         rt
                                                                                                                                                                                         w
                                                                                                                                                                                         rt


                                    0        50          IN         IN


                                                              WO






                                 -4




                                    0       a      1-4      24      32


                                                                                     SALINITY (ppt)
    mi ow Alt                       -owt ow, AW IWA 'am 6w lwo (AM                                                              .fts,                                    -AN OW jo







                                                                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                        %)

                                       0            50            lw             150     0            Do            lw             ISO    0             w             100           NO      0             so            100            100
                                                                                         a                                                                                                  0

                                       -1                               1913         -,                                     210"4      -1                                    2257        -1                                    01W

                                       -2                                            -2                                                -2                                                -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             to
                                       -3                                            -3                                                -3                                                -3

                                       -4                                                                                              -4                                                -4

                                       -5.-                                          -5

                                       -4                                            -4            +                                   -4                                                -4                                            32    00
                                       0         a          to         24        32      0         a         16         24         A      0         a          Is          24       it      0          1         Is         24               00



                                       0            so            100            ISO     0            so            lw             ISO    0            so            lw             150     0             50            100            ISO
                                       a                                                 a
                                                                                                                                                                                            0

                                       -1                                 OU?        -1                                     07MOR      -1                                       0032                                               1313
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             M
         CY)                           -2                                            -2                                                -2                                                -2                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             rt
                                       -3                                            -3                                                -3                                                -3                                                  (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             P-3
                                       -4                                            -4                                                -4                                                -4


                                                                                     -6
                n
                                       -4                                            -4                                                                                     -            -6                                                  rt
                Li                     0        a          146         24        32               a          i's         2,432            0         64         i's        -2'4      32      0          a         Is         24         32    0)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             rl,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0
                                       0            so            100            Igo
                                       0

                                                                           low


                                       -2


                                       3


                                       -4




                                       0                   is          24        32


                                                                                                      SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                      DISSO                LVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                          %)

                                               0            50             Iw            150      0            w             1w             180      0            8-0           100            100      a            w             Iw             150
                                               0

                                               -1                                   1060                                             1140            -1                                 2340        -1                                      ciao

                                               2                                                  -2                                                 -2                                             -2

                                               -3                                                 -3                                                 -3                                             -3

                                               -4..                                               -4                                                 -4.-                                           -4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          %0
                                               0         a          is        24         32       0         a         le         24         31       0        a          Is         14         it       0         a          Is         24         32     00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00



                                               0            30            Iw             150      0            3D            100            130      a           30             100            ISO      0            so            Iw             ISO
                                                            W    I                                -                                                           9 ,                                       0
                                               a                                                  0                                                  a

                                                                                                                                                                                         1017       -1                                      1400
                                                                                   OW             -1                                 0747            -1
                                                            v                                                                                                                                                                                             (D
                                               -2                                                 -2                                                 -2                                             -2                                                    .0
                C)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                    -4                                                    0
                                               -4                                                 -4                                                 -4


                                               0         +0        I's        -2+4       32       0        s          I's        214                 0                                                                      if                            rt,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rl,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                                            50            Iw             1110
                                               0

                                               -1                                 1730
                                               -2-                 .el)
                                               -3


                                               -4










                                                                                                                                                     01
                                                                                                                SALINITY (Ppt)
     so On A* Vim                                          MW dk, Wo am Ow ow OU *w AW 00                                                                                                                          &M Am So







                                                                                DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                         0            50             100            150     0             w             Im             ISO     0              al)          100           130      0            50             Iw            IN
                                         0                                                  a                           0                      0

                                                                             l1w        -1                                       1409      -1                                        1513     -1                                         Ign

                                         -2                                             -2                                                 -2                                                 -2

                                         -3                                             -3                                                 -3                                                 -3

                                         -4                                             -4                                                 -4                                                 -4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     rr



                                         0      5     10      is     20     25      30      0     a       10     15     20      25             0     a        to   15      10     25     3b             a      10      is     20     25     30       00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     00



                                         0            30             lw             ISO     0             30            100            190     0                           100           ISO      0            so             100           ISO
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                         0                                                                                                     0

                                                                             Nil                                                           -1                                      1103       -1                                      2m
                                                                                                                                 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     M
                                         -2                                             -2                                                 -2                                                 -2                                                     0

                                                                                                                                                                                              -3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                         -4                                             -4                                                 -4                                                 -4                                                     0-3



                                                      I'0    Is      20     23      30                    1'0                                        +        1                          30       a                                                  rr
                 Li                                                                                             15      20      25     30      0     3        10   is      20     25                           10      I"S           25     30       w

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                         0            so             1w             Igo     0             ao            Iw             Igo     0              00           100           150      a            so             i0o           IGO
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                         0                                                                                                     0
                                         -1                                    23M                                               0043      -1                                      am         -1

                                         -2                                             -2                                                 -2                                                 -2

                                         -3                                             -3                                                 -3                                                 -3


                                         -4                                             -4                                                 -4                                                 -4


                                         -6                                             -6


                                               +
                                         0     5      10     Is      20     25      30      0     a       10    is      20      25     30      0              1'0  Is      20    2S      30       0            10      Is     20     25     3,


                                                                                                          SALI N ITY                       (ppt)







                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYG""'EN (Saturation %)
                                              0            60            160            150                   w             1013          iho    0             w             100                   a             5b            106
                                              0
                                                                                                                                                0

                                                                                   0027                                                                                                                                                 W43


                                                                                             -2                                                -2                                                 -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C;
                                          -3                                                 -3                                                -3                                                 -3

                                          -4                                                 -4                                                -4                                                 -4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1
                                                    i      fo                     2!                                               25     30                    0                   215     30                   fo      IS
                                              0                   15     20        5    30            al      110   Is      20                                 Ii     is     20                                                        25     so    00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00



                                              0            50            Iw            ISO     0              so            Iw            130
                                              0

                                                                                   1147      -1                                       lids

                NJ
                                          -3                                                 -3

                                          -4                                                 -4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    co
                      LIJ                     0     5      10     113    -2,0    I's  10     -60      a       10    Is      20    28      30                                                                                                        rt,









                                                                                                              SALINITY (ppt)
     so '00 @W* AM,                                                                                              AM I 14M Aw im



                       to"$ Oman"                                                                                                                                                                      90"0040"m *Now




                                                                                            DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                               0          25           so            75         I=         0          25           w           73           lw        a          25           so           75          lw         a         25                        7.8-         lw
                                                                                                           0
                                                                                             131"                                                                                                                   lU7                                                     22n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          z







                                               -3                                                      -31                                                        -3  1                                                       -3'
                                               0        5         10        is        20         25        0        5         10        Is        20        25                           10        Is        20        25         0         5       10         is        20        i's    ko
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00


                                               0          25          50            73          1w         0         25           50           73          lw         a         25           so           75           lw         0         25           3.0          7.3          1w

                                                                                         am                                                        0437




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt

                                               -2                                                     -2                                                          -2                                                          -2                                                          0


                    n
                                               -3                                                     -3@                                                         -3                                                                                -10        4-
                                                                 1*0       43         m         2s         a                 10        45                             '0                                               25                  5                   16
                    LLJ                                                                                                                                                                           46                              4j                                     20        is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rl*


                                               0         25           6-0          -7-5         lw
                                               0
                                                                                          1136


                                               -1









                                               0       a         16
                                                                           15         20
                                                                                                25

                                                                                                                           SALINITY (Ppt)







