[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]













                           Hydrologic Study within the

                              Myakka River State Park






                          M. J. Duever and J. M. McCollom







           Final Report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources



                          Florida DNR Contract No. C-6415









        Funds for this project were provided by the Department of
        Environmental Regulation, office of Coastal Management 'using funds
        made available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
        Administration under the Coastal Zone  'Management Act of 1972, as
        amended. Funds were obtained by the Florida Department of Natural
        Resources.






                             Ecosystem Research Unit
                             National Audubon Society
                                 Route 6, Box 1877
                              Naples, Florida 33964



                                 December 14, 1990










                                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

          Management of Myakka River State Park requires an adequate
     understanding of ecosystem characteristics and processes, and how they
     have been affected by man's activities. Hydrology is the most
     important natural environmental influence in wetland ecosystems, and to
     a large extent in upland systems as well.
          We conducted an inventory and analysis of available hydrologic
     information on Myakka River State Park and its watershed. The study
     was designed to document current conditions, and assess how changes
     since man I)egan to develop the area might have affected the hydrology
     of the park, and in turn, how alterations in hydrology might have
     affected other environmental components of the park ecosystem. This
     involved examination of relevant literature on climate, geology, soils,
     hydrology, and land use in the area and discussions with knowledgeable
     individuals on these topics, as well as analysis of accumulated
     climatic and hydrologic data and aerial photography. Fortunately,
     aerial photography and climatic and hydrology data were available for
     periods prior to major land use changes on the Myakka River watershed.
     Inevitably there were some changes that preceded these data sets, and
     they do not span as lengthy a period prior to the beginning of major
     changes as night be desired, but they do provide us with a good
     estimate of predevelopment conditions and the temporal and spatial
     pattern of the different types of development.
          The Myakka River occupies a small watershed along the southwest
     coast of Florida. 'A warm, seasonally wet climate, flat topography, and
     soils with numerous impermeable layers has produced a landscape with
     numerous depressions occupied by wetland plant communities and a few
     sizable lakes. The park itself is dominated by upland prairies and
     pinelands, with many interspersed shallow marshes. Two streams pass
     through the park, but the Myakka River is the only one with significant
     annual flows. The broad floodplains along these streams are occupied
     by extensive areas of a variety of marsh and swamp habitats.
          The watershed above the park has gone from a virtually unaltered
     landscape in the 1940s to one with at least some degree of major
     alteration over virtually its whole surface in the 1980s. Analysis of
     water flows at one site on the Myakka River and two sites on rivers in
     adjacent watersheds has shown no major changes in mean, maximum, or
     minimum flows for the periods of record at each site. Another more
     subtle change in the park's hydrology, however, is the increasing use
     of groundwater in the region, which is showing significant affects on
     the aquifers that underlie the park and its upstream watershed. There
     is ample evidence that these aquifers are all interconnected with each
     other and with the surface water table, although the degree of
     connection is spatially quite variable. Because the affect will be
     felt on the water table throughout the park as well as on surface water
     flows, long term changes in the potentiometric surfaces of these
     aquifers may ultimately have more affect on the Myakka River State Park
     ecosystem than other types of changes in the watershed that affect only
     flows in the Myakka River itself.
          A research and monitoring program was recommended to fill gaps in
     available information on park hydrology. It would also permit
     evaluation of whether future changes were a result of natural ecosystem
     processes and variability, or a result of man's activities either
     within the park or on surrounding lands.













                                    INTRODUCTION



             Management of a natural ecosystem requires an understanding
        of the characteristics of that system and the processes that
        produce and maintain those characteristics. However, since
        ecosystems can be defined at a wide variety of scales, one must
        first identify the spatial and temporal bounds of interest, and
        the lev@l of detail that will address relevant questions, while
        taking i 'nto consideration the resources available to do the work.
        It is a general rule that a study should include not only the :
        area of immediate interest, but also the area at the next higher
        level of scale. In the case of the hydrology of Myakka River
        State Park (MRSP), the next higher level of spatial scale would
        be the watershed above the MRSP. The gentle topographic
        gradients in this region also require evaluation of a portion of
        the area downstream of the park to assure that the affects of
        existing or potential hydrologic alterations in this area can   be
        taken into consideration. The time periods of interest are
        current conditions, and those going back to a period before man's
        development activities 'began to alter the landscape in ways that
        significantly affected the,hydrology of the area.

             Hydrology is a major consideration in the management of
        virtually all ecosystems, but particularly those in Florida. It
        is the dominant environmental factor determining the distribution
        and character of wetland communities, and an important influence
        in other community types. It is also an aspect of the
        environment that is particularly susceptible to alteration as a
        result of man's activities, whether it occurs as a planned
        objective on a particular site or incidental to activities   on
        surrounding lands.

             The objective of this study is to assemble and analyze
        available information relevant to the hydrology of MRSP. This
        study involved only limited field work, but was-designed to
        identify field studies needed to supplement available
        information. Specifically, the hydrologic inventory and analysis
        was intended to provide:

             1)  identification of existing and potential threats to the
              .  hydrologic health of MRSP,-
             2)  a data base upon which to develop an understanding of
                 current and past hydrologic conditions of MRSP and its
                 watershed,
             3)  identification of research needed to fill information
                 gaps in the data base,
             4)  a basis for assessing potential hydrologic impacts of
                 proposed development activities.in the Myakka River
                 watershed, and
             5)  a basis for developing monitoring programs designed to
                 interpret whether future changes observed within the park












                                                                          2

                 are a result of natural processes and their variability
                 or man's activities on lands either within or surrounding
                 the park.



         Ecosystem Hydrologic Processes

              At the most general level, the hydrologic cycle is the
         circulation of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere
         .and back again. While physical processes predominate, biological
         processes can also significantly influence the pathways involved
         and the rates at which water moves. Precipitation reaching the
         earth's surface can evaporate from land or water surfaces, run
         off to the oceans as surface water, seep into the earth, or
         return to the atmosphere via plant transpiration.

              The descriptive model shown in Figure 1 represents a general
         statement about the hydrologic cycle that has relevance both to
         available field data and feasible management options for natural
         systems as well as those that have been altered by man's
         activities. The model illustrates major ecosystem components and
         their relationships to each other, and the dominant external
         inflows and outflows. The system components are functionally,
         although not physically, isolated from one another. Surface and
         groundwater may be different portions'of the same water body, but
         the processes of evaporation, transpiration, and water flow
         affect each quite differently. The characteristics of different
         types of plant communities can variousl y influence evaporation,
         transpiration, and water flow rates of associated surface and
         groundwaters.  The system can exist at a variety of scales, each
         of which would be associated with different management
         considerations and types of potential external and internal
         influences. Examples of systems operating at different scales
         might include the watershed, the MRSP, or an individual plant
         community.


