Hydrologic study within the Myakka River State Park final report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Hydrologic Study within the

Myakka River State Park

M. J. Duever and J. M. McCollom

Final Report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources

Florida DNR Contract No. C-6415

Funds for this project were provided by the Department of
Environmental Regulation, office of Coastal Management 'using funds
made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration under the Coastal Zone 'Management Act of 1972, as
amended. Funds were obtained by the Florida Department of Natural
Resources.

Ecosystem Research Unit
National Audubon Society
Route 6, Box 1877
Naples, Florida 33964

December 14, 1990

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Management of Myakka River State Park requires an adequate
understanding of ecosystem characteristics and processes, and how they
have been affected by man's activities. Hydrology is the most
important natural environmental influence in wetland ecosystems, and to
a large extent in upland systems as well.
We conducted an inventory and analysis of available hydrologic
information on Myakka River State Park and its watershed. The study
was designed to document current conditions, and assess how changes
since man I)egan to develop the area might have affected the hydrology
of the park, and in turn, how alterations in hydrology might have
affected other environmental components of the park ecosystem. This
involved examination of relevant literature on climate, geology, soils,
hydrology, and land use in the area and discussions with knowledgeable
individuals on these topics, as well as analysis of accumulated
climatic and hydrologic data and aerial photography. Fortunately,
aerial photography and climatic and hydrology data were available for
periods prior to major land use changes on the Myakka River watershed.
Inevitably there were some changes that preceded these data sets, and
they do not span as lengthy a period prior to the beginning of major
changes as night be desired, but they do provide us with a good
estimate of predevelopment conditions and the temporal and spatial
pattern of the different types of development.
The Myakka River occupies a small watershed along the southwest
coast of Florida. 'A warm, seasonally wet climate, flat topography, and
soils with numerous impermeable layers has produced a landscape with
numerous depressions occupied by wetland plant communities and a few
sizable lakes. The park itself is dominated by upland prairies and
pinelands, with many interspersed shallow marshes. Two streams pass
through the park, but the Myakka River is the only one with significant
annual flows. The broad floodplains along these streams are occupied
by extensive areas of a variety of marsh and swamp habitats.
The watershed above the park has gone from a virtually unaltered
landscape in the 1940s to one with at least some degree of major
alteration over virtually its whole surface in the 1980s. Analysis of
water flows at one site on the Myakka River and two sites on rivers in
adjacent watersheds has shown no major changes in mean, maximum, or
minimum flows for the periods of record at each site. Another more
subtle change in the park's hydrology, however, is the increasing use
of groundwater in the region, which is showing significant affects on
the aquifers that underlie the park and its upstream watershed. There
is ample evidence that these aquifers are all interconnected with each
other and with the surface water table, although the degree of
connection is spatially quite variable. Because the affect will be
felt on the water table throughout the park as well as on surface water
flows, long term changes in the potentiometric surfaces of these
aquifers may ultimately have more affect on the Myakka River State Park
ecosystem than other types of changes in the watershed that affect only
flows in the Myakka River itself.
A research and monitoring program was recommended to fill gaps in
available information on park hydrology. It would also permit
evaluation of whether future changes were a result of natural ecosystem
processes and variability, or a result of man's activities either
within the park or on surrounding lands.

INTRODUCTION

Management of a natural ecosystem requires an understanding
of the characteristics of that system and the processes that
produce and maintain those characteristics. However, since
ecosystems can be defined at a wide variety of scales, one must
first identify the spatial and temporal bounds of interest, and
the lev@l of detail that will address relevant questions, while
taking i 'nto consideration the resources available to do the work.
It is a general rule that a study should include not only the :
area of immediate interest, but also the area at the next higher
level of scale. In the case of the hydrology of Myakka River
State Park (MRSP), the next higher level of spatial scale would
be the watershed above the MRSP. The gentle topographic
gradients in this region also require evaluation of a portion of
the area downstream of the park to assure that the affects of
existing or potential hydrologic alterations in this area can be
taken into consideration. The time periods of interest are
current conditions, and those going back to a period before man's
development activities 'began to alter the landscape in ways that
significantly affected the,hydrology of the area.

Hydrology is a major consideration in the management of
virtually all ecosystems, but particularly those in Florida. It
is the dominant environmental factor determining the distribution
and character of wetland communities, and an important influence
in other community types. It is also an aspect of the
environment that is particularly susceptible to alteration as a
result of man's activities, whether it occurs as a planned
objective on a particular site or incidental to activities on
surrounding lands.

The objective of this study is to assemble and analyze
available information relevant to the hydrology of MRSP. This
study involved only limited field work, but was-designed to
identify field studies needed to supplement available
information. Specifically, the hydrologic inventory and analysis
was intended to provide:

1) identification of existing and potential threats to the
. hydrologic health of MRSP,-
2) a data base upon which to develop an understanding of
current and past hydrologic conditions of MRSP and its
watershed,
3) identification of research needed to fill information
gaps in the data base,
4) a basis for assessing potential hydrologic impacts of
proposed development activities.in the Myakka River
watershed, and
5) a basis for developing monitoring programs designed to
interpret whether future changes observed within the park

are a result of natural processes and their variability
or man's activities on lands either within or surrounding
the park.

Ecosystem Hydrologic Processes

At the most general level, the hydrologic cycle is the
circulation of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere
.and back again. While physical processes predominate, biological
processes can also significantly influence the pathways involved
and the rates at which water moves. Precipitation reaching the
earth's surface can evaporate from land or water surfaces, run
off to the oceans as surface water, seep into the earth, or
return to the atmosphere via plant transpiration.

The descriptive model shown in Figure 1 represents a general
statement about the hydrologic cycle that has relevance both to
available field data and feasible management options for natural
systems as well as those that have been altered by man's
activities. The model illustrates major ecosystem components and
their relationships to each other, and the dominant external
inflows and outflows. The system components are functionally,
although not physically, isolated from one another. Surface and
groundwater may be different portions'of the same water body, but
the processes of evaporation, transpiration, and water flow
affect each quite differently. The characteristics of different
types of plant communities can variousl y influence evaporation,
transpiration, and water flow rates of associated surface and
groundwaters. The system can exist at a variety of scales, each
of which would be associated with different management
considerations and types of potential external and internal
influences. Examples of systems operating at different scales
might include the watershed, the MRSP, or an individual plant
community.

Alteration of Natural Hydrologic Processes

Man's impacts on the hydrology of natural communities
include a number of structural and/or land surface alterations
.that increase or decrease water levels, hydroperiods, and/or flow
rates.
Drainage accelerates flows from high sites to lower sites.
Increasing outflows from higher sites results in lower water
levels and, in wetlands, shortened hydroperiods, while increasing
inflows to lower sites results in the opposite hydrologic
changes. Probably the most widespread form of drainage involves
the construction of canals. These vary in size from relatively
shallow ditches that merely connect small depressions with nearby
topographically lower areas to systems,of deep canals hundreds of

miles long and affecting thousands of square miles. The lowered
water tables not only significantly alter biotic communities, but
can also lead to rapid oxidation and*loss of organic soils in
former wetlands. An enlarged and straightened river bed produced
by channelization permits accelerated downstream flows by
increasing the gradient and minimizing frictional forces
associated with natural river contours. While the increased
flows may reduce flooding in areas adjacent to the channelized
portion'of the river, they typically produce more severe floods
downstream of the channelized section. Both the consistently
decreased upstream flooding and increased downstream flooding can
adversely affect existing communities in each area. Construction
of riverbank levees also limits the spread of flows onto adjacent
floodplains and results in the loss of floodplain habitats and
aggravated downstream flooding. Drainage practices either
eliminate or greatly reduce surface water storage, as well as
,lower the depth at which saturated soil conditions occur. The
smaller amounts of surface or near-surface water in turn lead to
reduced evaporative losses.

Impoundments produced by dams or dikes typically result in
inundation of upland habitats and deep flooding of relatively
flat lowland areas where wetlands are most likely to occur.
Disturbance communities frequently dominate the edges of
impoundments because the patterns of water level fluctuation
associated with their operation for power production, flood
control, irrigation, etc. are rarely conducive to the long term
survival.of stable natural communities. Impoundment normally
results in increased surface storage, continuous soil saturation,
and greater evaporation losses. Where emergent and floating
vegetation is absent from impoundments, transpiration and
interception losses are eliminated, but this may be more than
compensated for by greater evaporative losses.

Diversions of water, either into or out of a watershed, will
produce hydrologic changes similar to those described for
impoundment or drainage, respectively. Pumping of water from one
place to another can lower the water table at the source site and
raise the water table at the location to which the water is being
pumped. The degree of impact resulting from either water
diversions or pumping depends on the relative amounts and
chemical characteristics of water exported or imported compared
to the amounts and chemical characteristics of water normally
flowing across the system boundaries.

The construction of elevated berms through wetlands, without
adequate provision for maintenance of water flows, directly
impacts relatively small areas of wetlands. However, indirect
impacts of altered water flows can affect water levels and
hydroperiods over much more extensive areas and produce dramatic
long term changes in these and adjacent upland communities.

Since a number of major inflow-outflow processes are
mediated by a site's plant communities, any of man's activities
that significantly affect a plant community can be expected to
modify that site's hydrologic regime. Grazing, logging, and
agriculture represent activities which can produce major changes
in plant communities, and thus can be expected to affect
evaporation, transpiration, and interception processes which in
turn can alter the amounts of water available for surface and
groundwater related processes.

In addition to the above smaller scale but more widespread
types of landscape alterations that can influence a site's
hydrologic regime, a particular concern on the Myakka River
watershed,is the potential effect of phosphate mining. The kinds
of influences that this major land use. activity will have on the
watershed need to be evaluated on the.basis of how this type of
land use has affected the hydrology of other watersheds in the
past.

METHODS

Model Development

Use of a descriptive hydrologic model has allowed initial
identification of all system components and processes relevant to
the hydrology of MRSP, regardless of whether they might be
considered major or minor aspects (Figure 1). Explicit decisions
were the'n made as to which needed to be documented and at what
level of detail. The level of detail selected for documentation
of each component and process was a function of how finely it
integrates with other aspects of the ecosystem, the detail of
available data, and its significance to the rest of the
ecosystem. Significance is based on the degree to which
alterations in the component or process can impact or improve
conditions in the park. The model not only facilitated the
initial identification of data needs for this study, but also
helped to identify needed research to fill data gaps that
remained once all currently available information was
synthesized. It is designed to provide a framework that can be
continually updated as new information becomes available or new
information needs develop in the light of changing environmental
conditions in the landscape surrounding the MRSP.

We did not attempt to develop quantitative hydrologic models
as part of this study. Quantitative models, of sufficient detail
and accuracy to be relevant to management of MRSP ., were far
beyond the resources of this project, in terms of funding, time,
and currently available data.

Data Requirements and Analysis

The number of monitoring stations in and around the study
area, the length of their record, and the party conducting the
monitoring effort all influence the degree of confidence one has
in the resulting hydrologic record for a watershed. Knowing how
confident we are about what really happened in the past is
crucial, since our ability to estimate the park's future
hydrology.in response to various development and management
scenarios, depends on our ability to describe the past and
present hydrology of MRSP.

Climatic data were obtained from the Southwest Florida Water
Management District. Daily precipitation records from 22
stations were obtained (Table 1). These comprise any stations
available within the watershed, regardless of length or
monitoring party, and also longer regional records back as far as
1901 to provide a regional long term record (Figure 2). Monthly
and yearly summaries were used for general analyses, but daily
data was obtained to provide present and future ready access for

in depth studies of a particular region, event, or historic time
period.

These data are provided on floppy disks in both ASCII text
format and as Systat datafiles (Appendix A). Selected Systat
datafiles of monthly and yearly totals are also provided.
Directions and programs for transferring future SWFWMD data into
Systat file format are also provided (Appendix B). Printouts of
monthly summaries are also provided separately.

A total of five rainfall monitoring stations were selected
for detailed analyses to avoid bias that is typically associated
with any individual site. Using five stations provided a much
more accurate description of longer term rainfall trends for the
entire watershed than does any one station, even one located in
the center of the area of interest.

Daily USGS hydrologic data were obtained through the
Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division. Streamflow data
from 12 stations were obtained (Table 2). All USGS streamflow
data stations within the Myakka River.watershed north of latitude
2707' were acquired, plus stations in close proximity to the
Myakka River basin and several with long term records in the
Peace and Manatee watersheds (Figure 3). Groundwater data from
22 wells in Manatee and Sarasota counties representing the
Surficial, Intermediate, and Floridan aquifers, were obtained
(Table 3, Figures 4a-4b). @ Strategy for station selection w as
the same as described above for precipitation.

These data are provided on floppy disks in ASCII text format
and as Systat datafiles (Appendices C*and D). Selected Systat
datafiles of monthly and-yearly mean, minimum, and maximum
streamflow are provided separately. Directions and programs for
transferring future USGS formatted data into Syst@at file format
are also provided (Appendix E). Printouts of daily records,
along with monthly and yearly summary data, are provided
separately.

Information on water depths above and below ground, duration
of inundation, flows, and water quality in the context of degree,
kinds, and timing of disturbance (including no disturbance) have
all been synthesized. Water quality studies have been conducted
on many of the types of land uses that are occurring or that are
likely to occur on the Myakka River watershed. These include
residential and urban development; intensive agricultural
activity such as.citrus, winter vegetable farming, improved
pastures, and dairy farming; and the effects of phosphate mining,
including both mining and reclamation phases. However,
transferring this type of information to sites other than where
they were collected, must be done with caution, primarily because
of differences in geology and soil characteristics. This data
base has been supplemented with information on the operation of

existing or proposed wellfields, and information on the location
of structures that influence water movement and quality. Ground-
truthing of selected sites was conducted to ascertain site-
specific and regional.responses to known changes in the system.

Data on soils was primarily available from County Soil
Surveys conducted by the Soil Conservation Service. These
surveys,have been done at a variety of times in the past when
there were different levels of knowledge about the
characteristics of Florida soils and their relationship to
natural communities. Invariably, only selected sites were spot
checked to assure the accuracy of the maps. Thus, while they are
adequate for discussing soils of the watershed outside of MRSP,
they need to be ground-truthed on the.park itself because of
their importance to the distribution and condition of certain
community types. This was especially important where there are
organic soils or impermeable strata, which could affect water
movement within the shallower surface soils.

It was necessary to look at the geologic character of the
MRSP area on a scale somewhat larger than that of-the watershed,
since aquifer withdrawals from beyond the watershed boundary
could affect surface water levels within the watershed.
Knowledge of Florida's geology, particularly as it relates to
subsurface hydrology, is expanding rapidly because of population
growth and the resulting need for increasing water supplie's to
satisfy both agricultural and urban needs. The primary sources
for this information included the United States Geological Survey
and the Southwest Florida Water Management District, which have
the longest and highest quality data sets. In addition, there
were numerous consultant reports on specific development projects
in the area.

The plant community classification of the Florida Natural
Areas Inventory was used as the basis for evaluating
relationships between vegetation types and hydrology. However,
environmental parameters other than hydrology are important in
determining the distribution and development of these
communities, and these other factors will also need to be
documented before all of the reasons for the occurrence of plant
communities on MRSP can be ascertained. Plant communities in the
watershed beyond the boundaries of MRSP were only discussed to
the extent necessary to understand the hydrologic processes
operating at the watershed level.

The level of detail required for various aspects of this
study was an important consideration in the identification of
information that we needed collect on the MRSP watershed. In
some cases, such as determining the location and characteristics
of canals, impoundment, or wellfields, the ability to work with
fairly fine levels of resolution was crucial. This also applied
to evaluating hydrology and vegetation relationships within MRSP.

At the other extreme, many soil types, geologic structures, and
many of man's activities could be combined over large areas
without loss of relevant information. Thus, type of agriculture
or residential development was less important than whether
drainage or impoundment were occurring and the amounts of water
being pumped from which aquifer. Aerial photography provided the
resolution needed to address each of these scales as was
appropriate for each kind of activity, hydrologic process, or
geographic area.

. A search for all available-aerial photography was made.
Appendix F lists the types of aerial photography which are
available for the Myakka River watershed, where the photography
can be purchased, and places where the photography is currently
available for use near Myakka River State Park. To maximize
coverage of the watershed, photo mosaic index.sheets for all ASCS
photography were purchased. Also, a set of the most current
color infrared photography for the watershed was purchased in
stereo pairs.

We did not attempt to use Landsat imagery to look at spatial
aspects of Myakka River basin hydrology because it did not
provide adequate resolution for the interpretation of many
aspects of the environment of interest in this study, though it
could provide interesting graphical displays and digital
information for computer analysis. Incorporation of a great deal
of relevant information into a Geographic Information System
(GIS) could facilitate the integration and analysis of
information in making decisions requiring broad based information
relevant to the overall management of the park. However, GIS
i-fain. The
systems are extremely expensive to acquire and main -
SWFWMD currently has a sophisticated GIS setup encompassing the
whole watershed. They have already input such information as
contours, watershed boundaries, road systems, and soil types.
cooperation and interaction with their efforts seems the best
route for dealing with broader questions requiring such a system.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Regional Setting

The configuration of a river system is strongly influenced
by the topography upon which it develops. The Florida peninsula
is a re@atively young environment, much of it having been
inundated by the ocean as recently as 100,000 years ago. Water
is seasonally abundant in the area, and although the soils are
easily eroded sands, the flatness ofthe terrain is not conducive
to development of a river system that is able to rapidly remove
water from the landscape. The dominant landforms in the Myakka
River basin are attributed to erosional and depositional
environments created during past higher stands of.th-e ocean over
the last million years.

Healy (1975) described the distribution of Pleistocene
marine terraces and shorelines through which the Myakka River
travels (Figure 5). These terraces represent what are considered
to be shallow near-shore environments bounded at their upper.end
by the ocean shoreline. They developed in areas where the ocean
remained at a more or less constant elevation for extended
periods of time, and where inundation has not again occurred
since they were formed. In order of increasing elevation, they
include the Pamlico (8-25 feet), Talbot (25-42 feet), Penholoway
(42-70 feet), and Wicomico (70-100 feet). Healy felt the Pamlico
Terrace and Shoreline were two of the best developed land-form
features of the Florida peninsula because they were the least
modified by erosional processes.

White (1970) distinguished three major landforms in the
vicinity.of MRSP (Figure 6). The lowest were lowlands along the
coast, which included most of the Myakka River watershed within
Sarasota County. Above this lies the DeSoto Plain at about 60 to
75-85 ft above msl, the boundary of which approximates the
Sarasota-Manatee County line. The Polk Upland generally occurs
above the Myakka River watershed, although a few of the Myakka
River headwater streams do penetrate its periphery.

Drew et al. (n.d.) discussed the DeSoto Slope as a plain
that gradually drops from an elevation of about 100 ft to 30 ft
above msl. The Wicomico Terrace forms the scarp that separates
the flat DeSoto Slope from the higher and more irregular terrain
of the Bone Valley Uplands. The toe of the scarp lies about 75-
85 ft above msl, and the crest at about 1.00 ft. Lakes are less
common on the DeSoto Slope than on the Bone Valley Uplands,
probably due to a less mature karst topography associated with
the younger surfaces south of the Wicomico Terrace. Although the
DeSoto Slope is generally steep enough for development of a
distinct drainage network, lands between river and creek valleys
are quite flat and support a variety of wetlands.

Joyner and Sutcliffe (1916) indicated that the maximum
elevation within the Myakka River watershed is 116 ft (Figure 7).
They also stated that the Myakka River is the only stream channel
that is well defined and naturally entrenched throughout its
course. The ground surface elevation of Tatum Sawgrass is about
15-20 ft above msl. Upper Myakka Lake has a water surface
elevation of 13.6 ft above msl and Lower Myakka Lake of 9.9 ft@
above msl, at which time they have.a surface area of about 1,380
acres.

Hammett (1978)--provided a useful description of the Myakka
River system which we have summarized as follows. The Myakka
River originates near Myakka Head in Manatee County and flows
more than 50 mi in a southerly direction through Manatee and
Sarasota Counties to Charlotte Harbor in Charlotte County (Figure
7). The Myakka River Basin is bounded by the Peace River to the
east, the Manatee River to the north, Charlotte Harbor to the
south, and a number of smaller coastal streams to the west. Deer
Prairie Creek and Big Slough are its principal tributaries.

Climate

Precipitation

@ Rainfall in the Myakka River watershed is a product of 'a wet
subtropical (humid mesothermal) climate 'with a warm summer and no
dry season (Hela 1952). Annual precipitation on the Myakka River
watershed is about 50-55 in (Hainmett et al. 1978). There are
usually 6-8 months of low rainfall (2.0-2.5 in per month) and 4-6
months of heavy, but spatially variable rains (5-8 in or more per
month) (Palmer 1978 in Drew et ali n.d.).

The following information was taken from Palmer (1978 in
Drew et al. n.d.). November is the driest dry season month. -The
absence of both summer convection and winter frontal systems and
the shift of tropical storms to the west of Florida produces
November's low rainfall. Frontal system rainfall gradually
increases through the winter dry season, and is at its maximum in
March. In mid-spring the frontal systems move north and the
local seabreeze / convection circulation comes to dominate wet
season rainfall. Most wet season rainfall is associated with
frequent but highly localized thunderstorms. Day-long wet season
storms are infrequent and are generally associated with tropical
disturbances. Heaviest wet season rainfall is associated with an
upper air trough that is centered over southern Florida in early
and late summer.

Although, it has been suggested that there is a bimodal
pattern of wet season rainfall in southern Florida---(Drew et al.
n.d., Thomas'1974), we did not find this to be the case at any of

the five stations examined in this study (Figures 8-12). It is
also difficult to consistently identify two distinct periods of
relatively heavy rainfall in overlaid annual plots of monthly
rainfall data at these weather stations.

Gannon (1978 in Drew et,al.n.d.) suggested that soil
moisture and surface cilbedo (ratio of reflected radiation to
total radiation) are the two most important factors influencing
the str@ngth of the daily sea-breeze circulation, which in turn
controls the development of thunderstorms. Thus, as drainage and
urbanization have occurred in southern Florida, this may be
affecting the amount of rain falling on the area. Palmer (1978
in Drew et al. n.d.) noted a 16 year.rainfall deficit in west-
central Florida since 1961, and attributed it to urbanization
between Tampa and Orlando, lack of hurricane activity during the
period, and a permanent climatic change. He also noted a similar
shift, beginning in 1961, for Lakeland annual rainfall.

To look for long term changes in rainfall patterns, we
plotted cumulative rainfall data from the five oldest weather
stations we considered most likely to represent weather patterns
in the Myakka River basin (Figures 13-17). None of these showed
any trends or'pattern of deviation for the period of record at
each station. Looking at average annual rainfall for all five
stations showed that rainfall was low through the period from
1960-1975, but since then annual amounts have returned to the
range observed prior to 1960 (Figure 18). This indicates that
the 1961-1975 period of deficit rainfall did not represent a
permanent change in rainfall patterns, but merely represented
part of the normal range of variation for precipitation in the
area.

Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a combination of two processes by
which water is returned to the atmosphere. Evaporation is the
loss of water from surfaces, whether they be ground, water, or
living surfaces. Transpiration is the movement of water through
plants to the atmosphere. An important difference between them
is that plant root systems are able to obtain water from depths
below ground not significantly influenced by evaporation. It is
very difficult to measure these parameters separately, so they
are often discussed as a single parameter.

Trying to measure ET is difficult at best, and indirect
methods are frequently used to estimate it rather than to
directly measure it. Types of estimates include either Potential
ET or Actual ET. Potential ET represents the amount of water
that would return to the atmosphere if there were no limitations
on its availability for plant transpiration and surface
evaporation. It is typically estimated from climat-i-c data, and

as suc17, is really more of an index for comparing conditions at
different sites or at a single site in different years than a
measure of real quantities of water moving in an ecosystem.
Actual ET reflects amounts of water returned to the atmosphere as
they are influenced by actual availability at a site. This type
of estimate is usually arrived at by difference after other
components of a water balance have been accounted for. The
amount of work involved in generating either of these estimates
is such that there is very little information available for most
sites, particularly natural ecosystems.

Dames and Moore (1986) estimated annual runoff and
evapotranspiration for the Myakka River watershed and compared it
to annual rainfall recorded at MRSP (1944-1985) using a Surface
Water Balance Model (SWBM). Estimated evapotranspiration ranged
from 31.28 in to 50.70 in. Rainfall ranged from 39.40 to 84.12
in. Runoff plus ET approximated rainfall. Unfortunately, a plot
comparing estimated and actual measured runoff at MRSP were quite
different for many of the years of record (Figure 19), indicating
the ET estimates were also probably not very reliable.

Dohrenwend (1977) estimated Potential and Actual ET for
Florida. His estimates for the MRSP watershed area were
approximately 47 and 37 in, respectively.

. The seasonal pattern of ET is approximated by water loss
from an evaporation pan. Water loss from an evaporation pan is
lowest (2-3 in/month) during nid-winter. It steadily increases
through the spring as temperatures increase, until it peaks (7-8
in/month) in late spring when temperatures are high, but humidity
is low. It declines slightly at the onset of the wet season
because of higher humidity, but remains high (7-8 in/month)
through the warn summer months, before beginning to decline again
in September as temperatures cool. Since this cycle also
reflects the general pattern of vegetation growth and
productivity, transpiration would be expected to follow a similar
seasonal pattern.

Since ET represents approximately 70 percent *ofIthe rainfall
input to the Myakka River watershed, uncertainty about how it is
affected by land and water use changes in the region can make it
very difficult to identify those developments that will
ultimately affect the ecology of MRSP.

