[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
4w "JUN I- 41 RSTAL ki .0 1, 4@4 t, 5 W!", 41 P4 Pot, X 2- A '5 I,`Alik@` "Aftw 1@ lir IT ff"t w, IN-v ENI)41 GB 705 4 G73 1976 appendix 0 G74 iro or*Rec(eat 0: v.21 E MT LIAX S BASIN F STI LF3 @)-ll JUN 13 1975 Great Lakes Basin Framework Study Property of CSC Library APPENDIX 21 OUTDOOR RECREATION N- U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA COASIAL SERVICE", CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE 1@ CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 Ns' GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION Prepared by Outdoor Recreation Work Group Sponsored by Bureau of Outdoor Recreation U.S. Department of the Interior Published by the Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission, 3475 Plymouth Road, P.O. Box 999, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Printed in 1975. Cover photo by Kristine Moore Meves. This appendix to the Report of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was prepared at field level under the auspices of the Great Lakes Basin Commission to provide data for use in the conduct of the Study and preparation of the Report. The conclusions and recommendations herein are those of the group preparing the appendix and not necessarily those of the Basin Commission. The recommendations of the Great Lakes Basin Commission are included in the Report. The copyright material reproduced in this volume of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was printed with the kind consent of the copyright holders. Section 8, title 17, United States Code, provides: The publication or republication by the Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgement or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor. The Great Lakes Basin Commission requests that no copyrighted material in this volume be republished or reprinted without the permission of the author. OUTLINE Report Appendix 1: Alternative Frameworks Appendix 2: Surface Water Hydrology Appendix 3: Geology and Ground Water Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and Embayments Appendix 5: Mineral Resources Appendix 6: Water Supply-Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Appendix 7: Water Quality Appendix 8: Fish Appendix C9: Commercial Navigation Appendix R9: Recreational Boating Appendix 10: Power Appendix 11: Levels and Flows Appendix 12: Shore Use and Erosion Apoendix 13: Land Use and Management Appendix 14: Flood Plains Appendix 15: Irrigation Appendix 16: Drainage Appendix 17: Wildlife Appendix 18: Erosion and Sedimentation Appendix 19: Economic and Demographic Studies Appendix F20: Federal Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix S20: State Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix 21: Outdoor Recreation Appendix 22: Aesthetic and Cultural Resources Appendix 23: Health Aspects Environmental Impact Statement SYNOPSIS Appendix 21, Outdoor Recreation, is part of a not provide an accurate picture of the dis- comprehensive planning study for the conser- tribution of recreation supply and needs vation, development, utilization, manage- among the Basin's planning subareas. Plan- ment, and enhancement of the water and re- ning Subareas 1.1 and 1.2, Lake Superior West lated land resources of the Great Lakes Basin. and Lake Superior East, have 49.6 percent of It is a single-purpose framework plan to im- all land and water acres available for rec- prove the quantity and quality of outdoor rec- reation within the entire Region. At the same reation opportunities within the Great Lakes time, these planning subareas have only 2.3 Basin. percent of the total Region requirements. On To meet foreseeable short- and long-term the other hand, Planning Subareas 2.2, 4.1, needs, consideration is given to the timely de- and 4.3, containing Chicago, Detroit, and velopment and management of these re- Cleveland, respectively, have 49.2 percent of sources as essential aids to the economic de- all the Region's total requirements, but only velopment and growth of the region: the 3.8 percent of available recreation acres. preservation of resources to insure that they The distribution of water surface available will be available for future use, and the well- for recreation shows a similar disparity be- being of all the people as the overriding de- tween location of resources and needs of the terminant in such planning. people. The Region's five northern Planning The requirements for 21 outdoor recreation Subareas, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4, and 3.1, contain 71 activities within the Great Lakes Region were percent of all inland water surface and 68 per- determined to be approximately 637 million cent of all water available for recreation, but recreation days in 1970; 861 million in 1980; have only about 13 percent of all the water- 1,298 million in 2000; and 1,863 million in 2020. surface oriented recreational requirements. Five of the 21 recreation activities-sight- At the same time, Planning Subarea 2.2, 4.1, seeing, pleasure driving, pleasure walking, 4.2, and 4.3, containing Chicago, Detroit, To- attending outdoor sports events, and attend- ledo, and Cleveland, respectively, have ap- ing outdoor concerts-do not require acquisi- proximately 56 percent of the Region's tion of public lands. Therefore, these activities water-surface oriented recreational require- were neither included in the inventory of ments, but only 8.8 percent of its inland water supply nor in the estimation of total recrea- surface and 13.0 percent of its total water sur- tional needs. It was also assumed that only face. 25 percent of all bicycling and horseback Satisfaction of recreation needs hinges upon riding takes place on public lands. The total effective Federal, State, and local legislation requirements for these two activities were, and programs. Through acquisition, develop- therefore, reduced by 75 percent prior to com- ment, management, technical aid, and finan- puting the recreation need. cial assistance programs, the various levels of The Great Lakes, inland lakes, park lands, government possess the means of substan- beaches, forests, streams, trails, scenic high- tially increasing the recreational supply base. ways, recreational harbors, and access sites At the Federal level, the Departments of Ag- within the Great Lakes Region provided 208 riculture, Commerce, Housing and Urban De- million recreation days in 1970. Scheduled de- velopment, Interior, Labor, and Transporta- velopment will increase the supply to almost tion, and the Environmental Protection 216 million by 1980. Agency, the Office of Economic Opportunity, The total recreation needs of the Great Property Management and Disposal Services, Lakes Region were 113.8 million recreation the Small Business Administration, and the days in 1970. The needs will increase to 219.1 Federal Power Commission all have outdoor million recreation days in 1980, to 454.7 million recreation responsibilities prescribed by law. in 2000, and to 784.6 million in 2020. Key Federal legislation includes the Land and General data on the Great Lakes Region do Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, Title IX v vi Appendix 21 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of ture, utilizing existing recreational buffer 1965, the Watershed Protection and Flood areas, developing environmental corridors, Prevention Act of 1954, the Water Quality Act more effective recreational use of inner-city of 1965, the Dingell-Johnson Program, the buildings and land, encouraging recreational Pittm an- Robertson Program, the National participation during non-peak use periods, en- Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, the Na- couraging the private sector to develop qual- tional Trails System Act of 1968, and many ity recreational facilities, increasing financial others. assistance, and subsidizing rail and highway In addition to institutional arrangements, a transportation for inner-city residents. Other plan to meet recreation needs must realisti- alternatives include administratively control- cally consider the resource base of the Great ling access in some areas; preservation of Lakes Region, the inherent problems of acqui- existing and potential scenic, historic, and sition and development of recreation lands, special ecological areas; transferring recrea- and the possible solutions to alleviate these tion requirements from heavily-used to problems. lightly-used areas; eliminating physical and Most of the recreational resources of the legal barriers that deny recreation access; re- Great Lakes Region, such as inland lakes, es- stricting users in time, space, and numbers; tuaries and marshes, beach areas, streams, allocating monies and personnel for area forests, islands, parks, fish and wildlife areas, supervision and activity programming; de- and scenic, historic, and special ecological veloping an environmental education pro- areas, are located in its northern portion. gram; and improving communication between However, some potential does exist in the government and the public. southern portion of the Region, notably the Alternatives that would improve the quality Great Lakes shoreline and the flood plains of of land, water, and air resources include build- rivers. ing and construction ordinances for control- Recreation problems include competing ling soil erosion and sedimentation, im- land uses, high land costs, complex ownership plementation of a dredge spoil disposal system patterns, public opposition and legal re- with a minimum adverse impact on the envi- straints attached to reservoirs and associated ronment, greater care in siting and designing recreation facilities, inadequate funds and future thermo-nuclear electric generating competition for the tax dollar, highway con- plants, implementation of shoreland protec- gestion and overuse of certain parks, en- tion and management legislation, improve- vironmental disturbances by off-the-highway ment of solid waste disposal methods and vehicles, physical and legal barriers that deny sites, enforcement of ordinances to prohibit access to existing and potential recreation the dumping of wastes into harbors and lakes lands, multiple-activity incompatibility, in- from recreation watercraft, control of lake adequate area supervision, inadequate stress levels, and implementation of stronger air pol- on environmental education, and inadequate lution legislation. government-citizen involvement in the plan- In addition to the generalities outlined ning and decision-making processes. above, the plan discusses the needs, goals, An outdoor recreation experience is ad- problems, potential programs, and planning versely influenced by natural and man-made priorities that are unique to each of the 15 contaminants dumped on the land, into the planning subareas. water, and into the air. A number of Great The 1970 level of recreational facility de- Lakes beaches have been periodically closed velopment was capable of satisfying 64 per- since 1961 because of polluted waters. Ad- cent of the total 1970 requirements for the six versely affecting the recreational use of re- water-oriented recreational activities-beach sources in the Region are soil erosion and swimming, camping, picnicking, hiking, na- sedimentation, disposal of dredge spoils, ture study, and sightseeing. Levels of de- thermal pollution, shoreland development, velopment proposed are expected to satisfy 80 solid waste disposal, shoreland erosion, and percent of the projected requirements in 1980 air pollution. and 2000, and 74 percent of the projected re- To retain or increase the amount of land and quirements in 2020. An analysis of each plan- facilities available for recreation, alternative ning subarea indicates substantial residual solutions to the above problems include fee needs in the heavily populated areas. A size- acquisition, easements, leasing agreements, able amount of residual needs are available more intensive development of existing recre- for the private sector to satisfy. ation lands, changes in an area's zoning strue- Estimated facility expenditures for the six Synopsis vii water-oriented recreational activities amount in the 2000-2020 time period. For the purpose to $368 million for the 1970-1980 time period, of this study, it was assumed that the Federal $511 million for the 1980-2000 time period, and government will contribute 35 percent ($936 $445 million for the 2000-2020 time period. Es- million) of the total $2,673 million in land and timated land costs amount to $454 million for facility costs between 1970 and 2020. The re- 404,000 acres in the 1970-1980 time period, maining 65 percent ($1,737 million) would be $498 million for 260,000 acres in the 1980-2000 contributed by non-Federal interests. time period, and $387 million for 238,000 acres FOREWORD The responsibility for preparation of Ap- the work group. Other members of the work pendix 21 was assigned to the Lake Central group included Ralph Fisher, State of Illinois; Region of the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation William Barnes and William Walters, State of by the Great Lakes Basin Commission. The Indiana; William Colburn and Wayne H. Ver- appendix is a joint cooperative effort of rep- spoor, State of Michigan; Jerry H. Kuehn and resentatives of the various State and Federal Joseph Sizer, State of Minnesota; Jack Fink, agencies who served as members of the Rec- Ivan Vamos, Barton Zek, and Charles C. Mor- reation Work Group. - rison, State of New York; Norville Hall, State Special acknowledgment is extended to the of Ohio; Conrad R. Lickel, State of Pennsyl- members of the Recreation Work Group and to vania; Richard Lindberg, State of Wisconsin; other persons who contributed to this appen- Charles M. Smith and Richard L. Kerr, U.S. dix. Their contributions and review guidance Department of Agriculture; Edward Carl were invaluable aids to the formulation of this Brown, U.S. Department of the Army; Sumner appendix. They included the National Park A. Dole and Bruce Miller, U.S. Department of Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Interior; Joseph F. Harrison, U.S. De- Bureau of Mines, U.S. Geological Survey, partment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, and the Field Leonard Crook and 0. C. Reedy, Great Lakes Representative of the U.S. Department of the Basin Commission; Robert L. Bowden, Ohio Interior; the Soil Conservation Service, Northern University; Robert B. Ditton, Uni- Forest Service, and Economic Research Ser- versity of Wisconsin at Green Bay; William vice of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Dessecker and Kenneth Wable, Mt. Union Col- the Corps of Engineers of the U.S. Depart- lege, Ohio; T. F. Ellis, Kaiser Jeep Corp., To- ment of the Army; the Environmental Protec- ledo; David C. LaValle, Ottawa Regional tion Agency; the Federal Power Commission; Planning Commission, Ohio; Glen Haskins, the U.S. Coast Guard; the States of Illinois, Kent State University, Ohio; Robert D. Hen- Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, ningam, State University Water Resources Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; and rep- Center, New York; William McGraw, Michigan resentatives of various educational and cor- Tourist Council; Donald Stolberg, University porate institutions. of Toledo, Ohio; Howard Washka, Lorain The appendix was prepared under the County Community College, Ohio; and Arthur supervision of Francis J. Baker, Chairman of Youngblood, Akron Water Department, Ohio. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page OUTLINE .................................................................... iii SYNOPSIS ................................................................... v FOREWORD ................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................ xiv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................... xix INTRODUCTION ............................................................. xxiii General ........................ :************''*''****'***"****** .......... xxiii Recreational History of the Region ........................................ xxiv Purpose ................................................................... xxiv Scope of Study ............................................................. xxv 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............................................... 1 1.1 Physical Characteristics of the Great Lakes Region ................... 1 1.1.1 Location and Drainage Area ...................................... 1 1.1.2 Geology .......................................................... 1 1.1.3 Climatology ...................................................... 3 1.1.4 Topography ...................................................... 7 1.1.5 Vegetation ....................................................... 8 1.1.6 Fish and Wildlife .................. :'*******-***-*-*--* 8 1.1.7 Land Use and Ownership ........................................ 9 1.1.8 Recreational Landscapes ........................................ 12 1.1.8.1 Lake Superior Region ................................... 12 1.1.8.2 Lake Michigan Region ................................... 13 1.1.8.3 Lake Huron Region ..................................... 14 1.1.8.4 Lake Erie Region ........................................ 14 1.1.8.5 Lake Ontario Region ............ 15 1.2 Socioeconomic Features of the Great Lakes Region ..................... 16 1.2.1 Population ....................................................... 16 1.2.2 Income .......................................................... 16 1.2.3 Employment ..................................................... 20 1.2.4 Leisure Time .................................................... 20 1.2.5 Highway System ................................................ 21 1.2.6 Other Socioeconomic Factors .................................... 24 2 GENERAL RECREATION REQUIREMENTS, SUPPLY, AND NEEDS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION ............................................ 25 2.1 Introduction ........................................................... 25 2.2 Recreation Requirements .............................................. 25 2.2.1 Recreation Activities ............................................. 25 2.2.2 Effective Population ....................................... I ...... 27 ix x Appendix 21 Page 2.2.2.1 Recreation Market Area ................................. 27 2.2.2.2 Recreation Service Area ................................. 27 2.2.3 Activity Participation Rates ..................................... 27 2.2.4 Recreation Activity Occasions ................................... 28 2.2.5 Present Requirements in Recreation Days ....................... 28 2.2.6 Future Requirements in Recreation Days ....................... 31 2.2.7 Resource Requirements ......................................... 31 2.3 Recreational Supply ................................................... 31 2.3.1 Recreational Resource Characteristics ........................... 31 2.3.1.1 The Great Lakes ........................................ 31 2.3.1.2 Beaches ................................................. 33 2.3.1.3 Inland Lakes ............................................ 34 2.3.1.4 Forests .................................................. 35 2.3.1.5 Special Areas ....... 35 2.3.2 Amount,' Distribution, and a't*io'n' R**e*c*r*e'a*t*io*n* e*-* sources .......................................................... 40 2.3.3 Supply in Recreation Days: 1970 ................................. 44 2.3.4 Supply in Recreation Days: 1980 ................................. 44 2.4 Recreational Needs .................................................... 44 2.4.1 Present Needs in Recreation Days and Acres or Miles ........... 44 2.4.2 Future Needs in Recreation Days and Acres or Miles ............ 45 2.4.3 Distribution of Recreation Need ................................. 45 2.4.4 Classification of Recreation Need ................................ 48 3 TOURISM .................................................................. 51 3.1 Tourist Visitations ..................................................... 51 3.2 Tourist Expenditures .................................................. 51 3.3 Summer Homes ........................................................ 52 3.4 Tourist Use of Outdoor Recreation Resources ......................... 52 4 OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION ... 55 4.1 Objectives of the Plan ................................................. 55 4.2 Federal and State Action Programs ................................... 55 4.2.1 Federal Responsibilities ......................................... 55 4.2.2 Federal Legislation .............................................. 57 4.2.3 State and Local Responsibilities ................................. 58 4.3 Recreation Potential of Water Resources .............................. 60 4.3.1 Great Lakes ..................................................... 60 4.3.2 Inland Lakes .................................................... 60 4.3.3 Estuaries and Marshes .......................................... 61 4.3.4 Impoundments .................................................. 61 4.3.5 Streams ......................................................... 61 4.4 Recreation Potential of Land Resources ............................... 61 4.4.1 Beach Areas ..................................................... 61 4.4.2 Island Areas ..................................................... 62 4.4.3 Flood Plain Areas ............................................... 64 4.4.4 Urban Areas ..... .............................................. 65 4.4.5 Fish and Wildlife Areas .......................................... 65 4.4.6 Forests .......................................................... 66 4.4.7 Parks ............................................................ 66 4.4.8 Trails ............................................................ 67 4.4.9 Other Scenic, Historic, and Biotic Areas ......................... 67 4.5 Alternative Solutions .................................................. 67 4.5.1 Acquisition ...................................................... 67 Table of Contents xi Page 4.5.2 Development .................................................... 68 4.5.2.1 Developmental Standards ............................... 68 4.5.2.2 Increased Development of Existing Recreation Lands ... 68 4.5.2.3 Development of Environmental Corridors ............... 68 4.5.2.4 Inner-City Development ................................. 69 4.5.2.5 Reservoirs ......... 70 4.5.2.6 Development by the Private Sector ...................... 70 4.5.2.7 Zoning ................................................... 71 4.5.2.8 Environmental Impact ................................... 71 4.5.3 Funding ....................... .................................. 72 4.5.3.1 Acquisition Funds ....................................... 72 4.5.3.2 Development Funds ..................................... 72 4.5.4 Access ........................................................... 73 4.5.4.1 Access to Day-Use and Weekend-Use Facilities .......... 73 4.5.4.2 Unbalanced Pressure on Parks .......................... 73 4.5.4.3 Off-the-Highway Vehicles ................................ 74 4.5.4.4 User Distribution in Time and Space .................... 74 4.5.4.5 Access to Privately Owned Lands ....................... 76 4.5.5 Resource Improvement .......................................... 76 4.5.5.1 Water Quality ........................................... 76 4.5.5.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation ......................... 79 4.5.5.3 Dredging, Filling, and Disposal of Dredge Spoil .......... 79 4.5.5.4 Thermal Pollution ....................................... 80 4.5.5.5 Shoreland Development ................................. 80 4.5.5.6 Sanitary Land Fills and Solid Waste Disposal ........... 80 4.5.5.7 Recreational Watercraft Wastes ......................... 81 4.5.5.8 Great Lakes Shoreland Erosion ......................... 81 4.5.5.9 Air Pollution ............................................ 82 4.5.6 Program Improvement .......................................... 82 4.5.6.1 Multi ple-Activity Compatibility .......................... 83 4.5.6.2 Program and Area Supervision .......................... 83 4.5.6.3 Educational Programs ................................... 83 4.5.6.4 Government-Citizen Involvement ........................ 83 4.5.7 Planning ......................................................... 83 4.6 Specific Features of the Plan .......................................... 84 4.6.1 Planning Subarea 1.1 ............................................ 84 4.6.1.1 Estimate of Needs ....................................... 84 4.6.1.2 Problems ................................................ 86 4.6.1.3 Suggestions for Future Action ........................... 87 4.6.1.4 Plan Design ............................................. 88 4.6.2 Planning Subarea 1.2 ............................................ 90 4.6.2.1 Estimate of Needs ....................................... 91 4.6.2.2 Additional Objectives .................................... 91 4.6.2.3 Problems ................................................ 94 4.6.2.4 Suggestions for Future Action ........................... 94 4.6.2.5 Plan Design ............................................. 95 4.6.3 Planning Subarea 2.1 ............................................ 95 4.6.3.1 Estimate of Needs ....................................... 95 4.6.3.2 Additional Objectives .................................... 98 4.6.3.3 Suggestions for Future Action ........................... 98 4.6.3.4 Plan Design ............................................. 100 4.6.4 Planning Subarea 2.2 ............................................ 100 4.6.4.1 Estimate of Needs ....................................... 102 4.6.4.2 Problems ................................................ 103 4.6.4.3 Suggestions for Future Action ........................... 103 4.6.4.4 Plan Design ............................................. 107 xii Appendix 21 Page 4.6.5 Planning Subarea 2.3 ............................................ 110 4.6.5.1 Estimate of Needs .............................. ........ 110 4.6.5.2 Additional Objectives ................................... 113 4.6.5.3 Problems ............................................... 113 4.6.5.4 Suggestions for Future Action ........................... 113 4.6.5.5 Plan Design ............................................ 115 4.6.6 Planning Subarea 2.4 ............................................ 115 4.6.6.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 117 4.6.6.2 Additional Objectives ................................... 118 4.6.6.3 Problems ............................................... 119 4.6.6.4 Suggestions for Future Action .......................... 119 4.6.6.5 Plan Design ............................................ 120 4.6.7 Planning Subarea 3.1 ............................................ 122 4.6.7.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 122 4.6.7.2 Problems ............................................... 122 4.6.7.3 Suggestions for Future Action .......................... 124 4.6.7.4 Plan Design ............................................ 124 4.6.8 Planning Subarea 3.2 ............................................ 126 4.6.8.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 126 4.6.8.2 Problems ............................................... 127 4.6.8.3 Suggestions for Future Action .......................... 127 4.6.8.4 Plan Design ............................................ 128 4.6.9 Planning Subarea 4.1 ............................................ 130 4.6.9.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 130 4.6.9.2 Problems ............................................... 132 4.6.9.3 Suggestions for Future Action .......................... 132 4.6.9.4 Plan Design ............................................ 134 4.6.10 Planning Subarea 4.2 ............................................ 135 4.6.10.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 136 4.6.10.2 Problems ............................................... 137 4.6.10.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 137 4.6.10.4 Plan Design ............................................ 140 4.6.11 Planning Subarea 4.3 ............................................ 140 4.6.11.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 140 4.6.11.2 Problems ............................................... 142 4.6.11.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 142 4.6.11.4' Plan Design ............................................ 143 4.6.12 Planning Subarea 4.4 ............................................ 145 4.6.12.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 146 4.6.12.2 Problems ............................................... 147 4.6.12.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 147 4.6.12.4 Plan Design ............................................ 149 4.6.13 Planning Subarea 5.1 ............................................ 153 4.6.13.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 153 4.6.13.2 Problems ............................................... 153 4.6.13.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 154 4.6.13.4 Plan Design ............................................ 154 4.6.14 Planning Subarea 5.2 ............................................ 157 4.6.14.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 157 4.6.14.2 Problems ............................................... 158 4.6.14.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 158 4.6.14.4 Plan Design ............................................ 159 4.6.15 Planning Subarea 5.3 ............................................ 162 4.6.15.1 Estimate of Needs ...................................... 163 4.6.15.2 Problems ............................................... 163 4.6.15.3 Suggestions for Future Action ......................... 163 4.6.15.4 Plan Design ............................................. 165 Table of Contents xiii Page 5 EVALUATION ............................................................ 167 5.1 Effectiveness of the Plan ......... 167 5.2 Costs of Acquisition and Development ................................. 168 5.3 Allocation of Facility and Land Costs .................................. 168 6 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 171 6.1 Water-Oriented Recommendations ..................................... 171 6.2 General Recommendations ............................................ 172 SUMMARY ................................................................... 175 Population ................................................................. 175 Recreation Requirements ................................................. 175 Recreation Needs .......................................................... 175 Recreation Resources ..................................................... 176 Problems ............................. I..................................... 176 GLOSSARY .................................................................. 179 LIST OF REFERENCES ..................................................... 185 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................ 189 ANNEX A: Estimation of Effective Population .............................. 191 ANNEX B: Identification of Participation Rates ............................ 193 ANNEX C: Calculation of Recreation Requirements ........................ 194 ANNEX D: Calculation of Acreage Needs and Requirements ................ 195 ANNEX E: Computation of Needs for Class I and II Recreation Lands ..... 197 ANNEX F: Lakes and Streams with Impaired Water Quality as of 1970 ..... 199 ANNEXG: Evaluation of Potential Recreation Areas'Ability to Satisfy Needs 203 ANNEX H: Calculation of Facility Costs .................................... 209 ANNEXI: Supplementary Statistical Tables ................................ 210 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 21-1 Summary of Annual Requirem ents in Recreation Days by Planning Sub- area 1970-2020 ........................................................ 28 21-2 Summary of Annual Requirements in Recreation Days Derived from SMSAs by Planning Subarea: 1970 .................................... 29 21-3 Summary of Annual Requirements in Recreation Days by Activity .... 30 21-4 Summary of Annual Requirements in Acres or Miles by Activity 1970- 2020 ................................................................... 32 21-5 Summary of Ownership and Availability to Public of Great Lakes Beaches ............................................................... 34 21-6 Land and Water Surface Usable for Recreation in the Great Lakes Re- gion: 1970 ............................................................. 41 21-7 Distribution of Recreation Requirements and Supply by Planning Sub- area:1970 ............................................................. 41 21-8 Distribution of Water-Surface Oriented Recreation Requirements and Recreation Water Resources Within the Great Lakes Region .......... 42 21-9 Acres of Public Recreational Land in the Great Lakes Region, 1970 ... 44 21-10 Summary of Needs by Planning Subarea in Thousands of Recreation Days .................................................................. 45 21-11 Summary of Needs by Activity: 1970-2020 ............................. 46 21-12 Summary of Needs in Developed Acres or Miles by Activity ........... 47 21-13 Percentage Distribution of 1970 Recreation Needs by Planning Subarea 48 21-14 Summary of Needs for Recreation Land and Water by Recreation Land Class ......... I......................................................... 49 21-15 Summary of the Estimated Tourist Visitation and Expenditures in the Great Lakes Region .................................................... 51 21-16 Amount of Expenditures for 1960 Recreation Travel in The Lake Ontario Region ................................................................ 52 21-17 Potential Additions to Stream Preservation Program .................. 63 21-18 Apportionments to Great Lakes Region States from the Land and Water Conservation Fund ..................................................... 73 xiv List of Tables xv Table Page 21-19 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 1.1 ............................................................ 85 21-20 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 1.1 ...................................................... 87 21-21 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 1.2 ...................................................... 93 21-22 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 2.1 ............................................................ 99 21-23 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 2.1 ...................................................... 101 21-24 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 2.2 ............................................................ 105 21-25 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Illinois ................. 106 21-26 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 2.2 ...................................................... 109 21-27 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 2.3 ...................................................... 112 21-28 Planned Recreation Facilities, Manistee and Hiawatha National Forests: Planning Subarea 2.4 ......................................... 120 21-29 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 2.4 ...................................................... 121 21-30 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 3.1 ...................................................... 125 21-31 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 3.2 ...................................................... 129 21-32 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 4.1 ...................................................... 135 21-33 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 4.2 ...................................................... 139 21-34 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 4.3 ...................................................... 144 21-35 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 4.4 ................. 150 21-36 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 4.4 ...................................................... 151 21-37 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.1 ................. 155 21-38 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 5.1 ...................................................... 156 xvi Appendix 21 Table Page 21-39 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.2 ................. 160 21-40 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 5.2 ...................................................... 161 21-41 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.3 ................. 164 21-42 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity: Plan- ning Subarea 5.3 ...................................................... 166 21-43 Estimated Facility and Contingency Costs by Time Frame ............ 168 21-44 Estimated Land Needs arid Costs ...................................... 169 21-45 Summary of Land and Facility Costs .................................. 169 21-46 Allocation of Costs ..................................................... 169 21-47 Turnover Factors ...................................................... 195 21-48 Standards for Facility Development ................................... 196 21-49 Activity Mix, Southern Lakeshore Model .............................. 204 21-50 Activity Mix, Southern Regional Park Model .......................... 204 21-51 Activity Mix, Southern Stream Valley Model .......................... 205 21-52 Activity Mix, Northern Lakeshore Model .............................. 205 21-53 Activity Mix, Northern Stream Valley Model .......................... 206 21-54 Activity Mix, Northern Regional Park Model .......................... 206 21-55 Activity Mix, Natural Areas ................ e.......................... 207 21-56 Input into Plans Formulation per 1000 Acres of Resource Base ....... 208 21-57 Costs for Models ....................................................... 209 Supplementary Tables 21-58 Projections of Population by Planning Subarea in the Great Lakes Re- gion ................................................................... 210 21-59 Distribution of SMSA Population in the Great Lakes Region .......... 211 21-60 Effective Population by Planning Subarea for Years 1970-2020 ........ 211 21-61 Employment by Selected Industries in the Great Lakes Region ....... 212 21-62 Existing and Projected Per Capita Income for the Great Lakes Region 213 21-63 Per Capita Participation Rates ........................................ 214 List of Tables xvii Table Page 21-64 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 1.1 ........................................................... 217 21-65 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 1.2 ............................................................ 218 21-66 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasion s-PI an ning Subarea 2.1 ............................................................ 219 21-67 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasion s-Planning Subarea 2.2 ............................................................ 220 21-68 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions -Planning Subarea 2.3 ............................................................ 221 21-69 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 2.4 ............................................................ 222 21-70 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasion s-Planning Subarea 3.1 ............................................................ 223 21-71 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 3.2 ............................................................ 224 21-72 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 4.1 ............................................................ 225 21-73 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasion s-Planning Subarea 4.2 ............................................................ 226 21-74 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 4.3 ............................................................ 227 21-75 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 4.4 ............................................................ 228 21-76 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 5.1 ............................................................ 229 21-77 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions-Planning Subarea 5.2 ............................................................ 230 21-78 1970-2020 Recreation Requirements in Activity Oecasions-Planning Subarea 5.3 ............................................................ 231 21-79 1970 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles for Planning Subareas 232 21-80 1.980 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles for Planning Subareas 232 21-81 2000 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles for Planning Subareas 233 21-82 2020 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles for Planning Subareas 233 21-83 Amount, Ownership, and Recreational Potential of Great Lakes Beaches 234 21-84 Distribution of BOR Classified Recreation Lands by Planning Subarea 234 xviii Appendix 21 Table Page 21-85 1970 Supply in Recreation Days by Planning Subarea by Activity ..... 235 21-86 1980 Supply in Recreation Days by Planning Subarea by Activity ..... 235 21-87 1970 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles by Planning SubarE!a ....... 236 21-88 1980 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles by Planning Subarea ....... 237 21-89 2000 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles by Planning Subarea ....... 238 21-90 2020 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles by Planning Subarea ....... 239 21-91 1970 Acre Needs for. Land and Water by Recreation Land Class by Plan- ning Subarea .......................................................... 240 21-92 1980 Acre Needs for Land and Water by Recreation Land Class by Plan- ning Subarea .......................................................... 240 21-93 2000 Acre Needs for Land and Water by Recreation Land Class by Planning Subarea ..................................................... 240 21-94 2020 Acre Needs for Land and Water by Recreation Land Class by Plan- ning Subarea .......................................................... 240 21-95 Summary of Water-Oriented Recreation Needs-Satisfied and Unsatis- fied .................................................................... 241 21-96 Land, Facility, and Contingency Cost Data by Planning Subarea and by State .................................................................. 242 21-97 Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Costs by Planning Subarea and State ............................................................... 243 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 21-1 Major Water Resource Basins of the United States .................... xxiii 21-2 Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island ...................................... xxiv 21-3 Great Lakes Region Showing Planning Subareas ...................... 2 21-4 Topography of the Great Lakes ........................................ 3 21-5 Longitudinal Profile of the Great Lakes ............................... 3 21-6 Winter Recreation ..................................................... 4 21-7 Mean Maximum Temperature ('F), July ............................... 5 21-8 Mean Maximum Temperature ('F), January ........................... 5 21-9 Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan .............................................................. 6 21-10 Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Chicago, Illinois 6 21-11 Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Buffalo, New York 6 21-12 Inland Lake ........................................................... 7 21-13 Forest Cover .......................................................... 8 21-14 Wildlife ................................................................ 9 21-15 Game Birds ............................................................ 10 21-16 Primary Land Uses in the Great Lakes Region ........................ 10 21-17 Land Ownership in the Great Lakes Region ........................... 10 21-18 Selected Recreational Areas in the Great Lakes Region ............... 11 21-19 The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore .............................. 12 21-20 The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore ......................... 13 21-21 Niagara Falls ......................................................... 15 21-22 Population Distribution by Planning Subarea ......................... 17 21-23 Population per Square Mile for Great Lakes Region Counties ......... 18 21-24 1970 SMSA and Non-SMSA Population in the Great Lakes Region .... 19 Nix xx Appendix 21 Figure Page 21-25 Projected Percentage Population Changes by Planning Subarea in the Great Lakes Region Between 1970 and 2020 ........................... 19 21-26 Projected 1970 and 2020 Per Capita Income by Planning Subarea ..... 20 21-27 1970 Employment in the Great Lakes Region .......................... 21 21-28 Use of Leisure Time ................................................... 22 21-29 Interstate Highway System ........................................... 23 21-30 The Mackinac Bridge .................................................. 24 21-31 Some Outdoor Recreation Activities ................................... 26 21-32 1970 Total, Urban, and Non-Urban Annual Requirements by Major Activity Group ........................................................ 29 21-33 Annual Recreation Day Requirements of Great Lakes Region ......... 32 21-34 Great Lakes Shores ................................................... 33 21-35 Great Lakes Beaches .................................................. 34 21-36 Inland Lakes in Sylvania Recreation Area ............................ 35 21-37 Northern Forests ...................................................... 36 21-38 Wolf River, Wisconsin .................................................. 37 21-39 Trails .................................................................. 38 21-40 Marina ................................................................ 39 21-41 Classification of Public Outdoor Recreation Land Within the Great Lakes Region, 1970 .................................................... 43 21-42 Estimated Re quirements and Needs in Recreation Days, Great Lakes Region ................................................................ 48 21-43 Shoreline Development ................................................ 53 21-44 Scenic River ........................................................... 62 21-45 Need for Open Beaches ................................................ 63 21-46 Apostle Islands ........................................................ 64 21-47 Urban Recreation Limited ............................................. 65 21-48 Highly Developed Urban Area ......................................... 69 21-49 Ski Slopes ............................................................. 71 21-50 Pressure on Recreation Facilities ..................................... 74 List of Figures xxi Figure Page 21-51 Limited Use Vs. Overuse .............................................. 75 21-52 Limitation to Public Use .............................................. 76 21-53 Waters Impaired by Low Quality ...................................... 77 21-54 Waste Disposal ........................................................ 78 21-55 Shoreland Development ............................................... 81 21-56 Air Pollution .......................................................... 82 21-57 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 1.1 .............................. 89 21-58 Historic Site ........................................................... 90 21-59 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 1.2 .............................. 92 21-60 Scenic Areas .......................................................... 96 21-61 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.1 .............................. 97 21-62 Wolf River ............................................................. 99 21-63 Swimming in Lake Michigan .......................................... 102 21-64 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.2 .............................. 104 21-65 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.3 .............................. ill 21-66 Yankee Springs Recreation Area ...................................... 113 21-67 Recreation on Lake Michigan ......................................... 114 21-68 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.4 .............................. 116 21-69 Winter Sports in Michigan ............................................. 117 21-70 Mackinac Island ....................................................... 118 21-71 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 3.1 .............................. 123 21-72 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 3.2 .............................. 127 21-73 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.1 .............................. 131 21-74 A Diversity of Activities ............................................... 132 21-75 Imagination ........................................................... 133 21-76 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.2 .............................. 136 21-77 Lake Erie Islands ..................................................... 138 21-78 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.3 .............................. 141 xxii Appendix 21 Figure Page 21-79 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.4 .............................. 146 21-80 Evangola State Park .................................................. 147 21-81 A Symptom of Pollution ............................................... 148 21-82 Presque Isle State Park ............................................... 149 21-83 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.1 .............................. 152 21-84 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.2 .............................. 158 21-85 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.3 .............................. 162 INTRODUCTION General the warm summer, cold winter climate that produces 26 to 46 inches of precipitation annu- This appendix surveys the United States ally; 55'F to 73'F summer water temperatures portion of the Great Lakes Region, which in- on the Great Lakes; a land-use pattern domi- corporates 179,000 square miles of water and nated by forest, cropland, and pasture land; land in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Il- and land that is 80 percent privately owned. linois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New More than 29 million people live in the Region, York. It finds that the areas carved by conti- 80 percent of them along the southern shores nental glaciation thousands of years ago, the of Lakes Michigan and Erie. With manufac- 2,000-mile latitudinal extent of Lakes turing and various services associated with Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, urbanization employing the largest number of encompass a diversity of significant rec- workers, the average work week is less than 39 reational resources, including wave-cut cliffs, hours and the per capita income is about gently rolling hills, flat lake plains, sand $3,350. dunes, inland lakes and marshes, low-gradient The Great Lakes Basin study area is streams, forests of hardwoods and conifers, bounded on the north by Canada, and lies ad- and 4,800 miles of Great Lakes and island jacent to four other water resource regions: shoreline. The appendix indicates the rela- the North Atlantic Basin on the east, the Ohio tionships between recreation and the diver- River and Upper Mississippi River Basins on sity of fish, birds, and mammals. the south, and the Souris-Red-Rainy River Influencing recreation within the Basin is Basins on the west (Figure 21-1). Souris-Red- Rainy,--.f,, GIreat Lakes New 7:7 UJ b rV W i@ Fngland orth P 1 11 ', aci fie Upper Mi@uri 'ddfe 'M1 0 ',,Atlantic % Gre r3asi, %@Jississifppl J Pper OPIO Colorado,'c, i % , , -'.. 5 1 - e,, ------- J 0? Lower Arkansas-White-Red Colorado I Rio "Nr-@ 1 I %, 'J*Z 'South Atlantic Grande L - ""(41f 1 Gulf JL_ Texas-Gulf %% P - At FIGURE 2171 Major Water Resource Basins of the United States xxiii xxiv Appendix 21 Recreational History of the Region which has brought unprecedented pressure on the public recreational resources of the Great Recreational use of the Great Lakes Region Lakes. did not really begin until after the Civil War. To meet this growing pressure, long-range At that time, development was limited to a few planning and development has received in- exclusive hotels and large estates accessible creased attention. Much public land and water only by rail, stage, or boat. To accommodate area within the Region has been developed for the demand for transportation to these outdoor recreation. Developments include facilities, a thriving pleasure boat trade soon Federal, State, county, and local parks and developed. One of the earliest companies was forests; campgrounds; recreational ar- the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Com- boretums and gardens, wildlife refuges and pany, which operated throughout the Lakes game areas; and wilderness areas. There are from 1869 to 1951. The Grand Hotel on Mack- also extensive privately developed rec- inac Island, built in the 1880s, is a remaining reational facilities throughout the Region. symbol of this era (Figure 21-2). By the turn of the century, many com- munities were established along the Great Purpose Lakes shoreline. With the improved modes of travel, they began to spread inland through- The purpose of this appendix is to improve out the region. By 1916 the automobile came the quantity and quality of outdoor recreation into popular use. However, recreational travel available to residents of the Region and adja- did not become common in the Great Lakes cent areas by preparing a single-purpose Region until 1930 when Depression road build- framework plan for recreational develop- ing programs opened inaccessible areas to ments; promoting single-purpose and multi- mass use. Thus began the "Age of Travel" purpose developments for recreation; giving "Jo IM Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE21-2 Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island. It was built in the 1880s and is a remaining symbol of an era when a few exclusive hotels and large estates were accessible only by rail, stage, or boat. Introduction xxv balance, from the recreational standpoint, to The Corps of Engineers has completed sev- plans of other agencies while maintaining eral Basinwide studies for such purposes as aesthetic quality and well-being of people; and commercial navigation, recreational naviga- integrating recreation needs with other needs tion, and levels and flows on the Great Lakes for water and land resources to optimize their and their connecting channels, and has use. examined the more critical lakeshore erosion This appendix provides a point of reference problem areas. Since 1925, the Corps has con- for resolving differences with competing ducted 416 studies of specific water resource water and land uses for the logical, coordi- problems within the Region. These studies nated development of water resources in the have resulted in the development of consider- Region by presenting an inventory of existing able useful data. and potential recreation resources; determin- The Water Quality Office of the Environ- ing use pressures on existing facilities and mental Protection Agency is developing a immediate requirements for additional de- comprehensive program for water pollution velopments; establishing long-range needs control for each of the Great Lakes. Various and goals for providing adequate recreational aspects of the program will be based on infor- opportunities; and recommending a plan of ac- mation supplied by the water-oriented out- tion which will provide a framework for the door recreation studies of the five Great Lakes development and improvement of the Re- and adjacent lands. The studies were com- gion's recreation resource base. pleted over a five-year period (1965-1970) by. Present and future requirements for recre- the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. ation were computed by using existing and The Federal Power Commission has issued projected population as primary determi- guidelines on the planning and management nants. The Region's population and the popula- of recreational facilities at licensed hydro- tion of portions of the Office of Business electric projects. In December 1970, the Fed- Economics (OBE) economic areas whose popu- eral Power Commission compiled a booklet en- lation centroids lie within 250 miles of the Re- titled "Recreation Facility Costs and Design gion were considered in computing recreation Use" that has been widely distributed to vari- requirements. Present and future tourist use ous interested governmental agencies. Also, was also evaluated in terms of its impact on biennial reports published in June 1969 and the recreation resources of the Region. midyear 1971 entitled "Recreation Oppor- Comparing supply and recreation require- tunities at Hydroelectric Projects Licensed by ments for the target years 1970, 1980, 2000, the Federal Power Commission" contain an and 2020 provides an indication of needs from inventory of existing and potential public rec- which additional acreage requirements are reational resources at licensed hydroelectric determined. In addition to the quantity of re- projects. source needs, the quality and the locational In addition to the foregoing comprehensive aspects of present and future needs are dis- studies dealing specifically with water re- cussed. source development, numerous Federal, State, local, and private reports or studies have been of value. Among these are the State Scope of Study Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans updated periodically by each State, and the Pertinent data for the Great Lakes Region studies on Great Lakes Shoreline Manage- are available from several studies that have ment carried out by Michigan, Minnesota, and been made or are under way. Among these are Wisconsin. the Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Com- The area covered in this appendix partially prehensive Study, the Upper Mississippi River overlaps several covered by previous com- Comprehensive Basin Study, and the Middle prehensive studies. The northern halves of Atlantic Comprehensive Study. Other studies Minnesota's St. Louis and Lake Counties, in- are the comprehensive (Type II) studies ongo- cluded in this study, were included in the ing in the Grand River basin in Michigan, Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Comprehen- completed in the Genesee River basin in New sive Study. Kenosha, Walworth, Waukesha, York, and the project study ongoing in South- and Racine Counties in Wisconsin; Lake, eastern Michigan. Numerous comprehensive McHenry, Kane, DuPage, Cook, and Will studies pertaining to water and land resource Counties in Illinois; and Lake, Porter, development have been or Will soon be com- LaPorte, Marshall, and Starke Counties in In- pleted by all eight -of the Basin States. diana, were included in the Upper Mississippi xxvi Appendix 21 River Comprehensive Basin Study. St. Law- specific areas. On the other hand, the supply of rence, Oneida, and Herkimer Counties of New recreational facilities in these overlapping York were covered in the Middle Atlantic areas was also counted twice and subtracted Study. from the requirements in the calculation of The population in each of these overlapping needs. At this time, it seems likely that the areas seeks recreation in Great Lakes Basin additional requirements produced by the areas radiating outward from the population double count of population in the overlapping centers. But the amount and type could not be areas have been largely offset by the double accurately determined because origin and des- count of existing supply. However, since the tination of recreationists are not available. developments proposed will fall far short of Thus both areas used the same population in the projected requirements, the proposed de- the calculation of recreation requirements for velopments are expected to be fully supported the respective basin studies, which resulted in by real demands. some overstatement of requirements for the Section 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1 Physical Characteristics of the-Great miles for the Grand River, Michigan, to areas Lakes Region of a few square miles. 1.1.1 Location and Drainage Area 1.1.2 Geology The Great Lakes Basin is defined in this The present-day outlets and current lake study as the United States portion of the levels of the five Great Lakes probably de- drainage areas of Lake Superior, Lake Michi- veloped less than 5,000 years ago. Stream and gan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, shoreline erosion, considered the primary and those streams entering the St. Lawrence geomorphic agents since the recession of the River within the United States. For planning continental glaciers, have made only slight purposes, the Great Lakes Region study area changes in the landscape. boundaries, shown in Figure 21-3, were drawn Prior to the Pleistocene or Ice Age, the Great along county lines which approximate drain- Lakes were nonexistent. The area was age divides. Located between 41 and 50 de- traversed by well-drained valleys and divides grees north latitude and 76 and 92 degrees of several large rivers. When the continental west longitude, the Region encompasses prac- ice cap developed a thickness of several tically all )f Michigan and parts of Minnesota, thousand feet, it spread southward and com- Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsyl- pletely covered what is now the Great Lakes- vania, and New York. Of the total 299,000 St. Lawrence Basin. As the ice sheet slowly square miles in the entire Great Lakes Basin, melted and retreated northward, tremendous about 179,000 square miles (60 percent) are in amounts of bedrock debris entrained in the the United States, including 118,000 square ice mass were released. Parts of the major pre- miles of land and 61,000 square miles of water glacial valleys were deepened by glacial surface. The International Boundary is the scouring, while other parts were filled with northern limit of the Great Lakes Basin study glacial deposits (Figure 21-4). The area's to- area. It extends approximately 2,000 miles pography was extensively changed, and the through four of the five Great Lakes and their basins of the five Great Lakes were created connecting channels. Only Lake Michigan lies (Figure 21-5). entirely within the United States. An array of hills, valleys, and open space Connecting the Great Lakes are: St. Marys ideal for recreational development resulted River, linking Lakes Superior and Huron; from the glaciation, including the glacial Straits of Mackinac, linking Lakes Michigan grooves on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie, the and Huron; St. Clair River, linking Lakes varied topographic features of the Ice Age Na- Huron and St. Clair; Detroit River, linking tional Scientific Reserve in Wisconsin, the Lakes St. Clair and Erie; Niagara River, link- numerous glacial lakes in New York, Michi- ing Lakes Erie and Ontario; and St. Lawrence gan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and the many River, linking Lake Ontario and the Atlantic scenic stream valleys in the Region. A very Ocean. Figure 21-5 gives the longitudinal pro- important aspect of glaciation was the tem- file of the Great Lakes. The low water datum of porary occurrence of large glacial lakes. Dur- each of the Lakes is given as the lake eleva- ing the ice front's final northward recession, tion. there was ponding of melt waters between Streams of the Great Lakes Basin are gen- the ice and the drainage basin divides, result- erally small and short. Drainage areas range ing in a gradually enlarging body of lake wa- from about 6,600 square miles for the Maumee ters. In some instances, lake surfaces were River, Ohio, 6,300 square miles for the hundreds of feet above present lake levels. Saginaw River, Michigan, and 5,600 square The effects of these glacial lakes on present 1 LEGEND Great Lakes Reqim C4 Subregions Planning Subareas MIN ESOTA Subregion number Planning Subarea LAKE SUPERIOR County Boundaries 1.2 ONTARIO STATUTE M o 40 MICHIG+N r Mr- R-, Olt 144 2.4 A' 13 --- LAKE HURON WISC SIN 2.4 NTARIO ;;@I HIG N LAKE 0' SA-" E-S u TED m, jv" R,- S1, Cf- R- 4.1 wISCONSIN ,f L.k, Y RK W-- s'. cl." 4.4 ,FP NEv ILf, 013 Y-S i mi IGAN A&I HIGAN ILLINOI INDI A 0 4.3 .2 z I ND I A A Iz. 0 H 10 General Description 3 71! AN Courtesy of National Park Service FIGURE 21-4 Topography of the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes and adjacent lands, providing an excellent base for recreational opportunities, were shaped by continental glaciation. 0 0 5 YC 'S 00 0 0 '0 z o evatio 6 Elevation 576.8 Elevation 568.6 0 z Lake k Huron Loke El-ation 242.8 Super,or n .. . . . . St. Lowrence River . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIGURE 21-5 Longitudinal Profile of the Great Lakes at Low Water Datum shorelines is illustrated by the perched wave- 1.1.3 Climatology cut cliffs of Mackinac Island, the clay flats of the Chicago, Toledo, and Michigan Thumb Climatic conditions have a direct impact on areas, the variable stratified sands and silts recreation and will receive brief consideration constituting or overlying the bluffs along the in this appendix. While cool temperatures dur- Ohio shore of Lake Erie, and the sand tracts of ing the summer season adversely affect par- the dune areas. Today, the Great Lakes con- ticipation in swimming and water-skiing, the tain 3,700 miles of mainland shores and 1,500 same cool temperatures may stimulate par- miles of island shores. ticipation in fishing, hiking, and similar ac- 4 Appendix 21 tivities. Rainy and windy weather greatly re- temperatures range from 65.5*F at Duluth duce participation in most recreational ac- and 64.6'F at Sault Sainte Marie to 75.6'F at tivities, such as boating, swimming, picnick- Chicago, 74.4'F at Detroit, 71.5'F at Cleveland, ing, and camping, especially tent camping. In and 69.8'F at Buffalo. Figures 21-9,21-10, and winter, temperatures must be cold enough to 21-11 indicate average ternperature and pre- permit the maintenance of an adequate snow cipitation fluctuations for a 12-month period or ice base for popular winter activities (Fig- at Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan; Chicago, Il- ure 21-6). linois; and Buffalo, New York. Average daily Due to its latitude, the Great Lakes Region high temperatures for July range from 77.1'F could reasonably be expected to have severe for Duluth and 75.6'F at Sault Sainte Marie to climatic conditions, but because of the large 84.1'F at Chicago, 83.9'F at Detroit, 82.8'F at surface, area and depth of the Great Lakes, the Cleveland, and 80.1'F at Buffalo .42 Region experiences relatively temperate Water surface temperatures influenced by summer and winter temperatures. Average air temperatures tend to either encourage or annual temperatures range from 39.0'F on discourage water-dependent recreational ac- Lake Superior to 48.7'F on Lake Erie .13 tivities. Within the Great Lakes Region, aver- Minimum monthly temperatures generally age monthly water surface temperatures of occur in January or February,- while the five major Lakes during August range maximum monthly temperatures occur in from approximately 55'F on Lake Superior to July. Figures 21-7 and 21-8 give mean maxi- 73*F on Lake Erie.12 Detailed water surface mum isotherms for July and January, respec- temperature data can be obtained from Ap- tively. pendix 4, Limnology of Lakes and Embay- Average monthly temperatures in January ments. range from 8.7*F at Duluth to 26'F ift Chicago, The mean annual precipitation for the en- 26.9'F at Detroit, 27.6'F at Cleveland, and tire Region is 31 inches. The average annual 24.5'F at Buffalo. In July, avenage monthly precipitation varies from approximately 26 % IV POP. 77 IN Con rtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-6 Winter Recreation. Heavy snowfall provides excellent opportunities for skiing, sledding, and snowmobiling. General Description 5 1.2 74 2.4 5.3 2.1 3.1 E@l 5.1 4.1 .4 2.2 z.3 4.2 FIGURE 21-7 Mean Maximum Temperature ('F), July 6 400 2.4 5. 2.1 3.2 5.1 .2 4.3 4.2 FIGURE 21-8 Mean Maximum Temperature ('F), January 6 Appendix 21 Temperature (OF) 0 10 40 60 7rO 8rO 90 100 r F M A FIGURE 21-9 Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan S Average Annual Temperature: 410.eF 0 Average Annual Precipitation: 31.2inchas N D 0 1 2 3 4 Is Precipitation (inches) Temperature (OF) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 100 i r _r r I@Q r F M A FIGURE 21-10 Average Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation for Chicago, Illinois A S Average Annual Temperature: 50-e F Average Annual Precipitation: 33-2inches 0 1 2- 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Precipitation (inches) Temperature (OF) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 r 9rO 100 F A FIGURE 21-11 Average Monthly M Temperatures and Precipitation for Buffalo, New York A j M A M j j A S@@ 0 N @ F j j A S - Average Annual Temperature: 46-70F N - Average Annual Precipitation: 35.6 inches 1 2 4 iO 0 3 5 6 7 8 9 Precipitation (inches) General Description 7 inches in northeastern Minnesota to as much and varied topography, including depressions as 46 inches at the eastern end of Lake On- occupied by small lakes or marshes, level to tario .35 The number of days with measurable sloping plains, and low rolling hills or ridges. precipitation ranges from an average of 169 The Region contains thousands of natural days east of Lake Ontario through 155 days lakes and a poorly developed surface drainage along the southern shore of Lake Superior to system with relatively flat stream profiles 119 days at the southern end of Lake Michi- (Figure 21-12). River basin divides are charac- gan. During the peak recreation season of teristically broad and vary from almost level June, July, and August, days with measur- plains to rolling low hills. Only near the east- able precipitation may total as many as 35 ern and western ends of the Region is the re- days in the Lake Superior area and as few lief more strongly expressed. as 26 days in the northwestern Lake Michi- Elevations range from approximately 4,600 gan area.13 feet above sea level in the Adirondacks of New Monthly variations in air temperatures and York to 152 feet above sea level along the St. precipitation are responsible for cyclic fluctu- Lawrence River. Mean surface elevations of ations of water surface levels on the Great the Great Lakes are 600.37 feet for Lake Lakes. These fluctuations are caused by re- Superior, 578.68 feet for Lakes Michigan and tention of water during the winter on the Huron, 573.01 feet for Lake Erie, and 244.77 watershed and release during spring and feet for Lake Ont 'ario. Maximum recorded early summer. As runoff occurs, lake levels depths of the Lakes range from 1,333 feet in rise, reducing the beach areas that would Lake Superior to 210 feet in Lake Erie .13 otherwise be available for recreation. The absence of strongly developed relief in many parts of the Region limits the amount of land with characteristics that create high 1.1.4 Topography quality settings for recreational development, especially in the lake plains. As a result, many The present land areas have an irregular areas have only limited potential for the de- _7 P Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service FIGURE 21-12 Inland Lake. Silver Lake in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota is only one of the thousands of inland natural lakes in the Region. 8 Appendix 21 velopment of recreational facilities with high mixture of maple, yellow birch, hemlock, and quality aesthetic appeal. pine. Interspersed among tl-,.ese forested lands are bogs. In addition, beach areas support 1.1.5 Vegetation their own distinctive dunal vegetation, includ- ing grasses, cedar, balsant fir, and spruce. The natural vegetational pattern of the The quantity and distribution of present Great Lakes Region has been greatly modified forest lands and unique vegetation provide an by man's activities. Virgin forest lands are al- aesthetically-pleasing setting for many of the most nonexistent and much of the once- traditional outdoor recreation activities such forested land, especially in the southern por- as camping, hiking, canoeing, hunting, fish- tions of the Region, has been replaced by ur- ing, nature study, and in the autumn, sight- ban, industrial, and agricultural develop- seeing tours through the wooded country- ment. side. In the areas surrounding Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, southeastern Lake Huron, and southeastern Lake Michigan, the broadleaf 1.1.6 Fish and Wildlife deciduous tree (Figure 21-13), including oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, maples, and 50 or A complete discussion of fish and wildlife more other specieS,511 is the predominant resources and the hunting, fishing, nature natural vegetation. Southwestern Lake study, and bird watching requirements placed Michigan borders on the eastern edge of the on them can be found in Appendix 8, Fish, and vast interior prairie grasslands. The western Appendix 17, Wildlife. Much pleasure is de- portion of the Lake Superior region is covered rived from contact with these resources, even predominantly with stands of pine and spruce. when their observation is secondary to the Between these two major vegetational types primary outdoor activity being enjoyed at the (i.e., coniferous on the northwest side of the moment (Figure 21-14). Region and hardwoods on the south and east), There are about 173 species of fish, 300 a transition zone is found in which there is a species of birds, and 68 species of mammals in A 'W Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-13 Forest Cover. This provides an outstanding setting for many outdoor recreation activities. General Description 9 pr* X Ak_ T I i Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-14 Wildlife. An abundance of wildlife in the Great Lakes Region provides excellent opportunities for hunting, fishing, sightseeing, nature study, and photography. the Great Lakes Region.58 Thirty of the fish and Management, but it is briefly presented in species are of commercial importance, and an the following paragraphs because of its in- equal number are of importance to sport fluence on the availability of lands and waters fishermen. The whitefish family is most sig- for public recreation. nificant commercially, while trout, bass, pan- The Great Lakes Region encompasses 86.5 fish, walleye, pike, and the recently intro- million acres. Rivers, lakes (excluding the duced chinook and coho salmon are of major Great Lakes), and embayments amount to 2.9 interest to the angler. million acres. The remaining 83.6 million acres Game birds found in the Region include have been divided among several primary ring-necked pheasants, ruffed grouse, geese, land-use categories (Figure 21-16), including ducks, quail, and turkey (Figure 21-15). Typi- forest lands, cropland and pasture land, urban cal shore and marsh birds include bitterns, built-up lands, and other lands.10 rails, herons, loons, red-winged blackbirds, The land-use pattern directly affects rec- gulls, and terns. reational opportunity and development. Of Important game mammals include the the 83.6 million acres of land, approximately white-tailed deer, black bear, cottontail and 13.4 million acres of public land, 16.0 percent, snowshoe rabbit, and tree squirrel. Other are available for recreation. mammals include the gray wolf and moose- The best potential for recreational lands is which maintain a very interesting ecological included in forest lands. Few areas classified relationship in Michigan's Isle Royale Na- as crop and pasture lands have such potential, tional Park-and the elk. and in most cases the potential is relatively low. Flood plains near urban areas are an ex- ception, especially where they are incised into 1.1.7 Land Use and Ownership the surrounding till plain. Approximately 67.2 million acres, or 80.4 A complete discussion of land use and own- percent of the total land area of the Region, ership can be found in Appendix 13, Land Use are privately owned. Another 10.2 million 10 Appendix 21 it -A 4 7 w Ilk Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-15 Game Birds. Typical birds found in the Region include ring-necked pheasants, ruffed grouse, geese, ducks, quail, and turkey. Federal (6.2 million acres) Cropliand Forest Land ....... and Pasture State & Local 10.2 million acres) ........... ........... Urb n B il -Up Other (67.2 million acres) FIGURE 21-16 Primary Land Uses in the FIGURE 21-17 Land Ownership in the Great Great Lakes Region Lakes Region acres (12.2 percent) are owned by State and portions of the Region and are divided among local governments, and 6.2 million acres (7.4 Federal, State, and local governments. These percent) are Federally owned, as graphically lands could provide a substantial base for ad- illustrated in Figure 21-17. Many of the public ditional weekend and vacation recreational lands are located in the northern and eastern facilities. pal 0-0 C@ C-1 1 Voyageurs National Park 12 Green B 01. 2 Boundary Waters Canoe Area 13 Sleeping 00 'L-,-T AL1 q 3 Apostle Islands 14 Ice Age I cn i "1-. 0 4 Isle Royale National Park Reserv M. 5 Porcupine Mountains 15 Indiana D 6 Huron Mountains 16 Bass Isl CZ) 7 Pictured Rocks 17 Niagara 8 Tahquamenon Falls 18 Zoar Val 34 9 Whitefish Bay 19 Genesee 10 Patogannissing Bay islands 20 Finger L 7 11 Wolf River 21 Thousand 22 Adirond 12 (0 0 13 Q N 7Z NTA 14 KE 17 0 50 100 A@, 119 is 16 15 L ..... -I- --J 12 Appendix 21 1.1.8 Recreational Landscapes 1.1.8.1 Lake Superior Region The Great Lakes Region possesses diverse Among the superb recreational resources in and outstanding natural features: Great this region are Isle Royale National Park, Lakes water surface and shoreline, thousands Boundary Waters Canoe..4-rea, Voyageurs Na- of inland lakes and associated beaches, moun- tional Park, beaches of Whitefish Bay, dunes tains and rolling morainic hills, extensive and cliffs of the Pictured Rocks National forests, streams and marshland with rela- Lakeshore, Tahquamenon Falls, the Huron tively high quality waters, and many islands, and Porcupine Mountains, and Apostle Is- inlets and bays. While a few of these resources lands National Lakeshore (Figure 21-19). Dur- are near the large urban centers in the south- ing the long winter, much of the terrain pro- ern portion of the Region, most are located in vides an excellent setting for the winter sports the drainage areas of Lake Superior, Lake On- enthusiast. The numerous inland lakes and tario, and the northern parts of Lakes Michi- streams, containing some of the highest qual- gan and Huron. This section will examine ity waters east of the Mississippi River, and those features which now provide or have the extensive forests throughout the region great potential for providing recreational op- also provide a resource base for outdoor recre- portunities in the Great Lakes Region. These ation. features (Figure 21-18) serve as sites for New recreational areas, in the region could weekend use and vacation use for both resi- be developed in portions of more than six mil- dents and non-residents of the Region. lion acres of public forest land. Of this total, Z' A 1 190100�E_;@ m-L_ 7, links Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-19 The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Located on the south shore of Lake Superior, these islands provide an inspiring addition to our system of national lakeshores. General Description 13 approximately 3.8 million acres are national W 0 Irl forest, 1.5 million acres are State forest, and 650,000 acres are owned by local governments. Thousands of acres of lands owned by paper, mining, and power companies are also avail- able for hunting, fishing, and other rec- reational activities. Rivers that have been in- cluded or identified for possible inclusion in a State scenic or natural rivers system include the Ontonagon, Presque Isle, Tahquamenon, and Two Hearted Rivers of Michigan. Ile 1.1.8.2 Lake Michigan Region Forested lands, large expanses of dunes and beaches, and hundreds of inland lakes are the natural foundations on which many of Lake Michigan region's outdoor recreation ac- tivities are built. 51@ The forest is significant in the region's rec- M reational attraction. More than four million AV acres of forest are publicly owned. Nearly two million acres are in national forests, 1.6 mil- lion acres in State forests, and one-half million T acres are owned by local governments. From north to south, the extent of forest land de- creases. Nearly 90 percent of the northern one-third of this region is forested. Less than 20 percent of the land is forested in the south. Approximately 40 percent of the forest land in Michigan's Upper Peninsula is publicly owned as is 35 percent in the northern Lower Penin- sula. Lake Michigan has some of the finest A* beaches on the Great Lakes, particularly along its eastern shore. Of the total 3,100 acres, 1,200 acres are publicly owned and available for use while an additional 1,200 pri- vately owned acres have some potential for P11 public use.16 Lake Michigan islands that provide an ex- cellent base for recreational use and develop- ment include the Green Bay Islands, contain- ing more than 22,000 acres of land in the northern part of the Lake; North and South Manitou Islands, included as part of the au- thorized Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore; and the Beaver Islands, an eight- island area which is approximately one-third P1 publicly owned. C, Within this region there are several areas that possess such high recreational value that Congress recently authorized their acquisition Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources for the nation. Sleeping Bear Dunes National FIGURE 21-20 The Sleeping Bear Dunes Na- Lakeshore, Michigan (Figure 21-20); Indiana tional Lakeshore. This area offers a rich variety Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana; and the of quality recreational opportunities. 14 Appendix 21 lee Age National Scientific Reserve in Wis- lakes have many acres of beach, but their use consin are presently being acquired. is limited by lack of public access sites. A portion of the Wolf River, Wisconsin, has Of the more than 700 acres of beach along been designated as part of the National Wild the western shore of Lake Huron, approxi- and Scenic Rivers System following enact- mately 140 acres are publicly owned, but 13 ment of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. acres are closed because of pollution. Another Other rivers in the Lake Michigan region con- 50 acres may have potential for public use.116 sidered for designation as wild, scenic, or rec- The Au Sable, Carp, Black, Ocqueoc, and reational rivers by either the Federal or re- Rifle Rivers have been identified as potential spective State governments include the Pere scenic or natural rivers by Michigan. The Tit- Marquette, Little Manistee, Manistee, Pine, tabawassee, Shiawassee, Flint, and Cass Riv- Escanaba, Whitefish, Manistique, and ers and their tributaries offer a significant Muskegon in Michigan; the Pike, Pine, Wolf, recreation resource base. Brule, and Popple Rivers in Wisconsin; the Fox River in Illinois, and the Elkhart in In- diana. 1.1.8.4 Lake Erie Region Although there are hundreds of inland lakes in the Lake Michigan region, the shores of Perhaps the best recreational resources many of them, especially in the southern part within the Lake Erie region are found within of the region, have been developed heavily the Michigan portion. Rolling morainic ter- with residences and summer cottages. These rain with wooded cover and numerous inland lakes have beach areas which probably total lakes provide the backdrop for outdoor ac- thousands of acres. Their water surface area tivities. The rivers of this portion of the region is approximately 811,000 acres. also offer additional opportunity for rec- reational areas. The Huron and Clinton Riv- ers are especially significant for park de- 1.1.8.3 Lake Huron Region velopment. Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, the De- troit River, and St. Clair River provide a po- Many pleasing aspects of the resource base tentially valuable recreational frontage, al- are found in the Lake Huron region. Included though there are inherent problems that re- are more than 400,000 acres of national forest, strict full use. Industrial and residential de- and nearly one and one-quarter million acres velopment, often blighted, precludes public of State forests, many inland lakes, Lake recreation in important areas. Pollution by Huron beaches, and rivers. the wastes from residential and industrial In the northern half of this region are ex- complexes has also seriously restricted the tensive forests, many lakes and streams, the use of these waters. According to the Michigan last areas of undeveloped Lake Huron. shore- Department of Health, mercury in Lake St. line, and a topography and climate conducive Clair threatens health, causes economic loss, to winter sports. The Potagannissing Bay Is- and hinders fishing.19 lands at the north end of Lake Huron are con- The Maumee River basin is the most defi- sidered to be one of the most attractive island cient in recreation resources of any river basin groups in the Great Lakes. in the Lake Erie region. Recreational de- In the southern half of this region, river val- velopment is largely confined to the river val- leys and forested areas in the north and gla- leys. From Toledo east to Buffalo, the greatest cial moraines in the south support heavy rec- resource features are the Lake Erie shoreline reational activity. Although not as attractive and the major stream valleys. The western as the northern half, the proximity of these and southern shores of Lake Erie have more rivers to large population concentrations of- than 1,300 acres of beach. More than 600 acres fers exceptional opportunity for recreational are publicly owned and most are open to the development. The historic lake plain en- public. However, approximately 40 acres in circling Saginaw Bay lacks many natural re- the vicinity of Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo sources necessary to provide varied rec- are so polluted that they are now closed to reational opportunities, yet the shoreline of swimming. Much remaining shoreline having Saginaw Bay is marshy and supports large beaches has been developed with residences, numbers of waterfowl and fish species. cottages, and industry.16 As in the Lake As in the Lake Michigan region, the shores Michigan region, overdevelopment of the of many inland lakes have been developed shoreline and severe degradation of the water with residences and summer cottages. These quality hinder public development and use of General Description 15 this important resource. Industrialized por- traction, and the Zoar Valley portion of Cat- tions of the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, taraugus Creek, proposed for preservation by Ohio, are so polluted that they have periodi- the Erie-Niagara Basin Regional Water Re- cally caught fire. sources Planning Board, are also in the region. The Bass Islands north of Port Clinton, Ohio, have 6,000 acres of high recreational value. Within 250 miles of 21 million people, they 1.1.8.5 Lake Ontario Region have been used as a resort area for many years. Further east, on the armlike peninsula The land and water resources of this region of Presque Isle, near Erie, Pennsylvania, is a offer a variety of features important for rec- 3,100-acre State park heavily used by both reation. Forest land is abundant and a portion summer and winter recreationists. of it is publicly owned. Inland lakes and rural The major stream valleys include the San- landscapes offer scenic appeal to the tourist. dusky, Vermilion, Black, Cuyahoga, Chagrin, The Lake Ontario shoreline with its and Grand in Ohio and the Cattaraugus in beaches, bluffs, sand dunes, inlets, and bays is New York. The Sandusky River has already a dominant recreational feature of the basin. been designated as a scenic river by Ohio. The Beach areas on Lake Ontario are less promi- Chagrin has been proposed as a State scenic nent than on any of the other Great Lakes. river. A major recreational complex has been The total beach area is approximately 63 acres planned on the Cuyahoga between Cleveland and only 33 acres are publicly owned. Further and Akron. A segment of the Maumee River use of seven of these 33 acres has been pre- has been listed as a potential addition to the cluded by pollution. 16 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The Thousand Islands area at the outlet of In portions of northeast Ohio; Erie County, Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence River has Pennsylvania; and Cattaraugus and long been a prime tourist attraction. New Chautauqua Counties, New York, there are York State and Canada both have developed significant areas of rolling terrain with sub- substantial recreational facilities. stantial wooded tracts. Niagara Falls (Figure The headwater areas of streams, including 21-21), an important, world famous tourist at- the Finger Lakes area and Genesee Gorge, 7'. N.4 y Courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FIGURE 21-21 Niagara Falls. One of the most significant tourist attractions in the Great Lakes Region is Niagara Falls. 16 Appendix 21 that drain into Lake Ontario from the south ments projected in this report. Over a long have much rolling terrain. The eastern end of period of time such a changre would result in an this region extends into the western part of increase of the average age of the population. the Adirondack Park and includes much rug- Even if a zero population growth rate becomes ged relief covered with forests and lakes. a reality, the total population of the nation will continue to rise, stabilizing at nearly 300 mil- lion. Thus, needs for recreational facilities will 1.2 Socioeconomic Features of the Great grow for many years, but at a slower rate. Lakes Region The requirements for outdoor recreation 1.2.2 Income are affected by age, population, educational level, income, employment, health, sex ratio, The factor of income is an important one. leisure time, and mobility, as well as other The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review factors. Some are important in influencing Commission's (ORRRC) summary report, en- participation in most activities while other titled "Outdoor Recreation for America," factors influence only a few. The following states that participation in outdoor recreation deals with those socioeconomic factors in- activities tends to increase as income rises fluencing participation within the Great to a given level.40 Many other socioeconomic Lakes Region. factors such as education, age, occupation, andhealth work together to produce different patterns of participation within income 1.2.1 Population groups. In addition to the indicated differences The counties included in the Great Lakes among present and future population, there is Region study area had a 1970 population of also a noticeable variation in incomes 29,013,299.9 Most of this population was con- throughout the Great Lakes Region. The centrated along the shores of Lakes Michigan lower average incomes occur in the pre- and Erie in the Region's southern portion. dominantly rural areas in the northern por- Approximately 80 percent of the population tions of the Region, while the higher average resided in Planning Subareas 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, incomes are associated with the large urban 4.3, and 4.4. Figure 21-22 gives the distribution populations in the southern half of the Region. of population by planning subarea and Figure Income in 1970 ranged from $1,944 per capita 21-23 presents population density by county. in Planning Subarea 3.1 to $3,726 per capita in In 1970, 83 percent of the Region's popula- Planning Subarea 2.2. Average per capita in- tion resided in 29 Standard Metropolitan come in 1970 for the Great Lakes Region was Statistical Areas (SMSAs), (Figure 21-24). $3,353, which was above the United States av- Five of the SMSAs had populations exceeding erage of $3,046. By the year 2020, average per 1,000,000 with Chicago being the largest. The capita income for the Region is expected to Lake Erie region was the most urbanized with reach $12,754. The projected per capita income 88 percent of its population residing in SMSAs. of $13,613 for Planning Subarea 5.1 is expected The Lake Superior region was the least ur- to be the highest in the Region while that in banized with approximately half of its popula- Planning Subarea 3.1 is expected to reach only tion in SMSAs. $8,776.9 Figure 21-26 graphically presents The Region's population is projected to be 1970 and 2020 per capita income by planning 53,496,300 by 2020, an increase of approxi- subarea. mately 84 percent from 1970. During this fifty- It must be stressed that average per capita year period, population increases (Figure income often obscures great economic dis- 21-25) are expected to range from 4.7 percent parities within an area. For example some ur- in Planning Subarea 1.2 to 99.1 percent in banites, such as ghetto dwellers and retired Planning Subareas 4.1 and 4.2.9 people, have very low per capita incomes. Be- Over the past decade the national popula- cause of their economic condition and the gen- tion growth rate decreased. If the population eral scarcity of available recreational oppor- growth rate should continue to decline until tunities, their participation in recreational zero population growth is attained (as activities is much lower than the national or strongly advocated by many people), then the Regional average. With increased opportuni- requirements for additional recreation lands ty, either through the development of park and facilities will be less than the require- areas in the inner city or through increased CZ 0 1.2 5 10 15- 20+ co 3.1 2.1 2.4 ONTA .......... 3.2 0 50 0 10 ... 5.1 ........ ...... 4. -2.2 .................................... i@ .......... ........................ ...................... ............. ........... 4 .... ....... ........... .................... ... ....... LEGEND 0- 35 Persons Per square mil ons per square mil c 36- 150 Pers r4 quare mil 1.51- 600 Persons per s M MIN square mil SUPERIOR 601-2400 Persons per LAKE quare mi ........ ... - 1 2401 + Persons per s ONTARIO mICHIG Olt AtjC,, RAY LAKE HURON WISC 4SIN z.1 TARIO Z-A @E7.,j@IES R K % !0-11 WISCONSIN L V A z ILLINOIS 0 H 10 I N D I A N A General Description 19 Non-SMSA 7 2cc:-:- *::::::::::i . /r( :::: .................. .................. SMSA: 24. 0 million -SMSA: 5. 0 million :j:j: Non K*.*@.* Total: 29. 0 million . .................. K*K:j S A FIGURE 21-24 1970 SMSA and Non-SMSA Population in the Great Lakes Region 110 100- ... ... .... 90- so- ... .. .... .... ... .... . ... ... 70- 60- -050- CL ... ... .... 40- ... ... ... 30- ... .... X X. 20- ... X: X X- X.. 10 X.. X.: 0 Great United 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 23 24 31 3.2 41 4.2 4.3 4A 51 5.2 5.3 Lakes States Planning Subareas Region FIGURE 21-25 Projected Percentage Population Changes by Planning Subarea in the Great Lakes Region Between 1970 and 2020 20 Appendix 21 14- - 1970 2020 12-- X- ... ... X.: X.: .... ... ... ... ... X. 10-- X- 0 X-X X" X., N. X* X ... ... 0 -X X* XX X 6-- X.: X.: 0 .C 4-- ... 2-- or Great United 11 1.2 21 2.2 2.3 24 3.1 12 41 4.2 4.3 4.4 51 %2 563 Lakes States Region Planning Subareas FIGURE 21-26 Projected 1970 and 2020 Per Capita Income by Planning Subarea per capita annual income, their participation While total employment is projected to more rates will rise. Any substantial improvement than double by the year 2:020, certain indus- in the economic situation of inner-city dwellers tries such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, would result in a significant increase in re- and mining are expected to lose employees. quirements for recreational opportunities in Manufacturing and the "other" category are or near major urban areas. expected to grow substantially. It is projected that by 2020, the labor force of 21,662,300 will be distributed as follows: agriculture, fores- 1.2.3 Employment try, fisheries, and mining, less than one per- cent; manufacturing, 27 percent; Federal Some occupations, through shorter working military, less than one percent; and other, 72 hours, longer vacations, more holidays, and percent.9 This pattern is similar to the na- higher income, permit greater outdoor recrea- tional trend. tional participation than do other occupa- tions. In 1970, the Great Lakes Region had a labor 1.2.4 Leisure Time force of almost 12 million. It was distributed among the various industries as follows: agri- In 1962, the ORRRC studies indicated that culture, forestry, and fisheries, 2.1 percent; at least one-fifth of all free time was spent in V_Xi K-X_3 V-XI E-N K-X_I IN-:1 mining, 0.3 percent; manufacturing, 35.9 outdoor recreation activities, implying a tre- percent; Federal military, 0.6 percent; and mendous impact on recreational resources other transportation, communications, public and facilities. Generally, most people will have utilities, finance, insurance, real estate, public more leisure time (Figure 21-28) in the future. administration, contract construction, and The average work week decreased from 70 wholesale and retail trade, 61.2 percent.9 A hours in 1820 to 39 hours in 1960, and is ex- visual comparison is available in Figure 21-27. pected to decline to 36 hours by 1976 and 32 General Description 21 33,101 243,130 65,660 Mining Agriculture, Federal 4,190,923 7,142,503 Forestry & Military Manufacturing Fishing Other Industries FIGURE 21-27 1970 Employment in the Great Lakes Region. Other industries include construc- tion, transportation, communications, public utilities, wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance, real estate, services, and public administration. hours by the year 2000. The length of paid reational resources serving those areas. The vacations and number of persons receiving highway system controls the location of cer- paid vacations are expected to continue in- tain developments and often limits the creasing. These increases will account for a amount and type of use of specific areas. one-third gain in leisure time to the average Interstate highways running in an east- employed person. The average age of retire- west direction include 1-90 extending east ment is dropping and retirement pensions are through upstate New York and west through increasing, giving more time and money for the Chicago area, 1-80 passing from eastern recreation. A few scattered businesses are al- Ohio through the Chicago area, 1-94 from De- ready providing their employees with four- troit through the Chicago area and north to day work weeks. The computer section of one Milwaukee, and 1-96 from Detroit to the east- eastern firm presently uses a three twelve- ern shore of Lake Michigan at Muskegon. hour-day work week. These trends may be North-south interstate highways shown on forerunners of changes to come. The possibil- Figure 21-29 include 1-81 across the eastern ity of year-around class sessions for children end of Lake Ontario, 1-71 extending south also exists. Should this happen, the leisure from Cleveland to other major population cen- habits of many Americans will be altered. The ters in Ohio, 1-75 passing through western normal summer recreation season can be ex- Ohio to Detroit and north to the Mackinac pected to lengthen, with many families taking Bridge (Figure 21-30), 1-69 through Fort their annual vacations in the spring or fall. Wayne and north to central Michigan at Lan- sing, and 1-196 along Lake Michigan's eastern shore. The entire Great Lakes Region is also inter- 1.2.5 Highway System laced with an excellent system of major State and local highways providing easy access be- The Region's highways are an essential link tween population centers and principal rec- between major population centers and the rec- reation areas. 22 Appendix 21 14-Z V- AQR N gi@ is 4, Air. tj 7, -j-21L )F- Aw, IF U., 7- i, Wn 6@@; 0-0 Z el w AV* left Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-28 Use of Leisure Time. As the amount of leisure time increases, the more remote areas of the Great Lakes Region will receive greater recreational pressures. 'h,Al aY Superior interstate Hig planning Subarea Numbe S 11 St. Marie 2.4 Tha@sond Lake Ar Huron Ontario S'Ke is Lew 10. Mu on % Fa,I Huron 94 am Milwaukee and Rapids 90 4) 4.1 A.A 96 00 Detroit Erie 90 196 2@3 94 2.2 00011111 1 1 N hicago oledo Cl"elond 79 "5** t RTO 4.3 @P- r*o 4%b Im 0 20 AO 60 80 1 Fort WaYne 75 24 Appendix 21 v, t@l' fill E Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE21-30 The Mackinac Bridge. This bridge connects the recreational resources of the north with the populated areas of the south. 1.2.6 Other Socioeconomic Factors rate of participation. Suburbanites also have higher participa- Other socioeconomic factors affect re- tion rates in most outdoor recreation ac- quirements for outdoor recreation in varying tivities than city residents and farm dwellers. degrees in less tangible ways than population, Age has a distinct influence on participation income, employment, and leisure time. Age in the various activities. For example, swim- composition, sex ratio, educational level, ming and bicycling are primarily activities of health, and place of residence are interrelated the young, while camping, fishing, sightsee- with one another and with the primary socio- ing, and walking for pleasure are less af- economic characteristics described earlier. fected by age. In addition, healthier people The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review tend to participate more in all forms of outdoor Commission reported that education influ- recreation. Variations in participation due to ences participation in much the same way as sex are limited to certain activities such as income: the more education the higher the hunting and fishing. Section 2 GENERAL RECREATION REQUIREMENTS, SUPPLY, AND NEEDS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION 2.1 Introduction provided with public funds at little or no direct cost to the public, a true demand schedule for Recreational resources and developments each recreational activity cannot be easily de- required to meet current and future needs for veloped. The term "requirement" is, there- outdoor recreation in the Great Lakes Region fore, used in this study to avoid confusion with were determined in the following manner: the term "demand." (1) The Great Lakes Region was divided The methodology used in this report to de- into five smaller regions, each the approxi- termine the recreational requirements of the mate watershed of one of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Region includes: identification of These Lake regions were broken down into recreation activities, estimation of effective 15 planning subareas-two in the Lake Su- population for each of the target dates, iden- perior region, four in the Lake Michigan tification of activity participation rates for region, two in the Lake Huron region, four in each of the target dates, establishment of de- the Lake Erie region, and three in the Lake sign load standards, and calculation of re- Ontario region (see Figure 21-3). quirements by activity in recreation days and (2) Present and future requirements for in acres or miles. outdoor recreation opportunities were com- puted for each planning subarea. (3) The existing and projected supply of 2.2.1 Recreation Activities recreational developments was determined for each of the planning subareas. Twenty-one activities were used to calculate (4) The supply was then subtracted from outdoor recreation requirements: swimming, the recreational requirements to give needs picnicking, camping, sightseeing, hiking, na- for each planning subarea. ture study, boating, sailing, canoeing, water- (5) The recreation data of the 15 planning skiing, playing outdoor games, golfing, bicy- subareas were aggregated for the entire Great cling, horseback riding, skiing, sledding, ice Lakes Region. skating, driving for pleasure, walking for pleasure, attending outdoor games, and at- tending outdoor concerts (Figure 21-31). 2.2 Recreation Requirements For evaluation, these activities were broken down into five major categories: land-based Recreational requirement is defined as the water-oriented activities, land-based general total participation in outdoor recreation ac- activities, water surface activities, winter ac- tivities that could be expected if adequate op- tivities, and other activities. Land-based portunities were available. Requirement dif- water-oriented activities are those rec- fers from demand, in an economic sense, be- reational activities normally occurring on cause it is the amount of recreational oppor- land but enhanced by water: picnicking, camp- tunities that a population will require under a ing, nature trails, hiking, and sightseeing. specific set of conditions. Demand is the Land-based general activities are those not amount of goods or services which a given primarily dependent upon water: outdoor population will utilize over a range of prices. games, golf, bicycling, and horseback riding. Theoretically, as price of a good or service in- Water surface activities are water-dependent: creases, the quantity taken decreases, with swimming, boating, water-skiing, canoeing, the amount of decrease dependent upon the and sailing. Winter activities are those de- elasticity of demand for that good or service. pendent on adequate snow cover or ice: skiing, Because many recreational opportunities are sledding, and ice skating. The final category, 25 26 Appendix 21 i(P 41or -114 Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council 4, 5 "If Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 6urtesy of Michigan Tourist Council .7 f-7: Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-31 Some Outdoor Recreation Activities. Outdoor recreation activities on lands with little development. Reqnirements, Snpply, and Needs 27 listed as "other activities," includes those in a population center in a specific geographic which the participant is relatively passive: area and encompasses the recreational driving for pleasure, walking for pleasure, at- resources which serve or are expected tending outdoor sports events, and attending to serve the residents of that geographic outdoor concerts. area. In this report the centers of recrea- In calculating land needed for bicycling and tion service areas are those weighted popu- horseback riding it was assumed that only 25 lation centers of the Office of Business percent of the total requirement would be Economics (OBE) economic areas which are satisfied in recreational areas. It was assumed either in or within 250 miles of the Great Lakes that sidewalks, public roads and streets, and Region. The type of recreational excursion de- private land would absorb 75 percent of the termines the boundaries of a recreation ser- requirement. Because no supply data were vice area. The day-use area extends 50 miles available on driving for pleasure, walking for from the weighted population center, the .pleasure, attending outdoor games, and at- weekend-use area 150 miles, and the tending outdoor concerts, no attempt was vacation-use area 250 miles. made to estimate the land needed to meet re- The number of persons and their place of quirements for these activities. residence determine the effective population Not included on the list of recreational ac- in the Region. In 1970 there were 29 SMSAs in tivities are hunting, fishing, and the rec- the Region with a total population of approxi- reational use of snowmobiles and all-terrain mately 24 million. These large urban areas vehicles (ATVs). Appendix 8, Fish, and Ap- accounted for 83 percent of the Region's total pendix 17, Wildlife, consider the requirements resident population of more than 29 million and needs for fishing and hunting. Because people. In this study the impact of non- snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles have Regional residents on recreational resources only recently become popular, regional par- within the Region was accommodated by con- ticipation rates have not yet been developed. sidering a portion of such people to be part of Thus, it is not possible at this time to establish the effective population. A varying percen- needs for these two activities within the Great tage of all people living in the population cen- Lakes Region. Recreational boating was con- troids of the Office of Business Economics sidered in greater detail in Appendix R9, economic areas within 250 miles of the Re- Recreational Boating. gion was included in the effective population. A portion of the population within the Region was allocated to other Regions using the same 2.2.2 Effective Population basic principle. The 1970 effective population for the entire Region amounted to nearly 23 Effective population is defined as the million people, 76 percent living in SMSAs in number of people expected to contribute to the and adjacent to the Region. recreational requirements of a resource area. A detailed discussion of the methodology for A prerequisite to its computation is the de- calculation of effective population using rec- termination of the recreation market area and reation market areas and recreation service the recreation service area. areas is contained in Annex A, Estimation of Effective Population. Annex 1, Supplementary Statistical Tables, gives both the effective 2.2.2.1 Recreation Market Area population of each of the 15 planning subareas for the target years 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2020, The recreation market area is defined as the and the percent of each planning subarea's origin area of 80 percent or more of the rec- 1970 effective population drawn from Stan- reationists on one-day outings or weekend dard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. trips to a given resource area. The recreation market area for the Great Lakes Region is the Region itself, meaning that a large part of the 2.2.3 Activity Participation Rates impact placed upon the Great Lakes Region results from its own population. Because a number of complex variables in- teract to determine the amount of participa- tion in outdoor recreation, establishing accu- 2.2.2.2 Recreation Service Area rate participation rates for each activity is dif- ficult. Also, research studies in outdoor recre- The recreation service area extends out from ation do not agree on which variables are the 28 Appendix 21 most important. The Outdoor Recreation Re- tion rates of each of the 21 outdoor recreation sources Review Commission's (ORRRC) Study activities for the years 1965, 1980, 2000, and Report Number 26 considered increased lei- 2020 are listed in Annex I, Supplementary sure time, income, and mobility as the impor- Statistical Tables. tant variableS.40 Clawson cited increased population, life expectancy, changes in age distribution, population shifts from rural to 2.2.4 Recreation Activity Occasions urban areas, and increased leisure time as im- portant variables.5 The climate of the area The recreational requirements of any re- under study has a substantial effect upon cer- source area can be expressed in recreation ac- tain recreational activities. Also, increased tivity occasions. The required activity occa- opportunities for a given recreational activity sions for each recreational activity is the prod- will greatly alter participation in that activi- uct of the area's effective population and the ty. per capita participation rate for that activity. While individual researchers cite different The resource area's overall requirement for variables as most important, the consensus is recreation activity occasions is the sum of its that leisure time, income, mobility, and popu- requirements for each recreational activity. lation are primary. Substantial increases are Annex C, Calculation of Recreational Require- predicted for these four variables, which will ments, explains the methodology for deter- increase 'participation in outdoor recreation mining recreational requirements. Annex I, activities. The average work week is expected Supplementary Statistical Tables, gives the to decrease from 39 hours in 1960 to 32 hours 1970-2020 requirements in activity occasions by 2000.41 This decrease, coupled with pre- for each planning subarea. dicted increases in paid vacations and holi- days, is anticipated to account for a one-third gain in available leisure time. Similarly, na- 2.2.5 Present Requirements in Recreation tional per capita income is projected to in- Days crease more than four times between 1970 and 2020,66 while per capita income in the Region is In this report the recreational requirements expected to increase 3.8 times. of the Great Lakes Region are expressed in The average person in the United States recreation days. By definition, 2.5 recreation presently travels 5,000 miles per year and is activity occasions equal one recreation day. expected to travel at least 9,000 miles per year This means that to compute recreation days by the year 2000.2 Improved highways and the from recreation activity occasions, the activ- development of more economical and rapid ity occasions are multiplied by 0.4. modes of transportation will bring today's Table 21-1 contains the 1.970 outdoor recrea- more remote outdoor recreation facilities tional requirements for each planning within reach of population centers. . Changes in population composition as well as predicted population increases play a dom- TABLE 21-1 Summary of Annual Require- inant role in estimating future outdoor rec- ments in Recreation Days by Planning Subarea reation requirements. The impact of the 1970-2020 (in thousands) other three primary variables cannot be fully Planning appreciated unless viewed in conjunction with Subarea 1970 1980 2000 2020 present and projected populations. In the Re- 1.1 9,959 12,897 17,982 24,278 gion the population is expected to increase 1.2 4,595 5,862 7,604 10,069 from 29 million in 1970 to 53 million by 2020. 2.1 38,270 51,091 77,884 114,037 In this report the degree of visitor participa- 2.2 170,301 230,932 348,705 497,055 2.3 71,452 96,681 145,248 210,932 tion in each activity was derived from data 2.4 18,214 24,366 36,289 52,360 developed by the Bureau of Outdoor Recrea- 3.1 7,700 10,449 15,854 21,591 tion for use in the Nationwide Plan forRecrea- 3.2 31,197 42,718 65,205 94,443 tion, from population data of the Bureau of the 4.1 85,398 117,492 180,873 263,893 4.2 45,943 62,927 97,031 141,499 Census, and from data published in the 4.3 58,821 78,816 117,554 168,154 ORRRC Study Report Number 19. Annex B, 4.4 27,820 36,856 53,956 75,288 Identification of Participation Rates, contains 5.1 21,648 28,598 41,417 58,627 a detailed explanation of the methodology 5.2 37,177 50,075 75,006 106,907 used to determine activity participation rates. 5.3 8,672 11,656 17,465 24,654 The annual and summer per capita participa- TOTAL 637,167 861,416 1,298,073 1,863,787 Requirements, Supply, and Needs 29 subarea in recreation days. The total require- TABLE 21-2 Summary of Annual Require- ments are approximately 637 million recrea- ments in Recreation Days Derived from SMSAs tion days for the Great Lakes Region. Plan- by Planning Subarea, 1970 ning Subarea 2.2 had a 1970 recreation-day Percent of requirement twice as great as that of any effective 1970 SMSAs other planning subarea. Seventy-six percent Planning population Requirements of the 1970 recreation-day requirement of the entire Great Lakes Region is generated by Subarea from SMSAs (1000s) SMSAs. Table 21-2 gives the requirement due 1.1 48.5 4,830 to SMSA by planning subarea. 1.2 3.6 165 Figure 21-32 gives the 1970 total, urban, and 2.1 34.1 13,050 nonurban recreation-day requirements for 2.2 89.1 151,737 the Great Lakes Region by major activity 2.3 70.6 50,721 category. The categories with the greatest outdoor recreation requirements are the 2.4 62.2 11,440 land-based general activities (outdoor games, 3.1 55.6 4,281 golf, bicycling, and horseback riding) and 3.2 74.4 23,211 "other activities" (driving for pleasure, walk- 4.1 92.2 78,878 ing for p ileasure, attending outdoor sports 4.2 72.2 33,309 events, and attending outdoor concerts). 4.3 80.1 47,115 Table 21-3 contains the 1970 recreation-day 4.4 69.5 19,336 requirement for each outdoor activity within 5.1 75.8 16,408 the Great Lakes Region. The greatest activity 5.2 72.9 27,101 requirement is for outdoor games, followed in 5.3 53.9 4,675 order by driving for pleasure, walking for - pleasure, and swimming. TOTAL 76.0 486,257 220 ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... 200- Total ...... ...... ..... ..... . ...... ...... Urban ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... 180- ...... ...... Non-Urban ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... 160- ....... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... 0 140 - ...... ...... ...... ...... C 120 - ...... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... 0100- ..... ..... .2 .... ...... ..... ...... go- ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... 60- 20 0 ...... ..... Land-Based Land-Based Water Surface Winter Sports Other Water Oriented General FIGURE21-32 1970 Total, Urban, and Non-Urban Annual Requirements by Major Activity Group 30 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-3 Summary of Annual Requirements in Recreation Days by Actil'ity (in millions) Activity 1970 1980 2000 2020 Land Based-Water Oriented Swimming 64.8 94.9 149.0 213.9 Beach Swimming 35.7 52.2 82.0 117.6 Picnicking 38.8 48.9 67.0 91.6 Camping 8.2 13.0 21.2 33.5 Nature Trails 9.4 11.8 15.9 21.7 Hiking 3.9 6.2 9.7 14.3 Sightseeing 44.6 60.2 90.3 132.7 Subtotal 169.7 235.0 353.1 507.7 Land Based-Other Outdoor Games 126.3 186.3 314.2 469.0 Golf 13.0 19.0 32.7 47.6 Bicycling 60.7 72.7 98.7 134.7 25Z on Public Lands 15.1 18.2 24.7 32.7 Horseback Riding 8.3 10.5 15.2 22.2 25% on Public Lands 2.1 2.6 3.8 5.6 Subtotal 208.3 292.5 460.8 673.5 Water Surface Boating 21.9 32.4 51.1 77.2 Water Skiing 3.9 6.9 12.5 20.7 Canoeing 1.4 2.2 3.4 5.2 Sailing 1.3 1.9 3.0 4.9 Subtotal 28.5 43.4 70.0 107.9 Winter Sports Skiing 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.9 Sledding 11.2 14.2 22.8 35.7 Ice Skating 9.3 14.6 24.0 37.2 Subtotal 22.8 31.2 49.9 76.8 Other Activities Driving for Pleasure 99.3 126.1 169.2 223.7 Walking for Pleasure 75.5 93.5 132.5 185.9 Attending Outdoor Games 29.0 37.9 53.4 74.8 Attending Outdoor Concerts 4.0 5.7 9.0 13.2 Subtotal 207.8 263.2 364.1 497.6 TOTAL 637.1 861.3 1,297.9 1,863.6 Requirements, Supply, and Needs 31 Participation rates have been determined increase to 1.298 million recreation days, an for the activities included in these categories. increase of 104 percent over 1970. The re- An important activity not included in the es- quirements are projected to be 1.863 million, timates of requirements is snowmobiling. The an increase of 193 percent from 1970 to the 1968 Minnesota State Comprehensive Outdoor year 2020 (Figure 21-33). Recreation Plan estimates that snowmobiling accounted for approximately six million activ- ity occasions in 1967.28 This is equivalent to 2.2.7 Resource Requirements more than two million recreation days. Another activity which is growing in impor- It is necessary to convert activity occasions tance, but for which participation data are to an acreage base to determine recreational lacking, is the use of all-terrain vehicles resource requirements within the Great (ATVs). Increased use of ATVs and snow- Lakes Region. This was accomplished by di- mobiles may create problems greater than viding the projected summer occasions (June, simply providing adequate facilities. While July, and August) for each outdoor recreation the total impact of these vehicles on the envi- activity by the product of the number of design ronment is not yet well understood, there are days, the turnover factor, and the design load strong indications that indiscriminate use can per acre or mile for that activity. This proce- seriously damage both soils and vegetation. dure is explained in detail in Annex D, Calcu- Their use in nondesignated areas often lation of Acreage Needs and Requirements. creates conflicts with people participating in Table 21-4 summarizes the 1970-2020 acreage other activities. or mile requirements for each outdoor rec- Appendix 8, Fish, and Appendix 17, Wildlife, reation activity within the Great Lakes Re- consider the requirements for fishing and gion. Annex 1, Supplementary Statistical Ta- hunting. In 1970, requirements for the Region bles, gives each activity's 1970-2020 acreage were estimated to be 75,562,000 angler days and mileage requirements by planning sub- and 24,790,100 hunter days. Lands acquired area. for hunting and fishing also help to meet the total requirements for outdoor recreation. 2.3 Recreational Supply 2.2.6 Future Requirements in Recreation The amount, distribution, and classification Days of existing and programmed recreational lands and facilities in the Great Lakes Region The requirements for outdoor recreation in are considered in this section. the Great Lakes Region were projected to the years 1980,2000, and 2020. Annexes B and C in the back of this appendix explain these pro- 2.3.1 Recreational Resource Characteristics jections. Table 21-1 contains recreation-day requirements by planning subarea for each The diversity of the Great Lakes Region target year. Planning Subarea 2.2 (Lake provides excellent settings for outdoor rec- Michigan Southwest) will continue to have the reation. This mixture includes the Great greatest recreation requirements. The Lakes themselves, sandy beaches, hundreds greatest percentage increase is projected in of inland lakes and marshes, forest-covered Planning Subarea 4.1 (Lake Erie Northwest) uplands, and areas such as scenic streams, and the smallest in Planning Subarea 1.2 scenic highways, trails, recreational harbors, (Lake Superior East). and historic sites. Participation in individual recreational ac- tivities is projected to increase at different rates. The fastest growing activity for which 2.3.1.1 The Great Lakes Basinwide data are available is water-skiing, camping is second, while skiing shows the The portion of the Great Lakes within the smallest gain of any of the activities con- United States boundaries contains approxi- sidered. mately 61,000 square miles (39 million acres) of Between 1970 and 1980 the requirements water surface (Figure 21-34). But there are are expected to increase to 861 million rec- difficulties in using the Great Lakes for rec- reation days, an increase of 35 percent. By the reation. The water temperature, especially in year 2000 the requirements are projected to the Upper Great Lakes, restricts body contact 32 Appendix 21 2000 1800- 1600- 1400- 0 1200- .E 1000- .2 800- 600- cr 400- 200 0 1970 1980 2000 2020 FIGURE 21-33 Annual Recreation Day Requirements of Great Lakes Region TABLE 21-4 Summary of Annual Requirements in Acres or Miles by Activity, 1970-2020 Activity Unit 1970 1980 2000 2020 Swimming Acres 3,120 4,530 7,100 10,200 Picnicking Acres 22,320 27,830 37,990 51,900 Camping Acres 12,580 19,860 32,130 50,770 Hiking Miles 4,820 7,680 12,030 17,570 Nature Trails Miles 440 540 730 1,040 Boating 1000 Acres 1,043 1,525 2,413 3,648 Sailing 1000 Acres 50 71 113 168 Canoeing-Lakes 1000 Acres 42 63 97 138 Canoeing-Streams Miles 4,350 7,200 11,305 16,140 Water Skiing 1000 Acres 291 507 925 1,515 Outdoor Games Acres 61,240 90,330 152,870 231,360 Golfing Acres 91,920 133,420 228,870 338,870 Bicycling Miles 8,920 10,700 14,590 19,660 Horseback Riding Miles 2,190 2,730 4,000 5,810 Skiing Acres 8,030 8,640 10,870' 13,710 Sledding Acres 9,850 12,590 20,000 31,480 Ice Skating Acres 770 1,220 1,960 3,140 Requirements, Supply, and Needs 33 4 We, mr, 'k@ '471:1r A :s_ ZE Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-34 Great Lakes Shores. The Great Lakes are a valuable recreational resource, but their utility is diminished by cool water temperatures, lake storms, and lack of adequate access. use for swimming and water-skiing. Lake While there are presently more than 300 ac- Superior water temperatures are cold, rang- cess sites on the Great Lakes, they are concen- ing from 35*F to rarely more than 60'F during trated mainly in areas near large populations. the warmest month S.64 Also, following stormy Therefore, substantial portions of the Great periods, cold winds from the northwest drive Lakes shore in nonurban areas have very lim- cool waters onto the off-wind shores. These ited access available for public use. According waters are commonly too cool for comfortable to data presented in Virginia Wildlife, a person swimming. Some beaches, especially those on whose eye level is three feet above the water Lakes Michigan and Huron, are subject to has a maximum range of visibility of two miles undertow conditions which temporarily pre- on the surface in clear weather. At seven feet clude their use. he can see three miles.611 Because of the lim- Size precludes the use of much of the Great itations of access and the need for safety, this Lakes by recreational watercraft. This re- study assumes that only 50 percent of the striction is intensified by unfavorable water within two miles of shore, or 2.5 million weather conditions and the lack of an acres, can be used for recreation. adequate number of harbors of refuge. The Lakes are frequently rough and can become hazardous for small boats in short periods of 2.3.1.2 Beaches time. Presently, there are 110 harbors where recreational boats can seek refuge and be The findings of a study by the International moored. Except for the southern Lake Joint Commission on recreational beaches Superior shore, these harbors are distributed along the Great Lakes are summarized in fairly uniformly along the Great Lakes shore- Table 21-5. Annex 1, Supplementary Statisti- line. cal Tables, gives amount, ownership, and rec- 34 Appendix 21 reation potential of Great Lakes beaches by Forty percent of all beaches are publicly planning subarea. Of the 5,543 acres of owned. Ninety percent of V'Iese are usable and beaches in the Region, Planning Subarea 2.2 open to the public (Figure 21-35). A small per- with 1,042 acres has the greatest amount, centage of usable public beaches are not open while Planning Subarea 5.3 with 12 acres has to the general public. the least. The largest acreage ol' restricted public beaches are found in Planning Subarea 2.2, where use of some Illinois township beaches is restricted to their residents. Only 10 percent TABLE 21-5 Summary of Ownership and of the private beaches are open to the public. Availability to Public of Great Lakes Beaches Approximately 50 percent of those beaches Percent not open to the public have some potential for Great Lakes Beaches Acres of Total development. Publicly Owned Beaches Usable 2.3.1.3 Inland Lakes Open to Public 2,075 37.4 Restricted 107 1.9 Not Usable 116 2.1 There are approximately 2.1 million acres of inland lakes within the Great Lakes Region Privately Owned Beaches (Figure 21-36). Because some lakes within the Open to Public Region are very small, inaccessible, or very With Charge 121 2.2 shallow, this study assumes that only 80 per- Without Charge 92 1.7 cent, or 1.7 million acres, of the total inland Not Open to Public Potential for Development 1,479 26.7 lake acreage has potential for recreational Little or No Potential for use. Of all planning units, Planning Subarea Development 1,553 28.0 1.1 has the most usable inland water acreage with 505.9 thousand acres, while Planning TOTAL 5,543 100.0 Subarea 4.4 has the least. with 1.2 thousand acres. 7 A4 .X C-7w lot Air A- WINNOW -.0 7 Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-35 Great Lakes Beaches. Forty percent of all beaches along the Great Lakes are publicly owned. Requirements, Supply, and Needs 35 -0 -j. 7T,-"k . . . . . . . . . .'0- U1, 4_@ !""T 40 _11, IV Yi@. Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service FIGURE 21-36 Inland Lakes in Sylvania Recreation Area. The inland lakes within the Great Lakes Region exceed two million acres, but most are located far from population concentrations. 2.3.1.4 Forests importance for a balanced recreational pro- gram. Much of the northern half of the Great (1) Streams Lakes Region remains forested (Figure 21-37), The passage of Public Law 90-542 estab- and a substantial portion (12.7 million acres lished the National Wild and Scenic Rivers in, 1970) is available for public use. This ac- SysteM.49 The Wolf River in Wisconsin (Fig- reage equaled almost 90 percent of all recrea- ure 21-38), which lies within the Great Lakes tional areas, excluding water, within the en- Region, was specifically noted in the act. The tire 'Basin. Public forests presently provide lower portion of the Wolf was designated a and will continue to provide substantial quan- component of the national system; the upper tities of certain types of recreational oppor- segment in Langlade County is identified tunities. Because they are administered for under section 2(a)(ii) as a State River which many uses and are usually far from densely might qualify for national status. The act also populated areas, they cannot meet a propor- includes a list of potential additions in the Re- tionate share of the Region's recreational re- gion including the Maumee in Ohio and Indi- quirements. ana and the Pere Marquette in Michigan, and procedures through which rivers may be add- ed to the system. 2.3.1.5 Special Areas Section 5(d) of the act states that the Sec- retaries of Interior and Agriculture "shall This category includes scenic streams and make specific studies and investigations to de- canoe trails, scenic highways, trails, recrea- termine which additional wild, scenic, and rec- tional harbors and historic sites. Although reational river areas within the United these resources cannot be molded into a nu- States shall be evaluated in planning reports merical demand-supply analysis, they are of by all Federal agencies as potential alterna- 36 Appendix 21 tive uses of the water and related land re- These rivers appear to have natural values sources involved." All or a portion of the fol- worthy of preservation. Designation on the lowing rivers within the Great Lakes Region 5(d) list does not preclude planning or con- are on the 5(d) list: AuSable, Manistee, and struction programs to change existing uses in Pine Rivers in Michigan; and Flambeau, Pine, these river areas. Popple, and Upper Wolf Rivers in Wisconsin. Certain States in the Great Lakes Region also have established a State scenic or natural river system. In northern Ohio, the Sandusky has been designated a scenic river. Wisconsin has established the Pine, Pike, Popple, Brule, and Flambeau Rivers as wild or scenic rivers. An act creating a natural river system has recently been passed in Michigan. In addition to the designated wild or scenic streams, most States in the Great Lakes Re- gion list a number of canoe -trails. There are 537 miles of streams designated as canoe routes in Minnesota.280f these, 296 miles in St. Louis County, 135 miles in Cook County, 86 miles in Lake County, and 20 miles in Carlton County lie within the Great Lakes; Region. There are also many miles of lakes, especially in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) of the Superior National Forest, that provide excel- lent opportunities for wilderness canoeing. Within the Superior National Forest, canoe- ing and boating comprise twenty-one percent of all recreational activity- exclusive of hunt- ing and fishing. Within the BWCA itself, the percentage is undoubtedly greater. There are nearly 1000 miles of canoeable streams in that portion of Wisconsin within the Great Lakes Region .64 The majority are in the northern part of the State. Among the more popular rivers are the Bois Brule, Bad, Marengo, Man- itowich, Bear, Turtle, PE!shtigo, and Little Fox. Michigan has about 3,600 miles of canoeable rivers. Among the more important are the Black, Presque Isle, Ontonagon, Otter, Stur- geon, Paint, Michigamme, Brule, Menominee, Escanaba, Indiana, Manistique, Fox, Two Hearted, Tahquamenon, St. Marys, Carp, Pine, Black, Ocqueoc, Thunder Bay, Boardman, Betsie, Big Manistee, Big Sable, Pere Marquette, White, Little Muskegon, 4- Muskegon, AuSable, Rifle, Tittabawassee, Chippewa, Cass, Maple, Grand, Thornapple, Kalamazoo, Paw Paw, St. Joseph, Huron and Raisin Rivers. A number of smaller streams are considered to be canoeable for shorter dis- tances. Also several lake chains provide excel- 41 lent opportunities for canoeing over substan- tial distance S*26 Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council Only one stream in the northern part of In- FIGURE 21-37 Northern Forests. Ninety per- diana, the St. Joseph River, is classified as cent of all recreation land within the Great being canoeable for approximately 38 mileS.27 Lakes Region is forest land. In Illinois, the Fox River provides oppor- Requirements, Supply, and Needs 37 4, 7@ ;77' 'AW zi 10@ Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. FIGURE21-38 Wolf River, Wisconsin. Many miles of free-flowing streams within the Great Lakes Region provide excellent opportunities for canoeing, fishing, and nature study. tunities for canoeing. Nearly 500 miles of with scenic highways shown for several coun- streams and rivers in northwestern Ohio, in- ties within the Lake Erie region.37 cluding the Maumee, Auglaize, Ottawa, Blan- Michigan has many miles of marked, self- chard, St. Marys, and Sandusky Rivers are guiding scenic or forest drives in State and canoeable.37 In northeastern Ohio, parts of the national forests. The Michigan Outdoor Rec- Cuyahoga, Chagrin, Grand, and Vermilion reation Plan also recognizes the value of coor- Rivers can be canoed during periods of good dination between the Departments of Natural stream flow. Resources and Highways in the construction (2) Scenic Highways of scenic roadS.21 Although the involvement of Federal agen- Indiana's Highway Commission has pre- cies in a scenic highways program has di- pared a proposed Scenic Highway Program minished somewhat, State and local govern- that includes both parkways and scenic ments continue to examine existing roads for routes. possible inclusion in a scenic highways sys- (3) Trails tem. The National Trails System Act (PL 90-543) Wisconsin has been a leader in scenic ease- designated three types of trails to be estab- ment legislation. Under the provisions of the lished in the United States.50 National rec- Outdoor Recreation Act Program, the Wiscon- reation trails (Figure 21-39) are to provide a sin Highway Commission was authorized to variety of outdoor recreation uses in or acquire scenic easements on highways along reasonably near urban areas. National scenic Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and Lake Super- trails are to be extended trails which provide ior; along the Wisconsin, Fox, Milwaukee maximum outdoor recreation opportunities and Wolf Rivers; and in the lake and forest while preserving nationally significant scenic, country of northern Wisconsin.72 historic, natural, or cultural qualities along A standing policy of the Minnesota Bureau their route. Connecting or side trails are to of Public Roads specifies that, in highway de- provide public access to or connections be- sign and location, full consideration be given tween national recreation trails and national to the impact of highways on recreation, aes- scenic trails. thetics, and conservation. Two trails within the Great Lakes Region The 1971 through 1977 A Statewide Plan have recently been designated as national for Outdoor Recreation in Ohio contains maps recreation trails. The Illinois Prairie Path, 38 Appendix 21 A- @J Courle sy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-39 Trails. Federal, State, and local trails within the Great Lakes Region provide opportunities for hiking, cycling, horseback riding, and nature study. 12.5 miles long, on the abandoned Chicago, on Mackinac Island. Interpretive nature Aurora, and Elgin Electric Railway right-of- trails are found in the Huron-Clinton Metro- way through Kane, Cook, and DuPage Coun- politan Parks. Other major trails are located ties, is used by hikers, bicyclists, and horse- within State forests. A trail through Michigan back riders. The Ice Age Glacial Trail, which from Midland to Mackinac City is under con- has only a portion of its 25 miles within the struction. Another planned hiking and horse- Great Lakes Region, is used by hikers, bicy- back riding trail is the Gitchee-Gaumie Trail clists, and snoVmobile enthusiasts. from Grand Portage, Minnesota, along the The U. S. Forest Service has established 650 southern Lake Superior shore to Sault Ste. miles of trails for such uses as hiking, cycling, Marie, Michigan. There are approximately snowmobiling, and canoeing within the seven 4000 miles of snowmobile trails in Michigan.21 national forests, including the Sylvania Rec- Some of these, however, are on national forest reation Area, Michigan, and the Boundary land. Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota, located in the Approximately 40 percent of Wisconsin's Great Lakes Region. forest trails are located within the State's Many of the States within the Basin have northern forests, many of which are in the also established their own trail system. A por- Great Lakes Region. Many ofWisconsin's 7000 tion of Ohio's Buckeye Trail is found within miles of snowmobile trailS are also within the the Lake Erie watershed. This hiking trail was Region. Metropolitan Milwaukee has de- designated the official State trail by the Ohio veloped 130 miles of bicycle trails on park Assembly in 1967. It serves the Cleveland- roads and little-used secondary roads through Akron area and will tie in with the proposed Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties. Also in- North Country Trail. Several bicycle trails cluded is a 64-mile bicycle route that circles have also been developed in Ohio. The the city. An equivalent mileage has been de- Maumee Valley Bikeway includes three veloped in the Kettle area west of the City.7 round-trip tours totaling more than 20 miles. In Illinois the Cook County Forest Preserve The major hiking trail in Michigan is the and the Chicago Park District have many Shore to Shore Trail, which runs 225 miles east miles of hiking, horseback, and bicycling and west between Tawas and Empire. This trails. The 90-mile towpath of the Illinois- trail is also used for horseback riding and Michigan Canal from Chicago to LaSalle is snowmobiling. Bicycling trails are found on suitable for hiking and could be improved to Belle Isle, an island offshore from Detroit, and include bicycle and horseback trails. The Requirements, Supply, and Needs 39 proposed Green Bay Trail would be located on for recreational boats." These harbors are an abandoned railroad right-of-way along generally well distributed throughout the Lake Michigan between Chicago and Mil- Lake basins, but some planning subareas waukee. have only limited harbor facilities. Lake Su- Minnesota had 1,104 miles of horseback rid- perior East, Planning Subarea 1.2, has only ing trails and 3,128 miles of snowmobile trails two harbors for more than 500 miles of shore- in 1967. Eighty-eight percent of all horseback line. Western Lake Erie has seven harbors on trails and 76 percent of all snowmobile trails its 150 miles of shoreline. were on public land, largely in State forests or There are nearly 2,500 water access sites on State parks. The four counties of Minnesota the Great Lakes, inland lakes, and streams in within the Great Lakes Region had 19 percent the Great Lakes Region (Figure 21-40). The (219 miles) of all horseback trails and 44 per- number within planning subareas varied from cent (1,376 miles) of all snowmobile trails in 20 in western Lake Ontario, Planning Subarea the State. In 1967 there were approximately 5.1, to 743 in northwestern Lake Michigan, 1,500 miles of hiking trails in Minnesota, most Planning Subarea 2.1. More than 1,500 of -all of them in Region 3 which lies largely in the sites are located in the Lake Michigan region. Great Lakes Region. Ninety percent of the Appendix R9, Recreational Boating, pro- trails were publicly owned and 58 percent vides a complete analysis of recreational boat- were State owned. ing in the Great Lakes Region. A 1969 inventory of Statewide outdoor rec- (5) Historic Sites reation in Indiana indicated that those coun- Historic sites in the Great Lakes Region in- ties which lie within the Great Lakes Region clude old military forts, archaeological sites, contained 107 miles of foot trail, 6 miles of old homes and other buildings, battlefields, bicycle trail, 75 miles of horse trail, and 23 early mines, and canals and locks. At present, miles of snowmobile trail. a full inventory is not available for the entire (4) Recreational Harbors and Access Sites Region, although it would be highly desirable. The 110 recreational harbors on the Great Fourteen historic sites have been identified Lakes shores provide more than 15,000 berths in the Minnesota part of the Region. Hull- 9 _79 AAi& 7,@ r F- wow 7-@ A 0 "i!e" 'n Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-40 Marina. Marinas such as this provide public access to the Great Lakes and a place of refuge during lake storms. 40 Appendix 21 Rust-Mahoning Mine and Soudan Mine are 2.3.2 Amount, Distribution, and Classification National Historic Landmarks. Only 200 of the of Recreational Resources 1,100 known archaeological sites in the State have been explored.211 Sixty-six historical Information on the amount, distribution, markers and 55 historical sites and museums and classification of recreational resources are located in the Wisconsin part of the Great and opportunities available within the Great Lakes Region.71 Lakes Region was obtained largely from the The Ohio Historical Society has identified inventory data of the 1964 Nationwide Plan 259 landmarks which conform to stated for Outdoor Recreation, prepared by the criteria. Forty-two are registered National Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, and a 1969 Historic Landmarks and historic places. A update of this inventory by the States in the significant number of these lie within the Region. Information on private recreation Great Lakes Region.37 enterprises was also gathered from inven- The Michigan Historical Commission, estab- tories by the National Association of Soil and lished in 1913, has a historical site register Water Conservation Districts. containing more than 400 historical sites and Because of the constraints on research buildings and an additional 250 sites identified within a Comprehensive Type I (Level A) with official State historical markers. Approx- River Basin Study, the data in this section imately 300 centennial farms have also been have the following limitations: designated. Six of Michigan's State parks (1) No information was available on the have been established primarily to preserve amount of existing recreational lands used for historical values. The Mackinac Island State sightseeing, driving for pleasure, walking for Park Commission, created in 1895, controls pleasure, attending outdoor games, and at- Fort Mackinac and Fort Michilimackinac. tending outdoor concerts. Substantial parts of both of these old forts (2) Information on the recreational oppor- have been reconstructed. As of December tunities provided by local government was in- 1970, 33 of Michigan's historic sites were listed adequate. in the National Register of Historic Site S.23 (3) Data on private recreational oppor- Three of Indiana's 11 historic places listed in tunities were incomplete in many of the States the National Register are within the Great in the Region. Lakes Region. They are the Joseph Bailly (4) Some States did not provide fully up- Homestead in Porter County, and Gene Strat- dated supply information, so other, less accu- ton Porter's home, Timberlost, and his cabin in rate inventory data had to be used. Noble County.15 Illinois, New York, and (5) The inclusion of water acreages in the Pennsylvania also have a significant number supply base was somewhat arbitrary. of historic places within the Great Lakes Re- It was assumed that 80 percent of all inland gion. Some of these historic places are still water surface and 50 percent of the Great privately owned. There is a need to assure Lakes water surface within two miles of the their perpetual preservation and mainte- shoreline are available for recreation. nance. The land and water surface acres usable (6) Seasonal Homes for recreation in 1970 is, given by planning The thousands of cottages and seasonal and subareas in Table 21-6. There are some areas permanent homes located on inland lakes and in the Region which have surpluses of rec- streams and the Great Lakes shores permit reational lands while other areas have severe many people to participate in certain rec- shortages. For example,, Planning Subarea reational activities without using either pub- 1.1, 1.2, and 2.4 (Lake Superior West, Lake lic or commercial facilities. The activity re- Superior East, and Lake Michigan Northeast) ceiving the greatest impact from this source is have 69.4 percent of all land available for rec- swimming. Since all inland water and those reation within the entire Region. These plan- Great Lakes waters within two miles of the ning subareas, however, have only 5.2 percent shoreline were used in calculating usable of the total current Regional requirement. water surface, the water surface available (Table 21-7). On the other hand, Planning Sub- for boating and water-skiing has already been areas 2.2, 4.1, and 4.3 (Lake Michigan South- included. By definition, picnicking, camping, west, Lake Erie Northwest, and Lake Erie and hiking are considered to take place away Central), containing the metropolitan areas of from home. The only other activity for which Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland, have 49.2 these homes may provide some supply is ice percent of the Region's requirements, but only skating. 1.9 percent of available recreational land. Requirements, Supply, and Needs 41 TABLE 21-6 Land and Water Surface Usable for Recreation in the Great Lakes Region, 1970 (in thousands of acres) Planning Subarea Land Great Lakes Inland Lakes Total 1.1 4,726.2 325.0 506.0 5,557.2 1.2 2,519.0 481.0 116.0 3,116.0 2.1 1,594.9 245.0 251.0 2,090.9 2.2 125.5 124.0 69.0 318.5 2.3 83.9 69.0 106.0 258.9 2.4 2,468.8 451.0 228.0 3,147.8 3.1 1,690.7 178.0 111.0 1,979.7 3.2 11.3 137.0 24.0 172.3 4.1 75.1 151.0 40.0 266.1 4.2 30.2 59.0 26.0 115.2 4.3 73.8 69.0 15.0 157.8 4.4 130.4 96.0 1.0 227.4 5.1 83.7 38.0 10.0 131.7 5.2 160.5 51.0 170.0 381.5 5.3 217.3 77.0 32.0 326.3 TOTAL 13,991.3 2,551.0 1,705.0 18,247.3 TABLE 21-7 Distribution of Recreation Requirements and Supply by Planning Subarea, 1970 Percent of Percent of Supply Percent of Supply Planning Acreage Based on Available Acres of Land and Subarea Requirements Acres of Land Water 1.1 1.6 33.8 30.5 1.2 .7 18.0 17.1 2.1 6.0 11.4 11.5 2.2 26.7 .9 1.7 2.3 11.3 .6 1.4 2.4 2.9 17.6 17.3 3.1 1.2 12.1 10.8 3.2 4.9 .1 .9 4.1 13.3 .5 1.5 4.2 7.2 .2 .6 4.3 9.2 .5 .9 4.4 4.4 .9 1.2 5.1 3.4 .6 .7 5.2 5.8 1.2 2.1 5.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 42 Appendix 21 The distribution of water surface considered eastern Ohio area. The vast majority of the usable for small watercraft shows a similar people of the Great Lakes Region live substan- disparity between location of resources and tial distances from the primary recreation re- needs of the people. Table 21-8 indicates that source areas. the Region's five northern planning sub- The supply of publicly designated rec- areas, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4, and 3.1, contain 71 per- reational land in the Reg-ion, which is some- cent of all inland water surface and 68 percent what less than all land and water available for of all water surface considered usable for rec- recreation, represents many land types under reation, but have only 13 percent of all the various management. Table 21-9 sets forth water-surface oriented recreational require- the actual and percentage supply of public ments. At the same time, Planning Subareas forests, Indian lands, hunting and wildlife 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, containing the cities of refuges, national parks, national lakeshores, Chicago, Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland, have and State, county, and local parks within the 56 percent of the Region's water-surface Region. Approximately 89 percent of all public oriented recreational requirements, but only land within the Region is forest land. Most of 8.8 percent of its inland water surface and 13.0 the forest lands and wildlife refuges and all of percent of its total usable water surface. the Indian lands have only limited develop- The shortage of recreational resources ment for recreational uses other than hunting within the highly populated planning sub- and fishing. areas is further compounded by the distance The public recreational land within the Re- between population centers and existing rec- gion represents all six land classes of the reational resources. Detroiters must travel ORRRC Classification System: Class 1, high approximately 150 to 200 miles to reach the density recreation areas; Class 11, general southern edge of Michigan's major forested outdoor recreation areas; Class III, natural areas. Chicagoans must travel 200 miles or environment areas; Class IV, outstanding more to reach the central and northern parts natural areas; Class V, primitive areas; and of Wisconsin. Clevelanders must travel south Class VI, historic and cultural sites. Figure more than 100 miles to reach the scenic south- 21-41 illustrates the number of acres in each TABLE 21-8 Distribution of Water-Surface Oriented Recreation Requirements and Recreation Water Resources Within the Great Lakes Region Percentage of Total Percentage of Percentage of Water- Planning Water-Surface Oriented Inland Water Surface within the Subarea Requirements Surface Great Lakes Region 1.1 2.0 29.6 19.5 1.2 .7 6.8 14.0 2.1 5.9 14.7 11.7 2.2 26.8 4.0 4.5 2.3 12.1 6.2 4.1 2.4 3.1 13.3 15.9 3.1 1.2 6.5 6.8 3.2 4.8 1.4 3.8 4.1 13.0 2.3 4.5 4.2 7.0 1.5 2.0 4.3 9.0 .9 2.0 4.4 4.2 .1 2.2 5.1 3.6 .6 1.1 5.2 5.4 10.3 5.3 5.3 1.2 1.8 2.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 Requirements, Supply, and Needs 43 13AS79100 1,233,659 1,000,000 :;XXX:-0:-:-XX:- ............ ........... ............ 500,000 ............ .......... 229,948 X. 48,4" 6,823 4 4,677 I IT III IV V VI FIGURE 21-41 Classification of Public Outdoor Recreation Land within the Great Lakes Region, 1970 (ORRRC Classification System) 44 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-9 Acres of Public Recreational jected for the Region. Annex I contains the Land in the Great Lakes Region, 1970 projected recreation-day supply for each ac- Acres Percent tivity in each planning subarea. Outdoor Land Type (1000) of Total games, followed in order by boating, picnick- ing, and swimming, will continue to supply the Public Forests 12,900 88.9 most numerous recreation-day opportunities. Indian Lands 177 1.2 Hunting & Wildlife Refuges 589 4.1 National Parks 134 .9 2.4 Recreational Needs National Lakeshores 162 1.1 State, County, & Local Parks 554 3.8 Recreational need is defined as the differ- Total 14,516 100.0 ence between the existing recreational supply and the total recreational requirement. In this report recreational need is stated for the target years in the follcwing ways: in rec- land class. Since forest lands are generally reation days for the target years by planning classified as natural environment areas, Class subarea, in recreation days for the target III lands comprise 89 percent of all recreation years by activity, and in acres or miles of de- lands in the Region. Class I lands make up 3.7 veloped land for the target years by activity percent ofthe total; Class II lands, 1.5 percent; for each planning subarea. Class IV lands, 3 percent; Class V lands, 8.2 Needs for 1970 were derived by subtracting percent; and Class VI lands,.03 percent. Table the 1970 supply of recreation days or acres by 21-85 (Annex 1) gives the clas,sification of activity from the 1970 requirement for these existing recreational lands by planning sub- activities. Future needs were projected by area. subtracting the projected 1980 supply base in Because Class I and Class II lands are quite recreation days or acres by activity from intensively developed for recreation, they 1980, 2000, and 2020 requirements for these provide most of the opportunities for the rec- activities. Where data were not available to reational activities considered in this study. project the supply base to 1980, the 1970 sup- Thirty to seventy percent ofthe total land sur- ply base was used. face of Class I lands is developed for recrea- tion, with an average development of 50 per- cent. The development on Class II lands aver- 2.4.1 Present Needs in Recreation Days and ages 15 percent, with a range of development Acres or Miles from 5 to 30 percent. Table 21-10 provides :3, summary of rec- reation-day needs by planning subarea within 2.3.3 Supply in Recreation Days: 1970 the Region. Table 21-11 gives the 1970 rec- reation-day needs by activity. Of the total Annex 1, Supplementary Statistical Tables, need of 113.8 million recreation days, 55.0 mil- contains a breakdown of the 1970 recreation- lion, or 48.3 percent, were for outdoor games. day supply by activity for each planning sub- Table 21-12 gives the 1970 recreational area. The Region today provides 228,983,000 needs in developed acres, miles, and acres of recreation days. Of this total,' outdoor game water surface by activity. In this table, boat- opportunities supply 31 percent; boating, 27 ing includes sailing, canoeing, and water- percent; picnicking, 14 percent; swimming, 12 skiing. Outdoor games had the greatest acre- percent; and the remaining activities, 16 per- age need in 1970, followed. closely by golf cent. This table indicates a 1970 acreage surplus of water surface, campgrounds, and ice skat- ing facilities within the Great Lakes Region. 2.3.4 Supply in Recreation Days: 1980 However, these surpluses generally occur on paper only. Surpluses of water surface in The 1980 regional supply in recreation days planning subareas with low population den- represents the development known to be pro- sities and low recreational requirements grammed for the 1970s by the various agencies overshadow the actual need for additional providing recreational opportunities within water surface in heavily populated planning the Region. Based on this premise, a total 1980 subareas. Surpluses of camping facilities in supply of 236,318,000 recreation days is pro- several of the planning subareas in Minne- Requirements, Supply, and Needs 45 TABLE 21-10 Summary of Needs by Planning Subarea in Thousands of Recreation Days Planning Subarea 1970 1980 2000 2020 1.1 1,122 1,957 3,880 6,087 1.2 1,248 1,809 2,400 3,412 2.1 9,730 13,881 26,939 46,955 2.2 30,815 62,554 132,322 225,521 2.3 18,625 34,639 69,694 113,001 2.4 3,348 5,768 9,375 15,962 3.1 3,092 3,146 5,814 9,159 3.2 10,461 16,294 29,457 44,419 4.1 21P838 37,380 75pl98 122,635 4.2 6,022 14pl9O 32,733 58,226 4.3 8p751 17,504 41p504 71pO87 4.4 6,483 11,857 22,002 38p195 5.1 4p559 7p2OO 13,182 21,070 5.2 10,060 15,900 28,393 45,100 5.3 2,755 4,005 6,355 9,489 TOTAL* 138,909 248$084 499,248 830p318 The total needs given here for each target year are greater than those shown in Table 21-11. This has occurred because in Table 21-11 surpluses of an activity in one subarea were allowed to offset needs for that activity in another subarea. This was not done on the table above, for surpluses of one activity cannot meet deficits in another activity in a planning subarea. sota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan and New Lakes Region are given in Table 21-11. The York conceal shortages near urban areas. total need is 219.1 million recreation days in A portion of the indicated surpluses also re- 1980, 454.7 million in 2000, and 784.6 in 2020, sults from the inability of this study's with the need for outdoor games accounting methodology to properly consider directional for approximately half of the total need. patterns of travel. The methodology assumed Table 21-12 gives 1980, 2000, and 2020 rec- that recreational requirements radiate reation needs in developed acres, miles, and equally in all directions from population cen- acres of water surface by activity. Surplus ters; this generally is not the case for urban water surface is shown through 2000, but this areas within the Region. For example, a great- surplus is believed to be only on paper. Begin- er portion of the recreationists of Chicago and ning in 1980, golf will surpass outdoor games Milwaukee travel northward within the Re- as the activity requiring the most additional gion than travel southward or westward out acreage. The relationship between require- of the Region. ments and needs for the Region as a whole is shown in Figure 21-42. 2.4.2 Future Needs in Recreation Days and Acres or Miles 2.4.3 Distribution of Recreation Need The 1980, 2000, and 2020 needs in recreation The percentage distribution of 1970 rec- days for outdoor recreation within the Great reation needs in land acres, land miles, and 46 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-11 Summary of Needs by Activity (in millions of recreation days) Activity 1970 1980 2000 2020 Land-Based Water- Oriented Beach Swimming 8.0 21.5 51.3 86.9 Picnicking 7.3 15.4 33.5 58.1 Camping -.2* 3.9 12.1 24.4, Hiking and Nature Trails 11.2 15.8 23.3 33.7 Land-Based General Outdoor Games 55.0 118.6 242.5 398.5 Golf 3.9 9.1 22.8 38.2 Bicycling on Public Lands 14.3 17.3 23.8 32.8 Horseback Riding on Public Lands 1.2 1.6 2.8 4.6 Water Surface (Boating, Sailing, Canoeing, and Water Skiing) -33.0 -18.1 8.5*** 46.4 Winter Sports Skiing 1.7 1.7 2.4 3.2 Sledding 11.2 14.2 22.8 35.7 Ice Skating -5.9 -.5 8.9 22.1 TOTAL 113.8** 219.1 454.7 784.6 *Indicates surpluses **This total does not include surpluses since surpluses in one activity cannot offset deficits in another activity. ***The seeming contradiction between the 8.5 million recreation- day Leed for water surface and the 708 thousand acre sui:RIHS shown for the same time frame in Table 21-12 does not exist. The northern planning subareas within the Great Lakes Region have vast surpluses of water surface, while the southern planning subareas have severe shortages. Considering the Region as a whole, the northern surpluses overshadow the southern needs, and an acreage surplus exists. However, the methodology used in this appendix assumes a more intensive recreational use of water in the southern part of the Region than in the northern part. (This means that an acre of water in the southern planning subareas provides more recreation days than does an acre in northern planning subareas.) Thus when the conversion is made to recreation days, the southern part of the Region overshadows the northern part, and a recreation-day deficit for the entire Region results. Requirements, Supply, and Needs 47 TABLE 21-12 Summary of Needs in Developed Acres or Miles by Activity Activity Units 1970 1980 2000 2020 Land Based Water-Oriented Swimming Acres 830 2,010 4,640 7,850 Picnicking Acres 4,290 8,950 18,930 33,180 Camping Acres -1,720* 4,100 16,310 35,060 Hiking and Nature Trails Miles 3,170 5,680 10,150 15,880 Land Based Activities outdoor Games Acres 30,290 59,080 121,210 199,360 Golf Acres 24,190 59,670 150,670 256,740 Bicycling Miles 8,690 10,530 14,420 19,490 Horseback Riding Miles 1,550 2,020 3,470 @,520 Winter Sports Skiing Acres 5,720 5,190 8,330 11,160 Sledding Acres 10,310 12,980 20,630 32,490 Ice Skating Acres -370 60 860 1,900 TOTAL Acres 76,350** 152,040 341,580 577,740 Miles 13,410 18,230 28,040 40,890 Water Surface Boating Acres -2$829$000 -2,093,000 -708,000 1,212$000 Indicates surpluses This total does not include surpluses since surpluses in one activity cannot offset deficits in another activity. water-surface acres is given in Table 21-13. reation requirements of the Region's planning Planning Subareas 2.2, 2.3, and 4.1 have more subareas. than 50 percent of the Region's needs for both A large portion of the total requirement is land acres and miles of trail. The Region's en- generated by urban people on one-day trips tire 1970 needs for additional water surface and should be satisfied within 50 miles of the are located in Planning Subareas 2.2 and 4.3. major SMSAs. However, the basic question of This distribution of needs indicates that ree- surface water availability relates more to lo- reational development should be concen- cation than to gross quantity. Generally, the trated near the Chicago, Detroit, and Cleve- planning subareas with the greatest rec- land urban areas. reational requirements also have the greatest Annex 1, Supplementary Statistical Tables, shortages of surface water. For example, the gives the acre or mile needs for each outdoor Lake Superior region has a surplus of surface recreation activity by planning subarea for water, but these waters are not within easy the years 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2020. By the reach of large population centers. year 2020, more than 550,000 acres of land, Additional information on specific needs for 40,000 miles of trail, and 2,500,000 acres of individual planning subareas is included in water surface will be needed to meet the rec- Section 4 of this report. 48 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-13 Percentage Distribution of 2.4.4 Classification of Recreation Need 1970 Recreational Needs by Planning Subarea Va t -er A combination of factors indicates that Planning Land Surface much of the land acquired for recreation near Subarea Acres Miles Acres large urban areas should be intensively de- veloped (Class I). The need for additional rec- 1.1 1.4 .8 0 reational opportunities is greatest near popu- 1.2 1.5 .5 0 lation concentrations, and properly developed 2.1 9.0 7.3 0 areas can withstand heavy sustained use. Be- 2.2 23.2 27.4 83.8 cause lands with recreational potential are re- 2.3 13.9 12.0 0 latively scarce near large cities and are gen- 2.4 4.4 3.1 0 erally very expensive, the optimum use should 3.1 2.3 .9 0 be made of existing recreation lands. Highly 3.2 7.7 4.6 0 developed. areas bring the most numerous rec- 4.1 17.7 12.2 0 reational opportunities per unit of cost. There 4.2 2.2 6.6 0 also is a need to preserve unique areas, high quality natural areas, and other open space 4.3 3.3 8.9 16.2 lands in and near urban areas to provide a 4.4 4.1 4.4 0 well-rounded mix of recreational opportuni- 5.1 2.3 3.1 0 ties to the urban populace. 5.2 4.5 6.2 0 Recreational areas that are farther from 5.3 2.5 2.0 0 cities should be less intensively developed TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Class II). Class II lands ideally have a varied topography, interesting flora and fauna, and 1200 - LEGEND M Projected Supply 1115 1000 M Needs *These requirement data do not include C sightseeing and the 75 percent of bicycling .2 800 and horseback riding assigned to take place on private lands. 758 0 a %p 600 e 476 400 e 133*\ 200 .1o 'St oo 1970 1980 2000 2020 Years FIGURE 21-42 Estimated Requirements and Needs in Recreation Days, Great Lakes Region Requirements, Supply, and Needs 49 generally attractive natural or man-made set- the Region for the target years 1970-2020. tings. These areas should be developed to pro- Annex E, Computation of Class I and Class II vide a wide range of recreational oppor- Land Needs, describes the method used to de- tunities. rive data on needs by recreation land class. Table 21-14 gives both the Class I and Class Annex I contains Class I and Class Il land 11 land needs, and the total land and water needs and total land and water needs for the needs in acres for outdoor recreation within target years by planning subarea. TABLE 21-14 Summary of Needs for Recreation Land and Water by Recreation Land Class (in thousands of acres) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Class I Land 87 162 349 567 Class II Land 157 275 544 934 Total Land 244 437 893 1,501 Water 142 540 1,414 2,921 TOTAL 386 977 2,307 4,422 Section 3 TOURISM Tourism has considerable impact on both Studies reported in references 69, 3, 24, and the economy and the recreational resources of 34 also indicated that the typical tourist of the the Great Lakes Region. Forested terrain, in- Great Lakes Region resided either in the State land lakes, streams, and the Great Lakes in which he vacationed or in one of the make the Region especially appealing as a neighboring States. The typical tourist drove vacation land for millions of people every year. the family car on his vacation trip, liked to In the future, the importance of tourism is view scenery, preferred to follow shoreline expected to increase as a function of expand- highways on circle tours of the Great Lakes, ing population, higher disposable incomes, made his vacation visit in June, July, or more vacation time, and increased mobility. August, and preferred motel accommodations The number of tourists, their origins and des- in his travel although camping was gaining in tinations, their expenditures, and the num- popularity. ber of summer homes have been used in recent years to measure the significance of tourism in specific areas in and adjacent to the 3.2 Tourist Expenditures Great Lakes Region. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation studies have also stated that an estimated 50 million dol- 3.1 Tourist Visitations lars were spent by tourists in the Lake Superior basin in 1964,64 62 million in the Lake A Bureau of Outdoor Recreation study of Huron basin in 1967,61 and 142 million in the water-oriented outdoor recreation in the Lake Lake Ontario basin in 1967.63 Tourist expendi- Superior basin 64 indicated that an estimated tures in the Lake Michigan and Lake Erie ba- 1.4 million tourists came to that area in 1964 sins have not been estimated. Table 21-16 in- (Figure 21-42). Similar Bureau of Outdoor dicates tourist expenditures for the Lakes Recreation reports on the Lake Huron6l and Superior, Huron, and Ontario basins. Lake Ontario basins'63 stated that vacation- Other studies provide more specific informa- ists in the two basins numbered approxi- tion with respect to tourist expenditures. One mately 1.8 million and 2.25 million, respective- report 4 indicated a daily per capita tourist ex- ly, in 1967. Similar statistics for the Lake penditure of $9 in 1967 and estimated an in- Michigan and Lake Erie basins are not avail- crease to $15 by 1977. The report stated that able. Table 21-15 indicates tourist visitation existing facilities are to a large extent under- for the Lakes Superior, Huron, and Ontario financed and obsolete, that low-spending basins. tourists are the norm rather than the excep- TABLE 21-15 Summary of the Estimated Tourist Visitation and Expenditures in the Great Lakes Region Visitation Expenditures Basin Year (Millions) (Millions of Dollars) Superior 1964 1.4 50 Michigan (No available data) Huron 1967 1.8 63 Erie (No available data) Ontario 1967 2.2 142 51 52 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-16 Amount of Expenditures for 1960 Recreation Travel in the Lake Ontario Basin Source of Recreation Group Size Percent of Amount of: Expenditures Expenditures (thousands) Dollar Sales (millions of dollars) Permanent Residents 1,981 38 104 Summer Residents. 225 10 27 Vacationers 2,251 52 142* TOTAL 4,457 100 273 *Obtained as follows: 2-1/4 million times $63 (average amount vacationer spends on vacation) equals $142 million. The other two figures in the last column are based as a proportion to the 52:142 ratio. tion, and that this tends to suppress wages. The impact of summe:r residents cannot A 1965 New York Department of Commerce be overlooked in outdoor recreation planning. study indicated that vacationists, spending an They perhaps account for 10 percent or more average of 6.4 days in the Lake Ontario basin, of the dollar sales in the Basin, as indicated in averaged $63 per person in expenditures. A Table 21-16, and are responsible for visual year earlier, a Michigan State Highway De- chaos and environmental disturbances to partment study24 reported an average trip many of our most important recreational re- cost for tourist parties in Michigan of $116 and sources. Unplanned subdivisions surrounding an average expenditure per day approaching Shawano, Loon, and Kelly Lakes, Wisconsin, $25, or $7 per person. and Houghton Lake, Michigan, are examples where unsewered cottages are two and three rows deep, and the wilderness values sought 3.3 Summer Homes by the early cottage dwellers have disap- peared. Information on summer or vacation homes within the Great Lakes Region is somewhat limited. A few studies in recent years, how- 3.4 Tourist Use of Outdoor Recreation Re- ever, have attempted to estimate the number sources of such dwellings in various portions of the Region. Interest in sightseeing and water- In 196 1, Dr. I. V. Fine" indicated there were dependent activities, such as swimming, boat- more than 25,000 summer residences within ing, canoeing, and fishing, were considered in the Lake Michigan watershed of Wisconsin. one study33 to be the most popular outdoor By 1965, it was estimated that the entire Lake activities of tourists in Michigan. Such popu- Michigan basin was the location for 70,000 to larity has created overcrowded conditions on 80,000 summer homes. many of our lakes and streams during the The Lake Huron basin was estimated to summer months (Figure 21-43). The phenom- have approximately 44,000 seasonal vacation enal increase in snowmobiling has also cre- homes in 1969. Iosco County had more than ated serious land management problems 3,200 seasonal homes, while Cheboygan, Clare, during the winter months. As our society be- Huron, Montmorency, and Ogemaw Counties comes more affluent, and as our interstate- had more than 2,000 vacation homes each. highway system shortens traveling time, In 1960, the Lake Ontario basin had approx- growing interest in these and other activities imately 37,500 seasonal vacation homes. will exert tremendous pressure on all Great Counties directly adjacent to Lake Ontario Lakes Basin recreational resources. The tour- were experiencing the greatest concentra- ist, as an element of the total requirement, tions, with Jefferson County having 5,600 sea- must therefore be properly recognized and sonal homes and St. Lawrence, Wayne, Os- included in any planning effort if a quality wego, and Cayuga Counties each having more setting for the enjoyment of outdoor recre- than 2,000 seasonal homes. ation activities is to be maintained. Tomism 53 7 K SO, Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-43 Shoreline Development. Unplanned cottage development 'surrounding many in- land lakes has created sewage disposal and public access problems while destroying the wilderness values sought by the early cottage dwellers. Section 4 OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION The purpose of this section is to present a ment of lands within and adjacent to recrea- general plan of action to meet the outdoor rec- tional areas to enhance the recreational set- reational needs of the Great Lakes Region. ting Specifically, this section presents a list of plan (12) coordination of recreational programs objectives, an accounting of Federal and State with other related land and water uses responsibilities, an appraisal of recreational (13) coordination of the development of resource potential, and an evaluation of prob- recreational facilities by both the public and lems and alternative solutions. Priorities for private sectors to eliminate duplication of ef- future acquisition and development within fort each planning subarea are also suggested. 