         Alteration of Natural Hydrologic Processes

             Man's impacts on the hydrology of natural communities
         include a number of structural and/or land surface alterations
       .that increase or decrease water levels, hydroperiods, and/or flow
         rates.
             Drainage accelerates flows from high sites to lower sites.
         Increasing outflows from higher sites results in lower water
         levels and, in wetlands, shortened hydroperiods, while increasing
         inflows to lower sites results in the opposite hydrologic
         changes. Probably the most widespread form of drainage involves
         the construction of canals. These vary in size from relatively
         shallow ditches that merely connect small depressions with nearby
         topographically lower areas to systems,of deep canals hundreds of











                                                                         3

        miles long and affecting thousands of square miles. The lowered
        water tables not only significantly alter biotic communities, but
        can also lead to rapid oxidation and*loss of organic soils in
        former wetlands. An enlarged and straightened river bed produced
        by channelization permits accelerated downstream flows by
        increasing the gradient and minimizing frictional forces
        associated with natural river contours. While the increased
        flows may reduce flooding in areas adjacent to the channelized
        portion'of the river, they typically produce more severe floods
        downstream of the channelized section. Both the consistently
        decreased upstream flooding and increased downstream flooding can
        adversely affect existing communities in each area. Construction
        of riverbank levees also limits the spread of flows onto adjacent
        floodplains and results in the loss of floodplain habitats and
        aggravated downstream flooding. Drainage practices either
        eliminate or greatly reduce surface water storage, as well as
        ,lower the depth at which saturated soil conditions occur. The
        smaller amounts of surface or near-surface water in turn lead to
        reduced evaporative losses.

             Impoundments produced by dams or dikes typically result in
        inundation of upland habitats and deep flooding of relatively
        flat lowland areas where wetlands are most likely to occur.
        Disturbance communities frequently dominate the edges of
        impoundments because the patterns of water level fluctuation
        associated with their operation for power production, flood
        control, irrigation, etc. are rarely conducive to the long term
        survival.of stable natural communities. Impoundment normally
        results in increased surface storage, continuous soil saturation,
        and greater evaporation losses. Where emergent and floating
        vegetation is absent from impoundments, transpiration and
        interception losses are eliminated, but this may be more than
        compensated for by greater evaporative losses.

             Diversions of water, either into or out of a watershed, will
        produce hydrologic changes similar to those described for
        impoundment or drainage, respectively. Pumping of water from one
        place to another can lower the water table at the source site and
        raise the water table at the location to which the water is being
        pumped. The degree of impact resulting from either water
        diversions or pumping depends on the relative amounts and
        chemical characteristics of water exported or imported compared
        to the amounts and chemical characteristics of water normally
        flowing across the system boundaries.

            The construction of elevated berms through wetlands, without
        adequate provision for maintenance of water flows, directly
        impacts relatively small areas of wetlands. However, indirect
        impacts of altered water flows can affect water levels and
        hydroperiods over much more extensive areas and produce dramatic
        long term changes in these and adjacent upland communities.













                                                                         4

              Since a number of major inflow-outflow processes are
         mediated by a site's plant communities, any of man's activities
         that significantly affect a plant community can be expected to
         modify that site's hydrologic regime. Grazing, logging, and
         agriculture represent activities which can produce major changes
         in plant communities, and thus can be expected to affect
         evaporation, transpiration, and interception processes which in
         turn can alter the amounts of water available for surface and
         groundwater related processes.

              In addition to the above smaller scale but more widespread
         types of landscape alterations that can influence a site's
         hydrologic regime, a particular concern on the Myakka River
         watershed,is the potential effect of phosphate mining. The kinds
         of influences that this major land use. activity will have on the
         watershed need to be evaluated on the.basis of how this type of
         land use has affected the hydrology of other watersheds in the
         past.











                                                                          5


                                      METHODS


        Model Development

             Use of a descriptive hydrologic model has allowed initial
        identification of all system components and processes relevant to
        the hydrology of MRSP, regardless of whether they might be
        considered major or minor aspects (Figure 1). Explicit decisions
        were the'n made as to which needed to be documented and at what
        level of detail. The level of detail selected for documentation
        of each component and process was a function of how finely it
        integrates with other aspects of the ecosystem, the detail of
        available data, and its significance to the rest of the
        ecosystem. Significance is based on the degree to which
        alterations in the component or process can impact or improve
        conditions in the park. The model not only facilitated the
        initial identification of data needs for this study, but also
        helped to identify needed research to fill data gaps that
        remained once all currently available information was
        synthesized. It is designed to provide a framework that can be
        continually updated as new information becomes available or new
        information needs develop in the light of changing environmental
        conditions in the landscape surrounding the MRSP.

             We did not attempt to develop quantitative hydrologic models
        as part of this study. Quantitative models, of sufficient detail
        and accuracy to be relevant to management of MRSP ., were far
        beyond the resources of this project, in terms of funding, time,
        and currently available data.


        Data Requirements and Analysis

             The number of monitoring stations in and around the study
        area, the length of their record, and the party conducting the
        monitoring effort all influence the degree of confidence one has
        in the resulting hydrologic record for a watershed. Knowing how
        confident we are about what really happened in the past is
        crucial, since our ability to estimate the park's future
        hydrology.in response to various development and management
        scenarios, depends on our ability to describe the past and
        present hydrology of MRSP.

             Climatic data were obtained from the Southwest Florida Water
        Management District. Daily precipitation records from 22
        stations were obtained (Table 1). These comprise any stations
        available within the watershed, regardless of length or
        monitoring party, and also longer regional records back as far as
        1901 to provide a regional long term record (Figure 2). Monthly
        and yearly summaries were used for general analyses, but daily
        data was obtained to provide present and future ready access for











                                                                           6

         in depth studies of a particular region, event, or historic time
         period.

              These data are provided on floppy disks in both ASCII text
         format and as Systat datafiles (Appendix A). Selected Systat
         datafiles of monthly and yearly totals are also provided.
         Directions and programs for transferring future SWFWMD data into
         Systat file format are also provided (Appendix B). Printouts of
         monthly summaries are also provided separately.

              A total of five rainfall monitoring stations were selected
         for detailed analyses to avoid bias that is typically associated
         with any individual site. Using five stations provided a much
         more accurate description of longer term rainfall trends for the
         entire watershed than does any one station, even one located in
         the center of the area of interest.

              Daily USGS hydrologic data were obtained through the
         Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division. Streamflow data
         from 12 stations were obtained (Table 2). All USGS streamflow
         data stations within the Myakka River.watershed north of latitude
         2707' were acquired, plus stations in close proximity to the
         Myakka River basin and several with long term records in the
         Peace and Manatee watersheds (Figure 3). Groundwater data from
         22 wells in Manatee and Sarasota counties representing the
         Surficial, Intermediate, and Floridan aquifers, were obtained
         (Table 3, Figures 4a-4b). @ Strategy for station selection w as
         the same as described above for precipitation.

              These data are provided on floppy disks in ASCII text format
         and as Systat datafiles (Appendices C*and D). Selected Systat
         datafiles of monthly and-yearly mean, minimum, and maximum
         streamflow are provided separately. Directions and programs for
         transferring future USGS formatted data into Syst@at file format
         are also provided (Appendix E). Printouts of daily records,
         along with monthly and yearly summary data, are provided
         separately.

              Information on water depths above and below ground, duration
         of inundation, flows, and water quality in the context of degree,
         kinds, and timing of disturbance (including no disturbance) have
         all been synthesized. Water quality studies have been conducted
         on many of the types of land uses that are occurring or that are
         likely to occur on the Myakka River watershed. These include
         residential and urban development; intensive agricultural
         activity such as.citrus, winter vegetable farming, improved
         pastures, and dairy farming; and the effects of phosphate mining,
         including both mining and reclamation phases. However,
         transferring this type of information to sites other than where
         they were collected, must be done with caution, primarily because
         of differences in geology and soil characteristics. This data
         base has been supplemented with information on the operation of












                                                                          7

        existing or proposed wellfields, and information on the location
        of structures that influence water movement and quality. Ground-
        truthing of selected sites was conducted to ascertain site-
        specific and regional.responses to known changes in the system.