Soils

The following summary of information on soils was taken from
Drew et al. (n.d.). Spodosols are the dominant soil order in the
Myakka River watershed. Drainage ranges from well to very poorly
drained and is inversely related to water table depth and the
degree of organic pan (hardpan) development. Histisols have a

substantial organic component (peats or mucks) resulting from
incomplete decomposition of plant material. They are freqi@ent in
wetlands within the watershed. On a map produced by Caldwell and
Johnson (1982), they indicated that the Oldsmar-Immokalee-Malabar
Soil Ass--,ciation dominated the lower elevations of the Myakka
River watershed with more minor occurrences of Adamsville, Eau
Gallie, and Myakka soils. At higher elevations near the top of
the watershed, the dominant soils were Myakka-Immokalee-Waveland
Association with Basinger, Pomello, and Pomona soils representing
a minor component.

In the Florida Department of Natural Resources (1986) Unit
Plan for MRSP there are numerous references to impermeable strata
in wetland community soil profiles, and their importance to
maintaining standing water on these sites. In our experience in
Florida, these strata do not play a major role in determining
water levels in wetlands. Typically, the water table in wetlands.
is determined by the position of the surficial aquifer in the
area, which is why they are so vulnerable to drainage or
impoundment on surrounding lands. Impermeable strata in the
surficial aquifer tend to be erratically distributed and
discontinuous. As a result, they impede drainage in the general
area, and maintain a higher water table throughout the area,
allowing wetlands to develop in the lower sites and depressions.

Aquifers

The re is general agreement that there are three aquifers in
the Myakka River watershed: Surficial Aquifer, Intermediate
Aquifer (also referred to as the Secondary Aquifer), and Floridan
Aquifer. Some authors recognize Upper and Lower Intermediate
Aquifers, and Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifers. The geological
strata involved, from the ground surface down, include the
surficial sands, undifferentiated Caloosahatchee Marl, Bone
Valley Formation, Tamiami Formation, Hawthorn Formation, Tampa
Formation, and the Suwannee, Ocala, Avon Park, and Lake City
Limestones. The total thickness of the aquifer system and
associated confining beds is on the order of 1600-1800 feet at
the Carlton Reserve, which lies along the southern border of MRSP
(Dames and Moore 1988). Wolansky (1983) reported that these
aquifers thickened to the south (Fig. 20). Joyner and Sutcliffe
(1976) indicated that the three are all present throughout the.
Myakka River basin, and that within this region they dipped to
the southwest.

Surficial Aquifer

Duerr and Wolansky (1986) describe the Surficial Aquifer
geologic units in centr@l Sarasota County as including

undifferentiated terrace deposits underlain by the Caloosahatchee
Marl and Bone Valley Formation. Locally the Tamiami Formation
may be hydraulically connected to the overlying deposits.

The following'information was taken from Danes and Moore
(1986). On the Carlton Reserve, the Surficial Aquifer consists
of undifferentiated clays and sands ranging in depth from 25 to
70 feet. It is underlain by a relatively impermeable, but
discontinuous clay layer that is the upper boundary of the
Intermediate Aquifer. These clay layers change laterally to
carbonate rock, which results in'hydraulic connection between the
Surficial and Intermediate Aquifers. The direction of water
movement between these aquifers depends on their relative water
surface levels at any particular place and time.

Low transmissivities (generally 4,000-12,000 gpd/ft) limit
the practicability of extracting significant amounts of water
from this aquifer on the--Ca-rlton.Reserve. The range of
transmissivities for 15 test wells there was about 2,500-22,400
gpd/ft. The second highest value was 11,300 gpd/ft, so that the
single higher value was considered anomalous (Danes and Moore
1986). Duerr and Wolansky (1986) reported transmissivities of
7,500-13,500 gpd/ft in three tests by Clark (1964) and Geraghty
and Miller (1981) in central Sarasota County. Wolansky (1983)
reported an average value of about 10,000 gpd/ft (range 4,000-
75,000 gpd/ft) for this aquifer in the Sarasota-Port Charlotte
area.

Depth below ground to the water table is typically less than
5 ft. In low areas during the wet season, it is normally at or
near the ground surface. Where there is significant relief in
the vicinity of well defined drainage channels, it can be more
than 10 ft below the ground surface (Duerr and Wolansky 1986).
Seasonal fluctuation in the water table is usually about 5 ft
(Wolansky 1983).

Dames and Moore (1988) described the major inflows and
outflows from the Surficial Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve.
Rainfall is the major source of recharge, but some is also upward
leakage from the Intermediate Aquifer, and lateral groundwater
movement. Discharge occurs as ET, seepage to surface streams and
wetlands, and downward flows to the Intermediate Aquifer. These
same inflows and outflows apply throughout central Sarasota
County as well, with additional discharge from well pumping and
recharge from irrigation (Duerr and Wolansky 1986). They also
stated that groundwater flow is generally towards the southwest..

Intermediate (Secondary) Aquifer

Some authors have divided this aquifer into two strata; the
Upper and the Lower Intermediate Aquifers (Wolansky 1983, Duerr

and Wolabsky 1986). The upper aquifer includes the Tamiami and
upper portions of the Hawthorn Formations, and has been variously
identified as "artesian zones 1 and 211 (Sutcliffe 1975, Joyner
and Sutcliffe 1976) and "first artesian aquifer" (Clark 1964)
among others. The lower aquifer includes lower portions of the
Hawthorn Formation and more permeable portions of the upper Tampa
Limestone. It has also been called "lower Hawthorn aquifer"
(Sproul.et al. 1972) and "artesian zone 311 (Sutcliffe 1975,
Joyner and Sutcliffe 1976) among others. The total thickness of
the Intermediate Aquifer is about 300-375 ft in Sarasota County
(Duerr and Wolansky 1986).

Wolansky (1983) reported that transmissivities for both
strata averaged approximately 20,000 gpd/ft. Both had lower
values of about 4,000 gpd/ft, while the higher end of the range
was about 26,000 gpd/ft in the upper aquifer and 75,000 gpd/ft in
the lower aquifer.

Duerr and Wolansky (1986) reported that the Tamiami-upper
Hawthorn aquifer is recharged by or discharges to the overlying
Surficial aquifer depending on location and season. It is also
recharged from below by the Lower Hawthorn-Upper Tampa aquifer,
which generally has a potentiometric surface 5-10 ft higher than
the Tamiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer. Groundwater flows are
generally to the west and southwest. They noted that it is the
most highly developed aquifer in the coastal area of central
Sarasota County for both irrigation and domestic use.

The normal annual vertical fluctuation of the Tamiami-upper
Hawthorn Aquifer is about 5 ft, although a range of 20 ft was
observed in an irrigation well field for a housing subdivision
(Wolansky 1983). In the vicinity of the Myakka River, Wolansky
reported the principal recharge to this aquifer is from the lower
Hawthorn-upper Tampa aquifer. In these areas the water table of
the Surficial Aquifer is below the potentiometric surface of the
Tamaiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer.

The lower Hawthorn-upper Tampa aquifer is recharged from
.below by the Floridan aquifer system, and groundwater flows that
generally move form east to west (Duerr and Wolansky 1986).
Discharge to the overlying Tamiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer occurs
throughout the area, even though this aquifer is also heavily
used as source of domestic and irrigation water in the Sarasota-
Port Charlotte area (Wolansky 1983).

On the Carlton Reserve, Dames and Moore (1986) considered
the Intermediate Aquifer to be a single aquifer that included the
entire Hawthorn Formation. In general, they describe the aquifer
as consisting of alternating sandy, phosphatic carbonates
interbedded with phosphatic marls and clays. These beds range
from very pervious to highly impervious, and function regionally
as an aquifer system that is partially confined above and below

from the Surficial and Floridan Aquifers, respectively. The
aquifer ranges in thickness from 140-260 ft on the Carlton
Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988).

The principal water bearing zones of this aquifer on the
Carlton Reserve are often less than 5 feet thick, but extend to a
total depth of 200-255 feet (Dames and Moore 1986). They found
transmissivities to range from 2,000-28,500 gpd/ft, and average
approximately 15,000 gpd/ft. Dames and Moore (1988) noted that
groundwater flow is generally from northeast to the southwest.

The potentiometric surface of the Intermediate Aquifer
varies from about,37 ft above msl an the eastern margin of the
.,Carlton Reserve to about 12 ft on its western margin (Dames and
Moore 1988). Dames and Moore (1986) reported that on this site,
water lev el differentials between the Surficial and Intermediate
Aquifers were 3 ft or less, and average approximately 1 ft. In
general, this resulted in upward flow from the Intermediate into
the Surficial Aquifer. They measured leakance into the Surficial
Aquifer that was generally 0.05-0.005 gpd/ ft3 , but varied from
0.006-4.0 gpd/ ft3. Thus, they felt the Intermediate Aquifer was
apparently capable of providing some recharge to the Surficial
Aquifer, and may be a factor in sustaining some wetlands,
particularly during drought conditions.

Dames and Moore (1986) data (7/81-8/85) from the two ROMP
wells (19E, 19W) on the Carlton Reserve show the pieziometric
surfaces in the Surficial and Intermediate Aquifer-s-track each
other-quite closely (Figures 21-22). The Intermediate's water
level changes direction about the same time (on a monthly basis)
as the Surficial, but more slowly. This results in the
Intermediate Aquifer being about 1 ft higher (19E) or lower (19W)
than the Surficial water levels for most of the year. At times
the higher/lower relationship can reverse, such as when water
levels are rising at 19E and when they are falling at 19W. The
vertical gradient tends to be from the Surficial Aquifer towards
the Intermediate Aquifer during the wet season, and is reversed
during the dry season.

Floridan Aquifer

Wolansky (1983) indicated that the top of the Floridan
Aquifer was at about 400 ft below msl in the MRSP area. He
defined it as being the first persistent rock of early Miocene
age, or older, below which clay confining beds did not occur.
This surface generally coincided with the lower part of the Tampa
Limestone or the top of the Suwannee Limestone. Underlying the
Floridan Aquifer was a lower confining bed that generally
occurred in the Lake City Limestone. He considered the Floridan
to be, functionally, a single hydrogeologic unit, but with two
distinct water bearing zones in the Sarasota-Port Charlotte area.

The upper zone included parts of the Tampa, Suwannee, and Ocala
Limestones, and the lower more mineralized zone was in the Avon
Park Limestone. These zones had been designated as artesian
zones 4 and 5, respectively, by Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976).
Wolansky and Garbade (1981) estimated the Floridan Aquifer to be
about 1600 ft thick in the vicinity of MRSP.

Dames and Moore (1986) identified the top of the Floridan
__--Aq,u_ifer'-on the Carlton Reserve as the top of the Tampa Formation
at a depth below ground of approximately 255 ft. Their boundary
between this and the Intermediate Aquifer was defined by a sharp
increase in groundwater concentration of total dissolved solids.
It was confined above by a consistent layer of dense, gray clay
at the base of the Hawthorn, and from below by the evaporite beds
of the Avon Park and Lake City Limestones.

Dames and Moore (1988) also reported that although the
Floridan is,a single aquifer, it has two distinct zones.
However, they defined these zones differently from other authors.
They defined the Upper zone as being comprised of the Tampa and
Suwannee Limestones,and the Lower zone as including the Ocala
and Avon Park Limestones.

Recharge is primarily from lateral groundwater flows on the
Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988). In northwestern Sarasota
County, Wolansky (1983) reported that recharge occurs from the
overlying Intermediate Aquifer where the potentiometric surface
of the Floridan is lower than that of the overlying aquifer.
Elsewhere discharge occurred to the overlying aquifer.

On the %Carlton Reserve, the Floridan 4s a source of recharge
to the Intermediate Aquifer where confining beds are thin or
absent (Dames and Moore 1986). This has created concern about
possible contamination of,the Intermediate Aquifer from upward
movement of lower quality Floridan Aquifer water with sufficient
pumping from the Intermediate Aquifer. Sulfates was their
primary concern as far as water use is concerned. This type of
problem has been documented at the Verna wellfield--north of the
MRSP (Hutchinson 1984). Dames and Moore (1988) found mixing of
sulfate-rich Floridan Aquifer water in the Upper Floridan and
Intermediate Aquifers under the influence of the potentiometric
head differential alone. In their studies they reported that the
Floridan potentiometric surface averages 10 ft higher than the
Intermediate. They also noted that water quality was spatially
quite variable, at least in part because of local differences in
upward leakage.

Dames and Moore (1986) mention that Geraghty and Miller
(1979) calculated transmissivities of 120,000 gpd/ft at the
ROMP18 well approximately 4 miles east of the Carlton Reserve.
Carlton Reserve pump tests showed transmissivities of 15,000-
175,000 gpd/ft (Dames and Moore 1988). Wolansky (1983)

calculated an average transmissivity of about 1,000,000 gpd/ft,
and a range of 750,000-3,750,000 gpd/ft for the Sarasota-Port
Charlotte area.

At the Carlton Reserve, the Floridan Aquifer is typically.
artesian with the potentiometric water surface ranging from 5-10
ft above the ground surface, which is 30 ft above msl at the
western-boundary and 40 ft above msl at the southeastern corner
(Dames and Moore 1986). They reported the general dire-ction of--
flow to be to the west and northwest, possibly because of
regional groundwater withdrawals in southern Hillsborough and
northern Manatee Counties, which have caused significant
drawdowns in the Floridan Aquifer (Figure 23). This has amounted
to declines of over 30 ft in the area where pumping is occurring.
On the Carlton Reserve, declines of only 0-5 ft have been
documented. They suggest that continuation of this situation
could lead to modification of surface water systems.

Dames and Moore (1986) reported on data (7/81-8/85) from the
two ROMP wells (19E, 19W) on the Carlton Reserve, which showed
the pieziometric surface in the Floridan Aquifer as being
consistently higher than those in the other two aqqifers (Figure
21-22). During this period seasonal fluctuation's in the___FldHd@an
Aquifer were generally about 3-5 ft, except during the last year
when they reached 9 ft. Examination of 1987-1990 data for ROMP
well 19E showed that the annual fluctuation has increased to 10-
14 ft (Figure 24). Also, the maximum elevation of the wet season
pieziometric surface for all three@aquifers appears to be slowly
declining, and the dry season Floridan pieziometric surface now
drops down to or below the pieziometric surfaces of the two
overlying aquifers.

The potentiometric surface of the Florida Aquifer fluctuates
20 ft or more annually in the northeastern portions of the
Sarasota-Port Charlotte area in response to large seasonal
demands for agriculture (Wolansky 1983). The regional direction
of flow was originally to the west (Johnston et al. 1981), but
recently has been more to the northwest because of a depression
of the potentiometric surface in Manatee County (Wolansky 1983).

Surface Flows

Foose (1980) estimated the watershed above the mouth.of the
Myakka River at Charlotte Harbor to be 602 Mi2. The watershed of
Deer Prairie Creek and Big Slough at their mouths are 44 and 188
-Mi2, respectively. The watershed above the water level recording
station (Myakka River near Sarasota) near the entrance station at
MRSP is 229 Mi2. Figure 25 shows the sub-basins within the
Myakka River watershed as they currently (1990) exist on the GIS
system at the Southwest Florida Water Management District.

There are four major depressions along the length of the
river: Tatum Sawgrass, Upper and Lower Myakka Lakes, and Flatford
Swamp (Figure 7). Flatford Swamp lies just upstream of Myakka
City at the boundary between the relatively steeper and flatter
portions of the watershed.

In their hydrologic analysis of the Myakka River as a
possible water supply source, Dames and Moore (1986) summarized
water discharge and rainfall records taken in the vicinity of the
entrance station at MRSP for the period 1937-1985. They
considered the accuracy of these flow measurements to be good,
except at high flows because of cross basin water movement
between Myakka River and Vanderipe Slough. Unless otherwise
noted, the discussion in the following two paragraphs is taken
from their report.

Flows in the Myakka River are quite variable. Highest mean
flows occur from June through October, with a weak secondary peak
during January through March (Figure 26). Lowest flows occur in
May. The 50 years of data measured at MRSP had near zero flow
for periods of up to 6 months. Even in a normal year, flows will
decline to near zero for periods on the order of 2 months.
Monthly average flows of less than 10 cfs have occurred every
month of the year except August and September. Average monthly
flows in excess of 200 cfs have occurred every month except May.
Flows of over 10,000 cfs have occurred, and the typical annual
flood flow is in excess of 3400 cfs.

Rainfall for the period 1944-1985 averaged 56.27 in and
yearly basin runoff averaged 14.4 in, with ranges of 39.40-81.07
in and 2.73-35.44 in, respectively. They suggested a change was
occurring or had recently occurred in the rainfall - runoff
relationship, which could possibly be-due to pumping of
subsurface waters, but they couldn.1t be certain of a causal
relationship.

In an effort to detect any changes in surface flows over
time, we plotted cumulative annual mean, maximum, and minimum
flows for 1937-1989 at the MRSP water level monitoring station.
The@mean flows exhibited a steady trend over this 44 year period,
indicating no real change in the total-annual amounts of water
passing this station (Figure 27). Maximum cumulative flows
showed a more erratic pattern, which would be expected of
parameter that is based on extreme events (Figure 28). However,
it also showed no distinct changes in its pattern that would
indicate an altered hydrologic regime. The periods 1937-1978 and
1979-1989 each showed a consistent pattern of minimum cumulative
flows, but the trend changed dramatically after 1978 (Figure 29).
Clearly something happened in 1978-1979 to cause this alteration
of the hydrologic regime. Examination of similar sets of
cumulative plots for the Manatee River near Myakka Head (1967-
1989) and Horse Creek near Arcadia (1951-1989) showed consistent

year-to-year patterns for mean, maximum, and minimum annual
flows. Several other stations also showed consistent trends for
their relatively short periods'of record: Howard Creek near
Sarasota (1984-1989), Myakka River at Myakka City (1978-1989),
and Deer Prairie Slough near North Port Charlotte (1982-1989).

In her analysis of low flows in streams in west-central
Florida) Hammett (1985) noted that low flows of 0 cfs discharge
were reported for 28 of the 45 years from 1937-1981 for the
Myakka River near Sarasota station, which is located near the
state park entrance station. However, Flippo and Joyner (1968)
reported that in spring 1941 a low concrete dam was constructed
at the outlet from Upper Myakka Lake. This replaced a control
structure set at a lower elevation, which had partially washed
out. An earthen dam had also been installed several years prior
to 1941 at the outlet to Lower Myakka Lake, but.it-Had washed out
by 1945. It is possible that these dams may have played a role
in producing zero flows at this station, both by cutting off low
flows from upstream, as well as by impounding downstream flows
while the lower dam was still in place. As noted above, since
the late 1970s, there have been few years when low flows reached
0 cfs at this station (Figure 30). A number of known factors
could have influenced this increase in annual minimum flows: 1)
installation of culverts bypassing the dam on Upper Myakka Lake
in 1975; 2) permanent'removal of stoplog on top of the dam at the
Upper Myakka Lake outlet in 1979; and 3) increased dry season
irrigation in the watershed (Robert Dye, pers. comm.).

Low flows were attributed by Flippo and Joyner (1968)
primarily to the low permeability of the soils in the watershed,
so that when rainfall ceases, little water is able to drain from
them to maintain river flows. However, they also found that some
rainfall events did not increase flows merely because the water
is stored in topographic depressions in the watershed and is lost
through ET.

Periods of extremely low flows identified by Flippo and
Joyner (1968) between 1937-1965 occurred in 1939, 1944, 1945,
1950, and 1956. Each corresponded to moderate to severe
meteorological droughts, and were preceded by a year with below
normal rainfall. Daily streamflow records collected from 1946-
1951 at the outlets from the Upper and Lower Myakka Lakes
exhibited similar low flow characteristics to those observed at
.the long term station near the MRSP entrance. Based on records
through 1965, the Myakka River temporarily ceased flowing every
1.3 years on the average. The longest period without flow was
133 days in 1950. Their analysis also showed that flows in the
Myakka River at Myakka City, near Sarasota, and below Lower
Myakka Lake were less than 2 cfs 20 percent of the time, and less
than 0.2 cfs 10 percent of the time between 1940-1964.

Even during low flow periods, Flippo and Joyner (1968) found
no evidence of significant quantities of water from natural
artesian sources entering surface waters. However, there was
some evidence of irrigation water from more mineralized lower
aquifers@ contributing to surface water flows, particularly in the
Big Slough drainage.

According to recent discharge measurements, approximately 35
percent'of Myakka River flows are shunted around Tatum Sawgrass
through Clay Gully, which is a partially cleared natural channel
(Hammett et al. 1978).

Myakka River tributaries on the Carlton Reserve have near
zero discharge for an average of 8 months per year, and sometimes
for periods up to 18 months (Dames and Moore 1986).

Water Quality

Drew et al. (n.d.) discuss factors affecting water quality
in the Charlotte Harbor tributaries. These include urban,
agricultural and industrial development. They recognized
specific surface water quality problems associated with these
types of development as enrichment of streams with organic and
inorganic nutrients, and inorganic contamination due to
turbidity, radioactivity, and fluorides emanating from phosphate
mining activities. In addition, pesticides can enter the system
via stormwater runoff from urban and agricultural land uses,
aquatic weed control and mosquito control spraying, and
deliberate dumping. The concentrations and variety of pesticides
were generally greatest in surface waters of the Peace River
watershed during the summer wet season (Texas Instruments, Inc.'
1978 in Drew et al. n.d.).' In a 1976 survey of the Peace River,
Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Lindane, DDT
and derivatives, BHC, and Mirex were commonly found in the water
column and sediments.

Peace River.

In the upper Peace River during 1978-1979, phosphorus
concentrations averaged 3.08 mg/l at Bartow, which although high
was considerably lower than the average of 8.10 mg/l for the
period 1960-1977 (Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
1980 in Drew et al. n.d.). Although phosphorus levels are
naturally high, these high levels were attributed to phosphate
mining activities (Joyner 1973 and Harris 1975 in Drew et al.
n.d.). There was a general decline in nitrogen and phosphorus
concentrations as one went down the Peace River, and they were
lower in the tributaries than in the main channel.

Drew et al. (n.d.) discussed seasonal patterns in water
quality based on 1977 data for Horse Creek. Color, total organic
carbon, silica, sulfate, and total nitrogen all increased during
the wet season's higher flows. Chloride and fluoride decreased
at this time. Total phosphorus and turbidity exhibited little
variation relative to season, which they felt was due to the
absence of phosphate strip mining in the basin. In the
headwaters of the Peace River, phosphorus concentrations tended
to increase with flow due in part to overflow and leaching from
phosphate settling ponds. They felt the decline in fluoride
levels with increased flows was also related to the absence of
phosphate mining.

Myakka River

Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) reported that dry season Myakka
River basin streamflows were derived largely from groundwater
discharge, which resulted in increased levels of chloride,
dissolved solids, and hardness. They also mentioned that sulfate
followed a similar seasonal pattern, in contrast to an opposite
pattern reported by Drew et al. (n.d.) for the 1977 Horse Creek
data. Both found that color was higher during the wet season.

Organic and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low in
the Myakka watershed (Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation 1982 in Drew et al. n.d.). They found average total
phosphorus and total nitrogen values ranged from 0.48-0.53 mg/l
and 1.09-1.77 mg/l, respectively.

Priede-Sedgwick (1982) conducted a study of nutrients within
Upper Myakka Lake as well as inflows and outflows associated with
the lake. Their preliminary results indicated the following
ranges of concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus from 6-10
samples collected monthly between November 1981 and April 1982 at
each of 14 sites: NO 2+N03-N (<O. 02-0. 13 mg/1) , NH3-N (<O. 02-0. 20
mg/1), Kjeldahl-N (0.10-2.92 mg/1), Total-N (0.12-2.94 mg/1),
Ortho-P (0.03-0.95 mg/1), Total-P (0.09-1.24 mg/1). A few much
higher values included: NO 2+N03-N of 0. 190-0, 240 mg/l (6 values)
NH3 of 0.560, 0.870, and 0.990 mg/1; Kjeldahl-N of 5.65 and 6.51
mg/l; Total-N of 5.18 and 6.53 mg/l; and Ortho-P of 2.62 mg/l.

At two to three Carlton Reserve surface water sites on each
of four dates from August to November 1985, Dames and Moore
(1986) sampled a variety of water quality parameters. These
included; NO +No -N concentrations of <0. 001-0. 100 m_q/1 plus one
g/j; 3
of 0.227 m Kjeldahl-N of 1.23-3.45 mg/l; and Total-P of 0.10-
0.62 mg/l.

Until recently, nutrients had entered the Myakka River
marshes in outflows from the MRSP sewage treatment plant. This

may be related to a recent increase in cattails in these marshes
(Jean Huffman, pers. comm.).

Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) expressed concern that most
deeper wells were only cased to the first hard rock layer, which
frequently was only about 200 ft below ground. This-allowed the
movement of poorer quality water from lower strata, but with a
higher head, to migrate up into shallower aquifers. So far there
isn't ahy evidence that these more mineralized waters are
entering the surface water system, although Flippo and Joyner
(1968) are the only ones who have commented on it.

Types of Land Use

At present, the dominant land use of the Myakka River
watershed above MRSP is agricultural, primarily cattle grazing on
improved pastures. Drew.et al. (n.d.) reported in the mid-1980s
that land use in the Myakka Basin was.predominantly rangeland (46
percent) and agriculture (26 percent). Major future changes will
most likely be associated with the continued expansion inland of
residential development, and migration of the phosphate mining
industry down from the north into the area.

Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) estimated that 40 percent of the
total annual water use in the Myakka River basin occurs during
the dry spring. During 1965 more water was used for irrigation
(29.0 mgd) than for all other uses combined (16.2 mgd), and the
largest irrigation use was for pastures-(9.6 mgd) (Table A-A).
Public water supply was about 35 percent of the total. Duerr and
Trommer (1981) estimated groundwater use in 1980 for Manatee and
Sarasota Counties at about 103 mgd. They divided it into
industrial (0.3 mgd), rural (6.7 mgd), public (11.1 mgd), and
irrigation (85.3 mgd).

Agriculture

Agricultural development in the Myakka River watershed
necessarily required water management, both to remove excess
water during wet periods and to supply water during dry periods.
The construction of drainage systems accomplished the former and
wells the latter.