                                                            DISSOLVED                      OXYGEN. (Saturation %)

                                 0     a       SO       'a       Iw a       0      in                   0      0       to       70    IN     0     25      0        75    "m
                                 0

                                                                                                17me
                                                                                                                                                                               z
                                                                                                                                                                               0

                                                                                                                                                                               M


                                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                                  ING                                          M
                              -3                                 1 -31                                                                     -31                                 @-4
                                            lo    Is     20      25  0    a     I*    Is    at     is   0     a     10    Is    20    25     0     5    10    Is    20         #D
                                                                                                                                                                               00
                                                                                                                                                                               OD


                                 0     2iS     3-0      7.3      10) 0     25      so      7@,          0      25      so       75    100    a     25      59       73    sw



                              -1                                                                      -4                                   -1

                                                                                                                                                                               rr

                              -2                                   -2                                 -2                                                                       0


                                                          cm                                                                                                          Wto
                              -31                             --J  -31                                -31                                  -31
                                                                                                  is    0           fe
                                 0     8    10    Is     20      as  0    5     10    Is    20                            is    20    as     0     5    Is    Is    20    In
                                                                                                                                                                               ct


                                 0     25      8-0      75       Iw                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                                                                               r-j






                              -2


                                                          1227


                                 0     6    10    Is     20      25
                                                                                                                                                     J@]2=





                                                                               SALINITY (ppt)
                      @001 :00                                         '00 1160, ff", .0m                                         100 104 Am 'am, low



     NO OW WA on I= ON on- so On so @m (I= W* on 'Am ws I" ow.




                                                                              DISSOLVED                                 OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                        0         25        w           75       Im       0        25                   n           100    a        23         50         79         100      0        25         so        75         lw
                                                                                          0
                                                                                                                               Is=                                               am






                                     -2                                                                                                -2                                                 -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                             1445                                                                                                                                                0102
                                     -31                                                                                   i           -3           i       i                             -3         i        i        i        s
                                        0       5      10       13       20      25       0              10       15      20        25     0        5      10       Is      io       ii       0      5       10       15       20      25      @0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               00

                                      0 0         2i5      3.0         7.3       lw       00      2A5        3D         75         lw      0        2.5        so         7@5        lw       0        25        5-0        7.5        Im

                                                                           0401



         Lrl
                                                                                      -2                                               -2                                                 -2                                                   rt
                                                                                                                             0803                                                OW7                                             0*4
                n                                                                     -31                                        -j    -31          1                                     -31
                                                       w        M        20      m        0              10                        25      0        3      to       ts      w        is                      to
                LLJ                     jo                                                                        to      20                                                                                          Is      20       is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                        Aj                                                                                                 J)






                                                                                                       SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                              0         If$                             1w                           flo                   Ica   a         2s         fm                    IN     0                     ft        75         lob
                                              0         4

                                                                                  OWS                                                                                                   144446                                             1744
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    z
                                                                                              -2                                                                                                 -2                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    M
                                                                                              -3                                                                                                 -3





                                                      5    1*      15     20     25     30      0      5     10      15     20     25      30    0      a      I"o    fs     20      n      30     0       5      10     1$     iO     n      30    kD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00


                                                                   so        75         lw      0        25          60        76          100   a         25         so         75         100    a          25         w                    100-


                                                                                     M44                                                                                              am        -1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (D
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rt,
                                           -3


                                           -4

                       LLJ                    0       5    10      Is    20      25     30      0     5      16      Is'   20-     28-     30    0      G*     I'0    fs     in                           i      fO      15     20     25     30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2)


                                                       25          so        75         iw               go          io                    iifo


                                                                                  0111i



                                           -2








                                              U       a    1w


                                                                                                              SALI N ITY                      (p pt)
     00 '00 law                                                                                    so :0m Mw                                                                                      M*







                                                                               DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                         0        25         m                     Im 0              25         fm                    Im a              25         m          75         Iw      0         25         w          'M          lw
                                                                                                                                                                                                0

                                                                              om                                                  too                                                                                                  IlM

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                         -2                                                 -2                                            -2                                                   -2                                                 <


                                                                                                                                          -3
                                         -3


                                                                                            -4                                            -4


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             30
                                         -5                                                                                                                                               30     0      5                            25      0
                                         0     5      10     15              2as    30      0            10     I'S     2'0    0      3WO    0              110    I's    110    25                            110    I's    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00


                                         0        .25        30         75         Iw       0        25         so         75         100    a          25         50         75         lw      a         25         so        -7.5         IW
                                         0                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                              2240                                              Oils                                               0341                                               Ono


                                         -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  cr


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  b-3
                                                                                            -4                                            -4
                 n                                                                                                                                                                             -6
                 Ljj                     1)   i       110    a,             2@3-430         v            W,     a'     2a     'm      130    a                                   -0+, -30        a      3      j-0           -151            30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt

                                         0        25         80         75         100      0        25         so         75         lw
                                         0
                                         -1                                   0904          -1                                    Ilia


                                         -2                                                 -2


                                         -a..


                                         -4--                                               -4


                                         -6
                                         a    5      10      15     20      25     30       0    a       io     15     20     315     ab
                                                                                            0










                                                                                                         SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                        DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                0         25         so         75         100      0         25         w          79         100     0          0          so         76         1011     0         m          so         75         too
                                                0

                                                -1                                    1010                                               Ila                                                                                                      RM

                                                -2                                                                                                                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                                                                    -2                                                  -2                                                    e.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M
                                                -3-                                             -3                                                  -3                                                  -3


                                                -4--                                            -4                                                  -4--                                                -C


                                                             to                                                   to                                                                               30                                   20
                                                0                    15     20       25    31)             a             1'$    20      2"M            a      5      10      1&     20      25              0             to     is              25    30     kC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              00


                                                0        25          W          73         IW       0         25         so                    1       0         25          w          75         1013     0         as         w          75         too
                                                0

                @j                                                                                                                      0m                                                     cm       -1.                                       0017
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              U)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M
                OD                              -2                                              -2                                                  -2                                                                                                        0

                                                                                                -3                                                  -3                                                  -3


                                                                                                -4                                                  -4--                                                -4                                                    LA)
                       n
                                                -6
                                                             to                    Ull-30                        10      Is                    III
                       LLJ                      0                    it     210                     0     5*      11                                                 to      is     w      0       31)      0     5      to      is     w        is    ja     En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              rr

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0
                                                0        m           w          75         Iw
                                                0

                                                                                      1145                                                                                                                                                                    LJ
                                                -31
                                                -4


                                                a    i       IiI     is    IiD      2W5


                                                                                                                  SALINITY (ppt)
     00 '00. 6W, '00,                                        $w '06' We sm 00 00 on om OW om 00, to dMi, *M 00



       Mimi"




                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                           0         25          50          75         100       0         25            so       75         100      a         215         50          75          109      0          25         so-         7.5         100
                                                                                                                                                                                                1012                                                  1054
                                                                                                                                                                                                          -1                                                      z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                           -2                                                 -2                                                       -2                                                                                                         <
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  M

                                           -31.                                               -3                                                       -3'*                                               -3


                                                                                              -4                                                                                                          -4


                                           0             1*0     I'S     20       25    30        0     5       10        Is   20       go    30       0      a      10      Is      iO       i5     30       0      5      10      Is      20       25     30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00