4.2 Federal and State Action Programs 4.1 Objectives of the Plan The responsibility for meeting outdoor rec- Assuming that the basic purpose of the plan reation needs of the Great Lakes Region can is to induce the development of adequate rec- be found at Federal, State, regional, local, and reational opportunities in the Great Lakes private levels. At present, many government Region, the following general recreational ob- agencies are contributing to the recreational jectives should be attained: supply base through their acquisition, de- (1) the satisfaction of urban recreational velopment, technical aid, and financial assis- needs tance programs. The following paragraphs (2) a sufficient quantity of quality land briefly outline the ongoing recreational pro- and water recreational areas and facilities to grams and responsibilities of key Federal meet the needs of recreationists agencies and the roles of State and local gov- (3) the location of necessary facilities ernmental agencies. within reasonable travel time of those who demand them (4) the preservation and protection of sig- 4.2.1 Federal Responsibilities nificant aesthetic, historic, and natural areas for recreational use This part of the plan identifies the outdoor (5) the preservation of potential rec- recreation responsibilities of key Federal reational sites until they can be acquired or agencies. developed The Department of Agriculture, through its (6) with certain exceptions, water of such Forest Service, conducts forest recreation re- quality that full body contact can be made search and manages the renewable natural without person risk resources of the national forest system under (7) stabilization of water levels in such a the conservation principles of multiple use manner as to create high quality recreational and sustained yields for products and services, experiences during the recreational season including water, forage, timber, wildlife, and (8) adequate public access on all bodies of recreational opportunities, to meet present water suitable for recreation and future public needs. It cooperates with the (9) the development of recreational facili- States in providing technical assistance to ties and land uses in such a manner that rec- private forest landowners for similar man- reationists and others receive a quality ex- agement of their lands. The Soil Conservation perience Service provides technical assistance and fi- (10) greater utilization of the recreational nancial aid for the protection, management, potentials of the Great Lakes and their shores improvement, and development of land and (11) proper zoning and planned develop- water resources on small watersheds, includ- 55 56 Appendix 21 ing recreation and fish and wildlife resources. door recreation plans, prepares the nation- The Department's Rural Electrification Ad- wide outdoor recreation plan, and conducts ministration provides specialized develop- the outdoor recreation study of comprehen- mental, technical, and credit-finding assis- sive river basin plans. It evaluates the rec- tapee to borrowers for launching new business reational potential of urban areas, conducts or industrial enterprises, including rec- natural resource area studies, coordinates the reational enterprises. Through the Farmers recreational planning of other Federal agen- Home Administration and Resource Conser- cies, and transfers surplus Federal property vation and Development Programs, the De- with recreation potential to local branches of partment provides financial assistance to government. Through the U.S. Fish and farmers for the development of recreational Wildlife Service, it provides funds to develop opportunities. sports fishing resources and to restore wildlife The Department of Commerce, through the habitat, and plans, develops, and administers Economic Development Administration, the natural, historical, and recreational areas makes direct grants and low-interest, long- which comprise the National Park System term loans to States and to businesses, includ- through the National Park Service. ing recreation or tourist enterprises, to ex- The Department of Labor, through the pand or establish needed facilities. Manpower Administration, provides many The Department of Defense, through the work-training services connected with de- Army Corps of Engineers, investigates, veloping vest pocket parks and recreational plans, designs, constructs, operates, and facilities, protecting wildlife, and aiding rec- maintains many multiple -purpose develop- reational organizations in recru 'iting staff. ments which provide extensive opportunities The Department of Transportation's for outdoor recreation, fish and wildlife con- Bureau of Public Roads assists the States in servation, and enhancement of natural beau- the acquisition of interests in, and improve- ty. ment of, strips of land both within the right- The Department of Housing and Urban De- of-way and adjacent to highways to restore velopment, through the Community Re- scenic beauty, and for the acquisition and de- sources Development Administration, admin- velopment of rest and recreational areas. isters grant programs for advance acquisition The Environmental Protection Agency pro- of land for public purposes, acquisition and de- vides grants and technical assistance to bring velopment of open-space land, historic pres- the quality of the water in our streams, lakes, ervation, and demonstration. HUD makes estuaries, and coastal areas to levels which loans and annual contributions to local public provide adequate SUppliE!S for all foreseeable housing authorities for the development of and appropriate uses, including recreation. housing and, where necessary, a limited The Office of Economic Opportunity pro- amount of outdoor recreational facilities vides grants for comprehensive local anti- through the Housing Assistance Administra- poverty campaigns in ur'Dan and rural areas, tion. Its Model Cities Administration provides on Indian reservations, and among migrant grants to plan, develop, and carry out com- workers. Outdoor recreation is included prehensive rebuilding and restoration pro- among eligible anti-poverty projects. grams including recreational activities and The Property ManagE!ment and Disposal facilities for communities, and development, Services is responsible for the disposal of beautification, and improvement of public surplus real property no longer required for land and neighborhood facilities. The Farmers Federal needs. Such property may be made Home Administration makes loans through available to eligible public agencies for rec- Public Law 566 and Resource Conservation reational or conservation uses. and Development (RC&D) programs to assist The Small Business Administration offers in the establishment of recreational develop- loans to small businesses. Outdoor recreation ments. businesses which have obtained loans include The Department of Interior's Bureau of golf, tennis, and ski clubs; day and children's Outdoor Recreation administers the program camps; marinas; tent and trailer camp- of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act grounds; bathing beaches; inns, lodges, and which makes funds directly or indirectly motels; tourist ranches; skating rinks; and available to Federal, State, and local agencies horseback riding stables. for outdoor recreation planning, land acquisi- The Federal Power Commission in 1965 tion, and facility development, assists the amended its regulations to require that licen- States on the preparation of Statewide out- sees for hydroelectric power projects include Outdoor Recreation Plan 57 comprehensive plans for the public use -of riculture Act of 1962, the Department of Ag- project waters and adjacent lands for rec- riculture can enter into long-term agreements reational purposes, including fishing and with farmers to convert land regularly used hunting. Licensees must acquire enough land for crop production into recreational projects. to assure optimum development of the rec- (7) Title Vlof the Food and Agriculture Act reation resources afforded by the project and of 1965 allows the Department of Agriculture develop suitable public recreational facilities to enter into long-term agreements with upon project lands and waters. Such plans farmers to convert land regularly used for must be prepared in cooperation with State crop production to practices or uses that will and local agencies and, in cases affecting lands conserve soil, water, and forest resources. of the United States, with the Federal agency Agreements may be made to establish, pro- having supervision. tect, and conserve open space, natural beauty, wildlife habitat, and recreational resources; and to prevent air and water pollution. The 4.2.2 Federal Legislation Department of Agriculture is also authorized to make grants to all levels of government for This section identifies the more important the acquisition of cropland to preserve open Federal legislation influencing outdoor rec- spaces and natural beauty, to develop wildlife reation planning, acquisition, and develop- habitat and recreational facilities, and to pre- ment. vent air and water pollution. The Department (1) The Land and Water Conservation also shares costs with farmers to control Fund Act of 1965 authorizes 50 percent match- sedimentation of streams, lakes, and ponds, ing grants to States and their political sub- and to improve wildlife habitat. divisions for planning, acquisition, and de- (8) Under the feed grain program of the velopment of outdoor recreation resources. Agricultural Act of 1970, croplands "may be Acquisition and development assistance is devoted to wildlife food plots or wildlife available for State and local projects which habitat .... The Secretary may provide for an are in accord with a State's comprehensive additional payment on such acreage in an outdoor recreation plan. This program is ad- amount determined by the Secretary to be ap- ministered by the Bureau of Outdoor Recrea- propriate in relation to the benefit to the gen- tion. eral public if the producer agrees to permit, (2) The Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act without other compensation, access to all or of 1960, PL 86-517, specified outdoor rec- such portion of the farm as the Secretary may reation as one of the purposes for which na- prescribe by the general public, for hunting, tional forests shall be administered. trapping, fishing, and hiking. . ." (3) Under Title VII of the Housing Act -@f (9) Under the provisions of Public Law 566, 1961, as amended by Title IX of the Housing the Watershed Protection and Flood Preven- and Urban Development Act of 1965, States tion (small watershed) Act of 1954, as amended and local public agencies may receive up to 50 by the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962, the percent of the total costs for acquisition and Department of Agriculture may share with development of open space lands for park, ree- State and local agencies up to one-half of the reation, conservation, scenic, or historic pur- cost of land, easements, and rights-of-way for poses in urban and suburban areas. reservoirs and other areas to be managed by (4) Title IX of the Housing and Urban De- State or local sponsors for public recreation. velopment Act of 1965 authorizes assistance Cost sharing is also available for developing grants to be made to States and local public facilities needed for recreation. bodies in carrying out local programs for ur- (10) The Federal Water Projects Rec- ban beautification and improvement. reation Act of 1965 states that full con- (5) Title IV of the Agricultural Act of 1962 sideration shall be given to recreational and permits the Farmers Home Administration fish and wildlife enhancement as purposes of (FHA) to make loans to individual farmers for Federal water resource projects. It encour- development of income-producing outdoor ages non-Federal agencies, States, and local recreation enterprises. The FHA may also entities to assume responsibility for the oper- make loans up to $500,000 to non-profit asso- ation and maintenance of that part of each ciations and insure loans 11D to $1 million for project utilized for recreational and fish and effecting changes in land use including the wildlife purposes, and permits entrance fees development of recreational facilities. and other charges to offset expenditures in- (6) Under Section 101 of the Food and Ag- curred. It requires that non-Federal agencies 58 Appendix 21 pay one-half of the original costs of land acqui- tion and maintenance of programs in en- sition and recreational facility construction, vironmental education at the elementary and except in national recreation areas where the secondary levels . . . to provide for commu- Federal government pays up to 100 percent. nity education programs on preserving and en- (11) Under the provisions of the Water hancing environmental quality and maintain- Quality Act of 1965, the Environmental Pro- ing ecological balance. . . ." tection Agency is authorized to provide finan- (16) The National Wild and Scenic Rivers cial assistance to States and municipalities for Act of 196849 declares that certain selected riv- the prevention, control, and abatement of ers of the nation which, with their immediate water pollution through two means. It may environment, possess outstanding remark- give grants for construction of sewage treat- able scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and ment works up to 30 percent of the eligible wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar project costs (if States provide sufficient values, shall be preserved in free-flowing con- matching funds and the project is contained in ditions, and that they and their environments a Regional Planning Agencies Plan, the Fed- shall be protected for the benefit and enjoy- eral share may be increased to 55 percent), and ment of present and future generations. This it may give grants up to 75 percent of the total Act designates certain rivers as components of cost of facilities that will demonstrate new or the national wild and scenic river system and improved methods of controlling discharge of also names other rivers for potential addition waste from storm sewers or combined storm to the system. Three types of rivers are desig- and sanitary sewers. To qualify, such projects nated under the provisions, of this Act. A "wild must be approved by the appropriate State river" is one free of impoundments and pollu- water pollution control agency. tion and is accessible only by trails; the (12) The Federal Water Pollution Control watershed and shoreline are essentially Act of 1970 declared it to be the policy of Con- primitive. A "scenic river" is also largely gress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primitive and free of impoundments, but ac- primary responsibilities and rights of the cessible in places by roads. A "recreational States in preventing and controlling water river" is one readily accessible by road or rail- pollution, to support and aid technical re- road, which may have development along its search relating to the prevention and control shoreline and may have undergone some im- of water pollution, and to provide Federal poundment or diversion in the past. The Act technical services and financial aid to State also calls for close Federal and State coopera- and interstate agencies and to municipalities tion in the selection of and planning for par- in connection with the prevention and. control ticular river areas, including a determination of water pollution. of the degree to which a State or political sub- (13) The Dingell-Johnson Program helps division might participate in the preservation Statesto develop sports fishing resources with and administration of rivers named to the na- funds derived from a 10 percent manufac- tional system. turer's excise tax on fishing equipment. The (17) The National Trails System Act of Federal funds allocated from this program 196850 states that trails should be established are matched by 25 percent State funds. near urban areas and within established (14) Under the Pittman- Robertson Pro- scenic areas more remotely located. The Act gram, States receive grants for improving and prescribes the methods and standards to be restoring wildlife habitat. The revenue from followed when establishing a component of the these grants is derived from the proceeds of an national system of trails,and includes a provi- 11 percent manufacturer's excise tax on sport- sion for Federal cooperation with States and ing arms and ammunition. These funds are other political subdivisions. also matched by 25 percent funds from the State. This program is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of 4.2.3 State and Local Responsibilities the Interior. (15) The Environmental Education Act of The States playa pivotal role in recognizing, 1970 "encourages and supports the develop- developing, and managinj- outdoor recreation ment of new and improved curricula to en- resources of less than national and more than courage understanding of policies, and sup- local significance. State responsibilities and port of activities designed to enhance en- programs include: vironmental quality and maintain ecological (1) acquiring, developing, managing, and balance . . . to provide support for the initia- maintaining resources of State significance Outdoor Recreation Plan 59 (2) funding through taxation, bond issues, Cities are authorized to provide for the es- and user fees tablishment, maintenance, and operation of (3) assisting local governments and pri- recreation systems through Chapter 24 of the vate enterprise in planning and developing Illinois Revised Statutes. There are several recreational facilities at neighborhood, city, conditions, depending on the size of the city. and regional levels Park districts may levy taxes for general (4) providing legislative authority for zon- operating purposes not to exceed one mill, rec- ing and local bond issues, utilizing a conces- reation programs not to exceed twenty-five sion system on State owned lands, and hundredths of one mill without a referendum, cooperating with Federal and other State and specific additional operating needs by ref- governments erendum not to exceed fifty hundredths of Local governments are in the best position one mill. to know and evaluate the outdoor recreation They may also issue general obligation needs of communities and neighborhoods and bonds up to five-tenths of one percent of the to work closely with citizens and local organi- assessed valuation without referendum, or up zations in seeing that such needs are recog- to 2.5 percent of the assessed valuation with a nized, understood, and effectively met. Speci- referendum. fically, local level responsibilities include con- Corporate authorities may levy taxes, sub- sidering playground, municipal park, and ject to referendum, of nine-tenths of one mill open-space requirements in any urban expan- for playgrounds and recreation centers, of sion or renewal project; managing flood plain one-tenth of one mill to purchase and main- areas; funding through taxation, bond issues, tain public parks and of three-tenths of one and user fees; acquiring, developing, and mill to purchase land for parks. They may managing public recreational areas; utiliza- issue bonds for recreational development in tion of zoning, subdivision regulations, and the same manner as prescribed by law for assessment practices; and cooperating with other purposes. and encouraging industrial firms and private Under Section 22 et seq., Chapter 571/2 of investors to help meet the needs of the com- the Illinois Revised Statutes, counties are au- munity. thorized to create and manage forest preserve State and local governments derive their districts. Forest preserve districts may levy authorities to acquire land, develop rec- taxes up to twenty-five hundredths of one mill reational facilities, and manage recreational with referendum. They also have the power to areas through State constitutional and legis- assess an additional seventy-five hun- lative actions. Such authorities are quite var- dredths of one mill for acquisition purposes iable from one State to another. only. These districts may issue bonds not to In Illinois the Department of Conservation exceed five-tenths of one percent of the as- "is authorized to purchase or acquire by any sessed value of taxable property. legal manner title to lands" for State parks, The Indiana Department of Natural Re- State forests, and nature preserves as set sources was established to succeed the De- forth in the Illinois Revised Statutes, 1967, partment of Conservation on July 1, 1965 (Acts Chapter 105, Section 465-490. 10.14 of 1965, Chapter 44). The Bureau of Land, The Department of Public Works and Build- Forest, and Wildlife Resources, one of two ings is authorized "to plan and devise methods, bureaus in the Department, has the responsi- ways, and means for the preservation and bility for forests, fish and wildlife, parks, out- beautification of the public bodies of water of door recreation, reservoir management, na- the State and for making them more available ture preserves, and other miscellaneous re- for the use of the public" through the Illinois sources.15 Revised Statutes, 1967, Chapter 19, Sections The State Highway Commission has respon- 63 and 66. sibility for the provision of roads in State The Illinois State Parks Revenue Bond parks, forests, recreation areas, and fish and Commission is authorized "to undertake and game areas; the provision of roadside parks, financially support projects which will im- historical markers, and roadside table sites; prove the State park system . . . through the the Highway Beautification Program; and a acquisition and development of land" by the proposed Scenic Roads and Parkway Program, Illinois Revised Statutes, 1967, Chapter 105, as well as various other responsibilities.15 Section 490.0. "The amount of bonds issued at Many city or town park and recreation any one time by the Commission may not ex- boards receive their legal status for operation ceed $9,000,000." from the 1965 Park and Recreation Law 60 Appendix 21 (amended in 1969-Burns Statutes 48-5851- for the Road and Bridge Fund.28 5858). A number of cities operate under the The Ohio Department ofNatural Resources First Class Cities Law (Burns 48-5501-5533), is authorized to provide parks and rec- under the Playground and Recreation Centers reational facilities at the State level through Act in Cities (Burns 48-5901-5907), and under Chapter 1501.07 of the Ohio Code. The Division the Public Parks Act in Cities (Burns 48-5731- of Parks, through its Chief, has the power to 5742). A number of cities operate under the establish user fees. 37 various other State statutes.15 Local park districts can be established over The 1965 Parks and Recreation Law "pro- all or part of the land within any given county vides for (1) the creation of park and rec- by the authority of Chapter 1501.07 of the Ohio reation boards in counties, cities, and towns; Code. These districts canacquire and develop (2) a means of raising revenues through a spe- lands and can levy taxes up to five-tenths of cial countywide or citywide taxing district one mill on taxable property. An additional with bonding authority . . ." three-tenths of one mill can be levied with a An amendment authorizes city and county referendum.37 park and recreation boards to bond up to two percent of the assessed valuation of the park district. Bonds carry no interest ceiling. 15 4.3 Recreation Potential of Water Resources The Michigan Department of Natural Re- sources, created by Act 17, Public Acts of 1921, This section examines the recreation poten- has the State's greatest responsibilities for tials of each of the major water resource fea- the development of outdoor recreation. This tures within the Region. Specific details relat- department was "authorized to prepare, ing to resource potentials within each plan- maintain, and keep up-to-date a comprehen- ning subarea are stressed in Subsection 4.6, sive plan for the development of outdoor rec- Specific Features of the Plan. The following reation resources of the state" by passage of paragraphs are intended to relate to both pub- Act 316, Public Acts of 1965.21 licly and privately owned resources. However, The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority due to a lack of data, acreage figures are not in southeastern Michigan was established by always given for the privately owned re- Act No. 147 of the Public Acts of 1939. It in- sources. cludes five counties surrounding the Detroit area. It is financed principally by a tax levy limited to twenty-five hundredths of one mill 4.3.1 Great Lakes on the assessed value of taxable property in the five-county area.45 For planning purposes it is assumed that County boards of supervisors, either singly the water-surface acreage of the Great Lakes or as two or more contiguous counties, were having recreational potential is limited to an authorized to create park and recreation area within two miles of the shoreline. Use commissions by Act 261 of Public Acts of 1965. of the approximately five million acres of These commissions have the power to ascer- water within the area is virtually dependent tain recreational needs within the area, to ac- upon the improvement of water quality and quire land, and to develop and maintain rec- the development of additional boat harbors, reational facilities. Funds for their operations marinas, and public access sites. The latter are appropriated by the respective county could be developed at many places along the boards of supervisors. They have no taxing or shores of the Lakes, especially in the southern bonding powers but may charge user fee S.21 part of the Region where large populations are In Minnesota, the Department of Conserva- concentrated and where weather is more tion, through. its several divisions, is au- favorable. thorized to acquire, develop, and manage land and water for recreational purposes through the Reorganization Act of 1967. State funds 4.3.2 Inland Lakes for acquisition and development are approp- riated by the legislature.28 Nowhere in the United States are inland The 1961 County Park Law, M.S. 1961, lakes more abundant than in areas of the Chapter 512,'authorizes counties to establish, Great Lakes Region. Thousands of inland maintain, and operate county parks. Counties lakes in the Region contain more than 2.1 mil- can levy taxes at a rate not to exceed ten per- lion acres of water surface. In the southern cent of the maximum levy authorized by law portion of the Region, some of these lakes are Outdoor Recreation Plan 61 being used to or beyond capacity. In the north- the capability to satisfy many recreational re- ern part, especially in northern Michigan, quirements. Where any impoundment is con- Wisconsin, and Minnesota, many lakes receive structed, recreation should be included as a little use, yet possess considerable potential. purpose. The recreational potential should be To realize their full potential, planning efforts developed as needed to the optimal potential must include provisions for zoning ordinances of the site. Near urban areas, relatively small, and accessibility, both of which promote re- single-purpose recreational reservoirs could source protection and user distribution. Re- be justified although Federal construction cent studies in Wisconsin have shown that at would require changes in existing legislation. least 25 percent of the shoreline of inland lakes Farm ponds can also provide opportunities for should be retained in an undeveloped, natural certain types of activities such as fishing and state to provide the necessary areas for fish swimming, but private ownership limits their spawning, other wildlife and fish habitat, lit- potential. toral zone preservation, and scenic backdrop to developed areas. Overdevelopment, accelerated eutrophi- 4.3.5 Streams cation, and limited public access are critical problems confronting the recreational use of The Region contains thousands of miles of inland lakes. As more and more waterfront streams, but their recreational use is often property is subdivided for residential de- precluded by the lack of accessibility, the velopment, these problems become more dumping of pollutants, or the construction of acute. Recognizing the value of our inland dams. In 1968, Congress recognized that many lakes and lakeshores, Senator Gaylord Nelson of our streams possess scenic, recreational, of Wisconsin introduced a bill, S. 280, to the geological, historic, or cultural values that 92nd Congress that would establish a National should be preserved for the enjoyment of fu- Lake Areas System to ture generations (Figure 21-44). Similar legis- ... preserve, protect, develop, and restore the Great lation has been enacted by Wisconsin, Michi- Lakes and other lakes of the United States; make gan, and Ohio. In addition to those streams accessible for the benefit of all the people selected classified as national or State wild and scenic parts of the Nation's lakes which are valuable for rivers, 26 other streams or stream segments fishing, hunting, conservation, recreation, and scenic beauty; and establish, support, and encourage pro- are herein presented as potential additions to grams of lake and lake area research, and for the a national or State stream preservation pro- training of scientists in fields related to such re- gram (Table 21-17). search.54 This session of Congress took no action on the bill. 4.4 Recreation Potential of Land Resources The land resources within the Great Lakes 4.3.3 Estuaries and Marshes Region are as diverse as its water resources, and are treated in this study in the same man- Wetland areas could provide an unusual op- ner (Subsection 4.3). portunity for recreational use if small areas of adjacent uplands were acquired for develop- ment of facilities for camping, picnicking, hik- 4.4.1 Beach Areas ing, nature study, and similar activities not detrimental to wildlife in such areas. Ac- Usable beaches open to the public represent tivities harmful to wildlife within the area only 37 percent of the total Great Lakes beach should be excluded. area. Private beaches open to the public ac- count for only four percent of the total. Thus, 59 percent of the total, or more than 3,200 4.3.4 Impoundments acres, is not open to the public."- Similar access problems can be found with respect to the un- There are many potential reservoir sites in known quantity of inland lake beaches. the Great Lakes Region. Single- and The potential for additional development is multiple-purpose reservoirs offer oppor- heavily dependent upon the closed, privately tunities for an expanded recreational re- owned beaches. Nearly one-half of the private source base. Constructed by government beaches not open to the public have some po- agencies or by private enterprise, they have tential for recreational development (Figure 62 Appendix 21 V MIM 1A 'j, AL "Al 7.............. . 400 low 7- -.6 .4 Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-44 Scenic River. The Pike River of northern Wisconsin has been identified as a potential addition to a scenic or natural rivers system. 21-45). Needed, perhaps, is legislation dealing 4.4.2 Island Areas with the Great Lakes beaches that would be similar to the Congressional bills introduced Several groups of islands have substantial in 1971 that affirms that the [ocean] recreational potential. The Apostle Island beaches of the United States are impressed group is already included in the Apostle Island with a national interest and that the public National Lakeshore (Figure 21-46), while shall have free and unrestricted right to use North and South Manitou Islands are au- them . . . 1148 Long stretches of Great Lakes thorized to be included in the Sleeping Bear beaches would then be available to help Dunes National Lakeshore. Other island satisfy public recreational needs. In addition, groups offering significant possibilities for a water pollution abatement and intensified de- wide range of activities include the Bass, velopment of existing public beaches could Green Bay, Potagannissing Bay, Presque Isle, help meet some of the regional requirements. Beaver, and Thousand Islands. Outdoor Recreation Pla n 63 TABLE 21-17 Potential Additions to Stream Preservation Programs State Stream Michigan Carp Presque Isle AuSable Rifle Escanaba White Fish Black Pine Little Manistee Tahquamenon Manistee Two Hearted Manistique Ocqueoc Muskegon Ontonagon Minnesota Vermillion Little Fork St. Louis Clouquet F l3rule Pidgeon Ohio Chagrin Grand New York St. Lawrence Illinois Fox Indiana Elkhart A Wisconsin Wolf Brule Peshtigo Flambeau* St. Croix* Namekagon* Although these stream flow into the Mississippi River, their headwaters lie within the planning boundaries of this framework study. The Bass Islands of Lake Erie, easily acces- sible to the Toledo and Cleveland areas, en- compass about 6,000 acres of vineyards, open fields, and scrub growth that have long pro- vided the setting for resort and cottage de- r velopment. Some of the best fishing on Lake Erie is located in the vicinity of these islands. The Green Bay Islands of Lake Michigan C comprise almost 22,000 acres on 14 wooded and pristine islands. The resident population is Ij small and the recreational opportunities could -Chicago urban complex. serve the Milwaukee The Potagannissing Bay Islands, a group of approximately 50 islands located in Lake Huron off Michigan's Upper Peninsula, con- A tains much sheltered water and provides an 7 ideal setting for fishing, boating, and hunting. Presently, approximately one-half of Drum- Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council mond Island is a Michigan State forest. Presque Isle, near Erie, Pennsylvania, be- FIGURE 21-45 Need for Open Beaches. comes an island only during extremely high Fifty-eight percent of the total Great Lakes water periods. Established as a State park in beach area is privately owned. 64 Appendix 21 ANY Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-46 Apostle Islands. The scenic and wilderness threatened with real estate development until Congress esta qualities of the Apostle Islands were Lakeshore in 1970. blished the Apostle Islands National 1921, the highly developed tourist and recrea- flood plain values have not been given tional area is threatened with erosion and pol- adequate consideration in previous resource lution problems. The 3,000-acre area possesses plans. little potential for additional development. Flood plain development in most areas has Both the Beaver Islands of northern Lake been the result of individual effort with little Michigan and the Thousand Islands area of or no concern for the type or location of de- the St. Lawrence River still possess potential velopment, or the susceptibility of such de- for recreational development. Nearly 17,000 of velopments to flood damage. Recently enacted the 46,000 'acres in the eight Beaver Islands Statewide flood plain zoning regulations in are publicly owned, while thousands of acres Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan should in the Thousand Islands are as yet unde- be considered only an initial effort to insure veloped. protection of these environments. Developing the resource potentials of flood-prone areas requires the coordinated efforts of all resource 4.4.3 Flood Plain Areas interests. River management plans, especially those There are 945,000 acres of flood plains along in areas where demands on the resource base main stem and principal tributary streams of are greatest or in areas deserving special at- the Great Lakes Region. In 1970, more than tention due to outstanding resource features, 825,000 acres were in rural areas and 120,000 should include the establishment of environ- acres were in urban areas. The acres of flood mental corridors, scenic rivers systems, river plains in urban areas are increasing as cities walkways, open space considerations, and continue to spread over the landscape. Much water quality improvement measures. In of the total is still available for recreational some areas, amending zoning laws in order to development and could provide needed recre- permit strip zoning should be considered. Rec- ation readily accessible to urban residents. lamation programs should receive appro- These flood plains are adaptable for the de- priate attention where marginal develop- velopment of a full range of recreational op- ments exist or where developments have been portunities and open spaces, although such abandoned. Outdoor Recreation Plan 65 4.4.4 Urban Areas 4.4.5 Fish and Wildlife Areas Resources available for recreational use The Great Lakes Region contains fish and and development are usually limited in urban wildlife refuges and hunting areas which have areas because of other land use pressures (Fig- potential to satisfy other types of recreational ure 21-47). However, various types of resource activities. Public hunting areas alone amount areas in most urban areas have been over- to 589,000 acres, and fish and wildlife habitat looked during urban expansion or have de- areas contain some of the more aesthetically teriorated and need to be redeveloped. Exam- and ecologically valuable resources of the Re- ples include waterfronts, flood plains, aban- gion. Total acreage devoted to fish and wildlife doned railroad yards and rights-of-way, mined amounts to approximately 2.6 million acres. areas, and old dump areas. Creative design, Past planning efforts have focused mainly on innovative developments, and effective rec- providing fishing and hunting opportunities. lamation practices could make these neg- Minimal consideration has been given to de- lected areas productive. veloping other recreational potential. Future Recreational opportunities and open space planning and development should be dictated can also be provided by the reclamation of by the individual area's capacity to provide sand and gravel quarries and the formation of quality opportunities without depreciation of islands from dredge spoils. Residential and ecological values. Through innovative and dis- commercial developments have often resulted criminating design techniques, zoning, care- in severe damage to the ecology of an area and ful selection of the types of facilities to be de- precluded its recreational use. Therefore, veloped, and encouragement of activities re- where recreational opportunities and open quiring little or no development, increased op- space are especially limited, the preservation portunities can be provided for picnicking, of existing wooded areas should be given due camping, sightseeing, hiking, nature study, consideration. and photography with minimal threat to the -7@ . ... ... ...... . it-III a! _TNXIII 14 N Na A, WWI L Courtesy of Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Wisconsin FIGURE 21-47 Urban Recreation Limited. A soap box race at the county institution for wards of the county, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 66 Appendix 21 wildlife community. Thus, if one-half of one Tract. Protection of the resource should be the percent of these lands were developed for as- primary concern. sociated recreational activities, an additional At the present time, only a small percentage 13,000 acres of developed recreational lands of the potentially developable forest lands are would become available for use. developed for recreational use. Based on data Increased development or use of fish and provided by the U.S. Forest Service and the wildlife areas is often hindered by Federal or States, it is estimated that 40,000 acres of na- State legislation. For instance, many fish and tional forest lands and 1'1 7,500 acres of State game lands are purchased on a State-Federal forest lands could be developed for intensive cost-sharing basis with funds available recreational use. If one-half of one percent of through the Pittman-Robertson program. the locally owned public f:)rest lands, most of These funds are for improving and restoring which are county forests upper Wisconsin, wildlife habitat, and land purchased with were developed for intensive use, they could them may not be used for providing general provide an additional 13,000 acres of rec- recreational facilities. Legislative reforms reational opportunities. A"though the acreage may be necessary if these lands are to be used of private forests with recreational potential for certain recreational activities, especially is unknown, this sector should not be ignored. camping and picnicking. The owners of private lands should be encour- aged through tax incentives and other means to provide recreational opportunities on such 4.4.6 Forests lands in the future. Forests, with their relatively undisturbed resource settings, offer some of the greatest 4.4.7 Parks potential sources of future recreational oppor- tunities. Within the Great Lakes Region, 4.7 The potential for the development of addi- million acres of commercial forest lands are tional recreational opportunities in national, administered by the U.S. Forest Service, 0.4 State, regional, and local parks lies within million acres are administered by other Fed- their undeveloped as well as their extensively eral agencies, 5.2 million acres are adminis- developed portions. In 1970, existing and au- tered by the respective States, 2.6 million thorized national parks and lakeshores en- acres are administered by local levels of gov- compassed approximately 367,000 acres. Isle ernment, and 24.8 million acres are owned by Royale National Park, located in Lake private interests.10 Superior, encompasses 13.1,000 acres, and has In addition to the 4.7 million acres of com- been in existence for a number of years. Al- mercial forest, the U.S. Forest Service ad- though considerable recreational potential ministers the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, exists within this area, increased develop- the Sylvania Recreation Area, and the ment would occur at the sacrifice of a wilder- McCormick Tract. Located in northern Min- ness setting now considered to be its main at- nesota, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area en- traction. compasses 873,000 acres of forests, lakes, and In the last two years, four new lakeshore canoe streams. The Sylvania Recreation Area, areas have been established by Congress. Pic- located in Gogebic County, Michigan, is ad- tured Rocks National Lakeshore, the first ministered by the U.S. Forest Service and con- such area in the Region, is located on the south tains 14,000 acres of wooded land and 4,000 shore of Lake Superior in Alger County, acres of lakes and streams. The McCormick Michigan, and will encompass approximately Tract, approximately 17,000 acres in size, is 65,000 acres. The Indiana Dunes National located in Marquette and Baraga Counties of Lakeshore, located on Lake Michigan in Por- Michigan. This experimental research forest ter County, Indiana, was established by Con- has potential for controlled wilderness rec- gress in 1969. When acquisition is completed, it reation. will encompass more than 8,700 acres of Lake To realize the recreational potential in- Michigan shoreline, sand dunes, and marsh. herent in these forest resources, programs Located on the south shore of Lake Superior in must stress development that does not appre- Bayfield County, Wisconsin, the Apostle Is- ciably alter the character of the resource set- lands National Lakeshore was established in ting. This would be a particular objective in 1970 and will encompass 20 islands and more the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, the Syl- than 42,000 acres of islands and adjacent vania- Recreation Area, and the McCormick mainland. The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Outdoor Recreation Plan 67 Lakeshore, also authorized in 1970, is located in the western part of Ohio, traverses the on Lake Michigan in Leelanau and Benzie Lower Peninsula of Michigan along the Lake Counties, Michigan, and will contain approx- Michigan shore, crosses the Upper Peninsula imately 46,000 acres upon completion of acqui- of Michigan near the Lake Superior shore, sition. and passes westward through Wisconsin and Congressional legislation established a Minnesota. 32,500-acre lee Age National Scientific Re- serve in Wisconsin in 1964. Approximately 27,700 acres of this area are located within the 4.4.9 Other Scenic, Historic, and Biotic Areas Great Lakes Region. Funds have been ap- propriated to the State of Wisconsin for Much of the Region contains an assortment purchase of lands for this nationally signifi- of scenic, historic, and biotic landscapes which cant area. could provide a wide range of recreational op- The Kabetogama Peninsula, lying between portunities if preserved and made available Lakes Rainy and Kabetogama in the north- for public use. Other valuable landscapes in- west corner of St. Louis County, Minnesota, clude morainic and mountain areas in addi- was authorized for acquisition as a national tion to the previously discussed Great Lakes, park in January 1971. The area will encompass inland lakes, beaches, forests, parks, and 219,000 acres and will be known as Voyageurs stream corridors. It has been noted in past National Park. An addition of 13,000 acres to studies that many of these scenic areas tend to the Grand Portage National Monument of be concentrated along stream corridors. northeastern Minnesota has recently been Where stream valleys are acquired and de- proposed. veloped for recreational use, a substantial Of significance are the more than 554,000 number of these areas may be included to add acres of State and local parks, 402,000 acres of interest to the entire area. which are State-owned. Many of these parks, Appendix 22, Aesthetic and Cultural Re- especially those near urban areas, are pres- sources, has identified those scenic, historic, ently being used at or beyond their capacity, and ecological areas that have local, regional, while others, such as those within the Cleve- or national significance. Very few of these land Metropolitan Park District of northern areas exist in Planning Subarea 4.2, but there Ohio, have only modest development. In some are many in Planning Subareas 5.3, 1.2, and instances, policy decisions by the governing 2.1. Significant areas of cultural, historic, ar- entities have limited the intensity of recrea- chaeological, and ecological interest should tional development to maintain a high-quality be preserved. setting for recreation. 4.5 Alternative Solutions 4.4.8 Trails Alternatives are presented in this study as Along the urban-to-wilderness continuum, they relate to major problems that must be there is almost unlimited potential for addi- alleviated before recreational needs can be tional trails in the Great Lakes Region. The satisfied. The following alternatives have concept of bringing parks to the people has been divided among several broad categories: opened the door to hiking, bicycling, horse- acquisition, development, funding, access, re- back riding, and nature study trails in and source improvement, and program improve- between cities. Resources available for non- ment. urban hiking trails and snowmobile and other off-the-highway vehicle trails, especially in the northern portion of the Region, have only 4.5.1 Acquisition begun to be developed. One proposed national scenic trail, the Acquisition of land for recreational use is North Country Trail, is within the Great often difficult because of economic competi- Lakes Region. It would be approximately tion for land. Inner-city and suburban land 3,200 miles in length and would run from the prices are high. Land in many urban areas, Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Ver- especially in urban cores, has often been de- mont to the Lewis and Clark Trail in North veloped for other more intensive uses. Little Dakota. After crossing New York State, the lan'@ was left for playgrounds and neighbor- trail, as proposed, re-enters the Region again hood parks. Some cities did reserve land along 68 Appendix 21 lakeshores or other quality areas, but these* sources and consequent public dissatisfaction areas are usually in limited supply. In addi- with the recreational experience. tion, population densities in central urban While it is desirable to add acreage to exist- areas have been increasing in recent years, ing inventory to meet increasing needs rather promoting rising land prices in urban areas than lowering space requirement standards, where the need for recreational opportunities such action is not always possible, especially is greatest. in or near urban areas. LoNver space standards In some areas of the Region, acquisition by may have to be considered as an alternative in fee is necessary if recreational requirements the more populated areas now, and in less are to be met. With approximately 80 percent of populated areas in the future. If lower stan- the land privately owned and an almost equal dards are accepted as a means of meeting amount unavailable for recreation. because of needs, improved facility design and area man- conflicting land uses, any outdoor recreation agement policies will also be needed in many plan for the Great Lakes Region must consider recreational areas if environmental quality is acquisition as a primary alternative. Alterna- to be maintained. tives to fee acquisition include the use of easements, more intensive development of existing recreational lands, changes in an 4.5.2.2 Increased Development of Existing area's zoning structure, and leasing agree- Recreation Lands ments. Several of these will be discussed in greater detail in later sections of this appen- The methodology used in this appendix as- dix. sumes that intensely developed lands should Another problem arising fromthe acquisi- constitute an average of 50 percent of the total tion of land by fee for recreational use is re- land area of Class I lands, and 15 percent of moval of such lands from the tax base and the Class II lands. However, there are many rec- resultant corresponding loss of revenue to the reational areas in the Region that do not ap- local governmental unit. A solution to this proach this level of development. Therefore, problem, especially where large tracts are one possibility that planners and managers, purchased by regional, State, or Federal especially in the southern. portion of the Re- agencies, might be the reimbursement of local gion, must now consider is to develop existing governments by the purchaser for taxes recreational areas more intensively. Since re- foregone for a period of possibly ten years. quirements are greatest near urban areas, priority should be given to more intense de- velopment within the urban day-use zone. 4.5.2 Development This could be accomplished with intensive de- velopment on some of the present buffer areas Recreational needs cannot be met by acquis- of Class I and Class II recrE!ational lands. Such ition of land alone. A planning program must areas presently provide space for low-density also include developmental alternatives that recreational activities (e.g., hiking, fishing, will provide facilities for outdoor recreation and hunting), buffer recreational develop- experiences. The type and intensity of such ment against adjacent incompatible land development will undoubtedly be influenced uses, and provide reserve land for future ex- by its location along the urban-to-wilderness pansion. It is suggested that the amount of continuum. undeveloped land in many areas of the Basin could be reduced while recreational capacity is increased without seriously damaging the 4.5.2.1 Developmental Standards aesthetic setting needed for pleasurable rec- reation. On the other hand, the extensively Standards for space requirements are used developed 50 percent of Class I and 85 percent in the development of most parks and rec- of Class II lands can also provide some meas- reational areas. Although no national set of ure of open space in urban areas. standards or guidelines has been devised to meet the needs of all areas and circumstances, the concept of developmental standards (e.g., 4.5.2.3 Development of Environmental five campsites per acre) has been used to Corridors create and maintain a recreational environ- ment. To lower these standards would mean The relationship between recreational de- the possibility of promoting overuse of re- velopment and aesthetics is considered in Ap- Outdoor Recreation Plan 69 pendix 22, Aesthetic and Cultural Resources. 4.5.2.4 Inner-City Development Environmental corridors in urban and rural areas that isolate critical hydrologic, topo- Today, population is most dense in metro- graphic, historic, and vegetative features are politan areas where little land was reserved considered important for future recreational for recreation (Figure 21-48). Because land developments. A river passing through a city, prices are highest in urban areas, it is difficult for example, may be the focal point of a cor- for recreation to compete with other uses ridor containing a minimum of development. which can return an annual net of thousands If acquired and protected, such an area could of dollars per acre. form a nucleus for urban recreational de- Generally, within the central area of a city, velopment. Environmental corridors have al- the present intensive recreational develop- ready been identified and incorporated into a ments, high land costs, and complex owner- land-use plan for the Root River of southeast- ship patterns inhibit future recreational ern Wisconsin. To supply adequate open space development. Migration to the suburbs by in and near urban areas would require the individuals, business, and industry also in- acquisition of thousands of acres of additional hibits such development by removing private lands to provide the necessary cultural capital investments and taxable incomes. amenities, educational reserves, community Furthermore, the location of industry along appearance, and preservation of environ- watercourses is often essential to facilitate mental quality. No attempt has been made in water supply, waste disposal, and econom- this appendix to calculate the needs for such ical waterborne transportation of materials lands. and products. Too often, however, nonessen- . . . . . . . . . . . A. 44 41 .11 4 r r r F qq, F1, L a fir .kfir" i"i", WE 14, V4 IffI IV 17 W JA ;% ,rrr l T _U T4, moa AA@ ... .. .... .... ii I 4@11 MINN Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE21-48 Highly Developed Urban Area. Inner-city land prices are high and lands have often been developed for other, more intensive uses. Little land was left for playgrounds and parks. 70 Appendix 21 tial uses of these valuable shorelands soon cern for a policy that would preserve streams appear after industry locates. Municipalities in their free-flowing condition. A modification also contribute to waterfront blight with run- in policy would include construction of rela- down housing, parking lots, coal storage piles, tively small, single-purpose recreational res- sanitary land fills, and other poorly planned ervoirs in and near urban areas where many developments. Lack of planning, especially water-oriented recreation needs are evident. of the shorelands, has led to a seriously de- It is unlikely that the need for a tremendous graded condition which could often be cor- amount of water surface acreage in many por- rected by the relocation or renewal of certain tions of the Region will be met. Therefore, municipal and industrial developments. many people desiring to participate in boating Effective methods of overcoming problems or water-skiing will need to accept lower stan- of limited open space and increasing costs in- dards for space than those used in the de- clude optimum multiple use of rooftops, alleys, velopment of projected needs; spread their highway interchanges, rights-of-way, and participation in such activities throughout flood plains; compatible recreational use of the week; seek opportunities to satisfy their schools, stadiums, and other public buildings; desires for water-oriented activities in extended use of facilities through night light- facilities located outside of this watershed; ing; use. of portable facilities; and develop- and seek to satisfy their desires in other rec- ment of lot-sized play parks on a temporary reational activities. basis. Other alternatives include the redevel- opment of unsightly waterfronts and blighted 4.5.2.6 Development by the Private Sector areas and the construction of offshore rec- reational islands and peninsulas in the Great Developing quality recreational facilities to Lakes. Many of these alternatives have al- meet the Region's needs is a responsibility of ready received attention. Examples are the both the public and private sectors of the adaptation of English roof gardens to San economy. At present the private sector pro- Francisco's Golden Gateway urban renewal vides a broad array of recreational projeet67 and the 1967 preliminary feasibility opportunities -camping, swimming, golfing, study of creating islands in Lake Michigan .31 snow skiing, horseback riding, ice skating, Of the alternatives listed above, redevelop- picnicking, and outdoor games and concerts. ment of unsightly waterfront and other blight- Private facilities are provided by country ed areas possesses possibly the greatest po- clubs, summer homes, mining and timber com- tential for meeting inner-city needs. Primary panies, boat and riding clubs, utility lands consideration should be given to riverfront licensed by the Federal Power Commission, parks, playfields, marinas, or other similar clubs operated by homeowners associations water-oriented shoreland uses. and apartment complexes, company rec- reation areas provided for employees, and other similar projects. Information on the ex- 4.5.2.5 Reservoirs tent of facilities provided by the private sector is inadequate. In some areas little is known Numerous rivers in the Region possess po- about the extent or quality of facilities pro- tential reservoir sites. Once dams are con- vided by the private sector. There is a need to structed and the adjacent lands adequately explore the potential public use of private developed, many water-oriented recreational facilities such as piers and parking lots when needs could be satisfied. Several factors pre- these facilities are not being used to accom- vent such development of many sites, includ- modate private enterprise. ing growing opposition to dams by local prop- The private development of quality rec- erty owners and conservationists, the legal reational facilities for golfing, snow skiing, obstacles to justifying a reservoir for single- camping, picnicking, swimming, and other ac- purpose recreational use, a desire by some to tivities should be encouraged where it can forego a reservoir system in favor of a valley function effectively (Figure 21-49). Public in- preserve system with recreational nodes, and vestments, when properly planned, can be the inability of non-Federal entities to fulfill powerful catalysts for private development of cost-sharing responsibilities for reservoir- facilities to meet a portion of the recreational associated recreational facilities. needs. The requirement for quality develop- Organized public opposition to damming ment also includes restraint in roadside ad- streams is not likely to abate in the near fu- vertising. Signs which are constructed must ture. As exemplified by the National Wild and be designed to blend as harmoniously as pos- Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, there is great con- sible into the natural landscape. Outdoor Recreation Plan 71 + . . . . . . An 14 M_ Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-49 Ski Slopes. A winter ski area is only one of the many types of recreational facilities that the private sector can provide. 4.5.2.7 Zoning level initiative, especially when used in com- bination with fee acquisition, leasing, and Recreational resource use is often in conflict easements. Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michi- with other land uses. Through zoning, provi- gan have only recently established programs sions could be made to combine recreation requiring counties to adopt shoreline and with other land uses and to control expansion, flood plain ordinances. Indiana has proposed such as indiscriminate lakeshore develop- similar legislation. ment, in key recreational resource areas. Eng- Time and space zoning can be applied to land has effectively incorporated private hold- water surfaces to reduce conflicts among vari- ings with compatible land uses into its na- ous uses and to provide greater utility of tional parks while maintaining aesthetic con- available surfaces. The increase in needs for trol.67 water surface, especially near urban areas, is Some local governments in the Region en- too great to be satisfied through development courage builders to donate land for parks of additional water impoundments. Time zon- through alternate-density zoning (arranging ing either limits the amounts of time that all homes closer together and deeding open space or part of a body of water may be used for tracts to a public body) and through planned certain recreational activities or limits the unit development (careful planning of an area length of time during which an individual or so all types of development desired in a com- group of individuals can participate in a given munity can be accommodated in the most effi- activity. Space zoning limits the space availa- cient and economical arrangement for the site ble for a given activity at any given time. In- and the needs and desires of the residents). tensive application of zoning techniques can, These developments place parklands and open in this way, substantially increase the amount space in close proximity to the people. A good of activities which existing water surface example of the former is the Independence areas can accommodate. Commons residential development in Farm- ington Township, Oakland County, Michigan. To date, however, zoning in this country has 4.5.2.8 Environmental Impact not provided a long-term management tool for limiting land uses, particularly in nonurban When any new recreational development is areas. As a controlling procedure, zoning can being considered, the consequences of such prove itself more effective with strong State- development on the environment of the area 72 Appendix 21 must be weighed. Development of recreational velopment from adjacent incompatible land facilities can result in either favorable or ad- uses. At present, Wisconsin has a 25-year leas- verse effects on the immediate environment ing program for public hunting and fishing over a short or long period of time. For exam- purposes and a successful program for leasing ple, development of intensive-use facilities in scenic easement rights. In Pennsylvania, the heavily wooded areas over long periods of time Department of Environmental Resources and will result in soil compaction which may se- all counties have authority to purchase verely damage the trees. Therefore, the po- privately owned lands, to place restrictive tential impact of any proposed recreational convenants thereon, and to resell that land. development on the environment should be The National Park Service and U.S. Forest carefully analyzed and considered before that Service are also using the less-than-fee ac- project is authorized for construction. quisition concept in certain areas (i.e., along privately owned segments of a wild or scenic 4.5.3 Funding river). Primary advantages to land-use con- trol without fee acquisition include reductions Inadequacy of funds for planning, acquisi- in land and managemeitit cost provisions tion, and development limits expansion of rec- where recreation is combii.,led with other land reational opportunities. Competition for a uses, such as agriculture or timber produc- share of the tax dollar with education, roads, tion, and arrangements that would protect the pollution control, and other public-supported attractiveness of the landscape without need- endeavors has restricted many ambitious rec- lessly restricting its use to recreation. Land reational programs. owners can be compensated for such agree- ments by offering tax rebates, a percent of 4.5.3.1 Acquisition Funds user fees, or other incentives. Federal financial assistance is necessary to alleviate some of the burden associated with 4.5-3.2 Development Funds fee acquisition of urban lands for recreational use. Several Federal programs are designed to Federal financial assistance is available to help State and local governments with land State and,local governments for planning, ac- acquisition. quisition, and development of recreational (1) Open Space Land Program (Depart- lands. Sources of such funding, in addition to ment of Housing and Urban Development) is development funds associated with those pro- primarily designed to increase the supply of grams mentioned above in relation to land ac- park lands and open space in urban areas. quisition, include: (2) Model Cities Program (Department of (1) Urban Beautification Program (De- Housing and Urban Development) enables des- partment of Housing and Urban Develop- ignated cities to obtain extra money which ment)-pays for park benches, walkways, may be used for parks and other projects that landscapes, and similar facilities to beautify will improve the physical environment. publicly owned lands. (3) Land and Water Conservation Fund (2) Elementary and Secondary Education (Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Depart- Act, Section III (U.S. Office of Education, De- ment of the Interior) provides matching partment of Health, Education, and grants for the acquisition of both urban and Welfare) -assists local school districts in pro- rural outdoor areas and parks in blighted city viding recreational facilities and services. neighborhoods. Effectiveness of LWCF has A closer look at the Bureau of Outdoor Rec- been limited in urban situations because of reation's Land and Water Conservation Ft&nd the restraints placed upon it with respect to program will perhaps indicate the magniti5de indoor recreation facilities. The future, how- of Federal expenditure in the Great Lakes Re- ever, may eventually see LWCF used for such gion. Assistance for planning, acquisition, and facilities. development on a 50-50 matching basis Rising land costs and increasing land-use amounted to $143,192,745 to the eight Basin competition create advantages to land-use States during a seven-year period from 1965 control without fee acquisition. Easements, through 1971. In fiscal 1971, authorized appor- deed restrictions, and life tenancy clauses are tionments amounted to nearly $61 million. In- examples of less-than-fee acquisition that dividual State apportionments ranged from a could guarantee public access for low density low of $2,873,747 for Wisconsin to a high of activities (i.e., hunting, fishing, and hiking) as $12,978,000 for New York, as indicated in well as providing buffers for recreational de- Table 21-18. Outdoor Recreation Plan 73 Appropriations for planning, acquisition, and the less mobile living in the inner-city, tot and development have also been stimulated at lots, playfields, and neighborhood parks could State and local levels. For instance, New York be supplemented by subsidized rail and high- passed a $200 million developmental bond way transportation to regional recreation issue for park and marina facilities in 1966, as areas. well as a $100 million land acquisition bond While such a transportation program could issue. Furthermore, Statewide outdoor rec- alleviate some inner-city needs, it could also reation bond issues have provided $50 million create additional pressures on both rec- in Ohio, $100 million in Michigan, and $200 reational resources and highways. Rec- million in Wisconsin since 1968. reation-oriented weekend traffic has reached At the local level, funding problems are alarming peaks in some areas. Desirable as especially acute in and near large metro- some distant resources may be, highway con- politan areas. For example, the City of Detroit gestion en route can greatly reduce the pleas- is experiencing a financial squeeze, limiting ure and value of the trip. Building more its potential to adequately finance rec- highways may not be the best solution to reational development. Although the State of ground transportation problems. Mass transit Michigan has proposed to invest more than is one possible link between cities and re- $44 million in recreational facilities duringthe source areas that have the capacity to handle 1968-1977 period in an area roughly ap- large numbers of people. proximating Planning Subarea 4.1, the need for additional facilities will remain. 4.5.4.2 Unbalanced Pressure on Parks 4.5.4 Access Mass transit systems and modern highways The degree of resource accessibility is im- could make remote recreational areas in the portant in meeting recreational needs. Access Region accessible for weekend use, leading improvement and access restrictions must many recreationists to bypass other resources both be considered if the Region's recreational that could furnish the desired activities. This needs are to be met without resource depre- could contribute to the depreciation of less ciation. common recreational resources and experi- ences. 4.5.4.1 Access to Day-Use and Weekend-Use What appears to be a compulsion to see the Facilities "best" opportunities at the end of the highway has already created unnecessary highway Emphasis on re source -oriented parks in rel- traffic and unbalanced pressure on certain atively inaccessible areas must be replaced parks (Figure 21-50). In effect, increased ac- by greater emphasis on day-use and cessibility brought about by transportation weekend-use facilities close to urban popula- technology may have to be offset by tions. Even when such facilities are administratively controlled access in some adequately provided, the accessibility ques- areas and additional facility development in tion is not completely resolved. Access pre- other areas. Perhaps local governments can sents no problem for those with sufficient in- provide such assistance by developing and come and mobility. But for the poor, the old, publicizing more local facilities. TABLE21-18 Apportionments to Great Lakes Region States from the Land and Water Conserva- tion Fund State 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Total Illinois 378,725 3,136,401 2,104,901 2,274,488 1,674,609 2,292,094 10,376,767 22,237,985 Indiana 210,277 1,774,048 1,189,678 1,294,694 958,759 1,268,122 3,604,191 10,299,769 Michigan 303,662 2,723,567 1,808,119 1,945,755 1,463,526 1,978,810 7,495,481 17,718,920 Minnesota 183,119 1,495,630 1,018,077 1,131,512 814,419 1,131,799 2,933,728 8,768,284 New York 601,610 4,928,780 3.382,451 3,652,786 2,483,393 3,539,961 12,978,000 31,566,981 Ohio 357,056 2,845,872 1,922,714 2,085,425 1,521,010 2,114,315 9,132,398 19,978,790 Pennsylvania 391,206 3,249,806 2,133,573 2,424,110 1,600,340 2,337,671 11,263,963 23,400,678 Wisconsin 194,669 1,645,578 1,109,716 1,231,721 912,137 1,523,770 2,873,747 9,221,338 Total 2,620,324 21,799,682 14,669,229 16,040,491 11,428,202 15,916,542 60,718,275 143,192,745 74 Appendix 21 4.5.4.3 Off-the-Highway Vehicles the 1970 Michigan Outdoor Recreation Plan reported nearly 9,000 miles of snowmobile Off-the-highway vehicle innovations have - trails in that State. also increased resource accessibility while creating new management problems. Interest 4.5.4.4 User Distribution in Time and Space in snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and trail bikes has mushroomed overnight. Their use Related to resource accessibility is user dis- has provided access to and enjoyment of many tribution in time and space. If, for example, formerly inaccessible areas. In 1970, for the four-day work week became common to example, nearly 455,000 snowmobiles were reg- many businesses and industries, the addi- istered in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, tional free time available to people could re- .25 These States New York, and Pennsylvania sult in increased per cap'Ita demand for rec- do not require registration of machines used reational opportunities. An increase of rec- only on private lands or by public agencies. reational pressures on lands, water, and Assuming that 75 percent of all snowmobiles facilities would follow. On the other hand, a in these States are registered it is estimated four-day work week designed to maximize a that there were nearly 570,000 in 1970. company's use of its plant and equipment Indiscriminate use, however, results in would also tend to distribute recreational de- damage to young trees and wildlife, excessive mand beyond the traditional two- or three-day noise, severe soil erosion, and a mode of trans- weekend. If staggered working days are portation for vandalism and theft in cottages. adopted, it could become difficult for a family A number of Michigan's sand dunes and their with two employed persons and children in associated vegetative cover have been seri- school to find a "weekend" for recreation. ously altered or destroyed by heavy use of all- Consideration of alterations in traditional terrain vehicles. It is recommended that cer- scheduling is not exclusive to industry. A 12- tain dune areas be identified and preserved by month school year has been considered by banning or restricting these vehicles. Exam- many school districts. Itwould not only alter ples of such action can be found in Wisconsin the vacation season, but also change summer where parks are being provided for motorized day-use and weekend-use patterns. vehicle use, and in Indiana where snow- The spatial distribution of recreationists mobiles and other motorized vehicles are pro- must also be considered. Many areas within hibited in State parks. In 1967, 4,000 miles of the Great Lakes Region are overused, while designated snowmobile trails were available other areas in and adjacent to the Region re- in Michigan, 3,000 miles in Minnesota, and ceive relatively little use (Figure 21-51). Such 6,000 miles in Wisconsin. As noted in Section 3, unbalanced distribution has adverse effects AP8 4#P AR ILI C.u,t.sy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-50 Pressure on Recreation Facilities. The compulsion to see the best opportunities has created extreme pressures on certain recreational resources. Outdoor Recreation Plan 75 OW I V-f@, :0 Q Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service FIGURE 21-51 Limited Use vs. Overuse. How much use can an area support without destroy- ing or detracting from the wilderness environ- ment? 4 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Ss, 76 Appendix 21 on the quality of the environment and the 4.5.5.1 Water Quality quality of the experience in any given area. Transfer of recreational requirements from Agricultural, industrial, domestic, and even areas of heavy use to areas of light use must be recreational enterprises have operated as if promoted. lakes and streams were public dumping Alternatives that have been considered in grounds for every conceivable type of waste the Boundary Waters Canoe Area to alleviate (Figures 21-53 and 21-5-1). The list includes unbalanced distribution include: limiting the size of parties; assigning campsites; requiring advance user reservations; limiting total numbers of people; reducing motorized use; rotating facility use; and limiting the length of stay for each party .44 4.5.4.5 Access to Privately Owned Lands Because 80 percent of the lands are pri- vately owned, many recreational resources cannot be used because of access denial. In the past, laws which held the landowner responsi- ble in liability lawsuits resulted in fenced property with "No Trespassing" signs (Figure PRIVATE BEACH'' 21-52). Now all States in the Great Lakes Re- gion have passed landowner liability relief laws. However, many "No Trespassing" signs still remain, either because of the desire for NO STOPPING privacy, public abuse of private lands, or lack of knowledge about the liability relief laws. Also, these laws generally do not cover private lands when use by the public is invited and en- NO LANDING (-l couraged. In short, laws have not encouraged the development of private land for public rec- FROM -BOATS reation. Railroads and highways also limit access to water areas. Eliminating their barrier effect vide access to water and adjacent land areas. through improved design would hell) to pro- Wisconsin, for example, has a program de- signed to provide public access to lakes and streams. 4.5.5 Resource Improvement The quality of an outdoor recreation experi- J ence is very much influenced by the quality of Z' the resource. Wherever natural or man-made contaminants have been dumped onto the land, into the water, or into the air, the capa- bility of that resource to help meet the rec- reational needs is reduced. Individual pref- erences and varying definitions of quality Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources make an analytical assessment of its intangi- FIGURE 21-52 Limitation to Public Use. ble aspects difficult. A crowded beach may be Fences and no trespassing signs limit the use of seen as a desirable recreational area by some land and water areas that would otherwise be while others would shun such an experience. available for public use. eD 3. 1 m I ND Superior c 2.4 CD Lake Huron Ontario U 3.2 (D 4. \4,e .3 20 40 62@ 8P 190 wl; .2 MILES 78 Appendix 21 phosphorus, nitrogen, and pesticides from ag- sewage from urban areas, large agricultural ricultural sources, toxic metals from indus- feedlots, and runoff from agricultural lands. trial sources, human wastes from improperly Very little sewage receives; tertiary treatment equipped cottages and watercraft, and uncon- to remove these nutrients. Drainage waters trolled thermal pollution from nuclear and carrying nitrogen in solution and phosphorus fossil fuel power plants. It is believed that the attached to particles of sediment provide a inflow of nutrients, especially phosphorus and large and constant source of nutrients. The nitrogen, into Great Lakes water is largely closing of Lake St. Clair to sport fishing as a responsible for algal growth. The chief source result of mercury contamination illustrates of these nutrients is inadequately treated the incompatibility of untreated industrial Z & I@A A@* 7- 7 7 Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 4- A.- C `7XV ;411 A* k ZZ FIGURE 21-54 Waste Disposal, Great, Lakes Style Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources Outdoor Recreation Plan 79 wastes and water-oriented recreational ac- controls had been put into effect; even now few tivities. regulations have been imposed. Some local Deterioration of water quality has resulted governments have enacted building and con- in the classification of large portions of the struction ordinances which contain provisions Region's streams and lakes according to the for the control of soil erosion and sedimenta- following scale: tion. These controls vary greatly in effective- (1) lightly impaired, whole body contact al- ness. But local governments are hesitant to lowed, but nearby mining, canning, sewage enact strong regulatory ordinances because treatment, or similar activities may inhibit an they fear discouragement of development that aesthetically pleasing environment could provide additional tax revenues. to the (2) moderately impaired, water suitable community. for partial body contact activities, but whole For control of soil erosion and sedimenta- body contact is prohibited tion, the following actions are suggested: (3) grossly impaired, recreation prohibited (1) require the preparation of soil erosion because of algal growth, dead fish, oil slicks, and sedimentation control programs floating debris, raw sewage, or other similar (2) require local governments to enact conditions building and construction ordinances contain- Figure 21-53 shows the location of major ing soil erosion and sedimentation control bodies of water that have been classified as provisions within guidelines and specifica- impaiied by 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, and 1970 tions set forth in the aforementioned pro- Bureau of Outdoor Recreation reports (see grams references 60, 61, 62, 63, and 64). (3) require land users and developers to In 1961, the waters of Sterling Beach in control excessive soil erosion and sedimenta- Sterling State Park, located on Lake Erie be- tion tween Detroit and Toledo, were posted as un- (4) provide a State agency backup, if neces- safe for full body contact .27 In 1967 approxi- sary, to ensure that local governments mately 116 acres of Great Lakes beaches were adequately promulgate and enforce soil ero- closed because of indiscriminate water pollu- sion and sedimentation controls tion. By 1970, the situation had not improved. A January 11, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency news release stated that numerous 4.5.5.3 Dredging, Filling, and Disposal of beaches in the Milwaukee, Chicago, Toledo, Dredge Spoil Cleveland, Buffalo, and Ithaca areas had been posted as polluted. It also indicated that Many problems caused by unregulated fill- "deterioration of Lake Erie water quality has ing and dredging of lakes and streams are cost the Erie, Pennsylvania, area approxi- now effectively controlled. A problem still mately $13 million a year in tourist trade. The exists, however, in annual maintenance closing of six beaches in the Lake Ontario dredging of Federal commercial and rec- basin in 1969 resulted in an estimated reational harbors, especially when polluted economic loss of $1,900,000."6' dredge spoil is involved. Annual dredging is required in many deep- water and recreational harbors to ensure 4.5.5.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation adequate depth for navigation. When harbors contain polluted bottom sediments, disposal is Excessive quantities of soil are being eroded a problem. Past practice has been to dispose of from agricultural land, housing develop- all dredge spoil in designated dumping grounds ments, industrial sites, street and highway in the open Lakes, often in areas where pol- construction routes, and recreational areas. luted material could contaminate public The resulting sediment clogs storm sewers swimming areas near the harbors in question. and silts streams, lakes, and reservoirs, ad- Complicating the matter is the problem of versely affecting water quality, fish, and finding suitable land disposal sites for pol- wildlife. The process commonly limits the use luted dredge spoil since they are both scarce of water for most purposes, including water- and expensive. oriented recreation. According to the conclusions of a U.S. Army Control of soil erosion and sedimentation Corps of Engineers Pilot Study :47 has long been recognized as essential for the (1) Alternative methods for disposal of pol- protection of our valuable water and land re- luted dredging spoil consistent with current sources. Until recently, however, only limited pollution control goals and programs are 80 Appendix 21 necessary. The present practice of open lake at nuclear plant sites, thus encouraging spoil disposal should be discontinued. tourism. (2) Determination of the nature and de- Utility companies note that thermal dis- gree of pollution of dredging spoil and the charges of power plants would warm small necessity for alternative disposal should be sections of the frequently cold water of the made jointly by the Federal Environmental Great Lakes, increasing the recreational Protection Agency and the appropriate State value for swimmers. However, this potential pollution control agency. cannot be realized until a thorough study is (3) Selection of alternate disposal sites for made of the overall impact of warm water dis- dredging spoil should be a joint Federal-State charges upon the lake environment. responsibility. (4) The additional cost of dredging spoil disposal should be a project cost. Where non- 4.5.5.5 Shoreland Development navigational benefits are created (such as land reclamation or recreational enhance- Use and development problems (Figure ment), the additional cost of disposal should be 21-55) generally become more intense on in- subject to reimbursement. land lakes because of the limits imposed by (5) An action program of alternate dredg- their size. Overdevelop ment, accelerated eu- ing spoil disposal should be implemented im- trophication, use conflicts, filling and dredging, mediately. and pollution are becoming more prevalent as (6) Support should be given any pending lakes become more intensively developed. Federal legislation encompassing these rec- The Great Lakes Region has thousands of ommendations. inland lakes ranging from a few to thousands of acres in size. Their use for recreation, navi- gation, water supply, and the development of 4.5.5.4 Thermal Pollution their shorelands has been heavy and will con- tinue to expand in the years to come. Because thermonuclear generating plants Little thought was given to planning for the must be near large volumes of water, some use and development of lakeshores in the past. Great Lakes shoreland is being used for this Now there is great need for comprehensive purpose. As demands for power increase, cool- planning and managemei.,it of inland lakes to ing water from such plants is causing much ensure proper future use and development. controversy. It is not yet known what effect, Legislative programs similar to those now if any, discharged cooling water may have on being implemented for shorelands protection the overall ecology of the Great Lakes. A long- and management in some States should be de- standing controversy on minimum standards veloped for inland lakes hri all States. Certain for such discharges has added to the problems controls over use and development of inland associated with the 16 existing and proposed lakes could effectively minimize existing con- nuclear power plants-three on Lake Ontario, flicts and problems and assure a controlled ten on Lake Michigan, and three on Lake Erie. management program for future lake use and There are also strong objections to the non- development. Wisconsin's shoreland zoning aesthetic appearance of cooling towers, measures, for instance, now require buildings transmission lines and other plant facilities. to be a minimum of 75 feet from the lake, lots at The encroachment of power plants on the least 100 feet wide, and a 50-foot setback of tile Great Lakes shoreline has generally had a fields. The zoning measures also prohibit detrimental effect upon shoreland rec- building in lowlands.73 reational opportunities. Increased coordina- tion among planners, engineers, and ecologists in the location and design of power 4.55.5.6 Sanitary Landfills and Solid Waste plants could substantially reduce such con- Disposal flicts. Cooling ponds or lakes and land adja- cent to power generating plants can be used The disposal of solid. wastes, whether for boating, fishing, water-skiing, picnicking, household rubbish or junk automobiles, is be- and camping. In addition, the large, unde- coming an ever-increasing problem as our veloped "exclusion areas" of nuclear plants population expands. Too often, high quality or may used for hunting, fishing, and picnicking potentially high quality shorelands and other under existing Federal regulations. Some natural areas are used for solid waste disposal power companies are building visitor centers and sanitary landfills. Through recycling, Outdoor Recreation Plan 81 0 'Am j@4 -Af ----------- c ... tesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FIGURE 21-55 Shoreland Development. Intensive development on shorelands precludes public use of such land and makes it highly susceptible to storm damage. wastes become resources. Governmental sup- ta, Michigan, Wisconsin, New York, Indiana, port is needed for research in this area. and Illinois have legislation prohibiting the Adequate land areas for use as disposal sites discharge of sanitary wastes from rec- for wastes which cannot be recycled are be- reational watercraft into the Great Lakes; coming increasingly difficult to acquire. Michigan and Indiana's legislation includes Sanitary landfills and other solid waste dis- commercial vessels. At the Federal level, the posal sites, even in areas well suited for such Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 in- activities, are often met with considerable op- corporated provisions for control of sewage position from adjoining property owners and from vessels on navigable waters. Section 13 others. Consequently, alternative locations (b) of the Act states, "As soon as possible [the are often found along shorelines and other rel- government] shall promulgate federal stan- atively undeveloped areas having ree- dards of performance for marine sanitation reational potential. Sanitary landfills ad- devices. . . ."51 These and other strong pollu- joining watercourses also may contribute to tion control measures can result in increasing water pollution through seepage. recreational opportunities in critical areas of Upon completion, the recreational potential unsatisfied demands. of a sanitary landfill can and should be realized through soil stabilization techniques, beautification projects, and functional land- 4.5.5.8 Great Lakes Shoreland Erosion scape design and development. Wave action, underground seepage, surface-water runoff, and frost and ice action 4.5.5.7 Recreational Watercraft Wastes are strong,erosional forces that damage the Great Lakes shoreline. Between Kenosha and Boaters have also contributed to water pol- Milwaukee, Wisconsin, an estimated three lution through watercraft wastes. To alleviate and a half feet of property is eroded annually this problem, Chicago has passed an ordinance into Lake Michigan. Since the late 1930s, that requires watercraft using the Lake property lines have receded 195 feet in the Michigan harbor area to be equipped with South Haven area of Michigan, replacing a holding tanks for onshore disposal. Minneso- sandy beach with a 60- to 70-foot bluff. Early in 82 Appendix 21 J d 44 Courtesy of Michigan De@artment of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-56 Air Pollution. Air pollution is common in many Great Lakes cities. 