Stringfield (1933) described development of water resources
in Sarasota County at the beginning of this century. Wells
developed for domestic use in the Myakka River watershed,
particularly in rural areas, commonly tapped the Surficial
Aquifer at depths of 10-25 ft. When larger quantities of water
were required, artesian wells were normally developed at depths
of 300-1000 ft. Major development of these wells in the vicinity
of MRSP began in 1928-1930 at the Palmer Farms, about 3 mi west

of Howard Creek and 6 mi northwest of Upper Myakka Lake.

The Sarasota County Chamber of Commerce Bicentennial
Committee (1976) provided a detailed description of agricultural
development in Sarasota County, which included hydrologic
modifications and technological improvements necessary for it to
succeed. Construction of the Sugar Bowl Drainage District canal
system during 1916-1920 was the first major drainage system in
the area. This area is now drained by a major canal, Cow Pen
Slough Canal, which lies just to the west of the Myakka River.
They also described when the installation of pasture fencing
began in 1933 as part of the fever tick control program, and how
pasture improvement began in the late 1940s after the development
of methods for maintaining suitable forage grasses through
fertilization and, where feasible, irrigation. They also mention
that logging of the pine forests west of the Myakka River
occurred in the 1920s., and again in the 1950s and 1960s.
Pinelands east of the Myakka River were logged during the 1940s
and 1950s, with the wood going to sawmills in Arcadia.

Flippo and Joyner (1968) reported that the lower portion of
Cow Pen Slough had recently been deepened. This was quite
obvious in the 1969 aerial photography.

Drew et al. (n.d.) describes one of the common agricultural
land development practices that has accelerated conversion of
much of the Myakka River watershed from unimproved pastures to
improved pastures. It involves ranchers leasing sections of
their unimproved pasture to vegetable growers who set up drainage
and irrigation systems on the land. After a few years these
fields then revert back to the rancher, and are planted to bahia
and other pasture grasses. Forage production is greatly enhanced
if the fields are irrigated during the drier parts of the year.

Dikes

Dikes can provide protection from floodwaters. They can
also be used to isolate portions of naturally flooded areas, so
that pumps can then be used to remove water from within the diked
area. This has been the fate of much of the area within and near
Tatum Sawgrass, just upstream of MRSP. Construction of dikes in
this area began in the 1940s and has continued into the 1980s.

Hammett et al. (1978) determined that dikes in Tatum
Sawgrass were about 4 ft high, and are constructed of spoil
excavated from ditches along the dikes. Those dikes that isolate
areas between the Myakka River and Clay Gully, and along the west
side of the Myakka River below S.R. 780 are higher. They
evaluated the significance of these dikes in terms of their
effects on flood flows downstream of Tatum Sawgrass. Effects
were greatest.at the,more frequent lower flood heights,-because

125
as flood heights increased, more of the dikes would be overtopped.
Within MRSP this would amount to a 0.2-0.4 ft increase in the 2-year
recurrence interval flood height. Flood heights associated with
greater than 50-year recurrence interval floods would not be
affected by the Tatum Sawgrass dikes existing in 1974.

Wellfields

.Verna Wellfield

The Verna wellfield is the only major site within the Myakka
River watershed where water is actively being pumped to supply
offsite users. Hutchinson (1984) provides the following
information on the development and characteristics of the field.
The Verna wellfield was brought into operation in 1966 with the
completion of 30 production wells. Nine more production wells
had been installed by 1975. All but one are open at depths of
460-714 ft. The one exception is open from 620-1000 ft below
ground. Test wells in the upper Intermediate and Surficial
Aquifers were not sufficiently productive to justify development.,
Withdrawals started at 5 mgd in 1967 and increased to 8 Mgd by
1981. Seasonal fluctuations in producing zone water levels range
from about 10-30 ft, and average water levels in the producing
zone have declined 20 ft since 1966. Monitoring of the
Surficial, the two Intermediate zones and the Floridan Aquifers
from 1977-1982 indicated that only the-Surficial Aquifer was not
quickly and significantly affected by pumping at the Verna
wellfield. In contrast, he noted thatin well fields near Tampa
distinct cones of depression developed.in the surficial water
table in areas where leakage was more,significant. He felt that
the drawdown from the Verna wellfield-had only a subtle affect on
the potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer.

However, figures in Hutchinson's (1984) paper indicated a
very distinct affect of the Verna wellfield during the dry
season, and a more subtle affect only during the wet season.
Also, when compared'to predevelopment conditions, the Verna
wellfield has contributed to a 15-40 ft decline in the
potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in the Myakka
River basin (Figure 31). Of greater significance to MRSP, he
stated that the Surficial Aquifer is a source of water for lower
aquifers, and this has been increased as a result of the lowered
potentiometric surfaces of these aquifers. He presented a
proposal for using connector wells that would further increase
the movement of water from the Surficial to the Intermediate
Aquifer.

Carlton Reserve Wellfield

In designing the new Carlton Reserve wellfield, Dames and
Moore (1986) identified three Southwest Florida Water Management
District (SWFWMD) constraints on well field development on the
site: 1) maintenance of natural surface water flow to MRSP; 2)
conservation of existing environmentally sensitive wetlands on
the Reserve; and 3) maintenance of prescribed drawdowns at
property boundaries (3 ft maximum in the Surficial Aquifer, 5 ft
maximum in any artesian aquifer). Initial plans to develop the
Intermediate Aquifer as a water supply had to be dropped because
of problems in meeting these criteria. with this design,
maintenance of surface water runoff to MRSP would have eliminated
60 percent of one major wellfield area. Avoiding affects on
environmentally sensitive areas (wetlands) further reduced the
usable area of all of the wellfield sites.

Dames and Moore's (1988) current plans call for development
of a water supply from the Upper Floridan Aquifer (Tampa
Formation). Their evaluation of drawdown effects--o-f-the planned
operating system were based on the SWFWMD standard criteria for
modeling pumpage during three consecutive stress periods: 30 days
of average pumping (2/3 of maximum), followed by 30 days maximum
pumping, followed by 60 days of average pumping. They based
their success on not having more than a 3 ft drawdown in the
Surficial Aquifer or a 5 ft drawdown in any other aquifer at the.
Carlton Reserve property boundary at the end of the 120 day
period. The results of the 120-day test for the Surficial
Aquifer showed a 2 ft drawdown at the property boundary and a 1
ft drawdown that extends over 2 miles onto MRSP (Figure 32). The
results of the 30-day test were not shown. This may meet the
SWFWMD criteria for acceptable wellfield drawdowns, butif these
conditions occurred other than very irffrequently, we would expect
to see major changes in at least the wetland plant communities
affected by the 1 ft drawdown.

Dames and Moore (1988) have identified an extensive grid of
wells on the Carlton Reserve that could be used for monitoring
effects on the three aquifers of water withdrawals from this
wellfield. (Appendix G).

Phosphate Mining

At the moment there is little influence of phosphate mining
in the Myakka River basin. There is only one phosphate mine in
the area and that straddles the ridge between the Myakka and
Manatee River watersheds (Figure 33). However, a large portion
of the watershed of the Myakka River is owned by the phosphate
mining industry (Figure 34), and there undoubtedly are plans for
them to move into this area in the future. The Pine Level Co-
Generation Project (Consolidated Minerals, Inc.) in DeSoto is one

phosphate mining operation currently working its way through the
regulatory agencies. It would be located on a site 6 mi east of
MRSP in the Big Slough watershed.

These projects can affect the hydrology of the region in a
variety of ways. The long-term alteration of the mined landscape
affects the quantity and timing of surface water movements
through the impacted area, as well as its quality. Since
reclamation of phosphate mines only returns limited portions of a
site to something approximating its original condition, surface
waters remain hydrologically altered indefinitely, with their
attendant downstream 'affects. The large amounts of water
required for processing the mined materials puts another demand
on the aquifers that are already being steadily lowered by
agricultural and urban needs.

Drew et al. (n.d.) provided a list of major spills from
phosphate mine operations over the last 80 years. While the
frequency of these events has been greatly reduced in recent
years, they must still be considered inevitable as long as
phosphate mines continue to operate in an area. These types of
impacts are much easier to document and control than are those
associated with modifications of water tables and aquifers.
However, the latter types of impacts have the potential for much
more significant and long term affects on the MRSP.

Bridges

For much of its length the Myakka River floodplain. is
relatively wide, and there are few bridges crossing it. while
bridges are normally built to efficiently pass virtually all
floods that are likely to occur in their watershed, the greatly
reduced size of the resulting flowway through the bridge openings
undoubtedly slows the flows somewhat. Given the width of the
Myakka River floodplain and the great reduction in flowway width,
we were concerned that these river crossing might be holding
sufficient amounts of water back so that upstream and downstream
communities might be being adversely impacted by them.

Examination of plant communities above and below bridges on
1984 NHAP false-color infra-red aerials, however, indicated that
any affects that might be occurring are more subtle than can be
identified on this scale. This suggests that if there are any
hydrologic affects of highway bridges on natural communities,
they are relatively minor and localized.

Land Use Changes (1940-1989)

Land use changes were examined in selected sub-basins of the
Myakka River Basin using aerial photography. We selected 14 sub-
basins in three areas to describe the land use patterns in the
Myakka River Basin. One area is just northwest of Myakka River
State Park; this area has been more accessible to -urban expansion
from the coast and has been developed for a longer period of
time. The area northeast of Myakka River State Park was chosen
as representative of lower areas with less relief, but'remote
from coastal development. The northern portion of the watershed
was chosen because it represents higher and more topographically
variable areas within the watershed.

Watershed and sub-basin boundaries are based on those
entered in the Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS
system (Figure 25). Interpretations were made using black and
white ASCS 1:60,000 index sheets for all but 1984-85 photography.
Interpretation for 1984"85 was made using 1984 NHAP 1:60,000
101IX1011 color infrared photography in stereo pairs. Photography
is available for 1948, 1957, 1969, 1974, and 1985 for Sarasota
County. For Manatee County, photography is available for 1940,
1952, 1958., 1970, 1980, and 1984. Percentages are visual
estimates only, with no quantitative measurements taken. Due to
the small scale of this photography, only major changes were
visible. Features were not consistently visible on the
photography for all years at the scales used. The types of land
use change visible included:

undeveloped (not visibly fenced, logged, or drained)
unimproved pasture (fenced but not ditched)
improved pasture (extensively ditched for drainage and
possibly irrigation)
agriculture (row crops such as tomatoes; areas were
traditionally used for agriculture for several years
during which the area was ditched and a well installed,
then converted to pasture after several years of crops)
residential (rural housing or subdivisions of
Iranchettes', usually 1-5 acres in size)

To avoid confusion, the tern "ditch" will be used only in
reference to row crop or citrus type drainage ditches which are
networks or connected ditches within a field or grove area, or
found in abandoned agricultural fields converted to improved
pasture. The word "canal" will be used only in reference to
single long ditches which could be either wide or narrow, shallow
or deep. The alteration of natural creek channels will be
referred to as "dredged" channels or creeks and these could
either follow the natural streambed or be redirected into a
straight channel.

Changes in drainage patterns took several forms.
Agriculturally ditched areas, often converted to pasture after
several years of farming, were extensively ditched with distance
between parallel shallow ditches ranging from 25-100 feet.
Another drainage practice involved topographic depressions:,
either seasonal ponds or deep marshes. Depressions were
connected by canals, usually in chains which connected to a
stream. Long canals were also dug within depressions which were
not nec6ssarily connected to a drainage channel, to create more
dry ground within the depression. on ground with more relief,
canals were also dug to follow the topographic gradients. The
other major drainage practice was the dredging of major and minor
tributaries. Sometimes this-was done on a small scale, following
the contours of the natural channel. In other cases the natural
channel was straightened. The amount of dredging varied from
short sections where the natural channel was least distinct to
the whole length of some tributaries.

All 1989 information was obtained from the Sarasota and
Manatee U. S. Soil Conservation Service offices in the form of
Sarasota and Manatee County land use maps which were completed in
late 1989 (Polizos, pers. comm.) (Figure 33). Again, percentages
are visual estimates only, with no quantitative measurements
taken. The following land use patterns were mapped in Sarasota
County:
Tomatoes
citrus
Sewage/pasture: secondary treated effluent
irrigated pasture
Dairy
Sod

These land use patterns were mapped in Manatee County:

Pasture/tomatoes (ditched)
Phosphate Mine
citrus
Dairy

Three Sub-basins Northwest of Myakka River State Park:
Howard Creek, Indian Creek, Unnamed Ditch Creek east of Howard
and Indian Creek-,

1948 Photography

Approximately 40% of the three sub-basins were being used as
unimproved pasture and 5% for agriculture. The northern portion
showed the least development. The agriculture was scattered over
the south and central area. More than half of the lower 2/3 of

the area appears to be fenced. There are trails (cow or vehicle)
present throughout the three sub-basins.

There is a squar e area containing 25 dots in a 5 X 5 grid
west of Verna and north of State Road 70 where it curves
northeast. There are some small canals connecting depressions.
The north end of Howard Creek is channelized. Very small amounts
of dredging are visible in Indian Creek and Unnamed Ditch Creek.

1957 Photography

There is an increase in agriculture, especially in the west
portion of the Howard Creek sub-basin. Approximately 20% of the
three sub-basins is 'now in agriculture. Ditched pastures are
also present, representing approximately 30% of the area. These
improved pastures could have previously been used for
agriculture. Roughly another 20% of the area is unimproved
pasture. Approximately 30% of the area remains undeveloped,
encompassing mostly forested land or deep wetlands--

There is a canal connecting the east branch of Unnamed Ditch
Creek to the branch of the Myakka River located North of Old
Myakka where State Road 780 turns west,for a short distance, then
north again. In the Howard Creek sub-basin, construction of a
powerline road or right-of-way grade appears to be accompanied by
a drainage canal. Spoil piles-are visible along the power line.
The elevated portion of the right of way could also be impeding
flows on either side of its length. one mile east of Upper Lake
Myakka the powerline runs NE/SW for 2 miles; this stretch looks
like it is paralleled by a canal. Howard Creek is mostly dredged
and channelized north of its intersection with the powerline for
2-3 miles upstream. Portions of Indian Creek and most of Unnamed
Ditch Creek also look dredged.

1969 Photography

The upper portion of the three sub-basin area is now mostly
pasture, and more"than half of it ditched. About half of the
whole three sub-basins are now ditched pasture. Around 30% is
either unimproved pasture or undeveloped forested areas or
isolated wetlands. Most of the undeveloped land is located
between Howard Creek and Unnamed Ditch Creek in the central and
lower portions of the area. Approximately one fifth is in
agriculture.

To the west, sometime between 1948 and 1969, Cowpen Slough
has undergone a major dredging and straightening. Our 1957
aerial photography did not cover the Cowpen Slough area. To the
east, an approximately 2/3 mile canal has been dug in Vanderipe
Slough; this canal runs NE to SW in the lower half of the slough.

There is a road system in place for a ranchette subdivision south
of Howard Creek and west of Vanderipe Slough and small lots are
visible. There is no major additional dredging evident in the
Indian Creek main channels or in Unnamed Ditch Creek, though
Unnamed Ditch Creek's channel is more apparent in this
photography and may have been redredged.

1974 Photography

Only about 10% of the marshes are unditdhed by 1974.
Virtually all marshes are pasture. Approximately 20% of the area
is forested or deep depressions. It may be too late in the
season for row crops to be present, but very little agriculture
is visible and the ditched areas look mostly like pasture.

The subdivision east of Upper Lake Myakka has developed and
expanded' with more small blocks visible north to the powerline
and the edge of Howard Creek.

1985 Photograph

About 80% of the whole area is now in pasture, most of it
ditched. Undeveloped forested areas and deep marshes comprise
roughly 10-20% of the area, with forested areas skirting the
edges of developed areas. Most of the larger areas of
undeveloped land are east of Howard Creek and in the Unnamed
Ditch Creek sub-basin or in the northwest portion of Myakka River
State Park. Approximately 5% of the area is now rural
residential..

Where Horse Creek borders Cowpen Slough drainage north of
State Road 780, there is a road network for what looks like a
subdivision, though no residential development is visible yet;
the area includes branches of streams from both the Cowpen Slough
drainage and Howard Creek drainage. There is a large new
agricultural area in western portion of the Indian Creek
drainage. There are structures and a developed area in the
eastern portion.of the Indian Creek sub-basin, po!@-s-ibly the dairy
operation listed below.

1989 Soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33)

In the northwest corner of the area, there is a dairy
operation encompassing roughly 2 sections of land. About 3
sections were planted in tomatoes in the northern portions of
Indian and Howard Creek sub-basins. Approximately 7-8 sections,
mostly in the Howard Creek sub-basin, were using secondary
treated effluent water to irrigate pasture. They found no citrus
or sod farming in these sub-basins.

Five Sub-basins in Southern Manatee County:
Mossy Island Slough, Sardis Branch, Unnamed Ditch north of Sardis
Branch, east of the Myakka River, and west of Mud Lake Slough,'
Mud Lake Slough, and Deer Prairie Creek south to State Road 72:

1940 Photography

The area is virtually (98-99%) undeveloped in 1940. There
are about a dozen fields (pasture or agriculture) present, with
all but one roughly 5-40 acres in size. Except for the largest
area along the east central boundary of-Mud Lake Slough, which
definitely looks like row crops, it is difficult to tell if
fields are pasture or row crops. There is only a trace of grazed
fenceline visible in a few spots, so the area is very lightly
grazed and/or open range. Some trails (cattle or vehicle) are
evident, but not many.
A few depressions are connected by a small canal in the
eastern portion of Sardis Branch. Unnamed Ditch looks totally
undeveloped. Mossy Island Slough has several less than 1/4 mile
dredged sections just north and east of Myakka River State Park
and several depressions are connected by canals in the southern
half of Mossy Island Slough, some within the Park. The powerline
grade also bisects Mossy Island Slough, Deer Prairie Creek, and
Mud Lake Slough and State Road 72 crosses Deer Prairie Creek and
also Mud Lake Slough just before it joins Big Slough. Either
could be impeding flows. -otherwise, Deer Prairie Creek shows no
visible hydrologic al'teration except possibly just north of State
Road 72 where portions of the natural channel may have been
dredged. Though Roxy Pond is included in Mud Lake Slough sub-
basin, it is connected by what appears to be a natural tributary
to Bud Slough, which borders it to the south and east. Mud Lake
Slough has a definite channel in the southern half of the sub-
basin, but it is not straightened and does not appear to be
dredged.

1952 Photography.-

Conditions have changed little between 1940 and 1952 in
terms of fencing or agriculture, but hydrologic alteration
including draining depressions and dredging of natural channels
has occurred. The network of trails throughout the area is much
more extensive than in 1940. It is possible to distinguish the
northern boundary of the east peninsula of the Par-k-_ and the
eastern boundary of the northern part of the Park by 1952, but
the far east and south.boundaries in this area are not
discernable.

Sardis Branch shows virtually no change in land use
patterns. Unnamed Ditch has fields (pasture or agriculture)

south of the creek near its confluence with the Myakka River.
There is virtually no change in land use patterns in Mossy Island,
Slough in the way of obvious fencelines, new fields, or well-
defined pastures. Deer Prairie Creek north of the Park has an
intriguing spoke type trail network, but no additional fields or
fencelines. Grazing is evidently still very light and relatively
unfenced, since the only visible line is the Park boundary.
Except down in the extreme southwest tip of Mud Lake Slough,
there are also no apparent fencelines or additional fields.

Sardis Branch and Unnamed Ditch show no new hydrologic
alterations. Mossy Island Slough is dredged for most of its
length. In the Mossy Island Slough sub-basin, the area outside
the Park contains several long chains of ponds connected by
canals which feed into Mossy Island Slough's main channel. Deer
Prairie Creek still shows dredging only between the Park boundary
and State Road 72; this dredging was probably all present in
19-40. At the northern end of the Mud Lake Slough sub-basin,
depressions have been connected by an approximately 2 mile long
canal south to the northern end of the natural channel. Roxy
Pond is not part of the chain. Portions of both the east and
west branches of Mud Lake Slough look dredged in the area east of
the Park's eastern peninsula. At least part of the dredging
could have occurred before 1940, but it is difficult to tell
because the 1940 photography was taken during a wetter period.

1958 Photograph

The area still appears to be predominantly open range. No
line is visible along the far eastern or southern boundary of the
Park which could be attributed to grazing,-and even part of the
northern boundary of the eastern peninsula of the Park is not
discernable. Sardis Branch, Unnamed Ditch, and Deer Prairie
Creek show no new land use changes. The fields south of the main
channel of Unnamed Ditch on the west side of the sub-basin no
longer are visible and are probably pasture. Mossy Island Slough
contains roughly 5% cleared pasture (palmettos,and shrubs
removed), but there is no visible ditching of the pastures.
There is a small amount of cleared area in the southern end of
Mud Lake Slough, but it totals less than 5% of the sub-basin.

Hydrology chang-ed little between 1952 and 1958, though many
natural-channels were already quite altered. Field ditching is
still not a factor in the hydrologic regime. Sardis Branch still
shows a connected series of depressions, as in 1940 photography,
which could be either natural or manmade. In the Myakka River
sub-basin between the Sardis Branch and Unnamed Ditch sub-basins,
there is an extensive agricultural ditching network. Since 1952,
the powerline has been rerouted south, creating the current
hydrologic western boundary of Mossy Island Slough along its
grade from the old powerline grade for most of the southern half

of that sub-basin boundary. There are also some new canals
connecting depressions in the southern tip of Mossy Island
Slough.

1970 Photography.

Larid use patterns show a definite change by 1970; ditched
pastures, fenced pastures, and additional agricultural fields are
present throughout the area. Myakka River State PaYk.occupies
approximately 30% of the sub-basins in this area. Of the area
outside the Park, roughly 30% is in improved (ditched) pasture or
agriculture. It is now possible to distinguish the whole
boundary of the Park without difficulty, due to grazing pressure
around the perimeter.

About 3/4 of Sardis Branch shows some development, with
about 1/4th heavily ditched and the remainder in fenced and
cleared pasture. North/south canals connect Sardis Branch,
Unnamed Ditch, and Mud Lake Slough. Approximately 1/4th of
Unnamed Ditch is heavily dredged and another 1/4th contains wider
spaced drainage canals. At least half is cleared pasture.

Mossy Island Slough shows nostly the addition of fenced
pastures with a few small fields. Myakka River State Park
appears to have planted trees in three areas within the Mossy
Island Slough sub-basin in the northern section of the Parkeast
of the Sarasota County line. Cleared pasture to the south
extends into the southern tip of Mossy Island Slough below the:
Park.

About 1/3rd of Deer Prairie Creek north of the Park is
ditched and fenced and road networks are present in other
portions of the upper sub-basin. Roughly 1/2 mile of the natural
channel of Deer Prairie Creek is dredged just north of the Park.
The portion of Deer Prairie Creek below the Park and north of
State Road 72 shows no change.

Mud Lake Slough north-of State-Road 78.Q shows no major
changes. The area from State Road 780 south for 1 1/2 miles is
fenced into pastures with some ditching. Below this area there
is little change except along the west boundary where there is a
band of ditched pasture down to the Park boundary and some
cleared pasture at the southern boundary.

1980 Photography

Only about 1/3rd of the area is undeveloped by 1980.
Roughly 40% is heavily ditched. It is not possible to
distinguish active agriculture from agricultural fields converted

to pasture, but no doubt part of the ditched area is being used
for row crops such as tomatoes.

All of the eastern half of Sardis Branch is ditched and the
rest of the sub-basin is cleared pasture. About 80% of Unnamed
Ditch is ditched and most is in pasture, with some in
agriculture. Only small pockets of forested land and a few deep
depress@ons are undeveloped.

In Mossy Island Slough the northwest part of the area east
of the slough has been ditched and the fields in the southwest
corner appear to be ditched pasture now. South of the Park,
there is a cleared field between State Road 72 and--tbe powerline
grade.

North of the Park, approximately 80% of Deer Prairie Creek
is ditched, but the area south of the Park to State Road 72 is
still-undeveloped.

Most of the north end of Mud Lake Slough is heavily ditched.
Roxy Pond is now connected by a canal to Mud Lake Slough and
there looks like a dike blocking flow from Roxy Pond south to Bud
Slough. The large wetland in Mud Lake Slough north of State Road
780 has new drainage canals. Less than 10% of the sub-basin
south of State Road 780 has been ditched and roughly another 10%
is in cleared pasture.

1984 Photograph

It-is not possible to distinguish ditched from unditched
fields in this photography. Therefore interpretations from 1980
photography provide the best information for this period on
proportions of ditched to unditched land. Roughly 30-40% of the
area remains uncleared outside the Park. If the Park is .
included, the uncleared area is about 50-60% of the five sub-
basins.

Sardis Branch is all developed into pasture or agriculture
except for very deep depressions and trees along the west end of
the stream channel. Less than 5% is undeveloped.

Unnamed Ditch is also less than 5% undeveloped. Except for
a few pine islands and small deep depressions, all is developed,
into at least cleared pasture.

Mossy Island Slough north of the Park contains much more
forested area and appears to be wetter, with more topographic
depressions than Sardis Branch or Unnamed Ditch. Roughly 15%
still is covered by woody vegetation and approximately 1/4th is
uncleared. Below the Park, Mossy Island Slough contains a new
drainage canal with a 3/4 mile total length between the Park

boundary and State Road 72. The two fields present comprise less
than 10% of this area.

Deer Prairie Creek above the Park is approximately 80%
cleared, There are virtually no trees and most depressions have
been well drained. Two pastures in the southwest area remain
uncleared.

of the area outside of Park boundaries, Mud Lake Slough is
the least developed sub-basin. Probably more than half of Mud
Lake Slough remains uncleared. Like Mossy Island Slough, it
contains substantial forested areas with numerous depressions,
especially east and just a little north of the east end of Myakka
River State Park. To the north, there are also sections of
uncleared land left with a larger marsh component. The main
channel of the slough south of the Park is also wooded, but the
area beyond either side of the channel is cleared. Many
depressions are found'in this area. Despite the relative lack of
clearing, virtually all major ponds are drained to some extent
and many areas are heavily ditched.