                                           0         25          so         75          1 w       0        25             !N)      73         Im       0         25          30          75          M        0          n          so          75          1w    P1
                                                                                   1130                                                                                                         12M                                                   1335
                                           -1                                                 -1                                         1208          -1                                                 -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                           -2                                                 -2                                                       -2                                                 -2


                                           -3                                                 -3                                                                                                          -3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  @3
                  CL                       -4                                                 -4                                                       -4                                                 -4
                  LLJ                      -01                                                -6                          --------         .. j                                                           -
                                           0                     vs     20       25               0     5       to        Is   20      25     30       0     a       10      15      iD       26     30       0     a       10      Is      20      25      30
                  r)


                                           0        25           90         73          lw        0        25             w       73          im       0         25          so          7.5         100      a          25         5.0        7.5          108   0
                                           0                                                                                                           0
                                                                                   1431                                                  1324                                                   IS13                                                  low
                                           -1                                                                                                          -1                                                 -1


                                           -2.                                                                                                         -2                                                 -2


                                                                                                                                                       -3                                                 -3


                                           -4                                                 -4                                                       -4                                                 -4


                                                 a      10       is     20       25     30        0     a       10        15   20                      0             l'Q     is     20       25      30       0     a       10      13     w        25      30
                                                                                        30






                                                                                                                SALINITY (ppt)









                                                                                                                                                'EN               s
                                                                                     DISSOLVED                                   OXYG                                  aturotion YQ)

                                                                   w          To         Iw      a        .29        :00        73         100     0        0          so                    100      0         20        So         75         100
                                              0
                                                                                                 0                                              0            i
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SOIT
                                                                                     1733                                                                                                las
                                           -1                                                -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                           -2                                                -2                                                                                                                                                        <




                                           -4-                                               -4                                                 -4


                                              a            10      18     20     25              0     5      to     to     ic     is                    a      to     18                    w        D     3      10     is     JQ      20     30     @D

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       00


                                              0        25          so        75          100     0        25         so        75          1                25         so         75         100      0         2-5       IF        -@3         I=
                                              0
                       ...... . ..N                                               20M                                                                                                    2310:                                             2334

                to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       W
                00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (D
                                                                                             -2                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt



                                                                                                                                                -4                                                 -4


                                           -6                                                _6
                                              0     5      10      is     20     is'7.v          o            110-- i's                                                      1W                                   to                            40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt,


                                              0         25         Do         75         Iw      0        25         w                     jo      0        25         GO         74         too      0         2B        So        73          lw     0
                                                                                                                                                0
                                                                                     om                                                                                                  PON                                               oiso

                                                                                                                                                                                                   -2


                                           -3                                                -3i                                                                                                   -3.


                                           -4


                                                                                 28      30      0     -5            I's           So                                  191    20             .30      0    3      10      IS                    ac
                                                    5      1       IS                                         10            20             40      0     a                                                                               ;s


                                                                                                               SALI N ITY                       (PPO
     go '00 as low                                                        ail



                                                                      on OR '00 an =a OR 4w '6M 'M                                                                                                                                                                                 on so an so as




                                                                                                                      DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                                                                                     %)

                                                             a             25              w                75             1w           0              25              w                               lw          a              is              so                               IUD          0             25              5.0             75                lw
                                                                                                                    0144                                                                                                                                                   02M53                                                                       ani
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -1                                                                             z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0
                                                             -2.                                                                  -2                                                                          -2                                                                          -2


                                                             -3-                                                                  -3


                                                             -4--                                                                 -4


                                                             0                  1*0        115        20          25       30           0          6        10         is         20         25        ab          0                   10         is         20          25        30           0        5         10         is          20           25       30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00


                                                             0            25               30              75              lw           0             25               50              73              lw          0                              so              7@5              100          0              25                            -7.3               IW
                                                             0 -
                                                                                                                    ow                                                                          04"06                                                                      0430                                                                        cm
                                                                                                                                                                                                              -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         U)
               to                                            -1
               00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        M
                                                             -2                                                                   -2                                                                          -2                                                                                                                                                         0

                                                             -3..                                                                 -3                                                                                                                                                      -3
                                                                                                                                  -4                                                                                                                                                      -4                                                                             @-3

                                                             -6
                         LLJ                                 0       i          1"0        I's       -210        113-40                 0          5        10         Is        20          25        30          0         a         10         Is        21)         U -30                   0        5         10         is          an           is       30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         rr

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         rl"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         j I.
                                                             0            25               so            -7-5              lw           0             25               8.0             7@5             lw          0             25               5-0            -7-5              lw           0              25             10             -7.5               1w       0
                                                             0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                    W46                                                                         0815                                                                       0634                                                                        0"1



                                                                                                                                                                                                              -2


                                                                                                                                                                                                              -3.                                                                         -3


                                                             -4-                                                                  -4                                                                          -4--                                                                        -4--


                                                             -0
                                                                                                                                                   +                                                                                    '0                              as         so                                                                  0        M
                                                             0       a         lb          15        211         25        20           0          5        10         15        20          0         30          0                   1          16        2D                                  0                             13          m            5        a


                                                                                                                                                            SALI N ITY                                        (ppt)







                                                                                      DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                          %)

                                               0        25                     75         lw      0         X5         w         75         "D      0         25          so        75         100      0                    w          75         100
                                             0                                                                                   M                  0
                                                                                      070                                              01"s                                                08=                                                alm

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                           -2                                                 -2                                                 -2                                                                                                       <
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          M
                                           -3                                                 -3                                                 -3                                                  -3-


                                           -4                                                 -4                                                 -4..



                                               0     S      10      15     20     25      30      0     a       ic     is     20      25            0      8      10      15     2D      25    30       0     s      10      is     20      25     30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ft

                                                        25         50         75          lw               @5          OR,       73                           20.         so                   100                                                        1-3
                                                                                                                                                                                    TO     -
                                                                                                                                       1030                                                1047
                                                                                                                                                 -1
                00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        M
                w                                                                             -2                                                 -2                                                                                                       0
                                                                                              -.3                                                                                                                                                         rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                           -4-                                                -4                                                 -4                                                                                                       ICU
                       n                                                                                                             4-          -6
                       LLJ                     0     i      1"a    113    -2+0    13      30      0            1'0     fs     ic      25    30      0             l'o     i's    ic      25    30

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt






                                                                                                                SALINITY (ppt)
                                        I low                                          'low Mw 0a 00 "M Awl Mall







                                                                               DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                         0        25         so         73         im       0        215          do       75         100     0        25          50        78         100      0         28         9.0        7.5        lw

                                                                               1405                                                1613                                              Isis


                                                                                            -1



                                         -2                                                                                                -2




                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4,     4"
                                                                                                                                                     +                                                                is     20
                                         0     5     10      15     20     25               0     5      10       is   20      25     30      0      a     10      is     20     25     30       0      i     is                     25     30    t.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00


                                         0       25          30        7.5        100       0       25            50       7.3        1w      a        2.5         59-        75-       10D      0         2.5        w          7@5        Im
                                         0                                                  a.