             Data on soils was primarily available from County Soil
        Surveys conducted by the Soil Conservation Service. These
        surveys,have been done at a variety of times in the past when
        there were different levels of knowledge about the
        characteristics of Florida soils and their relationship to
        natural communities. Invariably, only selected sites were spot
        checked to assure the accuracy of the maps. Thus, while they are
        adequate for discussing soils of the watershed outside of MRSP,
        they need to be ground-truthed on the.park itself because of
        their importance to the distribution and condition of certain
        community types. This was especially important where there are
        organic soils or impermeable strata, which could affect water
        movement within the shallower surface soils.

             It was necessary to look at the geologic character of the
        MRSP area on a scale somewhat larger than that of-the watershed,
        since aquifer withdrawals from beyond the watershed boundary
        could affect surface water levels within the watershed.
        Knowledge of Florida's geology, particularly as it relates to
        subsurface hydrology, is expanding rapidly because of population
        growth and the resulting need for increasing water supplie's to
        satisfy both agricultural and urban needs. The primary sources
        for this information included the United States Geological Survey
        and the Southwest Florida Water Management District, which have
        the longest and highest quality data sets. In addition, there
        were numerous consultant reports on specific development projects
        in the area.

             The plant community classification of the Florida Natural
        Areas Inventory was used as the basis for evaluating
        relationships between vegetation types and hydrology. However,
        environmental parameters other than hydrology are important in
        determining the distribution and development of these
        communities, and these other factors will also need to be
        documented before all of the reasons for the occurrence of plant
        communities on MRSP can be ascertained. Plant communities in the
        watershed beyond the boundaries of MRSP were only discussed to
        the extent necessary to understand the hydrologic processes
        operating at the watershed level.

             The level of detail required for various aspects of this
        study was an important consideration in the identification of
        information that we needed collect on the MRSP watershed.     In
        some cases, such as determining the location and characteristics
        of canals, impoundment, or wellfields, the ability to work with
        fairly fine levels of resolution was crucial. This also applied
        to evaluating hydrology and vegetation relationships within MRSP.












                                                                            8

         At the other extreme, many soil types, geologic structures, and
         many of man's activities could be combined over large areas
         without loss of relevant information. Thus, type of agriculture
         or residential development was less important than whether
         drainage or impoundment were occurring and the amounts of water
         being pumped from which aquifer. Aerial photography provided the
         resolution needed to address each of these scales as was
         appropriate for each kind of activity, hydrologic process, or
         geographic area.

           . A search for all available-aerial photography was made.
         Appendix F lists the types of aerial photography which are
         available for the Myakka River watershed, where the photography
         can be purchased, and places where the photography is currently
         available for use near Myakka River State Park. To maximize
         coverage of the watershed, photo mosaic index.sheets for all ASCS
         photography were purchased. Also, a set of the most current
         color infrared photography for the watershed was purchased in
         stereo pairs.

              We did not attempt to use Landsat imagery to look at spatial
         aspects of Myakka River basin hydrology because it did not
         provide adequate resolution for the interpretation of many
         aspects of the environment of interest in this study, though it
         could provide interesting graphical displays and digital
         information for computer analysis. Incorporation of a great deal
         of relevant information into a Geographic Information System
         (GIS) could facilitate the integration and analysis of
         information in making decisions requiring broad based information
         relevant to the overall management of the park. However, GIS
                                                            i-fain. The
         systems are extremely expensive to acquire and main -
         SWFWMD currently has a sophisticated GIS setup encompassing the
         whole watershed. They have already input such information as
         contours, watershed boundaries, road systems, and soil types.
         cooperation and interaction with their efforts seems the best
         route for dealing with broader questions requiring such a system.












                                                                          9


                              RESULTS AND DISCUSSION



                                 Regional Setting

             The configuration of a river system is strongly influenced
        by the topography upon which it develops. The Florida peninsula
        is a re@atively young environment, much of it having been
        inundated by the ocean as recently as 100,000 years ago. Water
        is seasonally abundant in the area, and although the soils are
        easily eroded sands, the flatness ofthe terrain is not conducive
        to development of a river system that is able to rapidly remove
        water from the landscape. The dominant landforms in the Myakka
        River basin are attributed to erosional and depositional
        environments created during past higher stands of.th-e ocean over
        the last million years.

             Healy (1975) described the distribution of Pleistocene
        marine terraces and shorelines through which the Myakka River
        travels (Figure 5). These terraces represent what are considered
        to be shallow near-shore environments bounded at their upper.end
        by the ocean shoreline. They developed in areas where the ocean
        remained at a more or less constant elevation for extended
        periods of time, and where inundation has not again occurred
        since they were formed. In order of increasing elevation, they
        include the Pamlico (8-25 feet), Talbot (25-42 feet), Penholoway
        (42-70 feet), and Wicomico (70-100 feet). Healy felt the Pamlico
        Terrace and Shoreline were two of the best developed land-form
        features of the Florida peninsula because they were the least
        modified by erosional processes.

             White (1970) distinguished three major landforms in the
        vicinity.of MRSP (Figure 6). The lowest were lowlands along the
        coast, which included most of the Myakka River watershed within
        Sarasota County. Above this lies the DeSoto Plain at about 60 to
        75-85 ft above msl, the boundary of which approximates the
        Sarasota-Manatee County line. The Polk Upland generally occurs
        above the Myakka River watershed, although a few of the Myakka
        River headwater streams do penetrate its periphery.

             Drew et al. (n.d.) discussed the DeSoto Slope as a plain
        that gradually drops from an elevation of about 100 ft to 30 ft
        above msl. The Wicomico Terrace forms the scarp that separates
        the flat DeSoto Slope from the higher and more irregular terrain
        of the Bone Valley Uplands. The toe of the scarp lies about 75-
        85 ft above msl, and the crest at about 1.00 ft. Lakes are less
        common on the DeSoto Slope than on the Bone Valley Uplands,
        probably due to a less mature karst topography associated with
        the younger surfaces south of the Wicomico Terrace. Although the
        DeSoto Slope is generally steep enough for development of a
        distinct drainage network, lands between river and creek valleys
        are quite flat and support a variety of wetlands.












                                                                           10

              Joyner and Sutcliffe (1916) indicated that the maximum
         elevation within the Myakka River watershed is 116 ft (Figure 7).
         They also stated that the Myakka River is the only stream channel
         that is well defined and naturally entrenched throughout its
         course. The ground surface elevation of Tatum Sawgrass is about
         15-20 ft above msl. Upper Myakka Lake has a water surface
         elevation of 13.6 ft above msl and Lower Myakka Lake of 9.9 ft@
         above msl, at which time they have.a surface area of about 1,380
         acres.


              Hammett (1978)--provided a useful description of the Myakka
         River system which we have summarized as follows. The Myakka
         River originates near Myakka Head in Manatee County and flows
         more than 50 mi in a southerly direction through Manatee and
         Sarasota Counties to Charlotte Harbor in Charlotte County (Figure
         7). The Myakka River Basin is bounded by the Peace River to the
         east, the Manatee River to the north, Charlotte Harbor to the
         south, and a number of smaller coastal streams to the west. Deer
         Prairie Creek and Big Slough are its principal tributaries.