1989 soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33).

At the north end of Mossy Island Slough there is about a
quarter section of citrus. Sardis Branch is about 90%
"pasture/tomatoes". Unnamed Ditch contains approximately 1.5
sections of citrus with the rest in "pasture/tomatoes". The
northeast corner of Mud Lake Slough in the Roxy Pond area is the
south end of a 1.5 section diary, with roughly a half section-in
the Mud Lake Slough sub-basin. There are also about 2 sections
of "pasture/tomatoes" present.

The Headwaters Area:
Taylor Creek, Johnson Creek, Wingate Creek, Unnamed Creek between
Wingate Creek sub-basin and the uppermost reaches of the Myakka
River, The Myakka River sub-basin from its origin to its
confluence with Young Creek, and Young Creek

1940 Photography

The area encompassed by this 6 sub-basin region is about 99%
undeveloped in 1940. In this photography, it is not possible to
see any sign of ditched fields or if fields are planted in row
crops. There are virtually no fencelines visible, so grazing is
open range or extremely light. There are trails present
throughout the area, but they are relatively few in number. Most
of the cleared areas are small enough to probably have been
cleared for agriculture, at least initially.

There are 3 small canals and one fenceline visible in the
Myakka River sub-basin east of Wingate Creek. The headwaters
area is dotted with fewer than ten 5-40 acres fields plus a
cluster of fields in the upper end of the Myakka River sub-basin.
This cluster of fields comprises roughly 5% of the Myakka River
sub-basin area. State Road 64 crosses the headwaters region and
could impede flows, especially in the Johnson Creek, Wingate
Creek, and Myakka River sub-basins.

1952 Photography

There is still no sign of large fenced pastures. The area
covered by cleared fields has increased in size. once again, no
visible ditching of fields can be seen in this photography, but
most are probably agricultural fields since they are in blocks
which would be very small for pasture. Most cleared areas are
concentrated along the axis of the Myakka River main channel,
leaving the outer extremes of the watershed undeveloped.
Approximately 5-10% of all the land has been cleared within the
headwaters area by 1952.

There are additional manmade drainage canals present.
Unnamed Creek sub-basin contains one almost 2 mile long canal and
another roughly 3/4 mile long to the north, both running NE/SW.
There are also several other new small canals present in the
Unnamed Creek sub-basin. Wingate Creek sub-basin contains 2
drainage canals each about 3/4 mile long. Johnson Creek contains
a 3/4 mile drainage canal lengthening the main natural creek
channel. Taylor Creek also has a 3/4 mile canal extending its
main stream.

1958 Photography

Approximately 10-15% of the area has now been cleared.
Since 1952, fields have been cleared along the northern and
northeastern boundary of the watershed. These areas are large
enough to be pasture, so they may be cleared only and not
necessarily ditched.

There is also a larger than 1/2 section agricultural field
area north of State Road 64 and the confluence of Wingate and
Johnson Creeks. This area is in both the Johnson and Wingate
Creek sub-basins. A 3/4-mile-long major canal runs NIS along its
west border. This is the only area which has visible ditching to
date; it is heavily ditched. There is also a 3/4-mile-long canal
running NW/SE in the upper portion of the Wingate Creek sub-
basin.

The northernmost long canal in the Unnamed Creek sub-basin
has been extended another half mile and a new quarter mile canal

drains a wetland between the two long canals in this sub-basin.
The Myakka River and Young sub-basins contain no obvious major
drainage projects outside of cleared fields. Taylor Creek is the
only sub-basin which still contains no cleared areas.

1970 Photography

About 15-20% of the land in these sub-basins has now been
cleared. Portions of the Taylor Creek sub-basin now show signs
of clearing, or at least fencing, for pasture. Johnson Creek has
added several large agricultural areas along its east boundary
which also reach over into the Wingate Creek sub-basin. More
agricultural fields have been added to the central and northern
stretches of the Myakka River area. In its eastern region, the
Young Creek sub-basin contains an agricultural area roughly a
quarter section in size.

No new canals are visible except north of the large field
which first appeared in the 1958 photography along the Johnson-
Wingate Creek sub-basin border; this forked canal is
approximately 1 mile in total length.

1980 Photograpby-

Since 1970 much additional land has been cleared and
development has spread though the whole.headwaters area. Roughly
40% of the area is now cleared. This appears to be for both
pasture and agric-1-1-Iture, mainly based on the field size, and
consistency of surface pattern. Ditching of fields is visible,
especially in the Johnson, Wingate, and Unnamed Creek areas, but
the scale and quality of the photography does not allow definite
assessments of all fields present. Based on The Soil
Conservation Service land use map, deep,wide ditches used for
citrus may be the only ditching pattern consistently discernable
on these aerials. There is also a large new agricultural field
complex in the Wingate and Unnamed Creek sub-basins.

About a half mile of additional drainage canals have been
added in the Wingate and Unnamed Creek sub-basins. The forked
canal on the Johnson-Wingate Creek boundary has been lengthened
by about another half mile. There is also one quarter mile of
canal in the Young Creek sub-basin.

1984/1985 Photography

The eastern portion of the 6 sub-basin region was
photographed in 1984 and the western portion was photographed
in 1985.

overall, approximately 70% of the land has at least been
cleared and fenced. Agriculture is an active part of the region
in 1985. The only phosphate mine in the watershed has located in
this area.

Forested areas, either along natural drainages or pine
islands dense enough to make clearing difficult without removing
the trees, comprise most of the undeveloped areas within the
headwat@rs region. Virtually all the original marsh land is used
for pasture or agriculture. There are some large areas in the
Johnson and Wingate Creek sub-basins which have either never been
cleared or haven't been maintained.

Hydrologic alterations have been less intensive, probably
because the land is at a higher elevation than the other two
regions studied above. Also, this region has more relief than
much of the lower part of the watershed and more defined sub-
basin-stream channels.. Long canals have been the main means of
alteration outside of internal ditching of fields.

Taylor Creek sub-basin contains new agricultural fields and
cleared pasture. There is also a new half-mile-long canal.
There is a phosphate mine located along the boundary between
Johnson and Wingate Creek sub-basins, with the settling pond in
the Wingate Creek sub-basin and the plant just above the northern
border of the Wingate Creek sub-basin. The settling pond covers
the north end of Wingate Creek's main channel. The agricultural
areas above and below the mining area, which were visible in
earlier photography, can now be distinguished as citrus groves.
These groves are in both the johnson and Wingate Creek sub-
basins. Portions of the southwest Johnson Creek sub-basin have
been cleared, probably for pasture. Wingate Creek sub-basin also
has new cleared areas which appear to be in both pasture and
agriculture.

The majority of the Unnamed Creek sub-basin is cleared
pasture, but no close parallel ditching is visible, though much
of the area has been drained by several larger long canals for
many years.

- . The Myakka River sub-basin area contains pasture, citrus,
.and agricultural fields. The Myakka River sub-basin above Young
Creek is second only to the Johnson-Wingate Creek border area in
agriculture and citrus development.

Young Creek sub-basin also has pasture and agriculture. The
lower central portion is part of a heavily ditched large
agricultural complex which extends to the south outside the
watershed.

1989 Soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33)

Taylor Creek sub-basin contains less than one section of
"pasture/tomatoes" (ditched). The Johnson Creek sub-basin is
virtually all developed, with the western portion in pasture
(about 2 sections), the eastern lower portion containing the
phosphate mine, and the northern portion in citrus. The Wingate
Creek sub-basin contains more of the phosphate mining operation
and citrus grove, plus "pasture/tomatoes" along its northern
boundary. The Unnamed Creek sub-basin is mostly
"pasture/tomatoes". At its northern and southern extent, the
Myakka River sub-basin above Young Creek contains less than one
section of citrus, and about one section of "pasture/tomatoes"
are present in the northwest corner. The Young Creek sub-basin
contains about 1-1/4 sections of "pasture/tomatoes" and about
1-1/2 sections of the western portion of the sub-basin are part
of a large citrus grove.

Summary

In the 1940s photography, both the southern Manatee county
area and the headwaters area showed only minor hydrologic
alterations and virtually no sign of development. Virtually no
fence lines were visible until the 1970 photography.

The area northwest of Myakka River State Park developed much
sooner than the headwaters area or southern Manatee county. By
1957 about 70% of this area was developed (about 20% agriculture,
30% ditched pasture, and 30% unimproved pasture). At about the
same time (1958), only about 5% of the southern Manatee county
area was even cleared, and the headwaters area included roughly
10-15% cleared land.

For all three regions, the time between the early 1940s and
early 1950s was a period of hydrologic alteration.in the form of
dredging streambeds and digging canals for drainage. These.
activities usually preceded, but no doubt paved the way for
additional land use changes. Canals and dredging were continued
through the 1985 photography throughout the watershed.

Another form of hydrologic alteration was the intensive
ditching of fields, which were used both for draining and
irrigation. The area northwest of the Park was about half
ditched agricultural fields or ditched pasture by 1958. The
headwaters area and southern Manatee county did not reach this
level of ditching until the early 19801s.

The headwaters area relied mainly on long canals as a means
of draining the area; little dredging of streambeds was evident.
On flatter ground to the south, the other two regions show more

use of canals to connect and drain depressionsand streambed
dredging.

Plant Communities

Based on the habitat map in the MRSP Unit Plan (Florida
Department of Natural Resources 1986), the park is dominated by
upland @lant communities, although most people tend to think of
it more as being dominated by the Myakka River and its floodplain
forests and marshes. More of the park is covered by dry prairie
than any other habitat. Within the uplands are patches, some
quite large, of mesic flatwoods, and smaller but more frequent
depression marshes. There are extensive areas of mesic flatwoods
only in the southernmost portion of the park below Lower Myakka
Lake. A limited area of sandhill habitat lies north of Upper
Myakka Lake. The dominant lowland habitat is the hydric.hammock,
with significant but smaller areas of floodplain and basin
marshes. The lowland habitats are concentrated primarily along
the Myakka River, with more limited areas of each along Deer
Prairie slough.

A variety of environmental and biological factors play a
role in determining the distribution and characteristics of
MRSP's plant communities. Hydrology is certainly one of the more
important, and not only for the wetland communities. While the
upland communities may not be regularly inundated, with the
exception of the sandhill community, all are influenced by a
water table that is near the ground surface for at least several
months each year.

A number of studies have described the hydrologic regime of
wetland and riparian communities similar to those found at MRSP.
However, most have only looked on upland communities as upslope
boundaries of wetland habitats, and there exists little
information characterizing their hydrologic regimes.

Intensive studies of plant communities at Corkscrew Swamp
Sanctuary in South Florida indicated that the major plant
community types were distributed primarily on the basis of
hydroperiod (the annual period of inundation) (Duever et al.
1986). Long hydroperiods eliminated species intolerant of
extended inundation, and short hydroperiods resulted in the
elimination of species intolerant of the more frequent and severe
fires that occurred on these sites. Major community types
included pinelands or hardwood hammocks, shallow mineral soil
marshes, cypress forests, and deep marshes or ponds. Whether an
upland site was dominated by dry prairie, palmetto, pine, or
hardwood forests was largely a function of fire frequency.
However, the occurrence of fires was also influenced by the
hydrology of the landscape surrounding elevated sites,
particularly those occupied by hammocks. Substrate was also a

factor that affected the structure and taxonomic compositi on of
these major community types. Again, site hydrology can influence
substrate characteristics, such as the development of organic
(peat, muck) and marl (calcitic clay) deposits.

In studies at the Okefenokee Swamp in south Georgia and Lake
Hatchineha in central Florida, the habitat patterns, while still
present, were not as clear as they had been at Corkscrew Swamp
(Duever et al. 1985). Each of these sites had been more
disturbed by man's activities, which had affected hydrologic and
fire regimes, and which in turn had affected the distribution and
characteristics of plant communities. However, once variations
in terminology, site history, or community characteristics had
been accounted for, the similarities in the hydroperiods among
these and other sites became apparent (Table 5).

An 18-month study of the hydrology of 28 wetlands on the
Carlton Reserve, which lies along the southern edge of MRSP, was
conducted during 1985-1986 (CH2M Hill 1988). Average
hydroperiods for undisturbed herbaceous marsh communities were
213-338 days for the one full year of the study, while for woody
communities it was 308-320 days. Since these are average values
for the mid-point of these communities, the actual boundaries of
these habitats had both higher and lower hydroperiods than those
listed here. An important aspect of this study was that both
ditched and unditched sites were monitored. They both attained
similar wet season maximum water levels, but water levels in the
ditched sites declined more rapidly during the dry season, so
that their minimum dry season water levels and their hydroperiods
were significantly lower than in unditched sites.

Plant communities in MRSP, except for the sandhill and shell
mound communities, are likely to have natural hydroperiods
similar to those described by Duever et al. (1985) and CH2M Hill
(1988). However, it is also likely that other environmental
factors are interacting with the hydrological characteristics of
individual sites to produce a larger variety of community types
than would be present solely on the basis of hydrologic
influences. Other than the more extreme positions on the
moisture gradient, without.site specific information from MRSP,
it is very difficult to decide how the park's communities would
sort out in terms of hydrologic parameters.

Also, the studies that have been done on Florida wetland
communities, have been.done on non-riverine sites. Thus, they
may be quite representative of sites on MRSP that are at some
distance from the Myakka River, but not at all representative of
sites along the river. Hydrologic conditions at sites remote
from major drains, whether natural or created by man, tend to
fluctuate much more slowly, while riverine sites are more
"flashy" and fluctuate over a greater vertical range. It is also
possible that maximum or minimum water levels may be more

important than hydroperiods in determining plant community
distributions on riverine sites.

Recommendations for Future Research and Monitoring

The greatest research need on MRSP is for site specific data
on hydrology and other environmental characteristics of park
plant c6mmunities. This would allow an assessment of how the
characteristics of these communities relate to those of similar
disturbed and undisturbed ecosystems in other areas. It would
also provide a baseline for effective ecosystem monitoring to
detect adverse influences either from management activities on
MRSP or development activities on lands surrounding the park. It
can provide a firm basis for objecting to activities that produce
unacceptable impacts, and not objecting to activities that
produce insignificant impacts.

The most effective approach to obtaining this type of
information is the establishment of transects along which occur
the spectrum of major habitat types on MRSP. It is unlikely that
all habitats will occur on a single transect, but with enough
transects, all should be represented in sufficient numbers to
provide adequate replication. The transects should be selected
on the basis of five criteria. First, the more habitats on a
single transect, the better. This allows one to characterize the
various environmental gradients as they change or do not change
between habitats. Second, orient transects along environmental
gradients, such as moisture, elevation,, and soil type. Third,
locate them in areas where there is likelyto be a gradient away
from an existing or potential anthropogenic disturbance, such as
a wellfield, raised roadway, or nutrient source. Fourth,
disperse the transects so that all portions of the park are
represented. Fifth, access to all study sites along each
transect should not be excessively difficult, so that data are
not regularly lost because of access problems. Missing data can
make analysis of the resulting data sets maddeningly difficult.
Often the missing data are also some of the most important,
because they occur during extreme events such as major floods or
droughts.

Along each transect, representative sites of each of the
major habitats should be selected. Then a shallow well should be
installed in the center of each habitat to minimize edge effects.
The site should be characterized in terms of the vegetation, soil
profiles, and elevations near the well. Soil profiles and
elevations should also be determined along the entire transect,
particularly in the ecotones between habitats to determine if
they are significant to the location of the boundary between the
two communities. Water level recorders should be installed on at
least one well on each transect. A recording rain.gauge should
also be installed on each transect to assist in interpreting the

hydrologic data.

These transects should be operated for at least three years
to allow estimation of year-to-year variability of the climatic
and hydrologic parameters. Certain sites could then be selected
for the long-term monitoring program. Obviously much more
research could be done at these sites as opportunities permit,
but the-above would provide the basic understanding of major
ecosystem characteristics and processes and how they vary over
time.

In addition to the transect studies, establishment of
monitoring stations for water flows and water quality at points
where the major flowways (Myakka River, Clay Gully, Howard Creek,
Deer Prairie Slough) enter and leave the park would provide
valuable information on how these parameters are changing over
time. In particular, nutrient inflows from Howard Creek would be
important to document, given the application of secondarily
treated sewage in much of that sub-basin.

Specific hydrologic questions in specific areas of the park
could also-be addressed by special studies. In the past we have
used annual tree ring patterns to identify when environmental
conditions changed dramatically on a site, either by aging new
colonizers on the site or by identifying the timing of distinct
changes in a tree's growth rates. Loss of organic soils around
the bases of still standing trees can indicate reduced flooding
on a site. Soil profiles can provide clues as to whether a
hydrologic regime on a site has been modified. Simply monitoring
staff gauges on the two sides of a dike or roadway can document
the affect this structure is having an water levels in the area.

Working with other scientists and agencies would greatly
expand the amount of information that could be generated at any
particular funding level. Examples include the U.S. Geological
Survey water level and water quality monitoring programs, the
wellfield monitoring programs at the Verna wellfield and Carlton
Reserve, the wetland monitoring program on the Carlton Reserve,
and Sarasota County's Myakka River water quality monitoring
program. An important aspect of these cooperative arrangements
is that MRSP needs to be an active collaborator in them. This
would insure that a natural area protection perspective was part
of the input along with whatever other points of view might be,
represented. Also, the possibility always exists that a program
the park is depending on could be modified by an agency's
changing priorities or funding or could simply disappear. It
would be one thing to lose future information at this point, but
it is also possible that without the park's involvement, past
information could be completely lost as offices or computer files
are cleaned outior individuals move on to other jobs. Also,
different individuals or agencies are often interested in very

different aspects of a data set. So, if these data are going to
be of use in meeting the park's own objectives, park staff should
keep up-to-date on its collection and interpretation, as well as
have copies available in their own files.

CONCLUSIONS

Some rainfall and hydrologic data and aerial photography are
available for the Myakka River watershed and nearby lands for
periods prior to when there was any significant development in
this area.

The watershed ab ove MRSP has gone from a virtually unaltered
landscape in the early 1940s to one with at least some degree of
major alteration over virtually its whole surface in the 1980s.
Three portions of the watershed were selected for more intensive
analysis. These were areas in: southern Manatee County, the top
of the watershed, and northwest of MRSP.

In the 1940s photography, both the southern Manatee County
area and the headwaters area showed only minor hydrologic
alteration and*virtually no sign of development. Few fencelines
were visible until the 1970 photography.

The area northwest of Myakka River State Park developed much
sooner than the headwaters area or southern Manatee County. By
1957 about 70 percent of this area was developed (about 20
percent agriculture, 30 percent ditched pasture, and 30 percent
unimproved pasture). At about the same time (1958.)-,- only about
5 percent of the southern Manatee County area was even cleared,
and the headwaters area included roughly 10-15 percent cleared
land.
For all three regions, the time between the early 1940s and
early 1950s was a period of hydrologic alteration in the form of
dredging streambeds and digging canals for drainage. These
acti@ities usually preceded, and no doubt paved the way for
additional land use changes. Continuing expansion of canal
systems and dredged channels was still apparent in 1985
photography throughout the watershed.

Another form of hydrologic alteration was the intensive
ditching of fields, which was used both for drainage and
irrigation. The area northwest of the Park was about half
ditched agricultural fields or ditched pasture by 1958. The
headwaters area and southern Manatee County did not reach this
level of ditching until the early 1980s.

The headwaters area relied mainly on long canals as a means
of draining the area; little dredging of streambeds was evident.
On flatter ground to the south, the other two regions show more
use of canals to connect and drain depressions,and streambed
dredging.

Analysis of rainfall at five long term weather stations
within or near the Myakka River watershed indicated that there
have been no major changes in annual rainfall for the period of
record in the area.

No good actual ET data exist for the Myakka River watershed,
despite the fact that 70 percent of the water leaving this
ecosystem is lost to the atmosphere by this route.

Water levels in much of the watershed are high not because
wetlands are located on perched water tables, but rather because
poor drainage throughout the very flat and seasonally wet
landscape results in a high regional water table. Upward seepage
from lower artesian aquifers-may also contribute to this higher
water table, or at least may have in the past.

Water flows at one site on the Myakka River and two sites on
rivers in adjacent watersheds have shown no major changes in
mean, maximum, or minimum flows for the periods of record at each
site.

With the increasing use of groundwater in the region for
irrigation, phosphate mining, and urban use, significant lowering
of the piezometric surface of aquifers underlying the park and
its upstream watershed is occurring. There is ample evidence
that these aquifers are all interconnected with each other and
with the surface water table, although the degree of connection
is spatially quite variable. Because the affect could be felt on
the water table throughout the park, as well as on surface water
flows, long-term changes in the potentiometric surfaces of these
aquifers may ultimately have more affect on the Myakka River
State Park ecosystem than other types of changes in the watershed
that affect only flows in the Myakka River itself.

While there are some data on plant community-d-i-stributions
in relation to hydrology that are most likely applicable to MRSP
communities, we are uncertain as to how well this very limited
data set applies to any, if not all, of the actual park
communities.

We recommend a research and monitoring program involving the
establishment of trans6cts through representative habitats and
areas of the MRSP to develop an understanding of the park's
current hydrologic condition. It would also provide a basis for
evaluating whether future changes were a result of natural
ecosystem variability, or a result of man's activities either
within the park or on surrounding lands.

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Duerr, A.D. and R.M. Wolansky. 1986. Hydrogeology of the
surficial and intermediate aquifers of central Sarasota
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Duever, M.J., J.E. Carlson, J.F. Meeder, L.C. Duever, L.H.
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recycling and conservation. Fourth annual report to
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p. 534 - 570.

Duever, M.J., J. McCollom, J., and L. Neuman. 1985. Plant
community boundaries and water levels,Lake Hatchineha,
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Unit, National Audubon society, Route 6, Box 1877, Naples,
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University Foundation, Inc., Tallahassee. 276 pp.

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Flippo, H.N., Jr. and B.F. Joyner. 1968. Low streamflow in the
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water analysis, Florida Department of Environmental
Re'ulation. Tallahassee.
9

Florida Department of Natural Resources. 1983. -Pa-rk management
plan, Myakka River State Park. 183 pp.

Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Recreation
and Parks. 1986. Myakka River State Park. Unit plan.
State of Florida, Department of Natural Resource,
Tallahassee. 114 pp, addendum 1-18, 3 tables, 11 maps.

Florida Natural Areas Inventory and Florida Department of Natural
Resources. 1990. Guide to the communities of Florida.
Florida Natural Areas Inventory and Florida Department of
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resources. Florida Water Resources Study Commission,
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Foose, D.W. 1980. Drainage .areas of selected surface-water
sites in Florida. Open-File Report 80-957. United States
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Gannon, P.T. 1978. Influence of earth surface and cloud
properties on south Florida seabreeze. NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL
402-NHEMLZ.

Geraghty & Miller, Inc. 1980. Highlands Ridge hydrologic
investigation: Part I+ Final report; Part II: Aquifer
testing program. Prepared for the Peace River Basin Board;
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stream quality accounting network (NASQAN) station data for
assessing water quality in the Peace River Basin, Florida.
Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4167. United
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73 pp.

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Florida. Report T-665. 36 pp.

Gunderson, L.H. and L.L. Loope. 1982b. An inventory of the
plant commun.1ties within.the.Deep Lake. Stran.d-,Area, Big
Cypress National Preserve. South Florida Research Center,
National Park Service, Everglades National Park, Homestead,
Florida. Report T-666. 39 pp.

Gunderson, L.H. and L.L. Loope. 1982c. A survey and inventory
of the plant communities in the Pinecrest area, Big Cypress
National Preserve. South Florida Research Center, National
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Report T-655. 43 pp.

Gunderson, L.H., L.L. Loope, and W.R. Maynard. 1982. An
inventory of the plant communities of the Turner River area,
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K.C. and K.C.. Ewel. 1983. Natural and nanagement-related
variation in cypress domes. Forest Sci. 29: 627-640.

Hammett, K.M. 1985. Low-flow frequency analyses for streams in
west-central Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report
84-4299. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 116 pp. and 2 maps.

Hammett, K.M.; J.F. Turner, Jr.; and W.R. Murphy, Jr. 1978.
Magnitude and frequency of flooding on the Myakka River,
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40 pp. and 1 map.

Harris, F.R. 1975. Wasteload allocation study - the Peace
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180 pp.

Hutchinson, C.B. 1984. Hydrogeology of the Verna well-field
area and management alternatives for improving yield and
qu@lity of water, Sarasota County, Florida. Water-Resources
Investigations Report 84-4006. United States Department of
the Interior, Geological Survey. 53 pp.

Hyde, A.G. 1982. Soil survey of Manatee County, Florida.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. 159 pp. and 17 maps.

Johnston, R.H., H.G. Healy, and L.R. Hayes. 1981.
Potentiometric surface of the Tertiary limestone aquifer
system, southeastern United States, May 1980. U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-486.

Jo-yner, B.F. 1973. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements in
Florida surface waters, 1970-1971. United States Geological
Survey Open File Report 73028.

Joyner, B.F. and H. Sutcliffe, Jr. 1976. Water resources of the
Myakka River basin area, southwest Florida. Water-Resources
Investigations 76-58. United States Department of the
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Kelley, G.M. 1988. Ground-water resource availability
inventory: Manatee County, Florida. Southwest Florida Water
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Land Resource Strategies Inc. 1989a. MacArthur/Myakka Property.
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Land Resource Strategies Inc. 1989b. MacArthur/Myakka Property.
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Sarasota. Appendix A,B,C,D,E.

Land Resource Strategies Inc. 1989c. MacArthur/Myakka Property.
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Ave., Sarasota. 96 pp.

Land Resource Strategies, Inc. 1989d. MacArthur/Myakka
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Leighty, R.G.; O.E. Cruz; R. Wildermuth; and F.B. Smith. 1955.
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Oppn-File Report 87-705. United States Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey. 1 map.