                                                                             2327                                                006                                               0463                                                           al


          co
          w



                                         -2                                                 -2                                             -2
                n                                                                                                                                                                             -3
                                         -3                                                 -3
                                         0    +5     1'0     i's   in      A                0    i       1"D      115  20      0      30      0      5     10      Is    2D      25     30       0      5     io
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt
                                         0       25          so        75         1w        0        25           w        75         100     0        25          w         75         100      a         25                    73         log
                                         0                                                                                                                                                     0                                                  0
                                                                                                                                 Ile                                               Imil                                                 Isis






                                         -2                                                 -2                                             -2



                                         -3*                                                -a           i     -4 ------ 4--l-   -7-      -30
                                         0    a      10      is                   3D        0            10       15   20      25     30             a     10      is    2D      25     30       0      3     10      Is     20     25      30


                                                                                                         SALI N ITY                      (p pt)







                                                                                   DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                             0                    w                    lw 0                        0         75         "a 41           0          to                           a                    w         75         Im


                                                                                    14"






                                                                                           -2..                                                                                               -2



                                           -3              1i0                  2@         -3                                                                '0    4"     4,      1-          -3       4      4,     4,     -1-    "1-
                                                                                                                   15     20     1            0              1     15     20      5      4      0      a      10     Is     20
                                             0                    is     a       5     30     0              1                   n      30                                        25     30                                        25     30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               00



                                                                                       lw     0         25         so        1!@              a          25        go-                   100    a         m                               1w
                                            0                                              "0                                                 0                                                 0
                                                                                   2417                                                                                             asm


                OD



                                                                                           -2                                                -2                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1-3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               @-o
                       n                   -3                                                                                                                                                 -3                                        -4     %
                       Ljj                   0            10      I's    "2*0          30     0              1     I'S    2'0    215    30    0      a       10    I'S    0'      2'5    30     0             140    1*5                  30   En

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               rt

                                                       25         so        75         lw     0         25         w         75         Um    a         25         so         73         M      0                    8.0       7.5@       100  0
                                                                                                                                              0
                                                                                    1105                                             IMM                                            IM                                                 1540






                                           -2



                                                          i'o     i's           25     30     0              1*0   Is     20                                 1@    15     20      25     W      0             10     13     30
                                                                                                                                     I'm

















                                                                                                                                        100










                                                                                                             SALINITY                        (ppt)
      Am "Me' mew                                         '00, Jim 00 sm 00 A" in im, NO ""a, mo AM law



        11111 IlM no                                                        11111111110 on m on am fm 0.0 '06 on so 40 MR so




                                                                                  DISSOLVED                                   OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                    0          to         "M          100     a         is         0                     Im a              :0          to         75           IN     a         In         w          75          100


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2150
                                                                                   1312                                                                                                  leis





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        C:




                                                                                                                                             -31                                                  -31
                                          0     5      to      16     20      25 @30          0     a      10      is     20      25     30      a      a      10      is     So     25        30     0     5      to      is     w       25      30    tD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        00



                                          0        25          so         73          Im      a        25          30        75          100     0         25          so         75           100    a         25         so         75          loo


                                                                                 0112                                                0320                                                 0713


          co
          Ul

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt

                                      -2                                                   -2,                                               -2                                                   -2                                                    0
                 n                                                                                                                                                                                -31
                 Ld                            a       I*      ts     20              w       0,    A      10                    -215-   30- -3-10     -a'     t-0-    -Is-   20     1&        w                           Is     w      25       30


                                          0        m           so        73           100     0        25          So        75          100     0         w           ac                      100    0         a          so         75          101)  0
                                       0
                                                                                            0
                                                                                 1210                                                 IM3                                                145r






                                      -2                                                  -2



                                                                                   -4                                                                                                -11   -4     -3
                                               5      10       is            -as      30      0     5*     110     I'S           U       30            a       10      I's   210               30           a      to      is     io     i5       @o


                                                                                                           SALI N ITY                        (ppt)







                                                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                             a         25         so         75        100     0         25         so        79         wo      0         25         50        75          100    0                    no         75        100
                                                                                                                                                0           i
                                                                                    1356                                              Ion                                             1754                                              3002







                                             0      5      to     is            Is     30      0      a      to     is            25     30      0      a      10     15     20      25     30     0      a      10     Is     20     n       30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00



                                                       25         30        73         100    0          25         So        75         100     0        25          50        75          100
                                          .0
                                                                                  2205                                             0102                                               Din                                                           Sip
                m
                OD


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rr

                                          -2                                                -2
                                                                                                                                                                        ell
                      n
                                                                                            -31
                      Li                    0       5     10      13     20     is     30     0       5      to     Is     20     25     30      0     5      10      Is    20       25     ab                                                      En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rt,






                                                                                                             SALINITY (ppt)
                  $8, aw, '0w "40, mo 'I**                                                                                   MN                          AM                                                    Me mi



                                                                     Mona"




                                                      DISSOLVED                     OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                            0     M       m      73      1w    0     25      to     75     lw 0        25      GO             100   0     :6      SO     75     1w
                            0
                                                                                        1413                              1946                               2035






                          -2                                                                  -2                                  -2



                                                                                              -3                                  -3 - --------
                                5    10   15   20   25   30    0   a    10   Is  20    25  30    0        10   15   20    25   3D   0   5    10   Is   20   20   30  ko
                                                                                                                                                                     00



                            0     25      so     73      lw    a     25      50     73     lw    a     2.5     5.0    75      IGO
                            a
                                                    2240                                0152                              0042
                                                                                                                                                                     tj

       00
                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                     rt,

                          -2                                 -2                               -2                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                     1-3
            n
                          -31                                -3                       -1- -4  -31    1    1
                            o   5    to   Is   20  23    30        is  to    15        'S            a    to   48   2D    jil  'm
                                                                                                                                                                     rt,



                                                                                                                                                                     0


                                                                                                                                                                     hi




                                                                        SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                       DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)
                                                0        In         to                    100      .0        :6        so         -?s         too   o          n                                                            -.00        75         100
                                                                                                   0








                                                -2                                              -2                                                -2                                                 -2


                                                -3                                                                                                                                            -4     -34       4             4-      -10    -15- -4
                                                             it     I'S     2'0    2'5    30       0,    6,             1-5    i*     k     '36             G*     10     IS     90      'n     30      0      5      1      to      a      2      30     @c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          OD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          MD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          14
                                                00       25                               160      a        2.5                               100
                                                                                    2302                                               ein


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          10
                00                              -1                                                                                                                                                                                                        (t -
                00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0

                                                -2..                                            -2                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1-3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Kj
                        n                       -3   4                                          -3 0
                        LLJ                     0     5     to      iS     20      215,   30             a      to     15     ifo             30                                                                                                          ch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ct



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          b





                                                                                                                 SALINITY (ppt)
     sm, .00 alt                                OW, to '40 *0 Awl On low,                                                                                                                            /so



                                                                                                                                                                                          M IM WON M M




                                                                                DISSOLVED OXYGEN (',.-,atural.:on %)

                                          c        Im         im         75         Im       a        M          00         15         Iw      0        v           00         15         Iw       0                   in                    Iw
                                                                                             0                                                                                                     0
                                                                                             12M                                                                                                   IM
                                                                                             -1                                                                                                -1


                                          -2                                                 -2                                                                                                -2


                                                                                                                                            -3                                                 -3


                                                                                             -4                                                                                                -4


                                                i      iO     111    20      25     30       0      +
                                          0                                                         a     to     f5      20     25     30      0     a      10      15     2D      25     30       0     i      110    13     20      i5     J0       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1@0


                                          a        25         50         73         Iw       0        25         so         75         100     0        25          50         75         100      0        2s         so         75         100
                                          0                                                  a
                                          ton                                                am                                                am                                                  ON                                              fl)
           to                             -1
           OD                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (D
                                          -2                                                 -2                                                                                                -2                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   rt
                                          -3--                                               -3                                                                                                -3                                                  0
                                          -4-                          y                     -4                                             -4                                                 -4