                                       Climate


         Precipitation

            @ Rainfall in the Myakka River watershed is a product of   'a wet
         subtropical (humid mesothermal) climate 'with a warm summer and no
         dry season (Hela 1952). Annual precipitation on the Myakka River
         watershed is about 50-55 in (Hainmett et al. 1978). There are
         usually 6-8 months of low rainfall (2.0-2.5 in per month) and 4-6
         months of heavy, but spatially variable rains (5-8 in or more per
         month) (Palmer 1978 in Drew et ali n.d.).

              The following information was taken from Palmer (1978 in
         Drew et al. n.d.). November is the driest dry season month. -The
         absence of both summer convection and winter frontal systems and
         the shift of tropical storms to the west of Florida produces
         November's low rainfall. Frontal system rainfall gradually
         increases through the winter dry season, and is at its maximum in
         March. In mid-spring the frontal systems move north and the
         local seabreeze / convection circulation comes to dominate wet
         season rainfall. Most wet season rainfall is associated with
         frequent but highly localized thunderstorms. Day-long wet season
         storms are infrequent and are generally associated with tropical
         disturbances. Heaviest wet season rainfall is associated with an
         upper air trough that is centered over southern Florida in early
         and late summer.

             Although, it has been suggested that there is a bimodal
         pattern of wet season rainfall in southern Florida---(Drew et al.
         n.d., Thomas'1974), we did not find this to be the case at any of










        the five stations examined in this study (Figures 8-12). It is
        also difficult to consistently identify two distinct periods of
        relatively heavy rainfall in overlaid annual plots of monthly
        rainfall data at these weather stations.

             Gannon (1978 in Drew et,al.n.d.) suggested that soil
        moisture and surface cilbedo (ratio of reflected radiation to
        total radiation) are the two most important factors influencing
        the str@ngth of the daily sea-breeze circulation, which in turn
        controls the development of thunderstorms. Thus, as drainage and
        urbanization have occurred in southern Florida, this may be
        affecting the amount of rain falling on the area. Palmer (1978
        in Drew et al. n.d.) noted a 16 year.rainfall deficit in west-
        central Florida since 1961, and attributed it to urbanization
        between Tampa and Orlando, lack of hurricane activity during the
        period, and a permanent climatic change. He also noted a similar
        shift, beginning in 1961, for Lakeland annual rainfall.

             To look for long term changes in rainfall patterns, we
        plotted cumulative rainfall data from the five oldest weather
        stations we considered most likely to represent weather patterns
        in the Myakka River basin (Figures 13-17). None of these showed
        any trends or'pattern of deviation for the period of record at
        each station. Looking at average annual rainfall for all five
        stations showed that rainfall was low through the period from
        1960-1975, but since then annual amounts have returned to the
        range observed prior to 1960 (Figure 18). This indicates that
        the 1961-1975 period of deficit rainfall did not represent a
        permanent change in rainfall patterns, but merely represented
        part of the normal range of variation for precipitation in the
        area.



        Evapotranspiration

             Evapotranspiration (ET) is a combination of two processes by
        which water is returned to the atmosphere. Evaporation is the
        loss of water from surfaces, whether they be ground, water, or
        living surfaces. Transpiration is the movement of water through
        plants to the atmosphere. An important difference between them
        is that plant root systems are able to obtain water from depths
        below ground not significantly influenced by evaporation. It is
        very difficult to measure these parameters separately, so they
        are often discussed as a single parameter.

             Trying to measure ET is difficult at best, and indirect
        methods are frequently used to estimate it rather than to
        directly measure it. Types of estimates include either Potential
        ET or Actual ET. Potential ET represents the amount of water
        that would return to the atmosphere if there were no limitations
        on its availability for plant transpiration and surface
        evaporation. It is typically estimated from climat-i-c data, and












                                                                         12

        as suc17, is really more of an index for comparing conditions at
        different sites or at a single site in different years than a
        measure of real quantities of water moving in an ecosystem.
        Actual ET reflects amounts of water returned to the atmosphere as
        they are influenced by actual availability at a site. This type
        of estimate is usually arrived at by difference after other
        components of a water balance have been accounted for. The
        amount of work involved in generating either of these estimates
        is such that there is very little information available for most
        sites, particularly natural ecosystems.

             Dames and Moore (1986) estimated annual runoff and
        evapotranspiration for the Myakka River watershed and compared it
        to annual rainfall recorded at MRSP (1944-1985) using a Surface
        Water Balance Model (SWBM). Estimated evapotranspiration ranged
        from 31.28 in to 50.70 in. Rainfall ranged from 39.40 to 84.12
        in. Runoff plus ET approximated rainfall. Unfortunately, a plot
        comparing estimated and actual measured runoff at MRSP were quite
        different for many of the years of record (Figure 19), indicating
        the ET estimates were also probably not very reliable.

             Dohrenwend (1977) estimated Potential and Actual ET for
        Florida. His estimates for the MRSP watershed area were
        approximately 47 and 37 in, respectively.

          . The seasonal pattern of ET is approximated by water loss
        from an evaporation pan. Water loss from an evaporation pan is
        lowest (2-3 in/month) during nid-winter. It steadily increases
        through the spring as temperatures increase, until it peaks (7-8
        in/month) in late spring when temperatures are high, but humidity
        is low. It declines slightly at the onset of the wet season
        because of higher humidity, but remains high (7-8 in/month)
        through the warn summer months, before beginning to decline again
        in September as temperatures cool. Since this cycle also
        reflects the general pattern of vegetation growth and
        productivity, transpiration would be expected to follow a similar
        seasonal pattern.

             Since ET represents approximately 70 percent *ofIthe rainfall
        input to the Myakka River watershed, uncertainty about how it is
        affected by land and water use changes in the region can make it
        very difficult to identify those developments that will
        ultimately affect the ecology of MRSP.


                                      Soils

             The following summary of information on soils was taken from
        Drew et al. (n.d.). Spodosols are the dominant soil order in the
        Myakka River watershed. Drainage ranges from well to very poorly
        drained and is inversely related to water table depth and the
        degree of organic pan (hardpan) development. Histisols have a











                                                                          13

        substantial organic component (peats or mucks) resulting from
        incomplete decomposition of plant material. They are freqi@ent in
        wetlands within the watershed. On a map produced by Caldwell and
        Johnson (1982), they indicated that the Oldsmar-Immokalee-Malabar
        Soil Ass--,ciation dominated the lower elevations of the Myakka
        River watershed with more minor occurrences of Adamsville, Eau
        Gallie, and Myakka soils. At higher elevations near the top of
        the watershed, the dominant soils were Myakka-Immokalee-Waveland
        Association with Basinger, Pomello, and Pomona soils representing
        a minor component.

              In the Florida Department of Natural Resources (1986) Unit
        Plan for MRSP there are numerous references to impermeable strata
        in wetland community soil profiles, and their importance to
        maintaining standing water on these sites. In our experience in
        Florida, these strata do not play a major role in determining
        water levels in wetlands. Typically, the water table in wetlands.
        is determined by the position of the surficial aquifer in the
        area, which is why they are so vulnerable to drainage or
        impoundment on surrounding lands. Impermeable strata in the
        surficial aquifer tend to be erratically distributed and
        discontinuous. As a result, they impede drainage in the general
        area, and maintain a higher water table throughout the area,
        allowing wetlands to develop in the lower sites and depressions.