1971, 20 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes cent years, industries have been forced to in- crumbled into Lake Michigan.18 High waters vest millions of dollars in air pollution control have obliterated sandy beaches, created systems, and laws have been enacted to con- swamps, and covered boat livery docks built in trol the design, installation, and operation of low-water years. home incinerators. Outdoor leaf and rubbish To alleviate shoreland erosion problems, burning has been banned -.*tn many areas, and Appendix 12, Shore Use and Erosion, refers to fly ash scrubbers on sludge furnaces of munic- three broad alternatives: protection through ipal sewage treatment plants have been in- zoning of the shorelands, protection through stalled. The Clean Air Ain,,iendments of 1970 construction of shore erosion control struc- became law (Public Law 91-604) on December tures, and protection through control of lake 31, 1970, regulating emissions from vehicles levels. and stationary sourceS.53 Unstable air masses flowing across the Re- gion in a west-to-east direction sweep most 4.5.5.9 Air Pollution unhealthy air pollutants eastward. However, for short periods of time, undesirable air- Undesirable contaminants in the air also borne contaminants may remain over a heav- adversely affect the quality of an outdoor rec- ily populated area, endangering the health of reational experience (Figure 21-56). As one of its residents, especially those engaged in the most heavily industralized and populated strenuous recreational activities. Stronger areas of the country, the Great Lakes Region legislation is needed to combat all air pollu- produces tremendous amounts of pollutant tion. particles (fly ash, soot, and lead), and. gases (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various 4.5.6 Program Improvement oxides of nitrogen). Sources include au- tomobiles, manufacturing complexes, power Use and enjoyment of recreational re- plants, and backyard incinerators. sources and facilities are influenced by the The sources of air pollutants have not sig- effectiveness of Federal, State and local nificantly changed from past decades. In re- policies. Outdoor Recreation Plan 83 4.5.6.1 Multiple-Activity Compatibility veloped by all individuals if good recreational opportunities are to be available in the future. Management of the Region's recreational Environmental awareness has only re- resources is complicated in some areas by the cently become a serious element in most rec- use of two or more incompatible activities on reational planning and development. In the such resources. Incompatible activities must past too little attention has been given to be adequately considered in any comprehen- evaluating the impact of recreational use and sive recreation plan. One example is the con- development on the natural environment. flict between canoeists and trout fishermen on Planning based on a real understanding of the some of the Region's streams, including the complex environmental relationships is AuSable River of Michigan. Because stream needed today. mileage is not adequate to meet the needs of both groups simultaneously, management plans could possibly resolve conflicts of in- 4.5.6.4 Government-Citizen Involvement terest and provide the basis for satisfactory experiences by both groups. The same can be Effective use of lands and funds at the proj- said of swimming and fishing, hiking and cy- ect level is influenced by government-citizen cling, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing, communication. While additional money to sailing and power boating, and other incom- support traditional park and recreational patible activities. To alleviate conflicts, the facilities and programs is necessary, possibilities of restricting use to certain areas adequately allocated resources must be and periods of time, as well as limiting the coupled with neighborhood involvement in the number of users, should be considered. planning and decision-making process. An ex- cellent example of govern me nt-citi zen coop- eration can be found in Detroit. Following the 4.5.6.2 Program and Area Supervision 1967 riots, Deprived Area Recreation Team (DART) was established to give residents a Within an urban area, a park and recreation part in the planning of recreational facilities program cannot completely meet resident rec- most suited to them. Major lines of communi- reational needs unless there are personnel to cation have since been established between supervise programs and areas. Overflowing inner-city groups and affiliates. Workshops wastebaskets, broken glass, ruined shrubs have been established to make citizens more and flowerbeds, mutilated benches and de- aware of Federal and State aid, and effort is faced statues and building walls have turned being made to provide recreational facilities in some parks and recreational areas into slums. neighborhoods lacking them.55 Sidewalks and streets have therefore become play areas even when public recreational 4.5.7 Planning facilities are available. In addition land allo- cations often stress sports and playground Many problems in providing local rec- programs, and ignore the cultural, artistic, reational opportunities result from insuffi- and creative needs of the community. cient planning on a scale to analyze adequately issues and to develop solutions. Municipal, township, and even county plan- 4.5.6.3 Educational Programs ning bodies are too narrow in scope to consider adequately the impact of their citizens on Environmental awareness is now signifi- localities outside of their boundaries, or the cant in our educational system. The Environ- impact of people from other places on their mental Education Act passed by the U.S. Con- areas of responsibility. These problems are gress in October 1970 encourages the de- not specific to recreation alone, they are com- velopment of new environmental educational mon to most uses of land and water resources programs, training of educators and commu- in such urban areas. In a number of States in nity leaders in many different areas, dissemi- the Great Lakes Region there is need for State nation of educational information for use in legislation to establish regional planning au- such programs, and establishment of outdoor thorities, such as the Southeastern Wisconsin ecological study centers. As quality rec- Regional Planning Commission and the reational resources diminish, a general ap- Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, preciation for the environment must be de- to provide for planning on a regional scale. 84 Appendix 21 These commissions have the capacity to facilities are involved in meeting the rec- analyze the needs of the entire metropolitan reational requirements of two different plan- area and to examine the capacity of available ning areas. The recreational needs of both the resources to meet those needs, not only for Rainy River basin and Planning Subarea 1.1 recreation but for all uses of land and water. are slightly greater than 'indicated in the two comprehensive studies, because the two plan- ning areas have a surplus of recreational op- 4.6 Specific Features of the Plan portunities in the overlapping area. This er- ror, however, is considered so small that it has A discussion of the needs, specific problems, little if any effect upon acquisition and de- alternatives, and a general plan are set forth velopment plans. for each of the planning subareas. The preced- Total annual recreational requirements of ing discussions of objectives, responsibilities, Planning Subarea 1.1 for -1970 were estimated programs, problems, and alternatives are at nearly 10 million recreation days. By 2020 applicable to all of the planning subareas, and, these demands are estimated to approach 24 therefore, are not repeated. million recreation days. Water-oriented rec- Subsequent subsections on plan design reational requirements were estimated to be discuss elements proposed for recreational almost three million in 1970, and are expected development for each of the planning sub- to reach more than seven million recreation areas and give a general priority rating which days by 2020. can be changed according to the development of needs. However, priorities for certain ele- ments are critical because if they are not 4.6.1.1 Estimate of Needs acquired in the near future, they may not be available at a later time. On examining Table 2.1-19, it is apparent that there are no new acreage needs for sev- eral activities through the year 2020, and that 4.6.1 Planning Subarea 1.1 only moderate amounts are needed for the remaining activities. This; is due to a method- This planning subarea includes the portion ology that does not adequately consider the of Minnesota along the north shore of Lake impact of directional travel patterns. Many Superior and the portion of Wisconsin on its urban dwellers are willing to travel more than south shore. Approximately 50 percent of the 150 miles for overnight and weekend use to use effective population is derived from urban high-quality resources, and will travel in cer- sources and only one SM9A, Duluth- Superior, tain directions in much greater numbers than is found within the area. The eight counties of they will in other directions. Because the this planning subarea contain many high magnitude of this directional pattern from quality recreational resources, including the urban centers is unknown, adequate support- Boundary Waters Canoe Area (administered ing data were unavailable. Therefore, the by the U.S. Forest Service), extensive forests, methodology used in this study did not prop- a multitude of lakes and streams, topography erly weigh the impact of recreational re- which lends itself to winter sports, and an ex- quirements on this planning subarea. ceptionally attractive Lake Superior shore- The importation of recreational demand to line. this area is much greater than that shown by There are approximately 5,175,000 acres the study data. Even though the study data available for recreation in this planning sub- show little or no need for various water- area. Of this total, more than 4.1 million acres oriented activities, it is assumed that the data are in national, State, or county forests, and generated by the two States more accurately more than 40,000 acres in State and local reflect the needs in this planning subarea. The parks. The acreage of Great Lakes and inland water supply base in this area appears to be waters considered usable for recreation is ap- adequate to meet present and future demands proximately 325,000 and 506,000 acres, respec- for boating and related activities. tively. The Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Plan28 The northern portions of St. Louis County states that there will be need for additional and Lake County, Minnesota, were included in swimming, picnicking, camping, golf, trail, both the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study and boat launching facilities in the Minnesota and the Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Com- portion of this planning subarea by 1980. The prehensive Study. Therefore, the same Wisconsin Outdoor Recreation Plan7l shows Outdoor Recreation Plan 85 TABLE 21-19 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 1.1 Total Acres Publicly Area County Acres Owned Copper Falls Ashland 1,800 1,400 Minersville Ashland 6,500 4,600 Lake Owen Bayfield 2,200 2,000 Drummond Bayfield 5,000 5,000 Lake Superior Bayfield 4,400 2,100 York Island Bayfield 20400 Sand Island Bayfield 1,300 1,300 Marengo River Bayfield 1,900 600 Iron Range Iron 6,200 4,000 Gile Flow Iron 1,800 1,300 Potato River Iron 400 400 Pattison State Park Douglas 1,000 ----- Nemadji River Douglas 2$100 1,900 Amnicon Falls Douglas 1,200 700 St. Louis River Douglas ls300 ----- St. Croix River Douglas 4$600 2,600 1980 needs for camping, golf, and trails in the tor, the greatest needs in 1970 were for play- four Wisconsin counties when State Planning fields, golf courses, and more than 100 miles of Area Six is prorated to these counties on a bicycle trails. To satisfy the urban needs of native population basis. this planning subarea, it was estimated that Plan formulation will be based on the con- nearly 1,300 acres of additional developed clusion that a much larger portion of camping, lands were needed in 1970. By 2020, this need boating, picnicking, swimming, and trail- is expected to reach 9,400 acres (Table 21-19). oriented activities allocated to Planning Sub- In contrast, the 1969 Executive Summary for areas 2.1 and 2.2, will be satisfied in Planning the Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Plan29 Subarea 1.1. stated that 3,600 acres would be needed for golf courses in the northeastern part of the (1) Urban Land Needs State by 1980. Methodology for computation of In an area where 32 percent of developed Class I (urban) and Class 11 (nonurban) rec- acreage needs were allocated to the urban sec- reation lands is located in Annex E. 86 Appendix 21 (2) Nonurban Land Needs section 4.5, recreational difficulties include Total developed land needs for nonurban water levels too low for canoeing, overuse in recreational areas amounted to 310 acres in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA), ad- 1970. This will increase to 580 acres in 1980, verse environmental impact of mining opera- 1,420 acres in 2000, and 2,430 acres in 2020. It is tions, and heavy dependence upon the tourist estimated that 50 percent of these needs can industry. be satisfied on existing publicly owned lands. Canoeing on several streams outside the The total need for new land amounted to 1,100 Boundary Waters Canoe Area is dependent acres in 1970 and is expected to increase to upon the maintenance of low-head impound- 1,900 acres by 1980, 4,700 acres by 2000, and ment structures. There is a need to construct, 8,100 acres by 2020. Since directional patterns repair, and reconstruct such structures in of travel were not considered, such estimates order to maintain water at previously estab- may be low. The Minnesota State Recreation lished levels. This will contribute to control of Plan for the State's Planning Area Three, BWCA use. which includes all of the Minnesota portion of In 1969, approximately 113,000 people vis- Planning Subarea 1.1 of the Great Lakes ited the BWCA. Most of them entered the area Basin and Itasca County, set forth 1980 needs at six of the 78 access points and were concen- (exclusive of Itasca County) as follows: 110 trated along a few travel:routes. Lime, a geog- acres of swimming beaches, 40 acres of camp- rapher with the North Central Forest Exper- ing, 1,000 acres of picnicking, 440 acres of boat iment Station, stated, "In these areas, use launching sites, 250 miles of trails, and 3,200 probably has not only decreased the quality of acres of golf courses. After adjusting the Wis- the experience for many visitors but may have consin Outdoor Recreation Plan Data for deteriorated the environment as well.1117 State Planning Area Six to include only the The controversial dumping of taconite four counties in this planning subarea, a need wastes into Lake Superior at Silver Bay, Min- for 220 acres of camping and a minor need for nesota, has serious implications for fisher- golf courses in 1980 was indicated. Surpluses men, lakeside residents, conservationists, rec- of 175 acres for swimming beaches, 130 acres reationists, and several government agencies. for picnicking, and 260 miles for trails were Extensive mining operations have removed shown. The sum of the needs developed by the many millions of tons of iron ore in the Min- two States for their respective planning areas, nesota portion of this area. Recently, new min- adjusted to include only those counties in ing operations have opened up vast areas of Planning Subarea 1.1, showed needs of 870 taconite ore accompanied by vast open pit ex- acres for picnicking, 260 acres for camping, cavations and huge piles cof debris that greatly and approximately 3,200 acres foi golf courses. detract from the aesthetic qualities of the A surplus of 70 acres of swimming beach area. existed. However, surpluses for swimming The social and economic well-being of the beaches in one part of a planning subarea Lake Superior area depends heavily upon the might not offset needs for such facilities in tourist industry. But the -region's competition another part of that area. for the tourist dollar has been impeded by in- (3) Total Land for Recreation adequate facilities, un avail ability of credit for Combining urban and nonurban land de- capital improvement, poor management prac- mands, there was a need for the acquisition tices, and inadequate efforts to promote and development of more than 2,300 acres of tourism. recreational land in 1970. The total need for recreational land will reach nearly 18,000 4.6.1.3 Suggestions for Future Action acres by 2020 (Table 21-19). In addition to the general objectives listed Many, but not all, recreational land needs of at the beginning of Section 4, recreation ob- Planning Subarea 1.1 can be met by increased jectives specific to this planning subarea are: development of existing public forests and (1) greater utilization of the recreation po- parks and by acquisition of lands in and near tential on Lake Superior and along its shores the Duluth-Superior area. (2) preservation and utilization of wil- Assuming an average optimal level of de- derness areas to the optimal capacity velopment of 15 percent on State park lands, 0.86 percent on national f:)rests in Minnesota, and 0.66 percent on those in Wisconsin, ap- 4.6.1.2 Problems proximately 30,000 acres in this planning sub- area are available for intensive recreational In addition to the problems listed in Sub- development. Because of the present distribu- Outdoor Recreation Plan 87 TABLE 21-20 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 1.1 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply _-Reeds Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 60 230 0 70 260 0 110 260 0 150 260 0 Picnicking 900 920 0 1,080 1,160 0 1,360 1,160 200 1,680 1,160 520 Camping 350 1,280 0 530 1,570 0 820 1,570 0 1,150 1,570 0 Parking (General) 120 150 0 150 150 0 210 150 60 280 150 130 Parking (Boats & Water-skiing) 180 140 40 260 190 70 380 190 190 520 190 330 Subtotal 1,610 2,720 40 2,090 3,330 70 2,880 3,330 450 3,780 3,330 980 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 1,500 860 640 2,150 890 1,260 3,400 890 2,510 4,700 890 3,810 Golf 2,160 1,650 510 3,000 1,780 1,220 4,850 1,780 3,070 6,600 1,780 4,820 Subtotal 3.660 2,510 1,150 5,150 2,670 2,480 8,250 2,670 5,580 11,300 2,670 8,630 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 110 1,010 0 120 1,090 0 140 1,090 0 140 1,090 0 Sledding 190 0 190 230 0 230 340 0 340 500 0 500 Ice Skating 10 30 0 20 30 0 30 30 0 40 30 10 Subtotal 310 1,040 190 370 1,120 230 510 1,120 340 680 1,120 510 Total Acres of Developed Land 5,580 61270 1,380 7,610 7,120 2,780 11,640 7,120 6,370 15,760 7,120 10,120 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including Canoeing, Sailing, & Water-skiing) 61,000 831,000 0 82,000 831,000 0 122,000 831,000 0 172,000 831,000 0 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 140 710 0 200 770 0 290 770 0 420 770 0 Bicycling 140 30 110 160 30 130 200 30 170 250 30 220 Horseback Riding 60 300 0 70 320 0 90 320 0 150 320 0 Total Miles of Trail 340 1,040 110 430 1,120 130 580 1,120 170 820 1,120 220 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 1,270 2,720 6,150 9,600 Class 11 1,070 1,940 4,740 8,130 Total Land Needs 2,340 4,660 10,890 17,730 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 130 230 1,500 3,260 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For All Recreation Activities (1000s) 9,959 12,897 17,982 24,278 For Water-Oriented Recreation Activities (1000s) 2,853 3,787 5,285 7,148 88 Appendix 21 tion of public lands, ,it was assumed that all reational activities under strict control. Class I and 50 percent of Class II land needs Within Planning Subarea. 1.1 (Figure 21-57) will have to be met through acquisition. Ac- proposed or authorized areas of national sig- quisition will have to take place where there is nificance include the following: insufficient potential for additional develop- (1) Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, a ment orf existing public lands, or where it is 42,000-acre area authoriZed by Congress in necessary to preserve high quality resources 1970 and consisting of two units, the Red Cliff not now in public ownership. Unit and the Apostle Island Unit To meet estimated recreational needs, the (2) Voyageurs National Park, an au- 1966 Wisconsin Outdoor Recreation Plan thorized addition to the National Park System listed the following as recreational areas of encompassing about 219,000 acres, including special significance: 80,000 acres of water surface (1) Apostle Islands State Forest, Bayfield (3) Grand Portage National Monument, a County-5,100 acres 12,644-acre proposed area extending 28.7 (2) Bayfield Marina, Bayfield County miles along the Lake Superior shoreline and (3) Saxon Harbor, Iron County-100 acres encompassing 14 offshore islands (Figure (4) Lake Minnesuing Recreation Area, 21-58) Douglas County (4) a portion of the proposed North Coun- In addition, the plan lists a $1,000,000 Lake try Trail, the study of which was authorized by Superior harbor project in the northeast Public Law 90-543 corner of Douglas County; several other areas with potential for recreational development are listed in Table 21-20. The State of Minnesota also lists proposed 4.6.1.4 Plan Design and potential recreation areas. Under a 10- year program recommended by the Minnesota Proposed recreational planning alterna- Outdoor Recreation Resources Commission," tives are set forth here as j)art of a broad over- two State parks within the planning subarea view framework, not a specific plan. More will be increased in size; Baptism River State study and analysis will be required to deter- Park by 100 acres, and Judge C. R. Magney mine the specific size and type of development State Park by 3,200 acres. needed for a detailed plan.. Four potential canoe routes designated in New lands will have to be acquired in and 1963 and 12 additional routes named in 1967 near urban areas throughout the planning are being studied in Minnesota. The Cloquet subarea for much of the ("lass I type recrea- and St. Louis Rivers are near the Duluth- tional development. Some urban needs could Superior SMSA. Fifteen of these 16 rivers be satisfied through intensive development of have been recommended for study under the existing public lands.in close proximity to Minnesota Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1973. urban centers. Development of these streams would benefit There are two alternatives for Class II type the Duluth-Superior population as well as development. First, all existing publicly people outside it. owned park land should be developed more Additional development is planned by the intensively to provide additional recreational U.S. Forest Service in its two national opportunities. Because the level of develop- forests, Superior (including the Boundary ment on this land is presently quite low, ex- Waters Canoe Area) and Chequamegon. pansion of facilities would not lead to over- There are several areas possessing na- development. In addition, publicly owned tionally significant qualities which, once es- forest lands should be used where feasible to tablished, will also help meet the planning provide recreational opportunities such as subarea's recreational needs. It should be camping, swimming, boating, and trails. stressed that the amount of development may Secondly, new lands will need to be acquired be restricted by an area's purpose. Although to satisfy recreational needs where oppor- State and local parks and recreational areas tunities are not now available or where there are established to provide outdoor recreation is a need to protect high-quality recreational opportunities, national parks, monuments, resources from exploitation. The following ele- lakeshores, and scenic rivers are established ments are suggested for recreational de- to preserve scenic, historic, cultural, and aes- velopment and should be given priority during thetic qualities while permitting selected ree- the 1970-1980 time frame: Outdoor Recreation Plan 89 VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK GRAND PORTAGE NATIONAL MONUMENT A& SUPERIOR NATIONAL FOREST JUDGE MAGNEY STATE PARK LAKE SUPERIOR SAPTISMRIVER STATE PARK APOSTLE ISLANDS A@ ATIONAL LAKESHORE 0 YORK ISLAND 00 CLOOUET RIVER,,& SAND ISLAN DtjjW 0 0,10,'P.STIE ISLANDS Sl@'E I..LST LAKE SUPERIOR BEACH Duluth DULUTH-SUPER@OR aEACHES EIA(FIELD MARINA CHEQUAMEGONA& c:zb ST. LOUIS RIV@_ NATIONAL FOREST Aii@l NEMADJI RIVER@& A& SAXON HARBOR ANINICON FA-S PATTISON STATEj PARK A& Co PPE I& L L :& A E N N I S U I N 1; CRUMMOND POTATO RIVER Ironwood '& A& ILE FLOW MARENCO RIVER A& '-AKE OWEN ST CROIX RIVER _N Scale in Miles ,:@ F==T---F===; 01 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 21-57 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 1.1. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. 90 Appendix 21 4 e, t 7t Co rtesy of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-58 Historic Site. The Grand Portage area should u place. be preserved as a scenic and historic (1) acquisition and moderate development (4) acquisition and development of the of the authorized Voyageurs National Park Drummond area in Bayfield County, Wiscon- (2) acquisition and development of the sin Apostle Islands National Lakeshore area The following elements should be given (3) continued development of recreational priority during the 2000--2020 time frame: facilities on the Superior and Chequamegon (1) continued development of the Apostle National Forests and other public forest lands Islands National Lakeshore (4) acquisition and development of the (2) continued development of the Voy- upper reaches of the St. Croix River located ageurs National Park within Planning Subarea 1.1 The following miscellaneous items also (5) acquisition and development of addi- should be given attention: tional lands for two State parks in (1) the provision of additional access sites Minnesota-Baptism River and Judge C. R. on Lake Superior and its tributary streams Magney State Parks (2) the reclamation of polluted beaches (6) acquisition and development of the along the Lake Superior shore in the Duluth- proposed Lake Minnesuing Recreation Area Superior area in Wisconsin (3) the acquisition of shoreline lands in In the 1980-2000 time frame, these elements the Superior and Chequamegon National should be given priority: Forests (1) acquisition and development of the Iron Range area in Iron County, Wisconsin (2) acquisition and development of the Cop- 4.6.2 Planning Subarea L2 per Falls area in Ashland County, Wisconsin (3) acquisition and development of the This planning subarea is located along Nemadji River area in Douglas County, Wis- southern Lake Superiorand is entirely within consin the State of Michigan (Figure 21-59). The nine Outdoor Recreation Plan 91 counties which make up this planning subarea has a need for 1,390 acres for development of contain some of the highest-quality recrea- urban-type recreational facilities. tional resources in the Great Lakes Region. (2) Nonurban Needs Examples of such features and resources Based on the demand methodology used in include Tahquamenon Falls, Pictured Rocks, this study, estimates of requirements for de- Huron and Porcupine Mountains, Black veloped land indicate a sufficient supply of River, Wolf Mountain, Silver Mountain, Stur- swimming beaches and picnicking facilities geon Valley, the Big-Sea-Water Recreation through 1980, and sufficient camping facilities Area, Sylvania Recreation Area, as well as through 2020. However, the Michigan Outdoor parts of the Ottawa and Hiawatha National Recreation Plan showed a prorated need for Forests, Isle Royale National Park, and a the development of nearly 1,900 more camp number of State forests. sites and nearly 2,100 parking spaces between Much of the land in this area consists of 1965 and 1975. It also proposed the acquisition forests interspersed with numerous lakes and of approximately 2,200 additional acres of streams. Principal streams include the land. One of the constraints in the Framework Tahquamenon, Sturgeon, Ontonagon, and Study is that the methodology used does not Presque Isle Rivers. adequately reflect the directional patterns of Urban development is minimal and heavily travel emanating from major population cen- oriented to recreation and tourism. Principal ters such as Detroit. Furthermore, a signifi- cities include Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, cant number of people traveling to this area for Ironwood, and Houghton- Hancock. Mar- recreational purposes are willing to travel quette and Sault Ste. Marie have populations more than 150 miles from southern urban of nearly 20,000 each. Duluth and Green Bay, areas for normal summer weekends. the nearest SMSAs, lie more than 75 miles to Total developed land needs for nonurban the west and south. recreational areas amounted to 410 acres in The gross land area available for recreation 1970,640 in 1980, 870 in 2000, and 1,290 acres in is 2.1 million acres. Of this total, more than 1.8 2020. It is estimated that 50 percent of those million are in State and national forests. Isle needs can be satisfied on existing publicly Royale National Park contains 134,000 acres owned lands. Total needs for new lands of wilderness. State and local parks and amounted to 1,400 acres in 1970, 2,100 in water-access areas contain another 128,000 1980, 2,900 in 2000, and 4,300 acres in 2020. acres of land. Of this amount, 122,000 acres in (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation three parks can be considered as wilderness. It is estimated that the total amount of land Water areas encompass 481,000 acres of the that should be acquired and developed as Great Lakes ana 116,000 acres for inland Class I and Class II recreational areas will lakes. grow from 2,800 acres in 1970 to nearly 8,600 The total annual requirement for all rec- acres in 2020. This estimate is based on the reational activities in 1970 was approximately assumption that 50 percent of needs for Class 4.6 million recreation days. This figure is pro- II recreational development can be accom- jected to increase to 10.1 million recreation modated on State and Federal forest lands. days by 2020. The total annual requirement Table 21-21 portrays the recreational re- for water-oriented activities was approxi- quirements, supply, and needs by activity for mately 1.2 million recreation days in 1970, pro- Planning Subarea 1.2 for each of the target jected to increase to 2.8 million recreation years. days by 2020. (4) Water Needs The water supply base in this planning sub- area appears to be adequate to meet present 4.6.2.1 Estimate of Needs and future demands for boating and related activities. (1) Urban Land Needs This area has the lowest percentage of effec- tive population from SMSAs of any planning 4.6.2.2 Additional Objectives subarea in the Region, approximately four percent. The largest cities in this area include In addition to the general objectives listed Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette. Although the in Subsection 4.1, specific objectives should in- character of the area is definitely nonurban, it clude development of recreational oppor- 92 Appendix 21 SLE ROYALE <ATI10t )AL PARK LAKE SUPERIOR PORCUPINE STATE PARK ONTONAGON HU I 'j&RIVER BL%&VER PRESQUE SLE STURGEON ,&,RIVER RIVER GOGEBICAI& OTTAWA STATE PARK NATIONAL A&FOREST SYLVANIA RECREATION AREA HIAWATHA A& NATIONAL FOREST LAKE SUPERIOR PICTURED ROCKS NATIONAL LAKESHORE TWO HEARTED TAQUAMENON FALLS RIVER@& A& SOO LOCKS TAQUAMEN ON FALLS STATE PARK t St. Marie 816-SEA-WATER RECREATION AREA -:@ .0 $Cole in Miles 0 S 1 20 5 FIGURE 21-59 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 1.2. Inadequate inforniation prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. @.ISLE'RO' ALE PA P'CT URED RD@CK@@@ NATIONAL LAKESH Outdoor Recreation Plan 93 TABLE 21-21 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 1.2 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply' Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 20 60 0 30 60 0 40 60 0 60 60 0 Picnicking 350 580 0 400 580 0 490 580 0 610 580 30 Camping 140 790 0 210 980 0 300 980 0 430 980 0 Parking (General) 50 70 0 60 70 0 80 70 10 110 70 40 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 40 140 0 60 140 0 120 140 0 170 140 30 Subtotal 600 1,640 0 760 1,830 0 1,030 19830 10 1,380 1,830 100 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 870 50 820 1,320 50 1,270 1,760 50 1,710 2,420 50 29370 Golf 720 150 570 1,100 150 950 1,480 150 1,330 2,020 150 1,870 Subtotal 1,590 200 1,390 2,420 200 2,220 3,240 200 3,040 4,440 - 200 4,240 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 70 70 0 60 70 0 70 70 0 80 70 10 Sledding 80 0 80 90 0 90 130 0 130 180 0 180 Ice Skating 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 20 0 20 Subtotal 160 70 90 160 70 100 210 70 140 280 70 210 Total Acres of Developed Land 2,350 1,910 1,480 3,340 2,100 2,320 4,480 2,100 3,190 6,100 2,100 49550 Boating (Including Acres of Water Surface Canoeing, Sailing & Water-Skiing) 21,000 597,000 0 289000 597,000 0 40,000 597,000 0 56,000 597,000 0 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 80 250 0 110 250 0 140 250 0 190 250 0 Bicycling 70 20 50 80 20 60 90 20 70 110 20 90 Horseback Riding 20 0 20 20 0 20 30 0 30 40 0 40 Total Miles of Trail 170 270 70 210 270 80 260 270 100 340 270 130 Total Needs for New Lands f2r Recreation (Acres) Class 1 1,390 2,210 3,030 4,230 Class 11 1,400 2,130 2,930 4,330 Total Land Needs 2,790 4,340 5,960 8,560 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 0 0 0 150 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For All Recreation Activities(1000s) 4,595 5,862 7,604 10,069 For Water-Oriented Recreation Activities (1000s) 1,199 1,531 2,046 2,751 ,P4 Appendix 21 tunities by both the public and private sectors ing, fishing, and sightseeing can be expanded. to augment the economy of this region. Hiawatha National Forest is also adminis- tered by the Forest Service. The Big-Sea- Water Recreation Area is located within the 4.6.2.3 Problems Hiawatha National Forest, and includes 64,000 acres. Its proposed development, planned by In addition to the problems listed in Subsee- the U.S. Forest Service, is to be accomplished tion 4.5, there are several others peculiar to over a 20-year period. The program calls for this area. First, this area lies within the campgrounds, swimming developments, pic- economically depressed upper Great Lakes. nic grounds, boat launching facilities, hiking, Many operators of private recreational enter- riding and snowmobile trails, visitor informa- prises have limited financial resources to de- tion services, and access and scenic loop roads velop facilities competitive with those in other and trails. Camping facilities should be made major recreational areas. The prime rec- available to accommodate 640 families in 5 reational season in this area is rather short years and 2,500 families within 20 years. although the. introduction of coho and chinook If State forest lands could be developed to a salmon should help to extend the prime season level of one-fifth of one percent they could by one or two months. support additional development on 1,900 This planning subarea is rather remote acres. It may be necessary for Michigan to from the largest urban centers, Detroit and acquire additional lake frontage within State Chicago. Both of these cities are nearly 300 forest areas to fulfill the maximum potential miles from the nearest boundaries. Thus, of these lands. many people who seek weekend recreational More than 126,000 acres are included in opportunities in the north country often stop State parks. Approximately 122,000 acres are short of this area. On the other hand, it is well in three State parks-Tahquamenon Falls, located for those who seek opportunities for Gogebic, and Porcupine Mountains, which are extended vacations. very lightly developed. Improvement of one- The weather is somewhat changeable dur- half of one percent of these lands would result ing the prime recreational season. On a day- in an additional 600 acres of developed rec- to-day basis, it ranges from quite warm to cool. reational land. The cooler weather discourages those people Based on these data, and on an assumed who desire to swim and water-ski. level of development for the large State parks, Establishment of the Pictured Rocks and a total of 5,900 acres of land could be developed Apostle Islands Lakeshore Areas will un- intensively for recreational use. It was as- doubtedly stimulate more use of the area. This sumed that 50 percent of' all Class II needs will necessitate the construction of better could be met on these publicly owned lands. highways and the establishment of sound In addition to an intensification of develop- resource management policies to meet the ment on existing recreation lands, many other increased recreational demand on these areas resources with recreational potential are without deterioration of the resource base. present in this planning subarea: (1) Of the 160 acres of beaches on Lake Superior classified in the "1JC Study,16 almost 4.6.2.4 Suggestions for Future Action 128 acres are in public ownership. Most of these beaches could support more intensive Of the 2.1 million acres of publicly owned uses. land in the planning subarea, approximately (2) The estuarine areas along Lake 860,000 acres are in national forests, 134,000 in Superior should be preserved and managed national parks, and 961,000 acres in State for fish and wildlife, and :recreational poten- forests. Much of this land is undeveloped or tial should be developed to the extent that underdeveloped, and could be improved to it is compatible with this management. provide increased recreational facilities. (3) Michigan's 1965 State Park Ten-Year Within the Ottawa National Forest is the Program 22 showed a proposed expansion of 11 Sylvania Recreation Area, administered by parks in Planning Subarea 1.2. This will in- the U.S. Forest Service. Based on data from volve the acquisition of more than 2,800 acres the U.S. Forest Service46 an additional 3,400 and the development of 1,749 campsites and acres could be developed here in Ottawa Na- 2,088 parking spaces. tional Forest. Opportunities for canoeing, (4) Development of public access sites on camping, hiking, picnicking, swimming, hunt- those lakes and streams which presently do Outdoor Recreation Plan 95 not have suitable access would be especially (4) extension of the trail system to provide beneficial for boating and fishing. additional opportunities for hikers, horseback (5) A number of rivers may have potential riders, snowniobilers, and bicyclers as wild or scenic rivers. They include the (5) lakes that possess the pristine qualities Taliquamenon (Figure 21-60), Presque Isle, necessary for inclusion in the wild and scenic Two Hearted, and Ontonagon Rivers. lakes system (6) The proposed North Country Trail will (6) additional access sites on inland lakes cross a portion of this area. There is ample and streams opportunity to develop additional trails for (7) additional harbors of refuge along the hiking, horseback riding, and snowmobiling Lake Superior shore on publicly owned land as the need arises. (7) The rivers and streams can provide a limited amount of canoeing. 4.6.3 Planning Subarea 2.1 (8) Lakes should be examined for their po- tential as scenic lakes, and those that qualify Planning Subarea 2.1 (Figure 21-61) en- should be managed to preserve their natural compasses a 3-county area of Michigan and a states. 20-county area of Wisconsin. Located along (9) The private sector has provided sub- the northwestern shores of Lake Michigan, it stantial quantities of recreational oppor- contains many inland lakes and large tracts of tunities in certain activities, especially camp- public forest lands, mainly the Nicolet Na- ing and snow skiing. tional Forest. Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin's largest inland lake, lies in the southern por- tion of the area. Some of the recreational re- 4.6.2.5 Plan Design sources are of national significance. A portion of the Wolf River, designated as a component For most Class I type recreational develop- of the national Wild and Scenic Rivers System, ments, new lands will have to be acquired in includes a 51-mile segment from the and near urban areas throughout the plan- Langlade-Menominee County line down- ning subarea. Existing underdeveloped public stream to Keshena Falls. lands should be more intensively improved The area is predominantly nonurban in while maintaining a setting as natural as pos- character, with a 1970 population of approxi- sible. mately 992,600 persons. Only 15.8 percent of For Class II type recreational areas, two al- the population resides in the single SMSA of ternatives should be considered. First, all Green Bay. Other large cities (1970 popula- existing publicly owned lands, consisting tions in parentheses) include Sheboygan largely of State parks and State and national (47,000), Appleton (54,000), Manitowoc (33,215), forests, should be developed to optimal capaci- Oshkosh (47,000), and Fond du Lac (34,180). ty. It is estimated that these lands can ac- The gross land acreage available for rec- commodate 50 percent of needed recreational reation is approximately 1,300,000 acres. Most facilities, Also, new lands should be acquired of this is Federal, State, and county forests. and developed in strategic areas to satisfy Water surface available for recreation totals large amounts of needs in a high-quality set- 245,000 acres on the Great Lakes and 251,000 ting. acres on the inland lakes. In addition to the above, priority should be Total recreational requirement for 1970 was given to the acquisition, development, pres- 38,000,000 recreation days. This is estimated ervation, and restoration of the following ele- to increase to 114,000,000 recreation days by ments during the entire 1970-2020 time 2020. Requirements for water-oriented ac- period: tivities, estimated to be nearly 10,000,000 rec- (1) segments of Lake Superior shore that reation days in 1970, are expected to increase have significant recreational potential, to- to nearly 31,000,000 recreation days by 2020. gether with adequate backup lands (2) segments of shorelines on inland lakes that have significant potential for rec- 4.6.3.1 Estimate of Needs reational development, together with adequate backup lands Most of the population is located in the (3) segments of rivers that possess the southern portion, in the Cities of Sheboygan, necessary qualities for inclusion in a State or Manitowoc, Green Bay, and Fond du Lac. national rivers system Many users of the area's recreational facilities 96 Appendix 21 @5 IF & 'tOL 4yil Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council IA 2* 4*, Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-60 Scenic Attractions. Lake Superior region includes the Pictured Rocks and Tahquamenon Falls. Outdoor Recreation Plan 97 Ak.,PINE RIVER ,&POPPLE RIVER IKE RIVER NICOLELET NATIONAL FOREST DOOR COUNTY ISLANDS CHAMBERS ,&PESHTIGO RIVER ISLAND UROPE LAKE OLF RIVER OUTHEAST LAKE DISTRICT 1W ,&EMBARASS RIVER N IOLA LAKE AREA AL LAKE MICHIGAN LITTLE BEACHES WOLF RIVER Green Say I& FOX RIVER Manitowoc Oshkosh 0 & A& LAKE WINNEBAGO CRYSTAL LAKE A& CEDAR LAKE LAKE MICHIGAN BEACHES Fond du Lac (81 Sheboy9on Scole;n Miles AL 0 5 10 ts KETTLE MORAINE TERRY STATE FOREST ANDRAE STAT E PA RK FIGURE 21-61 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.1. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. 98 Appendix 21 come from Milwaukee, which lies just south of tion from the private sector for vacation-use the planning subarea. recreational developments. These will not be In view of the amount of unused land in easily achieved because of -the many problems public forests and parks within the area, it previously noted. could be assumed that no additional land would need to be acquired to meet nonurban needs until the year 2000. However, this land 4.6.3.3 Suggestions for Future Action is generally remote from the users and there- fore does not allow for sufficient weekend and Many areas with recreational potential of vacation use. For the Wisconsin portion of the various types exist in this planning subarea; planning subarea, it is estimated that 50 per- one nationally significant area is the Ice Age cent of the needs for Class II lands can be met National Scientific Reserve. When completed, on existing public lands. This estimate does this 325,000-acre park will preserve signifi- not hold for the Michigan portion because it cant features of Wisconsin's continental glacia- does not have the same type of population dis- tion, including moraines, eskers, kames, tribution. kettleholes, and drumlins. A portion of the (1) Urban Land Needs Wolf River (Figure 21-62) has been designated The total need to meet urban demands for as a wild and scenic river by the National Wild recreational land was 8,200 acres in 1970. This and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The Pike, Pine, will grow to more than 47,000 acres by 2020. and Popple Rivers have also been designated Greatest developed-facility need is for play- as scenic rivers at the State level. These are fields. In 1970, 500 miles of bicycle trails were to receive special management to assure the needed. Acreage requirements for sledding preservation and enhancement of their are large and will probably continue to grow aesthetic, scenic, and recreational values. through the coming decades. The national, State, and county forests have (2) Nonurban Land Needs high potential for recreational use and de- Total developed land needs for nonurban velopment. The Nicolet National Forest con- recreational areas amount to 3,950 acres in tains more than 592,000 acres, of which an es- 1970, 5,840 in 1980, 12,640 in 2000, and 22,140 timated 5,300 could be developed for intensive acres in 2020. It is estimated that 50 percent of recreational use. Of the more than 437,000 these needs can be satisfied on existing pub- acres of State forest in the Michigan portion of licly owned lands. Therefore, total need for the planning subarea, approximately 900 new lands for nonurban recreation amounted acres could be developed for intensive rec- to 13,100 acres in 1970 and will increase to reational use. An additional 150 acres of rec- 73,800 acres in 2020. The greatest acreage reational development could be accommodated need is for picnicking, followed closely by on the 26,000 acres of State forest lands within camping. the planning subarea in Wisconsin. There are (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation also 433,000 acres of county forest in Wiscon- Land which must be. acquired to meet the sin in Planning Subarea 2.1. It is estimated recreational needs will increase from 21,000 that these lands could accommodate nearly acres in 1970 to 120,000 acres in 2020. Table 900 acres of intensive recreational develop- 21-23 portrays recreational requirements, ment. This means a potential for public forest supply, and needs by activity for Planning lands of approximately 7,250 acres of intensive Subarea 2.1 for each of the target years. recreational development. (4) Water Needs The Wisconsin Outdoor 'Recreation Plan of No surface water needs are shown until the 1966 70provides information on areas with rec- year 2020, when 129,000 acres will be needed in reational development potential. Only the the area. A strictly quantitative view of this more prominent areas are listed in Table resource can be misleading, however, because 21-22. much of the water in the existing supply can- The proposed North Country Trail is to cross not be safely used for swimming and water- to the north of this planning subarea and Wis- skiing. The water quality of lower Green Bay, consin has proposed a number of State trails, in particular, is so poor that it severely re- several of which would traverse parts of this stricts water sports. planning subarea. In its 1972 Outdoor Recreation Plan, Wis- consin identified a number of highways with 4.6.3.2 Additional Objectives scenic qualities for inclusion into a scenic highway system. This area should receive increased atten- One commercial harbor has been authorized Outdoor Recreation Plan 99 -vlt 4- -X4 At W1,66, WANNIm @n=-tnl- Air. -A- NO- Courtesy of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-62 Canoeing on the Wolf River TABLE 21-22 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 2.1 Site County Acres Wolf River Menominee 17,000 Southeast Lake District Menominee 8,500 Embarrass River Shawano 5,000 Skunk Lake Area Waupaca 4,000 Peshtigo River Marinette 5,000 Long Tail Point Brown 160 Fox River Outagamie, Brown 800 Door County Islands Door 5,000 Chambers Islands Door 3,000 Lake Winnebago Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac 2,500 Neshota River Manitowoc 1,280 Harpt Lake Manitowoc 2,200 Cedar Lake Manitowoc 2,100 Crystal Lake Marquette 600 Observatory Hill Marquette 350 Terry Andrae, Lake Michigan Sheboygan 860 Kettle Moraine Sheboygan, Fond du Lac 18,700 Little Wolf River Waupaca 1,800 Lake area over Iola Waupaca 1,000 Europe Lake Door 5,600 100 Appendix 21 in this area at Cedar River, Michigan. Addi- (3) acquisition and development of the tional recreational boat harbors should be Skunk Lake area in Waupaca County constructed as the need arises to permit fuller (4) acquisition and development of the utilization of the Lake Michigan waters. Nashota River Valley in Manitowoc County A disproportionate number of users of this (5) acquisition and development of Crystal area's facilities come from the Chicago and Lake-in Marquette County Milwaukee metropolitan areas, where local (6) acquisition and initial development of recreational resources are limited. It is antici- the Southeast Lake District in Menominee pated that this northerly traffic flow, stimu- County lated by the interstate highway system, will (7) continued development of recreation result in increasing pressure on the resources facilities on public forest lands of this area. The following elements should be given priority during 2000-2020: (1) continued development of the South- 4.6.3.4 Plan Design east Lake District in Menominee County (2) acquisition and development of the New land will have to be acquired in and Door Islands in Door County near urban areas throughout the planning (3) acquisition and development of the Lit- subarea for all Class I type recreational de- tle Wolf River Valley in Waupaca County velopments. (4) acquisition and development of Harpt In the northern one-third of the planning Lake in Manitowoc County subarea, additional development on existing (5) acquisition and development of the national, State, and county forest lands can Peshtigo River Valley in Marinette County satisfy much of the recreational need for Class (6) acquisition and development of the Il type recreational development. Some addi- Embarrass River Valley in Shawano County tional land should be acquired to preserve (7) acquisition and development of the areas with outstanding recreational poten- Cedar Lake area in Manitowoc County tial. (8) acquisition and development of Europe In the southern two-thirds of the planning Lake in Door County subarea, all existing publicly owned lands, The following miscellaneous elements consisting chiefly of parks and county forest should be considered during the entire projec- lands, should be developed to provide addi- tion period: tional recreational opportunities. Such de- (1) continued development of public forest velopments should be compatible with other lands uses. New lands should be acquired to satisfy (2) the provision of additional access sites much of the recreational need. Priorities for in suitable places on Lake Michigan and its certain elements are rather critical, because if tributary streams they are not acquired in the near future, they (3) the acquisition and development of rec- may not be available at a later time. The fol- reational facilities on small impoundments lowing should be given priority during 1970- (4) the development or nondevelopment of 1980: the Wolf, Pike, Pine, and Popple Rivers within (1) acquisition and development of several the wild and scenic rivers concept areas on Lake Winnebago in Winnebago, (5) the development of the proposed State Calumet, and Fond du Lac Counties of Wisconsin trails systern (2) acquisition and development of four areas on Lake Michigan in Kewaunee and Sheboygan Counties 4.6.4 Planning Subarea 2.2 (3) acquisition and development of the Fox River flood plain in Brown and Outagamie Portions. of three States (seven counties in Counties southeastern Wisconsin, six counties in (4) accelerated development of facilities on northeastern Illinois, and four counties in public forest lands such as the Nicolet Forest northwestern Indiana) comprise this plan- and State and county lands ning subarea. Nearly 90 percent of the effec- The following elements should be given tive population allocated to this area is de- priority during 1980-2000: rived from SMSAs. The five SMSAs within the (1) acquisition and development of Cham- area include Chicago, the largest city in the bers Island in Door County Great Lakes Region; Gary-Hammond-East (2) development of recreation facilities in Chicago; Kenosha; Milwaukee; and Racine. the Kettle Moraine State Forest Significant recreational resources are found Outdoor Recreation Plan 101 TABLE 21-23 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 2.1 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Suip-lyNeeds ipqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimminiz 200 170 30 280 370 0 450 370 80 650 370 280 Picnicking 2,890 2,370 520 3,570 2,950 620 4,920 2,950 1,97o 6,790 2,950 3,840 Camping 1,180 1,150 30 1,850 1,620 230 3,040 1,620 1,420 4,800 1,620 3,180 Parking (General) 390 120 270 570 130 440 850 130 720 1,220 130 1,090 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 530 200 330 760 390 370 1,220 390 830 1,870 390 1,480 Subtotal 5,190 4,010 1,180 7,030 5,460 1,660 10,480 5,460 5,020 15,330 5,460 9,870 Acres of Developed Land for Other Sumer Activities Playfields 7,280 1,110 6,170 10,600 1,200 9,400 18,18o 1,200 16,980 28,460 1,200 27,260 Golf 6,000 4.700 1,300 8,700 6,200 2,500 15,000 6,200 8,800 23,160 6,200 16,960 Subtotal 13,280 5,810 7,470 19,300 7,400 11,900 33,180 7,400 25,780 51,620 7,400 44,220 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 520 470 50 550 560 0 700 560 140 900 560 340 Sledding 640 0 640 810 0 810 1,300 0 1,300 29050 0 2,050 Ice Skating 50 10 40 80 10 70 130 10 120 200 10 190 Subtotal 1,210 480 730 1,440 570 880 2,130 570 1,560 3,150 570 2,580 Total Acres of Developed Land 19,680 10,300 9,380 27,770 13.430 14,440 45,790 13,430 32,360 70,100 13,430 56,670 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including Canoeing, Sailing & Water-Skiing) 167,000 496,000 0 249,000 496,000 0403,000 4.96,000 0 625,000 496,000 129,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 590 140 450 930 450 480 1,480 450 1,030 2,200 450 1,750 Bicycling 580 100 480 700 120 580 950 120 830 1,300 120 1,180 Horseback Riding 140 30 110 180 80 100 260 80 180 380 80 300 Total Miles of Trail 1,310 270 1,040 1,810 650 1,160 2,690 650 2,040 3,880 650 3,230 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 8,200 12,940 27,800 47,620 Class 11 13,100 19,460 42,100 73,800 Total Land Needs 21,300 32,400 69,900 121,420 Total Needs for New Water-Oriented Recreation Lands (Acres) Total Water-oriented Land Needs 3,930 5,600 16,700 32,900 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities (1000s)38,270 51,091 77,884 114,037 For all water-oriented recreation activities(1000s) 9,984 13,775 20,865 30,679 102 Appendix 21 Ell 7 Ml! -7 7 2, , Awr W Courtesy of Illinois Department of Conservation FIGURE 21-63 Swimming in Lake Michigan. Illinois Center Beach State Park provides day-use opportunities for many Chicago residents. in this highly urbanized area. The many in- land for urban recreation amounted to 17,300 land lakes in Wisconsin, the dunes along acres. This need is expected to increase to southeastern Lake Michigan, and the Lake 149,000 acres by 2020. By 2020 the acreage Michigan shoreline form the foundation of the needs for playfields and golf courses will far area's recreational resource base. surpass the acreage needs for other activities. The gross land available for recreation in Table 21-26, which portrays requirements, this planning subarea is 122,400 acres. Over supply, and needs by activity for each of the 50,000 acres are in State, county, and local target years, shows a need of more than 44,000 parks, and almost 47,000 acres are in State acres for playfields and '72,000 acres for golf forests. Most of the remaining lands are Fed- courses by the year 2020. The need for swim- erally owned. More than 69,000 acres of inland ming beach acreage is expected to grow from water surface and 124,000 acres of Lake more than 300 acres in 1970 to 2,000 acres by Michigan water surface are available for rec- the year 2020. There is a definite need for reation. bicycling, horseback, and foot trails in this The total recreational requirement for 1970 planning subarea as well. was estimated to be 170 million recreation (2) Nonurban Land Needs days. This is estimated to expand to nearly 500 Total acreage allocated to meet nonurban million by 2020. The water-oriented require- needs was 42,000 in 1970, projected to increase ment, estimated to be 44 million recreation to 238,000 acres by 2020. Camping had the days in 1970, is expected to increase to 80 mil- largest developed acreage need in 1970 and lion recreation days by 2020. this is not expected to change by 2020. Picnick- ing also shows substantial acreage needs for all time periods. 4.6.4.1 Estimate of Needs (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation Necessary land to meet recreational needs (1) Urban Land Needs will increase from 59,000 acres in 1970 to The presence of a large population in and nearly 400,000 acres by 2020. Table 21-26 por- around this planning subarea-together with trays recreational requirements, supply, and Li rk 7,_ increasing income, mobility, and leisure time- needs by activity for Planning Subarea 2.2 for points to an ever increasing pressure on rec- each of the target years. reational facilities, particularly for day-use (4) Water Needs activities (Figure 21-63). In 1970 the needs for Current surface-water needs are 119,000 Outdoor Recreation Plan 103 acres. By 2020 this will grow to more than acquisition for this park has already begun. 1,000,000 acres. The ownership goal is 644 acres along Lake Michigan. One mile of sandy shore along the Lake and an abandoned 23-acre quarry will be 4.6.4.2 Problems developed into a day-use facility. (2) Oak Creek Lakefront Park, located in Many problems have previously been iden- the City of Oak Creek, Milwaukee County. This tified. Additional obstacles in meeting the 223-acre park, including 6,000 feet of Lake general objectives include, for example, insta- Michigan shoreline, will provide a variety of bility in the business of recreation. This is af- multi-seasonal recreation activities (picnick- fected by variation in the nation's and States' ing, hiking, golfing, and swimming) all within economy to a greater extent than most other a one-hour drive of more than one million businesses. The high risk factor is reflected in people. the amount of new enterprise investments (3) Ela-Fox River Park, located in Racine and continuance of existing enterprises. The County. This 250-acre park with 5,100 feet of problem is Basinwide, but most noticeable in frontage along the Fox River will be developed Planning Subarea 2.2 where recreational for multi-use activities including camping, lands are frequently converted to other, picnicking, fishing, hiking, and nature study. high-profit uses which makes them too expen- (4) Quarry Lake Park. This is a 40-acre sive to purchase for recreational purposes. park in Racine County with 3,500 feet of Secondly, the distribution of natural re- Quarry Lake frontage and 2,500 feet of front- sources upon which outdoor recreation de- age along the Root River. Facilities for pends is not aligned with the distribution of swimming, fishing, and other day-use ac- requirements. Distances from the metropoli- tivities will be provided. tan areas to recreation resources are great. (5) Cliffside Park. This 222-acre park with The lack of abundant and suitable land and 3,580 feet of Lake Michigan frontage contains water resources in Planning Subarea 2.2, high bluffs and a sand beach. It will be de- where requirements are greatest, best illus- veloped for day-use activities. trates this problem. (6) Fisher Park Extension (Browns Lake). Thirdly, out-of-State demands on limited A 48-acre addition to the present 5-acre site supplies of recreational resources and would be developed for swimming and day-use facilities within Planning Subarea 2.2 have activities. become a problem. In nearly all cases, the ob- (7) Joyce Park. This 244-acre area would jective of counties and smaller governmental join an existing 16-acre county park site and units is to first provide recreational oppor- State land. This area is the only available tunities for their resident populations. tract in Kenosha County where top-quality family camping could be developed. (8) Bong County Park. Three hundred and 4.6.4.3 Suggestions for Future Action sixty acres of the former Bong Air Base would make up this park. Of this total, 120 acres are Potential recreational resources are limited to be developed for day-use facilities. This area within this area and consist chiefly of Lake includes ponds, large areas of natural Michigan shoreline, lakes in the southeastern hardwoods, open fields, and rolling topog- Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois areas, a raphy. number of small reservoir sites, mined areas (9) Bong Wildlife Area. This area, which southwest of Chicago and the flood plains will be acquired for open space and ree- within the planning subarea. reational land, will provide facilities for 1.9 The Wisconsin Outdoor Recreation Plan of million people in the southeastern Wisconsin 196670 provides information about areas with area. Hunting, hiking, nature study, swim- potential for recreational development. The ming, riding, picnicking, camping, and dog more prominent of these within Wisconsin's training areas will be developed. At present, portion of Planning Subarea 2.2 (Figure 21-64) Wisconsin's Department of Natural Re- are set forth in Table 21-24. sources owns 1,980 acres, and 1,591 are owned Information obtained from the State of Wis- but cl@uded by option. The Department of consin specifically for this study indicates the Natural Resources'goal forthe project is 4,548 following as proposed recreation areas in acres. Planning Subarea 2.2 (Wisconsin portion): The areas in Table 21-25 were listed by the (1) Harrington Beach State Park. Land Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area 104 Appendix 21 KETTLE MORAINE STATE FOREST A& CEDAR LAKE A&L MILWAUKEE RIVER A@hwTLE A& CEDAR LAKE LAKE MICHIGAN PIKE BEACHES LAKE LAKE UKEE Milwaukee AL A&P E WA LAKE NOGAWICKE LAKE MICHIGAN BEACHES 14UKWOMAGA niVER AREAI&ROO RIVER Ai& OAT CREEK ATER MUD & LAKEFRONT PARK WHITEW BIUL " LkKES TICHIGA94 LrK I& LAKE QUARRY LAKE PARK ;& AL A& GREEN, MIDDLE. &MILL LANE$ A& AL Racine HONEY FOX CREEK ,,&LAICE Kenosha DELAVAN SILVER LAKE LAKE MICHIGAN A@ NORTHERN BEACHES GRAS 8 L.. CHAIN O'LAKI MARSH ILL NOIS ACH ARIA FATE R9 -A&!& SIT IB A AL McHENRY FOX RIVER MA.S.ES aukegon WAUCONDA SWAMP;& ES PLAINES RIVER VALLEY FOX RIVER SEND ARIA,& CARPENTERSVILLE 1w ODDS SOUTH ELGIN Scole in PAilft PIT$ AREA ,,I& UPPER Chicago BRANCH L EAST 0 5 10 15 20 UPPER WEST BRANC-1 111A11 RIVER UpE UPPER FIERSON I& RIV MILL CR EK ARE MIDDL:EAST OR NCH DUPAGE RIVERAL LOWER WEST aRANCH"& DUPAGE RIVER A H U IVER LOWER EAST ,j&ORANCH NDIANA DUNES ur r DUPAGE RIVER NATIONAL LAKESHORE PLAINFIELD PITS AREA PARK SITE NO 33 HICKORY PARK SITE NO 32 CREEK VALLEY 6 WOODLAND A,&FARK SITE No. 6A AL PA K iTE No 4,jj6t,,jZARK SITE NO.T A e f PARK S11 E N - I %j& J&PARK SITE NO@11 PARK SIT IZ @& ,&PARK SITE No 13A PARK IT N:Oz A@@P.R. SITE -0,-- P uT IT- C E" A" A L. r P I A r !N L @A@' W ES T BR L"AEV' U PPIER F'". O"A LL III AREA C. UP AS LTA E E I LO_.N_ES RAN DU PAGE R, V. AU rora ,&IPARK SITE NO. 26 FIGURE 21-64 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.2. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. Outdoor Recreation Plan 105 TABLE 21-24 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Wisconsin, Planning Subarea 2.2 Site County Acres Silver Lake Kenosha 250 Lake Michigan Kenosha 200 Hooker Lake Kenosha 300 Des Plaines River Kenosha 200 Lake Michigan Milwaukee 300 Root River Milwaukee 860 Milwaukee River Ozaukee 1,500 Lake Michigan Ozaukee 400 Milwaukee River Ozaukee 250 Lake Michigan Ozaukee 250 Lake Michigan Ozaukee 800 Honey Creek Racine 280 Lake Michigan Racine 400 Fox River Racine 150 Waubeesee Lake Racine 320 Lake Michigan Racine 500 Whitewater Lake Walworth 2,500 Sugar Creek Walworth 5)000 Lake Delavan Walworth 200 Green, Middle, and Mille Lakes Walworth 700 Mud and Beulah Lake Walworth 300 Lulu Lake Walworth 250 Pike Lake Washington 1,600 Cedar Lake Washington 1,250 Little Cedar Lake Washington 960 Kettle Moraine State Forest Washington 1,200 Lake Five Washington 350 Silver Lake Washington 800 Oconomowoc River Waukesha 560 Lake Nagawicka Waukesha 400 Pewaukee Lake Waukesha 375 Dutchman Lake Waukesha 300 Mukwonago River Waukesha 900 Planning Commission 35 as having significant (4) utilize various strip mines no longer in potential for recreational development. production The Action Plan for Outdoor Recreation in (5) Little Calumet River Project- Illinois lists the following plans for potential beautification, local recreation, and fishing recreation areas in Planning Subarea 2.2 In addition to the above specific plans, gen- (Illinois portion): eral Statewide plans are applicable. The State (1) expand Chain O'Lakes and Illinois could develop recreation areas around all pub- Beach State Park through acquisition of ad- lic bodies of water; consider all flood plain joining lands areas as potential for recreation; expand edu- (2) develop Lake Michigan shoreline cational facilities in conjunction with ar- wherever possible for swimming, fishing, and chaeologic, historic, and ecologic areas; and boat launching encourage public use of private and quasi- (3) acquire and develop the 31 recreational public utility and corporation areas for rec- areas identified in the Northeastern Illinois reation. Planning Commission report, "Open Space in There are several proposed areas within In- Northeastern Illinois" diana's portion of Planning Subarea 2.2. 106 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-25 Potential Recreational Development Areas in Illinois Site County Acres Northern Grass Lake Marsh Area Lake 3,850 Sullivan and Fish Lake Area Lake 4,100 McHenry Fox River Marshes McHenry 7,000 Wauconda Swamps Lake 1,600 Fox River Bend Area Lake, McHenry 6,000 Lake Michigan Beach Lake 1,900 Des Plaines River Valley Lake 9,600 Carpentersville Woods Kane 1,200 South Elgin Pits Area Kane, Cook 1,400 Upper Fersons and Mill Creek Areas Kane 7,000 Upper Blackberry Creek Valley Kane 4,000 Upper West Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage 1,000 Big Rock Creek Valley Kane 5,000 Middle West Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage 800 Lower West Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage 400 Upper East Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage 600 Middle East Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage 500 Lower East Branch DuPage River Valley DuPage, Will 2,600 Itasca Salt Creek Valley DuPage 600 North Addison Salt Creek Valley DuPage 160 South Addison Salt Creek Valley DuPage 170 Elmhurst Salt Creek Valley DuPage 150 Plainfield Pits Area Will 2,000 Fiddyment Creek Valley Will 750 Spring Creek Valley and Woodland Will 1,500 Hickory Creek Valley and Woodland Will 2,250 Des Plaines River Gravel Island Will 6,000 Des Plaines River Bluffs Will 1,600 Will County Strip Mines Area Will 8,000 Plum Creek Valley Cook 4,500 Lake Michigan Shoreline Cook 4,000 Total Acres 90,230 Outdoor Recreation Plan 107 Hobart Site No. 2 ultimately is to contain a inland section. The use of the rest of the Na- total of 280 acres. It is heavily wooded with oak tional Lakeshore will be limited to hiking, trees. The area will be used for fishing, boat- bicycling, and horseback riding. ing, and swimming (a 16-acre lake is proposed). The proposed Green Bay Trail is located on Hiking trails and picnicking facilities are the abandoned Chicago, Aurora, and Elgin planned. Cedar Lake Site No. 3 covers an area Electric Railway right-of-way through Kane, of 160 acres with one-half open space (culti- Cook, and DuPage Counties. The towpath of vated fields) and one-half wooded. There is a the Illinois-Michigan Canal from Chicago to two acre swamp and, with a dam, a 25- to 30- LaSalle is suitable for hiking and could be im- acre lake is possible. The area would be used proved to include bicycle and horseback trails. for water-related recreational activities (fish- Several small potential reservoir sites are ing, boating, swimming, etc.), camping, present in Will and Cook Counties. These picnicking, biking, trails, and open space. should be developed for either multiple- Leroy Site No. 4 is composed of 408 acres which purpose use or for single-purpose recreational includes a heavily wooded area, hills and use. prairie land, and 5 acres of existing ponds Redevelopment and rehabilitation of land which indicate that damming will provide a 30- and facilities will be necessary if inner-city to 40-acre lake. This site will be used for camp- needs are to be satisfied. Some urban needs ing, picnicking, horseback riding, swimming, can be met through improvement or construc- fishing, boating, and winter sports. tion of neighborhood multi-purpose commu- Park Site No. 12, 441 acres, is proposed to nity centers, tot lots, parks, and playgrounds. extend the public open space west of the fu- Such facilities, especially community centers, ture county courthouse and office center. Park should be operated in conjunction with the Site No. 11, a 24.5-acre site, is heavily wooded, public schools. School facilities also should be lies adjacent to Deep River, and has an old mill made available for general recreational and as an historical point of interest. In Park Site cultural activities to the fullest possible ex- No. 13A, the Deep River flows through a 556- tent. acre site that provides a suitable area for A substantial potential exists for develop- camping. Park Site No. 7, a 160-acre site, is lo- ment of outdoor recreational opportunities by cated on the flood plain of Turkey Creek. It the private sector. This has provided substan- would provide scenic beauty and open space tial amounts of opportunities in the past in for the surrounding urban population. those areas where it can function profitably. Park Site No. 18 is a 158-acre wooded site The private sector should be encouraged to excellently suited for nature study. Park Site continue development of recreational No. 32, a swampy 504 acres, is located along facilities where it is feasible to do so. the Little Calumet River in a highly urbanized Such a large volume of needs exists in this area. Park Site No. 6A is a heavily wooded and planning subarea that a substantial portion of swampy area encompassing 280 acres along these needs will have to be transferred to Deep River. Park Site No. 4 consists of 344 other areas. A large part of this shift will go to acres of gently sloping land well suited for an Planning Subareas 2.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.3, and 2.4 of 18-hole golf course. the Great Lakes Region. The extent of trans- Park Site No. 28 contains Redwing Lake and fer to each of these areas is unknown. encompasses 810 acres. Park Site No. 22, a To bring more recreational opportunities to 340-acre site, would create a large open green this planning subarea, a Level B study should space adjacent to Lake County Fair Grounds. be conducted. Such a study would intensively Park Site No. 23, a 308-acre park along Deep evaluate the recreational problems and solu- River, would provide opportunities for camp- tions within the planning subarea. ing. Park- Site No. 33, a 60-acre area, would be classified as a community park. Congress has authorized the establishment 4.6.4.4 Plan Design of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore along the southern shore of Lake Michigan For most Class I type recreational develop- between Gary and Michigan City, Indiana. ments, new land will have to be acquired in This land, totaling 8,700 acres, will preserve and near urban areas throughout the plan- some of the remaining dunes, bogs, and ning subarea. Those existing public lands marshes, and provide recreational oppor- which are now underdeveloped should be de- tunities along the beaches and dunes. Camp- veloped more intensively while maintaining a ing and picnicking sites will be developed in an setting as natural as possible. 108 Appendix 21 For Class II type recreational areas, all (2) Root River Area, ]Ailwaukee County, existing publicly owned lands (consisting Wisconsin-860 acres largely of county parks and forests) should be (3) Des Plaines River Area, Kenosha Coun- developed to their optimal capacity to provide ty, Wisconsin-200 acres additional recreational opportunities. Such (4) Hooker Lake Area, Kenosha County, development should be compatible with other Wisconsin-300 acres uses where they exist. Some of these lands can (5) Silver Lake Area, Kenosha County, accommodate additional facilities for rec- Wisconsin-250 acres reational activities not now provided. (6) Honey Creek Area, Racine County, New lands will have to be acquired in the Wisconsin-300 acres planning subarea to satisfy much of the rec- (7) Waubeesee Lake Area, Racine County, reational need. Wisconsin-320 acres In addition to the above items, the following (8) Lake Michigan Area, Racine County, elements should be given priority for acquisi- Wisconsin-500 acres tion and development during 1970-1980: (9) Whitewater LakE@ Area, Walworth (1) Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore County, Wisconsin-2,500 acres Area-8,700 acres (10) Sugar Creek Area., Walworth County, (2) five areas on Lake Michigan shore in Wisconsin-3,000 acres Wisconsin-2,200 acres (11) Oconomowoc River Area, Waukesha (3) Sugar Creek Area, Walworth County, County, Wisconsin-560 acres Wisconsin-3,000 acres (12) Lake Nagawicka Area, Waukesha (4) Kettle Moraine Forest Area, County, Wisconsin-400 acres Washington County, Wisconsin-1,200 acres (13) Cedar Lake and Little Cedar Lake (5) Lake Michigan Beach Areas, Lake and Areas, Washington County, Wisconsin-2,200 .Cook Counties, Illinois-2,000 acres acres (6) expansion of Chain O'Lakes State (14) complete Chain O'Lakes Area, Lake Park, Illinois-10,000 acres and McHenry Counties, Illinois-7,000 acres (7) Upper Des Plaines River Valley Area, (15) Lake Michigan Beach Areas, Lake and Lake County, Illinois-9,600 acres Cook Counties, Illinois-41,000 acres (8) Plum Creek Valley Area, Will County, (16) Upper Ferson and Mill Creek Area, Illinois-4,500 acres Kane County, Illinois-3,000 acres (9) DuPage River Valley Area, DuPage (17) Des Plaines Gravel and Bluff Areas, County, Illinois-6,000 acres Will County, Illinois-3,000 acres (10) Fiddyment Creek, Spring Creek, and (18) two regional parks in northwest Hickory Creek Areas, Will County, Illinois- Indiana-4,000 acres 4,500 acres (19) Upper Blackberry Creek Valley Area, (11) Pike Lake Area, Washington County, Kane County, Illinois-4,000 acres Wisconsin-1,600 acres (20) Park Site No. 11, Lake County, (12) Mukwonago River Area, Waukesha Indiana-24.5 acres County, Wisconsin-900 acres (21) Park Site No. 6A, Lake County, (13) Bong Wildlife Area, Kenosha County, Indiana-280 acres Wisconsin-4,500 acres (22) Park Site No. 4, Lake County, (14) Park Site No. 12, Lake County, Indiana-344 acres Indiana-441 acres (23) Park Site No. 28, Lake County, (15) Park Site No. 13A, Lake County, Indiana-810 acres Indiana-556 acres The following elements should be given (16) Park Site No. 7, Lake County, priority for acquisition and development dur- Indiana-160 acres ing 2000-2020: (17) Park Site No. 18, Lake County, (1) Green, Middle, and Mill Lakes Area, Indiana-158 acres Walworth County, Wisconsin-700 acres (18) Park Site No.' 32, Lake County, (2) Mud and Beulah Lakes Area, Walworth Indiana-504 acres County, Wisconsin-700 acres The following elements should be given (3) Lake Five Area, Washington County, priority for acquisition and development dur- Wisconsin-350 acres ing 1980-2000: (4) Silver Lake Area, Washington County, (1) Milwaukee River Area, Ozaukee Coun- Wisconsin-800 acres ty, Wisconsin-1,750 acres Outdoor Recreation Plan 109 TABLE 21-26 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity PSA 2.2 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs iF._q_-t Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 780 460 320 1,140 510 630 1,780 510 1,270 2,540 510 2,030 Picnicking 4,570 4,260 310 5,720 4,860 860 7,830 4,860 2,970 10,630 4,860 5,770 Camping 2,910 750 2,160 4,600 940 3,660 7,520 940 6,580 11,720 940 10,780 Parking (General) 1,640 700 940 2,270 720 1,550 3,380 720 2,660 4,750 720 4,030 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 1,310 620 690 1,990 690 1,300 3.170 690 2,480 4,620 690 3,930 Subtotal 11,210 6,790 4,420 15,720 7,720 8,000 23,680 7,720 15,960 34,26.0 7,720 26,540 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 14,500 11,600 2,900 21,400 11,700 9,700 36,300 11,700 24,600 56,100 11,700 44,400 Golf 23,600 12,100 11,500 34,660 13,900 20,760 59,400 13,900 45,500 86,740 13,900 72,840 Subtotal 38,100 23,700 149400 56,060 25,600 30,460 95,700 25v6OO 70,100 142,840 25,600 117,240 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 2,080 170 1,910 2,240 200 2,040 2,800 200 2,600 3,500 200 3,300 Sledding 2,520 0 2,520 3,240 0 3,240 5,020 0 5,020 8,000 0 8,000 Ice Skating 190 760 0 310 760 0 500 760 0 770 760 10 Subtotal 4,790 930 4,430 5,790 960 5,280 8,320 960 7,620 12,270 960 11,310 Total Acres of Developed Land 54,100 31,420 23,250 77.570 34,280 43,740 127.700 34,280 93,680 189,370 34,280 155,090 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 312,000 193,000 119,000 482,000 193,000 289,000 792,000 193,000 599,000 1,213,000 193,000 1,020,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 1,150 250 900 1,850 280 1,570 2,870 280 2,590 4,120 280 3,840 Bicycling 2,320 60 2,260 2,770 70 2,700 3,780 70 3,710 5,100 70 5,030 Horseback Riding 560 150 410 690 210 480 1,020 210 810 1,470 210 1,260 Total Miles of Trail 4,030 460 3,570 5,310 560 4,750 7,670 560 7,110 10,690 560 10,130 Total Needs for New Recreation Lands (Acres) Class 1 17,300 38,040 88,500 149,200 Class 11 42,200 74,000 144,400 238,000 Total Land Needs 59,500 112,040 232,900 387,200 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 29,500 53,300 106,400 176,900 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(1000s)170,301 230,932 348,705 497,055 For all water-oriented recreation activities (1000s) 44,457 61,836 93,124 134,841 110 Appendix 21 (5) Pewaukee Lake Area, Waukesha Coun- State lands more than 56,000, and county and ty, Wisconsin-375 acres local lands more than 11,000 acres. Most of this (6) Dutchman Lake Area, Waukesha acreage is located in State forests and State, County, Wisconsin-300 acres county, and local parks. Water surface avail- (7) - Carpenterville Woods Area, Kane able for outdoor recreation is 69,000 acres on County, Illinois-1,200 acres the Great Lakes and 106,000 acres on inland (8) Big Rock Creek Valley Area, Kane lakes. County, Illinois-5,000 acres Total 1970 recreational requirements were (9) South Elgin Pits Area, Kane County, estimated to be more than 71 million recrea- Illinois-1,400 acres tion days, with water-oriented requirements (10) Plainfield Pits Area, Will County, accounting for nearly 21 million. Require- Illinois-2,000 acies ments by 2020 are estimated to increase to 210 (11) Will County Strip Mine Area, million recreation days for all activities, with Illinois-8,000 acres more than 66 million for water-oriented ac- (12) two . regional parks in northwest tivities. Indiana-4,000 acres (13) Park Site No. 22, Lake County, Indiana-340 acres 4.6.5.1 Estimate of Needs (14) Park Site No. 23, Lake County, Indiana-308 acres This planning subarea attracts many people (15) Park Site No. 33, Lake County, from outside its boundaries for recreation Indiana-60 acres purposes, especially for Weekend and vacation The following miscellaneous items should be uses. Many of these people come from the given priority during the entire time frame: Chicago and Detroit metropolitan areas and (1) provision of additional access sites on northern Indiana. Lake Michigan and its tributary streams (1) Urban Land Needs (2) reclamation of polluted beach arears This planning subarea contains no large along the Lake Michigan shore in and near urban center, but does contain numerous Milwaukee and Chicago urban centers of moderate size, including (3) acquisition of land and development of Grand Rapids, Lansing, Kalamazoo, and small impoundments and recreation facilities South Bend. The greatest developed-facility under Public Law 566 needs are for playfields, playgrounds, golf (4) acquisition and development of a rec- courses and, to a lesser extent, picnic areas. reational corridor along the Little Calumet These will continue in prominence until 2020. River, especially in Indiana, that would in- Total recreational land which should have clude trails, day-use, and artificial ski slopes been acquired and developed to meet urban (5) acquisition and development of 40 dis- recreational needs was 11,000 acres in 1970. trict parks and 1,286 community, neighbor- This will increase to 70,000 acres by 2020. hood, and block parks, in which some water- (2) Nonurban Land Needs oriented activity needs may be satisfied Although this area contains a number of large general recreational areas, the need for State and regional facilities will continue to 4.6.5 Planning Subarea 2.3 increase. Based on requirement, supply, and needs analysis, the need for general rec- Planning Subarea 2.3 (Figure 21-65) is lo- reational land was nearly 21,000 acres in 1970. cated in the southwestern part of Michigan This is projected to increase to 150,000 acres and the northern part of Indiana. It encom- by 2020. passes 25 counties and includes the Grand, Recreational facilities in this area receive Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and several smaller heavy impact from the Detroit area on the river systems. This area contains many miles east and the Chicago and Gary-Hammond of picturesque Lake Michigan shoreline and areas on the west. PeOPIE! in numerous other numerous lakes. Among several outstanding urban areas contribute Ileavily toward rec- recreational areas are the Waterloo Rec- reational demand for overnight and weekend reation Area, Yankee Springs Recreation facilities. Area, and the Allegan State Game Area. (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation Public lands available for recreation in this Land that should be acquired to meet rec- planning subarea amount to more than 81,000 reational needs in this planning subarea will acres. Federal lands total nearly 14,000 acres, increase from 33,000 acres in 1970 to almost Outdoor Recreation Plan 111 #rand 0141A STATE PARK GRAND RIVE Rapids LEEPY HOLLOW Ad@ STATE PARK YANKEE SPRINGS RECREATION AREA %nsing Cal j&ALLEGAN STATE FOREST i&KALAMAZOO RIVER WATERLOO RECREATION AREA Alk A ORT CUSTER LF Kalamazoo Jackson AL ST JOSEPH RIVER S10'Uth Bend Scale in Miles N5 10 Is 20 25 FIGURE 21-65 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.3. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. 220,000 acres in 2020. Limited quantities of for Planning Subarea 2.3 for each of the target land already in public ownership could ac- years. commodate additional recreational develop- (4) Water Needs ment. These areas include Allegan State Based on the assumption that all existing Game Area, the, Fort Custer, Waterloo, and waters are usable to capacity, there was no 'lonia Recreation Areas, and several of the new need for additional water surface in 1970. A State parks. Table 21-27 portrays recreational need of 42,000 acres by 1980 increases to more requirements, supply, and needs by activity than 400,000 acres of water surface by 2020. 