                                          0    i      Io      is     20     n       31)      0      i     10     15      20    25      30      0     6      10      111    IS     25      30       0     3      10     Is     20     25      Jb    Cn


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   rt


                                          0       25          50         75         Iw       0        25         w          75         Iw
                                          a                                                  0
                                          om                                                 1007



                                          -2                                                 -2


                                          -3@                                                -3


                                          -4--                                               -4


                                          -8                                                 -6
                                          a
                                                                            25                                           0     3il
                                                              111   20              30       0      a     to     15      2


                                                                                                          SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                       DISSOLVED                                   OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                0        25          80         75         lw        0       25         w         75          Im     0                     w          75        100     0         25          no        75         lw

                                                1046                                                 1332                                                                                                 170
                                                                                                -1


                                            -2                                                  -2


                                                                                                -3                                                -3..                                               -3


                                            -4-                                                 -4                                                -4--                                               -4

                                                             10      Is             25     30        0    i      fO     15      20    25      30     0             fo      is     20     go     30              +
                                                0                           20                                                                                                                          0       a     is      is     a*     n       30    %D
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ko

                                                0        25          30        -73         lw                25         30       -73          too              25                     !a        lw      0          25         so         75        1w
                                                20"                                                  0134                                             04W                                                 am
                 tQ

                 C)
                                            -2                                                  -2                                                -2                                                 -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ct
                                                                                                -3                                                -3                                                                                                      0       1
                        n                   -4--                                                -4                                                -4                                                 -4
                                            -6                                   -4-            -6                                          J     -6
                                                                     is                    30                    110
                                                0                           20     25                a                  is      20    25      30     0      a      10      Is     20     3@     30      0       a     10      is     so
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rf,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt,

                                                0        25          w          75         1w        0      25          3D        73          no                                                                                                          0
                                                0
                                                0907                                                 1040
                                            -1                                                  -1                                                                                                                                                        NJ


                                            -2                                                  -2


                                            -j                                                  -3





                                                                                                -6
                                                0            10      Is     210    25      30        0   a       10     is      29            aw


                                                                                                                 SALI N ITY                       (ppt)



                                                                            IW 'am M, -on MB 'M M Am an Im 40 so to




                                                                                  DiSSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                            0        25         50         75         lcv       0        25         50         75         101)     a        25          so         75         lw       a         25         so         75         100
                                                                                                0                                                  0                                                              i
                                            1120                                                ism                                                I=                                                  IW7


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        (D
                                            -2                                              -2


                                            -3..


                                                                                            -4

                                            0           Iii    '1820           Ms     30        0    54     110     I's    -210           3D       0     84     110     I's           -215    30       a     3      to      15     20      n+l    30    ko
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        00



                                            0       25         30         75          lw        0       25                    73          100      0        as          so        75          too      0        25          so         75         Im

                                            2117                                                am                                                 0500                                                a757
           to
           k.0
           F@                               -2                                             -2                                                  -2                                                                                                       0

                                            -3                                                                                                 -3@

                                            -4--                                           -4                                                  -4--                                                -4--                                                 UJ

                                                        to                                                                                30                    li*     is    w       is      w        4     s      10      is     m      25      30
                                            0                  t's            25      30        0           410     40    -2*0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        W.
                                            0      25          so         75          lw        0       25          50        73          lw                                                                                                            0
                                                                                            0
                                            0

                                                                                                1137
                                                                                           -1


                                            -2                                             -2


                                            -3                                             -3


                                            -4                                             -4--


                                            -6
                                            0   a      10      Is     20     25       30        0   8      10       Is    20              30


                                                                                                            SALINITY (ppt)



                                   ow: 'up, 'AM, 'no MI, Im"                                                                     'Mal no,, on, 'am owl                                                                                                    m



                                                                                 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                        %

                                           0         25       -,so        IS         Iw 1 0            a          -in       75          100     a       25          50        75         too,- 0          25         00 -                   iw
                                                                                              0





                                        -2                                                                                                                                                    -2




                                        -4,   CM                                          -4-                                                                                                 -4@
                                                                                                1100                                             1148                                              I=

                                           0      5      10     Is     20     25     30       0            Ib     i's                           0                   1@     go     a      30        &          to       fs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  00



                                           0        25          so        73         Icb      0        25         so        711         100     a       is          so        75         100       0       26          w        73          too
                                           0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (n
                                        -2                                                                                                  -2                                                                                                    (D
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                                                                                              -3


                                        -4--                                              -4--                                              -4..                                              --44
                                             Un                                                 1404                                             1442
                    LLI                    0      i     to      15     20     n      30       0            10     Is     to     0       31)     0    a      10      Is    20      26     30            a      10    Is     20     25     30       En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt,

                                           0         25         so        75         Ido      0        25         so                    100     0        0          .10       75         100       0       1"          so        75         100   o
                                           0                                                  0                                                 a         i                                        0


                                        -1                                                -1                                                -1                                                -1


                                        -2                                                -2                                                -2                                                -2


                                        -3                                                -3                                                -3                                                -3
                                                                                                                                                                                              -5 Eisw,,o
                                              Isis                I                                                                               e,2                  x                           11914
                                        -6               1@     Is 20 25 30               -6  0            10                               -6E --+- -6
                                           0                                                                      is     3io            2)      0     a      10     Is     20     25     30        0    5      10      Is    30     25      43


                                                                                                           SALI N ITY                       (p pt)



      kh'"Jilluatm mmome man =B'M an momm UNAM m M@



                                                                                   D              0! - V K D                   0 X Y6 C                 N                  t u r a              o n         %)

                                            0       23          0          To                           23            Co       M          TO     6          m          =1         75          tcz      0         as         50         75          Ica
                                            0                                                   9                                                @


                                            -1                                             -1                                                 -1


                                            -2                                             -2                                                 -2


                                            -3..                                           -a..                                               -a


                                            -4--                                           -4.-                                               -4
                                            2017                                                2114                                                21W                                                 1356
                                            -6                                      -  1   -8                         ..                      -6L. 1                                               -4                                            --4    t@
                                            0    5      10      Is            25      3G        0    a       10       Is   20      0      30     0       3      10     is      20      0      zo       0            110     1*8                    30   kD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        00




                                                    25          so        75          lco       0       25            so       75         Ica    0          23         co         75          M        0         25         50         73          loo
                                            0




           W
                                            -2                                             -2                                                 -2                                                   -2                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        rt

                                            -3..                                           -3                                                 -3                                                   -3...
                                            -4-                                            -4                                                 -4                                                   -4--                                 \%
                                            o1w                                                 em                                                  0306                                                ow

                                            -5
                                            0           Is      15    go      15      3t        0    a       IG       Is   20      Sis    30     a              1*     13      2D      25     30       0     i      iO      15     20      25      Jim  cn



                                            0       2-5         DO        7-5         Im        0       25            w        73         100    a          2.5        0           75         IZD      0         25         so         7.5        1     0
                                                                                                                                                 0


                                                                                                                                              -1


                                            -2                                             -2                                                 -2


                                                                                           -3                                                 -3


                                            -4-                                            -4                                                 -4
                                            0518                                                0=                                                  am                                                  cm

                                                                                           -5
                                            0           I'D     15     20     25                0            10       Is   20     23      30     0              I'Q    -@'G    so      35     0        0     a      10      Is     20      25      30


                                                                                                             SALINITY (ppt)