                                      Aquifers

             The re is general agreement that there are three aquifers in
        the Myakka River watershed: Surficial Aquifer, Intermediate
        Aquifer (also referred to as the Secondary Aquifer), and Floridan
        Aquifer. Some authors recognize Upper and Lower Intermediate
        Aquifers, and Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifers. The geological
        strata involved, from the ground surface down, include the
        surficial sands, undifferentiated Caloosahatchee Marl, Bone
        Valley Formation, Tamiami Formation, Hawthorn Formation, Tampa
        Formation, and the Suwannee, Ocala, Avon Park, and Lake City
        Limestones. The total thickness of the aquifer system and
        associated confining beds is on the order of 1600-1800 feet at
        the Carlton Reserve, which lies along the southern border of MRSP
        (Dames and Moore 1988). Wolansky (1983) reported that these
        aquifers thickened to the south (Fig. 20). Joyner and Sutcliffe
        (1976) indicated that the three are all present throughout the.
        Myakka River basin, and that within this region they dipped to
        the southwest.



        Surficial Aquifer

             Duerr and Wolansky (1986) describe the Surficial Aquifer
        geologic units in centr@l Sarasota County as including












                                                                          14

         undifferentiated terrace deposits underlain by the Caloosahatchee
         Marl and Bone Valley Formation. Locally the Tamiami Formation
         may be hydraulically connected to the overlying deposits.

              The following'information was taken from Danes and Moore
         (1986). On the Carlton Reserve, the Surficial Aquifer consists
         of undifferentiated clays and sands ranging in depth from 25 to
         70 feet. It is underlain by a relatively impermeable, but
         discontinuous clay layer that is the upper boundary of the
         Intermediate Aquifer. These clay layers change laterally to
         carbonate rock, which results in'hydraulic connection between the
         Surficial and Intermediate Aquifers. The direction of water
         movement between these aquifers depends on their relative water
         surface levels at any particular place and time.

              Low transmissivities (generally 4,000-12,000 gpd/ft) limit
         the practicability of extracting significant amounts of water
         from this aquifer on the--Ca-rlton.Reserve. The range of
         transmissivities for 15 test wells there was about 2,500-22,400
         gpd/ft. The second highest value was 11,300 gpd/ft, so that the
         single higher value was considered anomalous (Danes and Moore
         1986). Duerr and Wolansky (1986) reported transmissivities of
         7,500-13,500 gpd/ft in three tests by Clark (1964) and Geraghty
         and Miller (1981) in central Sarasota County. Wolansky (1983)
         reported an average value of about 10,000 gpd/ft (range 4,000-
         75,000 gpd/ft) for this aquifer in the Sarasota-Port Charlotte
         area.


              Depth below ground to the water table is typically less than
         5 ft. In low areas during the wet season, it is normally at or
         near the ground surface. Where there is significant relief in
         the vicinity of well defined drainage channels, it can be more
         than 10 ft below the ground surface (Duerr and Wolansky 1986).
         Seasonal fluctuation in the water table is usually about 5 ft
         (Wolansky 1983).

              Dames and Moore (1988) described the major inflows and
         outflows from the Surficial Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve.
         Rainfall is the major source of recharge, but some is also upward
         leakage from the Intermediate Aquifer, and lateral groundwater
         movement. Discharge occurs as ET, seepage to surface streams and
         wetlands, and downward flows to the Intermediate Aquifer. These
         same inflows and outflows apply throughout central Sarasota
         County as well, with additional discharge from well pumping and
         recharge from irrigation (Duerr and Wolansky 1986). They also
         stated that groundwater flow is generally towards the southwest..


         Intermediate (Secondary) Aquifer

             Some authors have divided this aquifer into two strata; the
         Upper and the Lower Intermediate Aquifers (Wolansky 1983, Duerr












                                                                         15

         and Wolabsky 1986). The upper aquifer includes the Tamiami and
         upper portions of the Hawthorn Formations, and has been variously
         identified as "artesian zones 1 and 211 (Sutcliffe 1975, Joyner
         and Sutcliffe 1976) and "first artesian aquifer" (Clark 1964)
         among others. The lower aquifer includes lower portions of the
         Hawthorn Formation and more permeable portions of the upper Tampa
         Limestone. It has also been called "lower Hawthorn aquifer"
         (Sproul.et al. 1972) and "artesian zone 311 (Sutcliffe 1975,
         Joyner and Sutcliffe 1976) among others. The total thickness of
         the Intermediate Aquifer is about 300-375 ft in Sarasota County
         (Duerr and Wolansky 1986).

             Wolansky (1983) reported that transmissivities for both
         strata averaged approximately 20,000 gpd/ft. Both had lower
         values of about 4,000 gpd/ft, while the higher end of the range
         was about 26,000 gpd/ft in the upper aquifer and 75,000 gpd/ft in
         the lower aquifer.

             Duerr and Wolansky (1986) reported that the Tamiami-upper
         Hawthorn aquifer is recharged by or discharges to the overlying
         Surficial aquifer depending on location and season. It is also
         recharged from below by the Lower Hawthorn-Upper Tampa aquifer,
         which generally has a potentiometric surface 5-10 ft higher than
         the Tamiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer. Groundwater flows are
         generally to the west and southwest. They noted that it is the
         most highly developed aquifer in the coastal area of central
         Sarasota County for both irrigation and domestic use.

             The normal annual vertical fluctuation of the Tamiami-upper
         Hawthorn Aquifer is about 5 ft, although a range of 20 ft was
         observed in an irrigation well field for a housing subdivision
         (Wolansky 1983). In the vicinity of the Myakka River, Wolansky
         reported the principal recharge to this aquifer is from the lower
         Hawthorn-upper Tampa aquifer. In these areas the water table of
         the Surficial Aquifer is below the potentiometric surface of the
         Tamaiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer.

             The lower Hawthorn-upper Tampa aquifer is recharged from
         .below by the Floridan aquifer system, and groundwater flows that
         generally move form east to west (Duerr and Wolansky 1986).
         Discharge to the overlying Tamiami-upper Hawthorn aquifer occurs
         throughout the area, even though this aquifer is also heavily
         used as source of domestic and irrigation water in the Sarasota-
         Port Charlotte area (Wolansky 1983).

             On the Carlton Reserve, Dames and Moore (1986) considered
         the Intermediate Aquifer to be a single aquifer that included the
         entire Hawthorn Formation. In general, they describe the aquifer
         as consisting of alternating sandy, phosphatic carbonates
         interbedded with phosphatic marls and clays. These beds range
         from very pervious to highly impervious, and function regionally
         as an aquifer system that is partially confined above and below












                                                                          16

         from the Surficial and Floridan Aquifers, respectively. The
         aquifer ranges in thickness from 140-260 ft on the Carlton
         Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988).

              The principal water bearing zones of this aquifer on the
         Carlton Reserve are often less than 5 feet thick, but extend to a
         total depth of 200-255 feet (Dames and Moore 1986). They found
         transmissivities to range from 2,000-28,500 gpd/ft, and average
         approximately 15,000 gpd/ft. Dames and Moore (1988) noted that
         groundwater flow is generally from northeast to the southwest.

              The potentiometric surface of the Intermediate Aquifer
         varies from about,37 ft above msl an the eastern margin of the
       .,Carlton Reserve to about 12 ft on its western margin (Dames and
         Moore 1988). Dames and Moore (1986) reported that on this site,
         water lev el differentials between the Surficial and Intermediate
         Aquifers were 3 ft or less, and average approximately 1 ft. In
         general, this resulted in upward flow from the Intermediate into
         the Surficial Aquifer. They measured leakance into the Surficial
         Aquifer that was generally 0.05-0.005 gpd/ ft3 , but varied from
         0.006-4.0 gpd/ ft3. Thus, they felt the Intermediate Aquifer was
         apparently capable of providing some recharge to the Surficial
         Aquifer, and may be a factor in sustaining some wetlands,
         particularly during drought conditions.