Lewelling, B.R. 1987b. Potentiometric surface of the upper
Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1987. open-File
Report 87-451. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 1 map.

Lewelling, B.R. 1988. Potentiometric surface of the upper
Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1988. Open-File
Report 88-461. United States Department of the Interior,
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Lewelling, B.R. 1989. Potentiometric surface of the
intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, May 1988.
Open-File Report 88-721. United States Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey. 1 map.

Lewelling, B.R. and R.G. Belles. 1986. Potentiometric surface
of the upper Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida,
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Lichtler, W.F. 1972. Appraisal of water resources in the east
central Florida region. Report of Investigations No. 61.
State of Florida, Department of Natural Resources, Division
of Interior Resources. 52 pp. and 1 map.

Lincer, J.L., ed. 1979. Proceedings of the Myakka River
workshop, data gathering, September 30, 1979,,S-arasota,
Florida. Draft, Sarasota County. 66 pp.

Lincer, J.L. 1982. MacArthur Tract, Sarasota County. Project
Assessment for the C.A.R.L. Advisory Committee. Department
of Environmental Regulation, Sarasota County. 24 pp.

Lincer, J.L. 1989a. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, January, February, March 1989. Sarasota County
Ecological Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room
216, Sarasota. 2 pp., appendices 1,2,3,4, and attachments.

Lincer, J.L. 1989b. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, April, May, June 1989. Sarasota County Ecological
Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room 216,
Sarasota. 5 pp., appendices 1,2,3,4,5, and.attachments.

Lincer, J.L. 1989c. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, July, August, September 1989. Sarasota County
Ecological Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room
216, Sarasota. 5 pp., appendices 1,2,3, and attachments.

Lincer, J.L. 1990a. Myakka River basin project. Final progress
report, October, November, December, 1989. Sarasota County
Ecological Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room
2f6, Sarasota. 5 pp., appendices 1,2,3, and attachments.

Lincer, J. L. 1990b. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, January, February, March 1990. Sarasota County
Ecological Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road,-Room
216, Sarasota. 7 pp., appendices 1,2,3,4,5, and
attachments.

Lincer, J.L. 1990c. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, April, May, June 1990. Sarasota County Ecological
Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room 216,
Sarasota. 6 pp., appendices 1,2, and attachments.

Lincer, J.L. 1990d. Myakka River basin project. Progress
report, July, August, September 1990. Sarasota County
Ecological Monitoring Division, 1301 Cattlemen Road, Room
216, Sarasota. 9 pp., appendices 1,2,3,4,5, and
attachments.

McCarthy, J.F. and G.M. Dame. 1983. A history of the Myakka
River, Sarasota County, Florida. -Sarasota County Historical
Archives, Sarasota, Florida. 87 p. + conclusion and
bibliography.

McDuffee, L.B. 1933. The lures of Manatee. p. 142-147,
196-197, 218-219, and 230"231.

Miller, R.L. 1984. Occurrence of natural radium-226
radioactivity in ground water of Sarasota County, Florida.
Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4237. United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
34 pp.

Miller, R.L. and H. Sutcliffe, Jr. 1984. Effects of three
phosphate industrial sites on ground-water quality in
central Florida, 1979 to 1980. Water-Resources
Investigations Report 83-4256. United States Department of
the Interior, Geological Survey. 184 pp.

Mills, L.R.; A.D. Duerr, and A. Buono. 1975. Potentiometric
Surface of the Floridan aquifer may 1975; well-field
pumpage; and selected hydrographs; Hillsborough County,
Florida. Open-File Report 75-618. Department of the
Interior, United States Geological Survey. I map.

Mills, L.R. and C.P. Laughlin. 1976. Potentiometric surface of
Floridan aquifer May 1975, and change of potentiometric
surface 1969 to 1975, Southwest Florida Water Management
District and adjacent areas. Water Resources Investigation
No. 76-80. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey- 1 map.

Mycyk, R.T. 1988. The U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging
program in west-central Florida. Water-Resources
Investigations Report 88-4032. United States Department of
the Interior, Geological Survey. 19 pp.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1990a.
Climatological Data, Annual Summary, Florida, 1989.
Department of Commerce, NOAA; National Environmental
Satellite, Data, and Information Service; National Climatic
Data Center, Federal Building, NC. 93(13). [This is the
most recent in the series of yearly publications. A
complete set of these data are available at our office on
paper of microfiche.]

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1990b.
Climatological Data, Florida, July 1990. Department of
Commerce, NOAA; National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service; National Climatic Data Center, Federal
Building, Asheville, NC. 94(3). [This is the most recent
in the series of monthly publications. A complete set of
these data are available at our office on paper of
microfiche.]

National Park Service, Southeast Region. n.d. The Myakka River
study. A potential national wild and scenic river. Public
Planning Workshop Information Brochure. United States
Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southeast
Region. 15 pp.

Palmer, C.E. 1978. Appendix C -Climate Pages C-1 to C-44 in
1978 Executive Summary. Southwest Florida Water Management
District@ Brooksville, Florida.

Peek, H.M. 1958. Record of wells in Manatee County, Florida.
Information Circular No. 19. State of Florida, State Board
of Conservation, Florida Geological Survey. 199 pp. and
1 map.

Peek, H.M. 1985. Ground-water resources of Manatee County,
Florida. Report of Investigations No. 18. State of
Florida, State Board of Conservation, Florida Geological
Survey. 99 pp. and 1 map.

Peek, H.M. and R.B. Anders. 1955. Interim report on the ground-
water resources of Manatee County, Florida. Information
Circular No. 6. State of Florida, State Board of
Conservation, Florida Geological Survey. 38 pp.

Pesnell, G.L. and R.T. Brown 111. 1977. The major plant
communities of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and their
associated inundation characteristics as determined by
g
'dient analysis. South Florida Water Management District
ra
Tech. Publ. 77-1. West Palm Beach, Florida. 68 pp.

Phelps, G.G. 1985. Recharge and discharge areas of the Floridan
aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and
vicinity, Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report
82-4058. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 1 map.

Post, Buckley, Schuh.& Jarnigan, Inc. 1976. Charlotte
Harbor/Peace and Myakka Rivers complex: 208 study
evaluation summary tables. Southwest Florida Regional
Planning Council. n.p.

Priede-Sedgwick, Inc. 1982. Level I evaluation report; water
quality study of Sarasota Bay, Whitaker Bayou, and Lake
Myakka.- Unpublished report. 74 pp.

Ryder, P.D. 1985. Hydrology of the Floridan aquifer system in
west-central Florida. Professional Paper 1403-F. United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
63 pp and 1 map.

Ryder, P.D. and L.R.. Mills. 1978. Water table in the surficial
aquifer and potentiometric surface of the Flori-dan aquifer
in selected well fields, west-central Florida, September
1977. Open-File Report 78-311. United States Department of
the Interior, Geological Survey. 13 pp. and 4 maps.

Sarasota County Chamber of Commerce Bicentennial Committee:
Agricultural Committee. 1976. A history of Agriculture of
Sarasota County Florida. Sarasota County Agriculture Fair
Association and Sarasota County Historical Committee.
170 pp.

Schiffer, D.M. 1989a. Effects of highway runoff on the quality
of water and bed sediments of two wetlands in central
Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4200.
United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
63 pp.

Schiffer, D.M. 1989b. Effects of three highway-runoff detention
methods on water quality of the surficial aquifer system in
central Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report
88-4170. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 79 pp.

Shields, G.O. 1890, 5th Edition. Hunting in the Great West.
,.Hunting and fishing by mountain and stream. Chapter XXIV.
Donohue, Henneberry & Co., Chicago. p. 219-233.

Solanki, H. 1975. Water management development. 13 pp. + maps.
U.S. National Park Service. 1983. Myakka River wild and,
scenic river study. Draft copy. USDI, National Park
Service. 63 pp. + appendices.

Sproul, C.R., D.H. Boggess, and H.J. Woodward. 1972. Saline-
water intrusion from deep artesian sources in the McGregor
Isles area of Lee County, Florida. Florida Bureau of
Geology Information Circular 75. 30 pp. .

Stringfield, V.T. 1933a. Exploration of artesian wells in
Sarasota County, Florida. Florida State Geological Survey,
23rd-24th Annual Report 1930-1932. pp. 195-227.

Stringfield, V.T. 1933b. Ground water resources of Sarasota
County, Florida. Florida State Geological Survey, 23rd-24th
Annual Report 1930-1932. pp. 121-194.

Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1975. Appraisal of the water resources of
Charlotte County, Florida. Ground Water 4. pp. 23-27.

Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1979a. Hydrologic data from a deep test
well, city of Sarasota, Florida. Open-File Report 79-1275.
United States Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey. 23 pp.

Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1979b. Hydrologic records, Verna Well-field
area, city of Sarasota, Florida 1962-76--a data report.
Open-File Report 79-1259. United States Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey. 141 pp.

Sutcliffe, H., Jr., and R.L. Miller. 1981. Data on ground-water
quality with emphasis on radionuclides, Sarasota County,
Florida. Open-File Report 80-1223. United States
Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 13 pp.

Texas Instruments, Inc. 1978. Central Florida phosphate
industry areawide impact assessment program. Vol. V - Water
quantity and quality. Section 1. Texas Instruments, Inc.,
Dallas, Texas.

Thomas, T.M. 1974. A detailed analysis of climatological and
hydrological records of south Florida with reference to
man's influence upon ecosystem evolution.' Pages 82-122 in
P.J. Gleason, ed. Environments of south Florida: present and
past. Miami Geological Survey Memoir 2. Miami, Florida.

Townshend, F.T. 1875. Wild Life in Florida with a visit to
Cuba. Hurst and Blackett, Publishers, 13 Great Marlborough
Street, London. p. 50-109.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. 1988. Guide to the practical use of soil surveys.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. 12 pp.

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
1984. Myakka River, Florida. Final Wild and Scenic River
Studv. United States Department of the Interior, National
Park Service. 38 pp.

United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
1989a. Water Resources Data, Florida Water Year 1989.
Volume 3A. Southwest Florida Ground Water. Water-Data
Report FL-89-3A. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 306 pp. [This is the most recent in an
annual series.]

United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
1989b. Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1989.
Volume 3B. Southwest Florida Ground Water. Water-Data
Report FL-89-3B. United States Department of 'Che Interior,
Geological Survey. 327 pp. [This is the most recent in an
annual series.]

Watson, J.D. 1986. Ground-water resource availability
inventory: Sarasota County, Florida. Southwest Florida
Water Management District, 207 pp.

White, W.A. 1970. The geomorphology of the Florida peninsula.
Geological Bulletin No. 51. State of Florida, Department of
Natural Resources, Bureau of Geology. 164 pp. and 7 maps.
Bureau of Geology. 164 pp. and 7 maps.

Wilson, W.E. 1982. Simulated Effects of ground-water
development on potentiometric surface of the Floridan
aquifer, west-central Florida. Professional Paper 1217.
United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
83 pp and 1 map.

Wolansky,.R.M. 1982. Hydrogeology of the Sarasota-Port
Charlotte area, Florida. Water-Resources Investigations
Report 82-4089. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 48 pp.

Wolansky, R.M.; G.L. Barr; and R_.M. Spechler. 1979a. Generalized
configuration of the bottom of the Floridan aquifer,
Southwest Florida Water Management District. open-File
Report 79-1490. United States Geological Survey. 1 map.

Wolansky, R.M. and J.M. Garbade. 1981. Generalized thickness of
the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management
District. Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report
80-1288. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 1 map.

Wo.lansky, R.M., F.P. Haeni, and R.E. Sylvester. 1983.
continuous seismic reflection survey defining shallow
sedimentary layers in the Charlotte Harbor and Venice areas,
southwest Florida. United States Department of the
Interior, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 82-57.
83 pp.

Wolansky, R.M.; L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1978a. Water
table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of
the Floridan aquifer in selected well fields, west-central
Florida, May 1978. Open-File Report 78-939. United States
Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 8 pp. and 4
maps.

Wolansky,'R.M., L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1978b. Water
table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of
the Floridan aquifer in selected well fields, west-central
Florida, September 1978. Open-File Report 78-1045. United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 8 pp-
and 4 maps.

Wolansky, R.M.; L.R. Mills; W.M. Woodham; and C.P. Laughlin.
1979b. Potentiometric Floridan surface of Floridan aquifer
Southwest'Florida Water Management District and adj acent
areas, may 1979. Open-File Report 79-1255. United States
Department of the interior, Geological Survey. 1 map.

Wolansky, R.M.; R.K. Spechler; and A. Buono. 1979c. Generalized
thickness of the surficial deposits above the confining bed
overlying the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water
Management District. Open-File Report 79-1071. United
States Geological Survey. 1 map.

Yobbi, D.K. 1983. Trends and fluctuations in the potentiometric
surface of the Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida
1961-80. Water-Resources Investigations 82-4086. United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
1 map.

Yobbi, D.K.; L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1980a. Ground-water
levels in selected well fields and in west-central Florida,
May 1980. Open-File Report 80-1001. United States
Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 2 maps.

Yobbi, D.K. and G.R. Schiner. 1982. Potentiometric surface of
the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management
District, September 1981. Open-File Report 82-101. United
States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
1 map.

Yobbi, D.K.; W.M. Woodham; and G.R. Schiner. 1980b.
Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest
Florida Water Management District, May 1980. Open-File
Report 80-587. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 1 map.

Yobbi, D.K.; W.M. Woodham; and G.R. Schiner. 1980C.
Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest
Florida Water Management District. September 1980. open-File
Report 80-1280. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey. 1 map.

CONTACT PERSONS

We would like to thank the following persons for their valuable
assistance. Their expertise and willingness to help were
critical in compiling the information and ideas contained in this
report.

Alvarez, Ken
Department of Natural Resources
1843 South Tamiami Trail
osprey, 34229
(813) 966-3594 or 966-2256
SunCom 552-7740
[virtually all aspects of Myakka River State Park and Basin]

Andrew, Wendy
Aquatic Plant Manager
Operations Department
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
[aquatic plant control, history and methods]

Babbitt, Kim
Assistant Water Quality Monitoring Coordinator
Myakka River Basin Prbject
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(8 13) 3 7 8-6 14 2
SunCom 522-6142
(hydrology, water quality]

Bono, Lois M.
Data Collection Technician
Southwest Florida Water Management District
23791Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
[precipitation, data and information]

Clark, Kenneth E.
Assistant District Maintenance Engineer
Division of Maintenance
Florida Department of Transportation
801 North Broadway
P. 0. Box 1249
Bartow, Florida 33830
(813) @33-8161 Ext. 2316
SunCom 557-2316
[information on bridges]

Cornelison, W. F.
District Surveyor Administrator
Locations Surveys
Department of Transportation
801 North Broadway
P. 0. Box 1249
Bartow.,. Florida 33.830..
(813) 533-8161
SunCom 557-2309
[aerial photography and historical perspective]

Dicks, Steven E.
Mapping,and GIS Manager
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
(SWFWMD GIS information]

DiMaggio, Jeff
Manager
Myakka River State Park
13207 SR 72
Sarasota, Florida 34241
(813) 361-6511
SunCom 549-6511
[all aspects of Myakka River State Park and region]

Dye, Robert
District Manager
Department of Natural Resources
1843 South Tamiami Trail
Osprey, 34229
(8 13) 9 66-2 2 56
SunCom 552-7740
[virtually all aspects of Myakka River State Park and Basin]

Evans, Bob
Supervisor, Aerial Mapping
Mapping & Graphics Section
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 684-0111
[aerial photography and imaging]

Fleury, Pat
Systat, Inc.
1800 Sherman Ave.
Evanston, Illinois 60201
(708) 864-5670
[technical support for Systat and Sygraph software]

Garcia, Carmen A.
Scientific Publications Section
U. S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
227 N. Bronough St., Suite 3015
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
(904) 681-7620
[help acquiring USGS publications]

Gilroy, Joann
Data Collection Technician
Southwest Florida Water Manaaenent District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
(evapotranspiration, data and information]

Harvey, Ann
Assistant Manager
Myakka River State Park
13207 SR 72
Sarasota, Florida 34241
(813) 361-6511
SunCom 549-6511
[fire, Myakka River State Park]

Howell, Bill
Environmental Administrator
Bureau of Land Management Services
3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
Tallahassee, Florida 32399
(904) 488-2291
SunCom 278-2291
[historical and governmental information relating to the Myakka
River B*asin]

Huffman, Jean
Park Biologist
Myakka River State Park
13207 SR 72
Sarasota, Florida 34241
(813) 36.1-6512
SunCom 549-6512
[virtually all a-spects.of Myakka River Basin, including botany,
ecology, fire, hydrology, history, regional planning)

Jordan, Alice N.
Librarian
Publications
Florida Geological Survey
Bureau of Geology
903 W. Tennessee St.
Tallahassee, Florida 32304-7795
(904) 488-9380
SunCom 278-9380
[help acquiring Florida Geological Survey publications]

Lincer, Jeffery L.
Director
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6142
SunCom 522-6142
[virtually all aspects of the Myakka River basin, including
hydrology, ecology, land use, government planning, and history]

Lowrey, Susan
Water Quality Monitoring Coordinator
Myakka River Basin Project
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6142
SunCom 522-6142
[hydrology, water quality, USGS data]

Mashburn, Stephanie
Records Librarian
Manatee County Historical Records Library
1405 4th Ave. W.
Bradenton, Florida 34205
(813) 749-7162
[aerial photography and maps]

McCarthy, John F.
Environmental Specialist
Coastal Zone Division
Natural Resources Department
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6113
SunCom 522-6113
(history of Myakka Rivitir'and Sarasota County]

Minasian, Leo L., Jr.
Environmental Specialist III
Office of Land Use Planning and Biological Services
Florida Department of Natural Resources
3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
Tallahassee, Florida 32399
(904) 488-8346
SunCom 278-8346
[historical and governmental information relating to the Myakka
River Basin]

Polizos, Anthony
District Conservationist
Manatee County Office
Soil Conservation Service
1303 17th St. West
Palmetto, Florida 33561
(813) 772-6636
(currently located in Immokalee, FL:
Soil Conservation Service Field Office
1220 N. 15th St.
Immokalee, Florida 33934
(813) 657-4441)
(soils, drainage, land use, hardpans]

Porter, Mary
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
2222 West, 2300 South
P.O. Box 30010
Salt Lake City, Utah 84130
(801) 524-5856
[ASCS and SCS aerial photography]

Prine, Henry (retired)
Manatee County Office
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
1303 17th Street West
Palmetto, Florida 34221
(813) 748-7468
[soils, land use, aerial.photography)

Roberson, A. Wallace
Assistant District Location Surveyor
Locations Surveys
Department of Transportation
801 North Broadway
P. 0. Box 1249
Bartow, Florida 33830
(813) 533-8161
SunCom 557-2309
(aerial photography)

Rohrer, Kevin
Hydrologist
Monitoring Coordinator
Ti Mabry Carlton Reserve
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6142
SunCom 522-6142
[hydrology, including hydrologic modelling, groundwater, geology)

Shawhan, Nona
District Secretary
Sarasota County Office
Soil Conservation Service
Extension Services Building
2900 Ringling Blvd.
Sarasota, Florida 34237
(813) 951-4210.
(aerial photography and soil survey documents]

Shea, Chris
Wetlands Ecologist
Assistant Monitoring Coordinator
T. Mabry Carlton Reserve
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6142
SunCom 522-6142
[plant ecology, hydrology-plant interactions, hydrology,
wetlands]

Shroeder, Colin
Systat, Inc.
1800 Sherman Ave.
Evanston, Illinois 60201
(708)- 96-4-5-670
(technical support for Systat and Sygraph software]

Smith, Richard H.
National Archives and Records Service
Cartographic and Architectural Branch
General Services Administration
Washington, D. C. 20408
(703) 75.6-6700
[old aerial photography]

Smith, W. B.
Manager
Conservation Projects Section
Resource Management Department
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
[land use, well fields and surface hydrology]

Traugott, Judy
Senior Staff Assistant (has relocated)
Ecological Monitoring Division
Sarasota County
1301 Cattlemen Rd.
Sarasota, Florida 34232
(813) 378-6142
SunCom 522-6142
(locating and obtaining documents and information]

Watson, Tissie
Records Librarian
Manatee County Historical Records Library
1405 4th Ave. W.
Bradenton, Florida 34205
(813) 749-7162
(aerial 'photography and maps)

Williamson, Theresa A.
Data Collection Coordination Supervision
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida' 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 628-4097
[computerized hydrologic and climate data]

Table 1. Daily precipitation station information. Data were provided by the Southwest
Florida Water Management District.
L PRECIPITATION DATA
STATION NAME BASIN LAIITUDE/LONGITUDE PERIOD OF FIRST DAY LWST DAY FIGURE NO.
RECORD YR MO OY YR MO DY
Arcadia Peace River 0271343081512820027 1907-90 07 07 01 90 04 30 1
Avon Park Peace River 0273539081313420055 1902-90 02 01 01 90 04 30 2
Bartow Peace River 0275358081503520105 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 3
Bradenton Manasota 0272702082290221081 1911-90 11 01 01 90 07 31 4
CarLton Ranch Manasota .0271050082061321115' 1976-90 76 09 01 90 05 31 5
Fort Green NWS Manasota 0273417082080721081 1955-90 55 09 01 90 04 30 6
Ft. Myers -Outtying 0263455081514599071 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 7
Four Corners Mine Alafia River 0273841082051611057 1978-90 78 09 01 90 07 31 8
Hardee Peace River 0273652081581420049 1979-90 79 03 01 90 08 31 9
Kibter Tower Manasota 0272826082141421081 1975-90 75 10 01 90 08 31 10
Myakka River State Park NWS Manasota 0271431082102821115 1943-90 43 09 01 90 01 31 11
Ona Research Center Peace River 0272353081562820049 1976-90 76 01 01 90 08 31 12
Parrish NWS Manasota 0273430082260321081 1958-90 58 01 01 90 04 30 13
Punta Gorda Peace River 0265009081582220015 1914-90 14 05 01 90 08 31 14
RG-2 Peace River 0273742081565220049 1980-90 80 01 01 90 07 31 15
RG-3 C & F Ind. Peace River 0273345082002320049 1976-90 76 01 01 90 08 31 16
Sandy (centraL) Manasota 0271437082033521081 1980-90 80 01 01 90 07 31 17
St Petersburg PineLtas Anclote 0274545082375316103 1914-90 14 08 01 90 08 31 18
Tampa Int'l A.P. Northwest 0275737082313714057 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 19
Hillsborough
Venice NWS Manasota 0270600082261721115 1955-90 55 04 01 90 08 31 20
Verna We( fieLd -Manasota 0272255082175721115 1077-90 77 01 01 90 06 30 21
Wauchula Peace River 0273407081490320049 1933-90 33 01 01 90 04 30 22

Table 2. Daily United States Geological Survey streamflow station information. Data were
obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.

USGS STREAMFLOW DATA

S
STATION STATION NAME UNITS MEASURED FIRST DAY LAST DAY PERIOD OF
UMB( YR MO DY YR MO DY CORD
T
UMI
N 31E R E

02299470 BIG SLOUGH NEAR MURDOCK cfs Discharge 63 03 01 72 09 30 1980-90
02299410 BIG SLOUGH NEAR MYAKKA CITY cfs Discharge 80 10 01 90 03 07 1962-72
02299700 COW PEN SLOUGH NEAR BEE RIDGE cfs Discharge 63 02 01 66 06 30 1962-66
02299160 DEER PRAIRIE SLOUGH NEAR WORTH PORT cfs Discharge 81 04 01 90 06 10 1980-90
02297310 HORSE CREEK NEAR ARCADIA cfs Discharge. 50 05 01 90 08 28 1949-90
02298760 HOWARD CREEK NEAR SARASOTA cfs Discharge 83 10 19 90 07 30 1983-90
02299950 MANATEE RIVER NEAR MYAKKA HEAD cfs Di,scharge 66 04 20 90 08 09 1965-90
02298880 MYAKKA RIVER AT CONTROL NEAR LAUREL feet Gage Ht 88 10 06 90 07 26 1989-90
02298900 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR LAUREL feet Gage Ht 85 02 26 90 08 27 1984-90
02298608 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR MYAKKA CITY cfs Discharge 63 02 05* 90 07 29* 1962-66
1977-90
02298830 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR SARASOTA cfs Discharge 36 09 01 90 06 12 1936-90
02296750 PEACE RIVER HEAR ARCADIA cfs Discharge 31 04 01 90 08 12 1930-90

There are no data for WaterYear 1966-19T7.
E-@

Table 3. Daily United States Geological Survey groundwater station information. Data
were obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.

USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA

DEPTH DATUM PERIOD COUNTY & FIGURE
WELL NUMBER USGS WELL NAME AQUIFER OR FORMATION (ft) (ft) BASIN OF NUMbER
RECORD
271832082064801 Edgevitle Deep Welt 3 at Edgeville limestone aquifer 600 70 Myakka 1978 Manatee 1
272058082143701 Verna T Well 0-2 near Verna Tampa limestone 530 68.92 Myakka 1978 Manatee 2
272356082181302 Verna Deep Well 1A near Verna Suwannee limestone 480 81.94 Manatee 1975-78 Manatee 3
272404082161701 Verna T Well 0-1 near Verna Flori dan aquifer system 480 98.92 Manatee 1978 Manatee 4
272838082142201 Kibler Deep Welt 26B near Bethany Floridan aquifer system 1123 101 -Myakka 1978 Manatee 8
270952082095901 Mabry Carlton Welt 13 near Arcadia Tampa-limestone 287 30 Myakka -1987-90 Sarasota 11
270959082203001 ROMP 19 WLAM Welt near Sarasota Suwannee limestone 425 20 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 12
270959082203002 ROMP 19 WUAM Well near Sarasota Hawthorn formation 205 20 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 12
271021082151601 ROMP 19 ELAM Well near Sarasota Suwannee limestone 419 31 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 13
271021082151602 ROMP 19 EUAM Welt near Sarasota Hawthorn formation 121 31 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 13
271021082151603 ROMP 19 ES Well near Sarasota Nonartesian sand aquifer 34.5 31 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 13
271134082092201 Big Stough Deep Well near Arcadia Hawthorn formation 100 33.26 Myakka 1987-90 Sarasota 15
271134082092202 Big Stough Shallow Well near Arcadia Nonartesian sand aquifer 25 33.26 Myakka 1977-78 Sarasota 15
1987-90
271227082084801 Mabry Carlton Welt No. 6 near MyaZI Tampa limestone 369 40 Myakka 1987 Saraso
City

Period of Record lists only data which was consistently recorded for several months. There may be additional data for shorter time periods in this
file. There may also be periods of missing data within this time period.