                                                                                  DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                                IN                   Iw      0         25                            Ito





                                          -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              cr

                                          -3                                                                                                                                                                                                  0



                                              om                                               1020
                                          -5       i      io                                                     Ii5    20     25     310
                                            0                    is    20      25     30     0      8      10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              00








                       Li                                                                                                                                                                                                                     En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              rt*






                                                                                                            SALINITY (ppt)
                  M ANK                                          1                                            1100 awl Im



                                            =MMMMOM #wm4mmem moo mmm





                                                                            DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                           0       m        ap        75        Im     a        25       so         75      100     0        RB       LIN       75        100    0        26       80        75        100

                                                                                                                       Ion                                         2ml                                           1134


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 C4







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 00
                                                                                M -20                                           -t r-                             - - -----




                                           0       25       so        75        101)   0        25       so         75      lw      0        25                 75        too    0        25       w         73        Im
                                           0                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                         am                                                                                     ow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
         U1


                     p                                                               -2                                          -2                                                                                              cn
                                        -2                                                                                                                                     -2
                     LIJ

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 rr

                                           0       25        w        75        100    0        25       50         75      100     0        25      ao        75         102    0       25       50        75       100         0
                                           0                                           0                                         0 -
                                                                         OU3                                          Um                                          0747                                         owl




                                        -1






                                        -2
                                                                                ZD -2                                                                                                                       th        m



                                                                                                   SALINITY (ppt)








                                                                                   DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                 0       a         w         is       lw a            M         0        is        M 0             m         Im                 lw 0            25        to                  lw

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1310


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          C-4













                                                 0       0         w         75       im     0                                     lw     0        25        so        75       lw     0         25       so        73        100
                                                                                            0                                           0
                                                                               1351                                          141R


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt







                                              -2.        DO                  fa           -2.         SO                  Fa                                           Fs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          rt
                           Li                                                                                                                                                                                                             P
                           n
                                                 0        25       so        75        lw                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                                                1711




                                               -1






                                                                   it


                                                                                                          SALINITY (ppt)

                  M as, as mo, mw ]IM" M,                                                                   ON am I= am, m M, m *a m go



                                          us m                                           m m





                                                         DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)
                                a     25     in      'A    im 0        l"     go     is     lw 0                      75     m      0                          fm
                               0                                0
                                                      IM                                                                =31


                                                                                                                                                                        C4


                                                                                                                                                                        M
                                                              -2                                -2


                                                                                                                                                                        00
                             -31                              -3                                                                  -3                     hi    AV




                                0     23     so      75    100  0      25     so     75     tw    a     25     m       75    Im     a     25     so     75     10D
                               0                                0                                 0                                 0               r
                                                                                       0114                              0301                             04M
       bi                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                        rt



                             -2

                p            -3              0                -3                                -3
                                                                                                                               D -3
                                                                                                                                                                        rt
                Ljj                                                                                                                                                     w
                                                      - - -                                                                                                             rt

                                0     0      50      75    100  0      a      so     75     100   0     25     so     75     1w     0    25     50     75     100       0

                                                      0541                                                              080                              0513






                                                              -2                                -2



                             -31                              -3                                -3                               -3



                                                                           SALINITY            (p pt)








                                                    DISSOLVED OXYGEN (,Saturation                                     %)

                                    m     so     75   lw a      m      w     76    Im        a     w     m     M 0        0     w     Is    Ho
                             o"
                                                  lCol                         1";                         Ila                          1=4


                                                                                                                                                    C-4







                                                                                                                                                    00
                                                          3                        ;o                             -3                                ko



                              0     25    30     75   lw   0                                 35                lw   0     25          73    loo     ol
                             0
                                                  1404                         130                         1403






                                                         -2



                                                                                                                                                    En
                                                                                                                                                    r-r
                 C@

                                    25            75  i0o,








                             -2




                             -3


                                                                   SALINITY (ppt)

                                                                    '00 No                                   @m Aw as m                               low



                                                                             elp                                     On m M                                                                              M M M





                                                                                   DISSOLVED                                  OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                              0         23        00         75        i0a    a         25         50         75       100     0        20         no        75         100     0        25         so        75         100

                                                                                Ml                                                                                              2101                                             200


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C-4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C:






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00
                                           -3                                           D  -3                                                                                           1    -3                                          20




                                              a         23        so         75        100    0         25         50         7@5      lw      0        2-5        so        73         lw      a        25         00         75        JIM

                                                                                                                                0144                                             am                                               Dow






                                                                                           -2                                                                                                -2



                                                                                           -3
                       Li                  -3                                ra        33                          it         ft       I D   -3         V          .6         is        2 :1  -3


                                              0         15        50         75        100    0         25         50         75       M       a        25         so       75        loc       0       25         50        75        lw
                                             0                                                0                                              0
                                                                                004                                             em                                             Oslo                                             01QU
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   UP





                                                                                           -2-                                              -2



                                                                                                                                            -3                     It                      -34-11



                                                                                                            SALINITY (ppt)








                                                                                        DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                %)

                                                                      w                    1w     cl        a         0          is       Im a            a          90                  IN       0       a                             100

                                                                                    1012                                           1112                                           1303                                            t336

                                                    -j                                         -j                                                                                                                                                   C-4


                                                    -2


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    00
                                                    -36                                        -3                                                                                        33    -3




                                                    0       25        so          75       100    0         25        80         75       100    0         25        so        75        1w       0        25        50        73        Im
                                                    0                                            0
                                                                                    1422                                           1$24                                           1614                                             low
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    M

                C)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0

                                                                                               -2                                             -2


                             p
                                                    -3      0         .0          00       3 m -3                                 fe          -3                                           0   -3                                                   rt
                             Lij                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                    0        25        50         75       i0o
                                                    0
                                                                                    170                                                                                                                                                             Uj


                                                    -1








                                                    -3                  0          fa



                                                                                                                SALINITY (ppt)

                           I nil, .1 in 'I 1 0, 'm '40 "Im, Oft M, "M, '40, m, .80, M go M



                                             11111 lie m Im m Im






                                                                              DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                                              w         n         too    0        25        no         75      Iw      0       25        so         75      Iw      a        25        so        V5       100

                                                                            1412                                         1757                                          If"                                         2235

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      C-4


                                         -2-                                          -2                                           -2                                               -2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      M

                                                                                      -3                                           -3                                                                                                 @-j
                                                                                                                                                                                    -3                                                W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      W
                                         -41                                      J,  -41         if        0          It      I               d         It         05      1) -4            d                                        ft



                                             0      23        so        75        100    0        25        50         73      1w      0       25        so         75      Iw      0        23        so        75       Iw
                                                                                         a                                             0                                            0
                                                                           0055                                         0252                                         000                                           WIS3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
           CD


                                         -2                                           -2                                           -2                                               -2
                       "T
                                                                                      -3                                           -3
                       a-                                                                                                                                                                                                             C/)
                                                                        ra            -46                                          -4j                                              -4,,                         Fa       d)          rt,
                       Li                                                                                                                                                                                                             0)

                                             a       n         5-0      7-5       i0c    0        25        5.0        75      100     0       25        30        7-5      lw      0       2-5       5.0       7.5      Ica          0
                                                                                         0                                                                                          0
                                                                            Ila                                          1415                                         1647                                        17M

                                                                                      -1                                                                                        -1


                                                                                      -2                                                                                        -2


                                         -3                                           -3                                           -3                                           -3


                                         -44                                      36  -44                                          -4                                       36  -4j