112 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-27 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 2.3 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 370 320 50 540 320 220. 850 320 530 1,240 320 920 Picnicking 2,130 9650 1,180 2,710 950 1,760 3,760 950 2,810 5,270 950 4,320 Camping 1,350 1,180 170 2,160 1,190 970 3,600 1,190 2,410 5,750 1,190 4,560 Parking (General) 770 340 430 1,060 340 720 1,620 340 1,280 2,340 340 2,000 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 620 360 260 920 360 560 1,510 360 1,150 2,330 360 1,970 Subtotal 5,240 3,150 2,090 7,390 3.160 4,230 11,340 3,160 8,180 1.6,930 3,160 13,770 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 6,510 2,850 3,660 9,740 2,850 6,890 17,250 2,850 14,400 25,600 2,850 22,750 Golf 11,000 4,600 6,400 16,300 4,600 11,700 28,500 4,600 23,900 42,660 4,600 38,060 Subtotal 17,510 7,450 10,060 26,040 7,450 18,590 45,750 7,450 38,300 68,260 7,450 60,810 Acres of Develoged Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 970 50 920 1,050 50 1,000 1,350 50 1,300 1,760 50 1,710 Sledding 1,180 0 1,180 1,530 0 1,530 2,470 0 2,470 3,980 0 3,980 Ice Skating 90 20 70 150 20 130 240 20 220 380 20 360 Subtotal 2,240 70 2,170 2,730 70 2,660 4,060 70 3,990 6,120 70 6,050 Total Acres of Developed Land 24,990 10,670 14,320 36,160 10,680 25,480 61,150 10,680 50,470 91,310 10,680 80,630 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 143,000 172sOOO 0 225,000 172,000 53,000 373,000 172,000 201,000 '590,000 172,000 418,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 550 120 430 870 120 750 1,390 120 1,270 2,030 120 1,910 Bicycling 1,080 20 1,060 1,300 20 1,280 1,820 20 1,800 2,500 20 2,480 Horseback Riding 260 40 220 330 40 290 500 40 460 720 40 680 Total Miles of Trail 1,890 180 1,710 2,500 180 2,320 3,710 180 3,530 5,250 180 5,070 Total Needs for New Recreation Lands (Acres) Class 1 11,320 20,600 42,560 69,520 Class. 11 21,300 43,800 90,300 150,000 Total Land Needs 32,620 64,400 132,860 219,520 Total Needs for New Water-Oriented Recreation Lands (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 10,500 21,500 47,900 85,100 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(10008)71,452 96,681 145,248 210,932 For water-oriented recreation activities(IOOOS)20,619 29,096 44,826 66,334 Outdoor Recreation Plan 113 These figures are based on the provision of ing recreational opportuniti es. Those travel- sufficient water surface to satisfy require- ing westward from the Detroit area move into ments for water-skiing and boating. the eastern portion of the planning subarea. This results in higher per-facility demand than might be expected from the native popu- 4.6.5.2 Additional Objectives lation of the area. One immediate objective must be develop- ment of land to meet this planning subarea's 4.6.5.4 Suggestions for Future Action urban needs. Because facilities should be within easy reach of those who use them, ac- There are a number of underdeveloped quisition and development of land must be in areas of land in this planning subarea. The or near urban centers. Allegan State Game Area contains more than Needs for extensively developed land should 40,000 acres of land with only a few recrea- be met through both acquisition and more in- tional facilities. The Waterloo, Ionia, Fort tensive improvement of existing public land Custer, and Yankee Springs Recreation Areas through 2020. contain more than 26,000 acres (Figure 21- 66). Even though there is significant develop- ment in several of these areas, they could sup- 4.6.5.3 Problems port a substantial increase in recreational facilities without- adverse effect on the area Many problems presented in Subsection 4.5 as a whole. also apply to this planning subarea. More im- Similarly, several State and county parks portant, however, is the strong pressure contain sufficient buffer lands for increased created on the area's recreational facilities by development without seriously damaging travelers into or through the planning sub- their aesthetic settings. Assuming an average area from other places. People from the 15 percent as the optimal development level Gary-Hammond and South Chicago areas for State and county parks, these areas are travel into or across this area as they move underdeveloped at the present. along the eastern Lake Michigan shore seek- There are 115,404 acres of State game and ,W 4ft -,7 F@ Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-66 Yankee Springs Recreation Area. This area offers miles of hiking trails through picturesque woodlands. 114 Appendix 21 wildlife areas within the Michigan portion of ure 21-67). There are problems in the acquisi- Planning Subarea 2.3. It may be necessary to tion of such areas. Some areas, fragmented utilize these public lands more fully in the into small tracts that have been developed near future, and to provide recreational op- either with summer cottages or year-around portunities for the general public compatible residences, are very expensive and difficult to with hunting and fishing. Development of acquire. With sufficient back-up lands, these other recreational areas to meet remaining areas could provide excellent opportunities needs will involve the acquisition of new lands for swimming, camping, picnicking, nature and the exportation of a part of the area's study, and hiking. Boating opportunities are recreational requirements to places north of occasionally limited on Lake Michigan be- this planning subarea. cause of weather hazards, There are three primary ways of providing Construction of reservoirs either for opportunities for water-oriented recreational single-purpose recreational or for multiple- opportunities in this area-the acquisition purpose uses offers a third major method of and development of flood plains, improvement providing recreational opportunities in this of Lake Michigan shoreline, and the develop- planning subarea. There are numerous sites ment of reservoir sites. in all of the river basins where reservoirs Extensive areas of flood plain adjacent to could be constructed to satisfy a portion of the Grand, Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers recreational needs. and their principal tributaries have high po- Two possibilities include the Sandstone tential for recreational development. While Reservoir, eight miles northwest of Jackson, flood plains and adjacent rolling land would Michigan, and the Doan Creek Reservoir, ten provide little water-surface area, they have miles southeast of Lansing, Michigan. Both of potential for the development of a wide range these would be located on tributaries of the of activities, especially picnicking, camping, Grand River and could provide a substantial nature study, and hiking. amount of recreational opportunity. Several hundred acres of Lake Michigan Because of the large number of recreational beach are of sufficient size to warrant con- needs, a Level B study should be conducted in sideration of development for public use (Fig- all of this planning subarE:a, except the Grand X P. Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-67 Recreation on Lake Michigan. Lake Michigan's eastern shoreline offers out- standing opportunities for swimming, boating, and sunbathing. Outdoor Recreation Plan 115 River basin, which has been studied to evalu- Valley-3000 acres ate recreational potentials and problems in (4) Lake Michigan shore-2000 acres greater detail than this study. (5) two new regional parks-2000 acres each The following elements should be given 4.6.5.5 Plan Design priority for acquisition and development dur- ing the 1980-2000 time frame: For nearly all Class I type recreational de- (1) thirty miles of the Grand River velopments, new lands will have to be ac- Valley-9000 acres quired in and near urban areas. These will (2) twenty miles of the St. Joseph River have to be developed to their fullest capacity Valley-6000 acres to satisfy urban needs. (3) ten miles of the Kalamazoo River Where they are available near urban areas, Valley-3000 acres flood plains and adjacent rolling upland (4) Lake Michigan shore-2000 acres should be acquired for recreational develop- (5) Sandstone Creek Reservoir-4000 acres ment. They should be extended as far as possi- (6) new regional park-2000 acres ble into urban areas to provide easy access to These items should be given priority during urban residents. 2000-2020: A number of local parks in rural or small (1) thirty miles of the Grand River urban areas could support additional de- Valley-6000 acres velopment for day-use activities. These should (2) twenty miles of the Kalamazoo River be developed as necessary to meet local needs. Valley-6000 acres To meet needs for Class II recreational (3) twenty miles of the St. Joseph River areas, existing publicly owned lands which are Valley-6000 acres currently underdeveloped should be de- (4) new regional parks-three of 2000 acres veloped to optimal levels. It was estimated each that 1,000 additional acres of developed land (5) Lake Michigan shore-3000 acres could be accommodated on existing publicly The following items should be considered owned land. during the entire target time: The Michigan Outdoor Recreation Plan of (1) the provision of access sites in suitable March 1, 196721 liStSseveral State parks which places on Lake Michigan, its tributary are in the process of being acquired or de- streams, and inland lakes veloped. Among these are the Sleepy Hollow (2) the acquisition of land and development State Park and the Ionia Recreation Area. of small impoundments and recreational Other State parks and recreation areas which facilities have additional undeveloped potential, par- The sum of this proposed recreation de- ticularly the Fort Custer, Waterloo, and Yan- velopment will still fall far short of meeting kee Springs Recreation Areas, should be ex- needs if demand develops as projected. A sub- panded to optimal capacity. stantial part of the needs may have to be satis- New lands will have to be acquired in the fied in some other area where there are great- planning subarea to satisfy many recreational er opportunities for development of recrea- needs. tional facilities. A portion of the North Country Trail, a com- ponent of a nationwide system of trails, is proposed to traverse this area. If established, 4.6.6 Planning Subarea 2.4 it would provide many opportunities for hik- ing and nature study. Others could be pro- Planning Subarea 2.4 (Figure 21-68) is lo- vided by acquisition and development of ac- cated entirely within the State of Michigan. It cess sites on lakes and streams where present contains counties in both the Lower and development is inadequate. Upper Peninsulas. This area possesses many The following elements should be given spe- high quality recreational areas, including cial priority for acquisition and development Sleeping Bear Dunes and Grand Traverse Bay between 1970 and 1980: and its adjacent shoreline. Large areas of pub- (1) twenty miles of Grand River Valley- lic forest lands are also located here, including 6000 acres the Manistee and Hiawatha National Forests (2) twenty miles of St. Joseph River and a number of State forests. Pere Marquette Valley-6000 acres River is being recommended as a potential ad- (3) ten miles of Kalamazoo River dition to the national Wild and Scenic Rivers 116 Appendix 21 HIAWATHA NATIONAL FOREST AL BIG BAY DE NOC AREA MACKIN16C St. 19n ISLAND LAKE MICHIGAN PETOSIAEY STATE PARK NORTH MAN4TOU ISLAND SOUTH MAN)TOU JSLANO,@@ GRAND TRAVERSE BAY SLEEPING BEAR OUNES LEELIMW) NATIONA@ LAKESHORE. STAIE PARK Traverse City scalem mil" ,&MANISTEE NATIONAL FOREST ,,&LPERE MAROUS11F. RIVER FIGURE 21-68 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 2.4. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. Outdoor Recreation Plan 117 System. The Big Bay de Noc area of the Upper Chicago area. While resident population for Peninsula is important both As a waterfowl this planning subarea was projected as ap- area and as an area of significant aesthetic proximately 547,000 by 1980, the effective values. The area also is noted for its many population (that projected to seek rec- winter recreational activities (Figure 21-69). reational opportunities in the area) is esti- Gross land available for recreation in this mated to be nearly 800,000 by 1980. planning subarea is 2,300,000 acres, most of it (1) Urban Land Needs divided evenly between Federal and State Although this planning subarea does not ownership. In addition, 228,000 acres of inland contain large cities, there are numerous small water surface and 451,000 acres of Lake urban places, including Muskegon, Traverse Michigan water surface are available. City, Cadillac, and Escanaba. Approximately The total 1970 recreational requirement one-half of total developed acreage needs are was more than 18,000,000 recreation days, allocated to the urban population. with more than 5,000,000 recreation days of Total recreational land which should have water-oriented activities. By 2020, these re- been acquired and developed to meet urban quirements are expected to increase to recreational needs was more than 5,400 acres 51,000,000 total recreation days, of which in 1970. This figure will grow to more than 16,000,000 are water-oriented. 21,000 acres by 2020. The greatest developed- facility acreage need is for playfields, while needs for golf courses are nearly as great. 4.6.6.1 Estimate of Needs (2) Nonurban Land Needs There appears to be no develope d- acreage This planning subarea attracts many people need for picnicking until 1980, or for swimming from outside its boundaries, especially for beaches or camping until 2000. However, the weekend and vacation uses. Most of these State of Michigan plans to develop more than people come from southern Michigan, north- 16,000 campsites in this planning subarea by western Ohio, northern Indiana, and the 1976, which would more than double the 1966 Courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE21-69 Winter Sports in Michigan. Schuss Mountain near Mancelona, Michigan, is only one of the many winter ski areas in the Great Lakes Region. Heavy winter snowfall makes western Michigan a popular snowniobiling area. 118 Appendix 21 supply. In addition, privately owned camp- Table 21-29 portrays recreational require- grounds are increasing in quantity. Apparent- ments, supply, and needs by activity for Plan- ly, campers are willing to travel longer than ning Subarea 2.4 for eachof the target years. the standard travel times used in this study. In some areas where ownership of land is The additional time permits them to move limited and where there i:3 need for more de- northward from Planning Subareas 2.3 and 4.1 velopment, additional lands may have to be into Planning Subarea 2.4, where large acre- acquired. In its State Park Ten-Year Pro- ages of land in public ownership are available gram '22 developed in 1965, the State of Michi- for camping and related activities. gan proposed to acquire an additional 2,485 Nonurban developed-acreage needs acres for recreational development. amounted to 1,360 acres in 1970. This is pro- (4) Water Needs jected to increase to more than 8,300 acres by No water needs are evident in this planning 2020. It is estimated that 50 percent of this subarea. It will probably be necessary to de- amount can be satisfied on existing publicly velop additional public access to existing wa- owned lands. Therefore, new lands needed for ters in the rivers and lakes. More harbors of nonurban recreation amounted to 4,500 acres refuge on Lake Michigan will greatly increase in 1970 and are projected to reach 27,700 acres its potential use (Figure 2:1-70). by 2020. (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation Land necessary to meet the recreational 4.6.6.2 Additional Objectives needs of this planning subarea will grow from 9,900 acres in 1970 to nearly 49,000 acres in In addition to the general objectives listed 2020. Substantial quantities are already in in Subsection 4.1, an immediate objective public ownership and need only be developed. must be the development of land to meet this t4 4' V AI -I"-=. WU V 'D Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council FIGURE 21-70 Mackinac Island. The area around Mackinac Island is very popular for boating. Outdoor Recreation Plan 119 planning subarea's urban demands. An inte- be met on these lands. Based on U.S. Forest gral consideration is that facilities must be Service data that provide potential levels of within easy reach of those who use them. development, there are approximately 7,200 Thus, acquisition and development of land acres in the Hiawatha and 5,900 acres in the must be in or near urban centers. Manistee National Forests that could be de- Needs for extensively developed land should veloped for intensive recreational use. Using be met through both acquisition and more in- a developmental level of two-tenths of one tensive development of existing public land percent provided by Michigan, another 2,600 through 2020. acres is estimated to be available for intensive recreational use on State forest land. Several State and county parks contain suf- 4.6.6.3 Problems ficient buffer lands for increased development without seriously damaging the aesthetic set- There are three problems peculiar to this ting of the area. At an optimal development planning subarea. Some of the area experi- level of 15 percent for State and county parks, ences adverse economic conditions which re- these public recreational areas are underde- duce the ability of the private sector to provide veloped at present. substantial input in developing recreational The numerous lakes in this area should be facilities. Many existing facilities are in poor examined for their potential as scenic lakes. repair, and therefore, unable to compete vig- Those that qualify should be protected and orously with developments in other major rec- maintained in their natural state in the same reational areas. manner as wild or scenic rivers. Second, while Interstate Route 1-75 There are two major trails that, when com- traverses the center of the State north and pleted, will traverse this planning subarea. south, routes extending to the west from this The existing Shore-to-Shore Trail, developed route are inadequate to move recreationists by the State of Michigan, extends in an east- into many areas where opportunities could be west direction through Kalkaska, Grand developed. Traverse, Benzie, and Leelanau Counties, Third, sand and gravel mining of the Lake with a spur trail extending into Wexford Michigan dune areas has seriously altered or County. The North Country Trail, as an addi- destroyed some of the dunes and their as- tion to the national trails system, is proposed sociated vegetation. Under present Michigan to extend in a north-south direction through Department of Natural Resources policy, cer- the counties adjacent to Lake Michigan. tain State owned lands may be leased for min- Scenic areas and those with recreational po- eral recovery operations, including sand and tential should be tied into these major trail gravel mining. Some sand dunes in this plan- systems with a system of spur trails for hiking ning subarea have already been leased for this and horseback riding. purpose. Certain privately owned dune areas The Sleeping Bear Dunes National are also being exploited for these purposes, Lakeshore, authorized in 1970 and currently Areas with important natural and scenic val- being acquired, will contain approximately ues should be identified and protected from 46,000 acres in Benzie and Leelanau Counties, further sand mining. In certain instances, 31 miles of Lake Michigan mainland shoreline, controlling interests in valuable private sand 13 miles of South Manitou Island shoreline, dune areas could be acquired and managed by and 22.5 miles of North Manitou Island the State of Michigan. shoreline. According to Public Law 91-479, the Secretary of the Interior shall prepare and implement a land and water use 4.6.6.4 Suggestions for Future Action management plan, which shall include specific provisions for (1) development of facilities to pro- vide the benefits of public recreation; (2) protection There are large acreages of underdeveloped of scenic, scientific, and historic features contrib- State and Federal lands in this planning sub- uting to-public enjoyment; and (3) such protection, area. The State of Michigan owns nearly management, and utilization of renewable natural 1,323,000 acres of forest land, while the resources as in the judgment of the Secretary is consistent with, and will further the purpose of, Hiawatha and Manistee National Forests public recreati6n and protection of scenic, scien- contain an additional 511,000 and 480,000 tific, and historic features contributing to public acres. Because of the availability of such large enjoyment.52 acreages for increased development, it was as- Such recreational developments would help sumed that 50 percent of Type II needs could meet some of the needs for camping, picnick- 120 Appendix 21 ing, swimming, hiking, sightseeing, and other ments, new lands will have to be acquired in activities. and near urban areas throughout the plan- There are almost 5,100 miles of snowmobile ning subarea. Existing public lands, currently trails in this area.23 Most of these trails are underdeveloped, should be developed to their publicly owned, with local governments own- optimal potential. ing approximately 87 percent of the total; the The Michigan Outdoor Recreation Plan of State of Michigan, 6 percent; the Federal gov- March 1, 1967 '21 lists several State parks ernment, 1 percent; and the private sector which are in the process of being developed. owning the remaining 6 percent. Extensive Included within Planning Subarea 2.4 are holdings of public forests, both State and Fed- Leelanau and Petoskey. Acquisition and de- eral, plus the private sector, should be able to velopment of these parks will help meet the support additional opportunities for such growing recreational demand. Other State trails. parks with additional potential for develop- Estuarine areas along Lake Michigan ment should be expanded to their optimal should be preserved and managed as a habitat capacities. for fish and wildlife. Recreational potential In addition to these State areas, three pre- should be developed to the extent that it is viously mentioned areas of national signifi- compatible with fish and wildlife uses. cance should be established or administered in This planning subarea possesses several accordance with the legislative intent-the rivers with attributes that could qualify them Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, the for scenic or natural river status at the State proposed Pere MarquettE! Scenic River, and or Federal level. These include the Pere Mar- the proposed North Country Trail. quette, Manistee, Pine, White Fish, Muske- In addition to the above elements, new lands gon, Manistique, Carp, Little Manistee, and should be acquired in the planning subarea to Escanaba Rivers. satisfy remaining needs. The following ele- The shores of Lake Michigan contain more ments are proposed for recreational develop- than 900 acres (154 miles) of beaches, approx- ment. imately 290 acres (32 miles) of which are pub- These items should be given priority for ac- licly owned. It is estimated that nearly 500 quisition and development during 1970-1980: more acres (100 miles) have recreational po- (1) Lake Michigan shore-2,000 acres tential. (2) national forest development Other areas, on or adjacent to lakeshores, (3) scenic rivers-50 miles streams, and other points of interest, have po- The following elements should be given tential for development as regional or com- priority for acquisition and development munity parks. during 1980-2000: (1) Lake Michigan shore-2,000 acres (2) national and State forest development 4.6.6.5 Plan Design (3) new regional parks--two of 2,000 acres each Recreational facilities included in the Man- (4) scenic rivers-100 miles istee and Hiawatha National Forests' 5-year The following should be considered for ac- recreation plan S46 are given in Table 21-28. quisition and development during 2000-2020: For all Class I type recreational develop- (1) Lake Michigan shore-2,000 acres (2) national and State forest development (3) new regional parks.-two of 2,000 acres each (4) scenic rivers-100 miles TABLE 21-28 Planned Recreation Facilities, These miscellaneous items should be given Manistee and Hiawatha National Forests, Plan- attention through the entire 1970-2020 ning Subarea 2.4 period: Persons Accomodated (1) the provision of access sites in suitable Facility No. of Sites At One Time places on Lake Michigan, its tributary Camping 610 streams, and inland lakes Swimming 100 (2) development of additional harbors of Boating 8 2,105 refuge Picnic 40 211 (3) evaluation and classification of those Canoe Trails 100 miles 80 lakes that have potential -to be considered for Hiking@ Trails 30 miles 300 preservation in a natural or scenic lake sys- Outdoor Recreation Plan 121 tem. Those that qualify should be protected (4) extension of the trail systems from that development which detracts from (5) development of compatible recreational their pristine character. facilities on public hunting lands TABLE 21-29 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 2.4 1970 1980 2000 2020 Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Activity Reqmnt eds Reqmnt supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 100 VO 0 150 170 0 240 170 70 350 170 180 Picnicking 1,530 1,500 30 1,910 1,500 410 2,640 1,500 1,140 3,650 1,500 2,150 Camping 620 1,300 0 990 1,300 0 1,630 1,300 330 2,580 1,300 1,280 Parking (General) 220 60 160 290 60 230 460 60 400 660 60 600 Parking (Boats & water-skiing) 270 70 200 410 70 340 670 70 600 1,010 70 940 Subtotal 2,740 3,100 390 3,750 3,100 980 5,640 3,100 2,540 8,250 3,100 5,150 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 2,180 70 2,110 3,130 70 3,060 4,990 70 4,920 7,610 70 7,540 Golf 3,160 190 2,970 4,240 190 4,050 8,020 190 7,830 11,990 190 11,800 Subtotal 5,340 260 5,080 7,370 260 7,110 13,010 260 12,750 19,600 260 19,340 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 280 200 80 300 200 100 380 200 180 480 200 280 Sledding 340 0 340 430 0 430 700 0 700 1,100 0 1,100 Ice Skating 30 20 10 40 20 20 70 20 50 210 20 190 Subtotal 650 220 430 770 220 550 1,150 220 930 1,790 220 1,570 Total Acres of Developed Land 8,730 3,580 5,900 11,890 3,580 8,640 19,800 3,580 16,220 29,640 3,580 26,060 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 88,000 679,000 0 131,000 679,000 0 229,000 679,000 0334,000 679,000 0 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 300 60 240 480 60 420 750 60 690 1,180 60 1,120 Bicycling 310 80 230 370 80 290 510 80 430 700 80 620 Horseback Riding 80 80 0 90 80 10 140 80 60 200 80 120 Total Miles of 690 220 470 940 220 720 1,400 220 1,180 2,080 220 1,860 Trail Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 5,410 7,680 13,830 21,000 Class 11 4,500 7,700 15,500 27,700 Total Land Needs 9,910 15,380 29,330 48,700 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 1,330 3,270 8,200 17,200 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(1000s)18,214 24,366 36,289 51,360 For water-oriented recreati n activities(1000s) 5,255 7,348 11,199 16,466 122 Appendix 21 4.6.7 Planning Subarea 3.1 trails in 1970 which is projected to reach 250 miles by 2020. Needs for Class I recreational Planning Subarea 3.1 (Figure 21-71) oc- lands were 2,200 acres in 1970. This figure will cupies the northeastern part of Michigan's increase to more than 10,000 acres by 2020. Lower Peninsula and encompasses eleven (2) Nonurban counties from Saginaw Bay north to the Estimates indicate an insufficient supply of Straits of Mackinac. swimming beaches and picnicking facilities Outstanding recreational features of this beyond 1980, and insufficient camping area include extensive forests, many inland facilities after 2020. The Michigan Outdoor lakes and streams, topography which lends it- Recreation Plan 20 showed a prorated need for self to winter sports, and in the northern por- development of more than 2,300 campsites tion, the last vestiges of an undeveloped Lake and 3,400 parking spaces between 1965 and Huron shoreline. Principal streams include 1975. It also proposed the acquisition of 2,300 the Rifle, Au Sable, Pine, Thunder Bay, Black, additional acres of land. Pigeon, and Sturgeon Rivers. This study does not adequately consider Soil and climate do not encourage intensive travel patterns from the Detroit metropolitan agriculture. Timber is one of the area's major area and other large cities to the south. A sig- products. nificant number of people traveling to this Urban development is minimal and strongly area for recreational purposes are willing to related to recreation. The principal cities are travel more than 150 miles from urban areas Alpena (the largest, with nearly 15,000 people), in the south for normal sui.,nmer weekend use. Cheboygan, Gaylord, and Standish. The Bay Needs for nonurban recreational lands (Class City and Saginaw SMSAs, with a combined 11), 2,500 acres in 1970, are projected to in- population of 334,415 in 1970, lie within 50 crease to nearly 12,000 ac:res by 2020. miles of the southern boundary of this plan- (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation ning subarea. It is estimated that the total amount of land Gross land available for recreation in this which must be acquired and developed will planning subarea is 1,691,000 acres. Of this grow from 4,700 acres in 1970 to nearly 22,000 total, 1,666,000 acres are in State and national acres by 2020, assuming that 50 percent of the forests and 25,000 acres in State and local needs for Class II recreational development parks and water access areas. Great Lakes can be accommodated on State and Federal and inland water surfaces contribute another forest lands. Table 21--30 portrays rec- 178,000 acres and 111,000 acres, respectively. reational requirements, supply, and needs by The total annual requirement for all rec- activity for Planning Subarea 3.1 for each of reational activities in 1970 was 7.7 million rec- the target years. reation days. This is projected to increase to (4) Water Needs more than 21 million recreation days by 2020. The water supply in this planning subarea The water-oriented activity requirements in appears adequate to meet present and future 1970 were two million recreation days, and are demands for boating activities. expected to increase to more than six million recreation days by 2020. 4.6.7.2 Problems 4.6.7.1 Estimate of Needs Many problems presented in Subsection 4.5 are applicable here. Additionally, some of this (1) Urban planning subarea experiences adverse Although there are no urban areas which economic conditions which reduce the ability qualify as SMSAs in Planning Subarea 3.1, of the private sector to provide substantial there are some needs in the smaller urban input to the development of recreational op- areas, and in cities just to the south of this portunities. Existing facilities have been planning subarea. Playfields represented the poorly maintained and are not able to compete greatest developed-facility acreage needs in vigorously with other major recreational 1970. These urban-oriented facilities remain areas. the largest acreage need through 2020. A large A second specific problem in this area is one acreage need for golf courses is expected by of road layout. While Interstate Route 1-75 that year. Swimming beach acreage in this traverses the center of the State north and area appears adequate to the year 1980. There south, roads extending east from this route was a need for 100 miles of developed bicycle are inadequate to carry recreationists into Outdoor Recreation Plan 123 Q@ lc@ LAKE' HURON AL BLACK RIV94 Aw URGEON RIVER CLEAR LAKE AL TATE PARK PIGEON RIVER A&S A& THUNDER DAY RIVER 1& 10 BEAR LAKE ,&TEA LAKE HURON NATIONAL FOREST MANISTEE RIVER a FRENCH CREEK LAKE MARGRETHE AUSABLF RIVER PINE RIVER -N- A, RIFLE RIVER Scale in Miles 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 21-71 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 3.1. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. 124 Appendix 21 many areas where opportunities could be de- Estuarine areas along Lake Huron should veloped. be preserved and managed for fish and wildlife Third, this planning subarea receives a dis- habitats, and recreational potential developed proportionate share of its projected rec- only if compatible. Michigan's State Park reational use from urbanized areas to the Ten-Year Progra M22 showed a proposed south. It is expected that inadequate recrea- increase of 3,000 acres in six State parks by tional resources in the southern planning sub- 1975. The number of State campsites in this areas, coupled with the northerly travel planning subarea is programmed to increase pattern that will be stimulated by the Inter- to 3,986 in 11 parks by 1975. The program lists state Highway System, will result in a rapidly potential parks within ten years on presently increasing recreational demand in this area. administered State forest land, including: (1) Big Bear Lake (2) Clear Lake 4.6.7.3 Suggestions for Future Action (3) Jones Lake (4) Lake Margrethe Large acreages of either undeveloped or (5) Tea Lake underdeveloped public lands are present in (6) Manistee River-French Creek this planning subarea. Of the 1.7 million acres Additional facilities should be provided as in public ownership, 417,000 acres are in na- needed on State and national forest lands to tional forests and 1,248,000 in State forests. provide quality recreation in a natural set- Based on U.S. Forest Service 46 data, 5,000 ting within reasonable travel time of the user. acres of land could be developed for rec- More opportunities could be provided reational use in the Huron National Forest. At through development of adequate public ac- a developmental level of two-tenths of one cess sites on lakes and streams. Such access percent, State forests could provide an addi- would be especially beneficial for boating and tional 2,500 acres for recreational develop- fishing. ment. Optimal usage may require the pur- The State has developed several trail routes chase of additional lake and stream frontage. through this planning subarea. The Shore- In addition, several State parks and recrea- to-Shore Trail traverses Iosco, Alcona, Osco- tional areas could support increased develop- da, and Crawford Counties and continues ment. Because of the availability of large acre- westward to the Lake Michigan shore. ages for potential development, it was as- Another trail is being developed from Midland sumed that 50 percent of all Class II needs to Mackinaw City. It will cross Crawford, Ot- could be met on publicly owned lands. sego, and Cheboygan Counties. Scenic areas or Other areas that should be considered for those with recreational potential should be recreational use include the valleys of the tied into major trail systems with a system of Rifle, Au Sable, Thunder Bay, and Black Riv- spur trails for hiking andi horseback riding. ers and their tributaries. Small stream valleys Canoe trails have been developed on the should be considered for development where Rifle, Au Sable, Thunder Bay, and Black Riv- they are of adequate size and quality. It ap- ers. Other streams should be developed for pears that between 100 and 150 miles of valley canoeing wherever possible. have potential for recreational development. More than 600 miles of designated snow- The Au Sable, Black, Pine, Thunder Bay, mobile trails are listed on public lands in this Presque Isle, and Rifle Rivers are possible area.23 Extensive holdings of public forest, additions to a scenic or natural river system. both State and Federal, should be able to sup- A number of privately owned beaches along port additional trails. the Lake Huron shore in Alcona, Arenac, The numerous lakes in this planning sub- Cheboygan, Iosco, and Presque Isle Counties area should be exarmned as potential scenic have some potential for intensive develop- lakes. Those that qualify should be protected ment. Based on the International Joint Com- and maintained in their natural state. mission (IJC) study'16 most of these beaches The private sector has provided substantial are of average quality. Their total length ex- recreational opportunities in certain ac- ceeds 45 miles and they contain approximately tivities, especially camping and snow skiing. 400 acres. Many have some residential de- velopment within 300 feet of the shoreline. Such development limits the potential of these 4.6.7.4 Plan Design areas and will increase the cost of acquisition if they are purchased. For most Class I type recreational develop- Outdoor Recreation Plan 125 ments, new lands will have to be acquired in For Class II type recreational areas, there and near urban areas throughout the plan- are two useful alternatives. All existing pub- ning subarea. Existing public lands, currently licly owned lands, consisting largely of State underdeveloped, should be developed more in- parks and State and national forests, should tensively while maintaining as natural a set- be developed to their optimal capacity. It is ting as possible. estimated that these lands can accommodate TABLE 21-30 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 3.1 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 40 60 0 60 60 0 90 60 30 130 60 70 Picnicking 580 770 0 730 770 0 1,000 770 230 1,370 770 600 Camping 240 1,000 0 380 1,180 0 620 1,180 0 970 1,180 0 Parking(General) 80 210 0 120 250 0 170 250 0 250 250 0 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 110 200 0 160 200 0 250 200 50 470 200 270 Subtotal 1,050 2,240 0 1,450 2,460 0 2,130 2,460 310 3,190 2,460 940 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 1,470 10 1,460 2,180 10 2,170 3,710 10 3,700 5,560 10 5,550 Golf 1,200 600 600 1,760 600 1,160 3,040 600 2,440 4,480 600 3,880 Subtotal 2,670 610 2,060 3,940 610 3,330 6,750 610 6,140 10,040 610 9.430 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 110 20 90 120 20 100 150 20 130 180 20 160 Sledding 130 0 130 170 0 170 260 0 260 410 0 410 lee Skating 10 0 10 20 0 20 30 0 30 40 0 40 Subtotal 250 20 230 310 20 290 440 20 420 630 20 610 Total Acres of Developed Land 3,970 2,870 2,290 5,700 3,090 3,620 9,320 3,090 6,870 13,860 3,090 10,980 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 34,000 289,000 0 49,000 289,000 0 82,000 289,000 0 126,000 289,000 0 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 120 90 30 190 90 100 290 90 200 420 90 330 Bicycling 120 20 100 140 20 120 200 20 180 270 20 250 Horseback Riding 30 130 0 40 130 0 50 130 0 80 130 0 Total Miles of Trail 270 240 130 370 240 220 540 240 380 770 240 580 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 2,200 3,600 6,600 10,200 Class 11 2,500 3,500 6,900 11,600 Total 4,700 7,100 13,500 21,800 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 0 0 1,100 3,100 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities (1000s) 7,700 10,449 15,854 21,591 For water-oriented recreation activities(IO00s) 1,985 2,798 4,238 6,196 126 Appendix 21 50 percent of needed facilities. lakes are largely absent in this area. New lands should be acquired and developed Gross land available for recreation is ap- in strategic areas. Such settings should be proximately 11,300 acres. There are also oriented toward the Lake Huron shoreline 58,000 acres of State game and wildlife areas and several of the larger lakes and streams. and 3,400 acres of national. wildlife refuges. In The following should be given priority dur- addition, the Great Lakes water surfaces ing the 1970-1980 time period: available for recreation amount to 137,000 (1) State and national forest areas acres and inland lakes to 24,000 acres. (2) Lake Huron shore-640 acres Total annual recreational requirements in (3) scenic rivers-50 miles 1970 were more than 31 million recreation These elements deserve priority for acquisi- days. This is projected to increase to more tion and development, 1980-2000: than 94 million recreation days by 2020. Re- (1) Lake Huron and inland lake shores- quirements for water-oriented recreation 2000 acres were slightly more than eight million rec- (2) State and national forest areas reation days in 1970, and are expected to in- (3) scenic rivers-100 miles crease to more than 25 million recreation days These elements are needed during 2000- by 2020. 2020: (1) Lake Huron and inland lake shores- 2000 acres 4.6.8.1 Estimate of Needs (2) State and national forest areas (3) new regional parks-two of 2000 acres (1) Urban Land Needs each Greatest current need, which will extend (4) scenic rivers-50 miles through 2020, is for developed facilities usu- Miscellaneous items that should be consid- ally associated with urban areas, i.e., golf ered during the entire period include: courses and playfields. A -need of 100 acres of (1) the provision of access sites in suitable swimming beach for 1970 will increase to 400 places on Lake Huron, its tributary streams acres by 2020. Needs for Class I recreational and inland lakes lands will increase from 6,700 acres in 1970 to (2) development of additional harbors of more than 29,000 in 2020. refuge (2) Nonurban Land Needs (3) evaluation and classification of lakes Developed land required to satisfy nonur- with potential as natural or scenic lakes which ban needs in 1970 was 1,000 acres, increasing should be protected to 5,500 acres by 2020. Needs for camping (4) extension of the trail system acreage were estimated to increase from 100 (5) development of compatible recreational acres in 1970 to nearly 1,300 acres by 2020. facilities on public hunting lands Picnicking acreage is expected to grow from 500 acres in 1970 to approximately 1,700 acres in 2020. There is a shortage of trail develop- 4.6.8 Planning Subarea 3.2 ment in the area. Approximately 460 miles of both bicycle and horse trails were needed in The eleven counties which make up this 1970, with foot trail needs of nearly 200 miles. planning subarea are located in the lower By 2020, trail mileage needs will increase to Lake Huron region in the east-central part of 930 for bicycling, 260 for horseback riding, and the Lower Peninsula (Figure 21-72). 760 for foot travel. Needs for Class 11 rec- Heavy recreational use is made of river val- reational land are projected to increase from leys and forested areas in the north, and gla- 12,500 acres in 1970 to 54,000 acres in 2020. cial moraines in the southern portion of the (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation planning subarea. The Tittabawassee, Because relatively little - ublic land is avail- p Shiawassee, Flint, and Cass Rivers drain this able for more intensive development in this area. Major cities include Bay City, Midland, planning subarea, larger acreages must be Flint, and Saginaw. Nearly 75 percent of the acquired. More than 19,000 acres were re- effective population is derived from SMSAs. quired in 1970, and by 2021) total land needed The forested northern section lends itself well will approach 84,000 acres. Table 21-31 por- to camping, hunting, and other recreational trays recreational requirements, supply, and activities in a natural environment. With the needs by activity for Planning Subarea 3.2 exception of the southern counties, natural for each of the target years. Outdoor Recreation Plan 127 (4) Water Needs recommends an average of 10 acres of urban Additional surface water is not expected to recreational areas, 15 acres of extra urban be needed until 2020. By that year, approxi- open space, and 65 acres of large parks, mately 70,000 acres of water surface will be forests, and other open space per 1,000 people. needed in this planning subarea. It seems unlikely this standard can be met within the limits of this area. 4.6.8.2 Problems There was an average of only 10.3 acres of all 4.6.8.3 Suggestions for Future Action types of recreation land, exclusive of water surface, available per 1,000 people in this Unfortunately, there are now no large acre- planning subarea in 1964.57 This relationship ages of public lands in this planning subarea has changed very little since that time. The that can be developed for recreational use. National Recreation and Park Association" Several State parks could support limited ad- LAKE HURON PINCONNING STATE PARK Bay City EP AL AL CASS RIVER TITTA AWASSEE AL AVER PINE RIVER MISaginaw FLINT RIVER Flint -N- SHIAWASSEE RIVER i AIL Scale in Miles 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 21-72 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 3.2. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. 128 Appendix 21 ditional development. State game and wildlife people residing in such areas, consideration areas total 58,000 acres. If one-half of one per- should be given to the improvement of exist- cent of these lands were developed for certain ing centers, construction of new neighborhood types of recreational use, they could supply multi-purpose community centers, and full 300 acres of developed recreational facilities. utilization of school and other facilities for In total only 600 acres of developed lands can general recreational and cultural activities. be supported on existing publicly owned lands. Other improvements should include the ac- A significant amount of other resources quisition and development of tot-lots, with recreational potential are present in this neighborhood playgrounds, and neighborhood planning subarea. These alternatives are set and community parks. forth here. A very substantial part of overnight and Areas that should be considered for rec- weekend use has been exported from this reational use include the valleys of the planning subarea to the upper part of the Shiawassee, Flint, Tittabawassee, and Pine Lower Penninsula and to the Upper Penin- Rivers and their tributaries. Other, smaller sula of Michigan and to the Lake Michigan stream valleys should be considered where shore on the western side of the State. This they are of adequate size and quality. Be- trend undoubtedly will continue and may in- tween 100 and 150 miles of valley have this tensify as the southeastern part of the State type of potential. becomes more heavily populated. These A number of privately owned beaches along people will seek recreational opportunities the Lake Huron shore in Bay and Huron largely in Planning Subareas 1.2, 2.4, and 3.1. Counties have some potential for intensive The private sector has provided substantial development and use. Based on the IJC quantities of recreational opportunities in study, 16 these beaches are of average quality. certain activities, especially camping and Their total length exceeds 20 miles and they snow skiing. contain more than 150 acres. However, a sig- nificant part of their length is built up, having cottages within 300 feet of the shoreline. Sub- 4.6.8.4 Plan Design stantial numbers of these cottages would have to be acquired to develop suitable public beach New lands in and near urban areas will have areas. Lands have been acquired for a new to be acquired for most Class I type rec- State park at Pinconning, which will include a reational developments throughout the plan- full range of development. ning subarea. Existing public lands, currently Impoundments could be constructed for rec- underdeveloped, should be developed more in- reational use in numerous places in this tensively while maintaining as natural a set- planning subarea. These sites have potentials ting as possible. of more than 7,000 acres of surface water. There are two alternatives for Class 11 type Under present policy, however, if these areas recreational areas. All existing publicly were developed solely for recreation and fish owned lands, consisting largely of State parks and wildlife use, they probably would have to and wildlife areas, should be developed to be funded in large part by State and local in- their optimal capacity. Yt is assumed that terests. Such impoundments can have adverse these lands could accommodate 300 additional impact on the trout population. acres of newly developed facilities by 1980 and Estuarine areas and shoreland along Lake 600 acres of such facilities by 2000 and 2020. Huron should be preserved and managed for New lands will have to be acquired in the fish and wildlife habitats and recreational po- planning subarea to satisfy many recreational tential should be developed only if compatible. needs. The following elements are proposed Additional recreational opportunities could for recreational development. be provided through development of public ac- These areas should be given priority for ac- cess sites on those lakes and streams which quisition and development during the 1970- presently do not have suitable access. Such 1980 time period: access would be especially beneficial for boat- (1) approximately 20 miles of stream val- ing and fishing. leys on the Flint, Tittabawassee, and Based on 1964 data'57 the amount of all pub- Shiawassee and their tributaries-3,200 acres lic recreational lands available within the (2) five miles of Lake Huron beaches in Bay counties in this planning subarea having and Huron Counties-1,600 acres major urban centers is less than five acres per (3) two new regional parks on new 1,000 people. To meet the pressing needs of impoundments-2,000 acres of recreational Outdoor Recreation Plan 129 lands in each, plus water surface Shiawassee, Pine, Cass, and Chippewa Rivers The following items should be given priority and their tributaries-3,200 acres during 1980-2000: (2) five additional miles of Lake Huron (1) approximately 20 additional miles of beaches in Bay and Huron Counties-1,600 stream valleys on the Flint, Tittabawassee, acres TABLE 21-31 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 3.2 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply--ffe-eds ie-qmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 150 50 100 210 50 160 330 50 280 480 50 430 Picnicking 840 340 500 1,060 340 720 1,460 340 1,120 2,020 340 1,680 Camping 530 430 100 850 560 290 1,410 560 850 2,220 560 1,660 Parking (General) 300 200 100 420 250 170 630 250 380 900 250 650 Parking (Boats & water-skiing) 240 60 180 360 60 300 570 50 510 880 60 820 Subtotal 2,060 1,080 980 2,900 1,260 1.640 4,400 1,260 3,140 6,500 1,260 5,240 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 2,660 670 1,990 39960 670 39290 6,800 670 6,130 10,240 670 9,570 Golf 4,320 460 3,860 6,420 460 5,960 10,060 460 9,600 169340 460 15,880 Subtotal 6,980 1,130 59850 10,380 1,130 9,250 16,860 1,130 15,730 26,580 1,130 25,450 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 380 40 340 420 40 380 530 40 490 670 40 630 Sledding 470 0 470 600 0 600 970 0 970 1,530 0 19530 Ice Skating 40 0 40 60 0 60 90 0 90 150 0 150 Subtotal 890 40 850 1,080 40 1,040 1,590 40 1,550 2,350 40 29310 Total Acres of Developed Land 9,930 2,250 7,680 14,360 2,430 11,930 22,850 2,430 209420 35,430 2,430 33,000 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 57,000 161,000 0 899000 161,000 0147,000 161,000 0231,000 1619000 70,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 220 30 190 350 30 320 530 30 500 790 30 760 Bicycling 420 40 380 520 40 480 710 40 670 970 40 930 Horseback Riding 100 20 80 130 20 110 190 20 170 280 20 260 Total Miles of Trail 740 90 650 1,000 90 910 1,430 90 1,340 2,040 90 1,950 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 6,740 10,700 18,200 29,400 Class Il 12,500 17,700 32,300 54,000 Total Land Needs 19,240 28,400 50,500 839400 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 6,500 8,900 16,900 31,000 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activitiea(1000s) 31,197 42,718 65,205 94,443 For water-oriented recreation ,activities (10008) 8,114 11,434 17,825 25,609 130 Appendix 21 (3) two new regional parks on new 4.6.9.1 Estimate of Needs impoundments-2,000 acres of recreational land in each, plus water surface These elements should be acquired and de- The presence of large population concentra- veloped during 2000-2020: tions in Planning Subarea 4.1, coupled with (1) approximately 40 additional miles of increasing population and income, greater stream valleys on various streams in the mobility and additional leisure time, means planning subarea-6,400 acres increasing pressure on recreational facilities, (2) three additional regional parks on new especially for the day-use type. To meet these impoundments-2,000 acres of recreational needs, a coordinated, continuous planning and lands in each, plus water surface developmental effort by all agencies engaged Miscellaneous items to be considered during in the provision of recreational facilities for the entire period include: the public is necessary. (1) the acquisition and construction of ad- Recreational needs of Detroit residents are ditional access sites in suitable places on in- not unlike those of other major cities through- land lakes and streams out the Region. The greatest needs lie in low- (2) acquisition and development of addi- income, densely populated neighborhoods. In tional harbors of refuge and marinas on Lake these areas there is very little open space for Huron recreation, and people 'lack the means to (3) acquisition and development of rec- travel to recreation areas in other neighbor- reational lands on small impoundments con- hoods. In addition, many of these people can- structed under Public Law 566 not enjoy existing facilities and programs be- cause they lack the price of admission and, in some cases, the special equipment required for 4.6.9 Planning Subarea 4.1 participation. (1) Urban Land Needs This planning subarea is located in gently The predominantly urban nature of this rolling terrain of the western portion of the area is reflected in the needs for developed Lake Erie region. It consists of nine counties land to accommodate activities usually as- in southeastern Michigan (Figure 21-73) and sociated with urban areas. Developed acreage is characterized by a high degree of urbaniza- needs exceeded 13,000 acres in 1970. By 2020 tion and industrialization. More than 90 per- this figure will grow to nearly 67,000 acres. cent of its effective population is derived from The greatest developed-avreage needs are for urban areas. Detroit, second largest city in the golf courses and playfields, both in 1970 and Great Lakes Region, is the largest city in this through 2020 (Figure 21-74). planning subarea. Residents of Detroit, Ann (2) Nonurban Land Needs Arbor, Pontiac, and other smaller cities exert Developed nonurban land needs were 4,700 tremendous recreational pressures. acres in 1970, increasing to nearly 23,000 acres The recreational potential of this area is lim- in 2020. Nearly 1,100 developed acres were ited by urban sprawl and competing land and needed for picnicking in 1.970. By 2020 nearly water uses. Gross land acreage available for 4,500 acres will be required to meet the pic- recreation is 68,100 acres, most of which is in nicking requirements. The need for additional State, county, and local parks. Inland water campsites will grow from -1,070 acres in 1970 to areas, primarily in the northwestern portion more than 5,800 acres by the year 2020. of the area, and Great Lakes surface area add (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation another 40,000 acres and 151,000 acres to the Land acreage needs stated above are for de- recreation supply. Major rivers include the veloped facilities and do not include estimates Huron, Raisin, and Clinton Rivers. for additional land for buffers between vary- Total recreational requirements for 1970 ing land uses. The total land needed for out- were over 85 million recreation days. These door recreation (including developed and un- are estimated to increase to more than 260 developed land) in this planning subarea was million recreation days by 2020. Water- 36,000 acres in 1970, and will increase to oriented recreational requirements were es- 194,000 acres by 2020. Table 21-32 portrays the timated to exceed 20 million recreation days in recreational requirements, supply, and needs 1970, and are projected to increase to more by activity for Planning Subarea 4.1 for each than 70 million recreation days by 2020. of the target years. Outdoor Recreation Plan 131 BLA@@ER BELLE RIVER Pontiac AL Detroit RN-T.. RIC ... a. -a. "MCKNEY RECREATION AREA LAKE WATERLOO RECREATION AREA 7 CLAIR S7. Ann Arbor HURON *Ivan "is'" RIVER Mil" 0 S 10 is FIGURE 21-73 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.1. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text. 132 Appendix 21 (4) Water Needs Lake Erie is quite flat and marshy, and areas According to the methodology used in the that are not marshy have been developed for appendix, no water surface acreage needs industrial and residential uses. Thus, the po- existed in 1970. Estimates put such needs at tential for recreational development along 55,000 acres by 1980. Needs for water surface this segment of the Lake Erie shoreline is lim- acreage for boating activities (including ited. water-skiing) are expected to increase to (4) The use of several beaches on Lake Erie 454,000 acres by 2020. between Detroit and Toledo, including Ster- ling State Park, has been greatly limited by pollution. 4.6.9.2 Problems Many problems were presented in Subsee- tion 4.5. Other problems specific to Planning 4.6.9.3 Suggestions for Future Action Subarea 4.1 include the following: (1) There was an average of only 15.0 acres While there will continue to be a need for of all types of recreation land available per highly trained recreation specialists, there is 1,000 people in this planning subarea in 1964 .57 an even greater need for recreation super- Residents of Wayne County (Detroit) had only visors who can identify with the neighbor- 5.0 acres of recreation lands per 1,000 people. hoods. Most recruitment should be local, and This relationship has changed very little since levels of training should be appropriate to the that time. The National Recreation and Park activities an individual will supervise. Association" recommends an average of 10 Private holdings within. existing State rec- acres of urban recreation areas, 15 acres of reational areas-Waterloo, Pinckney, and extra urban open space, and 65 acres of large Brighton-should be acquired. This would im- parks, forests, and other open space per 1,000 prove development and management effi- people. It seems unlikely that this standard ciency in such areas. It is estimated that an can be met here. additional 4,000 acres of developed land could (2) Because segments of many flood plains ultimately be obtained in these recreation have been developed for residential, commer- areas, if they were blocked in and developed to cial, or industrial uses, substantial portions of their optimal potential. Other State and the limited resources of the Detroit area are metropolitan park areas should be enlarged not available for recreational development. where suitable land is available and where (3) Much of the shoreline along western such expansion can be used effectively. 4, -0 4, P. Ohl ji Courtesy of Michigan Tourist Council Courtesy of U.S. Soil Conservation Service FIGURE 21-74 A Diversity of Activities. Recreational opportunities are diversified near Detroit, Michigan. Outdoor Recreation Plan 133 Other areas that should be considered for privately owned beaches along the Lake St. recreational use include the valleys of the Clair shores have significant potential for in- Raisin, Huron, Belle, and Black Rivers and tensive recreational development and use, al- their tributaries. Valleys of other smaller though mercury and other pollutants present streams should be considered for recreational health dangers. development where they are of adequate size A park with a reservoir is proposed for de- and quality. velopment on Mill Creek, a tributary of the The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, with the Huron River in Washtenaw County, by the cooperation and assistance of other Federal, Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority. This State, and local agencies, is presently evalu- facility would be located south of Interstate ating the Lake Erie shoreline of this planning Route 94, ten miles west of Ann Arbor, and 50 subarea for possible development as a large miles west of Detroit. Two alternatives are national urban recreation area. The original being considered; one would include 4,900 study included the mouth of the Huron River, acres of land with a 650-acre impoundment. the Stony Point area, the Sterling State The other would consist of 3,500 acres of land Park-Raisin River mouth area, and the Ot- with a 550-acre impoundment. Each of these tawa River mouth area near Toledo, and may facilities would provide a full range of rec- be extended to include the entire shoreline reational activities. from Port Huron, Michigan, to Port Clinton, Another reservoir site, on the Tiffin River Ohio. just above Morenci, has been proposed to con- The land and water resources of the mo- trol flooding along the Tiffin River in Ohio. rainic area extending from western and This site, if developed, has some recreational northern Washtenaw County through south- potential. If any reservoirs are built under ern Livingston and Oakland Counties have P.L. 566 by the Soil Conservation Service, substantial potential for recreational de- their recreational potential should be de- velopment where urban development has not veloped to their optimal level. Other reservoir preempted their use. Suitable areas should be sites should also be examined for their rec- acquired and developed as soon as possible. reational potential. Based on data from the IJC study of the Two possibilities noted for Planning Sub- Great Lakes beaches,16 there are approxi- area 2.3, the Sandstone and Doan Creek reser- mately eleven miles, or 100 acres, of beach voirs, could provide a substantial amount of along the southern end of Lake Huron in recreational opportunities for people in Plan- Sanilac and St. Clair Counties that have po- ning Subarea 4.1. tential for acquisition and recreational de- Estuarine areas along Lakes Erie and St. velopment. Some of them are impaired to some Clair should be preserved and managed for degree by dirty sand. In addition, a number of their beneficial effects on wildlife. Their ree- 4611- Courtesy of Michigan Department of Natural Resources FIGURE 21-75 Imagination. An empty city lot can be turned into a rewarding urban recreation experience. 134 Appendix 21 reational potential should be developed only tivities not now provided for. as far as it is compatible with fish and wildlife New lands will have to be acquired to satisfy management. much of the recreational need. The following The Michigan Outdoor Recreation Plan Of elements are proposed fc)r recreational de- March 1, 1967 '21 lists an additional State park velopment. They have beel.-I placed in a general programmed for Sanilac County. Campground priority system, although priorities for most developments are planned for this park. can be changed either higher or lower without Additional recreational opportunities could serious consequences. be provided through development of adequate These areas should be considered for acquis- public access sites on those lakes and streams ition, 1970-1980: which presently do not have suitable access. (1) private holdings within existing rec- Such access would be especially beneficial for reation areas-700 acres of developed land boating and fishing. (2) forty miles of stream valleys along the Redevelopment and rehabilitation of lands Huron, the northern branch of the Clinton, and facilities will be necessary if inner-city Raisin, and Belle Rivers and their needs are to be satisfied (Figure 21-75). Some tributaries-6,400 acres of the recreational needs of Detroit can be met (3) initiation of the proposed large recrea- through improvement and construction of tion complex on the Lake Erie shore between neighborhood multi-purpose community cen- Detroit and Toledo-5,000 acres ters, tot-lots, parks, and playgrounds. Such (4) Lake Huron beaches in St. Clair and facilities, especially community centers, Sanilac Counties-five miles, 1,600 acres should be operated in conjunction with the (5) two new regional parks-2,000 acres public schools, and school facilities made each available for general recreational and cultur- The following elements should be given al activities. In addition, consideration should priority for acquisition and development dur- be given to the recreational use of rooftops and ing the 1980-2000 time period: to the passive use of cemeteries. (1) additional private holdings within A large part of overnight and weekend activ- existing recreation areas-1,200 acres of de- ity has been exported from this planning sub- veloped land area to the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, to (2) an additional area of 50 miles of stream the upper part of Michigan's Lower Peninsula, valley along the Huron, Raisin, north branch and to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. This of the Clinton, Belle, and Black Rivers, and trend will continue and may intensify as the their tributaries-8,000 acres Detroit area becomes more heavily populated. (3) continued development of the Lake These people will seek recreation largely in Erie recreation area between Detroit and Planning Subareas 1.2, 2.4, and 3.1. Toledo-5,000 acres Because of the large volume of recreation (4) more new regional parks-two of 2,000 needs, a more detailed study of the recreation acres each potentials and problems of this planning sub- The following elements should be given area is needed. The comprehensive water- priority for acquisition and development dur- related project study for Southeast Michigan, ing the 2000-2020 time frame: presently under way, could aid in accom- (1) additional private holdings within plishing this task. existing areas-1,900 acres of developed land (2) an additional area of 50 miles of stream 4.6.9.4 Plan Design along the Raisin, Huron, Belle, and Black Riv- ers and their tributaries--8,000 acres Existing public lands, currently underde- These miscellaneous items should be given veloped, should be developed more intensively priority during the entire period: for Class I areas. New lands should be ac- (1) provision of additional access sites in quired and developed to satisfy many of the suitable places on Lakes Erie and St. Clair and urban needs. For Class II type recreational their tributary streams areas, two alternatives should be utilized to (2) reclamation of polduted beach areas provide the needed facilities. All existing pub- along the Lake Erie shore in and near the licly owned lands, largely State and regional Detroit and Toledo areas parks and forests, should be developed to their (3) acquisition of land and development of optimal capacity. Some of these lands can ac- small impoundments and recreation facilities commodate facilities for recreational ac- under Public Law 566 Outdoor Recreation Plan 135 TABLE 21-32 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 4.1 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 390 260 130 580 260 320 930 260 670 1,350 260 1,090 Picnicking 2,280 1,160 1,120 2,910 ij6O 1,750 4,060 1,160 2,900 5,630 1,160 4,470 Camping 1,450 380 1,070 2,340 380 1,960 3,600 380 3,220 6,200 380 5,820 Parking (General) 820 350 470 1,160 350 810 1,750 350 1,400 2,490 350 2,140 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 640 260 380 980 260 720 1,580 260 1,320 2,450 260 2,190 Subtotal 5,580 2,410 3,170 7,970 2,410 5,560 11,920 2,410 9,510 18,120 2,410 15,710 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 7,230 3,940 3,290 10,900 3,940 6,960 18,800 3,940 14,860 28,530 3,940 24,590 Golf 11,780 2,200 9,j8O 17,660 2,200 15,460 30,500 2,200 28,300 44,680 2,200 42,480 Subtotal 19,010 6,140 12,870 28,560 6,140 22,420 49,300 6,140 43,160 73,210 6,140 67,070 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 1,040 230 810 1,140 230 910 1,460 230 1,230 1,870 230 1,640 Sledding 1,260 0 1,260 1,650 0 1,650 2,680 0 2,680 4,250 0 4,250 Ice Skating 100 50 50 160 50 110 260 50 210 410 50 360 Subtotal 2,400 280 2,120 2,950 280 2,670 4,400 280 4,120 6,530 280 6,250 Total Acres of Developed Land 26,990 8,830 18,160 39,480 8,830 30,650 65,6zO 8,830 56,790 97,860 8,830 89,030 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 157,000 191,000 0246,000 191,000 55,000 407,000 191,000 216,000 645,000 191,000 454,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 590 110 480 950 110 840 1,480 110 1,370 2,190 110 2,080 Bicycling 1,160 130 1,030 1,420 130 1,290 1,960 130 1,830 2,550 130 2,420 Horseback Riding 280 50 230 360 50 310 530 50 480 780 50 730 Total Miles of Trail 2,030 290 1,740 2,730 290 2,440 3,970 290 3,680 5,520 290 5,230 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acr@s) Class 1 16,000 28,400 64,800 85,800 Class 11 2-0,300 33,100 55,800 108,600 Total Land Needs 36,300 61,500 120,600 194,400 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreations (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 14,500 23,700 30,100 78,100 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(IO00s) 85,398 117,492 180,873 263,893 For water-oriented recreation activities(IO00s) 21,371 31,444 48,346 71,433 4.6.10 Planning Subarea 4.2 western end of Lake Erie and is drained mostly by the Maumee, Por .tage,.Sandusky, Planning Subarea 4.2 (Figure 21-76) is lo- Huron, and Vermilion Rivers. Most of the 1.7 cated in northwest Ohio and northeast Indi- million people residing in this area live in the ana. It includes a 23-county area lying at the three SMSAs, Toledo, Lima, and Fort Wayne. 136 Appendix 21 LAKE ERIE .!@"&LAKE S)EIR I E Toledo (BAS $LANDS RANE CREEK STATE PARK MAUMEE STATE FOREST - 0-@@ CEDAR Poll T A& alk@ ST JOSEPH RIVER PORTAGE RIVER A& MAUMEE RIVER HURON RIVER J& SANDUSKY IVER VERMILLION BLANCHARD RIVER F t Wayne RIVER A& Findlay or* AUGLAIZE RIVER Lima ST. MARYS RIVER A& GRA14D LAKE ST. MARYS PARK -N- Scole in Miles N '_@A 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 21-76 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.2. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text of report. The land is used chiefly for agricultural pro- and is projected to increase to nearly 39 mil- duction so resources with recreational poten- lion by 2020. tial are limited. Although nearly 89 miles of Lake Erie shoreline are included, much of it is marshy. The uplands consist largely of flat 4.6.10.1 Estimate of Needs lake plains with weakly incised streams. The few significant areas with major recreation Although this planning subarea generates a potential are located along the larger streams. large demand for recreational facilities, they The Maumee River has been designated for are available only on a limited basis. Until possible inclusion in the National or State such time as substantially increased oppor- Wild and Scenic Rivers Systems. tunities are provided, many residents of this Gross land area available for recreation is planning subarea will continue to satisfy their almost 24,000 acres, much of which is in State recreational needs outside of the area. and local parks and forests. Great Lakes water (1) Urban Land Needs surface for recreation amounts to 59,000 acres Nearly three-fourths of the total rec- and inland lakes to 26,000 acres. reational needs for developed land are Total recreational requirement for 1970 to- oriented toward urban areas. This reflects the taled 46 million recreation days and is ex- impact of recreational needs from such cities pected to increase to more than 141 million by as Toledo, Fort Wayne Lima, Findlay, Fre- "4" do CRIIE C@REEK .* ST P RK lEsT ATE A 2020. Water-oriented recreation requirement mont, and Sandusky. exceeded 12 million recreation days in 1970 The greatest single need for developed- Outdoor Recreation Plan 13 7 facility acreage is for playfields; needs for pic- Several problems other than those discussed nicking, swimming, and trails are also large. in Subsection 4.5 of this appendix need to be The total amount of Class I recreational stressed. land which should be acquired and developed While Lake Erie provides vast areas of to meet urban recreational needs was approx- water surface, climatic conditions frequently imately 320 acres in 1970 and will grow to preclude use of these waters by small boat nearly 25,000 acres by 2020. operators. The Lake is subject to frequent (2) Nonurban Land Needs roughness especially around the Lake Erie Is- Although nonurban needs in this planning lands, and can quickly become hazardous for subarea are substantial, a significant number small boats, so the lack of adequate harbors of of people travel northward into Michigan from refuge greatly restricts utility. this area for weekend and vacation use. Data Even though the Maumee State Forest, con- are not available to measure the magnitude of taining more than 3,000 acres, lies just west of this export of recreational activity. There is, the Toledo metropolitan area, it offers only however, need for development of additional limited opportunity for recreational activities land in this area for a wide variety of rec- because of the very fragile nature of the envi- reational opportunities, especially for those ronment. The Oak Openings Park of 3,200 who cannot or will not travel great distances. acres has similar limitations to intensive de- Need for all Class II recreation lands was velopment. estimated to be 12,200 acres in 1970, and is The amount of land potentially usable for projected to increase to nearly 90,000 acres in recreation in this planning subarea is very 2020. limited. Much of the area is characterized by (3) Total Land Needs for Recreation the flat, almost featureless lake plain area of Assuming no exportation of recreational northwest Ohio. The only lands having sig- needs, the total amount of land necessary to nificant recreational potential lie in and along meet recreational needs in this planning sub- stream valleys which, for the most part, are area is expected to increase from 12,250 acres only slightly incised into the upland areas. in 1970 to more than 114,000 acres by 2020. Nearly all of this land will need to be acquired and developed. It must be stressed, however, 4.6.10.3 Suggestions for Future Action that since an unknown quantity of needs are exported to the north, this projection will be Although this planning subarea is rather somewhat high. Table 21-33 shows rec- limited in the resource base needed to develop reational requirement, supply, and needs by quality recreational facilities, there are a activity for Planning Subarea 4.2 for each of number of areas scattered throughout the the target years. planning subarea that can supply, if properly (4) Water Needs developed, a significant amount of recrea- Water surface is very limited in this area tional opportunity. While the Toledo area has because there are no large lakes or reservoirs a number of large city, regional, and State except for Lake Erie. The need for surface parks, the Lima and Fort Wayne areas are water is projected to increase from a surplus especially in need of public recreation lands. in 1970 to 263,000 acres by 2020, assuming that Redevelopment and rehabilitation of land all desires for boating and water-skiing are to and facilities will be necessary if inner-city be met. It seems most unlikely that such a needs are to be satisfied. Some urban needs large gap can be closed. can be met through the improvement and con- The surface waters of Lake Erie provide a struction of neighborhood multi-purpose large potential supply of water surface for community centers, tot-lots, parks, and play- those activities, but this use is presently lim- grounds. Such facilities, especially community ited by inadequate access, adverse weather centers, should be operated in conjunction conditions, and pollution. Only 50 percent of with the public schools. School facilities the surface area within two miles of the shore- should be made available for general rec- line is presently included in existing supply. reational and cultural activities to the fullest possible extent. Potential major reservoir sites in this plan- 4.6.10.2 Problems ning subarea are limited. Potential sites are located on the Sandusky, St. Joseph, St. Marys The recreational objectives related to Plan- and Auglaize Rivers and their tributaries. ning Subarea 4.2 will not be easily attained. The Northwest Ohio Water Development 138 Appendix 21 Plan 39 lists several planned reservoirs that such as swimming beaches would be limited offer excellent potential for the development (Figure 21-77). of certain types of recreational facilities. There are more than 17,000 acres of State There are numerous smaller reservoir sites and Federal wildlife lands in this planning that could be developed within the scope of subarea. These areas can support limited rec- Public Law 566 through the Soil Conservation reational development, especially camping, Service and local activity. These sites could picnicking, and trails. If one percent of these satisfy substantial recreational needs at a areas were developed for intensive use, it local level. Whenever reservoirs are con- would add 170 acres of recreational lands. structed, their recreational potential should A portion of the North Country Trail is be developed to the fullest extent. proposed to traverse this area. If established, The Maumee, Sandusky, and Huron Rivers it would provide hiking and walking en- and their adjacent flood plains have signifi- thusiasts with a trail through an intensively cant potential for recreational development. cropped agricultural area. The degree of development should be influ- Other recreational opportunities can be enced by both the estimated needs of the area provided by acquisition and development of and the constraints imposed by relevant State access sites on streams and Lake Erie whe're or Federal scenic rivers legislation. present development is inadequate. Addi- The Lake Erie shoreline provides only lim- tional harbors of refuge and marinas should ited potential for extensive development of be considered for the Lake Erie shore. additional recreational facilities. Chaska The private sector, already providing sub- Beach and the undeveloped portions of Cedar stantial amounts of recreational opportunity, Point appear to be the only shore areas with especially for camping, boat launching, and substantial potential for extensive rec- golfing, could provide additional opportunities reational development within the Planning in these and other activities. Subarea 4.2 portion of Lake Erie. Due to the tremendous demand and the lim- The Lake Erie Islands make up an area with ited opportunities to develop recreational substantial potential for recreational de- facilities, a more detailed study of the rec- velopment. With greater development, these reation problems and potentials of this plan- islands could provide opportunities for a broad ning subarea should be undertaken. The pro- range of recreational activities. However, op- posed Maumee River Basin Level B Study portunities for certain types of development could accomplish this task. -or A<' @7 Courtesy of Ohio DMsion of Parks and Recreation FIGURE 21-77 Lake Erie Islands. Beach Scene at Kelleys Island State Park, Ohio. Outdoor Recreation Plan 139 TABLE 21-33 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 4.2 1970 1980 .2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Ne@_ds_ k@q-mmt-Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 210 90 120 320 90 230 500 90 410 730 90 640 Picnicking 1,240 870 370 1,580 870 710 2,150 870 1,280 3,050 870 2,180 Camping 780 480 300 1,250 480 770 2,040 480 1,560 3,290 480 2,810 Parking (General) 450 220 230 630 220 410 950 220 730 1,390 220 1,170 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 370 40 330 540 40 500 910 40 870 1,420 40 1,380 Subtotal 3,050 1,700 1,350 4,320 1,700 2,620 6,550 1,700 4,850 9,880 1,700 8,180 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 3,820 3,730 90 5,690 3,730 1,960 9,870 3,730 6,140 14,950 3,730 11,220 Golf 6,420 10,440 0 8,380 12,620 0 15,340 12,620 2,720 23,560 12,620 10,940 Subtotal 10.240 14,170 90 14,070 16,350 1,960 25,210 16,350 8,860 38,510 16,350 22,160 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 560 0 560 610 0 610 790 0 790 1,010 0 1,010 Sledding 690 0 690 890 0 890 1,470 0 1,470 2,270 0 2,270 Ice Skating 60 170 0 80 170 0 150 170 0 230 170 60 Subtotal 1,310 170 1,250 1,580 170 1,500 2,410 170 2,260 3,510 170 3,340 Total Acres of Developed Land 14,600 16,040 2,690 19,970 18,220 6,080 34,170 18,220 15,970 51,900 18,220 33,680 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 84,@OOO 85,000 0 131,000 85,000 46,000 218,000 85,000 133,000 348,000 85,000 263,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 320 120 200 500 120 380 820 120 700 1,190 120 1,070 Bicycling 620 0 620 760 0 760 1,050 0 1,050 1,450 0 1,450 Horseback Riding 150 30 120 180 30 150 280 30 250 420 30 390 Total Miles of Trail 1,090 150 940 1,440 150 1,290 2,150 150 2,000 3,060 150 2,910 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 320 2,600 10,600 24,900 Class Il 12,200 25,900 52,700 89,200 Total Land Needs 12,520 28,500 63,300 114,100 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 8,900 17,500 32,100 54,100 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities (1000s) 45,943 62,927 97,031 141,499 For water-oriented recreation activities (1000s) 12,019 16,947 26,127 38,699 140 Appendix 21 4.6.10.4 Plan Design Miscellaneous to be given consideration during the entire period include: For much of the Class I type recreational (1) the provision of additional boat access development, new lands will have to be ac- sites in suitable places on Lake Erie and its quired in and near urban areas throughout tributary streams the planning subarea. Some urban needs (2) the acquisition and development of land could be satisfied through intensive develop- for recreational use on all suitable P.L. 566 ment of small nodes within metropolitan impoundments parks where they lie in densely populated areas. To increase Class II type recreational areas, 4.6.11 Planning Subarea 4.3 all existing underdeveloped publicly owned land should be developed to optimal capacity This planning subarea is located in the while maintaining as natural a setting as pos- gently rolling terrain of the Lake Erie region. sible. It encompasses an 8-county area of north- New lands will have to be acquired to satisfy eastern Ohio and is characterized by a high much of the recreational need. Several ele- degree of urbanization and industrialization. ments are proposed for recreational develop- Approximately 80 percent of the total effec- ment. Some of these, especially those involv- tive population is derived from urban areas. ing land acquisition, are critical in meeting Cleveland, largest city in the planning sub- future needs and must be acted upon in the area, is third largest in the entire Region. The near future. residents of Cleveland, Akron, and other cities Construction of the storage reservoirs exert great recreational demands within the planned in the Northwest Ohio Water Devel- area (Figure 21-78). opment Plan" and associated r -ecreation The area includes the Black, Rocky, facilities should be continued as scheduled. Cuyahoga, Chagrin, and Grand Rivers, all of Crane Creek State Park, Grand Lake St. which possess significant recreational poten- Marys State Park, and Oak Openings Park tial, and lies along the southern Lake Erie should be developed to optimal levels. shoreline. Gross land available for recreation In addition to the above, the following ele- is approximately 33,700 acres, mostly located ments should be given priority for acquisition in State, county, and loca I parks. Inland water and development during 1970-1980: surface areas total 15,000 acres, while Lake (1) segments of the Maumee, Auglaize, and Erie adds another 69,000 acres for recreation. Sandusky River valleys The total annual recreational requirement (2) Bucyrus Reservoir, pending authoriza- in 1970 was 58,821,000 recreation days. This tion for construction requirement is expected to reach 168,154,000 (3) a new State park on the Maumee River recreation days by 2020. The water-oriented near Fort Wayne requirement in 1970 was 15,228,000 recreation (4) portions of the Lake Erie Islands days, and is projected to be 45,565,000 rec- These should be given acquisition and de- reation days by 2020. velopment priority during the 1980-2000 time period: (1) segments of the Blanchard, St. Joseph, 4.6.11.1 Estimate of Needs Huron, Defiance, and Portage River valleys (2) segments of the Maumee, Auglaize, and Within Planning Subarea 4.3 there is an Sandusky River valleys ever-increasing pressure on recreational (3) portions of the Lake Erie Islands facilities because of a growing population that (4) the Powell Creek Recreation area is experiencing rising incomes, greater mobili- The following elements should be consid- ty, and more leisure time. This pressure is ered for acquisition and development, 2000- being felt especially on day-use type rec- 2020: reational facilities. (1) segments of the Maumee, Sandusky, (1) Urban Needs Portage, St. Joseph, Blanchard, Defiance, and The predominantly urban nature of this Huron River valleys area is reflected in its need for developed land (2) segments of the Vermilion and St. to accommodate urban-type activities. The Marys River valleys more than 2,200 developed acres in 1970 are (3) two new 2,000-acre State parks oriented expected to reach 30,500 acres by 2020. Needs to major water surface areas, if possible for playfields are expected to increase from Outdoor Recreation Plan 141 GENEVA-ON-THE-LA STATE K AL ASHTABULA RIVER HEADLANDS GRAND RIVER BEACH PARK PYMATU 6 Me Cleveland STATE PARK Drain CHAGRIN RIVER AL PUNDERSON STATE PARK IAL I&L ROCKY RIVER CUYAHOGA RIVER BLACK RIVER WEST BRANCH,& RESERVOIR ST PK. MOGAOORE Akron WESERVOIR BERLIN RESERVOIRI ORTA E LAKE 17 ATIE PARKf Scale in Miles 0 5 10 Is FIGURE 21-78 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.3. Inadequate information prohibited the location of all areas identified in text. 1,000 acres in 1970 to more than 14,000 acres Class II recreation lands are estimated to in- in 2020. Golf course needs will also increase crease from 8,900 acres in 1970 to 95,000 acres rapidly during this period. Other activities to in 2020. be accommodated include picnicking and (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation swimming. Total need for Class I recreational The total land, both developed and unde- lands is projected to increase from 2,100 acres veloped, needed for outdoor recreation in this in 1970 to more than 34,000 acres in 2020. planning subarea approached 11,000 acres in (2) Nonurban Needs 1970, and is expected to increase to approxi- Developed nonurban land needs, 9,100 acres mately 110,000 acres by 2020. Table 21-34 por- in 1970, is projected to top 90,000 acres in 2020. trays the recreational requirement, supply, KE PM JK Nearly 700 developed acres were needed for and needs by activity for Planning Subarea 4.3 picnicking in 1970. This will increase to nearly for each of the target years. 