              Dames and Moore (1986) data (7/81-8/85) from the two ROMP
         wells (19E, 19W) on the Carlton Reserve show the pieziometric
         surfaces in the Surficial and Intermediate Aquifer-s-track each
         other-quite closely (Figures 21-22). The Intermediate's water
         level changes direction about the same time (on a monthly basis)
         as the Surficial, but more slowly. This results in the
         Intermediate Aquifer being about 1 ft higher (19E) or lower (19W)
         than the Surficial water levels for most of the year. At times
         the higher/lower relationship can reverse, such as when water
         levels are rising at 19E and when they are falling at 19W. The
         vertical gradient tends to be from the Surficial Aquifer towards
         the Intermediate Aquifer during the wet season, and is reversed
         during the dry season.


         Floridan Aquifer

              Wolansky (1983) indicated that the top of the Floridan
         Aquifer was at about 400 ft below msl in the MRSP area. He
         defined it as being the first persistent rock of early Miocene
         age, or older, below which clay confining beds did not occur.
         This surface generally coincided with the lower part of the Tampa
         Limestone or the top of the Suwannee Limestone. Underlying the
         Floridan Aquifer was a lower confining bed that generally
         occurred in the Lake City Limestone. He considered the Floridan
         to be, functionally, a single hydrogeologic unit, but with two
         distinct water bearing zones in the Sarasota-Port Charlotte area.











                                                                            17

         The upper zone included parts of the Tampa, Suwannee, and Ocala
         Limestones, and the lower more mineralized zone was in the Avon
         Park Limestone. These zones had been designated as artesian
         zones 4 and 5, respectively, by Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976).
         Wolansky and Garbade (1981) estimated the Floridan Aquifer to be
         about 1600 ft thick in the vicinity of MRSP.

              Dames and Moore (1986) identified the top of the Floridan
     __--Aq,u_ifer'-on the Carlton Reserve as the top of the Tampa Formation
         at a depth below ground of approximately 255 ft. Their boundary
         between this and the Intermediate Aquifer was defined by a sharp
         increase in groundwater concentration of total dissolved solids.
         It was confined above by a consistent layer of dense, gray clay
         at the base of the Hawthorn, and from below by the evaporite beds
         of the Avon Park and Lake City Limestones.

              Dames and Moore (1988) also reported that although the
         Floridan is,a single aquifer, it has two distinct zones.
         However, they defined these zones differently from other authors.
         They defined the Upper zone as being comprised of the Tampa and
         Suwannee Limestones,and the Lower zone as including the Ocala
         and Avon Park Limestones.

              Recharge is primarily from lateral groundwater flows on the
         Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988). In northwestern Sarasota
         County, Wolansky (1983) reported that recharge occurs from the
         overlying Intermediate Aquifer where the potentiometric surface
         of the Floridan is lower than that of the overlying aquifer.
         Elsewhere discharge occurred to the overlying aquifer.

              On the %Carlton Reserve, the Floridan  4s a source of recharge
         to the Intermediate Aquifer where confining beds are thin or
         absent (Dames and Moore 1986). This has created    concern about
         possible contamination of,the Intermediate Aquifer from upward
         movement of lower quality Floridan Aquifer water with sufficient
         pumping from the Intermediate Aquifer. Sulfates was their
         primary concern as far as water use is concerned. This type of
         problem has been documented at the Verna wellfield--north of the
         MRSP (Hutchinson 1984). Dames and Moore (1988) found mixing of
         sulfate-rich Floridan Aquifer water in the Upper Floridan and
         Intermediate Aquifers under the influence of the potentiometric
         head differential alone. In their studies they reported that the
         Floridan potentiometric surface averages 10 ft higher than the
         Intermediate. They also noted that water quality was spatially
         quite variable, at least in part because of local differences in
         upward leakage.

              Dames and Moore (1986) mention that Geraghty and Miller
         (1979) calculated transmissivities of 120,000 gpd/ft at the
         ROMP18 well approximately 4 miles east of the Carlton Reserve.
         Carlton Reserve pump tests showed transmissivities of 15,000-
         175,000 gpd/ft (Dames and Moore 1988). Wolansky (1983)












                                                                           18

         calculated an average transmissivity of about 1,000,000 gpd/ft,
         and a range of 750,000-3,750,000 gpd/ft for the Sarasota-Port
         Charlotte area.

              At the Carlton Reserve, the Floridan Aquifer is typically.
         artesian with the potentiometric water surface ranging from 5-10
         ft above the ground surface, which is 30 ft above msl at the
         western-boundary and 40 ft above msl at the southeastern corner
         (Dames and Moore 1986). They reported the general dire-ction of--
         flow to be to the west and northwest, possibly because of
         regional groundwater withdrawals in southern Hillsborough and
         northern Manatee Counties, which have caused significant
         drawdowns in the Floridan Aquifer (Figure 23). This has amounted
         to declines of over 30 ft in the area where pumping is occurring.
         On the Carlton Reserve, declines of only 0-5 ft have been
         documented. They suggest that continuation of this situation
         could lead to modification of surface water systems.

              Dames and Moore (1986) reported on data (7/81-8/85) from the
         two ROMP wells (19E, 19W) on the Carlton Reserve, which showed
         the pieziometric surface in the Floridan Aquifer as being
         consistently higher than those in the other two aqqifers (Figure
         21-22). During this period seasonal fluctuation's in the___FldHd@an
         Aquifer were generally about 3-5 ft, except during the last year
         when they reached 9 ft. Examination of 1987-1990 data for ROMP
         well 19E showed that the annual fluctuation has increased to 10-
         14 ft (Figure 24). Also, the maximum elevation of the wet season
         pieziometric surface for all three@aquifers appears to be slowly
         declining, and the dry season Floridan pieziometric surface now
         drops down to or below the pieziometric surfaces of the two
         overlying aquifers.

              The potentiometric surface of the Florida Aquifer fluctuates
         20 ft or more annually in the northeastern portions of the
         Sarasota-Port Charlotte area in response to large seasonal
         demands for agriculture (Wolansky 1983). The regional direction
         of flow was originally to the west (Johnston et al. 1981), but
         recently has been more to the northwest because of a depression
         of the potentiometric surface in Manatee County (Wolansky 1983).


                                   Surface Flows

              Foose (1980) estimated the watershed above the mouth.of the
         Myakka River at Charlotte Harbor to be 602 Mi2.   The watershed of
         Deer Prairie Creek and Big Slough at their mouths are 44 and 188
         -Mi2, respectively. The watershed above the water level recording
         station (Myakka River near Sarasota) near the entrance station at
         MRSP is 229 Mi2.  Figure 25 shows the sub-basins within the
         Myakka River watershed as they currently (1990) exist on the GIS
         system at the Southwest Florida Water Management District.












                                                                         19

             There are four major depressions along the length of the
        river: Tatum Sawgrass, Upper and Lower Myakka Lakes, and Flatford
        Swamp (Figure 7). Flatford Swamp lies just upstream of Myakka
        City at the boundary between the relatively steeper and flatter
        portions of the watershed.

             In their hydrologic analysis of the Myakka River as a
        possible water supply source, Dames and Moore (1986) summarized
        water discharge and rainfall records taken in the vicinity of the
        entrance station at MRSP for the period 1937-1985. They
        considered the accuracy of these flow measurements to be good,
        except at high flows because of cross basin water movement
        between Myakka River and Vanderipe Slough. Unless otherwise
        noted, the discussion in the following two paragraphs is taken
        from their report.