                                                                                                      SALINITY (ppt)








                                                               DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                                      a    25     50       75     100   a    .25     so     75     100   0     is      so     75      100   0    25      80     75     100
                                      0                                 0
                                                             les?                             low                                2013                             23n

                                                                        -1                                                               -1
                                                                                                                                                                                C-4
                                                                                                                                                                                c
                                  -2                                    -2                                                               -2                                     M
                                                                                                                                                                                M

                                                                        -3                            -3                                 -3

                                                                                                                                                                                00
                                  -4,1     IF                           -4                            -4                                 -4



                                      0    25      so      75     lw    0     25     50     75     lw    0     25      w      75      100   a     25     30     75      IN)
                                      0                                 0
                                                            0132                               0340                             any                                1033
            W                                                                                                                                                                   M
            C3                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                  -2                                    -2                            -2                                                                        ct
                                                                                                                                                                                0


                                  -3                                    -3                            -3

                                  -41      d       is      (a     J,    -41                                                              -4j
                                                                                             va                        .4      to                                       36
                     Li
                                                                                                                                                                                rt
                                                                                                                                                                                - 1.
                                      00    25     Ilo     7.5    100 -0      25     8-0    7P     100   0     25      0-0    7-5     100   0           w       75     wo       0
                                                                                                                                                                -               t3
                                                             1240                             1406                              ins







                                      -3                                -3
                                      -4.                                                                              1v             1  @4j
                                                                                                      -41







                                                                                 SALINITY (ppt)



                                                            too w                                    m






                                                                                   @-SSOLVP-D OXYGEN (Saturation. %)

                                              0       25        to                   Ma     0        25        cc         75       Io@     0        za        W          75        M       0         25      w           75       100
                                              0                                                                                            0         t
                                                                                                                   r
                                                                             7zz;                                           IM                                             2w                                              2405


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          C4


                                              -2                                            2                                              2


                                              -3                                         -3                                             -3

                                              -4j                         05         40  -1          it        Id                       -4,                                                                                       it



                                              0       as        so        75         100    a        25        30         75       IM)     0        25        so         7.5       Ica     0         25       3-0        7.5      Iw
                                              0                                             0                                                                                              0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Ilia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
          CD
          Lo
                                                                             0210                                          0413




                                              -2                                         -2.                                            -2                                              -2


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          NJ
                       n                                                             M   -4@                                                                                       M    -40                                               En
                                              -4.                         ia                         0                                                                    m                          0                            w
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ft
                       Lij                                                                                                                                                                                                                v
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ct

                                              0       is        50        75         100    0        25        50         75       Iw      0       2-5        3-0-       7.5      Iw       0       25       510        75        i0o      0

                                                                             1317                                                                                         SIM                                              &W
                                                                                         -1                                                                                                                                               L'i


                                              -2                                         -2


                                              -3                                         -3


                                              -4                                     A                                                  -4                                             -4



                                                                                                         SALINITY (ppt)








                                                                                                DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                             %)

                                                         0        25         no          75          100     0        25          80         75         100      0          25        so          75         Im       0         a          as          75         100
                                                         0
                                                                                                             0
                                                                                                                 1440                                               1737                                                 2mo
                                                         -1                                              -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                C4
                                                         -2                                              -1                                                                                                        -2


                                                         -3                                                                                                  -3-                                                   -3


                                                         -4--                                            -4                                                                                                        -4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                00
                                                                                                         -6                                                                                                        -5                                                           40




                                                         0        is         so          75          100     0         25         so         75         lw       0          25        so          75          lw      0         25         w            75        1w
                                                                                                             0                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                           2248                                               0240                                                0414                                                  0544
                                                                                                         -1
                 (D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0
                                                         -2                                              -2                                                                                                                                                                     rt


                                                                                                         -3                                                  -3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Uj
                                                                                                         -4                                                  -4                                                    -4
                               n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                co
                                                                                         fa    ---3 3    -8                       .1                             a                                            13   -8                                   Aw . ........a          rt
                               Li                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               w
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                rr

                                                         0       -1-5         5-0        75          100     0         2-5        a.*        75         lw       0         2-5        5-0        Ts          100      0        2-5        5P         7@5        100             0
                                                                                                             0                                                   0                                                 a                                                            :3
                                                           0740                                                0011                                               1104                                                Im
                                                                                                         -1                                                  -1


                                                         -2                                              -2                                                  -2                                                    -2


                                                         -3-                                             -3                                                  -3  -                                                 -3


                                                         -4--                                            -4                                                  -4                                                    -4
                                                                                                             31


                                                                                                                                                                 L-                                                   L







                                                                                                                           SALI N ITY                        (p pt)

                                                                                                                                                                                         M, W








                                                                                      DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                       %)

                                                 0       25         W          75        IN       a         25        so          75        IN 0              Im        w          75          IGO    0         m                     7.5       IN



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C4
                                                                                              -2


                                                 -3.                                                                                            -3-



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              co
                                                                                                                                                                                               3)




                                                 0       25       -5.0         7.5       100      0        25         50          73         IN     0         21        so         73          IN     a         25         50         75        IN
                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                 L144                                               am                                               0448                                               Oslo
           W                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  M
           CD                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
          U1                                     -2.                                          -2 -                                                                                                 -2                                                         ct
                                                                                                                                                -3-                                                                                                           0
                                                 -3 -                                         -3.                                                                                                                                                             1-3

                                                 -4.                                          -4--                                              -4                                                 -4
                        p                                                                                                                                                                          -6.                                                        cn
                                                                                                                                   fo
                        L-Li


                                                 0        25        50         75         100     0         25        50          -75       100     a    -    2-5       3-0       7-5         100    0         2.5        5-0        7P        100            0
                                                 0                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                    090                                              1150                                             1315
                                                 -1                                                                                                                                               -1                                                          hi


                                                 -2                                           -2                                                -2


                                                 -3                                           -3


                                                 -4--                                         -4                                                -4


                                                                                                                                                -6


                                                                                                               SALINITY (ppt)








                                           DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation %)

                          f) 25   w          Iw a    Im   w         IN 0     0   In        IN       35   w         Iw
                                                 0
                                                                         low                    2217


                                                                                                                        C4
                                                                                              --T

                          -3.                                                                 -3,                       M


                          -4--                                                                -4
                                                                                                                        00






                          0  25    50   75   100 0   25   so   75   100a     25  90   75   100 0    25   so   73   Iw   w
                          0                      0
                                                                                                0641
                                                 -1                                                                     M
                                                                                                                        0
                          2430                   03"
                          -1


                          -2




                                                 -4                   -4--                    -4
              n
                                        Va   S)  -6            fs   3 D-6,             fa  ID       9                   rt
              LLJ                                                                                                       of
                                                                                                                        rt

                          0   25   50   75   IN  0   25   50   75   IN 0     25       75   1w  0    is  50   75   iw    0
                          0                      0




                          -2                     -2                   -2                      -2


                          -3


                          -4                     -4                   -4                      -4


                          -6                     -6       IV          -6



                                                       SALI N ITY     (p pt)







                                                                                   D     S IS. 0 LV'-             D 0 X Y "[13' EN ( S' -@2 t ul F a                                  c n,       %)

                                                       213       so        n          ses     0        26         fa       m          109     9        Ilz       P-'13                        0        m         go         m         100

                                                MT                                               islo                                                                                            MY
                                                                                           -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   C-4
                                                                                           -2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (D

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   @-j,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3D