2,700 acres by 2020. The need for additional (4) Water Needs camping sites will grow from a near-balance in The water surface acreage needs for all 1970 to approximately 2,700 acres by 2020. Ad- boating activities are expected to increase ditional land acreage is needed for winter from 23,000 acres in 1970 to approximately sports, trails, and parking. Total needs for 326,000 acres in 2020. 142 Appendix 21 4.6.11.2 Problems opportunities at strategic locations for large numbers of people. Most problems associated with ' recreation The State of Ohio has completed a study on within Planning Subarea 4.3 have previously the recreational potential of the lower been stressed in Subsection 4.5 of this appen- Cuyahoga valley.38 It has recommended that dix and will, therefore, not be repeated here. within certain limits, all lands in the valley not Two other problems specifically relevant to now publicly owned be acquired; acquisition of this planning subarea are discussed below. scenic rights to all lands on the sloping sides of Facilities provided by the State of Ohio will the valley; development of certain types of help to alleviate only a part of the estimated recreational facilities; and the rehabilitation recreational needs. Because of the limited and maintenance of the Cuyahoga River and amount of water surface area, plus water- its tributaries. This plan proposes to preserve related construction limitations, the supply of most of the scenic qualifies and historic fea- water available for boaters and water-skiers tures of the valley and to provide a range of will continue to decrease on a per-capita basis. recreational opportunitiE!S in keeping with its According to Appendix R9, Recreational Boat- character. ing, there were 47,186 registered boats in this The State of Ohio is developing new beach 8-county area of Ohio in 1968, creating a tre- area on Lake Erie at Geneva-on-the-Lake in mendous demand on the facilities and water Ashtabula County and at Headlands in Lake surface. Boat registrations in Ohio have been County. It has recently expanded, or plans to increasing at an average annual rate of 6.5 expand, facility development in larger parks. percent. It is anticipated that the rate of in- The expansion program includes additional crease in the planning subarea will at least facilities for Pymatuning, Punderson, West equal that of the State. It is apparent that the Branch Reservoir, and Portage Lakes State demand for facilities for such water-based ac- Parks. Ohio has also indicated an intent to tivities will not be adequately met in the near develop a State park and wildlife area on Tin- future. On the other hand, needs for swim- kers Creek, a tributary of the Cuyahoga River. ming can be met on relatively small areas of Approximately 600 acres of land have already water surface. been acquired. Lake Erie has vast expanses of water sur- Several areas of beach along Lake Erie east face that are potentially available to meet a of Cleveland have substantial development part of the need for powerboating and water- potential. Two of the more prominent are the skiing. At the present time, activities are re- Lakeshore Beach Park area in Lake County stricted significantly by limited launching and and the Lake Erie beach east of Conneaut in docking facilities, rough water, and limited Ashtabula County. Other smaller areas could public ownership of lake frontage. The use of be developed for local use. several public beaches in the Cleveland area Publicly owned wildlife areas offer some ad- has been greatly limited by pollution. ditional potential for rETreational develop- This area contains several large cities, so ment. Where they are suitable, as much as one the provision of urban recreational oppor- or two percent of these lands could be de- tunities is of paramount importance. Exclu- veloped for picnicking and primitive camping. sive of Cleveland Metropolitan Park District Related activities such as hiking, nature land and municipal golf courses, there are only walks, birdwatching, and wildlife photog- approximately 3.5 acres of recreational land raphy would be readily available. per 1,000 residents in the City of Cleveland. A number of metropolitan park systems Akron provides only 2.7 acres per 1,000 people. have been organized in this area. Together Present standards indicate a need of 6 to 10 with county and municipal governmental acres of land for neighborhood, community, units, they have developed many acres of parks and district parks. with recreational facilities. The Cleveland and Akron Metropolitan Park systems are quite extensive, containing 15,000 and 5,000 acres, 4.6.11.3 Suggestions for Future Action respectively. Except for those on Lake Erie, these parks have limitedwater surface areas, A significant supply exists in the planning and are used chiefly for picnicking, nature subarea, consisting of flood plains, existing walks, hiking, and similar activities. While and potential beaches and parks, and existing many of the metropolitan parks have exten- and potential reservoirs. Development of such sive acreages, they have limited amounts of areas could eventually provide recreational developed land in relation to their total acre- Outdoor Recreation Plan 143 ages. For example, the Cleveland Metro- although development of these sites for water politan Park District provides 19 acres of un- supply gives no assurance that recreation developed land for each acre of developed land. would be included. Numerous smaller sites in While these areas provide very substantial most of these basins also could be developed opportunities for certain types of activities, for recreation and fish and wildlife purposes. they provide only limited recreational The Corps of Engineers has studied several facilities in relation to their total acreage. sites in the lower part of the Chagrin valley Such areas are usually located in rugged, and found that they are either too costly for scenic valleys where planning has stressed development or that development would cause the preservation of aesthetic qualities. undesirable modification of unique resources Redevelopment and rehabilitation of land which should be preserved. However, several and facilities will be necessary if inner-city sizable sites in the upper part of the valley needs are to be satisfied. Some urban needs appear to have potential for development. If can be met through the improvement and con- sites are to be developed in this valley, action struction of neighborhood multi-purpose will need to be taken relatively soon to acquire community centers, tot-lots, parks, and play- land before urbanization precludes rec- grounds. Such facilities, especially community reational development. centers, should be operated in conjunction A large site with potential for 4,500 acres of with the public schools. School facilities water could be developed on the Ashtabula should be made available for general rec- River, but such a site would probably have to reational and cultural activities to the fullest be developed chiefly for recreational use since possible extent. other potentials are very limited. Ohio has accelerated the development of There are several potential reservoir sites park facilities in an attempt to meet the ever- on the Rocky and Black Rivers. These would increasing demand for quality outdoor rec- range from small to medium in size. The best reation experiences. The State has passed potential sites in this planning subarea are substantial bond issues to provide funds for two alternative sites on the Grand River in such developmental programs. Ashtabula and Trumbull Counties. The Har- Metropolitan park districts, counties, and persfield and Grand River sites, which would municipalities have also increased their de- contain 64,900 and 40,500 acres, respectively, velopmental programs, but they have limited were being studied by the Corps of Engineers, resources. It seems unlikely that any county State of Ohio, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, or group of counties, with all of their other Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and obligations, can undertake sufficient de- the Environmental Protection Agency. Either velopment of major park facilities, including of these sites could provide a tremendous water surface, to provide a full complement of amount of recreational opportunities. water-dependent and Idnd-based facilities to Numerous smaller sites could be developed meet a major part of the total needs. However, within the scope of Public Law 566 through the the Cleveland, Summit, and Lake County Soil Conservation Service and local people. Metropolitan Park Districts have already ac- These could provide substantial quantities of quired extensive areas of recreational lands, recreational opportunities for local needs. chiefly along the more rugged stream valleys Several existing reservoirs in this planning in their respective areas. With assistance from subarea have substantial potential for recrea- State and Federal levels these agencies are in tional development. Among them are Berlin, an excellent position to continue their expan- Mogadore, West Branch, Ladue, and Rock- sion program. well Reservoirs. In the lower Cuyahoga valley below Akron, Due to the tremendous requirement for rec- it appears that any development of water im- reation, a Level B study should be conducted poundments would be restricted to tributary in this planning subarea to evaluate recrea- streams by the high cost of highway and rail- tion problems, potentials, and solutions. At road relocation in the main valley. Several this time, it seems reasonable to assume that sites are available on Tinkers Creek, a tribut- some people will continue to seek recreational ary extending east from the main valley, opportunities outside of the region. In the upper part of the Cuyahoga River basin, there are a number of sites that could be developed for water supply and other uses. 4.6-11.4 Plan Design The Ohio Division of Water has identified sev- eral sites with significant reservoir potential, For much Class I type recreational de- 144 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-34 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 4.3 1910 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt SppIy Needs Reqmnt Supply--Ne--eTs Reqmnt Supply Needs :teqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 270 200 70 390 200 190 600 200 400 860 200 660 Picnicking 1,580 900 680 1,950 900 1,050 2,640 900 1,740 3,590 900 2,690 Camping 1,000 1,240 0 1,560 1,240 320 2,510 1,240 1,270 3,930 1,240 2,690 Parking (General) 570 480 90 780 480 300 1,140 480 660 1,610 480 1,130 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 440 70 370 650 70 580 1,020 70 950 1,560 70 1,490 Subtotal 3,860 2,890 1,210 5,330 2,890 2,440 7,910 2,890 5,020 11,550 2,890 8,660 Acres of Developed Land for other Summer Activities Playfields 5.D00 4,000 1,000 7,320 4,000 3,320 12,260 4,000 8,260 18,230 4,000 14,230 Golf 8,160 18,600 0 11,820 18,600 0 20,000 18,600 1,400 29,340 18,600 10,740 Subtotal 13,160 22,600 1,000 19,140 22,600 3,320 32,260 22,600 9,660 47,570 22,600 24,970 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 720 60 660 760 60 700 940 60 880 1,180 60 1,120 Sledding 870 0 870 1,100 0 1,100 1,740 0 1,740 2,720 0 2,720 Ice Skating 70 100 0 110 100 10 170 100 70 260 100 160 Subtotal 1,660 160 1,530 1,970 160 1,810 2,850 160 2,690 .4,160 160 4,000 Total Acres of Developed Land 18,680 25,650 3,740 26,440 25,650 7,570 43,020 25,650 17,370 6.3,280 25,650 37,630 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing water-skiing) 107,000 84,000 23,000 164,000 84,000 80,000 264,000 84,000 180,000 410,000 84,000 326,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 410 50 360 640 50 590 960 50 910 1,390 50 1,340 Bicycling 800 0 800 940 0 940 1,270 0 1,270 1,720 0 1,720 Horseback Riding 190 80 110 240 80 160 340 80 260 490 80 410 Total Miles of Trail 1,400 130 1,270 1,820 130 1,690 2,570 130 2,440 3,600 130 3,470 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 2,100 5,900 15,100 34,200 Class 11 8,900 16,800 41,900 95,300 Total Land Needs 11,000 22,700 57,000 129,500 To@al Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 8,100 16,300 33,500 57,700 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(IO00s) 58,821 78,816 117,554 1158,154 For water-oriented recreation activities(IO00s) 15,228 21,084 31,420 45,565 Outdoor Recreation Plan 145 velopment, new lands will have to be acquired for recreational use on the Mogadore Reser- in and near urban areas throughout the plan- voir near Akron. ning subarea. Some urban needs could be (3) Wildlife areas with development poten- satisfied through intensive development of tial for certain activities should be developed small nodes within metropolitan parks where to their optimal level. they lie within densely populated areas. Exist- During the 2000-2020 period: ing public lands, currently underdeveloped, (1) Intensification of development should should be developed more intensively while be initiated on those metropolitan park areas maintaining as natural a setting as possible. having the potential to support increased de- All existing publicly owned land, consisting .-velopment. chiefly of metropolitan park district lands, (2) Lands on the upper Cuyahoga River should be developed more intensively to pro- and the Conneaut River valleys should be ac- vide additional recreational opportunities of quired and developed. Class II type. Since the level of development (3) The Lake Erie beach east of Conneaut on this land is quite low, additions can be pro- should be acquired and developed. vided easily without producing overdevelop- The following miscellaneous items should be ment. Some of these lands can accommodate given priority during the 1970-2020 time facilities for recreational activities not now frame: provided for. Recreational development at (1) Provision of additional access sites in West Branch Reservoir, Tinkers Creek State suitable places on Lake Erie and its tributary Park, and the River Styx Recreation Area streams should be completed as rapidly as possible. (2) Reclamation of polluted beach areas New lands will have to be acquired in the along the Lake Erie shore in and near the planning subarea to satisfy much of the rec- Cleveland area reational needs. (3) Acquisition of land and development of The following elements are proposed for ac- small impoundments and recreational quisition and development. Priorities for cer- facilities under Public Law 566 tain elements are critical because, if they are not acquired in the near future, they may not be available at a later time. 4.6.12 Planning Subarea 4.4 (1) Land in the Cuyahoga River valley and easements on the valley wall lands should be This planning subarea includes Erie Coun- acquired as set forth in the "Cuyahoga River ty, Pennsylvania, and Cattaraugus, Chau- Valley of Ohio, A Recreational Feasibility tauqua, Erie, and Niagara Counties, New Study.1138 York. The northern portion of Niagara County (2) The Lakeshore Park Beach in Lake actually drains into the Lake Ontario basin, County, listed in the State plan, should be ac- but has been included in Planning Subarea quired and developed. 4.4 (Lake Erie Northeast) for planning pur- (3) Additional lands on the Berlin Reser- poses (Figure 21-79). voir should be acquired as needed and addi- A relatively narrow lake plain extends along tional recreational facilities installed. the shoreline reaching its greatest width in (4) Land should be acquired and an im- the vicinity of Buffalo. Inland from the plain poundment and recreational facilities on.the is a glaciated plateau which provides a gently upper part of the Chagrin River should be de- rolling character to the terrain. Niagara veloped. Falls, an important scenic attraction for the (5) Lands along the Rocky River valley in nation, is located in this planning subarea. Medina County, and the 'lower Grand and More than 1.8 million people live in this area, Chagrin River valleys should be acquired and most of them residing near the shores of Lake developed. Erie and the Niagara River. The largest cities The following should be given priori ,ty dur- include Buffalo (500,000), Niagara Falls ing 1980-2000: (100,000), and Erie (140,000). (1) Acquisition and development of lands Gross acreage available for recreation in along the Black River should proceed. Acqui- this planning subarea is approximately sition and development of lands along river val- 146,500 acres. Most of this is in State forests leys in higher priorities should be continued and parks. Inland water acreage adds nearly toward completion. 12,400 acres, and the Great Lakes add another (2) Land should be acquired and developed 96,000 acres for recreation. 146 Appendix 21 Alternatives Major Reservoir Alternatives (5) High Intensity Upland Reservoir Alternatives (2) Lake Site Alternatives (8) Niagara Falls TONAWANDA CREEK NIAGARA FALLS -N- SANDRIDGE RESERVOIR AUTHORiZED) Buffalo I& BUFFAL CREEK Scale in Miles L MI AL L ' " SPRING BROOK 0 5 10 15 20 L RESERVOIR H M STURGEON POINT 19 L NEW ORU 'GON L RESERVOIR L A& CATTARAUGUS A& CPEEK ZOAR VALLEY PRESERVATION M OTTO RESERVOIR PRESQUE ISLE STATE PARK Erie ELK CREEK FIGURE 21-79 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 4.4 The 1970 gross recreational requirement effective population is derived from urban was almost 28 million recreation days. This is areas. Therefore, it is not surprising that the expected to increase to approximately 75 mil- greatest acreage need is for playfields, an lion recreation days by 2020. In 1970 the urban-oriented activity. Nearly 1,800 acres water-oriented recreational requirement was were needed in 1970. By 2020 this will be 8,000 estimated to be more than seven million rec- acres. Another day-use activity, golfing, show- reation days, projected to increase to 20 mil- ing an acreage need of 1,400 acres in 1970, will lion recreation days by 2020. be almost 11,000 acres by 2020. In addition, some 400 acres of beach areas for swimming 4.6.12.1 Estimate of Needs will be needed in 2020. (1) Urban Land Needs A total of 3,800 acres of Class I recreation Nearly 70 percent of this planning subarea's land was needed in or near urban centers in Outdoor Recreation Plan 14 7 4 4 1 VIP* L IL 4t Courtesy of Niagara Frontier State Park Commission FIGURE 21-80 Evangola State Park, New York. Beaches on this part of Lake Erie are limited in extent and are heavily used. 1970. By 2020 this need for land acquisition 2000, when 35,000 acres will be needed. This and intensive development will grow to 22,000 need will increase to nearly 86,000 acres by acres. There is adequate reason for an interim 2020. It should be emphasized, however, that report of Pennsylvania's Statewide Outdoor several reservoirs (Pymatuning in Pennsyl- Recreation Plan4l to state that intensive ac- vania and Ohio, Allegheny in Pennsylvania quisition of urban parks is a policy goal for and New York, and the Finger Lakes in cen- Erie County. tral New York) lying just outside the study (2) Nonurban Land Needs area, have in the past provided significant rec- Although no developed acreage needs were reational opportunities. These resources will stated for swimming (Figure 21-80), picnick- probably continue to absorb much of the esti- ing, or camping in this planning subarea in mated requirements of this planning subarea. 1970, New York indicated such needs by letter. These are expected to reach 400 acres for swimming, 1,400 for picnicking, and 2,200 4.6.12.2 Problems acres for camping in 2020. Approximately 300 acres of developed ski areas were needed in Approximately 1.5 miles of Lake Erie 1970, and an additional 190 acres by 2020. Foot, beaches in Chautauqua County, New York, horse, and bicycle trails are also needed, but have become polluted (Figure 21-81) to such a can be constructed within the undeveloped degree that they have been closed to swim- buffer zones around developed recreational ming. Portions of the Presque Isle beaches, areas and do not require additional land. Pennsylvania, are experiencing severe ero- To have met the 1970 Class II recreation sion problems. area requirements, approximately 6,100 acres of land should have been acquired and de- veloped outside the urban centers. By 2020, 4.6.12.3 Suggestions for Future Action this need is. expected to reach 50,000 acres. (3) Total Needs for Recreation Land A significant potential supply exists within In 1970, 9,900 acres were needed for addi- the area, consisting of a number of reservoir tional recreation land in this planning sub- sites and areas that, if developed, could even- area. This will increase to nearly 72,000 acres tually provide recreational opportunities at by 2020. Table 21-36 portrays the recreational strategic locations for large numbers of requirements, supply, and needs by activity people. There is one authorized Corps of En- for Planning Subarea 4.4 for each of the tar- gineers reservoir in this area, Sandridge'Res- get years. ervoir. It is located due east of Buffalo on (4) Water Needs Ellicott Creek. The surface area of the conser- No water surface needs are evident until vation pool would be 2,150 acres. Its primary 148 Appendix 21 purposes would be flood control, low-flow aug- mentation, recreation, fish and wildlife 'X, habitats, and water supply. This reservoir and several others are included in the early-action Comprehensive Water Resources Plan6 de- veloped by the Erie-Niagara Basin Regional Water Resources Planning Board. There are also several proposed reservoirs in this planning subarea. Spring Brook Res- ervoir, located southeast of Buffalo on Cazenovia Creek, would have a conservation pool surface area of 1,600 acres. Its primary V purposes would include flood control, low-flow augmentation, erosion control, recreation, and fishing. Otto Reservoir would be located on the South Branch of Cattaraugus Creek, would have a conservation pool of 4,450 acres, and would provide limited flood reduction as well as water quality, irrigation, fish and wildlife, and recreation benefits. Several proposed small reservoirs are also set forth in the plan developed by the Erie-Niagara Water Resources Board. New Oregon Reservoir would provide significant recreational bene- fits, while Eastland and Thatcher (and possi- Mopphow bly Spencer) Reservoirs could provide addi- -A tional recreation benefits. Development of Sturgeon Point State Park and preservation of an 18-mile reach of scenic Zoar Valley on Cattaraugus Creek is also recommended in the Board Plan. Other major potential areas include flood plains, especially near urban areas, and State forests. The flood plains of Tonawanda Creek, Buffalo Creek, and Cattaraugus Creek offer substantial potential for recreational de- velopment and use. The flood plains of numer- ous smaller streams also offer significant po- tential for development. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is cur- rently considering acquisition of approxi- sole mately 140 acres of land in Erie County. This will be maintained and used solely for hunting purposes. The Pennsylvania Department of Environ- mental Resources is aware of one recreation site in the region with potential for (lay-use activities and marine facilities. This site is lo- cated along Elk Creek where it feeds into Lake Erie. A State park is also proposed at Sturgeon Courtesy of En,4ronmental Protection Agency Point on Lake Erie in New York State. It FIGURE 21-81 A Symptom of Pollution. would include 535 acres of land with two miles Heavy industrial pollution dirties water, kills of lakefront. fish, and deposits vegetation. Outdoor Recreation Plan 149 , qMn NNW I A 4, 50 .... ... ... Courtesy of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources FIGURE 21-82 Presque Isle State Park. This park ac commddates nearly 4,000,000 annual visits. The proposed North Country Trail may 4.6.12.4 Plan Design eventually pass through this planning sub- area. This trail, plus any spur trails that may For much of the Class I type recreational be developed, would help satisfy some of the developments, new lands will have to be ac- needs for hiking and related activities. quired in and near urban areas throughout The 1966 New York Statewide Comprehen- the planning subarea. Existing public lands, sive Outdoor Recreation Plan32 JiStS several currently underdeveloped, should be de- action programs applicable to the Great Lakes veloped more intensively while maintaining a Basin. They include programmed develop- setting as natural as possible. ment of 14 State parks, two county parks, one For Class II type recreational areas, all multiple-use area, and one boat launching existing publicly owned land, consisting site. Six county parks are to be acquired and chiefly of State and county parks, should be developed, and 12 additional parks are to be developed more intensively to provide addi- acquired. Pennsylvania has programmed ad- tional opportunities. Since the level of de- ditional development for Presque Isle State velopment is below optimum, additional de- Park at Erie (Figure 21-82). velopment of Class Il lands can be provided There are more than 47,000 acres of State easily without producing overdevelopment. forest in Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Coun- Some areas can accommodate facilities for ties. The development of one-half of one per- recreational activities not provided. cent of these lands would provide an addi- New lands will have to be acquired in the tional 240 acres of intensively developed land planning subarea to satisfy much of the rec- for recreational use. The 10,000 acres of game reational needs. In addition to the items management and multiple-use lands could above, the following elements should be given provide an additional 50 acres of intensively priority during the 1970-1980 time period: developed recreational lands. (1) acquisition and development of the Adequate public access should be provided Sandridge, Spring Brook, Otto, Thatcher, to all existing lakes and streams. Additional Eastland, Spencer, and New Oregon Reser- harbors of refuge on Lake Erie could provide voirs better utilization of this water resource. Al- (2) completion of acquisition and develop- ternatives listed by New York State are sum- ment of Sturgeon Point State Park marized in Table 21-35. (3) acquisition and initial development of 150 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-35 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 4.4 Est. Recreation Days Capacity (1000s) Measure Peak Days Annual Needs (to 1980) 143 NA Early Action Plan (to 1980) Sandridge Reservoir 21 1,240 Spring Brook Reservoir 31 1,420 Otto Reservoir 18 780 New Oregon Reservoir 11 520 Thatcher Reservoir 1 50 Eastland Reservoir 1 30 Spencer Reservoir NA* 95 Sturgeon Point Recreation Site 9 420 Zoar Valley Preservation NA 175 Flood Plain Acquisition and Development (10 miles) NA NA Lake Erie Pollution Control NA NA Needs (1980-2020) 340 NA Alternatives (1980-2020) Major Reservoirs (3)** NA 1,926 Great Lakes Recreation Sites (5) NA 2,164 Upland Reservoirs-High Intensity Use (1) NA 570 Upland Reservoirs-Low Intensity Use (16) NA 2,094 Flood Plain Acquisition and Development (45 miles) NA NA State Park Acquisition and Development (4) NA 2,728 Access Sites NA NA Private Development NA NA Outside PSA Development NA NA *Not Available **Number of Areas Reference: Erie-Niagara Basin Comprehensive Water Plan, December 1969 10 miles of flood plains-3,200 acres-on and (1) completion of those elements above not near urban areas completed (4) development of recreational facilities (2) continued development of recreational on State forest and game lands facilities on State forest and game lands, at (5) control of water pollution in the vicinity multiple- and single-purpose reservoirs, and of Presque Isle State Park at Great Lakes recreation sites (6) the reclamation of polluted beaches (3) acquisition and development of an addi- along the Lake Erie shore in and near the tional 15 miles of flood plains amounting to Buffalo area 4,800 acres of land (7) preservation of Zoar Valley through The following should be given priority dur- land use regulation ing the 2000-2020 period: ' These items should be considered during (1) acquisition and development of four 1980-2000: new State parks of 2,000 acres each Outdoor Recreation Plan 151 TABLE 21-36 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 4.4 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs TCeqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 200 200 0 280 200 80 430 200 230 600 200 400 Picnicking 1,190 1,190 0 1,440 1,190 250 1,920 1,190 730 2,560 1,190 1,370 Camping 820 820 0 1,250 820 430 1,980 820 1,160 3,000 820 2,180 Parking (General) 430 480 0 570 480 90 830 480 350 1,150 480 670 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 210 40 170 310 60 250 470 60 410 700 60 640 Subtotal 2,850 2,730 170 3,850 2,750 1,100 5,630 2,750 2,880 8,010 2,750 5,260 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 2,360 510 1,850 3,420 510 2,910 5,620 510 5,110 8,110 510 7,600 Golf 3,840 2,400 1,440 5,520 2,400 3,120 9,160 2,400 6,760 13,100 2,400 10,700 Subtotal 6,200 2,910 3,290 8,940 2,910 6,030 14,780 2,910 11,870 21,210 2,910 18,300 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 340 10 330 360 10 350 430 10 420 530 10 520 Sledding 420 0 420 520 0 520 800 0 800 1,220 0 1,220 Ice Skating 30 20 10 50 20 30 70 20 50 120 20 100 Subtotal 790 30 760 930 30 900 1,300 30 1,270 1,870 30 1,840 Total Acres of Developed Land 9,840 5,670 4,220 13,720 5,690 8,030 21,710 5,690 16,020 31,090 5,690 25,400 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including Canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 51,000 97,000 0 75,000 97,000 0 123,000 97,000 26,000 183,000 97,000 86,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 200 40 160 300 40 260 450 40 410 630 40 590 Bicycling 380 0 380 450 0450 590 0 590 770 0 700 Horseback Riding 90 0 90 110 0110 160 0 160 220 0 220 Total Miles of Trail 670 40 630 860 40 820 1,200 40 1,160 1,620 40 1,580 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 3,800 7,100 14,100 22,500 Class Il 6,100 12,500 28,300 49,700 Total Land Needs 9,000 19,600 42,400 72,200 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 0 4,000 15,900 32,400 For all recreation Annual Requirements in Recreation Days activities(IOOOS)27,820 36,856 53,958 75,288 For water-oriented recreation activities (1000s) 7,233 9,865 14,426 20,412 152 Appendix 21 OAK ORCHARD HARBOR (AUTHORIZED) K BAY JOHNSON HAMLIN BEACH STATE PARK CREEK STATE PARK HARBOR ROCHESTER LONG POND HARBOR (PROPOSED)A& HARBOR IRONDEQUO111 BAY HARBO NEW YORK 57ATE (AUTHORI ED) BARGE CANAL 0 Rochester ALABAMA RESERVOIR SITE (PROPOSED) 0 0 LETCHWORTH 9 STATE PARK AI& TUSCARORA A&RESERVOIR SITE AL 0- Scale in Miles 0 5 10 15 0 0 0 0 ALLEGANY STATE Early Action FOREST 0 Major Reservoirs (4) No 0 Upland Reservoirs (10) N Access Sites (8) GENESEE RIVER El Inland Lake Recreation Sites (1) CA140E TRAIL (PROPOSEDI& Alternatives [E Major Reservoir Alternatives (7) Ft] High Intensity Upland Reservoir Alternatives (2) R Z 'CH 3ft@ L I 77 N BE STAT E PARK FIGURE 21-83 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.1 Outdoor Recreation Plan 153 (2) acquisition and development of an addi- Table 21-38 that the greatest developed- tional 30 miles of flood plains amounting to facility acreage needs for each target year are 9,600 acres of land for playfields and golf courses. A modest need Miscellaneous items that should be consid- of 70 acres for swimming beach in 1970 will ered during the entire period are: grow to 310 acres by 2020. There was a need for (1) the provision of additional access sites 320 miles of bicycle trails in 1970, which is esti- in suitable places on Lake Erie and its tribu- mated to grow to 680 miles in 2020. Total needs tary streams for Class I recreational lands were estimated (2) the acquisition of land and development at approximately 3,600 acres in 1970, and pro- of small impoundments and recreation jected to more than 17,000 acres by 2020. facilities under Public Law 566 (2) Nonurban Land Needs Total developed land needs for nonurban, or Class II, recreation areas amounted to 450 4.6.13 Planning Subarea 5.1 acres in 1970. These are expected to increase to 820 acres in 1980, 1,620 acres in 2000, and Planning Subarea 5.1 consists of six coun- 3,040 acres in 2020. Approximately 250 acres of ties in western New York State and includes the needed acres can be developed on existing Rochester (Figure 21-83). It is drained pri- publicly owned lands. Therefore, total need for marily by the Genesee River basin and lies new lands amounted to 4,300 acres in 1970 and along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. is expected to increase to 25,000 acres by 2020. Topographically, this planning subarea is Since travel patterns were not considered, it characterized by flat to rolling lake. plains in is conceivable that such estimates are low. For the northern one-third and a glaciated pla- instance, this study indicates no camping needs for 1970 and 1980. By comparison, the teau in the remaining two-thirds of the area. A Genesee River Basin Type II Study 56 showed broad, rolling topography is characteristic of an immediate need for 1,300 camping units. the plateau, with most of the valleys oriented Such discrepancies occur in other activities as in a north-south direction. The vast amount of well. land in agriculture gives this planning sub- (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation area a decidedly rural setting, although more Land that must be acquired and developed than three-fourths of the effective population to meet the recreational needs will grow from is derived from SMSAs in and near it. approximately 7,900 acres in 1970 to nearly Gross land available for recreation in the 42,000 acres by 2020. Table 21-38 portrays rec- planning subarea is 94,500 acres. Most of this reational requirements, supply, and needs by is located in State forests and parks. In addi- activity for Planning Subarea 5.1 for each of tion to the land, approximately 38,000 acres of the target years. water surface area are available for rec- (4) Water Needs reation on the Great Lakes and 10,000 on in- There were no surface-water acreage needs land lakes. for 1970. Between 1980 and 2020, surface- The 1970 recreational requirements were water acreage needs are expected to increase more than 21 million recreation days. This is from 18,000 acres to 116,000 acres. expected to increase to nearly 59 million rec- reation days by the year 2020. Water-oriented recreational requirements in 1970 were esti- 4.6.13.2 Problems mated to be over six million recreation days, and are expected to increase to more than 18 The recreational needs of the planning sub- million by 2020. area will not be easily met. In addition to the problems listed in Subsection 4.5, a critical obstacle in meeting these needs is the amount 4.6.13.1 Estimate of Needs of Lake Ontario beach acreage available to the public. According to the beach inventory (1) Urban Land Needs for the International Joint Commission The presence of large population concentra- study, 16 Monroe and Orleans Counties have tions around Planning Subarea 5.1, coupled only 34 acres of beach, of which 25 acres are with increasing population, income, mobility, privately owned. Seven of the nine acres in and leisure time, increases pressure on rec- public ownership and one-half of the privately reational facilities, particularly the day-use owned beaches were heavily polluted at the type. It is not surprising, therefore, to see from time of the survey in 1967. Thus, the oppor- 154 Appendix 21 tunity to develop recreational facilities on proposed for development, on Lake Ontario. the lakeshore is extremely limited. A stretch of the Genesee River in Allegany County was proposed for a canoe trail. The Finger Lakes Trail is being built across Al- 4.6.13.3 Suggestions for Future Action legany and Wyoming Counties. Alternatives listed by New York State are summarized in In State and county parks larger than 500 Table 21-37. acres, only 800 of a total of 24,000 acres have The proposed North Country Trail may even- been developed for intensive recreational use. tually pass through the area. This trail, plus If 15 percent of these areas are ultimately de- any spur trails that maybe developed, would veloped for intensive use, an additional 2,800 help satisfy some of the needs for hiking and acres of developed land could be made avail- related activities. able. In 1969, Allegany State Forest contained no recreational development. Assuming that one-half percent can be developed for rec- 4.6.13.4 Plan Design reational use, this area could provide an addi- tional 200 acres of intensive recreational de- For all Class I type recreational develop- velopment for such activities as camping, hik- ments, new lands will have to be acquired in ing, picnicking, and sightseeing. and near urban areas throughout the plan- The Genesee River Basin (GRB) and the ning subarea, especially in the Rochester Erie-Niagara Basin (ENB) Comprehensive area. Existing public lands, currently under- Studies list several potential reservoir sites in developed, should be developed more inten- this planning subarea: sively while maintaining a setting as natural (1) Sierks and Linden sites on Tonawanda as possible. and Little Tonawanda Creeks have a com- For Class II type recreational areas, all bined conservation pool surface area of 1,730 existing publicly owned land, consisting acres. The reservoirs would be operated as one largely of State parks and forests, should be system to maximize multi-purpose benefits developed to its optimal capacity. Since the (ENB early-action plan). level of development on this land is relatively (2) Stannard site on the Genesee River low, additional improvements could easily be would have a conservation pool of 2,300 acres made without overdevelopment. Some of (GRB early-action plan, Appalachia Regional these lands can accommodate facilities for Commission). recreational activities not. now provided. New (3) Portage site on the Genesee River lands should be acquiredin the planning sub- above Letchworth State Park would have a area to satisfy most of the recreation needs conservation pool of 4,100 acres (GRB deferred projected by 2020. for further study). - The 1966 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor (4) Summit site on Black Creek in Allegany Recreation Plan for New York32 shows that County would have a conservation pool of seven State parks in the planning subarea are 1,700 acres (GRB early-action plan). programmed for development. In addition, (5) Tuscorora site on Keshequa Creek four county parks are programmed for acqui- would have a conservation pool of 800 acres sition and development, three for develop- (GRB long-range plan). ment only, and three for acquisition only. (6) Oatka Creek site would contain a con- There are seven existing or potential Corps servation pool of 640 acres (GRB long-range of Engineers harbors of refuge for use by small plan). craft on Lake Ontario in this area. They in- (7) Wiscoy Creek site would have a full pool clude: of 900 acres (GRB long-range plan). (1) Johnson Creek@-natural or non- (8) Angelica site on Black and Angelica Federal harbor of refuge Creeks would have a conservation pool surface (2) Oak Orchard Harbor-authorized Fed- area of 900 acres. eral small-boat harbor, not yet constructed The Genesee plan also recommended con- (3) Hamlin Beach State Park-survey re- struction of 11 Soil Conservation Service port underway structures on small watersheds. A number of (4) Braddock Bay State Park-survey re- access sites were proposed for development on port underway the New York State Barge Canal and the (5) Cranberry and Long Ponds-survey Genesee River. Four small-boat harbors were report underway Outdoor Recreation Plan 155 TABLE 21-37 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.1 Est. Recreation Days Capacity (1000s) Measure Daily Annual Needs (to 1980) NA* 13,950 Early Action Plan (to. 1980) Stannard Reservoir NA 338 Sierks-Linden Reservoir Complex 21.9 1,000 Genesee River and Barge Canal Access Sites (8)** NA 600 Upland Reservoirs (12) NA 2,200 Inland Lake Recreation Areas (2) NA NA River Valley Acquisition and Development (10 miles) NA 860 Lake Ontario Pollution Control NA NA Outside PSA Development NA NA Needs (1980-2020) NA 65,350 Alternatives (1980-2020) Major Reservoirs (3) NA 1,903 Major Reservoirs (3) 75.6 3,217 Major Reservoir (1) NA NA Major Reservoir (1) 6.8 288 Upland Reservoirs--High Intensity Use (2) NA 1,033 Upland Reservoirs--Low Intensity Use (11) NA 1,100 Upland Reservoir (1) NA NA Harbors of Refuge (16) NA NA Finger Lakes Trail System Additiong NA NA Alma Pond Natural Area NA NA Access Sites NA NA Expansion at Existing Facilities NA 14,850 River Valley Acquisition and Development (20 miles) NA 1,720 Private Development NA NA Outside PSA Development NA NA *Not Available **Numbers of Areas (6) Rochester Harbor-authorized Federal (3) Soil Conservation Service Site 7-2 deep-draft harbor, completed (Summit Reservoir Site) (7) Irondequoit Bay-authorized Federal (4) twelve additional upland reservoir sites small-boat harbor, not yet constructed (5) ten miles of the Genesee River valley In addition to the items above, the following (6) eight Genesee River and Barge Canal elements should be given priority for acquisi- recreation sites tion and development in the 1970-1980 time These items should be given acquisition and period: development priority, 1980-2000: (1) Sierks and Linden Reservoirs (1) Portage Reservoir - (2) Stannard Reservoir (2) Tuscarora Reservoir 156 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-38 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 5.1 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs 'Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 110 40 70 160 40 120 250 40 210 350 40 310 Picnicking 640 460 180 790 460 330 1,080 460 620 1,450 460 990 Camping 400 890 0 620 890 0 1,000 890 110 1,550 890 660 Parking (General) 230 210 20 320 210 110 470 210 260 660 210 450 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 180 0 180 260 0 260 420 0 420 630 0 630 Subtotal 1,560 1,600 450 2,150 1,600 820 3,220 1,600 1,620 4,640 1,600 3,040 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 1,140 300 840 1,620 300 1,320 2,540 300 2,240 4,100 300 3,800 Golf 3,300 1,000 2,300 4,780 1,000 3,780 8,100 1,000 7,100 11,760 1,000 10,760 Subtotal 4,440 1,300 3,140 6,400 1,300 5,100 10,640 1,300 9,340 15,860 1,300 14,560 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 290 20 270 310 20 290 380 20 360 480 20 460 Sledding 360 0 360 450 0 450 720 0 720 1,100 0 1,100 Ice Skating 30 30 0 40 30 10 70 30 40 110 30 so subtotal 680 50 630 800 50 750 1,170 50 1,120 1,690 50 1,640 Total Acres of Developed Land 6,680 2,950 4,220 9,350 2,950 6,670 15,030 2,950 12,080 22,190 2,950 19,240 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing water-skiing) 43,000 48,000 0 66,DOO 48,000 18,000 106,000 48,000 58,000 164,000 48,000 116,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 170 40 130 260 40 220 400 40 360 560 40 520 Bicycling 320 0 320 380 0 380 510 0 SID 680 0 680 Horseback Riding 80 20 60 100 20 80 140 20 120 200 20 180 Total Miles of Trail 570 60 510 740 60 680 1,050 60 990 1,440 60 1,380 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 3,600 6,000 10,900 17,100 Class 11 4,300 7,200 13,700 25,400 Total Land Needs 7,900 13,200 24,600 42,500 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 1,300 3,800 9,100 18,600 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(IO00s)21,648 28,598 41,417 58,627 For water-oriented recreation activities (1000s) 6,234 8,587 12,806 18,359 Outdoor Recreation Plan 157 (3) Oatka Reservoir requirements will reach almost 29 million by (4) Wiscoy Reservoir 2020. (5) four upland reservoirs (6) ten miles of Genesee River valley 4.6.14.1 Estimate of Needs The following should be given priority for acquisition and development during the (1) Urban Land Needs 2000-2020 time period: This study indicates that the greatest (1) Angelica Reservoir developed-facility acreage need in 1970 was (2) Bennington Reservoir for playfields. This need is maintained (3) four Soil Conservation Service through the year 1980. By the year 2000, the reservoirs-total of 2,000 acres of land need for golf courses exceeds that for (4) ten miles of Genesee River valley playfields. There is substantial need for na- These items should be given priority for ac- ture and bicycle trails as well as for sledding quisition and development throughout the and ice skating areas. The total needs for Class 1970-2020 time period: I recreation lands were 4,100 acres in 1970. (1) development of additional recreational They are estimated to increase to nearly facilities on State forest lands 29,000 acres by 2020. (2) development of recreational facilities (2) Nonurban Land Needs on public wildlife areas Nearly one-fourth of the total developed (3) public access sites on streams and lakes acreage needs are allocated for nonurban where additional potential for use exists areas and activities. Before 1980, based on.the requirement s- supply-ne e d s analysis for swimming, camping, and picnicking, only ad- 4.6.14 Planning Subarea 5.2 ditional swimming beaches are needed. Addi- tional camping and picnicking facilities are Planning Subarea 5.2 (Figure 21-84) encom- needed after 1980. Once again, however, it passes a 12-county area in north central New must be stressed that the methodology used in York and is characterized by an extensive lake this study has not accounted for travel pat- plain sloping toward Lake Ontario in the terns. Therefore, the estimated needs in Table northern one-third and the Appalachian 21-40 may be short of the actual needs for this Plateau in the southern two-thirds. Signifi- planning subarea. In comparison, the New cant features include the Tug Hill Plateau in York Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Rec- the eastern part of the area and the famous reation Plan of 196632 and the 1970 recreation Finger Lakes in the Appalachian Plateau. study of the Basin both showed a definite need This planning subarea is not only the for additional camping and picnicking largest in the Lake Ontario basin, but also facilities and proposed additional develop- the most populous. Approximately 1.3 million ment for these activities. The 1966 plan sets people reside within its boundaries. Even forth a program to more than double the though much of the land has a definite rural number of campsites in both State parks and character, nearly three-fourths of the effec- campsite areas in this area over a 10-year tive population is derived from SMSAs. The period. It also proposed to increase picnick- larger cities include Syracuse (216,000) Utica ing facilities by nearly 50 percent. Total needs (100,000), Rome (53,000), and Auburn (35,000). for Class 11 recreational lands were 12,000 The gross land available for recreation is acres in 1970, and nearly 48,000 acres by 2020. 159,000 acres. Most of this is in State forests. (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation An additional 40,000 acres are managed for La *nd which must be acquired to meet the game. In addition to land acreage, the amount total recreational needs will increase from ap- of water surface available for recreation is proximately 16,000 acres in 1970 to more than 51,000 acres on Lake Ontario and 169,600 acres 76,000 acres by 2020. Table 21-40 portrays rec- on inland lakes. reational requirements, supply, and needs by The total 1970 recreational requirements activity for Planning Subarea 5.2 for each of were more than 37 million recreation days. By the target years. the year 2020, these requirements are ex- (4) Water Needs pected to reach nearly 107 million recreation The water supply base in this planning sub- days. Water-oriented recreation days in 1970 area appears to be adequate to meet water were almost 10 million, and it is estimated that surface acreage requirements until after the 158 Appendix 21 Early Actio [M Park Expansion (7) 09 Alternatives Major Reservoirs (4) BargeCanalSites (5) Inland Lake Sites (4) BIG SANDY CREEK HARBOR PORT ONTARIO "ARBOR MEXICO SAY HARBOR OSWEGO HARBOR LITTLE ODUS GREAT BAY HARBOR PULTNEYVILLE SODUS BAY HARBOR HARBOR HUGHES PORT SAY HARBOR MARINA SIX MILE CHIMNEY BLUFFS CREEK STATE PARK ONEIDA LAKE a] PILOT PROJECT 10 10 '& @P> 01PS; racuse Utica A& BUTTERNUT L MESTONE a RESERVOIR RESERVOIR LOMO RESERVOIR Scole in Miles OL 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 21-84 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.2 year2000. By the year 2020, the need for water 4.6.14.3 Suggestions for Future Action surface will amount to 7,000 acres. If most of the needs are to be met in this planning subarea, development of existing 4.6.14.2 Problems recreational lands and acquisition and de- velopryient of new lands will. be necessary. New Problems applicable to this planning sub- areas with the greatest natural qualities for area have been discussed in a general manner recreational development occur along flood in Subsection 4.5 and will not be repeated plains of the larger streams, on lake shores- here. especially inland lake shores-and on the Outdoor Recreation Plan 159 rugged and forested Appalachian Plateau. (3) Great Sodus Bay Harbor-existing The numerous lakes in this area should be Federal deep-draft harbor examined for their potential to qualify as (4) Little Sodus Bay Harbor-existing scenic lakes and to provide additional rec- Federal deep-draft harbor; no commerce for reational opportunities. Those that qualify as several years; currently being maintained as scenic lakes should be protected and main- a small-boat harbor tained in their natural state. Remaining lakes (5) Oswego Harbor-existing Federal and adjacent land should be developed to their deep-draft harbor optimal level. (6) Mexico Bay Harbor-small-boat har- The proposed North Country Trail may bor; study authorized, but not yet started eventually pass through the planning sub- (7) Port Ontario Harbor-authorized Fed- area. This trail, plus any spur trails that may eral small-boat harbor; further study not yet be developed, would help satisfy some of the underway needs for hiking and related activities. In this planning subarea there are nearly According to the International Joint Com- 40,000 acres of land in game management mission beach study,16 all beach areas along areas. At a one percent level of development, Lake Ontario in this planning subarea are this land could provide 400 acres of land for available to the public; many of them are in development with recreational facilities. Ae- public ownership. Thus, acquisition of lands tivities should be limited to remote camping, for recreational development on Lake Ontario picnicking, boating where water is available, may require construction of new beach areas and wildlife observation and photography. if swimming opportunities are to be provided. Nearly 130,000 acres are managed as State The Hector Land Use Area is Federal land forest lands. They include 300 acres of wetland located in the center of the Finger Lakes re- and 275 acres of water surface. These lands gion and managed for multiple use by the U.S. can provide substantial opportunities for ex- Forest Service. It is used as a recreation area tensively developed remote type activities, in- on a year-round basis, from summer camping cluding camping, picnicking, hiking, nature to winter snowmobiling. Emphasis has been study and photography, and boating where placed on dispersed recreation such as hunt- water is available. If one-half of one percent of ing, hiking, snowmobiling, and primitive the State forest lands were developed for rec- camping, to complement intensively de- reational use, 650 acres of additional rec- veloped recreational facilities along the sur- reation lands would become available. rounding lakes. One developed campground Additional recreation opportunities for the has been established and more are planned. future should be provided by the acquisition Included in the 14-mile trail system is a sec- and development of new parks on lakeshores tion of the Finger Lakes Trail. Hunting, fish- and streams. These areas should be strategi- ing, and wildlife study are enhanced by some cally located with respect to urban areas. Al- 20 small man-made water impoundments. ternatives listed by the State of New York are This Federal area has excellent potential for presented in Table 21-39. meeting some recreational requirements in The private sector also has considerable po- the Finger Lakes area. tential for quality recreational development. The 1966 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor With encouragement, this sector Of the Recreation Plan for New York showed that 15 economy could help satisfy a portion of the State parks in the planning subarea were pro- planning subarea's recreational needs. grammed for development. Five county parks were programmed for acquisition and de- velopment, and four for development only. 4.6.14.4 Plan Design Three multiple-use study areas were also pro- grammed in addition to these parks. For all Class I type recreational develop- There are seven existing or potential har- ments, new lands will have to be acquired in bors of refuge for use by small craft on Lake and near urban areas throughout the plan- Ontario in this planning subarea: ning subarea. These recreation areas should (1) Pultneyville Harbor-study deferred range from small intensively developed areas pending receipt of agreement for local cooper- such as tot-lots to neighborhood and commu- ation nity parks of 100 acres or more. These areas (2) Highes Marina-a private harbor two should be oriented solely toward day-use ac- miles east of Pultneyville; no Federal plans tivities including outdoor games and sports, 160 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-39 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.2 Est. Recreation Days Capacity (1000s) Measure Daily Annual Needs (1980) 23 NA* Early Action Plan (to 1980) Chimney Bluffs State Park 5.6 NA Como Reservoir (450-2) 9.3 470 Sixmile Creek Watershed Project NA NA Limestone Reservoir (71-13) 10.7 NA Oneida Lake Beach Development Pilot Project 0 NA Expansion of 7 State and County Parks 26.4 kA Needs (1980-2020) 100 NA Alternative (1980-2020) Butternut Reservoir (71-12) 10.7 NA Major Reservoirs (3)** NA NA Major Reservoirs (2) 16 NA Barge Canal Recreation Sites (5) 28 NA Inland Lake Recreation Sites (4) 35.6 NA Harbors of Refuge on Lake Ontario NA NA River Valley Acquisition and Development (100 miles) NA 8,600 .Access Sites NA NA Private Development NA NA *Not Available **Number of Areas Reference: Oswego River Basin Comprehensive Water Resources Plan, October 1971 (Draft) picnicking, swimming, and nature and bicycle (4) additional recreational facilities on trails.. State forest lands All existing publicly owned land should be (5) recreational facilities on State game developed more intensively to provide addi- lands, particularly hunter and sightseer ac- tional recreational areas of the Class 11 type. cess Since the level of development on some of These elements should be given priority for these lands is quite low, additional develop- acquisition and development, 1980-2000: ment can be provided easily without pro- (1) additional recreational facilities on ducing overdevelopment. Some of these lands State forest and game lands can accommodate facilities for recreational (2) three new parks-2,000 acres each activities not now provided. (3) thirty miles of river valley-9,600 acres The following specific elements should be These items should be given priority during given priority for acquisition and develop- the 2000-2020 period: ment during the 1970-1980 time period: (1) three new parks-2,000 acres each (1) three new parks-2,000 acres each (2) thirty miles of river valley-9,600 acres (2) expansion of seven existing county and The following elements should be given State parks priority for acquisition and/or development (3) twenty miles of river valley-6,400 acres during the entire time SE!gment: Outdoor Recreation Plan 161 TABLE 21-40 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 5.2 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming- 180 80 100 260 80 180 400 80 320 570 80 490 Picnicking 1,000 1,400 0 1,230 1,400 0 1,680 1,400 280 2,270 1,400 870 Camping 580 1,300 0 910 1,300 0 1,490 1,300 190 2,310 1,300 1,010 Parking (General) 370 220 150 500 220 280 810 220 590 1,050 220 830 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 270 30 240 4.00 30 370 640 30 610 970 30 940 Subtotal 2,400 3,030 490 3,300 3,030 830 5,020 3,030 1,990 7,170 3,030 4,140 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 3,170 720 2,450 4,650 720 3,930 7,710 720 6,990 11,400 720 10,680 Golf 5,020 4,200 820 7,300 4,200 3,100 12,440 4,200 8,240 18,160 4,200 13,960 Subtotal 8,190 4,920 3,270 11,950 4,920 7,030 20,150 4,920 15,230 29,560 4,920 24,640 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 450 0 450 480 0 480 600 0 600 750 0 750 Sledding 560 0 560 710 0 710 1,130 0 1,130 1,760 0 1,760 Ice Skating 40 0 40 70 0 70 110 0 110 160 0 160 Subtotal 1,050 0 1,050 1,260 0 1,260 1,840 0 lt840 2,670 0 2,670 Total Acres of Developed Land 11,640 7,950 4,810 16,510 7,950 9,120 27,010 7,950 19,060 39,400 7,950 31,450 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 64,000 221,000 0 102,000 221,000 0 160,000 221,000 0 249,000 221,000 28,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 290 10 280 400 10 390 620 10 610 890 10 880 Bicycling 480 0 480 570 0 570 760 0 760 1,040 0 1,040 Horseback Riding 120 10 110 150 10 140 220 10 210 310 10 300 Total Miles of Trail 890 20 870 1,120 20 1,100 1,600 20 1,580 2,240 20 2,220 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 4,100 8,400 17,800 28,800 Class 11 12,000 14,100 25,300 47,700 Total Land Needs 16,100 22,500 43,100 76,500 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-Oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 3,300 4,900 11,600 24,200 Annual Requirements in Recreation Days For all recreation activities(1000s)37,177 50,075 75,006 106,907 For water-oriented recreation activi,ties (1000s) 9,580 13,255 19,984 28,731 162 Appendix 21 Early Action mass*ena 0 Upland Reservoirs (10) Alternatives R Major Reservoirs (1) 0 0 0 THOUSAND ISLANDS STATE P RKS lexandrio Say 0 Watertown 0 Q 0 0 0 0 -N- Sca le in Miles 0 5 9F:i@ FIGURE 21-85 Reference Map for Planning Subarea 5.3 (1) additional harbors of refuge on Lake is characterized by a lake plain in the western Ontario portion and a broad, rolling plateau in the (2) additional public access sites on those eastern part. Areas of recreational interest lakes and streams with unused capacity include the famous Thousand Islands, Bridge Caverns, numerous State parks, and inland lakes with beautiful sand beaches. 4.6.15 Planning Subarea 5.3 Much of the area is forest-covered and pos- sesses a rural character. There are no SMSAs Planning Subarea 5.3 is a three-county area within its boundary, and the largest centers of in northern New York State. Located on the population include Watertown (33,000), Og- eastern side of Lake Ontario, it contains much densburg (16,000), Massena (15,000), and Pots- of the watershed for the upper St. Lawrence dam (8,000). Only 54 percent of the planning River (Figure 21-85). Like the other Lake On- subarea's effective population was derived tario planning subareas, Planning Subarea 5.3 from SMSAs lying outside the area. Outdoor Recreation Plan 163 The gross land area available for recreation 5,400 acres in 1970 to nearly 22,000 acres by in this planning subarea is 211,000 acres. Most 2020. of this acreage is in State forests. Total water area supply available for recreation amounts to approximately 109,000 acres, of which 4.6.15.2 Problems 77,000 acres are on the Great Lakes and 32,000 acres on inland waters. In addition to the general problems dis- The total 1970 recreational requirements cussed in Subsection 4.5, there are two other exceeded 8.6 million recreation days. By 2020, problems applicable to this area. total requirements are expected to reach 24.7 The eastern Lake Ontario shoreline has million recreation days. Water-oriented rec- very limited quantities of natural beach for reational requirements in 1970 were more development. The inventory for the Interna- than 2.0 million recreation days and are esti- tional Joint Commission study 16 disclosed only mated to reach 6.2 million by 2020. 12 acres of beach on Lake Ontario in this plan- ning subarea, all of it in public ownership. However, some additional acres of beach are 4.6.15.1 Estimate of Needs contained in State parks on the Thousand Is- lands and along the St. Lawrence River. (1) Urban Land Needs This area, together with adjacent areas to Slightly more than half of the total de- the east, receives heavy use from the Albany, veloped acreage needs are allocated as urban Schenectady, and Utica areas, especially on or Class I land needs. The greatest developed weekends and vacation. Furthermore, the ex- acreage facility need is for playfields. A mod- tension of 1-87 (northward from the New York est need for golf courses existed in 1970 and is State Thruway at Albany) and 1-80 from expected to continue to 2020. The total needs Syracuse opened the Adirondack area to for Class I recreational land were 2,300 acres people from New York City, Canada, and cen- in 1970; by 2020 this need will increase to tral New York State. It is anticipated that nearly 10,000 acres. the intensity of use in this general area will (2) Nonurban Land Needs increase steadily in the future, but will be The need for swimming beaches was ex- controlled by land-use restrictions within the pected to increase from 50 acres in 1970 to 130 Adirondack Park boundaries. acres by 2020. Table 21-42 shows a continuing need for trail developments to accommodate hikers, bicyclists, and horseback riders. The 4.6.15.3 Suggestions for Future Action present supply of camping and picnicking ap- pears adequate. By 2000, however, approxi- Largest acreage with potential for rec- mately 110 acres of developed land will be re- reational development is found in the several quired for picnicking, and the need is expected forestation areas. More than 153,000 acres of to reach 440 acres by 2020. It should once again these virtually undeveloped lands are avail- be stressed that the methodology used here able for recreational use. Similarly, several did not account for travel patterns and, there- public parks contain sufficient buffer lands for fore, estimated needs in Table 21-42 may be increased development which would not ser- short of the actual numbers. In comparison, iously damage the aesthetic qualities.of the the New York Statewide Comprehensive Out- area. door Recreation Plan of 1966 32 showed a defi- Some additional lands should also be ac- nite need and proposed additional develop- quired and developed to meet the increasing ment for both picnicking and camping need for recreational opportunities in this facilities. The plan set forth a program to dou- planning subarea. Where they are suitable for ble the number of campsites in State parks in recreational use, flood plains and adjacent the three counties within this planning sub- lands should be acquired and developed, espe- area. It also proposed to increase the number cially near urban areas. These can provide a of picnic facilities by approximately 25 per- full range of day-use and many weekend-use cent. Total needs for Class 11 recreation lands activities. were 3,100 acres in 1970, expected to increase Once land acquisition has been completed, to 11,600 acres by 2020. the development of single- or multi-purpose (3) Total Land Needed for Recreation reservoirs can become another program, Land needed to meet the recreational re- While the "forever wild" provision of the State quirements is expected to grow from almost Constitution constrains reservoir develop- 164 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-41 Potential Recreation Measures, Planning Subarea 5.3 Est. Recreation Days Capacity (10130s) Measures Daily Annual Needs (to 1980) NA* NA Early Action Plan (to 1980) State Parks (2)** NA 1,364 River Valley Acquisition and Development (10 miles) NA 860 Canoe Routes (8)--150 miles NA NA Preservation of Scenic and Recreational Areas NA NA Existing Lake Recreation Facilities (3) NA NA Upland Multipurpose Reservoirs (4) NA NA Upland Multipurpose Reservoirs (3) NA 407 Upland Recreation Reservoirs (4) NA NA Upland Recreation Reservoirs (3) NA 180 System of Scenic, Wild, and Recreational Rivers & Lakes NA NA Major Multipurpose Reservoir (1) NA NA Needs (1980-2020) NA NA Alternatives (1980-2020) State Parks (5) NA 3,410 Expansion of Existing Facilities NA NA Access Sites NA NA Major Multipurpose Reservoirs (2) NA 498 *Not Available **Number of Areas Reference: Black and St. Lawrence River Basin Comprehensive Water Resources Plans (Being drafted) ment in the Adirondack Park, some sites such The 1966 New York Statewide Compre- as Forestpark, McKeever, and Jordan are hensive Outdoor Recreation Plan32 indicates good potential sites. programmed development of the following The numerous lakes in this planning sub- within this planning subarea: area should be examined for their potential as scenic lakes. Those that qualify should be pro- (1) several State parks, concentrated along tected and maintained in their natural state. Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River val- Where additional development is feasible on ley lakes not qualifying as scenic lakes, that po- (2) a number of State campsites tential should be expanded to its optimal level. (3) several boat launching sites Other recreational opportunities can be pro- (4) two harbors of refuge vided by acquisition and development of ac- (5) acquisition and preservation of wetland cess sites on streams and Lake Ontario where areas present development is inadequate. Addi- If encouraged, the private sector can help tional harbors of refuge and marinas should meet the needs of this planning subarea. It be considered for the Lake Ontario shore. can certainly provide quality development Table 21-41 summarizes the alternatives con- for certain activities such. as camping, golfing, sidered by the State of New York. and boat launching. Outdoor Recreation Plan 165 4.6.15.4 Plan Design Some additional needs will be satisfied by development of recreational facilities on pri- For all Class I recreational developments, vate land. The Niagara-Mohawk Power Cor- new lands will have to be acquired in and near poration has a plan of recreational develop- urban areas throughout the planning sub- ment on a number of its impoundments in this area. The New York State Plan 32 lists major planning subarea. While these proposed urban recreational programs within Water- facilities are somewhat limited in scope, they town, Alexandria Bay, and Massena. will provide additional opportunities for boat- In the City of Watertown, priority projects ing, fishing, camping, and picnicking. In addi- in the 1965-71 program included the develop- tion to the above, the following elements ment of indoor ice and roller skating rinks, a should be given priority for acquisition and multi-purpose building, and an indoor development in the 1970-1980 time frame: Olympic-size swimming pool. The city plans to (1) two new parks-2,000 acres each acquire flood plain land for conservation. (2) ten miles of river valley-3,200 acres The Village of Alexandria Bay, located on (3) six reservoirs with recreational the St. Lawrence River, owns a 200-acre golf facilities course, one community park, and seven small- These should be given priority in the 1980- er areas. A large number of tourists are at- 2000 time frame: tracted to the village and make extensive use (1) two new parks-2,000 acres each of its recreation facilities. Increased demand (2) additional recreational facilities on is developing for swimming, ice skating, pic- State forest and game lands nicking, and existing boating is apparent. The The following should be given priority for village plans to develop and expand its exist- acquisition and development during 2000- ing waterfront park. 2020: The Village of Massena is developing an existing site as a regional park. (1) three new parks-2,000 acres each A large part of the needs for Class II rec- (2) one large reservoir reational development can be satisfied with (3) continued development on State forest new facilities on existing publicly owned and game lands lands. It is assumed that 50 percent of needs These items should be given priority during for Class 11 recreation areas could be satisfied the entire period: on recreational development of State forest (1) acquisition and development of access lands and more intensive development of sites on lakes and streams where additional existing State parks. Additional land will not recreational potential is present have to be acquired to meet the need for trails, (2) one large reservoir as such developments could take place on buf- (3) provision of additional harbors of ref- fer lands now in public ownership. uge as needed 166 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-42 Outdoor Recreation Requirements, Supply, and Needs by Activity, PSA 5.3 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Reqmnt Supply Needs Acres of Developed Land for Water-Oriented Activities Swimming 40 10 30 60 10 50 100 10 90 140 10 130 Picnicking 600 890 0 750 890 0 1,000 890 110 1,330 890 440 Camping 230 1,300 0 360 1,300 0 570 1,300 0 870 1,300 0 Parking (General) 90 40 50 120 40 80 180 40 140 220 40 180 Parking (Boats & Water-Skiing) 110 10 100 150 10 140 240 10 230 350 10 340 Subtotal 1,070 2,250 180 1,440 2,250 270 2,090 2,250 570 2,910 2,250 1,090 Acres of Developed Land for Other Summer Activities Playfields 1,550 80 1,470 2,250 80 2,170 3,680 80 3,600 5,350 80 5,270 Golf 1,240 570 670 1,780 570 1,210 2,980 570 2,410 4,280 570 3,710 Subtotal 2,790 650 2,140 4,030 650 3,380 6,660 650 6,010 9,630 650 8,980 Acres of Developed Land for Winter Activities Snow Skiing 110 0 110 120 0 120 150 0 150 180 0 180 Sledding 140 0 140 170 0 170 270 0 270 410 0 410 Ice Skating 10 0 10 20 0 20 30 0 30 40 0 40 Subtotal 260 0 260 310 0 310 450 0 450 630 0 630 Total Acres of Developed Land 4,120 2,900 2,580 5,780 2,900 3,960 9,200 , 2,900 7,030 13,170 2,900 10,700 Acres of Water Surface Boating (including canoeing, sailing & water-skiing) 34,000 109,000 0 49,000 109,000 0 78,000 109,000 0 116,000 109,000 7,000 Miles of Trails Hiking & Nature Walks 130 0 130 190 0 190 290 0 290 410 0 410 Bicycling 120 0 120 140 0 140 190 0 190 250 0 250 Horseback Riding 30 0 30 40 0 40 50 0 50 70 0 70 Total Miles of Trail 280 0 280 370 0 .370 530 0 530 730 0 730 Total Needs for New Lands for Recreation (Acres) Class 1 2,300 3,700 6,500 9,900 Class 11 3,100 4,500 7,500 11,600 Total Land Needs 5,400 8,200 14,000 21,500 Total Needs for New Lands for Water-oriented Recreation (Acres) Total Water-Oriented Land Needs 600 900 1,900 3,700 Annual Requirenents in Recreation Days For all recreation activities (1000s) 8,672 11,656 17,465 24,654 For water-oriented recreation activities (1000s) 2,087 2,867 4,193 6,237 QieatLakesBasinCommLssion ORDER PICI - 10 3475 Plymouth Road, P.O. Box 999 Ann Arbor, Mi. 48106 313/763-3590 FTS 313/769-7431 SOLD TO: JIF DIFFERENT FROM SHIP TO) LTC Date 1/22/75 Payment by SHIP TO: Check No. Mr. Robert Knecht, Director Money Order No. Coastal Zone Management, NOAA Cash U.S. Department of Commerce Other Room 429 11400 Rockwall Building, Rockville Pike Rockville, 1AD 20852 Amount $ NO CHARGE Date Quantity Framework Study Volume Cost Paid Shipped Appendix 16, Drainage ............................................ $3.00 Appendix 2, Surface Water Hydrology ............................... 2.75 Appendix 5, Mineral Resources ..................................... 3.75 Appendix 22, Aesthetic and Cultural Resources ......................... 2.25 Appendix 13, Land Use and Management .............................. 2.75 Appendix 15, Irrigation ........................................... 2.75 Appendix 18, Erosion and Sedimentation .............................. 3.75 Appendix 10, Power .............................................. 3.50 Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water .............................. 4.50 Appendix 21, Outdoor Recreation ................... ................... 5-7 r, Appendix 19, Economic and Demographic Studies ....................... 6.25 Appendix 23, Health Aspects ........................................ 3.00 Appendix 8, Fish ................................................ 7.00 Appendix 11, Levels and Flows ...................................... 5.25 Appendix 17, Wildlife ............................................. 4.00 Appendix 14, Flood Plains ............................. ........... 6.00 Appendix R9, Recreational Boating .................................. 3--00 Appendix S20, State Laws, Policies and Institutional Arrangements .......... 7.25 Appendix F20, Federal Laws, Policies and Institutional Arrangements ........ 5.0() Appendix 7, Water Quality ........................................ 6.75 Appendix 6, Water Supply, Municipal, Industrial, Rural .................. 7.00 Appendix 12, Shore Use and Erosion .................................. 3.75 Appendix C9, Commercial Navigation ................................. 5.75 Appendix 4, Limnology of Lakes and Embayments ..................... 12.50 Appendix 1, Alternative Frameworks ................................ 8.75 Report ......................................................... 3.00 Environmental Impact Statement .................................... 1.75 Full Set of GLBC Framework Study Volumes ........................... 130.75 Full Set at 20% off, if ordered before 111175 .............................. 104.75 Full Set at 10% off, if ordered between 111175 and 311175 .................... 117.75 N C, 4% Tax on Michigan Purchases ORDERS MUST BE PREPAID White: Master File Copy Pink: Accounting Copy Green: Customer Acknowledgment Yellow: Shipping Copy Gold: Inventory Copy Blue: Customer Copy IF YOUR ORDER IS NOT COMPLETE IN THIS SHIPMENT, PLEASE NOTE: The balance of your order will be shipped as individual volumes are received from the printer. The Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, as you know, is in 27 volumes with completion of printing scheduled for fall.. We are enclosing the volumes currently available, and azpect -tQ--receiyP,- pertod ic shi mants over the next f ew months until your order is completed. If you have any questions about your order, please call the Great Lakes Basin Commissiorn Public Information Office, FTS and Commercial 313-769-7431. Thank you for your interest in and support of this major publishing project. Great Lakes Basin Commission ORDER PIO - 10 3475 Plymouth Road, P.O. Box 999 Ann Arbor., Mi. 48106 313/763-3590 FTS 313/769-7431 SOLDTO: (IF DIFFERENT FROM SHIP TO) LTC Date 1/22/75 Payment by SHIP TO: Check No. Mr. Robert Knecht, Director Money Order No. Coastal Zone Management, NOAA Cash U.S. Department of Commerce Other Room 429 11400 Rockwall Building, Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 Amount $ NO CHARGE Date Quantity Framework Study Volume Cost Paid Shipped Appendix 16, Drainagc . ............................................ $3.00 Appendix 2, Surface Water Hydrology ............................... 2.75 Appendix 5, Mineral Resources ..................................... 3.75 Appendix 22, Aesthetic and Cultural Resources ......................... 2.25 Appendix 13, Land Use and Management .............................. 2.75 Appendix 15, Irrigation ........................................... 2.75 Appendix 18, Erosion and Sedimentation .............................. 3.75 Appendix 10, Power .............................................. 3.50 Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water .............................. 4.50 Appendix 21, Outdoor Recreation .................................... 5.75 Appendix 19, Economic and Demographic Studies ....................... 6.25 Appendix 23, Health Aspects ........................................ 3.00 Appendix 8, Fish ................................................ 7.00 Appendix 11, Levels and Flows ...................................... 5.25 Appendix 17, Wildlife ............................................. 4.00 Appendix 14, Flood Plains ............................. ........... 6.00 Appendix R9, Recreational Boating .................................. 3' 00 Appendix S20, State Laws, Policies and Institutional Arrangements .......... 7.25 Appendix F20, Federal Laws, Policies and Institutional Arrangements ........ 5.00 Appendix 7, Water Quality ........................................ 6.75 ')@pendix 7 A 6, Water Supply, Municipal, Industrial, Rural .................. 7.00 Appendix 12, Shore Use and Erosion ................................. 3.75 Appendix C9, Commercial Navigation ................................. 5.75 Appendix 4, Limnology of Lakes and Embayments; ..................... 12.50 Appendix 1, Alternative Frameworks ................................ 8.75 Report ......................................................... 3.00 Environmental Impact Statement .................................... 1.75 Full Set of GLBC Framework Study Volumes ........................... 130.75 Full Set at 20% off, if ordered before 111175 .............................. 104.75 Full Set at 10% off, if ordered between 111175 and 311175 .................... 117.75 NIC 4% Tax on Michigan Purchases ORDERS MUST BE PREPAID White: Master File Copy Pink: Accounting Copy Green: Customer Acknowledgment Yellow: Shipping Copy Gold: Inventory Copy Blue: Customer Copy Section 5 EVALUATION In this section the proposed regional plan is In the Great Lakes Region in 1970 the exist- weighed against total needs to determine its ing recreational facilities for the six water- effectiveness. Land acquisition and facility oriented recreational activities were capable development costs necessary for plan im- of approximately 94 million recreation days, or plementation are also estimated. 