             Flows in the Myakka River are quite variable. Highest mean
        flows occur from June through October, with a weak secondary peak
        during January through March (Figure 26). Lowest flows occur in
        May. The 50 years of data measured at MRSP had near zero flow
        for periods of up to 6 months. Even in a normal year, flows will
        decline to near zero for periods on the order of 2 months.
        Monthly average flows of less than 10 cfs have occurred every
        month of the year except August and September. Average monthly
        flows in excess of 200 cfs have occurred every month except May.
        Flows of over 10,000 cfs have occurred, and the typical annual
        flood flow is in excess of 3400 cfs.

             Rainfall for the period 1944-1985 averaged 56.27 in and
        yearly basin runoff averaged 14.4 in, with ranges of 39.40-81.07
        in and 2.73-35.44 in, respectively. They suggested a change was
        occurring or had recently occurred in the rainfall - runoff
        relationship, which could possibly be-due to pumping of
        subsurface waters, but they couldn.1t be certain of a causal
        relationship.

             In an effort to detect any changes in surface flows over
        time, we plotted cumulative annual mean, maximum, and minimum
        flows for 1937-1989 at the MRSP water level monitoring station.
        The@mean flows exhibited a steady trend over this 44 year period,
        indicating no real change in the total-annual amounts of water
        passing this station (Figure 27). Maximum cumulative flows
        showed a more erratic pattern, which would be expected of
        parameter that is based on extreme events (Figure 28). However,
        it also showed no distinct changes in its pattern that would
        indicate an altered hydrologic regime. The periods 1937-1978 and
        1979-1989 each showed a consistent pattern of minimum cumulative
        flows, but the trend changed dramatically after 1978 (Figure 29).
        Clearly something happened in 1978-1979 to cause this alteration
        of the hydrologic regime. Examination of similar sets of
        cumulative plots for the Manatee River near Myakka Head (1967-
        1989) and Horse Creek near Arcadia (1951-1989) showed consistent












                                                                         20

         year-to-year patterns for mean, maximum, and minimum annual
         flows. Several other  stations also showed consistent trends for
         their relatively short periods'of record: Howard Creek near
         Sarasota (1984-1989), Myakka River at Myakka City (1978-1989),
         and Deer Prairie Slough near North Port Charlotte (1982-1989).

              In her analysis of low flows in streams in west-central
         Florida) Hammett (1985) noted that low flows of 0 cfs discharge
         were reported for 28 of the 45 years from 1937-1981 for the
         Myakka River near Sarasota station, which is located near the
         state park entrance station. However, Flippo and Joyner (1968)
         reported that in spring 1941 a low concrete dam was constructed
         at the outlet from Upper Myakka Lake. This replaced a control
         structure set at a lower elevation, which had partially washed
         out. An earthen dam had also been installed several years prior
         to 1941 at the outlet to Lower Myakka Lake, but.it-Had washed out
         by 1945. It is possible that these dams may have played a role
         in producing zero flows at this station, both by cutting off low
         flows from upstream, as well as by impounding downstream flows
         while the lower dam was still in place. As noted above, since
         the late 1970s, there have been few years when low flows reached
         0 cfs at this station (Figure 30). A number of known factors
         could have influenced this increase in annual minimum flows: 1)
         installation of culverts bypassing the dam on Upper Myakka Lake
         in 1975; 2) permanent'removal of stoplog on top of the dam at the
         Upper Myakka Lake outlet in 1979; and 3) increased dry season
         irrigation in the watershed (Robert Dye, pers. comm.).

              Low flows were attributed by Flippo and Joyner (1968)
         primarily to the low permeability of the soils in the watershed,
         so that when rainfall ceases, little water is able to drain from
         them to maintain river flows. However, they also found that some
         rainfall events did not increase flows merely because the water
         is stored in topographic depressions in the watershed and is lost
         through ET.

              Periods of extremely low flows identified by Flippo and
         Joyner (1968) between 1937-1965 occurred in 1939, 1944, 1945,
         1950, and 1956. Each corresponded to moderate to severe
         meteorological droughts, and were preceded by a year with below
         normal rainfall. Daily streamflow records collected from 1946-
         1951 at the outlets from the Upper and Lower Myakka Lakes
         exhibited similar low flow characteristics to those observed at
        .the long term station near the MRSP entrance. Based on records
         through 1965, the Myakka River temporarily ceased flowing every
         1.3 years on the average. The longest period without flow was
         133 days in 1950. Their analysis also showed that flows in the
         Myakka River at Myakka City, near Sarasota, and below Lower
         Myakka Lake were less than 2 cfs 20 percent of the time, and less
         than 0.2 cfs 10 percent of the time between 1940-1964.











                                                                         21

             Even during low flow periods, Flippo and Joyner (1968) found
         no evidence of significant quantities of water from natural
         artesian sources entering surface waters. However, there was
         some evidence of irrigation water from more mineralized lower
         aquifers@ contributing to surface water flows, particularly in the
         Big Slough drainage.

             According to recent discharge measurements, approximately 35
         percent'of Myakka River flows are shunted around Tatum Sawgrass
         through Clay Gully, which is a partially cleared natural channel
         (Hammett et al. 1978).

             Myakka River tributaries on the Carlton Reserve have near
         zero discharge for an average of 8 months per year, and sometimes
         for periods up to 18 months (Dames and Moore 1986).


                                   Water Quality

             Drew et al. (n.d.) discuss factors affecting water quality
         in the Charlotte Harbor tributaries. These include urban,
         agricultural and industrial development. They recognized
         specific surface water quality problems associated with these
         types of development as enrichment of streams with organic and
         inorganic nutrients, and inorganic contamination due to
         turbidity, radioactivity, and fluorides emanating from phosphate
         mining activities. In addition, pesticides can enter the system
         via stormwater runoff from urban and agricultural land uses,
         aquatic weed control and mosquito control spraying, and
         deliberate dumping. The concentrations and variety of pesticides
         were generally greatest in surface waters of the Peace River
         watershed during the summer wet season (Texas Instruments, Inc.'
         1978 in Drew et al. n.d.).' In a 1976 survey of the Peace River,
         Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Lindane, DDT
         and derivatives, BHC, and Mirex were commonly found in the water
         column and sediments.



         Peace River.

             In the upper Peace River during 1978-1979, phosphorus
         concentrations averaged 3.08 mg/l at Bartow, which although high
         was considerably lower than the average of 8.10 mg/l for the
         period 1960-1977 (Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
         1980 in Drew et al. n.d.). Although phosphorus levels are
         naturally high, these high levels were attributed to phosphate
         mining activities (Joyner 1973 and Harris 1975 in Drew et al.
         n.d.). There was a general decline in nitrogen and phosphorus
         concentrations as one went down the Peace River, and they were
         lower in the tributaries than in the main channel.












                                                                              22

               Drew et al. (n.d.) discussed seasonal patterns in water
         quality based on 1977 data for Horse Creek. Color, total organic
         carbon, silica, sulfate, and total nitrogen all increased during
         the wet season's higher flows. Chloride and fluoride decreased
         at this time. Total phosphorus and turbidity exhibited little
         variation relative to season, which they felt was due to the
         absence of phosphate strip mining in the basin. In the
         headwaters of the Peace River, phosphorus concentrations tended
         to increase with flow due in part to overflow and leaching from
         phosphate settling ponds. They felt the decline in fluoride
         levels with increased flows was also related to the absence of
         phosphate mining.