Table 3 continued. Daily United States Geological Survey groundwater station information.
Data were obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.

USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA

DEPTH DATUM PERIOD COUNTY & FIGURE
WELL NUMBER USGS WELL NAME AQUIFER OR FORMATION (ft) (ft) BASIN OF NUMBER
RECORD
272220082151401 KME Test Well 09 near Verna Tampa limestone 575 72.92 Myakka 1976-78 Sarasota 25
1987-90
272248082175201 KME Well 14A near Verna Hawthorn formation 107 80.14 Manatee 1977-78 Sarasota 26
1987
272255082172202 KME Recharge Well near Verna Avon Park formation 1200 78.77 Manatee 1976-78 27
272256082175901 Verna T Welt 0-3 near Verna Tampa limestone 500 81.13 Myakka 1978 Sarasota 19
272258082181701 KME Water Table Well 09 near Verna Hawthorn formation 42 79.00 Manatee 19T7-78 Sarasota 28
1987
272258082195301 KME Welt 04 near Verna Tampa limestone 440 62.25 Manatee 1976-78 Sarasota 29
1987
272301082191401 KME 02 Welt near Verna Floridan aquifer system 860 71.95 Manatee 1977-78 Sarasota 30
1987 i
272307082173801 KME Welt 16A near Verna Hawthorn formation 131 79.07 Manatee 1977-78 Sarasota 23

Sarasota

Table 4. Estimated groundwater pumpage in the Myakka River basin
area in 1965. (Joyner and Sutcliffe, 1976)

Duration
of Pumping rate Amount pumped
Pumping
(million (billion
(days) gallons per day) gallons per year)

Public-water supply 365 6.8 2.5

Industrial-Commerciala 365 0.4 .1

Rural Domestic 365 91.0

Citrus 50 19 1-.0

Vine crops

Spring 90 20 1.8

Fall 90 2.9 .3

-Y
U Row-crops
0 @4
-4 H
-W (Spring and fall) 120 4.3 .5
CO I I
)-I Improved Pasture 40 95' 3.8

Golf courses (8 in
area) 300 5 1.5

Lawns 120 14 1.7

Total --- --- 16.5

Weighted average daily
pumpage 45 ---

a/ Principally used for cooling air-conditioner condensers.

Table 5.. Average hydroperiod for driest and/or wettest examples
of major community types and number of years for which data are
available from six southeastern United States wetlands.*
(Duever et. al., 1985)

YEARS OF
PLANT COMMUNITY RECORD DRIEST WETTEST

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Deep Marsh
Corkscrew Swamp 14 310 346
Lake Okeechobee 20 - 361
Lake Hatchineha 22 325 347
Okefenokee Swamp 3 308 365

Cypress Forest
Big Cypress Swamp 7-26 105 299
Corkscrew Swamp 14 133 296
Lake Hatchineha 22 172 248
North Florida domes 1 211 319
Okefenokee Swamp 3 147 232

Shallow Marsh
Big Cypress Swamp 7-26 73 260
Corkscrew Swamp 14 111 (45) 278
Lake Hatchineha 22 44 88 (248)
Okefenokee Swamp 3 193 318

Pine
Big Cypress Swamp 14 0 74
Corkscrew Swamp 14 0 59
Lake Hatchineha 22 0 40
Okefenokee Swamp 3 0 50

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Data- sources'are:,-'',Big-Cypress Swamp - Gunderson and Loope
1982a, b, c, Gunderson et al. 1982; Corkscrew Swamp - Duever et
al. 1978; Lake Okeechobee - Pesnell and Brown 1977; Lake
Hatchineha - this study; north Florida cypress domes - Marois
and Ewel 1983; Okefenokee Swamp - Duever unpublished data.

APPENDIX A.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: PRECIPITATION DATA

Data were provided by the Soutwest Florida Water Management
District. Files containing daily preci pitation data for these
stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
ASCII text files contain information on estimated and cumulative
data.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES
PRECIPITATION DATA

STATION NAME PERIOD OF FIRST DAY LAST DAY SWFWMD ASCII TEXT SYSTAT NO OF DAYS BYTES
L RECORD YR MID DY YR MID DY I STATION ;q FI@ENAME NAME (CASES)
Arcadia 1907-90 07 07 01 90 04 30 ATMOO03 ARCADIA.PRN PARCADIA 30,255 665,818
Avon Park 1902-90 02 01 01 90 04 30 ATMOO05 AVONPARK.PRN PAVONPK 31,745 698,598
Bartow 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 ATMOO09 BARTOW.PRN PBARTOW 32,688_ 719,344
Bradenton 1911-90 11 .01 01 90 07 31 ATMOO18 GRADENTO.PRN PBRADENT 28,992 638,032
Cartton Ranch 1976-90 76 09 01 90 05 31 ATM0700 CARLTON.PRN PCARLTON 4,965 149,084
Fort Green NWS 1955-90 55 09 01 90 04 30 ATM0239 FTGREEN.PRN PFTGRNWS 9,361 206,414
Ft. Myers 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 ATMO182 FTMYERS.PRN PFTMYERS 32,750 720,708
Four Corners Mine 1978-90 78 09 01 90 07 31 ATMO226 FOURCORN -PRN 134CORNER 4,352- 95,952
Hardee 1979-90 79 03 01 90 08 31 ATM0224 HARDEE.PRN PHARDEE 4,202 92,652
Kibler Tower 1975-90 75 10 01 90 08 31 ATM0333 KIBLER.PRN PKILBER 5,387 118,722
Myakka River State Park NWS 1943-90 43 09 01 90 01 31 ATMO101 MYAKKRIV.PRN PMYRIVSA 16,682 367,212
Ona Research Center 1976-90 76 01 01 90.08 31 ATMO105 ONA.PRN -- PONA 5,363 118,194
Parrish NWS 1958-90 58 01 01 90 04 30 ATM0240 PARRISH.PRN PPARRISH 8,307 182,962
Punta Gorda 1914-90 14 05 01 90 08 31 ATMO117 PUNTAGOR-PRN PPUNTAGO 27,882 613,612
RG-2 1980-90 80 01 01 90 07 31 ATM0279 R-2.PRN PRG2 3,837 84,622
RG-3 C & F Ind. 1976-90 76 01 01 90 08 31 ATMO118 R-3.PRN PRG3 5,357 118,062
Sandy (central) 1980-90 80 01 01 90 07 31 ATMO183 SANDY.PRN PSANDY 3,883 85,560
St Petersburg 1914-90 14 08 01 90 08 31 ATMO142 STPETE.PRN PSTPETE 27,759 610,906
Tampa Intll, A.P. 1901-90 01 01 01 90 08 31 ATMO148 TAMPA.PRN PTAMPA 32,750 720,708
Venice NWS 1955-90 55 04 01 90 08 31 ATMO705 VENICE.PRN PVENICE 12,903 28,4,074
Verna Wettfietd 1077-90 77 01 01 90 06 30 ATM0203 VERNA.PRN PVERNA 4,929 108,646
Wauchuta 1933-90 33 01 01 90 04 30 ATMO155 WAUCHULA.PRN PWAUCHUL ..20,939 460, @j

APPENDIX B.

INFORMATION ON

TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

The v,-,ro-rams described in this documentation are pfb-vided on IBM
DOS format floppy diskettes.

TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

Preparing Files using Wordperfect:

1. Create a subdirectory on your hard drive to use for
transferring files. Include copies of the following files in the
subdirectory:
the SWFWMD ASCII datafile(s)
BLANK.WP
TrRain.cmd
TrRainl.cmd
TrRain2.cmd

2. Call up BLANK.WP. This is an empty file set up with wide
margins and small typeface so the long lines in the file will
remain on a single line and not wrap around. You will probably
have to make your own version of BLANK.WP since these settings
are printer dependent.

3. From-the,Wordperfect List Files listing, highlight the SWFWMD
ASCII datafile and, using Ctrl-F5, Text In/Out, put the SWFWMD
ASCII datafile into the BLANK.WP file.

4. Check the first line to make sure you have the right file,
then delete the initial ID line so that the file begins with the
first line of rainfall data.

5. Check the number of variables in the dataset. The data we
received came in three formats, and there are 3 corresponding
Systat CMD programs for transferring those 3 formats. Variables
were deleted as necessary by SWFWMD staff when they downloaded
the files from their mainframe in order to make the files more
compact and.able to fit on floppies. So you may receive the data
in slightly different formats too.

This is the data file description information supplied by
Lois Bono, the "Rainlady" at SWFWMD, with additional comments
from us in [brackets]:

Heading Line rinitial ID linel

COLUMNS' DESCRIPTION

1 Record Identifier (1)
3-9 Station Number
10-39 Station Name
40-53 Latitude/Longitude
54-55 Basin Number
56-58 County Code
59-80 Basin Name

TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES -

Data Lines

COLUMNS DESCRIPTION

1 Recorder Identifier (2)
3-9 Station Number (SWFWMD's number,
the only alphanumeric variable]
11-16 Parameter Code [00045 is rainfall in inches]
18-23 Data Value Collected value-stated to .000
[therefore you must divide this number by
1000 to get precipitation in inches]
(beyond 25 Estimated or Cumulative reading indicators:
4020402099 = estimated amount
4020402077 with previous variable
(precipitation) = 0 marks the
beginning date of a cumulative
measurement. This is only available
for relatively recent years of data.
4020402077 with previous variable
(precipitation) > 0 indicates a
cumulative measurement, ie includes more
than one day's rainfall.]

Check the data to determine how many variables are present
and which in the sequence 'is the alphanumeric variable. The
field that contains the codes for estimated and cumulative data
will probably not be apparent, but it is the last variable in the
dataset, so add it to your total even if it's not apparent.
-If there are 6 variables, rainfall is the 5th, and the 2nd
is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRain.CMD to transfer this
file.
-If there are 5 variables, rainfall is the 4th, and the 2nd
is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRainl.CMD to transfer
.this file.
-If there are 7 variables, rainfall is the 6th, and the 3rd
is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRain2.CMD to transfer
this file.
-If you have yet another combination, you will have to alter
one of the TrRain.CMD files to fit your dataset.

5. Go to the end of the file and delete any non-data lines so
that the final line in the file contains the last line of
rainfall data with a hard carriage return at the end of the line.

6. Save this only-data file using the Text In/Out method so the
file is saved as an ASCII textfile: Press Ctrl-F5, .1 (DosText),
1 (Save), and type in a filename with a DAT extension (the file
must have a .DAT extension).

7. Exit Wordperfect and enter the Systat Data modul-4.-.

TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

Running Systat Conversions

Edit the TrRain.CMD file that matches your data (see above).
Make the changes in filenames and variable names indicated in the
program rem statements, and run the program. It will create a
Systat datafile with a sys extension for use in Systat or
Sygraph analyses.
Below is the complete TrRain.cmd program and the INPUT and
DROP lihes only from TrRainl.cmd and TrRain2.cmd. The rest of
these 2 programs are the same as'TrRain.cmd.
---------------------------------------------

rem TrRain.CMD
rem PURPOSE: Transfer SWFWMD rainfall data, with beginning
rem and end non-data lines deleted in Wordperfect,
rem to a SYSTAT SYS file. Rainfall is in inches.
rem USE WITH: original data that has 6 variables. If number
rem of variables is not 6 or the 2nd variable is
rem not the alphanumeric variable, use TRRAIN1.CMD
rem or TRRAIN2.CMD or adjust the INPUT and DROP lines
rem to the right number and type variables you need.
rem The.systat file will have the SYS extension and
rem contain 3 variables:
rem DATE with Year as 1st 2 digits
rem Month as 2nd 2 digits
rem Day as last 2 digits
rem Pvariable which is amount of rainfall in inches
rem Pvariable$ where "cumTotal" = cumulative rainfall,
rem 11cumll, when present (which is only for more
rem recent data), marks the first date included in
rem the cumulative total, and
rem "Est." means the data for that date is
rem estimated.
rem CHANGE: get filename.DAT [R3], final save Pfilename (pPR3],
rem Pvarname [pPR3], and Pvarname$ (3 times) [pRG3$].
rem That's 6 places.
rem RUN IN: data

rem ---------------------

new
.GET R3
SAVE templ
LRECL--375
INPUT no2 sta$ raincode date pdata estcum
RUN
use templ
save pRG3 single "This is single precision"
let pRG3 pdata/1000
if estcum 4020402077 and pdata= 0 then let PRG3$=Icuml,
else if estcum = 4020402077 and pdata > 0 then let pRG3$=IcumTotall
else if estcum = 4020402099 then let PRG3$= 'EST.'
DROP no2 sta$ raincode pdata estcum

84
TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

run

rem ------------------------
rem The End.

-----------------------------------------------------

rem TrRainl.CMD

rem -----------
INPUT no2 sta$ date pdata estcum
DROP,no2 sta$ pdata estcum

-----------------------------------------------------

rem TrRain2.CMD
INPUT caseno no2 sta$ raincode date pdata estcum
DROP caseno no2 sta$ raincode pdata estcum

-----------------------------------------------------
When done, you can delete all the file(s) with a DAT extension
and the copies of the* SWFWMD ASCII datafiles and the CMD files.
The SYS extension files is all you need to save.

APPENDIX C.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: STREAMFLOW DATA

Data were provided by the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring
Division. Files containing daily stre -&mflow data for these
stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
ASCII text files contain information on estimated data. The
ASCII text files also list monthly and yearly statistics for each
Water Year represented.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES
USGS STREAMFLOW DATA

STATION STATION NAME PERIOD OF FIRST DAY LAST DAY NO OF DAYS ASCII TEXT' SYSTAT BYTES
NUMBER RECORD YR MO DY YR MO DY (CASES) FILENAME NAME
02299470 BIG SLOUGH NEAR MURDOCK 1980-90 63 03 01 72 09 30 3,502 BICNMUR.470 F81GMURD 35,214
02299410 BIG SLOUGH NEAR MYAKKA CITY 1962-72 80 10 01 90 03 07 3,445 BIGNMYC.410 FBIGMYC 34,644
02299700 COW PEN SLOUGH NEAR BEE RIDGE 1902-66 63 02 01 66 06 30 1,246 COWNBEE.700 FCOWPEN 12,654
02299160 DEER PRAIRIE SLOUGH NEAR NORTH PORT 19110-90 81 04 01 90 06 10 3,358 DEERNPC.160 FDEERPRS 33,774
02297310 HORSE CREEK NEAR ARCADIA 1949-90 50 05 01 90 08 28 14,730 HORSENAR.310 FHORSEAR 147,494
02298760 HOWARD CREEK NEAR SARASOTA 19133-90 83 10 19 90 07 30 2,477 HOCRK.760 FHOWARDS 24,964
02299950 MANATEE RIVER NEAR MYAKKA HEAD 1965-90 66 04 20 90 08 09 8, R78 MANAMYH.950 FMANATEE 88,974
02298880 MYAKKA RIVER AT CONTROL NEAR LAUREL 1989-90 88 10 06 90 07 26 294 MYRIVCON.880 FMYRIVCL 3,134
02298900 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR LAUREL 1984-90 85 02 26 90 08 27 2,009 1 MYRIVLA.900 FMYRIVLA 20,284
02298608 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR MYAKKA CITY 1962-66 63 02 05* 90 07 29* 6,019 MYCITY.608 FMYRIVMC 60,384
1977-90
02298830 MYAKKA RIVER NEAR SARASOTA 1936-90 36 09,01 90 06.12 19;643 NRSARA.830 FMYRIVSA 196,624
02296750 PEACE RIVER NEAR ARCADIA 1930-90. 31 04 01 90 08 12' 21,684 PEACEAR.750 FPEACEAR 217,034

There are no data for WaterYear 1966-19T7.

APPENDIX D.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: GROUNDWATER DATA

Data were provided by the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring
Division. Files containing daily groundwater data for these
stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
ASCII text files contain information on estimated data. The
ASCII text files also list monthly and yearly statistics for each
Water Year represented.

INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES

USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA

PERIOD ASCII TEXT SYSTAT
USGS WELL NUMBER USGS WELL NAME OF FILENAME NAME
RECORD

271832082064801 EdgevitLe Deep Well 3 at EdgeviLte 1978 EDGEDEEP.WLR GEDGED3

272058082143701 Verna T Well 0-2 near Verna 1978 VERNAT02.WLR GVERT2

272356082181302 Verna Deep Well 1A near Verna 1975-78 VERNAD01.WLR GVERD1A

272404082161701 'Verna T Wet( 0-1 near Verna 1978 VERNATO1.WLR GVERT1

272838082142201 Kibler Deep Wet[ 26B near Bethany 1978 KIBLE26B.WLR GKIBD26B

270952082095901 Mabry Carlton Wet[ 13 near Arcadia 1987-90 CARLT13.WLR GCARL13

270959082203001 ROMP 19 WLAM Well near Sarasota 1987-90 ROMP19WL.WLR GRMP19WL

270959082203002 ROMP 19 WUAM Wet( near Sarasota 1987-90 ROMP19WU.WLR GRMP19WU

271021082151601 ROMP 19 ELAM Well near Sarasota 1987-90 ROMP19EL.WLR GRMP19EL

271021082151602 ROMP 19 EUAM Well near Sarasota 1987-90 ROMP19EU.WLR GRMP19EU

271021082151603 ROMP 19 ES Wet( near Sarasota 1987-90 ROMP19ES.WLR GRMP19ES

271134082092201 Big Stough Deep Well near Arcadia 1987-90 BIGSLDEE.WLR GBIGSLD

271134082092202 Big Stough Shallow Well near Arcadia 1977-78 BIGSLSHL.WLR GBIGSLS
1987-90

271227082084801 Mabry Carlton Wet[ No. 6 near Myakka City 1987-90 CARLTONO.WLR GCARL6

272220082151401 KME Test Well 09 near Verna 1976-78 KMETST09.WLR GKMET9
1987-90 1

272248082175201 KME Well 14A near Verna 1977-78 KME14A.WLR GKME14A
1987

272255082172202 KME Recharge Wet[ near Verna 1976-78 KMERECHR.WLR GKMER

272256082175901 Verna T Well 0-3 near Verna 1978 VERNAT03.WLR GVERT3

272258082181701 KME Water Table Well 09 near Verna 1977-78 KMEWTW09.WLR GKMEWT9
1987

272258082195301 KME WeLt 04 near Verna 1976-78 KMEWELL4.WLR GKMEW4
1987 ,

272301082191401 KME 02 Well near Verna 1977-78 KMEWELLO.WLR GKMEW2
1987
272307082173801 KME Well 16A near Verna 1977-78 1 KMEWL16A.WLR T- GKMEW16A

Period of Record lists only data which was consistently recorded for several months. There may be
additional data for shorter time periods in this file. There may also be periods of missing data within
this time period.

APPENDIX E.

INFORMATION ON

TRANSFERRING-SWFWMD DATA FORMAT INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

The programs and macros described in this documentation are
provided.on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes.

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 90

The following directions are written using USGS Streamflow data
as an example. The same procedures may be used with groundwater
data.

Preparing Files using Wordperfect:

1. Create a subdirectory on your hard drive to use for
transferring files. Include the following files in the
subdirectory:

a copy of the USGS ascii datafile(s)
BLANK.WP
TrlGS30.cmd
Tr2GS30.cmd
Tr3GS30.cmd
Tr4GS30.cmd

Make sure that the macros alta.wpm, altb.wpm, and altc.wpm are in
your designated Wordperfect (WP) area.

3. From the Wordperfect List Files listing, highlight the USGS
ascii datafile and, using ctrl-F5, Text In/Out, put the USGS file
into the BLANK.WP file.

4. Using F2, search for 9999 in the file. Most likely it will
not be present. If it is, make a note of the date(s), and when
the file is all transferred into Systat, go into the file in
Systat EDIT and put the correct datapoint (9999) into the file
for that date. 11999911 is used as a missing data flag for the
file transfer process, so any real data which is 9999 will be
-converted to a w.hiph is Systat's missing data flag, during
this process.

5. Run the WP macro alta.wpm by pressing the <alt> and A keys at
the same time. (This macro searches for --- and replaces it with
9999, searches for <space><space>e and replaces it with
<space><space><space>, and searches for (Hrt](Hrt) and replaces
it with [Hrt]. This converts the missing data symbol to one
systat can accept as a numeric entry, gets rid of the preceding
data if it is estimated since systat won't accept Ile22.311 as a
numeric entry, and removes the hard carriage returns between
every 5 days of data in the USGS ascii file format.)

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 91

6. Look to see what the date of the first actual datapoint is
and write it down for later. You'll need to plug it into
TR4GS30.cmd.

7. Make sure the cursor is at the top of the file. For each
Wateryear of data in the USGS file, follow these steps:
A.@ As a check, write down the beginning year of the data,
ie the September 19xx.year, and the Sep 1 streamflow data value.

B. Run the WP macro altb.wpm by.-.pressing the <alt> and B
keys at the same time. (This macro searches for
"SEP[Hrt)<space><space><space>l<space>", turns on the Block
feature, searches for "(Hrtj<space><space><space>31<space>",
goes to the end of the line, closes the block, and designates
that the block is to be copied. Then the macro switches to
document 2, calls-up-BLANK..WP, copies the block from document 1
into blank.wp and tells WP to save the file as an ascii textfile,,
using Text In/Out, and types out Ilybl9l'.)

C. Type in the rest of the year on the screen, ie for 1965
you'd see the filename: 11yb1911 on the screen, type in 65. DON'T
put anything like a space or hit <Enter> after the 65. Check the
year carefully and that the first datapoint matches the one you
just wrote down.

D. Use the WP macro.altc.wpm by pressing the <alt> and C
keys at the same time. (This macro adds a 11.DAT11 to the end of
the filename, saves the file, exits document 2 and returns to
document 1, searches for "<space><space><space>DAY<space>", so
you are set up for the next wateryear's data and can see the next
year on the screen.)

E. Repeat steps A through D until you are at the end of the
file.

F. Check and write down the last date that has an actual
datapoint in the file. You will need this information to plug
into TR4GS3-O.cmd.

--The file you have been using should be not be saved since
it was necessary to alter it for the transfer process.

--You will have a YB19xx.DAT file for each year of data.

8. Exit WP and enter Systat's DATA module.

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 92

Running Systat Conversions

There are 4 TRxGS30.CMD files that need to be run to convert
the data to a Systat format. Once you have a feel for what's
going on, you may want to combine the 4 cmd files into one, but
they are separate here to give you a better idea of what's going
on and to make sure you change the necessary filenames and
varnames (variable names) etc.
You may want to edit all 4 files to fit your dataset at the
beginning before you run them. Directions on what needs to be
changed appear at the beginning of each cmd (command) file. The
command files are ASCII files and can be edited with Systat's
Fedit program or any wordprocessing program, as long as the final
product is saved as an ASCII textfile. I saved the longest
version of the TRxGS30.cmd files that I used, which will transfer
data from 1930 - 1990, since it's easier to delete than add
sections to the programs.

What each program is dolag_L

TRlGS30.CMD transfers each of the YB19xx.DAT ASCII textfiles
which contains one year's data from Oct. through Sept., to Systat
datafiles, SYS files. It then converts the 9999's to 11.11 which
is the Systat missing data flag. Here are the introductory part
of the program and one section. There need to be additional
sections for each year in the program you run:

rem TrIGS30.CMD
rem LAST REVISED: 11/12/90
rem PURPOSE: Transfer USGS Streamflow ascii text files, cleaned
rem up in Wordperfect with macros alt-a, alt-b and
rem alt-c, into systat.
rem -- This version,of TrlGSxx.CMD transfers data from
rem files called [email protected] for xx= 30, ie 1935
rem through 1989.
rem All 9999's are changed to 11.11 for missing data.
rem The text file must have a DAT extension.
rem CHANGE: Add or delete years so that there is one section
rem for each year in your dataset. The year should
rem match the beginning year of the first datapoint
rem in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
rem October 1965 - September 1966, your ybyear should
rem be YB1965. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
rem should have been given the filename YB1965.DAT.
rem RUN IN: data
rem BEFORE: clean up ascii file in Wordperfect
rem NEXT: run Tr2GS30.cmd.
rem ------------------------------------------
NEW

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 93

GET yb1989
SAVE temp
LRECL=375
INPUT day oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep
RUN

use temp
save yb1989
code oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep/9999
run
dos 'del temp.sys'
rem -------------------
rem The end.