                                              0        25        30         73        100     0        25         so        75        Im      a         25       50         73        lw      a        2s         so        75        M
                                              0
                                                 1612                                            A707                                           ism                                              isla                                              tn
                                              -1                                                                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
          C@l
                                              -2-                                                                                         -2 -                                              -2


                                              -3-                                                                                         -3-                                               -3


                                              -4                                           -4                                             -4                                                -4
                       n                      t                                                                                                                                                                                                    W
                                                       pe                                                                                                                                                             -- -----                     rt

                       n
                                              0        25        50         75        100     0        25         so       75         100     0        25        w         75        Wo       0       25         50        75        100           0
                                              0                                                                                                                                                                q
                                                20M                                              2055                                           2217                                             2312



                                              -2                                           -2


                                              -3                                           -3


                                              -4                                           -4                                             -4


                                                                                                                                          -6


                                                                                                           SAUNITY (ppt)








                                                                                           DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Saturation                                                                                     %)

                                                      0        215      -5.0        7.5        lw      a        25        go         75         100     0         is       w          7.5       i0a         0     as         so         7.5       100

                                                        2357                                             om                                               0240                                              0345
                                                                                                   -1                                               -1                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C4
                                                                                                   -2                                               -2                                                      -2

                                                  -3..                                             -3                                               -3                                                      -3                                                (D


                                                                                                   -4                                               -4                                                      -4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              00
                                                                                               ID  -5                                               -6                                                      -5




                                                      0        25        w          75         10a     0        25        w          75         1w      0         25        so        75        1w          0     25         so         75        lw
                                                                                                                                                        0                                                   0
                                                        0442                                             as=                                              ow                                                on=
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (D
                 Lj                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0
                 C)           :57-
                 00                                                                                -2                                               -2                                                      -2                                                rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C)
                                                                                                   -3                                               -3.                                                                                                       @--3

                                                  -4f                                              -4 -                                             -4.                                                     -4
                                                                                                   -6                                                                                                                                                         C/)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            -a                                                rr


                                                      0        25         5-0        75        100     0        25        5.0        7-5        100     a        -25       so        75         NO          0   -25          a-0       7-5       100          0
                                                      0                                                                                                 0                                                   0                                                 z
                                                        0950                                                                                             Ilm                                                13W                                               F@


                                                  -2                                               -2                                               -2                                                      -2


                                                  -3                                               -3                                               -3                                                      -3


                                                                                                                                                    -4                                                      -4-
                                                  -3
                                                  -4  L


                                                                                                                    SALI N ITY                      (ppt)

      MMMI M =MlMJiMl Maui                                                                                                                          IM,                                                                  m Ml M











                                     APPENDIX F



               DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT ESTUARINE STATIONS IN PERDIDO BAY
                                   MONTHLY SAMPLES




                         Explanation of symbols:

                                   Depth (m) Symbol

                                      0.0       0
                                      0.5       0
                                      I. 0      A
                                      1.5       A
                                      2.0       v
                                      2.5
                                      3.0
                                      3.5
                                      4.0
                                      4.5











































                                         309








                                                  March 1988
                      120



                    10 0
                  c
                  0

                  cz
                      801-



                   OR
                      60 L

      ul

      C)
                  >,k 40
                  x
                   0


                      20


                  M       I
                   6    0
                               8      7     6     5      4     3     2      1 SDC PMC
                                                   I                   r- r-% f-% A X /
                                 UPPER BAY         1             LOM-1-1 DMT
                                                    Station







                              May  a88
            120


          0c: 100
          0

          -0-0
          cu
            80
          cz



          0
            60-

          c

          >% 40-
          x
          0

          "0
            20-

          co
          co
             0
                 8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1 SDC PMC

                  UPPER BAY-l      - LOWER BAY
                              Station








                                                 June 1988
                    120



                    10 0 -
                  0

                  -W
                  as
                     80-

                  U)

                  0
                     60-

                  c

                  >% 40-
                  x
                  0


                     20-
                  >


                  co
                  co

                              8     7      6     5     4     3     2.     1,- S DC P M-0

                                lul P- Or E Oll DO A Y -       10
                                                               sm- WER BAY
                                           A


















                                                  Station







                                             July 1988
                120            -T-


                10 0
              c
              0

              4-0
              co
                  80-
              -6-0
              cz
              C/)

              0
                  60-

    LAJ

    Lj
              >%  40-
              x
              0


                  20--



                   0
                                                               'LA
                                                                    0







                          8     7     6     5-    4     3     2     '1 SDC PMC
                           UPPER BAY        I         - LOWER BAY
                                              Station







                                                August -1988
                  120



                000,11100


                co
                L-
                =3  80--
                4-0
                CO



                0
                    60-

      Li


                CF)
                >%  40-
                x
                0


                    20-

                CO

                      01-
                            8     7     6     5     4     3     2     1 - SDC PMC

                                      M A %I               I n%All:D DAV
                              ut-Irr_ri DM T
                                                Station






                 120                      September I @U",38


              --%100
              c
              .0
              I-a
              cz
                  80-



              0
                  60--

              C:

   Ln                                                                   A
              >%  40
              x
              0


                  20-
              'E5
              co
              co
                    0                                                          -------
                          8     7    6     5     4     3    2     1   SDC Pmc

                           UPPER BAY                    LOWER BAY,
                                             Station








                                              October 1988
                --- 120



                   100
                .0

                Ca
                Z5 80

                Co

                   601-

      LO
      ON          V
                >- 40-
                x
                0

                   20  -

                0


                      0
                                                                          D.
                            8     7     6    5     4     3     2.    1. A S . @C PMG

                                      0 AV-
                           .1 @ UPPER                     I r)WPP RAY
                                               Station






                       120                                    November 1988


                       100



                         80-
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                     co
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                     %%ftfe 60-
                     0


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                     0


                         20-
                    .75
                     cn
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                                     8        7       6       5       4        3                1 SDC PMC
                                                                               v















                                       UPPER BAY                                 LOWER BAY
                                                                Station








                                             December 1988
                   120



                   10 0 -
                 C


                4mo

                    80-
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                (n
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      CO         CD
                    40-
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                            .8     7    6     5.    4-    3     2    .1   S.DC PM

                                                                  D  E3AV
                              UPPER    BAT
                                                Station







                                                          January 1989
                        120



                   10411-100
                    0
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                           0
                                    8        7       6        5       4       3       2        1 SDC PMC

                                      UPPER BAY-                                LOWER BAY
                                                                Station








                                       -February 1989
                120



                100   -



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               ca



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              0


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                               7         5    4     3    2,   1 - SDC PMC
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                               ER BA
                          UPP
                                     Y   f           LOWER .8"A"Y"
                                           Station






                  120                           April 1198  19    1      1     1     1


                 10 0
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               cz
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               11
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               76
               C0
               Cl)
                     0
                            8     7     6      5     4     3      2     1 SDC PMC
                                                                        ri














                             UPPER BAY                       LOWER BAY
                                                Station







                                                                   May 1989-.-
                           120



                           100
                        0


                            80

                                                                A

                            60-



                            40



                            20
                        >
                        0

                        W
                               0                                                                                  ------
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                                                 -R BA'*/        I
                                                                                   I               AV
                                          u t-I t                                       VY L-1 A
                                                                   Station






               120                        June 19  8 IS


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                       8     7    6     5    4    3    2     1 SDC PMC

                         UPPER BAY                 LOWER BAY
                                         Station









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