64 percent of the total 1970 requirement for these activities. Additional development programmed for 5.1 Effectiveness of the Plan completion before 1980 will increase the capac- ity of recreational facilities for these six ac- To evaluate the ability of various types of tivities to 100 million recreation days. The resource areas within the Region to provide proposed regional recreation plan would pro- recreational opportunities for the six water- vide an additional 60 million recreation days oriented activities (beach swimming, picnick- in the six water-oriented activities by 1980, ing, camping, sightseeing, hiking, and nature and additional increments of 80 million days of study) used in this evaluation, models were opportunities between 1980 and 2000, and 75 developed to represent the major types of re- million between 2000 and 2020. Thus, the total source base. Since two sets of standards for capacity of recreational facilities for these six development were used in this study to calcu- water-oriented activities will have been in- late requirements and needs for acres of creased to 160 million recreation days by 1980, land-one each for the northern and southern 240 million recreation days by 2000, and nearly parts of the Region-these same standards 315 million by 2020. were used in the model system. Three models The proposed level of public development, were devised for the southern part of the Re- together with existing and programmed sup- gion and four were developed for the northern ply, will satisfy 80 percent of projected re- part. In the southern part of the Region, mod- quirements in 1980 and 2000, and 74 percent in els were constructed for recreational areas 2020. centered on lakeshores, flood plains, and gen- Level of development varies from one plan- eral recreational resource areas. These same ning subarea to another. In heavily populated three resource types plus natural areas were areas substantial residual need remains, used for the northern part of the Region. De- while in some more sparsely populated ones tails of the models are in Annex G. development was programmed to provide In each of the models, a given level of de- some surpluses of facilities. The recreation velopment and mix of recreational activities plan was developed in this manner to accom- were assumed for a given area with that type modate the large numbers of people from large of resource base. Visitation in recreation days urban areas who seek recreational oppor- provided per 1000 acres of such a base was tunities in the northern or eastern parts of the calculated from these assumptions. The an- Region. Since the methodology did not nual visitation rates per type of resource base adequately consider the PXoblem of travel pat- were then used to evaluate the capacity of the terns, an attempt was made in plan formula- many resource units incorporated into the tion to give some additional consideration to suggested recreational plan of each planning export of requirement from one planning sub- subarea. In some instances certain resource area to another. elements did not fit too well into any one par- A substantial amount of residual need ticular model, but an effort was made to fit would still remain if the elements of the pro- each resource base unit into that model which posed regional plan were developed according seemed most appropriate. The regional plan to schedule. In 1970 there were 52 million rec- consists of the sum of the 15 plans for each of reation days of residual need. It is projected the planning subareas. that this would decrease to 4.0 million rec- 167 168 Appendix 21 reation days in 1980, but would increase again TABLE 21-43 Estimated Facility and Con- to nearly 57 million recreation days by 2000 tingency Costs by Time Frame (in millions of and 114 million in 2020. dollars) The actual amount of facilities that can be Estimated Contin- Total provided by the private sector depends upon Time Period Facility cost gencies Costs the state of the economy, the profit potential 1970-1980 297 35 332 of various developments, and government in- centive programs. However, recent studies 1980-2000 401 50 451 completed by the State of Minnesota show 2000-2020 366 47 413 that approximately one-third of the State's developed recreational facilities on an acreage Total 1,064 132 1,196 basis are provided by the private sector. For this reason, it is believed that the private sec- 1970-1980 time frame. Approximately 70,000 tor can meet all of this plan's residual needs. If acres of natural areas were also proposed to be the private sector should show the ability to acquired in Planning Subareas 1.1, 1.2, and 2.1. satisfy more than the residual needs, the It was estima:ted that 686,000 acres of land amount of facilities provided by the public sec- will be needed by 2020 to accommodate the tor could be reduced accordingly. proposed scale of recreation development, not including 264,000 acres recently authorized for acquisition as national park or lakeshore 5.2 Cost of Acquisition and Development areas. The acquisition program was projected as follows: 159,000 acres by 1980, 211,000 acres In this section an attempt is made to develop between 1980 and 2000, and 215,000 acres be- a general cost figure for acquisition and de- tween 2000 and 2020. SE!e Table 21-44 for a velopment of recreational lands and facilities. breakdown of estimatedland costs. Since it was not possible to have knowledge The total estimated cost of recreation about all land areas that might be acquired facilities and land to accommodate the pro- and developed over such a broad area over a gram of development set forth in the plan sec- period of 50 years, the models developed to tion is presented in Table 21-45. calculate the amount of visitation for each Annex 1, Supplementary Statistical Tables, element in the regional plan were used to cal- gives land, facility, and contingency costs for culate the cost of facilities. Costs of providing the years 1980-2020 by planning subarea. the water-oriented recreational facilities used Operation and maintenance costs were es- in each of the seven models were developed timated to be twenty-five cents ($0.25) per rec- and converted to a facility-cost per thousand reation day. Based on this figure, costs for the acres of land for that specific type of resource new facilities proposed in the regional plan base. See Annex H, Calculation of Facility were estimated to average $15 million per year Costs, for the details of this analysis. The land by 1980, approximately $315 million per year by acreage of each element included in the re- 2000, and $54 million per year by 2020 on a gional plan was then multiplied by the cumulative basis. facility-cost per thousand acres for that type Replacement costs were based on an aver- of resource base to obtain facility costs for that agelife of 25 years for the major components of plan element. These costs were then increased recreational facilities, amounting to four per- by 15 percent to cover contingency costs of cent of facility costs per year. On this basis, planning and construction supervision (Table these costs were estimatE!d to average $15 mil- 21-43). lion per year by 1980, $34 million per year by Samples of current land costs were obtained 2000, and $53 million per year by 2020 on a from several States for various types of re- cumulative basis. source bases. These were expanded into the remaining States. Land costs were calculated from these data. Costs include the estimated 5.3 Allocation of Facility and Land Costs costs of acquisition for the five newly- authorized national park and national lake- There is little informal-ion on which to base shore areas in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and allocation of costs to Federal and non-Federal Michigan. Cost data on these recreational interests. Federal participation in the funding areas were obtained from the legislation au- of recreational facilitV development has thorizing their establishment. They total changed so rapidly that it provides little basis 264,000 acres of land and are included in the for future projections. Evaluation 169 TABLE 21-44 Estimated Land Needs and TABLE 21-46 Allocation of Costs (in millions Costs of dollars) Acres of Land Cost of Land Time Period in thousands* in millions Element Total Federal Non-Federal 1970-1980 423* 385 Land 1,340 470 870 1980-2000 211 397 Facilities 1,331 466 865 2000-2020 215 312 - - - Total 2,671 936 1,735 Total 849* 1,094 *This includes the 294,000 acres of land recently authorized for acquisition as Through 1965, expenditures for water- national park or lakeshore areas in the oriented, land-based recreation in the Great Great Lakes Region. Lakes Region were limited largely to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area and the Isle Royale National Park. In 1965, establishment of the Land and Water Conservation Fund au- TABLE 21-45 Summary of Land and Facility thorized the Federal government to assist Costs (in millions of dollars) States in acquisition and development of rec- Land Facility Total reation lands on a cost-sharing basis. This Time Period Costs Costs Cos ts fund tripled between fiscal 1970 and 1971. Because of these changes, the allocation of 1970-1980 385 332 717 Federal participation was made strictly arbi- 1980-2000 397 451 848 trary. This study assumed that the Federal 2000-2020 312 413 725 government will contribute 35 percent of total costs and non-Federal interests will supply Total 1,094 1,196 2,290 the remainder. Table 21-46 shows the result of this allocation. Section 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Water-Oriented Recommendations where public health or national defense would not be placed in jeopardy (Subsection 4.4.1). (1) Those segments of the shores of the (7) Facilities for such activities as camp- Great Lakes having significant recreational ing, picnicking, hiking, nature study, and potential, especially those near urban areas, sightseeing compatible with the basic pur- should be acquired and managed in a manner poses of public hunting areas and wildlife re- compatible with the resource and recreational fuge areas should be provided in such areas needs (Subsection 4.6). (Subsection 4.4.5). (2) A program to identify, preserve and (8) Water quality standards should be ex- manage free-flowing streams should be con- tended and enforced on both inter- and intra- tinued by Federal, State and local govern- state waters to improve recreational oppor- ments. A similar program should be estab- tunities. These waters should support limited lished to identify, preserve and manage body contact activities at least, and total body natural lakes. Such rivers and lakes should be contact activities where possible. Direct meas- studied in detail to determine their optimal ures to prevent and abate water pollution at capacity for meeting recreational needs. In its source should be stressed (Subsections 1970, there was only one river, the Wolf in 4.5.5.1, 4.5.5.2, 4.5.5.3, and 4.5.5.4). Wisconsin, designated as part of the National (9) Methods of reducing sedimentation, a Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Michigan's major source of water pollution, from agricul- Pere Marquette has been recommended for tural operations, highway construction, and inclusion in the Federal system. Four other other land-use operations, are well estab- rivers in the Region must be evaluated as part lished, and progress in land management of any Federal planning involving the use of should continue. The application of watershed water and related land resources in the river management and soil conservation practices areas (Subsections 4.3 and 4.3.5). should be intensified to reduce erosion and to (3) Public access sites should be selected increase the recreational potential of the and acquired on all streams and lakes deter- water resources in the Region (Subsection mined to have recreational potential in 4.5.5.2). number 2 above (Subsections 4.3.2 and 4.3.5). (10) Methods should be explored to lessen (4) Islands within the Great Lakes should the impact of adverse weather and water condi- be studied to determine their recreational po- tions on recreational activities along the tential. Consideration should be given to ac- Great Lakes shores (Subsection 2.3.1.1). quisition, preservation, and developmental al- (11) The beaches of the Great Lakes should ternatives for those islands possessing scenic, be included in the Congressional Bill entitled historic, cultural, scientific, or aesthetic value "Open Beaches Act of 1969" which affirms (Subsection 4.4.2). that the ocean beaches of the United States (5) Flood plains, especially near urban are of national interest and that the public areas, should be used to their highest poten- shall have full and unrestricted right to use tial to provide recreational opportunities them (Subsection 4.4.1). (Subsection 4.4.3). All States in the Great (12) Where impoundments can serve the Lakes Region should enact legislation similar best interests of the general public, Federal to Wisconsin's Water Resources Act of 1965 to construction agencies should be permitted to provide for zoning of shorelands on navigable build them with more than 50 percent of the waters as in Section 22 and for zoning of flood costs attributed to recreational purposes. In plains as in Section 31 (Subsections 4.4.3 and or near metropolitan areas they should be 4.5.5.5). authorized to construct single-purpose rec- (6) Legislation should be enacted to pro- reation and fish and wildlife reservoirs (Sub- vide the public free and unrestricted rights to sections 4.3.4 and 4.5.2.5). use the beaches of the Great Lakes in all areas (13) Because of sizeable water-oriented 171 172 Appendix 21 recreation needs and limited available re- controls to supplement fee simple acquisition, sources, Level B studies should be carried out particularly on lands designated as buffer in Planning Subareas 2.3, 3.2, and 4.3 (Subsec- zones and intended for low intensity use. tion 4.6). Flood plain and lakeshore zoning, deed re- (14) Where it is practical, existing public strictions, public use liability laws, life tenan- waters should be managed through space and cies, leases, access easements, and other time zoning, reservation of space, or other land-use controls should be used in expanding practices to obtain the maximum recreational the recreational resource base of the Region utility compatible with optimal potential of (Subsections 4.5.2.7 and 4.5.3-1). such waters (Subsection 4.5.2.7). (8) Areas and facilities should be developed and managed for off-road vehicles. Such des- ignated areas should be provided with 6.2 General Recommendations adequate erosion control measures to prevent water quality problems from developing (Sub- (1) Emphasis should be placed on provid- section 4.5.4-3). Indiscriminate use of such ing sufficient recreational opportunities for vehicles in nondesignated areas should be urban residents, where the most serious im- controlled. balances between supply and requirements (9) Those proposed and potential areas are found. City and regional parks with the possessing outstanding scenic, historic, and capacity to accommodate large numbers of scientific values should be preserved in a na- people and readily accessible to urban resi- tional system. Similar areas not qualifying for dents *ill accommodate much of the heavy use the national system should be preserved by generated by the large centers of population. State and local interests, (Subsection 4.4.9). City parks should be located within walking (10) Trails systems at the Federal, State, distance of the user (Subsections 4.5.2.3 and and local levels should be expanded to provide 4.5.2.4). additional recreational opportunities (Sub- (2) Planning, acquisition, and development section 4.4.8). programs to increase outdoor recreational op- (11) The private sector should be encour- portunities for all of the Region's residents aged and aided to meet a substantial part of should be accelerated by public agencies (Sub- the total recreational needs in the Region. section 4.5.3). Properly planned incentive programs would (3) To satisfy the massive requirements be a catalyst toward the expansion of private emanating from urban areas, regional ap- development compatible with resource capac- proaches to resource planning should be ex- ity (Subsection 4.5.2.6). panded to integrate and coordinate rec- (12) Significant areas of sand dunes along reational planning, development, and man- the Great Lakes shores and other areas where agement among the local governmental en- they play a vital role in the overall environ- tities (Subsection 4.5.7). ment should be protected from indiscriminate (4) Sufficient funds should be made avail- use of off-road vehicles, :.,nining, and other ac- able to public agencies for acceleration of rec- tivities which damage or destroy their ex- reational programs that increase outdoor rec- tremely fragile ecology. Such protection reational opportunities and developments should be accomplished through a combina- (Subsection 4.5.3). tion of fee acquisitions, easements, and zoning (5) National, State, and county parks and (Subsections 4.5.4.3 and 4.6.6.3). forests which are currently underdeveloped or (13) Both public and private forest lands undeveloped for recreation should be pro- should be given greater protection from det- tected and managed to realize their optimal rimental factors. Greater emphasis should be potential for meeting part of the Region's rec- given to the protection and improvement of reational needs. Such development must be private lands through multiple-use manage- compatible with the resource base and the ment that will enhance outdoor recreational primary purpose of the park or forest (Subsec- opportunities and developments (Subsection tions 4.4.6, 4.4.7, and 4.6). 4.4.6). (6) The optimal carrying capacity of rec- (14) The impact of all new recreational de- reational areas and related access sites should velopments on the environment should be as- be determined, and they should be managed so sessed and properly considered prior to such as not to exceed that level over long periods of development (Subsection 4.5.2). time. (15) Basic and applied research should be (7) Emphasis should be placed on land-use encouraged to provide much-needed base data Recommendations 178 on the many aspects of recreational use, user economic studies, resource carrying motivation, and resource management. Origin capacities, and tourism studies warrant con- and destination studies, user preferences, sideration (Subsections 1.2 and 2.2). SUMMARY Population days, and increases in national income and mobility. The greatest proportionate increase In 1970 the Great Lakes regional popula- is expected to occur in Planning Subarea 4.1 tion totaled 29,000,000. Almost one-half of (210 percent), and the smallest in Planning this population resided in Planning Subareas Subarea 1.2 (119 percent). 2.2 (Chicago-Milwaukee area) and 4.1 (Detroit area). Approximately 83 percent, or 24 million people, resided in SMSAs. The 1970 effective Recreation Needs population for the Great Lakes study area amounted to nearly 23 million people, 76 per- Gross acreage available for public rec- cent of whom resided in SMSAs. Regional reation in 1970 amounted to 17.8 million acres. population is expected to increase 84 percent This included approximately 13.5 million acres by 2020, to 53,496,000. Effective population is of land, 2.6 million acres of Great Lakes water projected to reach 41 miflion people by 2020. surface, and 1.7 million acres of inland lakes water surface. Based on 1970 supply data, 35 percent of Recreation Requirements total 1970 recreational requirements were es- timated to be unsatisfied. This unsatisfied Recreational requirements for the Great portion is expected to increase to 45 percent in Lakes Region reached 637 million recreation 1980, 62 percent in 2000, and 72 percent by days by 1970. General land-based activities, 2020, when requirements for each target year including golfing, bicycling, horseback riding, are compared with 1980 supply data. and playing outdoor games accounted for Water surface acreage for recreation is ex- more than 208 million recreation days. Passive pected to yield a surplus until 2000. At this activities such as pleasure driving and walk- time there will be a need for 354,700 acres. This ing, and attending outdoor games and con- is expected to increase to 2,179,000 acres by certs accounted for almost 208 million rec- 2020. Needs are evident for 1970 and 1980, reation days. however, near the Region's largest urban Land-based water-oriented activities, in- centers-Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, To- cluding swimming, picnicking, camping, na- ledo, Cleveland, and Rochester. If con- ture walks, hiking, and sightseeing accounted structed, public or private reservoirs could for almost 170 million recreation days. Water satisfy a considerable part of this need, espe- surface and winter sports requirements were cially when located near urban areas. The only eight percent of total re *gional demand: 1970 supply could satisfy 81 percent of the 1970 28.5 million recreation days were estimated to land-based water-oriented requirements and have originated from boating, water-skiing, only 47 percent of requirements for other canoeing, and sailing and 22.8 million for snow land-based activities. By 2020 existing and skiing, sledding, and ice skating. programmed supply will satisfy only 28 per- Recreation requirements are expected to cent of land-based water-oriented require- increase much faster than population. While ments and only 12 percent of other land-based population is expected to increase 84 percent requirements. between 1970 and 2020, recreational require- Tourism exerts considerable influence on ments are expected to increase 193 percent in the Region's economy with expenditures in that period. By 2020, total annual recreational the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. requirements are expected to be almost 1.9 The two most popular tourist destination billion recreation days. areas in the Region are the Lake Superior, The greatest influences on such increases northern Lake Michigan, and northern Lake are thought to be decreases in average work Huron area; and the Lake Ontario area. These week, increases in paid vacations and holi- areas need continued upgrading to compete 175 176 Appendix 21 with other major tourist areas and to stimu- Much of the 825,000 acres of flood plains lo- late local economics. cated in rural areas and 120,000 acres of flood Level B studies should be conducted in plains in urban areas i@, still available or Planning Subareas 3.2, 4.3, and parts of 2.3 to adaptable for the development of a full range examine recreational problems and needs of recreational opportunities and open space. more precisely in these areas. There is need for more research to determine where people go to recreate. No tools were available in this Problems study to measure the directional pattern of recreational travel within the Great Lakes Major problems of recreational manage- Region. ment, development, and employment in the Region include land-use competition, high cost of land acquisition and development, Recreation Resources urban blight, shoreland e:rosion, water pollu- tion, misuse of resources, reAricted access, in- Recreational resources within the Great compatible activities, and maintenance costs. Lakes Region include many areas with excep- Shoreland development has severely im- tional scenic, natural, wilderness, and aes- paired many miles of Great Lakes shorelands, thetic qualities which make them nationally inland beaches, and river banks for rec- significant. There is considerable potential for reational use. Residences and industry have additional hiking, nature study, bicycling, and dumped wastes into these waters to such an horseback riding trails. extent that many beaches, especially near In 1970, there were 1,378,000 acres in na- urban areas, have become unsafe for swim- tional park and wilderness areas and more ming. Use and enjoyment of approximately than 540,000 acres of State and local parks. five million acres of Great Lakes waters lying Only a small percentage of the 36.9 million within two miles of shore is hindered by occa- acres of forest land in the Region was de- sional adverse weather conditions, impaired veloped for recreational use. It is estimated water quality, and a shortage of boat harbors that 40,000 acres of Federal forest land, 17,500 and marinas. acres of State forest land, and 5,600 acres of There is a great disparity within the Region locally owned public forest land could be de- between the location of re@reational resources veloped for intensive recreational use. and large centers of population. A large per- More than 67 million acres, or 80 percent of centage of the recreational land is located in land in the Region, were privately owned in the north, inaccessible for day and weekend 1970. Approximately 1,000,000 acres were con- use by the majority of the population. Many of sidered to have potential as recreational re- the recreational resoureE!S in the southern sources. part of the Region and a few in the north are Of the Region's 5,500 acres of Great Lakes being used to capacity, while inaccessible or beaches, approximately 2,300 acres, or 41 per- less prominent resources receive little use. To cent, are open to the public. Another 1,600 satisfy a large portion of the Region's rec- acres, or 29 percent, have recreational poten- reational needs, opportunities should be tial but are not public. The remainder have within a one-hour drive for day use and within little or no recreational potential. Several is- a three-hour drive for weekend use. Northern lands in the Great Lakes also have potential, portions will continue to experience great although the extent is not known. utilization of facilities by the vacation sector, Numerous inland lakes within the Region while southern portions will have greater have considerable recreational potential. utilization by day and weekend users. However, acquisition and development of land Within the cities are large concentrations of on their shores will be expensive and contro- the poor, the old, the less mobile, and the racial versial because of competing land uses. minorities whose needs for meaningful social, Wild and scenic rivers systems have been cultural, and recreational activities must be established at the Federal and State levels. met with Federal, State, and local funding All or segments of the Pine, Popple, and Pike in with adequate allocation of recreational re- Wisconsin and the Sandusky in Ohio have al- sources, and with neighborhood involvement. ready been designated as State rivers. In ad- Many of the existing urban recreational dition, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and facilities and programs are inadequate to New York have designated several streams accommodate the needs of the urban resident. within the Region as canoe trails. The present park and recreational programs Summary 177 close to his home or accessible by public trans- indiscriminate use of snowmobiles, dune bug- portation are limited. gies, all-terrain vehicles, and off-road vehicles Desires and use patterns of recreationists is creating conflicts with other participants in are changing with the passage of time. When the more traditional activities. Such use of management does not foresee these changes vehicles may also destroy vegetative cover in time, many problems arise. For example, and damage soils. GLOSSARY acquisition by fee-acquisition of all purchas- and outboard and inboard motor boats for able rights in real estate. recreational purposes. activity occasion-participation of an inai- boat ramp-a natural or constructed slope on vidual in a specific outdoor recreation activ- the shore of a lake where boats can be ity during any part of a 24-hour period. Ac- launched from and loaded on trailers. tivity day is an interchangeable term with the same meaning. A recreation day equals camping-a recreation activity in which the 2.5 activity days. A person may participate participant takes his bedding, cooking in more than one activity in any given equipment, and food and spends at least one calendar day. night out-of-doors using for shelter a bed roll, sleeping bag, trailer, tent, or a hut open on attending outdoor sports events-the atten- one or more sides. dance at any outdoor sports event as a spec- tator rather than as a participant or an offi- carrying capacity (recreational)-the measure cial. of the optimum capacity of a recreational resource to support one or a group of rec- attending outdoor concerts or plays-the at- reational activities over an extended period tendance at musical, dramatic, artistic, or of time without permanent damage to the other nonsporting events which are carried resource base. on out-of-doors, but excluding drive-in movies. Class I lands-areas intensively developed and managed for high density recreation use. beach-a nearly level stretch of sand, shingle, Historic and cultural sites (Class VI rec- or mud devoid of woody vegetation and ad- reation lands) are included within Class I jacent to a body of water. The beaches of in- lands in this appendix. In the Basin an av- land lakes are weakly developed in compar- erage of 50 percent of the lands in this class ison with those of the oceans and the Great are developed for recreational use. Lakes. Class Il lands-general outdoor recreation benefits-the tangible and intangible advan- areas which are subject to substantial de- tages of a land or water development proj- velopment for a wide variety of specific rec- ect, such as the diversion of water or the reation uses. Class IV (Unique Natural building of a dam, that accrue to society. Areas) were considered to be Class II lands in the supply analysis of the appendix. In bicycling-bicycle riding for pleasure. This the Basin an average of 10 to 15 percent of excludes cycling to or from work or school. these lands were developed for intensive use. biotic areas-those areas having ecological significance. Class III lands-natural environment areas which are suitable for recreation, usually in boat basin-a protected anchorage for small combination with other uses. Also included craft with facilities for launching and load- in this category in this appendix are lands ing. The basin may be excavated from shore- classified as Class V (Primitive Areas). Lit- land or created by a breakwater. tle or no development exists on these lands, and use is generally light. Combining Class- boating-the use of watercraft including es VI, IV, and V with Classes I, II, and III, canoes, sailboats, rowboats, rafts, floats, respectively, is not intended to negate in- 179 180 Appendix 21 herent dissimilarities in the various ment or capability of programmed develop- classes, but rather to recognize, for analyt- ment. ical purposes, similar use patterns for the combined classes in the Basin as well as the harbor of refuge-a place of safety for small same approximate degree of land develop- craft during storm periods, located between ment. commercial harbors on the shores of the Great Lakes. community beach-a beach dedicated for the semi-exclusive use of a definite subdivision hiking-destination-oriented walking for rec- or community. All the property owners in reational purposes, normally involving the the subdivision or community may use the carrying of a pack, provisions, and some kind beach but others are excluded. of shelter. cultural landscape-man-made features of a horseback riding-any riding on horseback region reflecting land use patterns, popula- which is done solely for recreation. tion distribution, and other examples of man's activities that have altered the hunting and fishing-for tl.-ie purposes of this natural landscape. report, hunting and fishing are considered important recreational activities but are day-use zone-that area generally within a not included in recreat4onal needs in this 50-mile, or a one-hour travel radius of an appendix. A detailed discussion including SMSA. needs is available in Appendixes 8, Fish, and 17, Wildlife. demand-the amount of goods or services which a given population will utilize over a ice skating-noncompetitive, recreational range of prices. skating on ice in the out-of-doors. Thus, ice skating on indoor rinks is not included. Ice design load-the optimum number of people hockey, figure skating contests, etc., are that an area or facility can accommodate at considered playing outdoor games or sports. any given point in time. land-based general activity-a recreational ac- driving for pleasure-both riding and driving tivity that is dependent upon only a land for pleasure are included. Activities such as area for fulfillment-ou.tdoor games, golf, racing are included under Playing Outdoor bicycling, and horseback riding. Games and Sports. land-based water-oriented activities-rec- ecology-the science which treats organisms reation activities which normally occur on in relation to their environment; frequently the land, but are enhanced by water- subdivided into human ecology, animal swimming, picnicking, camping, nature ecology, plant ecology, and bio-ecology. The trails, hiking, and sightseeing. latter deals with the inter-relation ships be- land use-primary use of a tract of land, i.e., tween animal life and plant life. agriculture, timber, urban, industrial, and recreation. effective population-the number of people who will seek recreation opportunities marina (lake)-a commercial establishment, within any recreation-market area. located on lakeshores or extending into a lake, for the purpose of servicing and moor- existing supply-the total acreage or capacity ing boats. Some marinas have storage for of recreation areas that were operational in boats and provide hotel accommodations for 1970. Data were derived from the Nation- boat owners. wide Plan Inventory, the Statewide Outdoor Recreation Plans, and the State rep- morainal lakes-glacial lakes in depressions or resentatives to the Outdoor Recreation basins which resulted from the irregular Work Group. deposition of the drift in terminal and ground moraines. future needs-the projected requirements which will not be satisfied by the projected moraine-an accumulation of glacial drift de- capability of the present level of develop- posited by the direct action of glacial ice. Glossary 181 multiple-purpose reservoir-a reservoir plan- outdoor recreation facility-recreation struc- ned to be used for more than one purpose. tures or any conveniences for outdoor rec- reation activities in a designated area. Some nature walks-a recreational activity that activities can take place without facilities consists of walking for the specific purpose but not without resources. of observing, collecting, photographing, or studying flora, fauna, geological formations, outdoor recreation resource-any land or and other natural phenomena. water area which can be used effectively for outdoor recreation. need-the difference between the recreation requirements for a specified period of time outdoor recreation site-a small and contigu- and the existing or programmed supply for ous tract of land developed for a specific rec- that year. reation activity or closely related combina- tion of activities such as swimming, camp- nonconsumptive use-those uses that do not ing, or picnicking. reduce the supply, such as recreational sightseeing, swimming, sailing, and nature outdoor recreation supply-existing rec- study. reational resources and facilities capable of providing outdoor recreation. nonresident recreation requirement-that portion of a planning subarea's recreation outdoor recreation unit-a facility or group of requirement which is generated by people complementary facilities, normally in a living beyond its boundaries. camp, picnic site or park, designed to accommodate a family. Examples would in- nonstructural measures-man aging, utilizing, clude a table, fireplace, tent site facility or controlling water and related lands with- group or a rental cabin. out structural development to achieve a desired objective. Such measures include participation rate-the number of occasions of flood plain zoning, flood warning systems, participation in an outdoor recreation activ- legal restraints, and preservation meas- ity by an individual during a measured time ures. period as set forth in Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRQ other outdoor recreation activities-activities Study Report No. 19. in which the participant plays a relatively passive role-including driving for pleasure, physical landscape-the type, amount, and dis- walking for pleasure, attending outdoor tribution of natural land forms and as- sports events, and attending outdoor artis- sociated natural phenomena of a region tic events. such as soil, topography, natural vegeta- tion, and surface water. outdoor recreation-a leisure time activity which utilizes an outdoor setting. picnicking ating a meal out-of-door5 and away from home. outdoor recreation area-a land or water area administered as a unit for outdoor rec- planning subarea-a group of counties selected reation. It may be a multiple-usie area and for economic and statistical analysis for the may include both developed and unde- purpose of planning. veloped acreages. playing outdoor games or sports-any game or outdoor recreation capacity-an estimate of sport where there is competition against the recreation days or activity days that can other persons (such as tennis, softball, bad- be supplied by a specific recreation resource. minton, etc.) or against the clock or a record (speedboat racing, auto rallies, etc.). outdoor recreation carrying capacity-the number of people an area or facility can potential supply-land and water suitable for handle at a given time without excessive recreation development and use. overcrowding of recreationists and without resource damage. programmed supply-land and water iden- 182 Appendix 21 tified and authorized for recreational de- tivities that could be expected if adequate velopment by the year 1980. opportunities are available. projected requirements-the gross estimated recreation resource areaS-those geographic amount of recreational opportunities that areas having physical features and land use will be required to satisfy the desires of patterns favorable to recreation develop- people recreating in the Great Lakes Basin ment and use. in the years 1980, 2000, and 2020. recreation service area-extends outward recreation activities-include the following from a population center of a specific geo- outdoor activities: swimming, picnicking, graphic area and encompasses the rec- camping, sightseeing, hiking, nature study, reation resources which serve or are ex- boating, sailing, canoeing, water-skiing, pected to serve the residents of that area. playing outdoor games, golfing, bicycling, horseback riding, skiing, sledding, ice skat- recreation supply-the resources and facilities ing, driving for pleasure, walking for plea- presently providing outdoor recreation op- sure, attending outdoor games, and attend- portunities. ing outdoor concerts. resident population-the population residing recreation day-a visit by an individual to a within a prescribed geographic area. recreation area for recreation purposes dur- ing a significant portion or all of a 24-hour resource requirements-acres of land and day. A recreation day is assumed to consist water to satisfy the recreation day require- of 2.5 activity occasions. ments of the population affecting the study area. recreation design load-the maximum number of recreationists expected to use an area at si ghtseeing-intention ally observing some in- any one time on a normal summer Sunday, teresting outdoor resource, but does not in- and for which facilities and land or water clude casual viewing from a car window would have to be provided. while engaged in, for example, business travel. recreation facilities-structures or conveni- ences for specific outdoor recreation ac- sledding-the recreational use of a sled, to- tivities developed in a designated area. boggan, bobsled, or other vehicle designed for sliding over snow or ice but not including recreation land or water requirements-the vehicles drawn by a horse or propelled total amount of resources normally express- mechanically. ed in acres needed to satisfy all recreation requirements in an area for any target year snow skiing-any noi.-i competitive rec- including both existing supply and unmet reational use of skis on snow. Professional needs. skiing is not included. A.,mateur competitive skiing should be included under playing recreation landscape-a physical or cultural outdoor games or sports. landscape with capability for recreational use and development. Standard Metropolitan. Statistical Area (SMSA)-a county or group of counties con- recreation market area-the zone of project in- taining at least one city of 50,000 inhabi- fluence from which 80 percent or more of the tants or contiguous cities with a combined people are drawn on one-day outings and population of 50,000 or more. In addition to overnight trips. the county containing such city or cities, contiguous counties are included in an recreation need-the difference between an SMSA if they are metropolitan in character area's recreation requirements and its sup- and are integrated socially and economical- ply of available recreation opportunities at ly with the central city. The criteria of met- any given time. ropolitan character relate to the attributes of the outlying county fLs a place of work or recreation requirement-the total amount of residence for a concentration of nonagri- participation in outdoor recreation ac- cultural workers and stipulate that at least Glossary 183 75 percent of the labor force in a county must vacation-use zone-a resource area which is be nonagricultural and, usually, that. the expected to serve the vacation needs of a county must have 50 percent or more of its given population. For this study, this area population living in contiguous minor civil lies from 150 to 250 miles from the popula- divisions with a density of at least 150 per- tion concentration. sons per square mile. walking for pleasure-any type of walking or swimming-a recreational activity that in- strolling without pack for recreational or cludes bathing, diving, skin diving, playing health purposes, excluding activity consid- water games, and beach loafing. ered to be hiking. tourist-a recreationist who has traveled water-skiing-an activity that includes all of more than 150 miles from his permanent those water-surface sports which involve a place of residence to reach a recreation area. person being towed behind a boat using such equipment as water skis or aquaplanes. undeveloped recreation lands-land without water-surface activities-recreational ac- recreation facilities which can provide ex- tivities which are water dependent- tensive activities such as hunting, hiking, boating, water-skiing, canoeing, and sailing. and nature walks and which can act as a buffer area or a scenic backdrop for inten- weekend-use zone-areas beyond the day-use sively developed recreation areas. Also, rec- recreation zone which normally require one reation lands are frequently left undevel- to three hours of travel time to reach. For oped to preserve important wilderness, geo- this study, the weekend-use zone encom- logic, natural, or biologic values. passes an area between 50 and 150 miles urbanized area-a city or combination of cities from centers of population. containing at least 50,000 inhabitants and wilderness type areas-a collective term used surrounded by a closely settled area. to describe all major areas specially clas- sified and set aside for their primitive and urban population-all persons living in places relatively undisturbed aesthetic values. of 2,500 inhabitants or more incorporated as cities, boroughs, villages, and towns (except winter activities-recreational activities that towns in New York and Wisconsin); and the are dependent on adequate snow cover or ice densely settled urban fringe, whether in- for participation in them-skiing, sledding, corporated or unincorporated. and ice skating. LIST OF REFERENCES 1. 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Upper Mississippi River Basin Coor- River Basin Comprehensive Study of dinating Committee, Upper Mississippi Outdoor Recreation, Bureau of Outdoor River Comprehensive Basin Study, Ap- Recreation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pendix K, "Recreation," December 1968. June 1967. 68. Virginia Commission of Game and Inland 57. U.S. Department of the Interior, Nation- Fisheries, Virginia Wildlife, Vol. XXVII 1, wide Plan, recreation base data collected No. 7, July 1967. 1964, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, un- published. 69. Wisconsin Department of Resource De- velopment, Commercial Enterprises Pro- 58. U.S. Department of the Interior, Our viding Tourist and Travel Overnight Fourth Shore, National Park Service, Accommodations, Wisconsin Develop- Washington, D. C., 1959. ment Services, 1966. 188 Appendix 21 70. Wisconsin Department of Resource De- Plan, Madison, Wisconsin, 1968. velopment, The Outdoor Recreation Plan, 72. Wisconsin State LEgislature, Act No. Wisconsin Development Series, 1966. 616A, Chapter 427, 1961. 71. Wisconsin Department of Natural Re- 73. Wisconsin State Legislature, Water Re- sources, Wisconsin's Outdoor Recreation sources Act, Chapter 614, 1965. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clawson, Marion, Land and Water for Rec- Mullen, G.J., "Scenic Easements: Wisconsin reation, Rand McNally and Co., Chicago, Il- Progress," State Highway Commission of Wis- linois, 1963. consin, a report to the 1966 Conference of American Association of State Highway Offi- Fassbender, Ronald, John Weber, and E. W. cials, 1966. Threinen, Surface Water Resources of Waushara County, Wisconsin Department of Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Com- Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, mission, National Recreation Survey, Study March 1970. Report No. 19, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix No. 8, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Fish, Fish Work Group, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Waters, Outdoor Recreation Horizons, Har- 1975. risburg, Pennsylvania, 1970. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Great Lakes Pomeroy, Richard, "What's Wild on the Basin Framework Study, Appendix No. 10, Brule?" Duluth News-Tribune, June 6,1971, p. Power, Power Work Group, Ann Arbor, Michi- 17. gan, 1975. Rand McNally and Co., Goode's World Atlas, Great Lakes Basin Commission, Preliminary Chicago, Illinois, 1964. Economic Projections for OBE Economic Areas and Great Lakes Basin Commission Rand McNally and Co., Texaco Touring Atlas, Planning Subareas for the Great Lakes Re- Chicago, Illinois, 1968. gion, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1969. Southeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Hartwig, R. T., The Upper Peninsula-A Brief Commission, A Comprehensive Plan for the Economic Review, Department of Agricul- Root River Watershed, July 1966. tural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, August 23,1961. The Detroit Edison Company, Emergence and Growth of an Urban Region-The Developing Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Urban Detroit Area, Vol. 2. Michigan Riding and Hiking Trails, Northern Lower Peninsula, Lansing, Michigan, March U.S. Department of Agriculture, "An Apprai- 1,1970. sal of Potentials for Outdoor Recreational De- Minnesota Department of Business Develop- velopment," County Publications ofMichigan, ment, A Survey of the Minnesota Resort Indus- County Soil Conservation Districts and Soil try, St. Paul, Minnesota, July 1964. Conservation Service, 1967-1971. Minnesota Department of Conservation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Resources Selected Rivers of Minnesota, Recreational and Recreation in the Northern Great Lakes Analysis, prepared by Midwest Planning and Region. Research Inc., September 1966. U.S. Department of Agriculture, State of Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Resources Michigan Inventory -Private Outdoor Rec- Commission, A Study of Private Enterprise in reation Enterprises, Soil Conservation Dis- Outdoor Recreation, April 1965. tricts and Soil Conservation Service, 1966. 189 190 Appendix 21 U.S. Department of the Army, Survey Report U.S. Department of the Interior, Indiana for Flood Control and Allied Purposes, Ellicott Dunes National Lakeshore Project, National Creek, New York, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo Park Service, 1967. District, New York, May 1970. U.S. Department of the Interior, Islands of U.S. Department of Commerce, Climates of the America, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, States, U.S. Weather Bureau. Washington, D.C., 1970. U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical U.S. Department of the Interior, Isle Royale Abstract of the United States: 1967, 88th Edi- National Park, National Park Service, tion, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, Washington, D. C., 1967. D.C., 1967. U.S. Department of the Interior, Parkway U.S. Department of Commerce, Suggestions U.S.A., Proposed Sleeping Bear Dunes Na- for the Economic Development ofNortheastern tional Lakeshore, National Park Service, June Minnesota, prepared for the Inter- 30, 1967. departmental Committee to Coordinate Fed- eral Urban Area Assistance Programs, U.S. Department of the Interior, "List of Washington, D.C., June 1960. Streams with Potential for Inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic'Rivers System," un- U.S. Department of Defense, "Analysis of published, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Present and Projected Outdoor Recreation July 1970. Demands and Present and Planning Capacities Associated with the Wabash River United States Water Resources Council, Pre- Basin Comprehensive Study," Interior Report liminary Report on Economic Projections for No. 2, Army Corps of Engineers, River Divi- Selected Geographic Areas-1929 to 2020, Vol- sion, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1964. ume I, Washington, D.C., March 1968. Annex A ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE POPULATION Effective population is that which may con- It was assumed that people would radiate tribute toward the recreational requirements equally in all directions from each population of any resource area. Data on the effective center. This premise contains certain weak- populations of the 15 planning subareas nesses because some areas possess both great- within the Great Lakes Region were derived ter scenic qualities than others and greater in the following manner: opportunities for development of recreational (1) Each planning subarea within the facilities. Also, in the Great Lakes Region Great Lakes Region was designated as a rec- there have been established over time, strong reation market. directional patterns of travel, especially to- (2) All Office of Business Economics (OBE) ward the heavily-wooded north country with economic areas whose weighted centers of its many lakes. However, the magnitude of population lie within 250 miles of the Regional this pattern has not been measured or esti- boundary were identified. Weighted centers of mated; therefore, no adjustments were at- population were derived by finding the weight- tempted. ed mean of population between two cities, be- (4) The segment of each recreation service tween a city and a weighted center of popula- area (day use, weekend use, or vacation use) tion, or between two weighted centers of popu- lying within the Regional boundary was lation. This procedure was continued until all planimetered by planning subarea to deter- significant centers of population were fac- mine the percentage of that recreation service tored into the weighting procedure for each area lying within each of the planning sub- OBE economic area. For the purposes of this areas. discussion, it was assumed that the total popu- (5) The total projected population of each lation of each OB E economic area was concen- OBE economic area for 1970, 1980, 2000, and trated at its weighted center of population. 2020 was multiplied by 60 percent to obtain the (3) Using U.S. Geological Survey maps number of those persons contributing to day with a scale of 1:2,500,000, circles with radii of use, by 30 percent for overnight or weekend 50, 150, and 250 miles were drawn from the use, and by 10 percent for vacation use. The 60, weighted centers of population of each OBE 30, and 10 percent factors were obtained from economic area either lying within the Region Public Outdoor Recreation Plan for Califor- or located within 250 miles of its boundary. nia. A study by Lester G. Duck and Paul F. These circles represent the average maximum Beard of the U.S. Army Engineer Division, one-way distance that a family travels for day Ohio River, on several Corps of Engineers res- use, overnight or weekend use, and vacation ervoirs in Indiana closely substantiated use. The 50 and 150-mile circles are equivalent these figures. toone and three hours driving time for day use (6) To compute the day-use effective popu- and weekend use, respectively. Where the lation of any given planning subarea, all'OBE weighted centers of population lie more than economic areas whose weighted population 50 miles from the Regional boundary, the 50- centers lie either in or within 50 miles of the mile radius circles were omitted since they fell planning subarea boundary were considered. short of the Regional boundary. Similarly, The day-use portion (60 percent) of the popula- where the weighted centers of population lie tion of each of these OBE economic areas was more than 150 miles from the Regional bound- then multiplied by the percent of each unit's ary, only the 250-mile circles were scribed. For total 50-mile service area which lies within the this discussion, these circles were designated planning subarea. The overnight- or as the recreation service areas of their respec- weekend-use and vacation-use segments of tive centers of population. each OBE economic area's population were al- 191 192 Appendix 21 located to a planning subarea in the same weighted center of population lay over large manner. However, as has already been indi- bodies of water, proportionate adjustments cated, all OBE economic areas whose weight- were made to redistribute that segment of ed population centers lie within 150 miles are population falling over such bodies of water considered when computing weekend-use, and evenly over the remainder of that recreation within 250 miles for vacation-use effective service area. population. Where planning subareas lie in (8) The sum of the various portions of effec- more than one State, the allocations of effec- tive population originating from each of the tive population were made by State. recreation service areas is the effective popu- (7) Where more than 10 percent of a rec- lation for that planning subarea. reation service area radiating around a given Annex B IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICIPATION RATES The participation rates used to calculate Central, East North Central, and Middle At-_ recreation requirements in this study were lantic Census Divisions. East North Central produced from unpublished data developed in participation rates were applied to the very 1965 by the Bureau of the Census under con- small effective population inputs from the tract to the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation for New England and South Atlantic Census Di- the nationwide plan for recreation, population visions. These rates were straightlined from data from the Bureau of the Census, and data 1980 through 2000 and then linearly extra- published in the Outdoor Recreation Re- polated to 2020. sources Review Commission (ORRRC) Report. (2) Summer per capita participation rates (1) Basic data were given in numbers of per activity by census region were derived recreation occasions per year per activity by from annual per capita participation rates ac- census region for all ages, for the years 1965, cording to the ratio between summer and an- 1980, and 2000. These were divided by esti- nual rates for 1960, given in Tables 1.01, 2.01, mates of total population per census region by 3.01, and 4.01, ORRRC Report 19, for appro- time frame to obtain annual per capita par- priate census divisions. ticipation rates by activity for the West North 193 Annex C CALCULATION OF RECREATION REQUIREMENTS To calculate recreational requirements, The sum of the requirements derived from elements of effective population for each all elements of effective population in each planning subarea in each time frame were planning subarea equals the total require- multiplied by the summer and annual per ment in activity occasions by activity for each capita activity participation @ates for the cen- planning subarea. sus division from which each element came. Both annual and surnmer requirements For example, that portion of the effective were calculated for each planning subarea. population derived from OBE economic area For winter sports, winter requirement was 80 (Milwaukee) and assigned to Planning Sub- calculated in place of summer requirement. area 2.1 was multiplied by the per capita par- Annual requirement is the gross requirement ticipation rates for the East North Central accruing to each planning subarea. Summer Census Division, while that portion of the ef- requirement (or winter requirement for fective population derived from OBE winter sports) is used to calculate design economic area 98 (Waterloo, Iowa) and as- loads, the number of people that must be ac- signed to Planning Subarea 2.1 was multiplied commodated in each activity on an average by the per capita participation rates for the summer Sunday. West North Central Census Division. 194 Annex D CALCULATION OF ACREAGE NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS To measure the needs of people against the design day. The use of this factor reduces de- resource base, activity occasions must be con- sign day loads to instantaneous design loads. verted to an acreage base. This required the Design Summer occasions by activity calculation of normal summer Sunday equiva- Load Design days x turnover factor lent (design) days, turnover factor for each activity, the conversion of summer activity oc- In this study, the turnover factors in Table casions activity occasion requirements to an 21-47 were used. acreage equivalent, the calculation of the (3) Requirement in acres by activity was existing and potential supply base in acres derived by the following formula: and the derivation of needs in acres. This was Acres Summer occasions by activity accomplished by the following steps. Needed @ Design days x turnover factor x people/acre (1) The number of design days (normal The standards in Table 21-48 for the number summer Sunday equivalent days), provides of people per acre were used for planning pur- the basis for determining average daily design poses in this study. loads. In this study, two different criteria were (4) Supply information about acres of land used to allow for differences in weather condi- devoted to various uses and units of facilities tions between the northern and southern by activity was obtained from the Nationwide parts of the Region. The recreation season was assumed to span a period of 14 weeks extend- Plan Inventory, dated 1965. The States were ing from Memorial Day through the Labor requested to provide updating information on Day weekend, an average length of 98 days. State and local recreation facilities con- Data developed on Corps of Engineers reser- structed between 1965 and 1969 and on pro- voirs in Indiana and Kentucky revealed that grammed construction through 1980. The U.S. nearly 50 percent of all attendance took place Forest Service provided the same information on Sunday, 14 percent on Saturday, and the on national forest lands. All of this informa- remainder divided nearly equally among the tion was adjusted by use of the design stan- other five days. Therefore, the fifteen Sun- dards to reduce supply data to a common base days and three holidays were assumed to rep- for comparison with requirements. resent average design days. It was assumed TABLE 21-47 Turnover Factors that three weekdays would be equivalent to Northern Southern one design day; therefore, the eighty remain- Activity Part of Basin Part of Basin ing days would equal 27 design days, for a total of 45 design days. However an adjustment Boating 1.5 2.5 must be made for adverse weather conditions. Water-Skiing 6.0 6.0 It was assumed that 20 percent, or nine, of the Swimming 2.0 2.0 Picnicking 2.0 2.0 gross number of design days would be lost be- Camping 1.0 1.0 cause of weather, leaving a net of 36 design Hiking 1.0 1.0 days for use in the calculation of design loads. Nature Walks 8.0 8.0 The number of design days used in the north- Playfields 3.0 3.0 ern planning subareas-PSAs 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4, Golf 1.0 1.0 Horseback Riding 2.0 2.0 3.1, and 5.3-was 32 days. The same basic ap- Bicycling 2.0 2.0 proach was used except the adjustment for Ice Skating 2.0 2.0 adverse weather conditions was increased to Sledding 2.0 2.0 30 percent. Snow Skiing 1.0 1.0 (2) Turnover refers to the number of times Canoeing 1.5 1.5 that a facility will be used during an average Sightseeing 10.0 10.0 195 196 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-48 Standards for Facility Development Northern Southern Activity Part of Basin Part of Basin Boating 9 acres of water/boat 6 acres of' water/boat 3 visitors/boat 3 visitors/boat 3 acres of water/visitor 2 acres of' water/visitor Water-Skiing 24 acres of water/boat 24 acres of' water/boat 3 visitors/boat 3 visitors/boat 8 acres of water/visitor 8 acres of: water/visitor Parking (cars, boats, 3 visitors/car 3 visitors/car and trailers) 33 cars & trailers/acre 33 cars & trailers/acre 99 visitors/acre 99 visitors/acre Swimming 40 sq.ft. of dry sand/person 40 sq.ft. of dry sand/person 80 sq.ft. of grass area/person 80 sq.ft. of grass area/person 360 visitors/acre 360 visitors/acre Picnicking 5 tables/acre 10 tables/acre 4 visitors/table 5 visitors/table 20 visitors/acre 50 visitorE;/acre Camping 5 campsites/acre 8 campsites/acre 4 visitors/site 4 visitors/site 20 visitors/acre 32 visitors/acre Hiking 20 visitors/mile 40 visitors/mile Nature Walks 50 visitors/mile 50 visitors/mile Playfields 10 visitors/acre 20 visitors/acre Golf 35 visitors/hole 35 visitors/hole 7 acres/hole 7 acres/hole 5 visitors/acre 5 visitorE;/acre Horseback Riding 10 visitors/mile 10. visitorE;/mile Bicycling 20 visitors/mile 20 visitors/mile Ice Skating 100 sq.ft./visitor 100 sq.ft./irisitor Sledding 40 visitors/acre 40 visitors/acre Canoeing 4 visitors/mile 4 visitors/mile Snow Skiing 20 visitors/acre 20 visitors/acre Parking (General) 90 cars/acre 90 cars/acre 4 visitors/car 4 visitors/car 360 visitors/acre 360 visitors/acre (5) For 1970, needs in acres orin miles were acres or in miles were derived for each activity derived for each activity by subtracting the by subtracting the existing and programmed existing supply from the 1970 requirement for supply from the respective activity require- each activity. For future time frames, needs in ments for each time frame. Annex E COMPUTATION OF NEEDS FOR CLASS I AND 11 RECREATION LANDS The total need of each planning subarea for (7) It was assumed that Class I lands have Class I recreation lands was computed using an average development level of 50 percent. the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Classifica- Therefore, the need for developed Class I tion System in the following manner: lands was doubled to give total Class I land (1) An area's need in developed acres of needs. land for water-oriented activities, outdoor (8) The acreage need for golf was added to games, golf, and skiing, was summarized. the above total to obtain total Class I rec- Needs for other activities were not considered reation land needs. in this analysis. Similar procedures were used to calculate (2) Acre needs for all activities which take each planning subarea's need for Class Il rec- place chiefly either on Class I or Class I I lands reation land. were then subtracted from the total to give a (1) Acreage of developed recreation land net acreage-need of developed land which may used in the calculation of need for Class I rec- be either Class I or Class 11. Needs for golf, reation lands was deducted from the net acre- camping, skiing, and boat parking were sub- age-need of developed land which may be tracted because golf has built-in buffer lands, either Class I or Class II recreation land. The and the others take place on Class II lands. remainder was assigned to Class II land. Since playfields are located primarily on Class (2) The acre-needs for camping, skiing, and I lands, 50 percent of the playfield need was boat parking were then added to the acre-need also deducted. for prorated Class Il lands to give the total (3) The percent of the planning subarea's need for developed Class II lands. effective population living in SMSAs within 50 (3) In those planning subareas where miles of its boundary was then determined. existing publicly owned lands have potential (4) The net acreage-need for developed for additional recreational development, the land which may be either Class I or Class If estimated amount of developed acres that was then multiplied by the percentage of could be accommodated on such land was de- urban population to give urban needs. ducted from the total acre age-need for Class II (5) Sixty percent of all urban needs-the recreational lands (Table 21-93, Annex 1). day-use element-were assumed to be met on (4) An average development level of 15 Class I recreation lands. The urban need was, percent was assumed for Class II lands. therefore, multiplied by 60 percent to give the Therefore, the acres of development needed on acre-need of prorated Class I lands. Class 11 lands were divided by.15 to give total (6) Fifty percent of the total need for play- acreage needed for Class II recreation lands. fields (reserved specifically for Class I rec- The following worksheet illustrates the reation lands) was added to the prorated Class method for computing Class I and Class II acre I land need to give total need for developed needs. Class I recreation land. 197 198 Appendix 21 Computation of Needs for Class I and II Recreation Lands P.A. Year 1. Total Developed-Acreage Needs [land- based, water-orientE-d needs (includ- ing general and boat parking + outdoor games + golf + skiing needs)] 2. Golf 3. 50 Percent of Playfields-Deduct for Specific Class I Activities 4. Camping 5. Skiing 6. Boat Parking 7. Total Deduct (Add: #2 + #3 + #4 + #5 + #6) 8. Net Acres of Developed Land (#1 - #7) 9. Percent Effective Population Derived from SMSAs within 150 Miles of Plan- ning Subarea Boundary 10. Total Urban Needs (#8 X #9) 60% 11. Percent to be Satisfied on Class I Recreation Lands 12. Acres of Prorated Class I Lands (#10 x #11) 13. 50 Percent of Playfield Acreage (See #3) 14. Acres of Class I Needed (50 Percent Developed) 15. Total Acres of Class I Lands (#14 x 2.0) 16. Acres of Golf Courses Needed (See #2) 17. Total Acres of Urban Land (#15 + #16) 18. Acres of Developed Land-Nonurban Needs (#8 - #10) 19. Acres of Developed Land-40 Percent Urban Needs (#10 #12) 20. Acres of Camping (See #4) 21. Acres of Skiing (See #5) 22. Acres of Boat Parking (See #6) 23. Total Acres of Developed Land-Type 11 (#18 + #19 + #20 + #21 + #22) 24. Percent of Class II Needs to be Met on Existing Publicly Owned Land 25. Acres to be Satisfied on Existing Publicly Owned Land (#23 x #24) 26. Acres of Type 11 Developed Land to be Satisfied on NewAcquisitions (#23 - #25) 27. Total Acres to be Acquired for Type 11 Recreation Areas (#26 @ .15) 28. Total New Lands Needed for Recreation (#17 + #27) Annex F LAKES AND STREAMS WITH IMPAIRED WATER QUALITY AS OF 1970 Lake Superior Basin" St. Louis River-lightly impaired between Hibbing and Floodwood; moderately im- paired between Floodwood and Lake Superior Lester River and Amity Creek-moderately impaired in lower six miles of each NemadUi River-moderately impaired in lower 10 miles Boyd Creek-grossly impaired in lower 10 miles Montreal River-lightly impaired above and below Ironwood Black River-lightly impaired below Ramsay and Wakefield Presque Isle River-lightly impaired near Marinesco Mineral River-lightly impaired in lower eight miles Ontonagon River-lightly impaired in lower 10 miles Carp River-lightly impaired between Negaunee and Lake Superior Tahquamenon River-lightly impaired below Newberry St. Marys River-lightly impaired below Sault Ste. Marie Lake Michigan Basin 62 Menominee River-moderately impaired from Route 2 crossing near Iron Mountain, Michigan, to Soo Line Crossing about 20 miles downstream; lightly impaired downstream for an additional 20 miles Fox River-grossly impaired between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay Escanaba River-grossly impaired in lower 10 miles Peshtigo River-lightly impaired between Peshtigo and Green Bay Manitowoc River-grossly impaired in lower 10 miles at Manitowoc; moderately im- paired in next 10 miles upstream Milwaukee River-grossly impaired in lower 10 miles in Milwaukee; moderately im- paired in next 15 miles upstream Root River-grossly impaired in lower five miles in Racine; moderately impaired in next 10 miles upstream Little Calumet River-grossly impaired St. Joseph River and tributaries-grossly impaired from below South Bend to above Elkhart, Indiana; moderately impaired in vicinity of Niles, Michigan; lightly impaired below Buchanan and Three Rivers, Michigan Paw Paw River-lightly to moderately impaired from Paw Paw, Michigan, to Lake Michi- gan Kalamazoo River-grossly impaired from Kalamazoo to Allegan, Michigan; moderately impaired for an additional 10 miles below Allegan; lightly impaired at Marshall, Albion, between Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, and in lower 10 miles Grand River and tributaries-grossly impaired for 10 miles below Jackson and between Okemos on Red Cedar River and Grand Ledge; moderately impaired for five miles above Okemos, 20 miles upstream from Lansing, between Grand Ledge and Portland, 199 200 Appendix 21 for 10 miles below both Ionia and Grand Rapids, and at New Haven; lightly impaired on remaining segments Lake Huron Basin" Black River-grossly impaired near Cheboygan Thunder Bay River-grossly impaired near Alpena Saginaw River and tributaries-tributaries grossly impaired above Flint; moderately impaired for 10 miles below Flint, Midland, and Fenton, and for lesser distances below Frankenmuth, Vassar, and Chesaning, and from Saginaw to Saginaw Bay; lightly impaired on the lower segments of the Cass, Flint, Tittabawassee, and Kawkawlin Rivers Pigeon River-lightly impaired for 10 miles below Pigeon Lake Erie Basin60 Clinton River-grossly impaired below Mt. Clemens Rouge River-grossly impaired below Dearborn Huron River (Michigan)-grossly impaired below Ann Arbor; moderately impaired be- tween Dexter and Ann Arbor Raisin River-grossly impaired at Monroe Maumee River and tributaries-grossly impaired in Ottowa River for 10 miles below Lima, in the lower five miles 'of both the St. Joseph and St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, in eight miles of the Maumee below Fort Wayne, and the IOWE!r 10 miles of the Maumee at Toledo; moderately impaired in the remainder of the Maumee, the Blan- chard and Auglaize Rivers between Findlay and Defiance, the St. Marys below Rock- ford, the St. Joseph between Montpelier and the Ohio-Indiana line; lightly impaired in the Indiana segment of the St. Joseph River Portage River-moderately impaired in lower 20 miles Sandusky River-moderately impaired between Bucyrus and Sandusky Bay Huron River (Ohio)-mode rate ly impaired between Norwalk and Lake Erie Vermilion River-moderately impaired in lower five miles Black River-grossly impaired between Elyria and Lake Erie; moderately impaired for 12 miles upstream from Elyria Rocky River-grossly impaired between Berea and Lake Erie; moderately impaired between Brunswick and Berea Cuyahoga River-grossly impaired between Kent and Lake Erie Chagrin River-moderately impaired through Lake County; lightly impaired for 12 miles upstream from Lake County Grand River-grossly impaired in lower six miles Ashtabula River-moderately impaired in lower five miles Conneaut River-moderately impaired at Conneaut Cattaraugus River-grossly impaired between Gowanda and Lake Erie Buffalo River-grossly impaired in lower eight miles Tonawanda River-grossly impaired in lower 10 miles Niagara River-grossly or moderately impaired from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario Lake Ontario Basin63 I Eighteenmile Creek-grossly impaired for eight miles below Lockport; moderately im- paired from that point to Lake Ontario Oak Orchard Creek-moderately impaired in lower 15 miles Genesee River and tributaries-m ode rately impaired from south of Rochester to Lake Ontario and for about 10 miles below LeRoy on Oatka Creek and Honeoye Falls on Honeoye Creek; lightly impaired on remainder of Genesee in New York State, lower Annex F 201 Honeoye Creek, remainder of Oatka Creek below Warsaw, and Cohocton Creek below Dansville Canandaigua Outlet-moderately impaired from Canandaigua Lake to the Barge Canal Seneca River-grossly impaired for five miles below Waterloo and Auburn; moderately impaired on remainder between Seneca Lake and Barge Canal Oswego River and tributaries-grossly impaired through Syracuse and for several miles downstream, lower five miles of outlet from Otisco Lake; moderately impaired on tributaries to east and south of Oneida Lake, Oswego River between Fulton and Lake Ontario, and eight miles below Marcellus; lightly impaired in Oswego River between Fulton and Barge Canal, outlet from Skaneateles Lake to Barge Canal Little Salmon River-moderately impaired Salmon River-lightly impaired below Pulaski Sandy Creek-lightly impaired in lower 15 miles each of main stem and North Branch Black River-grossly impaired for 10 miles below Port Leyden and eight miles below Carthage; moderately impaired throughout remainder of stream below Port Leyden Oswegatchie River-moderately impaired for 10 miles below Gouverneur; lightly im- paired from that point to St. Lawrence River Grass River-moderately impaired below Madrid Raquette River-moderately impaired for 12 mifes below Potsdam and between Massena and St. Lawrence River; lightly impaired above Massena Lake Superior" Lake Superior near Munising, Michigan-lightly impaired Lake Superior near Marquette, Michigan-lightly impaired Keweenaw Bay near L'Anse, Michigan-lightly impaired Chequamegon Bay near Ashland, Wisconsin-lightly impaired Spirit Lake and St. Louis Bay near Superior, Wisconsin-portions moderately and grossly impaired Spirit Lake and St. Louis Bay near Duluth, Minnesota-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Superior near Silver Bay, Minnesota-moderately impaired Portage Lake and Torch Lake near Houghton, Michigan-portions lightly and moderately impaired Lake Michigan62 Little Bay de Noc near Escanaba, Michigan-grossly impaired Green Bay near Marinette, Wisconsin-lightly and moderately impaired Green Bay near Green Bay, Wisconsin-moderately impaired for about 25 miles along both shores Sturgeon Bay near Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin-grossly impaired Eagle Harbor near Ephraim, Wisconsin-lightly impaired Lake Michigan near Manitowoc, Wisconsin-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Winnebago near Oshkosh, Fond du Lac and Appleton, Wisconsin-moderately im- paired Lake Michigan near Sheboygan, Wisconsin-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, Racine, and Kenosha, Wisconsin-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Michigan near Waukegan, Illinois-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Michigan near Chicago-lightly impaired Lake Michigan near Benton Harbor, Michigan-moderately impaired Lake Michigan and Lake Macatawa,near Holland, Michigan-grossly impaired Grand Traverse Bay near Traverse City, Michigan-moderately impaired Lake Michigan near East Chicago and Gary, Indiana-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Michigan near Muskegon, Michigan-lightly impaired Lake Michigan near Grand Haven-moderately impaired Lake Michigan near Saugatuck-lightly impaired Houghton Lake-lightly impaired 202 Appendix 21 Lake Huron6l Lake Huron near Cheboygan, Michigan-moderately impaired Thunder Bay near Alpena, Michigan-moderately impaired Saginaw Bay near Bay City, Michigan-lightly impaired Lake Huron near Harbor Beach, Michigan-lightly and moderately impaired Lake Erie60 Lake St. Clair near New Baltimore, Michigan-moderately impaired Lake St. Clair near Mount Clemens, Michigan-grossly impaired Lake St. Clair near St. Clair Shores, Michigan-lightly impaired Detroit River near Detroit, Michigan-grossly impaired Lake Erie from Huron River to Monroe, Michigan-grossly impaired Maumee Bay and Western Lake Erie shore near Toledo, Ohio-modera,tely impaired Lake Erie near Port Clinton, Ohio, around Marblehead Peninsula-lightly impaired Sandusky Bay near Sandusky, Ohio-lightly and moderately impaired Lake Erie near Ashtabula, Ohio-moderately impaired Lake Erie near Conneaut, Ohio-moderately impaired Lake Erie near Erie, Pennsylvania-moderately impaired Lake Erie near Buffalo, New York-moderately and grossly impaired Lake Erie near Cleveland, Ohio-grossly impaired Lake Ontario6l Lake Ontario near Rochester, New York-lightly impaired Lake Ontario near Watertown, New York-lightly impaired Seneca Lake near Geneva, New York-moderately impaired Cayuga Lake near Cayuga, New York-moderately impaired Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York-moderately impaired Oneida Lake near Rome and Syracuse, New York-lightly and moderately impaired New York State Barge Canal-lightly impaired Annex G EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL RECREATION AREAS' ABILITY TO SATISFY NEEDS Specific data on many of the elements in the percent of the total developed land is for regional plan were not available. Therefore, a land-based, water-oriented activities. This ef- system of models was devised to represent th *e ficiency factor was then applied to the total major types of resource bases represented acres of land in each plan element to derive the among the plan elements. Because two differ- amount of land that would be used to support ent sets of standards were used to calculate land-based, water-oriented activities. requirements and needs in acres, one for the The regional park model was centered on an southern part and one for the northern part of area containing 2000 acres of land and 1000 the Region, two comparable sets of models acres of water. The activity mix in Table 21-50 were constructed based on the design stan- was used.. dards for the two respective parts of the Re- The stream valley model was centered on a gion. five-mile segment of stream valley with an av- The models for the southern part were con- erage width of one-half mile. It contains about structed around recreational areas developed 1600 acres, of which 100 are water surface. The on lakeshores, stream valleys and general or stream segments for which this model was de- regional types of resource bases. In setting up signated were assumed to lie near urban areas the three models an attempt was made to and were designed for substantial amounts of reasonably balance the mix of activities general recreational activities. The mix of ac- among the several models to the total re- tivities in Table 21-51 was used. quirements for each of the following six land- A series of four models was used for the based, water-oriented activities in the Region: northern part of the Region, including Plan- swimming, picnicking, camping, hiking, na- ning Subareas 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, and 5.3. ture study, and sightseeing. This permitted These models included one for each of the fol- the presentation of a reasonable mix of ac- lowing resource type: lakeshore park, re- tivities on the several types of resource base in gional park, stream valley park, and natural approximate equilibrium with the require- area. In the application of these models to ment for each of these recreational activities. specific resource elements in each of the plan- The amount of facility development in each ning subareas, some of the remote stream val- model was based on the characteristics of that leys were treated as natural areas. resource base. It is recognized that the mix of The models for the northern part of the Re- facilities will change according to the distance gion were constructed by using the design from urban areas, so models represent an av- standards for that part of the Region. erage for that type of resource base. The lakeshore model was centered on two The lakeshore model was centered on an miles of shore with 640 acres of land; the mix of area one-half mile wide and containing two activities in Table 21-52 was used in this miles of Great Lakes shore, or an equivalent of model. 640 acres. The activity mix in Table 21-49 was The stream valley model for the northern used. part of the Region was based on five miles of Since the model includes some non-water- valley one-half mile wide and includes 1600 oriented activities, it was graded for its effi- acres with 100 acres of water surface. The mix ciency to meet land-based, water-oriented of activities in Table 21-53 was used in this needs as compared to the total plan of de- model. velopment. For example, in this model only 85 The regional park model was based on 2000 203 204 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-49 Activity Mix, Southern Lakeshore Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 15 446,000 Picnicking 15 84,000 Camping 30 56,000 Hiking 5 12,000 Nature Walks 1 58,000 Sightseeing 302,000 Playfields 10 (61,000)* Horseback Riding 5 (12,000)* Bicycling General Parking 18 Boating (65,000)* Water-Skiing Boat Parking 6 Total 94 958,000 Total Recreation Days 383,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 78* Recreation days per 1000 acres of land 600,000 Since these models were set up to evaluate plan elements for plans formula- tion, only land-based, water-oriented activities were included in the total. TABLE 21-50 Activity Mix, Southern Regional Park Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 15 446,000 Picnicking 80 449,000 Camping 100 149,000 Hiking 15 36,000 Nature Study 1.5 87,000 Sightseeing 537,000 Playfields 50 (305,000)* Horseback Riding 5 (12,000)* Bicycling 10 (43,000)* General Parking 32 Boating (43,000)* Water-Skiing (7,000)* Boat Parking 5 Total 282 1,704,000 Total Recreation Days 682,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 227 See footnote, Table 21-49. Annex G 205 TABLE 21-51 Activity Mix, Southern Stream Valley Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 10 298,000 Picnicking .60 337,000 Camping 5 8,000 Hiking 15 36,000 Nature study 1 58,000 Sightseeing 339,000 Playfields 100 (487,000)* Horseback Riding 10 (24,000)* Bicycling 15 (65,000)* Boating (5,000)* Boat Parking 2 General Parking 26 Total 203 1,076,000 Total Recreation Days 430,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 101 Efficiency for land-based, water-oriented activities is about 50 percent. See footnote, Table 21-49. TABLE 21-52 Activity Mix, Northern Lakeshore Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 10 00 265,000 Picnicking 30 59,000 Camping 40 42,000 Hiking 5 5,000 Nature Study 1 52,000 Sightseeing 195,000 Playfields 10 (28,000)* Horseback Riding 5 (10,000)* Bicycling Boating (57,000)* Boat Parking 6 General Parking 12 Total 108 618,000 Total Recreation Days 247,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 92 Recreation days per 1000 acres of land 386,000 Efficiency for land-based, water-oriented recreation is about 85 percent. See footnote, Table 21-49. 206 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-53 Activity Mix, Nor thern Stream Valley Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 5 132,000 Picnicking 80 159,000 Camping 25 26,000 Hiking 15 17,000 Nature Study 1 52,000 Sightseeing 178,000 Playfields 60 (164,000)* Horseback Riding 5 (10,000)* Bicycling 10 (39,000)* Boating (3,000)* Water-Skiing General Parking 13 Boat Parking Total 183 564,000 Total Recreation Days 226,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water oriented recreation 123 Recreation days per 1000 acres of land 150,000 Efficiency for land-based, water-oriented recreation is about 67 percent. See footnote, Table 21-49 TABLE 21-54 Activity Mix, Northern Regional Park Model Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 10 265,000 Picnicking 80 159,000 Camping 150 156,000 Hiking 20 21,000 Nature Study 2 104,000 Sightseeing 324,000 Playfields 30 (82,000)* Horseback Riding 10 (20,000)* Bicycling 10 (39,000)* Boating (20,000)* Water-Skiing (6,000)* General Parking 18 Boat Parking 3 Total 291 1,029,000 Total Recreation Days 412,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 258 Recreation days per 100 acres of land 206,000 Efficiency for land-based, water-oriented recreation is about 140 percent. See footnote, Table 21-49. Annex G 207 TABLE 21-55 Activity Mix, Natural Area Developed Land Annual Activity Activity Acres Miles Days of Use Swimming 10 298,000 Picnicking 50 100,000 Camping 200 207,000 Hiking 50 53,000 Nature Study 3 152,000 Sightseeing 373,000 Playfields 20 (54,000)* Horseback Riding 20 (44,000)* Bicycling 10 (39,000)* Boating Water-Skiing General Parking 18 Boat Parking Total 298 1,183,000 1,183,000 Total Recreation Days 473,000 Total acres developed for land- based, water-oriented recreation 278 Recreation days per 1000 acres of land 47,000 Efficiency for land-based, water-oriented recreation is about 93 percent. See footnote, Table 21-49. acres of land and 1000 acres of water surface. tract of land containing 2000 acres and located The mix of activities in Table 21-54 was used. in the southern part of the Region had poten- The natural area was based on 10,000 acres tial as a regional park, its capacity to satisfy of land with minimal development of facilities. needs would be calculated by multiplying It was considered to be a nature area, not a 340,000, 120, and 680 by two to obtain its input true wilderness setting. The mix of activities into plan formulation in recreation days, de- in Table 21-55 was used for this model. veloped land, and undeveloped land. Thus, the From these models the following informa- potential of each resource element to satisfy tion was developed for providing input into needs in plan formulation could be readily plan formulation for each of the fifteen plan- evaluated from Table 21-56. ning subareas in the Region. For example, if a 208 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-56 Input into Plans Formulation, per 1000 Acres of Resource Base (Land Only) Efficiency for land-based, Effective amount of input water-oriented per 1000 acres of land recreational Recreation Developed Undeveloped activities Days Land Land Model T@ype Size (Percent) (1,000) (Acres) (Acres) Southern Part of Basin Regional Park 2000 acres land, 1000 acres water IN 340 120 680 Stream Valley 1500 acres land, Park 100 acres water 50 284 70 430 Lakeshore Park 640 acres land, water-unlimited 85 600 130 720 Northern Part of Basin Regional Park 2000 acres land, 1000 acres water 90 206 130 770 Stream Valley 1500 acres land, Park 100 acres water 67 150 80 590 Lakeshore Park 640 acres land, water-unlimited 85 386 150 700 Natural Areas Park 10,000 acres land 93 47 @30 900 Annex H CALCULATION OF FACILITY COSTS Facility costs were calculated using the each of the models in the southern and north- same models that were used to determine the ern parts of the Region follow in Table 21-57. ability of resources within the Region to meet Facility costs for each plan element were recreation needs in plans formulation. The computed from the acreage and the appro- cost of providing the necessary facilities for priate cost per 1000 acres of land. For example, 1000 people at any one time was estimated. the facility costs for a 4700-acre tract of land These figures were applied to the instanta- with potential for a regional park in the south- neous design load of each land-based, water- ern part of the Region were computed by mul- oriented activity for each model. The cost data tiplying $2,119,000 by 4.7 which equals for each activity include costs for the facilities $9,959,000. If the land costs for a 4700-acre for the specific activity and associated park- tract were estimated at $2000 per acre, they ing, sanitary facilities, power, and water. would amount to $9,400,000. In this illustra- Costs for roads, sewage treatment facilities, tion, total costs for land and facilities would administration, landscaping, and signs were total $19,359,000. computed separately for the total instan- For those plan elements where specific cost taneous design load for that model. The gross data are available, those data were used in the costs and the costs per 1000 acres of land for costing procedure. TABLE 21-57 Costs for Models Total Facility Facility Cost/1000 Cost Per Unit Acres of Land Acres of Land Model Type (1,000) Per Unit (1,000) S'outhern Part of Basin Regional Park 4,238 2,000 2,119 Stream Valley Park 1,944 1,500 1,296 Lakeshore Park 2,167 640 3,386 Northern Part of Basin Regional Park 2,981 2,000 1,490 Stream Valley Park 1,205 1,500 800 Lakeshore Park 1,368 640 2,138 Natural Area Park 562 10,000 58 209 Annex I SUPPLEMENTARY STATISTICAL TABLES TABLE 21-58 Projections of Population by Planning Subarea in the Great Lakes Region POPULATION 1970 1980 2000 2020 Actual Projected Projected Projected Percentage of Planning Subarea (1000s) (1000s) (1000s) (1000s) Change 1971-2020 1.1 339.4 366.6 417.2 475.0 39.9 1.2 185.0 171.3 177.4 193.8 4.7 Lake Superior Area 524.4 537.9 594.6 668.8 27.5 2.1 992.6 1,082.1 1,357.6 1,726.0 73.8 2.2 9,389.7 10,999.0 13,844.5 17,385.7 85.1 2.3 2,494.7 2,914.0 3,771.9 4,876.4 95.4 2.4 486.8 547.2 671.4 841.4 72.8 Lake Michigan Area 13,363.8 15,542.3 19,645.4 24,829.5 85.7 3.1 137.3 164.3 208.7 267.0 94.4 3.2 1,083.5 1,246.8 1,600.5 2,057. 89.8 Lake Huron Area 1,220.8 1,411.1 1,809.2 2,324.4 90.3 4.1 4,803.4 5,801.7 7,425.2 9,567.6 99.1 4.2 1,708.9 1,963.5 2,473.8 3,116.2 99.1 4.3 3,069.8 3,476.4 4,389.2 5,526.5 80.0 4.4 1,820.1 2,058. 2,506. 3,070. 68.6 Lake Erie Area 11,402.2 13,299.6 16,794.2 21,280.5 86.6 5.1 937.4 978.2 1,221.8 1,538.0 64.0 5.2 1,343.9 1,571.7 2,015.9 2,556.5 90.2 5.3 220.7 225.7 257.2 298.6 35.2 Lake Ontario Area 2,502.0 2,775.6 3,494.9 4,393.1 75.5 Great Lakes Region 29,013.2 32,296.5 42,338.3 53,496.3 84.3 210 Supplementary Tables 211 TABLE 21-59 Distribution of SMSA Population in the Great Lakes Region 1970 POPUATION Percentage of Percentage of Total In SMSA Population in Total SMSA Planning Subarea (1000s) (1000s) SMSA Population 1.1 339.4 262.0 77.2 1.1 1.2 185.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lake Superior 524.4 262.0 50.0 1.1 2.1 992.6 157.3 15.8 0.7 2.2 9,389.7 9,204.1 98.0 38.3 2.3 2,494.7 1,528.7 61.3 6.4 2.4 486.8 156.1 32.0 0.6 Lake Michigan 13,363.8 11,046.i 82.7 46.0 3.1 137.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 1,083.5 827.8 76.4 3.4 Lake Huron 1,220.8 827.8 67.8 3.4 4.1 4,803.4 4,511.3 93.9 18.8 4.2 1,708.9 1,016.2 59.5 4.2 4.3 3,069.8 2,972.5 96.8 12.4 4.4 1,820.1 1,594.4 87.6 6.6 Lake Erie 11,402.2 10,094.4 88.5 42.0 5.1 937.2 875.6 93.4 3.7 5.2 1,343.9 919.8 68.4 3.8 5.3 220.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lake Ontario 2,502.0 1,795.2@ 71.8 7.5 Great Lakes Region 29,013.2 24,025.8 82.8 100.0 TABLE 21-60 Effective Population by Planning Subarea for the Years 1970-2020 (in thousands) % Derived Planning From SMSAs Subarea 1970 1970 1980 2000 2020 1.1 48.5 378.4 403.5 469.8 550.3 1.2 3.6 161.6 165.6 184.2 214.3 2.1 34.1 1,344.8 1,489.4 1,879.3 2,393.7 2.2 89.1 5,977.0 6,700.7 8,404.5 10,535.6 2.3 70.1 2,785.1 3,153.5 4,040.2 5,183.3 2.4 62.2 710.0 796.4 1,009.4 1,286.6 3.1 55.6 270.6 303.2 382.0 484.1 3.2 74.4 1,096.3 1,239.8 1,471.2 2,001.9 4.1 92.8 2,985.1 3,414.8 4,357.6 5,581.6 4.2 72.5 1,627.3 1,841.8 2,359.6 3,027.0 4.3 80.1 2,068.5 2,288.7 2,836.2 3,566.2 4.4 69.5 997.8 1,070.5 1,301.9 1,596.7 5.1 75.8 847.8 937.6 1,162.8 1,447.0 5.2 72.9 1,317.3 1,465.0 1,827.9 2,286.6 5.3 53.9 287.1 315.9 387.8 477.4 Total 22,854.7 25,586.4 32,174.4 40,632.3 212 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-61 Employment by Selected Industries in the Great Lakes Region 1960 1970 1980 2000 .2020 Basin Actual Projected Projected Projected Projected Lake Superior Basin Total Employment 174,478 182,100 194,900 221,800 251,500 Agric., Forest, Fish 7,624 5,700 4,500 2,900 1,800 Mining 21,935 17,300 17,200 16,800 16,600 Manufacturing 27,660 28,400 29,400 30,300 34,800 Federal Military 5,828 7,000 6,700 6,700 6,700 Other* 111,431 123,700 137,100 163,800 191,600 Lake Michigan Basin Total Employment 4,675,422 5,530,000 6,378,000 8,107,800 10,198,000 Agric., Forest, Fish 142,244 113,900 97,100 69,501) 99,700 Mining 7,253 6,200 6,100 6,200 6,100 Manufacturing 1,769,066 1,959,300 2,101,300 2,357,400 2,705,000 Federal Military 32,333 35,500 34,200 34,200 34,200 Other* 2,724,526 3,413,900 4,138,400 5,639,700 7,402,000 Lake Huron Basin Total Employment 355,981 449,600 530,200 698,000 907,000 Agric., Forest, Fish 21,328 16,100 12,400 9,301) 4,500 Mining 2,032 1,800 1,800 1,600 1,500 Manufacturing 146,562 177,100 201,300 247,100 305,900 Federal Military 1,797 8,000 7,600 7,601) 7,600 other* 184,262 247,600 308,100 434,801) 587,800 Lake Erie Basin Total Employment 3,801,375 4,549,700 5,283,100 6,736,100 8,530,100 Agric., Forest, Fish 87,321 70,100 60,000 48,000 30,500 Mining 5,705 5,200 5,300 5,500 5,700 Manufacturing 1,532,536 1,700,000 1,816,000 2,015,600 2,786,700 Federal Military 11,698 10,100 9,600 9,600 9,600 other* 2,164,205 2,764,500 3,392,300 4,662,500 6,197,900 Lake Ontario Basin Total Employment 834,585 964,200 1,108,800 1,411,8013 1,775,700 Agric., Forest, Fish 47,342 37,200 31,600 22,6013 16,100 Mining 3,566 2,500 2,400 2,100 1,900 Manufacturing 295,157 326,200 355,800 413,900 485,800 Federal Military 5,635 5,000 4,800 4,80D 4,800 other* 482,885 592,800 714,000 968,100 1,266,700 Great Lakes Region Total Employment 9,841,841 11,675,617 13,494,973 17,175,526 21,662,300 Agric., Forest, Fish 305,769 243,130 205,413 145,187 102,682 Mining 40,491 33,101 32,669 32,312 31,834 Manufacturing 3,770,981 4,190,923 4,503,788 5,065,756 5,518,400 Federal Military 57,291 65,660 63,185 63,180 63,183 other* 5,667,309 7,142,503 8,689,718 11,868,891 15,646,093 *Other--category includes contact construction; transportation; communica- tions; public utilities, wholesale, retail trade; finance, insurance, real estate; services and public administration. Source: GLBCFS Technical Report No. 19-II-P-2, May 1969. Supplementary Tables 213 TABLE 21-62 Existing and Projected Per Capita Income for the Great Lakes Region IN 1958 DOLLARS 1962 1970 1980 2000 2020 Planning Subarea (Actual) Projected Projected Projected Projected 1.1 1,964 2,762 3,767 6,720 11,814 1.2 1,673 2,438 3,427 6,422 11,828 Lake Superior Area 1,861 2,654 3,658 6,631 11,819 2.1 1,993 2,723 3,778 6,646 11,755 2.2 2,910 3,726 4,849 7,999 13,280 2.3 2,206 2,948 3,985 6,961 12,201 2.4 1,771 2,383 3,271 5,860 10,415 Lake Michigan Area 2,671 3,462 4,553 7,633 12,864 3.1 1,597 1,944 2,700 4,963 8,776 3.2 2,229 3,057 4,205 7,446 12,953 Lake Huron Area 2,156 2,925 4,030 7,159 12,473 4.1 2,526 3,438 4,607 7,613 12,745 4.2 2,301 3,123 4,178 7,267 12,612 4.3 2,551 3,425 4,508 7,502 12,847 4.4 2,252 3,177 4,253 7,321 12,483 Lake Erie Area 2,451 3,346 4,463 7,489 12,714 5.1 2,615 3,533 4,713 8,046 13,613 5.2 2,168 2,962 3,993 6,989 12,126 5.3 1,798 2,643 3,557 6,477 11,640 Lake Ontario Area 2,291 3,138 4,211 7,321 12,613 Great Lakes Region 2,513 3,353 4,453 7,516 12,754 United States 2,258 3,046 4,112 7,161 12,411 214 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-63 Per Capita Participation Rates, All Ages-1965, 1980, 2000, and 2020 WEST NORTH CENTRAL 1965 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer iin-nilal Summer Picnicking 4.77 3.07 5.35 3.44 5.81 3.74 6.18 3.97 Driving for Pleasure 10.90 4.10 12.26 4.61 13.07 4.91 13.60 5.11 Sightseeing 4.16 1.70 5.05 2.06 5.93 2.42 6.76 2.76 Walking for Pleasure 6.19 1.41 6.79 1.55 7.64 1.74. 