TR2GS30.CMD takes the data out of matrix format and puts it
in a single field. A-date variable is created which reflects the
year in the first 2 digits, month in the second 2-digits, and day
in the final 2 digits, ie November 26, 1989 would be 11891126".
The conversion is done one month at a time, then the months are
combined vertically into a new year file which contains only 2
variables: date and streamflow.
The streamflow data is identified with an F at the
beginning, then a station name code. Then at a later date, if
you want to put streamflow and precipitation for the same station
in one file, you won't have to change the variable names, or if
you want to put streamflow from several stations into one file,
you won't need to change the variable names.
Here are the introductory part of the program and one
section. There need to be additional sections for each year in
the program you run:

rem Tr2GS30.CMD
rem PURPOSE: For the years 1930-1989, create a year file with
rem daily records of data.
rem Create a DATE variable to indicate
rem year-month-day.
rem Give the data variable the same name in all
rem files, so they can be combined with Tr3GS30.cmd.
rem CHANGE: fVarname to the station name code preceded by an
rem IF' to indicate streamFlow data.
rem Add or delete years so that there is one section
rem for each year in your dataset. The year should
rem match the beginning year of the first datapoint
rem in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
rem October 1965 - September 1966, your ybyear should
rem be YB1965. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
rem should have been given the filename YB1965.SYS.
rem RUN IN: data

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 94

rem BEFORE: clean up ascii file in Wordperfect and run
rem TrlGS30.cmd
rem NEXT: run Tr3GS30.CMD
rem --------------------
REM *****1989*****
use yb1989 (day oct)
save oct
let fvarname = oct
let date = 891000 + day
drop day oct
run
use yb1989 (day nov)'
save nov
if day = 31 then delete
let fvarname = nov
let date = 891100 + day
drop day nov
run
use yb1989 (day dec.@)
save dec
let fvarname dec
let date = 891200 + day
drop day dec
run
use yb1989 (day jan)
save jan
let fvarname = jan
let date = 900100 + day
drop day Jan
.A
run
use yb1989 (day feb)
save feb
rem if leap year, change 28 to 29
if day > 28 then delete
let fvarname = feb
let date = 900200 + day
drop day feb
run
useyb1989 (day mar)
save mar
let fvarname = mar
let date = 900300 + day
drop day mar
run
use yb1989 (day apr)
save apr
if day 31 then delete
let fvarname = apr
let date = 900400 + day
drop day apr
run

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 95

use yb1989 (day may)
save may
let fvarname = may
let date = 900500 + day
drop day may
run
use yb1989 (day jun)
save Dun
if day = 31 then delete
let fvarname = jun
let date = 9bO6OO + day
drop day jun
run
use yb1989 (day jul)
save jul
let fvarname = jul
let date- 900700,.+.day.
drop ddy jul
run
use yb1989 (day aug)
save aug
let fvarname = aug
let date = 900800 + day.
drop day aug
run
use yb1989 (day sep)
save sep
if day = 31 then delete
let fvarname = sep
let date = 900900 + day
drop day sep
run

save a
append oct nov
save b
append a dec
save c -
append b jan
save d-
append c feb
save e
append d mar
save f
append e apr
save g
append f may
save h
append g jun
save i
append h jul
save j

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 96

append i aug
save y89
append j sep
rem ------------------------
rem The end.

TR3GS30. CMD takes all the individual year files and puts
them together vertically into one file.
Here are the introductory part of the program and a section
showing how to combine 9 years of data from 1981-89. There heed
to be additions to cover each year in the program you run:

rem Tr3GS30.CMD
rem PURPOSE: Combine the year files created by Tr2GS30.cmd
rem into one file for the station.
rem CHANGE: Add or delete years so that there is one section
rem for each year in your dataset. The year should
rem match the beginning year of the first datapoint
rem in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
rem October 1965 - September 1966, your y-year should
rem be Y65. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
rem should have been given the filename Y65.SYS.
rem BEFORE: Run Tr2GS30.cmd
rem NEXT: Run Tr4GS30.CMD.
rem RUN IN: Data.

rem --------------
save a
append y8l y82
save b
append a y83
save c
append b y84
save d
append c y85
save
append d y8.6,....
save f
append y87
save g
append f y88
save tempyr
append g y89
rem ----------------------------------
rem The end.

TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES 97

TR4GS30.CMD removes the dates which.contain no data at the
beginning and end of the file. You will need to plug in the date
information you wrote down when you were working with the file in
Wordperfect. The file is finally saved with a filename the same
as the variable name, beginning with an F and then a station
code. It is saved in Single precision, which means that your
data wi,11 be accurate to only 6 significant digits, which is
plenty for the accuracy of these data.
Here are the program:

rem Tr4GS30.CMD
rem PURPOSE: remove cases with no data at the beginning
rem and end of the file.
rem arrange file with date first, then
rem the flow variable.
rem_ save.as single precision, ie only
rem 6 digits are recorded for each datapoint.
rem CHANGE: The final file name in save.
rem The streamflow varname in use to the one you used
rem in Tr2GS30.cmd.
rem The first and last date code to those that have
rem real data.
rem Date codes are year= lst 2 digits
rem month= middle 2 digits
rem day= last 2 digits
rem Be sure and put the last date first and the
rem first date last in the line.
rem RUN IN: Data.
rem BEFORE: Run TR3GS30.cma-.
rem AFTER: Copy the final file created to a permanent
rem location. Then delete all SYS and DAT files.

USE TEMPYR (date fVARNAME)
SAVE fFILENAME / single "This is single precision"
if date > 900325 or date < 301129 then delete

run

rem -----------------------------
rem The., end.

The easiest way to clean up the mess of files created by
this transfer is to copy the final file to another directory,
then delete all the *.sys files and *.dat files before you do
another transfer or quit.
Don't forget, if you had any real datapoints that were 9999,
you need to correct the Systat datafile using the Systat EDIT
module.

APPENDIX F.

INFORMATION ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Florida Department of Transportation Aerial Photography

ASCS Aerial Photography

USGS 7.50 Quad Size Aerial Photography

U. S. Air Force Early Aerial Photography

Tobin Research Aerial Photography

Photo mosaic index sheets for all ASCS and SCS photography
covering the Myakka River Watershed are provided. 101 X 101,
color infrared stereo pairs for 1984/85 NHAP photography covering
the Myakka River Watershed also accompany this report.

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

SARASOTA COUNTY

Date PD Number Flight Lines Scale
I (inch=ft)
10/30/64 & 11/64/ WFM* 3-8 1:2000
1/13/69 & 1/16/69 738 8-13 1:2000

12/19/72 & 1/30/73 1205 8-13 1:2000

12/7/77 & 1/10/78 2180 9-15 1:2000

3/12/83 2947 9-15 1:2000

12/20/85 & 1/15/86 3443 9-15 1:2000

12/22/89 & 1/13/90 3814 9-15 1:2083

F- MA14ATEE COUNTY
Date D Number Flight Lines Scal
@ (inch
3/10/6-5 335 1-6 1:2000

12/19/72 & 1/30/73 1205 10-13 1:2000

2/22/73 & 3/22/73 1271 15-19 1:2000

12/7/77 & 1/10/78 2180 12-16 1:2000

12/7/77 & 1/10/78 2179 16-20 1:2000

4/6/80 & 10/5/80 2549 16-20 1:2000

4/25/84 3116 16-20 1:2000

2 10 87 & 4/5/87 3625 16-20 1:2000

4/21/80 3767 1H 1:1600
1L 1:400

Not available at Bartow.DOT office. All Flights not marked
with an asterisk are available at their office.

Also available are 2411 X 2411 SCS aerials:
1948 Sarasota Co (virtually complete set + index)
1940 Manatee Co (virtually complete set + index)

100

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Available at:

Dept. of Transportation
P. 0. Box 1249 .
801 North Broadway
Bartow, FL 33830
813/533-8161
SunCom 557-2309
Contact persons: W. Cornelison,
.District Surveyor Administrator
W. Roberson
Assistant District Location Surveyor
both from Locations Surveys

Purchase from:

Attention Donald E. Merkel
Chief of Topography
Bureau of Topography
Florida Department of Transportation
605 Suwannee Street
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Mail Station 5L
(904) 488-8911

101

ASCS Aerial Photography

Photo mosaic index sheets for the SCS and ASCS photography listed
below accompany this report. loll x 1011 color infrared stereo
pairs for all NHAP photography listed below also accompany this
report.,

SARASOTA COUNTY
Date Scale Film Type Agency* Purchase Availab'l
from: e at:

1948 1:20,000 B & W ASCS I AIB

1957 1:20,000 B & W ASCS II A

1969 1:40,000 B & W ASCS II A

1974 1:20,000 B & W ASCS II A

1984 1:60,000 B & W NHAP II
color infrared A

MANATEE COUNTY

Date Scale Film Type Agency Purchase Availabi
from; e at:

1940 1:20,000 B & W SCS I CIB

1952 1:20,000 B & W ASCS II C

1958 1:20,000 B & W ASCS II C

1970 1:40,000 B & W ASCS II D

1980 1:40,000 B & W ASCS II D

1984 1:60,000 B & W NHAP II D
color infrared,

SCS is the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service
ASCS is the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural
Stabilization and Conservation Service
NHAP is National High Altitude Photography

102

ASCS Aerial Photography

Purchase from:

I. National Archives and Records Service
Cartographic and Architectural Branch
General Services Administration
Washington, D. C. 20408
(703) 756-6700
Contact Person: Richard Smith

II. Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
2222 West, 2300 South
P.O. Box 30010
Salt Lake City, Utah 84130
(801) 524-5856
Contact Person:' Mary Porter

Available at:

A. Sarasota County Office
Soil Conservation Service'
Extension Services Building
2900 Ringling Blvd.
Sarasota, Florida 34237
(8 13) 951-4 2 10
Contact Person: Nona Shawhan, District Secretary

B. Locations Surveys
DepartmenL of Transportation
801 North Broadway
P. 0. Box 1249
Bartow, Florida 33830
(813) 533-8161
SunCom 557-2309
Contact Persons: W. Roberson
Assistant District Location Surveyor
W. Cornelison
District Surveyor Administrator

C. Manatee County Historical Records Library
1405 4th Ave. W.
Bradenton, Florida 34205
(813) 749-7162
Contact Persons: Stephanie Mashburn, Records Librarian
Tissie Watson, Records Librarian

103

ASCS Aerial Photography

D. Manatee County Office
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
1303 17th Street West
Palmetto, Florida 34221
(813) 748-7468
Contact Person: Judy Vigeant

104

USGS 7. So QUAD SIZE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

The quality,of the 1-15-79 photography is much poorer than the
1972-73 photography. As of summer, 1990, it was still possible
to obtain copies of the 1972-73 photography for the quads listed
below. Those marked with an X in the 1979 column were only
available for that date.

1:24,000 Aer ial Photography in Quad Format

DATE
USGS 7.50 QUADRANGLE
NAME 1972-73T1-15-79

Bee Ridge x

Duette x

Edgeville x

Keentown x

Laurel x

Lower Myakka Lake x

Murdock x

Murdock N.E. x

Murdock N.W. x

Myakka City
Myakka City N.W. x
Myakka Head x
Myakka River x
Old Myakka x

Verna x

The 1972-73 photography was produced by Mark Hurd Aerial Surveys.
The 1-15-79 photography was obtained by the U.S. Geological
Survey for the Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville
District and enlarged by the State Topographic Office,
Florida Dept. of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.

105

USGS 7.50 QUAD SIZE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

selected cruads for both dates are available from:

Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center
The Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida 32306
(904) 644-2007

The 1-15-79 cruads are available from:

Mapping & Graphics Section
Southwest Florida Water Management District
2379 Broad Street
Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
(904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
Suncom 684-0111

106

U.S. AIR FORCE EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Large 2211 X 2411 flight maps showing flight lines and frame
numbers for the aerial photography listed below are provided with
this report.

Early U.S. AIR FORCE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

GENERAL LOCATION
DATE SCALE QUALITY [CITY AT LATITUDE EQUIVALENT
TO UPPER AND LOWER ENDS OF
FLIGHT LINE]

3/4/43 1:14,750 excellent 5 NIS lines from Upper Lake
Myakka west [northern
Sarasota to Murdock]
3/23/43 1:121500 excellent ca 7 NIS lines from the center
of Upper Lake Myakka east
to Venice (northern
Sarasota to Murdockj
4/28/43 1:12,500 fair 2 NIS lines just west Lower
Lake Myakka [Sarasota to
Laurel]
4/28 43 1:12,500 fair patchy 3 NIS lines east of-
Lower Lake Myakka
[Sarasota to Laurel]
10/31/43 1:40,000 excellent area west of the center of
Upper Lake Myakka to the
coast [Palmetto to Venice]
11/11/43 1:12,000 excellent 1 NIS line just east of Upper
Lake Myakka [Bee Ridge to
Murdock] & many lines
along the coast east of
the River
11/12/43 1:201000 excellent 2 NIS lines through MRSP*
[Bradenton to Venice]
3/13/45 1:20,000 good W/E flight from Venice across
the Myakka River
11/13/45 1:40,00 excellent 2 NIS lines west of DeSoto Co.
line to east edge of Tatum
Sawgrass [Palmetto to
Murdock]

107

U.S. AIR FORCE EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Purchase from:

National Archives and Records Service
Cartographic and Architectural Branch
General Services Administration
Washington, D. C. 20408
('703) 756-6700
Contact Person: Richard Smith
[include information underlined in blue on flight line maps
as ID codes with orders]

108

TOBIN RESEARCH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Tobin Research flies'their own photography. The following is a
list of their aerial photography for latitude 270001 to 2703213011
and longitude 820001 to 82022130". Their photography is
expensive; for example in September 1990, the price for 308
prints,.alternate exposures (ie not stereo pairs), 811 X 1011 was
$8,000, or about $25 each. However, this photography might be
useful for answering questions on a specific area or trying to
determine as closely as possible when a change occurred.

TOBIN RESEARCH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Date Scale Area Covered

19@40/42 1: 1,,6,67 Hardee County

1942 1:1,667 DeSoto County

1948 1:1,667 Sarasota CdUnty

Purchase from:

Tobin Research
P. 0. Box 2101
114 Camp Street
San Antonio, TX 78297
(512) 223-6203
Contact Person: Lauri Korzekwa
[File of flight paths is stored under
I'Myakka River State Park"]

109

APPENDIX G.

CARLTON RESERVE GROUNDWATER MONITORING

(from Dames and Moore, 1988a)

110

3.0 GROUND WATER MONITORING PLAN

The purpose of a well-field ground water monitoring network is to
determine the extent and impacts of ground water withdrawals, both
areally and vertically. Since 1979, 193 wells have been constructed
within the RMT. Of these, 179 represent the present monitor well
network: of which 136 monitor the surficial aquifer, 21 monitor the
In-termediate aquifer, 22 monitor the upper Floridan aquifer, (well-
field production zone), and two monitor the lower Floridan aquifer.
Figure 3.1 shows the location of all wells drilled within the RMT. As
indicated by this figure, the present monitor well network provides
extensive areal coverage of the RMT. Table 3.1 is a drilling summary,
showing the number of wells that have been drilled into each aquifer,
average well depth, and purpose of the well.

Two additional monitor wells were constructed during the Stage 11
drilling operation (June-August 1988) . The purpose of these monitor
wells is to determine the rate and direction of vertical recharge into
the well-field production zone.@ Based upon the results of previous
ground water flow modeling (Dames & Moore's May 1988 report), the area
of largest drawdown was determined. At this location (Well TP 32), a
Hawthorn Formation monitor well and an Ocala %-Jroup monitor we'll were
installed. The Hawthorn Formation monitor well will determine the
regional rate of leakage that occurs from the Hawthorn Formation
downward into the well-field production zone. The Ocala Formation
monitor well will measure the rate of upward leakage from the lower
Floridan aquifer into the production zone. Based on the data from
these two wells, the percentage of leakage from the zones both above
and below the production zone were determined. Model results, which
are based on aquifer characteristics from specific capacity and pump
testing dat_g indicate that the largest drawdown impacts should occur in
the vicinity that encompasses the area between Wells TP 31 and TP 33.

36 31 32 33
'3 6
31

1 6 5 3o
mcco
"T"
,-A
0
UYAKKA FhvLR SIAIE PARK 'r

10 12
12 7 8 9 O-S 7,1
.4
14 Of it
11
If
.!10

NOWO lot S"
13
13
18
0
C31
0

OV 4. ----------
lt, p 31 .41
of
0 20;@ 23 0
44

STOP

Sw 2to
0
25 3 0 &9 28 27 All- 25 303-
0 14A "S N;f4c IF 3 41

ST111 24
JIM At-;;P-
I ", a -----------------
@T

0
1. %-il. @Ai- 35
36 31 32

Dames & Moore

TABLE 3.1

SUMMARY OF DRILTING PROGRAM

Borehole Number of Drilling Depth
De's ig nat ion Boreholes' Minimum Max imum Average Installed For

Ground Penetrating 10 31 86.5 48 Calibration of geophysical survey and
Radar Wells monitoring of Surficial Aquifer,

Wetland Monitoring 8 15 36.5 25 Sampling soils under and adjacent to
Wells wetlands

Test/Monitor Wells

Surficial aquifer 118 9 76 35 Sampling, monitoring, testing of
Surficial aquifer

intermediate aquifer 21 76 258 201 Sampling, monitoring, testing of
Intermediate aquifer
I
Upper Floridan 13 251 640 395 Sampling and Monitoring Floridan aquifer
aquifer
(Tampa zone)

Upper Floridan 9 420 690 562 Sampling and Monitoring Floridan aquifer
aquifer
(Suwannee zone)

Ocala Semi-confining 2 750 1000 875 Sampling and Monitoring Floridan aquifer
unit

Production Wells 12 400 715 477 Sampling and well-field production

Total 193

FJ
H
K)

113

For consumptive use permitting purposes, draWown impacts in the
Surficial aquifer, intermediate aquifer, upper Floridan aquifer and
lower Floridan aquifer need to be monitored. With the exception of the
two wells mentioned above, the present monitoring network is sufficient
to address property boundary impacts.

The following paragraphs detail the proposed long-term monitoring
plan for the RMT well-field for each aquifer. The proposed plan for
each aquifer is to monitor the areas in the center of the well-field in
addition to monitoring a ring around the well-field near the property
boundaries.

3.1 SURFICIAL AQUIFER

Wells 5 and 8, drilled during the initial well cluster program
will be-u"d to monitor withdrawal impacts on the surficial aquifer
near the center of pumpage. Well 5 is located near Production Well SP
21 and Well 8 is located near Production Well TP 33. Wells 6G, ROMP
19E-S, 14GN, 14S, 9, 3G, and ROMP 19W-S will be used to monitor an
outer ring around the well-field area. 7bese wells average 44 feet in
depth and range from 25 feet to 67.5 feet in depth. Figure 3.1 shows
the location of these wells in reference to the production well

sites.

3.2 INTERMEDIATE AQUIFER

Well HM 21, located near SP 21, and HM 40, located near TP 32,
will be used to monitor the effects of ground water withdrawals near
the center of pumpage and the eastern portion of the well-field. Wells
6C, ROMP 19E- Int. , 14E-S, 3C, and ROMP 19W-Int . will be used to
monitor an outer ring around the well-field area. Well 10, located
near the northern most boundary of the RMT, will be used to determine
background water levels. The intermediate aquifer monitor well network
averages 206 feet in depth and varies from 121 feet to 258 feet in
depth. This large variation is due' to discontinuous confining layers

114

at the base of the aquifer which may or may not be present at each well
site.

3.3 UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER (Production Zone)

The RMT well-field production zone consists of the Tampa Limestone
and Suwannee Formations. Water levels and water quality will be
monitored daily in each of the twelve existing and two future
production wells to obtain accurate pumping levels and determine raw
water quality to . the treatment plant. Wells TP 27, TP 30, TP 31, TP
32, TP 33, TP 38, and TP 39 will produce from the Tampa Limestone; Well
SP 21 will produce from the Suwannee Limestone; and Wells STP 22, STP
243i -STP- 24-, and STP 26 will produce from both the Tampa and Suwannee
zones. Wells TP 25 and TP 29 have not been drilled (proposed for
1989), but will probably produce from the Tampa Limestone.

In addition to. the production wells, Well TM 21 will monitor water
levels and water quality in the Tampa zone and Wells SM 21A and SM 21B
will be used to monitor water levels and water quality in the Suwannee

zone.

To determine the regional drawdown impacts within the well-field,
a ring of monitor wells surrounding the well-field w-Ml be used. 'in the
Tampa Limestone, these wells are 14 E-S, 14 H-S, and 3 H. In the
Suwannee Formation, these wells are 3 F, ROMP 19E, 14 F-S, 6 F, and
ri ROMP 19W. Also, Wells 10H and TM 37, both located on the northern
portion of the RMT, will be used to monitor background levels in the
Tampa Limestone, which is the main production zone of the upper
Floridan aquifer. The proposed monitor well network for the Tampa
Limestone, independent of the production wells, averages 359 feet in
depth and ranges from 304 feet to 435 feet in depth. The proposed
monitor well network for the Suwannee Limestone, independent of the
production wells, averages 554 feet in depth and ranges from 425 feet
to 690 feet in depth.

115

3.4 OCALA SEM-CONFINING UNIT

Tal
The Ocala Group represents the semi-confining unit which separates
the upper Floridan aquifer from the lower Floridan aquifer. The lower
Floridan aquifer within the RMT contains highly mineralized water that
can potentially migrate upwards if well-field withdrawals are not
ar-curately controlled and monitored. Two wells, OM 21 and OM 41, will
be used monitor water levels and water quality in the Ocala
semiconfining unit. The purpose of these wells will be to detect any
upconing of lower Floridan aquifer water into the well-field production

zone.

Well OM 21 is constructed with casing that extends into the Ocala
Group to a depth of 690 feet. The total depth of the well is 1,000
feet. The location of OM 21 is within the area of the largest
projected withdrawal impacts and will monitor the potential for
upconing of mineralized water in the western portion of the

well-field.

Well OM 41 is constructed with casing that extends into the Ocala
Group to a depth of 700 feet. The total depth of the well is 750 feet.
This well will monitor the water in the eastern portion of the
well-field. Together, OM 21 and OM 41 will provide sufficient coverage
of the rate and extent of upward movement of lower Floridan aquifer
ground water caused by the well-field.

FIGURES

Figure 1. A descriptive model of ecosystem hydrology.
Figure 2. Location of weather stations from which we assembled'
available precipitation data. See Table 1 for the station names
that correspond to these numbers. Myakka River State Park is
shown at Station 11.

Figure n. Location of streamflow monitoring stations from which
we assembled available streamflow data. See Table 2 for the
station names that correspond to these numbers.

Figure 4a. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
Sarasota County from which we assembled available--g-roundwater
level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
these numbers.

Figure 4b. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
Manatee County from which we assembled available groundwater
level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
these numbers.

Figure 5. Pleistocene marine terraces in southwest Florida
(Healy 1975).

Figure 6. Topographic sketch showing the DeSoto Plain and
coastal lowlands which are traversed by the Myakka River in
Sarasota and Manatee Counties (modified from White 1970).'

Figure 7. Principal topographic and drainage features of the
Myakka River basin area (Joyne.r and Sutcliffe 10.716).

Figure 8. Monthly precipitation (1944-1989) at Myakka River
State Park. Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The
heavy line is mean monthly precipitation for the period of
record.

Figure 9. Monthly precipitation (1956-1989) at Fort Green 12
WSW. Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line
is mean monthly precipitation for the period of record.

Figure 10. Monthly precipitation (1933-1989) at Wauchula 2 N.
Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is
mean monthly precipitation for the period of record.

Figure 11. Monthly precipitation (1914-1989) at Bradenton. Each
year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
monthly precipitation for the period of record.

Figure 12. Monthly precipitation (1908-1989) at Arcadia. Each
year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
monthly precipitation for the period of record.

Figure 13. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Myakka River
State Park.

Figure 14. cumulative total annual precipitation at Fort Green
12 WSW.

Figure 15. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Wauchula 2 N.

Figure 16. cumulative total annual precipitation at Bradenton.

Figure 17. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Arcadia.

Figure 18. Mean total annual precipitation for f!v-e- stations in
the vicinity of Myakka River State Park.

Figure 19. Measured discharge (dashed line) of the Myakka River
at Myakka River State Park in comparison to runoff (solid line)
estimated-by Dames and Moore (1986) on the basis of a Surface
Water Balance Model.

Figure 20. Generalized hydrogeologic section along a line
extending from the Manatee-Sarasota County line northwest of
Myakka River State Park to the Charlotte-Lee County line just
east of U.S. Route 41. It crosses the Myakka River just above
Lower Myakka Lake (Wolansky 1983).

Figure 21. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
monitored by the ROMP 19E well grid on the Carlton Reserve (Dames
and Moore 1986).

Figure 2.2. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
monitored by the ROMP 19W well grid on the Carlton Reserve (Dames
and Moore 1986).

Figure 23. Floridan Aquifer water level declines 1960-1980
(Dames and Moore 1986).

Figure 24. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
monitored by the ROMP 19E well grid on the Carlton Reserve.

Figure 25. Sub-basins within the Myakka River watershed based on
a Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS overlay of the
area above and immediately below Myakka River State Park.

Figure 26. Mean monthly flow at the Myakka River near Sarasota
water level monitoring station in Myakka River State Park. Each
year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
monthly flow for the period of record.

Figure 27.. Cumulative mean annual streamflow at the Myakka River
near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka .River
State Park.

Figure 28. Cumulative maximum annual streamflow at the Myakka
River near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka
River State Park.

Figure 29. Cumulative minimum annual streamflow at the Myakka
River near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka
River State Park.

Figure'30. Minimum annual streamflow at the Myakka River near
Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka River State
Park. The horizontal line is the mean annual flow for the period
of record.

Figure 31. Estimated decline in the potentiometric surface of
the Floridan Aquifer since predevelopment conditions (Hutchinson
1984).

Figure 3.2.... The projected drawdown in the Surficial Aquifer
resulting from a 120-day stress test on pumping from the Floridan
Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988).

Figure 33. Land uses as of 1989 in the Myakka River watershed
upstream of or near Myakka River State Park. It is overlaid on a
reduced copy of Figure 25, which shows more clearly the location
of Myakka River State Park and the names of the Myakka River sub-
basins.

Figure 34. The hatched area indicates the location of lands
owned by phosphate mining companies in the Myakka River watershed
(Sarasota Herald Tribune 1976). Numbers refer to the company
that owns the land: (1) Beker Phosphate %Corporation, (2)
International Minerals & Chemical Corporation, (3) Phillips
Petroleum, (4) Swift Chemical Company, (5) Texaco, (6) WR Grace &
Company. It is overlaid on a reduced copy of Figure 25, which
shows more clearly the location of Myakka River State Park and
the names of its watershed sub-basins.

ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE <

P ET

<
E VEGETATION E 0
U)Z
>- :D
T U) 0
P 00

SURFACE WATER
UNSATURATED
SOIL MOISTURE S
STORAGE

SATURATED GROUNDWATER STORAGE
(UNCONFINED)

AQUICLUDE S

SATURATED GROUNDWATER STORAGE
(CONFINED)

ET- EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
E-EVAPORATION
T- TRANS PIR AT ION
P-PRECIPITATION
S-SEEPAOE

Figure 1. A descriptive model of ecosystem hydrology.

915

12)
20 in, 517 (D

rL-

Figure 2. Location of weather stations from which we assembled
available precipitation data. See Table 1 for the station names
that correspond to these numbers. Myakka River State Park is
shown at Station 11.

82,

2r
0 2 2 9 4 4 20*
022:4401
eX P LANATION
9 2946h
A 02297155 $TREAM GAGING STATION

02294781

62294098

02205420

02299990 02295637
;-012 2 9 7L5 5

0 2 2@@Q 0
LAOU 0229550
VVAMKA
02291750 110
0229970 VU2 6010, 022 675
02296800 02299419 2297000
022969QO 021297100
# 02249160

02299470
02294123
21"@ coo 271
0 24' 2 9 8 2. 00 2

CKAR L Or rt
MAR"
A

Figure 3. Location of streanflow monitoring stations from which
we assembled available streanflow data. See Table 2 for the
station names that correspond to these numbers.

8 2 1100

46
27
3
28
24 32 3 31

0 29 4
21 aresota #2
q 0

17 sno atv R'419
ure .9t . 0 ac c9rel coy,
2 7 15' Siv": Koy

00
9 12 13
14 ' , '@
4 Levre, S A T9
lo

$00h V pn @cs
7069 9,5
4
27900 3

10 MILES

Figure 4a. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
Sarasota County from which we assembled available groundwater
level data. See Table 3 for the station names that, --- correspond to
these numbers.
'7'ay" g-"
14@1 31,

@1 2;
R
S @A(O

82045' 820 30 82* 15

27-45' - 4-

r
Pinvy Point
10
Woonle Plirr Sh OCivelils
T rro G
W0111 10:@*

Anne
Mori I
Holm* Pei
27030, 019:0 t
Drillogn'ton r1q I .(D - myokk* H*00
Dow 1-j 7 0 Wooo ark
Lomigb9och Ontcoo M N A T E E
5 Who iq id Estotes orralne q3 40
7elloyset
Yvrne Permel"

f yokke CITY 0
(D

0 Sondy

279 5

10 MILES
I

Figure 4bi Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
Manatee County from which we assembled available groundwater
level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
these numbers.

P Sc

CLEARWATTE4

M I L5 0 H
TA WPA
'SA Y 0 K

'INC

w orlir
OK 9 In

A t@-r A

Lake

r okeecbobe

MON M09

Figure 5. Pleistocene marine terraces in southwest Florida
(Healy 1975).

'C>

Figure 6. Topographic sketch'showing the DeSoto Plain and
coastal lowlands which are traversed by the Myakka River in
Sarasota and Manatee Counties (modified from White 1970).

82*45' 30, 15' 82000'

2703d
BRA NTON 64

4f 70

15'
Cl)

OSPRE

LAUREL

VENICE
EXPLANATION 41 OC
Altitude of lond surfoCe,
in feet oboye sto leyel 77
27(100' RT
0 7 C LOT Ce
0-20 ENGLEW D
776

20-60

41
60-100
m PLACID
rk
Grooter thon 100 feel
GASPARILLA
ISLAND
2V45. ndory- of study. oreo
I I -
0 10 20 MILES

0 10 20 30 KILDMETRES

Figure 7. Principal topographic and drainage features of the
Myakka River basin area (Joyner and Sutcliffe 1976).

M M rt p-
0 IV to %Q
0 r@
co 'Myakka River State Park'' 0. (D

p- 0 co
27
m @V

V) 0
t7l :3
....................... ........ .............
24 5 0) rt,
(D 0 ::r

5 (D
. ...... .........
21 ............ ...... ...... ....... 0 0)"
::1 (D
ft 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .-
co 18

0 P- 0
P- tn :3
15 ------ *------- .............. ------ ---- -- ---- ....... ------- 10

rt F, t@.
0) 0 %D
rt ft -V@
H- rt .9@.,
............ ............ . ... ........... ............ 0 m I
12
CIO
1--h 0) 00
0 En %.o

rt
A, m 0

A
6

:Dr m

c
0 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13
2

Green 12 WSW-
27 --------- 0) %D
x 0 :31

ct l< :3:
'Y m 0
24 ------ -------- @j

10 ul
L<
....................................... ....... .......
............. ...... ......
(D 21

P- 0
ft P- P-
lw m PC
ca 18 ....... : .......:.......:
P-" rt
0 )--0)
:3 0 rt
rt P-
(It 0
.......... ... -- ----- --- ------- ------- 0 (D -'3
15 ------

ct %u F-
12 --------- ....... ------
co (D @-j
PI 0 %D
P- < 0:)
0 M %D
@j t

0 0 0)
rt

. ...... ... m 0
6
0 @:r ct

C 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

c ti ftj
C16 ''Wauchula 2 N- M 0 F.
0 OtQ
27
4- L<m
0 m
@:f IV
rto
24 ---------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

0 0
rtz
m sw rt
2 ............................................................... ....... .......
En

IV
...... I ...................... ....... .............................. ....... rt, 0 (D
co 18 P- rt 0
0rt P-

1--b rt
........................... ....... 0Sv SD
15 - ----- in rt-
00
12 --------
co (D Mko

Fl- F@ Li
o 0)
------------- ------
- -----------

tD
IL (D (D 0)
. .. . ... .. ........
6 0rt
-@6 - 0 :y,
(D ::E:
0
L<0
3 . .. . . . . . .- - - - . . . . .. . .

mtj
P-
C 0 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
.2

c 0 m
co Bradenton n O;Q
27 En M

SD H
rt -

............................ ...... ....... .........
c 241 ....... ....... .......
ri) o

rt rt
2 ............................. rt 0 F-
.............. P- rt 1@<
0 rt

.................
cl@ 18 ............ ... .... ....................... 0 9D 0
rt SD t--
@lr :j rt
m 9v
0 rt
-------------------- ------ .. ...... ....... ...........
15
(D (D0

0 0

........................... ---
12 ... ....... .......
clo

------ 0 00
0 :3, ko
(D

rt
6
co

3
En rt

SiN.
c 0
0
2 10 11 12 13
2-

c 0 M P-
A -1 0 %Q
co rcadla''

rp M
27

P.:R:
c 24 ----------------------- ---------------
@o G) 0

rt @o rt

(t 0 1--
rt L<
.. ......................................... p
21 0 rt
:J (D @O

t-t (D
0 0)0
*...... I .............. ...... . ............ ...... ....... ....... ............. En P-
CIO I E3 "o

::r rt

0rt
............................ ... ...... ------- ..... <
1 5 (D (D0
H-
0 fD

................. ...... -------
12 0
00

(D M
00
0 zr

Ave. j
QN. ?V -4, -

co
A M@ (Dw
3

txj
c
0 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13

lMyakka River Statc@@ Park''
2500 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 ILI I I I I II I I I I I T-r-FT-TTIIIIIII 111111111 11111171 111111111 111111111111111114 0) I-A
Lj

2000 --------- .................. ...... ............ ......... ........ . Irt

rt
0
ct

------------------- ---------- ------
1500

.................... .... --------- -- ------ --------- ....... -
1000 --------- p-

CTJ boo -------- --------- :-----------:--------- ---------- :--- --------- ........ rt

0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

''Fort Green 12 \/\/SW''
En
1800 iIIIIIIIII-FT-ril 11 1 11 [111 1 111 11 11 1111111 111111111 1 1 1 1 I-Frl IIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ::E: M

----------------------------
................... ...................
0 1500 ---- ---

CIO
ft@_- - ct

...........
---------------- --------------------------
1200 rt,
0
rt,

CIO

....... .. ......................... .......
900 ----------------------

co
o ............................. ......
600 ------- . .................... -
rt

-------- ....... --------- -------- --------- ------- ...............
300 iw
ct

rt*

I I I I L
0 m
m
1900 19101920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19801990

''Wauchula 2 N'' m
3200

2800 ------ --------
c rt

clo
................... ......... --------- --------------------*.......- rt
2400 ------ 0
CL Irt

2000 ------------------- --------- ------------------- -------- ----------

c 1600 ----------:...................
............................... ........ -------

ct
co ......... ............. ..... -------------------- --------
1200 ------

............. -------- --- ------------------- --------- -------
> 800 --------

CIO

................... .................. ...................................... -------
E 400

0 11.1 L
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Bradenton
m
4200 _1 I I I I I I I II-FTTII III III I I F-r-r-T-T-rTTT I I I I
0%

... . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
c: 3600

ct,
co

---------------- ----------- .............................. .. .........
c-I 3000 rt*
0
rt

................ ...................... .......
2400 ---------- : .......... :------------

-----------
- -----------------
1800

rt,
W
ct
---------- -------- ............ ------ ......... P-
1200

to
-----------------
600

C)
0 1111 111111111 Iffill 11 11 11 111111111 if 11 111 1] 1111 11 [111 11111111
1900.1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Arcadia''
4500 1 1 1 1 1I_T7T I I I I I I IrT-rT_T-T-T-TT

..... . ....... .........
4000 ,---------- - -----------------

......... ---------- --------- ................... ....... -
CIO 3500 ------------------ ------ rt

Ct
... .............. -------
3000 -------- ----------:----------:---------:--------------- 0
Ct
n

-----------------
C 2500

.... ............... ---------------- -------
< 2000 ---------- -------- --------- ----------

................................. ............... -------
0 ......... ....
1500 ------
rtll

rt
P_
1000
CIO
rt
E ............... ............ ......... ................... ......... -------------_-
500

Fl-
o
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

(t
Mean for 5 Stations ::r
m %Q
95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F=1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -TTT-T-1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P. M

.............. .......................... ....... ------------ ......
85 m
0 m

0 0
x ct
--------- --------------
75 --------

CIO

m r@

....... .................................. ......... ... ................
65
En
rt

rt (D
(D 0
55
rt

.......... --------- --- ----- - ---- --- ---------- -- --------------
45
co

----------- --------- ......... .......
.... ---------------- m
35
En
rt

rt
H-
25
u'

H-
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Figure 19. Measured discharge (dashed line) of the Myakka River
at Myakka River State Park in comparison to runoff (solid line)
estimated by Dames and Moore (1986) on the basis of a Surface
Water Balance Model.

40 1 1 1, 1 700

600
C/D
30 0
z 500
LLJ

Li
0
4 <
0
20
LU 300
IItV I
C/D 200
Lij 10 <
U-i

100

0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

YEAR

POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE OF LOWER POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
NAWTHORN-UPPER TAMPA AQUIFER OF TAMIAMI-UPPER
HAWTHORN AQUIFER
A POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
Of FLORIDAN AQUIFER

:t Z
8 :1g, 9
10 %
A 74 5 1 Ct 0
rJ 0 0
0 J -C

A
100

NGVD SURFI@IA, AQUIFER
WATER ABLE
100 TAMIAMI- UPPER HAWTHORN
AQUIFER
CONFINING BED

300 LOWER HAWTHORN-
UPPER TAMPA AQUIFER

CONFINING BED$

500

100

FLORIDAN AQUIFER

900 -7

1100

1300

TOP OF HIGHLY
PERMEABLE DOLOMITE

1500

1700

1900

2100 LOWER CONFINING BED

2300 5 10 15 20 ILES

2500

Figure 20. Generalized hydrogeologic section along a line
M

extending from the Manatee-Sarasota County line northwest of
Myakka River State Park to the Charlotte-Lee County line just
east of U.S. Route 41. It crosses the Myakka River just above
Lower Myakka Lake (Wolansky 1983).

WATER LEVEL ELEVATION (FEET ABOVE MSL)
r
JUL
AUG
0 1> ro
:3 0 p- -" (/) - SEP
0. m r_ OCT
C) 0 -1
1 0 _+1 NOV
rt. =3 --
0 0 (D CL CL r) DEC
0 " no III -JAN
" (Dw =3 cm FEB
(D a MAR
3:p @@m APR
c C WAY
03 _. -. -I JUN
m rt (D --% -41
-3 (D (D JUL
o I _%
(DZ X: AUG >
cu X: SEP
C+ C+ OCT A.
0 -1 (D (D NOV
110 rt. r- DEC -
(D M r- r- JAN -
< (D CD
m < < FEB -
ko m (1) MAR - w
l< APR -
a (D :m MAY
(D 0) (D (D
cu JUN
W JUL
(D AUG
9 (D (D SEP
(D a E3
=3 fD CD OCT
C+ :3 =)
aEn C+ C+ NOV
DEC
0 JAN
:30 FEB
rt MAR
_r rt APR
m::r MAY
(D JUN
0
0) rt JUL
"::F, AUG
i-- tj SEP
ct (D
0 (D OCT -
NOV -
DEC
JAN
(D 9@
rA p- FEB
(D" MAR
t'l (D APR
MAY
(D En
JUN .
JUL
AUG
0)
5 SEP 40 Cd W w td
(D J. 0
(n

WATER LEVEL ELEVATION (FEET ABOVE MSLI

JUL
AUG -
SEP -
::1 0 p- 0 13.. OCT -
(A
p- M C: Nov -
:3: rt 0 C) -1 DEC -
0 0 (D I cr JAN -
0 CL cl. 0 FES -
" (D to 0) cu MAR -
(D CL I%j noa APR -
@-j tr MAY -
%D L< JUN -
03 a
0) rt Ff JUL - "Rk
M -41 -41 AUG -
@y o (D M
(D r- -1 -1 SEP -
X: OCT -
lw X: 3c NOV -
0 C+ 0) ru
(D 4r+ C+ DEC - .8;
rt I M (D
s -1 JAN -
(D r- FES -
m r- r-
ko < (D (D MAR -
(D < < APR -
(D M
MAY -
JUN -
(D X X L
f@ 0 (D CD JU - Ok,
a$ 0) AUG - let
4Ln fln
c: c SEP -
0) m -3 -1 OCT -
-3 (D CO
CD a NOV -
:3 m
a En C+ DEC - 1>
JAN -
0 t-b FES -
:j0
WAR -
ft APR -
::r rt MAY -
(D ::)' w
(D 4o JUN - oc-_-
0 JUL -
01 rt AUG -
SEP -
rt (D OCT -
0 (D NOV -
DEC -
0) JAN
(D0 FES
EO p- MAR
(D APR
t
(D 0
MAY
(DM JUN 1*11 C@-
JUL
AUG
SEP
0

K E Y:

0-5 AMOUNT OF RISE

0-5

5-10

r. RI N 10-20 AMOUNT OF DECLINE

r- 7 7-1
20-30

>30

CITRU
S

SUMPTER

HERNANDO
GULF 1@
7

PASCO
OF
POLK

Winter
MEXICO HILLSBOROUGH Hoven
To mpo

Sorosoto

MYAKKA E, 3CT0
B A S I N SARASOTA I . L)
Port Ch9r1otte
CHARLO@@

Source; U,S.G,S.

Figure 23. Floridan Aquifer water level declines 1960-1980
(Dames and Moore 1986).

Q
0 r,
ROMP 19 C'-./luster near Sarasota rt "
(10 0 (D
39 1 1 T- I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(D W
C/)

x
rt*
37 --- ----- %---------- ----- -- ---- .................... ...... ................ @r 0
4 (D r-
c

0 :r4
:3: su
lu ft
o 35 ------- ------ ----- -- -------- ------ - - ---------- m

----------- ........ . ........... ........ . . .. .......... ..
33 1-0
Q-
T

P-:y
31 ........ ---- ------ --- 0. W
0 m
=1 0

ft
zy rt
..... .. ....... ... .... ....... :r
-0 29 ----------- m
0)

rt (D
27 ........... ............. ............. .......... .................. .... . .... - 0 (D

T
En p-
................ m
25 ................... -- ---------- ---- -----

m 0
/KSONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJA
23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f I I I I I I I t--A I I
959 2081
co

R 19 R 20 R 20 R 21 R 21 1 R 22 R 22 R 23

UNNAMED CREEK

T 34 WINGATE CREEK
JOHNSON CREEK T 34
T 35

T 35

YOUNG CREEK
COKER CREEK TAYLOR CREEK

UNNAMED DITCH SAND SLOUGH

OGGY CREEK LONG CREEK

T 35
KAPLE CREEK T 35
OWEN BRANCH
T 36 OGLEBAY CREEK
T 36

TATUM SANGRASS SLOUGH OWEN CREEK
UNN DRAIN

INDIAN CREEK
SAND BRANCH

UNN DITCH
T 36 UNNAMED CREEK
T 37 04YAKKA RIVER T 36
HOWARD CREEK
CLA GULLY SARDIS BRANCH BUD SLOUGH T 37
WILDCAT SLOUGH

MUD LAKE SLOUGH
MOSSY ISLAND SLOUGH

FISH CAMP DRAIN

T 37

T 37
T 38

T 36

DEER PRAIRIE CREEK

SHIMET TOWN SLOUGH

916 SLOUGH CANAL

UNK DRAIN
UNNAMED CANAL SYSTEM

UNN DITCH

T 38
UNNAMED CREEK UNNAMED DITCH UNNAMED DITCH SYSTEM T 38
T 39 UNNAMED CREEK
UNN C %@T
S%XSYSTEM T 39
NX CREE
UNN" CREE
UNNAMED CREEK
UMM S03CH

UNNAMED CREEK MNAM0 CREE
UNNAMED DITCH 3YSTEN
UNN ED CANAL SYSTEM
UNNAMED CREEK UNHAME CANAL SYST90kA ED CAN L EYSTEM

UNN
UNNAMED CREEK
T 39 UNNAMED CRE K UMNA, ED DITCH SYSTEM
T 40 U T__ 3-9
ROCK CREEK UNNAMED CANAL
T 40

SAM KNIGHT CREEK

TR LEA PA CANA

T 40 TIPPECANOE BAY T 40
T 41 T 41

Figure 25. Sub-basins within the Myakka: River watershed based on
@
T 3

a Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS overlay of the
area above and immediately below Myakka River State Park.
R 19 R 20 R 20 1 R 21 R 211 R 22 R 22 R 23

0 M 0
Myakka. River near Sarasota =1 0 ft%q
rt"M rl
co
2500 En m

a (D W

rt (D
0 0)

P- 5 :3:
En 0 m
0 0)
...................... ............................ . ..... ...............
2000 rt
rt 0 0 V
:3, rt " 0
(D rt- H-:j
(D :1 rt

(D @-j
" D) En L<
P- U) rt
0 0
c 1500 ------ * ....................... ....... ...... ....... ....... 0) rt
=1 P-0
co 0 0 $C
0 :3
< fl)
(D P- rt
(D N :3
0 1-- ft
0 0) :3: ::r
l< L< m
Sl D)
1000 ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... .

m @u x
P.

M (D W
WAY,
(n m
. . . . . . rt
500 w
P-rt:l
::1 m m

U) En
co m S))
0
rt
0 SD
2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13

rt M P-
NAyakka River near Sarasota w 1w %Q
14000 En m

PV m
0
rt
............. -------- ------ a)0
12000 ----------- -------------------- ...... 0

lw Z
rt
m IV
rt

.............................. - ----- ........... ......
co 10000 -------------
mm

(D5
1-a (D
C/D

................................
CTI) 8000 -------------- :------- .............. ............

0 r-

< QICA
- - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . -
6000 rt
rn "
Irt m
co 0)

>
----------------- .................. ------------------------------
4000 ---------

rt
co l< rt

-------------
...... ......
2000 ----------- ................

m SIP
0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Myakka River near Sarasota
m m 0
CO 140000 1 1 T- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I- m
ftm w
SD 0 co
rt
m

........... .......... ................................................. ..
120000

Pl;* V) r-
0 @-
rt %D
CIO lw rt

...........
............................. ------------ ------ -------
100000 ------ ------
0 m
ct
C/D- m 5

x
T6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .-
80000 (D 5

0 :j

................. ............ ............................................ rt
E 60000 ----------

Q m

En
40000 ft

rt 0

------------
20000 ----------- --------- ----------- ------------------- Z rt

:3@ m
----------

0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

kAyakka River near Sarasota ...
225 1 1 -T--r--T-T I I II 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 T-T-T- 1mw
CO 0
ft
m
En
.............. .............. fu
> -------------- .......... .............. ............ 0 "
> "IV

E 175 ----------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

0) m
rt
150 ------------------------------------------
..............................

CIO
CD 125 --------------------------- ----------- ---------- ------- ............
5:3
<
rt
100 ------------------------------------------ ........ ......... 0
------------
P- rt

Q m
75 ---------------------------------------------------------- ............ ... ..........
rt
> ft 0
0
-------------------------- -------- ----- -----------
50 ---- -------
ct

rt
co ::r
M m
25 ------------- .............. .......... ... -------- ................... ............ &<
Wk<

0
1930 1940 @950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0 to fn
Myakka River near Sarasota
"@V
M- ffi"
40 0 0m
rt

- - - - - - - --- . . . . . . . . . . . . :31 ct
35 -------------- ------------- -------------- --------- -- 0 m .3:
CO F-
:J

0 m ;J
:3 < rl
rt m =1
30 --------------------------- -------------- ----------------------------- ----- -
0 IV
0 .-1
co 25 ---------------------------- ........ ............ . m rt 11)
------------- ----------- 0

Cf)
.............
............................ .............. .............. m U) 0)
20 ----- ------ rt 5
5 1w
M ft
0 P-0
0
c z
------------ ---------- ------------------- ------ no
15 ---------------------------
< rt

IV :3:,:x
Hll< m
IV
10 ............................ -------------------------- -- - ----- --- P7. :4
E 1--j PV L<
0 0 0

5 .........
.............................. ....................... ......... . ... - m w

rt
Ir En m
(D rt
1 1 1 1 1 L I I I I 1 11 1 @l I I I I L I a/,\ A "a rt :1
0 m(Dm

P- Fj
0
1930 1940 1950 960 1970 1980 1990

82*45' 30' 15' 82*00, 82*45' 30' 15' 82*00,
27'45'
r4APPA S 27*45' CY 1 1
eAr
1-7 rA MP
$7 BAr
16

IL!@S It UGH COUNTY
NAT E C M @ILL BOROUGH CO%jM

Air
3d - Ap#Ar
30
SRAOE TOM 0 1
BRADENTON

RNA
SAAASOT @ELL R.A
a F, LD SARASOTA C.
F, L
15' - cut F IV 15, - Gut F
OF
AFEX Co or
0 AtEXICO 4
0

0
0 5 10 MILES
SARA TA COUNTY i I , @ I
27906 0 5 10 15KILOMETERS CHARLOTTE C( 5 10 t5KILOMETERS SA A COIJN@T
. i
EXPLANATION 27*Od EXPLANATION CHA y
20-40 FEET 40-50 FEE? vzm=
20-30 FEET
DECLINE IN POTENT)OMETRIC SURFACE DECLINE IN POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
Approximate difference between predevetoPment and May 1982 Approximate difference between Predevelopment and September 1982
potentlomefric surfaces of the Floridan aquifer. Striped patterns PolentlometrIc surfaces of the Floridan aquifer. Striped Pattern shows
show areas of maximum head decline area of maximum head decline
Figure 31. Estimated decline in the pote .ntiometric surface of
the Floridan Aquifer since predevelopment conditions (Hutchinson
1984).

SURFICIAL AQUIFER

120 DAY PROJECTED DRAWDOWN

RINCLING-MccARTHUR
TRACT MANATEE CO.

SARASOTA CO.

PRESERVATION
AREA
3

Z PRESERVATION
AREA

STRESS PERIOD 3 0 25 5
11 WELLS
PUMPAGE
30 DAY AVG. 10 ,71 MGD DISTANCE IN MILES
30 DAY MAX. 15.55 MCD
60 DAY AVG. N.71 MCD@
DRAWDOWN CONTOUR
(IN FEET)
GULF 0
OF
MEXICO
0 0

Figure 32. The projected drawdown in the Surficial Aquifer
resulting from a 120-day stress test on pumping from the Floridan
Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 198a).

A 191 A 20 A 20 A 21 A 22- A 2? 23

ED phosphate mine
pasture/tomatoes
T\3A- pasture/sewage T 34
01
7 35 citrus T 35
E2 dairy

35 T 3'5
T 36 Ito, PC" T 36

WU loutlo

T 36 0"" lima T 36
T 37 f low 16 T 37

low Off Row"

Flo I" VAIV
T 37 T 37

7 36 T 3

01"off low low"
Off "M

W O"M

1110 fly"
T 38 T 38
F A 20 A 21 A 21 A 22 A 22 A 23

A 191 R 20 R 20 R 23 R 23 A 22 6 R 22 A 23

T 34
T 35 T 35
46

T 35 T 3 5

T 36 T 36

low ii"Nil P'W" pow wo
woo %0 to

OW WAW

"no
T 35 U "Lim Ilm T 36
T 37 wow No T 37

of k

pip 1. wl'
T 37 T 37

W1111 Popoff "M

Poo it" It""
off 11,411411 so"

w wm follow OwA pro

OMNI
T 38 -wrap WIF "wo OfIv r"Ife T 36
A 19 R 20 A 20 A 21 A 21 A 22 A zz A 23

Figure 34. The hatched area indicates the location of lands
owned by phosphate mining companies in the Myakka River watershed
(Sarasota Herald Tribune 1976). Numbers refer to the company
that owns the land: (1) Beker Phosphate Corporation, (2)
International Minerals & Chemical Corporation, (3) Phillips
Petroleum, (4) Swift Chemical Company, (5) Texaco, (6) WR Grace &
Company. It is overlaid on a reduced copy of Figure 25, which
shows more clearly the location of Myakka River State Park and
the names of its watershed sub-basins.

NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY

3 6668 14111413 4