8.60 1.96 Swimming 6.96 6.03 9.03 7.83 11.26 9.76 13.28 11.51 Attend Outdoor Sports Events 3.60 1.61 4.15 1.85 4.63 2.06 5.05 2.25 Boating (except Canoeing and Sailing) 3.03 2.03 4.01 2.69 5.03 3.37 6.00 4.02 Bicycling 5.61 1.87 6.00 2.00 6.48 2.16 6.97 2.33 Nature Study 0.90 0.22 1.00 0.25 1.08 0.27 1.13 0.28 Sledding 1.31 ---- 1.49 ---- 1.88 ---- 2.33 ---- Attend Outdoor Concerts 0.63 0.46 0.79 0.58 1.00 0.74 1.19 0.87 Camping 0.98 0.60 1.39 0.85 1.82 1.12 2.18 1.34 Ice Skating 0.84 ---- 1.19 ---- 1.53 ---- 1.86 ---- Horseback Riding 1.35 0.40 1.51 0.45 1.73 0.51 2.40 0.71 Hiking 0.35 0.21 0.49 0.29 0.61 0.37 0.78 0.47 Water Skiing 0.52 0.40 0.83 0.65 1.18 0.92 1.56 1.21 Skiing 0.19 ---- 0.19 ---- 0.18 ---- 0.15 ---- Canoeing 0.19 0.10 0.26 0.14 0.32 0.17 0.40 0.22 Sailing 0.11 0.08 0.14 0.10 0.18 0.13 0.21 0.15 Golf 1.84 0.92 2.42 1.21 3.30 1.65 3.90 1.95 Outdoor Games w/o Golf 11.49 3.82 15.28 5.08 20.67 6.87 25.41 8.11 Outdoor Games with Golf 13.33 4.74 17.70 6.29 23.97 8.52 28.31 10.06 Derived from NWP for 1965, 1980, and 2000; projected straight-line to 2020. Summer rates derived by same ratio existing between annual and summer rates in ORRRC #19. Supplementary Tables 215 TABLE 21-63(continued) Per Capita Participation Rates, All Ages-1965, 1980, 2000, and 2020 EAST 14ORTH CENTRAL 1965 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Sumer Annual Summer Picnicking 4.25 2.75 4.78 3.07 5.21 3.35 5.65 3.63 Driving for Pleasure 10.90 4.13 12.35 4.64 13.17 4.95 13.80 5.19 Sightseeing 4.90 2.01 5.90 2.41 7.04 2.87 8.18 3.34 Walking for Pleasure 8.28 1.90 9.15 2.09 10.30 2.35 11.44 2.61 Swimming 7.07 6.17 9.25 8.02 11.54 10.00 13-10 11.36 Attend Outdoor Sports Events 3.12 1.40 3.62 1.61 4.04 1.80 4.42 1.97 Boating (except Canoeing and Sailing) 2.38 1.61 3.17 2.12 3.98 2.67 4.76 3.19 Bicycling 6.66 2.24 7.17 2.39 7.75 2.59 8.34 2.79 Nature Study 1.03 0.26 1.16 0.29 1.24 0.31 1.34 0.33 Sledding 1.22 ---- 1.39 ---- 1.77 ---- 2.19 ---- Attend Outdoor Concerts 0.43 0.32 0.55 0.40 0.69 0.51 0.80 0.59 Camping 0.90 0.56 1.28 0.79 1.68 1.03 2.08 1.28 Ice Skating 1.02 ---- 1.44 ---- 1.88 ---- 2.30 ---- Horseback Riding 0.91 0.27 1.02 0.30 1.18 0.35 1.36 0.40 Hiking 0.43 0.26 0.61 0.3@ 0.76 0.46 0.88 0.53 Water Skiing 0.43 0.34 0.68 0.53 0.98 0.76 1.28 1.00 Skiing 0.25 ---- 0.24 ---- 0.24 ---- 0.24 ---- Canoeing 0.16 0.09 0.22 0.12 0.27 0.15 0.32 0.17 Sailing 0.14 0.10 0.18 0.13 0.23 0.16 0.30 0.21 Golf 1.42 0.71 1.86 0.93 2.54 1.27 2.96 1.48 Outdoor Games w/o Golf 15.26 5.23 20.14 6.90 27.28 9.34 32.22 11.04 Outdoor Games with Golf 16.68 5.94 22.06 7.83 29.82 10.61 35.18 12.52 Derived from NWP Data for 1965, 1980, and 2000; projected straight line to 2020. Summer rates derived by same ratio existing between annual and summer rates in ORRRC Report #19. 216 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-63(continued) Per Capita Participation Rates, All Ages-1965, 1980, 2000, and 2020 MIDDLE ATLANTIC 1965 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summel.* Annual Summer Picnicking 3.29 2.45 3.70 2.76 4.04 3.01 4.26 3.17 Driving for Pleasure 9.49 3.22 10.77 3.65 11.55 3.92 12.00 4.07 Sightseeing 4.73 1.85 5.81 2.27 6.89 2.69 7.70 3.01 Walking for Pleasure 10.19 2.67 11.32 2.97 12.86 3.37 14.58 3.82 Swimming 8.94 7.64 11.72 10.02 14.70 12.57 17.50 14.96 Attend Outdoor Sports Events 2.39 0.85 2.76 0.99 3.10 1.11 3.34 1.19 Boating (except Canoeing and Sailing) 1.30 1.01 1.73 1.35 2.17 1.69 2.60 2.03 Bicycling 4.03 1.10 4.35 1.19 4.75 1.30 5.10 1.39 Nature Study 0.77 0.31 0.87 0.35 0.94 0.38 1.02 0.42 Sledding 1.22 ---- 1.39 ---- 1.78 ---- 2.38 ---- Attend Outdoor Concerts 0.60 0.40 0.75 0.50 0.95 0.63 1.12 0.74 Camping 0.32 0.19 0.45 0.27 0.59 0.35 0.68 0.41 Ice Skating 0.81 ---- 1.14 ---- 1.49 ---- 1.86 ---- Horse-back Riding 0.52 0.20 0.58 0.23 0.68 0.27 0.78 0.30 Hiking 0.35 0.24 0.48 0.33 0.61 0.42 0.76 0.52 Water Skiing 0.12 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.27 0.24 0.38 0.34 Skiing 0.21 ---- 0.21 ---- 0.21 ---- 0.21 ---- Canoeing 0.12 0.08 0.16 0.11 0.19 0.13 0.20 0.14 Sailing 0.16 0.06 0.21 0.07 0.27 0.10 0.34 0.12 Golf 1.05 0.53 1.38 0.69 1.88 0.94 2.20 1.10 Outdoor Games w/o Golf 16.15 4.93 21.30 6.51 25.18 7.65 29.80 9.06 Outdoor Games with Golf 17.20 5.46 22.68 7.20 27.06 8.59 32.00 10.16 Derived from NWP data for 1965, 1980, and 2000; projected straight-line to 2020. Summer rates derived by same ratio existing between annual and summer rates in ORRRC #19. Supplementary Tables 217 TABLE21-64 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 1.1 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 2,637 2,294 3,649 3,164 5,299 4,593 7,300 6,328 Beach (55%r 1,450 1,262 2,007 1,740 2,914 2,526 4,015 3,480 Picnicking 1,793 1,154 2,144 1,378 2,711 1,745 3,380 2,172 Camping 369 226 558 342 850 624 1,196 735 W Nature Walking 344 84 408 102 512 128 630 156 04 1@ 135 433 261 41 Hiking 81 201 119 291 177 10 Sightseeing 1,591 650 2,060 841 2,822 1,151 3,776 1,541 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,869 4,489 9,020 5,946 12,485 8,318 16,715 11,193 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 5,682 3,457 7,378 4,522 10,100 6,251 13,430 8,345 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS" 2,748 1,796 3,608 2,378 4,994 3,327 6,686 4,477 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 2,273 1,383 2,951 1,809 4,040 2,500 5,372 3,338 Playing Outdoor Games 4,391 1,463 6,226 2,072 9,810 3,263 14,109 4,517 Golfing 693 344 969 484 1,538 772 2,130 1,063 E. Bicycling 2,147 716 2,452 817 3,085 1,028 3,888 1,301 0 Bicycling (25%) 537 179 613 204 771 257 972 325 2 Horseback Riding 501 148 596 178 793 236 1,280 379 Horseback Riding (25%) 125 37 149 47 198 59 320 95 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 7,732 2,671 10,243 3,551 15,226 5,298 21,407 7,260 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 5,746 2,023 7,957 2,807 12,317 4,351 17,531 6tOOO TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 3,093 1,068 4,097 1,420 6,090 2,119 8,563 2,904 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 2,298 809 3,183 1,123 4,927 1,740 7,012 2,400 Boating 1,132 759 1,597 1,060 2,330 1,561 3,254 2,180 @L. Water Skiing 195 150 331 259 548 427 848 658 Canoeing 81 38 104 56 149 79 217 119 co Sailing 42 31 58 41 87 62 120 85 r4 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 1,450 978 2,090 1,416 3,114 2,129 4,439 3,042 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 580 391 836 566 1,245 852 1,776 1,217 Skiing 73 - 78 - 87 - 86 - Sledding 494 - 599 - 880 - 1,277 - Ice Skating 321 - 487 - 730 - 1,041 - TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 888 - 1,164 - 1,697 - 2,404 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 355 - 466 - 679 - 962 - Driving for Pleasure 3,983 1,552 4,950 1,861 6,144 2,308 7,492 2,815 Walking for Pleasure 2,390 544 2,802 640 3,674 837 4,843 1,104 Attending Outdoor Games 1,352 605 1,661 740 2,156 959 2,754 1,228 Attending Outdoor Concerts 234 171 312 230 460 340 640 468 0 @- TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 7,959 2,872 9,725 3,471 12,434 4,444 15,729 5,615 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 3,184 1,149 3,890 1,388 4,974 1,778 6,292 2,246 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 24,898 - 32,242 - 44,956 - 60,694 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 7,132 - 9,468 - 13,212 - 17,870 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 9,959 - 12,897 - 17,982 - 24,278 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 2,853 - 3,787 - 5,285 - 7,148 - *lt is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For phuming purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 218 Appendix 21 TABLE21-65 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 1.2 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Sumater Annual Summer Swimming 1,142 996 1,529 1,327 2,122 1, 839 2,811 2,437 Beach (55%)* 628 548 841 730 1,167 1, (111 1,546 1,340 Picnicking 692 448 797 513 966 622 1,218 782 Camping 146 90 214 132 312 1.91 448 276 W Nature Walking 166 41 191 48 227 55 285 70 cc Hiking 70 41 101 61 138 84 187 113 PQ 0 Sightseeing 786 322 969 396 1,285 523 1,734 708 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,002 1,938 3,801 2,477 5,050 3,314 6,683 4,386 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 2,488 1,490 3,113 1,880 4,095 2,486 5,418 39289 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 1,201 775 1,520 991 2,020 1,326 2,673 1,754 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 995 596 1,245 752 1,638 994 2,167 1,316 Playing Outdoor Games 2,434 834 3t698 1,266 4,950 1, 692 6,811 2,325 W Golfing 234 116 351 176 476 :138 647 323 :z F, Bicycling 1,074 359 1,177 393 1,414 473 1,769 592 0 Bicycling (25%)*** 269 90 294 98 354 :118 442 148 Cz Horseback Riding 151 45 174 52 224 66 307 91 Horseback Riding (25%) 38 11 44 13 56 17 77 23 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,893 1,354 5,400 1,887 7,064 2,469 9,534 3,331 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 2,975 1, 051 4,387 1,553 5,836 2,065 7,977 2,819 ,14 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,557 542 2,160 755 2,826 988 3,814 1,332 .4 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 1,190 420 1,754 621 2,334 326 3,191 1,128 Boating 390 265 533 357 745 500 1,037 695 Water Skiing 71 55 114 90 183 142 289 217 Canoeing 26 15 38 20 51 27 70 37 Sailing 23 16 30 21 42 30 63 44 Pi w TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 510 351 715 488 19021 599 1,459 933 H TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 204 140 286 195 408 280 584 373 Skiing 40 - 39 - 44 - 50 - F4 Sledding 198 - 232 - 327 - 471 - E. Ice Skating 184 - 231 - 330 - 475 - z P4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 422 - 502 - 701 - 996 - In TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 169 - 201 - 280 - 398 - rn Driving for Pleasure 1,762 665 2,045 768 2,424 912 2,954 1,112 Walking for Pleasure 1,320 302 1,493 341 19868 126 29413 550 Attending Outdoor Games 508 228 604 270 751 335 956 426 H Attending Outdoor Concerts 71 53 94 68 130 97 177 130 0 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,661 1,248 4,236 1,448 5,173 1,770 6,500 2,218 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,464 499 1,694 579 2,069 708 2,600 887 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 11,488 - 14,654 - 19,009 - 25,172 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,998 - 3,828 - 5,116 - 6,877 7 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 4,595 - 59862 - 7,604 - 10,069 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 19199 - 1,531 - 2,046 - 2,751 - *It Is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% Is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one Including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% Is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-orlented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 219 TABLE21-66 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 2.1 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 _ 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer @@n_ual @u-mmer Swimming 9,596 8,295 13,772 11,939 21,678 18,785 31,368 27,199 Beach (55%)* 5,278 4,562 7,575 6,563 11,923 10,332 17,252 14,959 Picnicking 5,728 3,707 7,135 4,582 9,811 6,309 13,547 8,704 Z Camping 1,218 755 1,911 1,178 3,162 1,940 4,983 3,066 N Nature Walking 1,382 348 1,724 432 2,305 583 3,199 785 PQ Hiking 576 358 916 569 1,458 908 2,182 1,358 0 Sightseeing 6,573 2,695 89765 3,581 13,193 5,380 19,524 7,971 PQ H TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 25,073 16,158 34,223 22,281 51,607 33,905 74,803 49,083 ,,4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 20,955 12,425 28,068 16,903 41,852 25,452 60,687 36,843 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 10,029 6,463 13,689 8,912 20,643 13,562 29,291 19,633 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 8,302 4,970 119227 6,761 16,741 10,181 24,271 14,737 Playing Outdoor Games 20,441 7,004 29,432 10,224 51,071 17,479 79,919 27,363 Golfing 1,918 959 2,783 1,391 4,796 2,397 7,400 3,700 Bicycling 8,932 3,004 10,648 3,550 14,522 4,853 19,906 6,659 Bicycling (25%)*** 2,233 751 2,662 888 3,630 1,213 4,976 1,665 W Horseback Riding 1,226 367 1,524 453 2,224 665 3,285 976 Horseback Riding (25%) 307 92 381 113 556 166 821 244 32,517 15,618 72,613 25,394 110,510 38,698 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 11,334 44,387 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 24,899 8,806 35,258 12,616 60,053 21,255 93,116 32,972 ,14 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 13,007 4,534 17,755 6,247 29,045 10,158 44,204 15,479 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 9,960 3,522 14,103 5,046 24,021 8,502 37,246 13,189 Boating 3,217 2,176 4,744 3,171 79515 5,041 11,445 7,669 Water Skiing 582 459 1,026 792 1,848 1,435 3,076 2,403 P Canoeing 217 121 329 180 511 283 768 410 Sailing 190 134 271 195 436 302 722 511 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 4,206 2,890 6,370 4,338 10,310 7,061 16,011 10,993 < TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,682 1,156 2,548 1,735 49124 2,806 6,404 4,397 Skiing 331 - 356 - 450 - 575 - Sledding 1,643 - 2,073 - 3,332 - 5,247 - Ice Skating 1,369 - 2,134 - 3,521 - 5,489 - TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,343 - 4,563 - 7,303 - 11,211 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,337 - 1,825 - 2,921 - 4,484 - Driving for Pleasure 14,659 5,554 18,391 69909 24,747 9,301 32,754 12,421 Walking for Pleasure 11,085 2,543 13,564 3,128 19,268 4,396 27,266 6,220 Attending Outdoor Games 4,207 19879 5,406 2,405 7,612 3,393 10,608 4,727 Attending Outdoor Concerts 587 434 825 602 1,250 967 1,931 1,424 U TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 30,538 10,410 38,186 139044 52,877 18,057 72,559 24,792 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 12,215 4,164 15,274 5,218 21,151 7,223 29,024 9,917 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 95,677 - 127,729 - 194,710 - 285,094 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 24,961 - 34,438 - 52,162 - 76,698 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 38,270 - 51,091 - 77,884 - 114,037 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 9,984 - 13,775 - 20,865 - 30,679 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ""Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 220 Appendix 21 TABLE21-67 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes 'Planning Subarea 2.2 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousaads) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity -Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 42,260 36,870 61,970 53,730 96,980 84,040 138,000 119,700 Beach (55%)* 23,240 20,280 34,080 29,550 53,340 46,320 75,900 65,830 w Picnicking 25,420 16,450 32,050 20,580 43,810 28,:@70 59,550 38,260 P @ Camping 5,384 3,348 8,580 5,295 13,790 8, 659 21,920 13,490 u2 @4 Nature Walking 6,151 19553 7,769 1,945 10,420 2, 605 149110 3,475 PIQ Hiking 2,569 1,499 49084 2,479 69382 3,1364 9,267 5,580 g Sightseeing 29,270 12,000 39,510 16,140 59,130, 24j:10 86,120 35,170 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 111,054 719720 153,963 100,169 230,512 151,448 328,967 215,675 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 92,034 55,130 1269073 75,989 186,872 113, 628 266,867 161,805 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 44,422 28,688 61,585 409068 92,205 60, 579 131,587 869270 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 36,814 22,052 50,429 30,396 74,749 45,451 106,747 64,722 Playing Outdoor Games 91,170 31,250 134,900 46,230 2299200 78,450 339,400 121t300 Golfing 8,490 49244 12,470 6,235 21,340 10, 680 31,200 15,600 E. Bicycling 39,780 13,380 48,110 16,000 65,090 219 750 87,810 299380 0 Bicycling (25%)*** 9,940 3,340 12,030 4,000 169270 5. "0 21,950 7,340 Horseback Riding 5,451 19616 6,852 1,978 9,938 29949 14,370 4,228 Horseback Riding (25%) 19365 404 1,713 495 2,485 737 39590 1,057 P' TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 144,891 50,490 202,332 70,443 325,568 113,1329 472,780 170,508 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25) 110,965 39,238 161,113 56,960 269,295 95,307 396,140 145,297 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 57,956 20,196 809933 28,177 130,227 45,532 189,112 68,203 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 44,386 15,695 64,445 22,784 107,718 38,123 158,456 58,119 Boating 14,740 9,635 21,270 14,220 33,490 22, 470 50,200 33,650 Water Skiing 2,573 2,031 4,562 3,556 8,244 6,394 13,500 10,420 Canoeing 957 537 1,475 804 2,271 1,262 3,377 1,693 Sailing 838 606 1,210 871 1,932 1,344 3,159 2,210 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 19,108 12,809 28,517 199451 45v937 31,470 70,236 47,973 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 7,643 59124 11,407 7,780 18,375 12, 588 28,094 19,189 Skiing 19493 - 1,607 - 2,016 - 2,521 - L, Sledding 7,298 - 9,317 - 14,880 - 23,080 - lee Skating 6,093 - 9,641 - 15,790 - 24,210 - z 0 C6 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 149884 - 20,565 - 32,686 - 49,811 - M TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 5,954 - 8,226 - 13,074 - 19,924 - Driving for Pleasure 65,150 24,680 82,750 31,090 110,700 41,600 145,400 54,670 Walking for Pleasure 49,430 11,340 61,240 13,990 86,470 19, 'F80 120,400 27,470 W 1:1 Attending Outdoor Games 18,660 8,375 249270 10,800 33,980 15,:.40 46,600 20,770 H Attending Outdoor Concerts 2,575 1,918 3,693 29686 5,809 4,294 8,446 6,230 0 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 135,815 46,313 1719953 589566 2379059 8091314 320t846 109,140 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 54,326 18,525 68,781 23,426 94,824 32,326 128,338 43,656 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 425,752 - 577,330 - 871,762 - 1,2429640 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 111, 142 - 154,590 - 232,810 - 196,632 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1709301 - 230,932 - 348,705 - 497,055 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 44,457 - 61,836 - 93,124 - 789653 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2.5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 221 TABLE 21-68 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 2.3 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) Activity 1970 1980 2000 2020 Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 19,693 17,185 29,171 25,292 46,627 40,405 67,910 58,888 Beach (55%) 10,831 9,452 16,044 13,911 25,645 22,223 37,350 32,388 Picnicking 11,837 7,660 15,073 9,682 21,050 5,570 29,285 18,816 camping 2,506 1,560 4,036 2,491 6,787 4.161 10,779 6,633 10 Nature Walking 2,868 724 3,658 915 5,010 1,252 6,945 1,710 Hiking 1,198 72i 1,923 1,167 3,070 1,858 4,561 2,747 W Sightseeing 13,645 5,597 18,604 7,599 28,441 11,594 42,394 17,310 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 51,747 33,450 72,465 47,146 110,985 64,840 161,874 106,104 < TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 42,885 25,717 59,338 35,765 90,003 46,658 131,314 79,604 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS ** 20,699 13,380 28,986 18,858 44,394 25,936 64,750 42,442 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 17,154 10,287 23,735 14,306 36,001 18,663 52,526 31,842 r4 Playing Outdoor Games 22,946 8,186 33,516 11,886 54,091 19,188 82,924 29,438 Golfing 3,956 1,978 5,864 2,932 10,264 5,132 15,346 7,673 E. Bicycling 18,544 6,236 22,605 7,535 31,305 10,462 43,220 14,458 0 Bicycling (25%)*** 4,636 1,559 5,651 1,884 7,826 2,616 10,805 3,589 R Horseback Riding 2,535 753 3,219 946 4,769 1,415 7,051 t,074 M Horseback Riding (25%) 634 188 804 236 1,192 353 1,763 519 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 47,981 17,153 65,203 23,299 100,429 36,716 148,541 53,643 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%1 32,172 11,911 45,835 16,938 73,373 27,289 110,838 41,219 -14 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 19,192 6,861 26,081 9,320 40,172 14,686 59,416 21,457 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 12,869 4,764 18,334 6,775 29,349 10,916 44,335 16,488 Boating 6,628 4,484 9,996 6,686 16,081 10,788 24,672 16,535 Water Skiing 1,198 947 2,144 1,671 3,959 3,070 6,634 5,183 Canoeing 446 250 694 379 1,091 606 1,659 882 V Sailing 391 278 568 410 930 646 1,555 1,088 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 8,663 5,959 13,402 9,146 22,061 15,110 34,520 23,688 El < TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 3,465 2,384 5,361 3,658 8,824 6,044 13,808 9,475 Skiing 696 - 763 - 970 - 1,244 - M M Sledding 3,399 - 4,384 - 7,152 - 11,353 - H@ lee Skating 2,840 - 4,540 - 7,594 - 11,919 - R TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,935 - 9,687 - 15,716 - 24,516 - U2 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,774 - 3,875 - 6,286 - 9,806 - cc Driving for Pleasure 30,356 11,501 38,943 14,631 53,207 19,998 71,527 26,899 N Walking for Pleasure 23,059 5,292 28,852 6.590 41,611 9,494 59,294 13,528 Attending Outdoor Games 8,690 3,899 11,415 5,077 16,323 7,272 22,910 10,211 Attending Outdoor Concerts 1,199 891 1,736 1,262 2,789 2,062 4,148 3,059 U TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 63,304 21,583 80,946 27.560 113,930 38,826 157,879 53,697 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 25,322 R,633 32,378 11,024 45, F72 15,530 63,152 21,479 PLANNING AREA TOTALS-.**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 178,630 - 241,703 - 363,121 - 527,330 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 51,548 - 72.740 - 112,064 - 165,894 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 71,452 - 96,681 - 145,248 - 210,932 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 20,619 - 29,096 - 44,826 - 66,334 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 222 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-69 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 2.4 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousimda) 1970 1980 2020 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 5,019 4,381 7,367 6,387 11,647 10, D94 16,854 14,616 Q Beach (55%)* 2,760 2,410 4,052 3,513 6,406 5,552 9,270 8,039 W Picnicking 3,018 1,952 3,807 2,445 5,259 3,382 7,269 4,670 @ Camping 639 398 1,019 629 1,696 1,039 2,677 1,648 Nature Walking 730 184 923 232 1,252 312 1,724 1,260 49 Hiking 305 184 486 295 767 464 1,132 682 TO w Sightseeing 3,479 1,426 4,699 1,920 7,106 2,897 10,523 4,297 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 13,190 8,525 18,301 11,908 27,727 18,188 40,179 27,173 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 10,931 6,554 14,986 9,034 22,486 13,646 32,595 20,596 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 5,276 3,410 79320 4,763 119091 7,275 16,072 10,869 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 4,372 2,622 5,994 3,614 8,994 5,158 13,038 89238 Playing Outdoor Games 5,850 2,088 8,466 3,002 13,514 4,795 20,585 7,307 Golfing 1,007 504 1,354 677 2,564 1,282 3,808 1,904 Bicycling 4,728 1,591 5,709 1,904 7,823 2,615 10,731 3,589 Bicycling (25%)*** 1,182 398 1,427 476 1,956 654 2,683 897 Horseback Riding 645 192 812 238 1,191 353 1,750 514 rA Horseback Riding (25%) 161 48 203 60 298 88 438 128 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 12,230 4,821 16,341 5,821 25,092 9,D45 36,874 13,314 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 8,200 3,038 11,450 4,215 18,332 6,319 27,514. 10,236 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 4,892 1,928 69536 2,328 10,037 39 618 14,750 5,326 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 3,280 1,215 4,580 19686 7,333 2,728 11,006 4,094 Boating 1,690 1,143 2,525 1,689 4,019 2,695 6,124 4,104 r14 Water Skiing 305 242 541 364 989 '767 1,648 1,287 @D Canoeing 113 63 175 96 273 412 218 Sailing 99 71 143 104 232 :162 386 270 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,207 1,519 3,384 2,253 5,513 3, 775 8t570 5,879 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 883 608 1,354 901 2,205 1,1510 3,428 2,352 Skiing 178 - 191 - 243 - 308 - 'n Sledding 867 - 1,107 - 1,787 - 2,818 - Ice Skating 724 - 1,146 - 19898 - 2,959 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 1,769 - 2,444 - 39928 - 6,085 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 708 - 978 - 1,571 - 2,434 Driving for Pleasure 7,739 2,931 9,835 3,695 13,293 4,996 17,755 6,678 '4 W Walking for Pleasure 5,879 1,349 7,287 1,663 10,396 2,372 14,717 3,358 L-1 Attending Outdoor Games 2,215 994 2,884 1,283 4,078 1, 817 5,687 2,534 5: Attending Outdoor Concerts 305 227 439 319 696 515 1,030 759 0 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 16,138 5,501 20,445 6,960 289463 9,700 39,189 13,329 '4 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 6,455 2,200 8,178 2,784 11,385 3, 880 15,676 5,332 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 45,535 - 60,915 - 90,722 - 130,900 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 13,138 - 18,370 - 27,998 - 41,165 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 18,214 - 24,366 - 36,289 - 52,360 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 59255 - 7,348 - 11,199 - 16,466 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2.5 activity occasions. ***For plannin purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 223 TABLE21-70 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 3.1 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 1,910 1,670 2,805 2,432 4,409 3,820 6,343 5,550 Beach (55%)* 1,050 918 1,543 1,338 2,425 2,101 3,489 3,025 Picnicking 1,150 743 1,448 930 1,990 1,280 2,735 1,758 Q EZ, Camping 244 152 388 240 641 393 1,007 620 w Nature Walking 278 70 352 88 474 119 649 160 M 94 Hiking 116 70 185 112 290 175 427 257 0 w Sightseeing 1,325 544 1,790 731 2,690 1,095 .3,960 1,616 E. TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 5,023 3,249 6,968 4,533 10,494 6,882 15,121 9,911 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 4,163 2,497 5,706 3,439 8,510 5,163 12,267 7,436 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS ** 2,009 1,300 2,787 1,813 4,198 2,753 6,048 3,964 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 1,649 999 2,282 1,376 3,404 2,065 4,907 2,974 Z Playing Outdoor Games 4,129 1,414 6,106 2,092 10,421 3,567 12,474 5,344 Golfing 385 193 563 282 969 485 1,432 716 Bicycling 1,802 606 2,174 725 2,960 989 4,037 1,350 0 Bicycling (25%) 450 152 544 181 740 247 1,009 338 Horseback Riding 246 74 309 91 451 134 658 194 Horseback Riding (25%) 62 i8 77 23 113 34 164 48 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,562 2$287 9,152 3,190 14,801 5,175 18,601 7,604 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 5,026 1,777 7,290 2,578 12,243 4,333 15.079 6,446 < TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,625 915 3,661 1,276 5,920 2,070 7,440 3,042 @4 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 2,010 711 2,916 1,031 4,897 1,733 6,032 2,578 PQ Boating 644 436 961 642 1,520 1,020 2,303 1,544 4- Water Skiing 116 92 206 161 375 290 620 485 Canoeing 43 24 67 36 103 58 155 82 Sailing 38 27 55 39 87 62 145 102 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 841 579 1,289 878 2,085 1,430 3,223 2,213 I- TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 336 232 516 351 834 572 1,289 885 4 Siding 68 - 73 - 92 - 116 - Sledding 330 - 421 - 676 - 1,060 - Ice Skating 276 - 436 - 718 - 1,114 - TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 674 - 930 - 1,486 - 2,290 - M TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 270 - 372 - 594 - 916 - Do Driving for Pleasure 2,950 1,117 3,744 1,406 5,031 1,890 6,680 2,511 Walking for Pleasure 2,240 514 2,774 633 3,934 898 5,539 1,264 Attending Outdoor Games 843 379 1,098 488 1,542 687 2,139 953 Attending Outdoor Concerts 116 87 167 121 263 195 387 286 F4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,149 2,097 7,783 2,648 10,770 3,670 14,745 5,014 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,460 839 3,113 1,059 4,308 1,468 5,898 2,006 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 19,249 - 26,122 - 39,635 - 53,978 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 4,962 - 6,995 - 10,595 - 15,490 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 7,700 - 10,449 - 15,854 - 21,591 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 1,985 - 2,798 - 4,238 - 6,196 - *R is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pooIB and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, It is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 224 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-71 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 3.2 Annual Activity Occasions (in thoisands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 7,760 6,772 11,481 9,954 18,151 15,723 26,257 22,767 Beach (55%) 4,268 3,725 6,315 5,475 9,983 8,651) 14,441 12,522 Picnicking 4,655 3,014 5,920 3,804 8,179 5,26 1 11,301 7,264 camping 985 612 1,582 977 2,634 1,617 4,154 2,557 M W Na@ure Walking 1,128 286 1,437 361 1,947 487 2,680 661 Hiking 472 285 756 460 1,194 723 1,761 1,061 Sightseeing 5,372 2,204 7,314 2,988 11.060 4,503 16,372 6,684 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 20,372 13,173 28,490 18,544 43,165 28,324 62,525 40,994 .4--4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 16,880 10,126 23,324 14,065 35,997 21,246 50,709 30,749 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS" 8,149 5,269 11,396 7,418 17,266 11,33D 25,010 16,398 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 6,752 4,050 9,330 5,626 14,399 8,493 20,284 12,300 Playing Outdoor Games 16,730 5,734 24,970 8,554 42,863 14,676 64,501 22,102 Golf 1,557 778 2,306 1,154 3,991 1,990 5,927 2,940 E, Bicycling 7,289 2,451 8,876 2,957 12,158 4,062 16,672 5,575 0 Bicycling (25%) 1,822 613 2,219 739 3,040 1,015 4,166 1,394 Horseback Riding 995 296 1,263 371 1,851 550 2,719 800 W Horseback Riding (25%) 249 74 316 93 463 138 680 200 9,259 37,415 13,036 60,863 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 26,571 21,278 89,819 31,417 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 20,358 7,199 29,811 10,540 50,357 17,819 75,274 26,636 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 10,628 3,704 14,966 5,214 24,345 8,511 35,928 12,567 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 8,143 2,880 11,924 4,216 20,143 7,128 30,110 10,654 Boating 2,604 1,763 3,922 2,624 6,242 4,189 9,514 6,378 Water Skiing 471 372 841 656 1,536 1,192 2,557 1,997 Canoeing 175 100 273 149 424 236 640 341 Sailing 154 109 224 181 362 251 601 420 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,404 2,344 5,260 3,610 8,564 5,868 13,312 9,136 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,362 938 2,104 1,444 3,426 2,347 5,325 3,654 Skiing 274 - 297 - 377 - 480 - Sledding 1,337 - 1,723 - 2,781 - 4,385 - lee Skating 1,117 - 1,783 - 2,952 - 4,602 - 4 R TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,728 - 3,803 - 6,110 - 9,467 - W TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,091 - 1,521 - 2,444 - 3,787 - 00 Driving for Pleasure 11,943 4,524 15,304 5,747 20,684 7,772 27,613 10,382 iZE Walking for Pleasure 9,086 2,087 11,356 2,597 16,199 3,699 22,925 6,234 w Attending Outdoor Games 3,418 1,533 4,484 1,993 6,341 2,824 8,840 3,939 MP Attending Outdoor Concerts 471 351 683 497 1,086 802 1,604 1,182 C) TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 24,918 8,495 31,827 10,834 44,310 15,097 60,982 21,737 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 9,967 3,398 12,731 4,334 17,724 6,039 24,393 8,695 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 77,992 - 106,795 - 163,012 - 236,108 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS.20,285 - - 28,585 - 44,562 - 64,022 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 31,197 - 42,718 - 65,205 - 94,443 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 8,114 - 11,434 - 17,825 - 25,609 - *ItAs assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including aU swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 225 TABLE 21-72 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 4.1 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 21,106 18,418 31,306 27,387 50,287 43,577 73,121 63,408 Beach (55%) 11,608 10,130 17,218 15,063 27,658 23,967 40,217 34,874 Picnicking 12,714 8,210 16,322 10,482 22,702 14,598 31,536 20,261 Camping 2,686 1,672 4,371 2,697 7,321 4,136 11,608 7,144 M W Nature Walking 3,075 776 3,961 990 5,403 1,351 7,479 1,841 Hiking 1,284 776 2,083 1,264 3,312 2,005 4,912 2,959 Sightseeing 14,627 6,000 20,147 8,231 30,678 12,506 45,657 15,28.5 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 55,492 35,852 78,190 51,051 119,703 78,173 174,313 110,898 E- TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 45,994 27,544 64,102 38,727 97,074 58,563 141,409 82,364 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 22,197 14,341 31,276 20,420 47,881 31,269 69,725 44,359 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 18,398 11,018 25,640 15,491 38,830 23,425 56,564 32,946 Playing Outdoor Games 45,552 15,611 68,774 23,563 118,874 40,700 179,839 61,621 Golfing 4,239 2,119 6,350 3,176 11,068 5,484 16,071 8,036 Bicycling 19,880 6,680 24,283 8,161 33,770 11,286 46,767 14,672 0 Bicycling (25%) 4,970 1,671 6,071 2,040 8,442 2,821 11,692 3,668 Horseback Riding 2,716 806 3,483 1,025 5,142 1,525 7,590 2,233 M Horseba& Riding (25%) 679 202 871 256 1,285 381 1,898 558 -.4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 72,387 25,222 102,890 35,925 168,854 58,995 250,267 86,562 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 55,440 19,603 82,066 29,035 139,645 49,386 209,500 73,883 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 28.954 10,089 41,156 14,370 67,542 23,598 100,107 34,625 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 22,176 7,841 32,826 11,614 55,868 19,754 83,800 29,553 U Boating 7,105 4,806 10,824 7,240 17,343 11,634 26,568 17,804 Water Skiing 1,284 1,015 2,321 1,810 4,270 3,312 7,144 5,581 Canoeing 470 272 752 410 1,176 654 1,787 949 Sailing 419 299 614 443 1,002 697 1,674 1,173 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 9,27S 6,392 14,511 9,903 23,791 16,297 37,173 25,507 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 3,711 2,557 5,804 3,961 9,516 6,519 14,869 10,203 Skiing 747 - 820 - 1,046 - 1,340 - 4,747 7,712 12,223 Sledding 3,641 - - - - Ice Skating 3,045 - 4,916 - 8,192 - 12,837 - 5 R TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 7,433 - 10,483 - 16,950 - 26,400 - M TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,973 - 4,193 - 6,780 - 10,560 - zo Driving for Pleasure 32,587 8,950 42,172 15,844 57,389 21,570 77,024 28,967 Walking for Pleasure 24,718 5,672 31,246 7,137 44.884 10,242 63,856 14,569 Attending Outdoor Games 9,313 4,179 12,361 5,498 17,604 10,964 26,235 16,605 Attending Outdoor Concerts 1,284 955 1,878 1,366 3,007 2,222 4,465 3,293 U TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 67,902 19,756 87,657 29,845 122,884 44,998 171,580 63,434 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 27,161 7,902 35,063 11,938 49,154 17,999 68,632 25,374 PLANNING AREA TOTALS: TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 213,495 - 293,730 - 452,182 659,732 WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 53,428 - 79,610 - 120,865 178,582 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 85,398 - 117,492 - 180,873 263,893 WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 21,371 - 31,444 - 48,346 71,433 *1t is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2.5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ""Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 226 Appendix 21 TABLE21-73 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 4.2 Annual Activity Occasions (in thvusands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 11,558 10.082 17,113 14,833 27,343 23,688 39,842 34,541 Beach (55%)* 6,357 5,545 9,412 8,158 15,039 13.028 21,913 18,998 q Picnicking 6,889 4,467 8,771 5,645 12,252 7,892 17,043 10,968 E@ Camping 1,448 900 2,332 1,440 3,926 2,406 6,236 3,837 Nature Walking 1,669 425 2,128 536 2,915 734 4,042 1,003 ,14 Hiking 697 423 1,120 680 1,788 1,084 2,658 1,604 P10 0Sightseeing 7,969 3,266 10,864 4,435 16,607 6,765 24,740 10,096 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 30,230 19,563 42,328 27,569 64,831 42,569 94,561 62,049 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 25,029 15,026 34,627 20,894 52,527 31,909 76,632 46,506 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS ** 12,092 7,825 16,931 11,028 25,932 17,028 37,824 24,820 TOTP -@ RECREA TION DAYS (55%) 10,012 6,010 13,851 8,358 21,011 12.764 30,653 18,602 Playing Outdoor Games 24,031 8,216 35,919 12,286 62,304 21,311 94,382 32,299 Golfing 2,310 1,155 3,426 1,713 5,992 2,996 8,960 4,480 Bicycling 10,763 3,613 13,119 4,366 18,179 6,065 25,106 8,385 Bicycling (25%)*** 2,691 903 3,280 1,092 4,545 1.516 6,276 2,096 Horseback Riding 1,470 437 1,865 551 2,766 823 4,092 1,206 Horseback Riding (25%) 368 109 466 138 692 206 1,023 302 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 38,574 13,421 54,329 18,916 89,241 31,195 132,540 46,370 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 29,400 10,383 43,091 15,229 73,533 26,029 110,641 39,177 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 15,430 5,368 21,732 7,566 35,696 12,478 53,016 18,548 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 11,760 4,153 17,236 6,092 29,413 10,412 44,256 15,671 Boating 3,842 2,603 5,794 3,881 9,326 6,266 14,315 9,607 Water Skiing 691 547 1,238 965 2i287 1,774 3,836 2,999 Canoeing 259 146 403 221 634 353 1,054 514 M Sailing 229 162 332 238 545 375 910 632 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 5,021 3,458 7,767 5,305 12.792 8, 768 20,115 13,752 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,008 1,383 3,107 2,122 5,117 3,507 8,046 5,501 Skiing 406 - 441 - 565 - 725 - Sledding 1,985 2,560 - 4,177 - 6,638 - E- WIce Skating 1,654 - 2,643 - 4,423 - 6,943 - zo TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 4,045 - 5,644 - 9,165 - 14,306 - 50. W TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,618 - 2,258 - 3,666 - S. 722 - M Driving for Pleasure 17,697 6,694 22,698 8,515 31,018 11,643 41,695 15,662 1z @j Walking for Pleasure 13,529 3,114 16,919 3,876 24,396 5,582 34,763 7,953 WF' Attending Outdoor Games 5,056 2,263 6,641 2,946 9,500 4,223 13,334 5,930 FM 2Attending Outdoor Concerts 705 523 1,019 740 1,637 1,208 2,435 1,793 IF, OU TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 36,987 12,594 47,277 16,077 66,551 22,656 92,227 31,838 '4 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 14,795 5,038 18,911 6,431 26,620 9,062 36,891 12,535 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:*** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 114,858 - 157,318 - 242,578 - 353,748 - WATER ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 30,048 - 42,368 - 65,318 - 96,748 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 45,943 - 62,927 - 97,031 - 141,499 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 12,019 - 16,947 - 26,127 - 38,699 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 227 TABLE21-74 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 4.3 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Annual Summer Annual Summer Amual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 14,670 12,799 21,238 18,408 32,835 28,448 46,886 40,650 Beach (55%)* 8,068 7,039 11,681 10,124 18,059 15,646 25,787 22,357 Picnicking 8,766 5,680 10,910 7,018 14,739 9,492 20,090 12,925 P Camping 1,847 1,149 2,906 1,794 4,729 2,900 7,360 4,529 M Nature Walking 2,123 539 2,647 666 3,507 881 4,765 1,181 'M@4 90 Hiking 887 537 1,392 846 2,149 1,303 3,133 1,889 Sightseeing 10,131 4,154 13,501 5,511 19,964 8,135 29,148 11,896 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 38,424 22,858 52,594 34,243 77,923 51,159 111,382 73,070 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 31,822 19,098 43,037 25,959 63,147 38,357 90,283 54,776 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS** 15,370 9,143 21,038 13,697 31,169 20,464 44,553 29,228 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 12,729 7,639 17,215 10,384 25,259 15,343 36,113 21,910 V. Playing Outdoor Games 31,557 10,815 46,100 15,794 77,366 26,488 114,896 39,369 Golfing 2,936 1,468 4,258 2,128 7,204 3,602 10,555 5,278 E, Bicycling 13,709 4,604 16,332 5,437 21,645 7,304 29,607 9,892 0 Bicycling (25%) 3,427 1,151 4,083 1,359 5,411 1,826 7,402 2,473 M Horseback Riding 1,872 557 2,321 685 3,330 991 4,826 1,423 W In Horseback Riding (25%) 468 139 580 171 832 248 1,206 356 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 50,074 17,444 69,011 24,044 109,545 38,385 159,884 55,962 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 38,388 13,573 55,021 19,452 90,813 32,164 134,059 47,476 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 20,030 6,978 27,604 9,618 43,818 15,354 63,954 22,385 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 15,355 5,429 22,008 7,817 36,325 12,866 53,624 18,990 Boating 4,896, 3,314 7,215 4,831 11,229 7,541 16,886 11,328 P@ Water Skiing 881 697 1,543 1,203 2,756 2,138 4,528 3,539 Canoeing 330 186 502 275 763 425 1,136 605 M Sailing 290 206 413 296 654 451 1,081 745 9 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,397 4,403 9,673 6,605 15,402 10,555 23,631 16,217 El TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,559 1,761 3,869 2,642 6,161 4,222 9,452 6,487 4 Skiing 516 - 549 - 680 - 854 - Sledding 2,524 - 3,182 - 5,021 - 7,817 - Ice Skating 2,104 - 3,287 - 5,319 - 8,183 - zo P@ TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 5,144 - 7,018 - 11,021 - 16,854 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2,058 - 2,807 - 4,408 - 6,742 - Driving for Pleasure 22,509 8,159 28,221 10,592 37,302 14,007 49,133 18,461 V. Walking for Pleasure 17,174 3,949 21,000 4,807 29,298 6,700 40,917 9,355 Attending Outdoor Games 6,435 2,883 8,261 3,667 11,428 5,082 15,717 6,994 Attending Outdoor Concerts 893 663 1,265 1,018 1,966 1,451 2,865 2,109 E. U TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 47,011 16,014 58,747 20,084 79,994 27,240 108,632 36,919 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 18,804 6,406 23,498 8,034 31,998 10,896 43,453 14,768 PLANNING AREA TOTALS-.**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 147,052 - 197,040 - 293,885 - 420,385 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 38,070 - 52,710 - 78,550 - 113,912 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 58,821 - 78,816 - 117,554 - 168,154 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 15,228 - 21,084 - 31,420 - 45,565 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 228 Appendix 21 TABLE21-75 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 4.4 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000- 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual-Surnmer Swimming 6,929 6,046 9,928 8,607 15,064 1:3.052 21,007 18,195 Beach (55%) 3,811 3,325 5,460 4,734 8,285 '7, 179 11,554 10,007 WO Picnicking 4,147 2,686 5,105 3,284 6,768 4, 358 8,999 5,789 0 E- Camping 874 545 1,362 840 2,173 1,331 3,298 2,030 W 4 MW Nature Walking 1,005 255 1,239 311 1,611 404 2,134 529 Hiking 420 254 651 395 989 598 1,403 845 0 Sightseeing 4,795 1,964 6,315 2,583 9,164 :3, 733 13,054 5,328 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 18,170 11,750 24,601 16,020 35,769 2:3, 476 49,895 32,716 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 15,052 9,029 20,133 12,147 28,990 17,603 40,442 24,528 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS" 7,268 4,700 9,840 6,408 14,308 9,390 19,958 13,086 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 6,021 3,612 8,053 4,859 11,596 7,041 16,177 9,811 Playing Outdoor Games 14,930 5,111 21,572 7,382 35,488 1:1,138 51,407 17,596 Golfing 1,386 693 1,985 993 3,298 1,649 4,713 2,356 E, Bicycling 6,489 2,180 7,601 2,547 10,052 :3,356 13,265 4,432 0 Bicycling (25%)*** 1,622 545 1,900 637 2,513 839 3,316 1,108 Horseback Riding 888 264 1,088 321 1,530 454 2,162 638 M Horseback Riding (25%) 222 66 272 80 382 114 541 159 4 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 23,693 8,248 32,246 11,243 50,368 17,597 71,547 25,022 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 18,160 6,415 25,729 9,092 41,681 14,740 59,977 21,219 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 9,477 3,299 12,898 4,497 20,147 7,039 28,619 10,009 .4 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 7,264 2,566 10,292 3,637 16,672 5,896 23,990 8,488 Boating 2,318 1,568 3,379 2,211 5,158 :3,463 7,568 5,076 Water Skiing 418 331 723 564 1,266 984 2,031 1,586 Canoeing 156 88 235 128 350 196 509 271 Salling 139 97 192 139 301 208 479 334 w TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,031 2,084 4,529 3,042 7,075 4, 851 10,587 7,267 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,212 834 1,812 1,217 2,830 L,940 4,235 2,907 Skiing 244 - 257 - 311 - 382 - Sledding 1,193 - 1,491 - 2,305 - 3,499 - WP Ice Skating 995 - 1,538 - 2,343 - 3,664 - z TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,432 - 3,286 - 4,959 - 7,545 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 973 - 1,314 - 1,984 - 3,018 - 03 Driving for Pleasure 10,644 4,029 13,207 4,958 17,126 6,431 z2,006 8,268 Walking for Pleasure 8,114 1,865 9,816 2,246 13,442 :3,073 18,316 4,156 Attending Outdoor Games 3,044 1,364 3,866 1,717 5,247 :1,334 7,041 3,134 Attending Outdoor Concerts 422 314 591 429 902 665 1,283 945 0 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 22,224 7,572 27,480 9,350 36,717 1' 2, 503 48,646 16,503 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 8,890 3,029 10,992 3,740 14,687 5, 001 19,458 6,601 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 69,550 - 92,140 - 134,890 - 188,220 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 18,082 - 24,662 - 36,065 - 51,030 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 27,820 - 36,856 - 53,956 - 75,288 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 7,233 - 9,865 - 14,426 - 20,412 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including@ only beach@associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. Supplementary Tables 229 TABLE 21-76 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 5.1 Annual Activity Occasions iin thousands) - 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activitv Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 6,079 5,298 8,791 7,615 13,613 11,786 19,299 16,719 Beach (55%)* 3,343 2,914 4,835 4,188 7,487 6,482 10,614 9,195 Picnicking 3,560 2,318 4,425 2,861 5,984 3,873 8,067 5,217 P El Camping 736 459 1,159 715 1,885 1,155 2,844 1,785 W Z U0 @i Nature Walking 862 223 1,073 275 1,423 364 1,914 485 PQ 9 Hiking 362 220 564 345 874 532 1,264 767 0 Sightseeing 4,147 1,696 5,525 2,252 8,175 3,325 11,800 4,807 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 15,746 10,214 21,537 14,063 31,954 21,035 45,188 29,780 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 13,010 7,830 17,581 10,636 25,828 15,731 36,503 22,256 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 6,298 4,086 8,615 5,625 12,782 8,414 18,075 11,912 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 5,204 3,132 7,032 4,254 10,331 6,292 14,601 8,902 Playing Outdoor Games 6,959 2,470 9,923 3,501 15,513 5,474 23,076 8,860 Golfing 1,188 595 1,722 860 2,917 1,458 4,230 2,115 Bicycling 5,529 1,849 6,578 2,181 8,365 2,927 11,815 3,927 Bicycling (25%)*** 1,382 462 1,644 545 2,091 732 2,954 982 Horseback Riding 753 226 934 278 1,341 402 1,923 571 Horseback Riding (25%) 188 56 234 70 335 100 481 143 PQ TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 14,429 5,140 19,157 6,820 28,136 10,261 41,044 15,473 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 9,717 3,583 13,523 4,976 20,8�6 7,764 30,741 12,100 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 5,772 2,056 7,663 2,728 11,254 4,104 16,418 6,189 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 3,@887 1,433 5,409 1, qq'@ 8,342 3,106 12,296 4,840 Boating 1,970 1,337 2,899 1,948 4,514 3,043 61720 4.521 Water Skiing 351 278 614 479 1,095 851 1,783 1,396 Canoeing 134 77 203 112 309 172 453 244 Sailing 119 83 171 120 270 182 438 297 W TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,574 1,775 3,887 2,659 6,188 4,248 9,394 6,458 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,030 710 1,555 1,064 2,475 1,699 3,758 2,583 Skiing 210 - 224 - 277 - 344 - Sledding 1,035 - 1,304 - 2,058 - 3,183 - E c' Ice Skating 856 - 1,335 - 2,161 - 3,294 - ZO W04 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 2,101 - 2,863 - 4,496 - 6,821 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 940 - 1,145 - 1,798 - 2,728 - Driving for Pleasure 9,178 3,461 11,493 4,299 15,210 5,690 19,828 7,399 Walking for Pleasure 7,106 1,647 8,683 2,002 12,104 2,796 16,798 3,872 z Attending Outdoor Games 2,613 1,162 3,349 1,477 4,638 2,049 6,311 2,790 Attending Outdoor Concerts 373 275 526 380 818 601 1,182 862 HP 0 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 19,270 6,545 24,051 8,158 32,770 11,136 44,119 14,923 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 7,708 2,618 9,620 3,263 13,108 4,454 17,648 5,969 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 54,120 - 71,495 - 103,542 - 146,568 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 15,585 - 21,468 - 32,015 - 45,898 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 21,648 - 28,598 - 41,417 - 58,627 - WATER-OPTENTED RECREATION DAYS 6,234 - 8,587 - 12,806 - 18,359 - *It is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreatiQn days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface recreation days. 230 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-77 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 5.2 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousaids) 1970 1980 2000 _ 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 9,650 8,392 14,046 12,150 21,875 18,914 31,320 27,093 M Beach (55%) 5,307 4,616 7,726 6,683 12,031 10,403 17,226 14,901 W Picnicking 5,425 3,568 6,785 4,435 9,232 6,038 12,496 8,163 Z Camping 1,081 671 1,709 1,053 2,800 1,713 4,327 2,661 .e Nature Walking 1,310 352 1,641 436 2.191 583 2,967 782 TO Hiking 562 393 867 533 1,353 830 1,976 1,209 Sightseeing 6,423 2,618 8,624 3,489 12,828 5,201 18,565 7,539 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 24,451 15,994 33,624 22,096 50,279 35,005 71,651 47,447 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 20,108 12,218 27,304 16,629 40,435 26,494 57,557 35,255 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS" 9,780 6,398 13,450 8,838 20,112 14,002 28,660 18,979 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 8,043 4,887 10,922 6,652 16,174 10,598 23,023 14,102 Playing Outdoor Games 20,262 6,835 29,737 10,030 49,344 16,653 72,928 24,635 Golfing 1,804 903 2,629 1,314 4,478 2.239 6,534 3,266 Bicycling 8,296 2,745 9,938 3,261 13,418 4,384 18,459 5,952 Bicycling (25%) 2,074 686 2,484 815 3,354 1,096 4,615 1,488 W Horseback Riding 1,128 333 1,406 425 2,033 620 2,933 884 M Horseback Riding (25%) 282 83 352 106 508 155 733 221 10,816 43,710 15,030 69,273 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 31,490 23,896 100,854 35,037 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 24,422 8,507 35,202 12,265 57,684 20,143 84,810 29,610 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 12,596 4,326 17,484 6,012 27,709 9,558 40,342 14,015 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 9,769 3,403 14,080 4,906 23,074 8,057 33,924 11,844 Boating 2,939 2,012 4,355 2,952 6,824 4,637 10,224 6,941 Water Skiing 511 406 897 704 1,614 1,260 2,652 2,085 Canoeing 205 116 310 174 473 268 696 379 Sailing 187 124 270 178 431 277 699 452 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,842 2,658 5,832 4,008 9.342 6,442 14,271 9,187 < TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,537 1,063 2,333 1,603 3,737 2,577 5,708 3,675 Skiing 323 - 346 - 431 - 540 - In Sledding 1,606 - 2,036 - 3,248 - 5,069 - E@W Ice Skating 1,305 - 2,049 - 3,339 - 5,126 - ZO fl@ TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 3,234 - 4,431 - 7,018 - 10,635 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 1,294 - 1,772 - 2,807 - 4,254 - Driving for Pleasure 14,101 5,274 17,774 6,598 23,668 8,791 31,014 7,614 Walking for Pleasure 11,249 2,642 13,839 3,239 19,460 4, -548 27,135 6,342 Attending Outdoor Games 3,977 1,744 5,131 2,235 7,149 3,118 9,778 4,213 Attending Outdoor Concerts 597 435 845 605 1,325 962 1,929 1,396 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 29,924 10,095 37,589 12,677 51,602 17,419 6,9856 19,565 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 11,970 4,038 15,036 5,071 20,640 6,968 27,942 7,826 PLANNING AREA TOTAM:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 92,941 - 125,186 - 187,514 - 267,267 - WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 23,950 - 33,138 - 49,960 - 71,828 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 37,177 - 50.075 - 75,006 - 106,907 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 9,580 - 13,255 - 19,984 - 28,731 - *it is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2. 5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface days. Supplementary Tables 231 TABLE 21-78 Recreation Requirements in Activity Occasions, Great Lakes Planning Subarea 5.3 Annual Activity Occasions (in thousands) 1970 1980 2000 2020 Activity Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Annual Summer Swimming 2,100 1,826 3,024 2,616 4,636 4,008 6,528 5,648 Q Beach (55%)* 1,155 1,004 1,663 1,439 2,550 2,204 3,590 3,106 W Picnicking 1,184 778 1,469 957 1,961 1,282 2,583 1,705 @ Camping 236 148 371 228 506 365 905 556 w W Nature Walking 287 76 355 93 466 123 621 163 0 Hiking 120 73 188 115 287 176 413 252 % Sightseeing 1,399 572 1,860 756 2,723 1,103 4,497 1,439 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 5.326 3,473 7,267 4,765 10,579 7,057 15,547 9,763 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (55%) 4,381 2,651 5,906 3,588 8,493 5,253 12,609 7,221 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS ** 2,130 1,389 2,907 1,906 4,232 2,823 6,219 3,905 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (55%) 1,752 1,060 2.362 1,435 3,397 2,101 5,044 2,888 Playing Outdoor Games 4,414 1,490 6,410 2,163 10,799 3,536 15,231 5,146 Golfing 394 197 568 284 951 476 1.366 683 Bicycling 1,816 602 2,148 706 2,854 941 3,779 1,246 0 Bicycling (25%)*** 454 150 537 176 713 235 945 312 Q Horseback Riding 247 75 305 91 422 133 613 185 Horseback Riding (25%) 62 19 76 23 105 33 153 46 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 6,871 2. 334 9,431 3,244 15,026 5,086 20,989 7,260 TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS (25%) 5,324 1,856 7,591 2,646 12,568 4,280 17,694 6,187 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 2.748 946 3,7i2 1,298 6,010 2,034 8,396 2,904 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS (25%) 2,130 742 3,036 1,058 5,027 1,712 7,078 2,475 Boating 643 440 942 638 1,452 986 2,138 1,451 Water Skiing ill 89 195 153 345 268 554 436 Canoeing 44 26 fig 38 101 58 145 79 M C4 Sailing 40 27 58 39 91 59 145 94 [A TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 838 582 1,263 868 1,989 1,371 2,982 2,060 TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 335 233 505 347 796 548 1,193 824 Skiing 70 - 76 - 92 - 112 - E@ Sledding 350 - 439 - 686 - 1,058 - E' lee Skating 285 - 442 - 709 - 1,070 - z TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 705 - 957 - 1,487 - 2,240 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS M Driving for Pleasure 3,076 1,152 3,836 1,425 5,025 1,866 6,475 2,409 Walking for Pleasure 2,448 574 2,980 697 4,124 963 5,657 1,321 Attending Outdoor Games 2,289 831 3,225 1,161 5,150 1,840 7,349 2,623 Attending Outdoor Concerts 129 95 181 135 290 205 393 291 0 L. U TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 7,942 2,652 10,222 3,418 14,579 4,874 19,874 6,644 < TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 13,177 1,061 4,089 1,367 5,832 1,950 7,950 2,658 PLANNING AREA TOTALS:**** TOTAL ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 21,680 - 29,140 - 43,662 - 61,635 WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITY OCCASIONS 5,218 - 7,168 - 10,482 - 15,592 - TOTAL RECREATION DAYS 8,672 - 11,656 - 17,465 - 24,654 - WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DAYS 2,087 - 2,867 - 4,193 - 6,237 - *lt is assumed that 45% of all swimming is associated with pools and 55% is associated with beaches. For planning purposes, activity occasions and recreation days for land-based water-oriented activities are presented in two manners, one including all swimming and the other including only beach-associated swimming. **It is assumed that a recreation day consists of 2.5 activity occasions. ***For planning purposes, it is assumed that only 25% of all bicycling and horseback riding needs will be met on designated public rec- reation areas. The other 75% is assumed to occur on private lands or public sidewalks and streets. ****Total activity occasions and total recreation days include the sum of all activities. Total water-oriented recreation days are the sum of land-based water-oriented recreation days (55%) and water surface days. 232 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-79 1970 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles* Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 60 20 200 780 370 100 40 150 390 210 270 200 110 180 40 3,120 Picnicking 900 350 2,890 4,570 2,130 1,530 580 840 2,280 1,240 1,580 1,190 640 1,100 600 22,420 Camping 350 140 1,180 2,910 1,350 620 240 530 1,450 780 1,000 820 400 580 230 12,580 Hiking 130 70 560 1,040 500 290 110 200 540 290 370 180 150 270 120 4,820 Nature Trails 10 10 30 110 50 10 10 20 50 30 40 20 20 20 10 440 Land-Based General Outdoor Games 1,500 870 7$280 14,500 6,510 2,180 1,470 2,660 7,230 3,820 5,000 2,360 1,140 3,170 1,550 61,240 Golf 2,160 720 6,000 23,600 11,000 3,160 1$200 4,320 11,780 6,420 8,160 3,840 3,300 5,020 1,240 91,920 Bicycling 140 70 580 2,320 1,080 310 120 420 1,160 620 800 380 320 480 120 8,920 Horseback Riding 60 20 140 560 260 80 30 100 280 150 190 90 80 120 30 2,190 Water Surface Boating 52 17 136 214 105 71 27 39 107 61 73 35 30 47 29 1,043 Sailing 2 2 8 13 0** 5 2 2 7 0 5 2 2 0 0 50 Canoeing Lakes 1 0 4 10 5 2 1 2 5 3 3 2 1 2 1 42 Streams 100 20 300 750 600 150 80 250 625 325 425 200 175 275 75 4,350 Water-Skiing 6 2 19 75 36 10 4 14 38 20 26 12 10 15 4 291 Winter Sports Skiing 110 70 520 2,080 970 280 110 380 1,040 560 720 340 290 450 110 8,030 Sledding 190 80 640 2,520 1,180 340 130 470 1,260 690 870 420 360 560 140 9,850 Ice Skating 10 10 50 190 90 30 10 40 100 60 70 30 30 40 10 770 *Hiking, nature trails, bicycling, horseback riding, and stream canoeing are stated in miles; all others are in acres except water surface which is In 1,000s of acres. The data for land include deve loped land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **Water for sailing is included in boating waters. TABLE 21-80 1980 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles* Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 70 30 280 1,140 540 150 60 210 580 320 390 280 160 260 60 4,530 Picnicking 1,080 400 3,570 5,720 29710 1,910 730 1,060 2,910 19580 1,950 1,440 790 19230 750 27,830 Camping 530 210 1,850 4,600 2,160 990 380 850 2,340 1,250 19560 1,250 620 910 360 19,860 Hiking 190 100 890 1,720 810 460 180 320 880 470 590 280 240 370 180 7,680 Nature Trails 10 10 40 130 60 20 10 30 70 30 50 20 20 30 10 540 Land-Based General Outdoor Games 2,150 1,320 10,600 21,400 9,740 3,130 2,180 3,960 10,900 5,690 7,320 3,420 1,620 4,650 29250 90,330 Golf 3,000 1,100 89700 34,660 16,300 4,240 19760 6,420 17,660 8,380 11,820 5,520 4,780 7,300 1,780 133,420 Bicycling 160 80 700 2,770 1,300 370 140 520 1,420 760 940 450 380 570 140 109700 Horseback Riding 70 20 180 690 330 90 40 130 360 180 240 110 100 150 40 2,730 Water Surface Boating 66 22 198 316 157 106 40 58 161 91 107 49 43 69 42 1,525 Sailing 3 1 12 19 0** 7 2 4 10 0 7 3 3 0 0 71 Canoeing Lakes 2 1 6 15 7 3 1 3 8 4 5 2 2 3 1 63 Streams 150 25 475 1,850 875 250 100' 350 950 500 625 300 250 400 100 7,200 Water-Skiing 11 4 33 132 63 15 6 24 67 36 45 21 18 26 6 507 Winter Sports Skiing 120 60 550 2,240 1,050 300 120 420 1,140 610 760 360 310 480 120 8,640 Sledding 230 90 810 3,240 1,530 430 170 600 1,650 890 1,100 520 450 710 170 12,590 Ice SkatinR 20 10 80 310 150 40 20 60 160 80 110 50 40 70 20 1,220 *Hiking, nature trails, bicycling, horseback riding, and stream canoeing are stated in miles; all others are in acres except water surface which is in 1,000s of acres. The data for land include developed land onlf and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **Water for sailing is included in boating waters. Supplementary Tables 233 TABLE 21-81 2000 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles* Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 110 40 450 1,780 850 240 90 330 930 500 600 430 250 400 100 7,100 Picnicking 1,360 490 4,920 7,830 3,760 2,640 1,000 1,460 4,060 2,150 2,640 1,920 1,080 1,680 1,000 37,990 Camping 820 300 3,040 7,520 3,600 1,630 620 1,410 3,600 2,040 2,510 1,980 1,000 1,490 570 32,130 Hiking 280 130 1,420 2,690 1,300 730 280 500 1,390 760 900 420 370 580 280 12,030 Nature Trails 10 10 60 180 90 20 10 30 90 60 60 30 30 40 10 730 Land-Based General Outdoor Games 3,400 1,760 18,180 36,300 17,250 4,990 3,710 6,800 18,800 9,870 12,260 5,620 2,540 7,710 3,680 152,870 Golf 4,850 lv48O 15,000 59,400 28,500 8,020 3,040 10,060 30,500 15,340 20,000 9,160 8,100 12,440 2,980 228,870 Bicycling 200 90 950 3,780 1,820 510 200 710 1,960 1,050 1,270 590 510 760 190 14,590 Horseback Riding 90 30 260 1,020 500 140 50 190 530 280 340 160 140 220 50 4,000 Water Surface Boating 98 31 315 499 254 168 64 93 258 147 167 77 68 109 65 2v413 Sailing 4 2 19 30 0** 14 4 6 15 0 10 5 4 0 0 113 Canoeing Lakes 2 1 9 23 11 5 2 4 12 6 8 4 3 5 2 97 Streams 200 35 725 2,920 1,425 400 150 550 1,500 800 975 450 400 625 150 11,305 water-Skiing 18 6 60 240 112 42 12 44 122 65 79 37 31 46 11 925 Winter Sports Skiing 140 70 700 2,800 1,350 380 150 530 lo460 790 940 430 380 600 150 10,870 Sledding 340 130 1,300 5,020 2,470 700 260 970 2,680 1,740 1.470 800 720 1,130 270 20,000 Ice Skating 30 10 130 500 240 70 30 90 260 150 170 70 70 110 30 1,960 Miking, nature trails, bicycling, horseback riding, and stream canoeing are stated in miles, all others are in acres except water surface which is in 1,000s of acres. The data for land include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **Water for sailing is included in boating waters. TABLE 21-82 2020 Recreation Requirements in Acres or Miles* Planninst Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 150 60 650 2,540 1,240 350 130 480 1,350 730 860 600 350 570 140 10,200 Picnicking 1,680 610 6,790 10,630 5,270 3,650 1,370 2,020 5,630 3,050 3,590 2,560 1,450 2,270 1,330 51,900 Camping 1,150 430 4,800 11,720 5,750 2,580 970 2,220 6,200 3,290 3,930 3,000 1,550 2,310 870 50,770 Hiking 410 180 2,120 3,880 1,910 1,080 400 740 2,060 1,120 1,310 590 530 840 400 17,570 Nature Trails 10 10 80 240 120 100 20 50 130 70 @O 40 30 50 10 1,040 Land-Based General Outdoor Games 4,700 2,420 28,460 56,100 25,600 7,610 5,560 10,240 28,530 14,950 18,230 8,110 4,100 11,400 5,350 231,360 Golf 6,600 2,020 23,160 86,740 42,660 11,990 4,480 16,340 44,680 23,560 29,340 13,100 11,760 18,160 4,280 338,870 Bicycling 250 110 1,300 5,100 2,500 700 270 970 2,550 1,450 1,720 770 680 lo04O 250 19,660 Horseback Riding 150 40 380 1,470 720 200 so 28o 780 420 490 220 200 310 70 5,810 Water Surface Boating 136 44 480 747 391 256 97 151 395 227 251 113 100 164 96 3,648 Sailing 5 2 32 49 0** 17 6 0 26 0 17 7 7 0 0 168 Canoeing Lakes 4 1 13 31 16 7 3 6 is 9 11 5 5 7 2 138 Streams 300 40 1,175 3,925 2,050 575 225 800 2,200 1,175 1,400 625 575 875 200 16,140 Water-Skiing 27 9 100 386 190 54 20 74 206 112 131 58 52 78 18 1,515 Winter Sports Skiing 140 80 900 3,500 1,760 480 180 670 1,870 1,010 1,180 530 480 750 180 13,710 Sledding 500 180 2,050 8,000 3,980 1,100 410 1,530 4,250 2,270 2,720 1,220 1,100 1,760 410 31,480 Ice Skating 40 20 200 770 380 210 40 150 410 230 260 120 110 160 40 3.140 *Hiking, nature trails, bicycling, horseback riding, and stream canoeing are stated in miles, all others are in acres except water surface which is in 1,000s of acres. The data for land include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **Water for sailing is included in boating waters. 234 Appendix 21 TABLE21-83 Amount, Ownership, and Recreational Potential of Great Lakes Beaches (in acres) Publicly Owned Beaches Privately Owned Beaches Usable Open to Public Not Open to Publ-ic Open To With Mithout Potential Little or Planning Subarea Public Restricted Not Usable Charge Charge for Devlp. No Potential Total 1.1 34.7 0 .1 7.3 0 0 8.5 50.6 1.2 127.3 .5 0 0 9.6 0 23.1 160.5 2.1 137.5 3.9 .8 0 0 64.2 223.6 430.0 2.2 570.2 72.4 53.9 26.8 0 202.6 116.6 1,042.5 2.3 215.5 0 0 0 0 426.6 198.9 841.0 2.4 293.1 0 0 0 0 497.3 121.0 911.4 3.1 83.4 0 0 0 23.5 46.6 357.8 511.3 3.2 43.6 0 13.1 0 0 0 157.2 213.9 4.1 142.7 0 13.6 6.8 7.7 111.9 146.0 428.7 4.2 22.8 0 0 54.7 3.6 77.9 64.7 223.7 4.3 162.6 8.2 15.0 .7 4.8 8.9 46.9 247.1 4.4 21'6.1 21.6 12.2 21.1 40.7 42.6 63.7 418.0 5.1 2.5 0 6.9 0 0 0 24.9 34.3 5.2 11.5 0 0 3.9 1.7 0 0 17.1 5.3 11.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9 Total 2,075.4 106.6 115.6 121.3 91.6 1,478.6 1,552.9 5,542.0 Percent 37.4 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.7 26.7 28.0 100.0 TABLE 21-84 Distribution of BOR Classified Recreation Lands by Planning Subarea* Planning Subarea I II III IV V VI 1.1 1,146 8,356 3,804,784 2,100 908,731 1,095 1.2 144 5,957 4,635,836 19,492 317,676 1,020 2.1 1,778 5,179 1,577,293 10,598 ------- 82 2.2 19,720 46,332 51,021 8,250 ------- 135 2.3 5,029 23,887 53,889 960 ------- 22 2.4 335 10,958 1,607,841 3,111 3,397 598 3.1 110 10,081 1,680,434 80 ------- 25 3.2 1,517 5,808 3,921 ----- ------- 10 4.1 10,179 28,243 28,243 28 ------- 8 4.2 2,820 6,333 20,810 ----- ------- 223 4.3 556 1,094 6,486 ----- ------- 10 4.4 1,178 1,992 1,305 548 700 101 5.1 2,849 11,796 11,000 1,652 3,155 1,025 5.2 1,118 13,147 4,155 4 ------- 323 5.3 ----- 50,785 ----- ----- ------- --- Totals 48,499 229,948 13,487,118 46,823 1,233,659 4,677 *Based on 1964 BOR inventory data. Supplementa,ry Tables 235 TABLE 21-85 1970 Supply in Recreation Days by Planning Subarea by Activity (in thousands) Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Totals Swi--ing* 2,438 636 1,802 5,485 3,815 1,802 636 596 3,100 1,073 2,385 2,385 477 954 106 27,690 Picnicking 736 464 1,896 9,568 2,134 1,200 616 764 2,605 1,954 2,021 2,673 1,033 3,144 712 31,520 Camping 531 328 477 560 880 540 415 321 283 358 925 612 664 970 540 8,404 Hiking & Nature Trails 300 106 59 500 240 25 38 60 220 240 100 80 80 20 --- 2,068 Outdoor Games 931 54 1,202 28,257 6,943 76 11 1,632 9,598 9,086 9,744 1,242 731 1,754 87 71,348 Golf 211 19 602 1,742 662 24 77 66 317 1,503 2,678 346 144 605 73 9,069 Bicycling 46 31 154 104 35 123 31 69 225 --- --- --- --- --- --- 818 Horseback Riding 261 --- 26 147 39 70 113 20 49 29 78 --- 20 10 --- 862 Boating** 8,726 6,269 5,208 4,613 4,183 7,130 3,035 3,848 4,565 2,032 2,008 2,318 1,147 5,282 1,145 61,509 Skiing 259 18 120 49 14 51 5 12 66 --- 17 3 6 --- --- 620 Sledding --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Ice Skating 334 --- Ill 9,521 251 222 -- --- 626 2,130 1,253 251 376 --- --- 15,075 Total*** 14,773 7,925 11,657 60,546 19,196 11,263 4,977 7,388 21,654 18,405 21,209 9,910 4,678 12,739 2,663 228,983 *Beaches only **Includes canoeing, water skiing, and sailing ***Each planning subarea's total recreation supply cannot be directly compared to its total requirement, for the requirement data also includes sightseeing, driving for pleasure, walking for pleasure, and pool swirmning. TABLE 21-86 1980 Supply in Recreation Days by Planning Subarea by Activity (in thousands) Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Swimming* 2,755 636 3,921 6,080 3,815 1,802 636 596 3,100 1,073 2,385 2,385 477 954 106 30,721 Picnicking 928 464 2,360 10,915 2,134 1,200 616 764 2,605 1,954 2,021 2,673 1,033 3,144 712 33,5Z3 Camping 652 407 672 701 880 540 490 418 283 358 925 612 664 970 540 9,112 Hiking & Nature Trails 325 106 190 560 240 25 38 60 220 240 100 80 80 20 --- 2,284 Outdoor Games 964 54 1,300 28,501 6,943 76 11 1,632 9,598 9,086 9,744 1,242 731 1,754 87 71,723 Golf 228 19 794 2,002 662 24 77 66 317 1,817 2,678 346 144 605 73 9,852 Bicycling 46 31 184 121 35 123 31 69 225 --- --- --- --- --- --- 865 Horseback Riding 278 --- 70 206 39 70 113 20 49 29 78 --- 20 10 --- 982 Boating** 8,726 6,269 5,208 4,613 4,183 7,130 3,035 3,848 4,565 2,032 2,008 2,318 1,147 5,282 1,145 61,509 Skiing 279 18 143 58 14 51 5 12 66 --- 17 3 6 --- --- 672 Sledding ___ --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- Ice-Skating 334 --- Ill 9,521 251 222 --- --- 626 2,130 1,253 251 376 --- --- 15,075 Totals*** 15,515 8,004 14,953 63,278 19,196 11,263 5,052 7,485 21,654 18,719 21,209 9,910 4,678 12,739 2,663 236,318 *Beaches only **Includes canoeing, water skiing, and sailing ***Each planning subarea's total recreation supply cannot be directly compared to its total requirement, for the requirement data also includes sightseeing, driving for pleasure, walking for pleasure, and pool swimming. 236 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-87 1970 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles*** Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 Land-Based Water Oriented Swimming -180** -36 30 320 50 -70 -20 100 Picnicking -20 -230 520 310 1,180 30 -190 500 Camping -930 -650 30 2,160 170 680 -760 100 Hiking & Nature Trails*** -570 -170 450 900 430 240 30 190 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 640 820 6,170 2,900 3,660 2,110 1,460 1,990 Golf 510 570 1,300 11,500 6,400 2,940 600 3,860 Bicycling*** 110 50 480 2,260 1,060 230 100 380 Horseback Riding*** -240 20 110 410 220 0 -100 80 Water Surface Boating--including sail, -770,000 -576,000 -329,000 119,000 -29,000 -591,000 -255,000 -104,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing -900 0 50 1,910 920 80 90 340 Sledding 190 80 640 2,520 19180 340 130 470 Ice Skating -20 10 40 -570 70 20 10 40 Planning Subarea Activity 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 130 120 70 0 70 100 30 714 Picnicking 1,120 370 680 0 180 -400 -290 3,760 Camping 1,070 300 -240** 0 -490 -720 -1,070 -1,710 Hiking & Nature Trails*** 480 200 360 160 130 280 130 3,240 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 3,290 90 1,000 1,850 840 2,450 1,470 30,740 Golf 9,580 -4,020 -109440 1,440 2,300 820 670 289030 Bicycling*** 1,030 620 Boo 380 320 480 120 8,420 Horseback Riding*** 230 120 110 90 60 110 30 1,250 Water Surface Boating--including sail, -34,000 -1,000 239000 -46,000 -5,000 -156,000 -75,000 -2,829,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing 810 560 660 330 270 450 110 5,680 Sledding 1,260 690 870 420 360 560 140 9,850 Ice Skating 50 -110 -30 10 0 40 10 -430 *The data include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **A negative number indicates a surplus. ***Given in miles. All others are in acres. Supplementary Tables 237 TABLE 21-88 1980 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles*** Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 Land-Based Water Oriented Swimming -190** -30 -90 630 220 -20 0 160 Picnicking -80 -180 620 860 1,760 410 -40 720 Camping -1,040 -770 230 3,660 970 -320 -800 290 Hiking & Nature Trails*** -570 -140 480 1,570 750 420 100 320 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 1,260 1,270 9,400 9,700 6,890 3,060 2,170 3,290 Golf 1,220 950 2,500 20,760 11,700 4,050 1,160 5,960 Bicycling*** 130 60 580 2,700 1,280 290 120 480 Horseback Riding*** -250 20 100 480 290 10 -90 110 Water Surface Boating--including sail, -749,000 -569,000 -247,000 289,000 52,000 -548,000 -240,000 -72,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing -970 -10 -10 2,040 1,000 100 100 380 Sledding 230 90 810 3,240 1,530 430 170 600 Ice Skating -13 10 70 -450 130 30 20 60 Planning Subarea Activity 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 320 230 190 80 120 180 50 1,850 Picnicking 1,750 710 1,050 250 330 -170** -140 7,850 Camping 1,960 770 320 430 -270 -390 -940 4,100 Hiking & Nature Trails*** 840 380 590 260 220 390 190 5,800 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 6,960 1,960 3,320 2,910 1,320 3,930 2,170 59,610 Golf 15,460 -4,240 -6,780 3,120 3,780 3,100 1,210 63,950 Bicycling*** 1,290 760 940 450 380 570 140 10,170 Horseback Riding*** 310 150 160 110 80 140 40 1,660 Water Surface Boating--including sail, 55,000 46,000 80,000 -22,000 18,000 -119,000 -60,000 -2,086,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing 910 610 700 350 290 480 120 6,090 Sledding 1,650 890 1,100 520 450 710 170 12,590 Ice Skating 110 -90 10 30 10 70 20 20 *The data include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **A negative number indicates a surplus. ***Given in miles. All others are in acres. 238 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-89 2000 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles*** Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming -150** -20 80 1,270 530 70 30 280 Picnicking 200 -90 1,970 2,970 2,810 1,140 230 1,120 Camping -750 -680 1,420 6,580 2,410 330 -560 850 Hiking & Nature Trails*** -480 -110 1,020 2,590 1,270 690 200 500 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 2,510 1,710 16,980 24,600 14,400 4,920 3,700 6,130 Golf 3,070 1,330 8,800 45,500 23,900 7,830 2,440 9,600 Bicycling*** 170 70 730 3,710 1,800 430 180 670 Horseback Riding*** -230 30 180 810 460 60 -80 170 Water Surface Boating--including sail, -709,000 -557,000 -93,000 599,000 202,000 -450,000 -207,000 -14,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing -950 0 140 2,600 1,300 180 130 490 Sledding 340 130 1,300 5,020 2,470 700 260 970 Ice Skating -4 10 120 -260 220 40 30 90 Planning Subarea Activity 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 670 410 400 230 210 320 90 4,420 Picnicking 2,900 1,280 1,740 730 620 280 110 18,010 Camping 3,220 1,560 1,270 1,160 110 190 -730 16,380 Hiking & Nature Trails*** 1,370 700 910 410 360 610 290 10,330 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 14,860 6,140 8,260 5,110 2,240 6,990 3,600 122,150 Golf 28,300 2,720 1,400 6,760 7,100 8,240 2,410 159,400 Bicycling*** 1,830 1,050 1,270 590 510 760 190 14,060 Horseback Riding*** 480 250 260 160 120 210 50 2,930 Water Surface Boating--including sail, 216,000 133,000 180,000 26,000 58,000 -61,000** -31,000 -708,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing 1,230 790 880 420 360 600 150 8,320 Sledding 2,680 1,470 1,740 800 720 1,130 270 20,000 Ice Skating 210 -20 70 50 40 110 30 736 *The data include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **A negative number indicates a surplus. ***Given in miles. All others are in acres. Supplementary Tables 239 TABLE 21-90 2020 Summary of Needs in Acres or Miles*** Planning Subarea Activity 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2. 3 2.4 3.1 3.2 Land-Based Water Oriented Swimming _90** 0 280 2,030 920 180 70 430 Picnicking 520 30 3,840 5,770 4,320 2,150 600 1,680 Camping -420 -550 3,180 10,780 4,560 1,280 -210 1,660 Hiking & Nature Trails*** -330 -60 1,730 3,840 1,910 1,120 330 760 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 3,810 2,370 27,260 44,400 22,750 7,540 5,550 9,570 Golf 4,820 1,870 16,960 72,840 38,060 11,800 3,880 15,880 Bicycling*** 220 90 1,180 5,030 2,480 620 250 930 Horseback Riding*** -170 40 300 1,260 680 120 -50 260 Water Surface Boating--including sail, -659,000 -541,000 129,000 1,020,000 418,000 -345,000 163,000 70,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing -950 10 340 3,300 1,710 280 160 630 Sledding 500 180 2,050 8,000 3,980 1,100 410 1,530 Ice Skating 7 20 190 10 360 190 40 150 Planning Subarea Activity 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Total Land-Based Water-Oriented Swimming 1,090 640 660 400 310 490 130 7,540 Picnicking 4,470 2,180 2,690 1,370 990 870 440 31,870 Camping 5,820 2,810 2,690 2,180 660 1,010 -430** 35,020 Hiking & Nature Trails*** 2,080 1,070 1,340 590 520 880 410 16,190 Land-Based Other Outdoor Games 24,590 11,220 14,230 7,600 3,800 10,680 5,270 200,640 Golf 42,480 10,940 10,740 10,700 10,760 13,960 3,710 269,400 Bicycling*** 2,420 1,450 1,720 770 680 .1,040 250 19,130 Horseback Riding*** 730 390 410 220 180 300 70 4,740 Water Surface Boating--including sail, 454,000 263,000 326,000 86,000 116,000 28,000 7,000 1,207,000 canoe, skiing Winter Sports Skiing 1,640 1,010 1,120 520 460 750 180 11,160 Sledding 4,250 2,270 2,720 1,220 1,110 1,760 410 31,490 Ice Skating 360 60 160 100 80 160 40 1,927 *The data include developed land only and do not include land for buffer between activities and land for low intensity of use. **A negative number indicates a surplus. ***Given in miles. All others are in acres. 240 Appendix 21 TABLE21-91 Acre Needs for Land and Water TABLE21-93 Acre Need.-;, for Land and Water by Recreation Land Class in 1970 (in thousands) by Recreation Land Class in. 2000 (in thousands) Planning Land Land Water Planning Land Land Water Subarea Total Class I Class II Total Subarea Total Class I Class II Total 1.1 2.3 1.2 1.1 ----- 1.1 11.1 6.2 4.9 ----- 1.2 2.1 1.4 0.7 ----- 1.2 4.4 3.0 1.4 ----- 2.1 14.5 8.2 6.3 ----- 2.1 48.1 27.8 20.3 ----- 2.2 63.0 18.1 44.9 119.0 2.2 239.1 90.0 149.1 599.0 2.3 32.6 11.3 21.3 ----- 2.3 132.9 42.6 90.3 202.0 2.4 7.7 5.4 2.3 ----- 2.4 22.0 13.8 8.2 3.1 3.4 2.2 1.2 ----- 3.1 9.9 6.6 3.3 ----- 3.2 19.2 6.7 12.5 ----- 3.2 51.0 18.3 32.7 ----- 4.1 36.3 16.0 20.3 ----- 4.1 120.6 64.8 55.8 216.0 4.2 12.5 0.3 12.2 ----- 4.2 63.3 10.6 52.7 133.0 4.3 11.2 2.1 9.1 23.0 4.3 58.1 15.3 42.8 180.0 4.4 9.9 3.8 6.1 ----- 4.4 42.4 14.1 28.3 26.0 5.1 7.9 3.6 4.3 ----- 5.1 24.6 10.9 13.7 58.0 5.2 16.1 4.1 12.0 5.2 50.6 17.9 32.7 ----- 5.3 5.4 2.3 3.1 ----- 5.3 14.8 7.5 7.3 ----- Total 244.1 86.7 157.4 142.0 Total 892.9 349.4 543.5 1,414.0 *These planning subareas have a surplus of water *These planning subareas have a surplus of water surface. surface. TABLE21-92 Acre Needs for Land and Water TABLE21-94 Acre Needs for Land and Water by Recreation Land Class in 1980 (in thousands) by Recreation Land Class in 2020 (in thousands) Planning Land Land Water Planning Land Land Water Subarea Total Class I Class II Total Subarea Total Class I Class II Total 1.1 4.8 2.7 2.1 ----- 1.1 16.3 9.4 6.9 ------- 1.2 3.3 2.2 1.1 ----- 1.2 6.3 4.2 2.1 ---- -- 2.1 22.2 12.9 9.3 ----- 2.1 83.4 47.6 35.8 129.0 2.2 116.3 39.0 77.3 289.0 2.2 397.3 152.0 245.3 1,020.0 2.3 64.4 20.6 43.8 52.0 2.3 219.5 69.5 150.0 418.0 2.4 11.6 7.7 3.9 ----- 2.4 34.9 21.0 13.9 ------- 3.1 5.3 3.6 1.7 ----- 3.1 15.6 10.2 5.4 ------- 3.2 28.7 10.7 18.0 ----- 3.2 84.0 29.4 54.6 70.0 4.1 61.5 28.4 33.1 55.0 4.1 194.4 85.8 108.6 454.0 4.2 28.5 2.6 25.9 46.0 4.2 114.1 24.9 89.2 263.0 4.3 23.4 6.0 17.4 80.0 4.3 111.1 34.4 76.7 326.0 4.4 19.6 7.1 12.5 ----- 4.4 72.2 22.5 49.7 86.0 5.1 13.2 6.0 7.2 18.0 5.1 42.5 17.1 25.4 116.0 5.2 26.2 8.4 17.8 ----- 5.2 84.2 28.9 55.3 28.0 5.3 8.1 3.7 4.4 ----- 5.3 25.3 9.8 15.5 7.0 Total 437.1 161.6 275.5 540.0 Total 1,501.1 566.7 934.4 2,917.0 *These planning subareas have a surplus of water *These planning subareas have a surplus of water surface. surface. Supplementary Tables 241 TABLE 21-95 Summary of Water-Oriented Recreation Needs-Satisfied and Unsatisfied* (Rec- reation Days in thousands) 1980 1980 Planning 1970 1970 1970 1980 1980 1980 Program** Residual Subarea Requirements** Supply Needs** Requirements** Supply Needs** Elements Needs*** 1.1 2,273 5,594 -3,321 2,951 6,547 -3,596 2,870 -6,466 1.2 979 2,156 -1,177 1,245 2,276 -1,031 4,982 -2,013 2.1 8,302 6,306 1,996 11,227 8,763 2,464 2,260 204 2.2 36,180 15,600 20,580 42,680 17,820 24,860 7,370 17,490 2.3 18,082 10,360 7,722 24,643 10,360 14,284 6,000 8,284 2.4 4,372 5,348 -976 5,994 5,348 646 1,950 -1,304 3.1 1,666 2,517 -851 2,287 2,630 -343 720 -1,063 3.2 6,752 2,535 4,217 9,330 2,682 6,648 3,230 3,418 4.1 18,398 9,033 9,365 25,640 9,033 16,607 7,680 8,927 4.2 10,052 5,070 4,982 13,850 5,070 8,780 5,455 3,325 4.3 12,730 8,045 4,685 17,220 8,045 9,175 5,690 3,485 4.4 9,776 8,596 1,180 12,939 8,596 4,343 4,820 -477 5.1 5,204 3,292 1,912 7,032 3,292 3,740 3,840 -100 5.2 9,766 7,386 2,380 13,450 7,386 6,064 5,350 714 5.3 1,752 2v051 -299 2,362 2,051 311 1,924 -1,613 Total 146,284 93,889 52,395 192,850 99,899 92,952 60,141 32,811 2000 2000 2020 2020 2020 Planning Require- 2000 2000 Program Residual Require- 2020 2020 Program Residual Subarea ments** supply Needs** Elements** Needs*** ments** Supply Needs** Elements** Needs*** 1.1 4,040 6,547 -2,507 7,480 -9,987 5,372 6,547 -1,175 10,880 12,055 1.2 1,638 2,276 -638 2,946 -3,584 2,167 2,276 -109 4,910 -5,019 2.1 16,740 8,763 7,977 6,460 1,517 24,275 8,763 15,512 11,660 3,852 .2.2 54,750 17,820 36,930 14,450 22,480 79,590 17,820 61,770 16,320 45,450 2.3 38,090 10,360 27,730 14,400 13,330 56,514 10,360 46,154 23,400 22,754 2.4 8,994 5,348 3,646 4,310 -664 13,038 5,348 7,690 7,140 550 3.1 3,404 2,630 774 2,430 -1,656 4,907 2,630 2,277 4,960 -2,683 3.2 14,400 2,682 11,718 7,310 4,408 20,284 2,682 17,602 12,020 5,582 4.1 38,830 9,033 29,797 16,210 13,587 56,564 9vO33 47,531 25,280 22,251 4.2 21,010 5,070 15,940 10,570 5,370 30,650 5,070 25,580 17,030 8,550 4.3 25,260 8,045 17,215 11,750 5,465 36,110 8,045 28,065 15,180 12,885 4.4 18,725 8,596 10,129 10,040 89 26,156 8,596 17,560 16,540 1,020 5.1 10,331 3,292 7,039 8,320 -1,281 14,601 3,292 11,309 11,950 -641 5.2 20,184 7,386 12,798 9,990 2,808 28,660 7,386 21,274 14,760 6,514 5.3 3,397 2,051 1,346 3,348 -2,002 5,044 2,051 2,993 5,394 -2,401 Total 279,763 99,899 179,894 130,014 49,880 403,932 99,899 304,033 197,424 106,609 *Based on needs for swimming, picnicking, camping, hiking, sightseeing, and nature walks only. **Figures are accumulative. indicates a surplus. 242 Appendix 21 TABLE 21-96 Land, Facility, and Contingency Cost Data by Planning Subarea and by State (in thousands of dollars) 1980 2000 2020 Planning Facility & Facility & Facility & Subarea State Land Contingency Total Land Contingency Total Land Contingency Total 1.1 Minnesota 25,994 5,069 31,063 100 8,000 8,100 0 8,000 8,000 Wisconsin 5,120 6,435 11,555 720 7,744 8,464 0 2,000 2,000 Total 31,114 11,504 42,618 820 15,744 16,564 0 10,000 10,000 1.2 Michigan 7,769 2,728 10,497 1,792 5,456 7,248 1,792 5,456 7,248 2.1 Wisconsin 8,935 11,731 20,666 7,958 23,177 31,135 25,026 34,149 59,175 Michigan 0 322 322 0 483 483 - 0 483 483 Total 8,935 12,053 -i-O,988 -@-,958 -13-,650 31,618 25,026 34,632 59,658 2.2 Wisconsin 13,600 17,826 31,426 5,483 15,346 20,829 2,363 6,526 8,889 Illinois 9,275 4,386 13,661 53,840 14,797 68,637 0 0 0 Indiana 29,718 15,759 45,477 4,920 19,792 24,712 _4 08 5,736 10,444 ,L__ Total 52,593 37,971 90,564 64,243 49,935 114,178 7,071 12,262 199333 2.3 Indiana 6,240 9,643 15,883 6,240 9,643 15,883 6,240 9,643 15,883 Michigan 27,740 26,969 54,709 37,980 41,382 79,362 41,460 46,151 87,611 -2@4- 7-1 , 0-2 5 -95-245 T7 - TWO !03,494 Total 33,980 36,612 70,592 220 2.4 Michigan 28,918 11,817 40,735 16,468 18,671 35,139 20,236 25,521 45,757 3.1 Michigan 5,590 2,217 7,807 12,668 69205 18,873 10,918 13,059 23,977 3.2 Michigan 11,440 20,747 32,187 11,440 26,840 38,280 12,400 30,252 42,652 4.1 Michigan 94,660 49,889 144,549 101,600 55,774 157,374 84,000 499679 133,679 4.2 Indiana 800 2,437 3,237 1,600 4,874 6,474 2,240 6,066 8,306 Ohio 10,244 18,083 28,327 12,840 29,070 41,9io 16,320 32,300 489620 Total 11,044 20,520 31,564 14,440 33,944 48,384 18,560 38,366 56,926 4.3 Ohio 63,940 36,591 100,531 66,000 42,663 108,663 32,540 26,723 59,263 4.4 Pennsylvania 1,200 1,193 2,393 19800 1,788 3,588 3,600 3,577 7,177 New York 16,880 15,618 32,498 36,925 46,029 82,954 33,975 419632 75,607 Total 18,080 16,811 34,891 38,725 47,817 T-6 5-42 -@T-@-75 T5--209 82,784 5.1 New York 6,115 25,650 31,765 7,625 34,133 41,758 4,450 19,264 23,714 5.2 New York 7,400 30,108 379508 8,200 30,133 38,333 7,800 28,929 36,729 5.3 New York 3,060 16,320 19,380 1,200 9,210 10,410 2,100 18,110 20,210 TOTAL 384,638 331,538 716,176 397,399 451,210 848,609 312,168 413,257 725,425 u, L',L) Supplementary Tables 243 TABLE21-97 Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Costs by Planning Subarea and State (in thousands of dollars) Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Planning from 1970 from 1980 from 1970 from 2000 from 1970 Subarea state to 1980 to 2000 to 2000 to 2020 to 2020 1.1 Minnesota 3,065 21,990 25,055 41,450 66,505 Wisconsin 2,825 19,420 22,245 30,320 52,565 Total 5,890 41,410 47,300 71,770 119,070 1.2 Michigan 1,775 14,200 15,975 28,400 44,375 2.1 Wisconsin 4,890 38,450 43,340 83,140 126,480 Michigan 365 2,530 2,895 4,670 7,565 Total 5,255 TF, W -Z, =2 87,810 13-4-,-OU5 2.2 Wisconsin 6,830 54,320 61,150 87,060 148,210 Illinois 2,375 21,420 23,795 33,340 57,135 Indiana 7,620 45,560 53,180 64,940 118,120 Total 16,825 121,300 138,125 185,340 3237ZS- 2.3 Michigan 10,990 77,730 88,720 149,330 238,050 Indiana 3,870 23,220 27,090 38,700 65,7 90 Total 14,860 100,950 115,810 118 -8 $030 -3-OT, 4rO 2.4 Michigan 4,810 32,630 37,440 67,630 105,070 3.1 Michigan 1,350 12,170 13,520 30,500 44,020 3.2 Michigan 8,190 53,710 61,900 98,560 160,460 4.1 Michigan 19,570 161,050 180,620 286,360 466,980 4.2 Ohio 9,780 62,870 72,650 113,410 186,060 Indiana 910 712-910- 8,200 15,600 23,800 Total 10,690 70,160 80,850 129,010 209,860 4.3 Ohio 14,440 90,020 104,460 141,570 246,030 4.4 New York 8,595 74,490 83,085 148,210 231,295 Pennsylvania 495 3,720 4,215 8,59 -12,805 Total 9,090 78,210 87,300 156,800 244,100 5.1 New York 12,615 76,250 88,865 118,830 207,695 5.2 New York 12,660 76,800 89,460 126,460 215,920 5.3 New York 5,665 29,900 35,565 49,490 85,055 TOTAL 143,685 999,740 1,143,425 1,766,560 2,909,985 o IL zt J DATE DUE Alk, S 16 chigan GAYLORDIND, 2333 innesota ew York all Ohio sylval[a e 9,; Wisconsin p wtment of Agriculture@ Dqp prtmentliif the Army D ,2n terce art!: of Coma AD" attment of Health, Education & WeOW Department ousing & Urban Devveopment 00 Department of the Interior Departmei nt of J ce 1111"T V, Department of Sfte Department of Transportation E Ironmental Protection Agency nv RN Federal Power Commission akes Com1p J Great I 3 6668 14106 2994 A L k