         Myakka River

              Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) reported that dry season Myakka
         River basin streamflows were derived largely from groundwater
         discharge, which resulted in increased levels of chloride,
         dissolved solids, and hardness. They also mentioned that sulfate
         followed a similar seasonal pattern, in contrast to an opposite
         pattern reported by Drew et al. (n.d.) for the 1977 Horse Creek
         data. Both found that color was higher during the wet season.

              Organic and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low in
         the Myakka watershed (Florida Department of Environmental
         Regulation 1982 in Drew et al. n.d.). They found average total
         phosphorus and total nitrogen values ranged from 0.48-0.53 mg/l
         and 1.09-1.77 mg/l, respectively.

              Priede-Sedgwick (1982) conducted a study of nutrients within
         Upper Myakka Lake as well as inflows and outflows associated with
         the lake. Their preliminary results indicated the following
         ranges of concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus from 6-10
         samples collected monthly between November 1981 and April 1982 at
         each of 14 sites: NO  2+N03-N (<O. 02-0. 13 mg/1) , NH3-N (<O. 02-0. 20
         mg/1), Kjeldahl-N (0.10-2.92 mg/1), Total-N (0.12-2.94 mg/1),
         Ortho-P (0.03-0.95 mg/1), Total-P (0.09-1.24 mg/1). A few much
         higher values included: NO  2+N03-N of 0. 190-0, 240 mg/l (6 values)
         NH3 of 0.560, 0.870, and 0.990 mg/1; Kjeldahl-N of 5.65 and 6.51
         mg/l; Total-N of 5.18 and 6.53 mg/l; and Ortho-P of 2.62 mg/l.

              At two to three Carlton Reserve surface water sites on each
         of four dates from August to November 1985, Dames and Moore
         (1986) sampled a variety of water quality parameters. These
         included; NO +No -N concentrations of <0. 001-0. 100 m_q/1 plus one
                    g/j; 3
         of 0.227 m      Kjeldahl-N of 1.23-3.45 mg/l; and Total-P of 0.10-
         0.62 mg/l.

              Until  recently, nutrients had entered the Myakka River
         marshes in  outflows from the MRSP sewage treatment plant. This











                                                                        23

        may be related to a recent increase in cattails in these marshes
        (Jean Huffman, pers. comm.).

             Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) expressed concern that most
        deeper wells were only cased to the first hard rock layer, which
        frequently was only about 200 ft below ground. This-allowed the
        movement of poorer quality water from lower strata, but with a
        higher head, to migrate up into shallower aquifers. So far there
        isn't ahy evidence that these more mineralized waters are
        entering the surface water system, although Flippo and Joyner
        (1968) are the only ones who have commented on it.


                                Types of Land Use

             At present, the dominant land use of the Myakka River
        watershed above MRSP is agricultural, primarily cattle grazing on
        improved pastures. Drew.et al. (n.d.) reported in the mid-1980s
        that land use in the Myakka Basin was.predominantly rangeland (46
        percent) and agriculture (26 percent). Major future changes will
        most likely be associated with the continued expansion inland of
        residential development, and migration of the phosphate mining
        industry down from the north into the area.

             Joyner and Sutcliffe (1976) estimated that 40 percent of the
        total annual water use in the Myakka River basin occurs during
        the dry spring. During 1965 more water was used for irrigation
        (29.0 mgd) than for all other uses combined (16.2 mgd), and the
        largest irrigation use was for pastures-(9.6 mgd) (Table A-A).
        Public water supply was about 35 percent of the total. Duerr and
        Trommer (1981) estimated groundwater use in 1980 for Manatee and
        Sarasota Counties at about 103 mgd. They divided it into
        industrial (0.3 mgd), rural (6.7 mgd), public (11.1 mgd), and
        irrigation (85.3 mgd).


        Agriculture

             Agricultural development in the Myakka River watershed
        necessarily required water management, both to remove excess
        water during wet periods and to supply water during dry periods.
        The construction of drainage systems accomplished the former and
        wells the latter.

             Stringfield (1933) described development of water resources
        in Sarasota County at the beginning of this century. Wells
        developed for domestic use in the Myakka River watershed,
        particularly in rural areas, commonly tapped the Surficial
        Aquifer at depths of 10-25 ft. When larger quantities of water
        were required, artesian wells were normally developed at depths
        of 300-1000 ft. Major development of these wells in the vicinity
        of MRSP began in 1928-1930 at the Palmer Farms, about 3 mi west











                                                                         24

         of Howard Creek and 6 mi northwest of Upper Myakka Lake.

              The Sarasota County Chamber of Commerce Bicentennial
         Committee (1976) provided a detailed description of agricultural
         development in Sarasota County, which included hydrologic
         modifications and technological improvements necessary for it to
         succeed. Construction of the Sugar Bowl Drainage District canal
         system during 1916-1920 was the first major drainage system in
         the area. This area is now drained by a major canal, Cow Pen
         Slough Canal, which lies just to the west of the Myakka River.
         They also described when the installation of pasture fencing
         began in 1933 as part of the fever tick control program, and how
         pasture improvement began in the late 1940s after the development
         of methods for maintaining suitable forage grasses through
         fertilization and, where feasible, irrigation. They also mention
         that logging of the pine forests west of the Myakka River
         occurred in the 1920s., and again in the 1950s and 1960s.
         Pinelands east of the Myakka River were logged during the 1940s
         and 1950s, with the wood going to sawmills in Arcadia.

              Flippo and Joyner (1968) reported that the lower portion of
         Cow Pen Slough had recently been deepened. This was quite
         obvious in the 1969 aerial photography.

              Drew et al. (n.d.) describes one of the common agricultural
         land development practices that has accelerated conversion of
         much of the Myakka River watershed from unimproved pastures to
         improved pastures. It involves ranchers leasing sections of
         their unimproved pasture to vegetable growers who set up drainage
         and irrigation systems on the land. After a few years these
         fields then revert back to the rancher, and are planted to bahia
         and other pasture grasses. Forage production is greatly enhanced
         if the fields are irrigated during the drier parts of the year.


         Dikes

              Dikes can provide protection from floodwaters. They can
         also be used to isolate portions of naturally flooded areas, so
         that pumps can then be used to remove water from within the diked
         area. This has been the fate of much of the area within and near
         Tatum Sawgrass, just upstream of MRSP. Construction of dikes in
         this area began in the 1940s and has continued into the 1980s.

             Hammett et al. (1978) determined that dikes in Tatum
         Sawgrass were about 4 ft high, and are constructed of spoil
         excavated from ditches along the dikes. Those dikes that isolate
         areas between the Myakka River and Clay Gully, and along the west
         side of the Myakka River below S.R. 780 are higher. They
         evaluated the significance of these dikes in terms of their
         effects on flood flows downstream of Tatum Sawgrass. Effects
         were greatest.at the,more frequent lower flood heights,-because









                                                                         125
         as flood heights increased, more of the dikes would be overtopped.
         Within MRSP this would amount to a 0.2-0.4 ft increase in the 2-year
         recurrence interval flood height. Flood heights associated with
         greater than 50-year recurrence interval floods would not be
         affected by the Tatum Sawgrass dikes existing in 1974.



         Wellfields


            .Verna Wellfield

             The Verna wellfield is the only major site within the Myakka
         River watershed where water is actively being pumped to supply
         offsite users. Hutchinson (1984) provides the following
         information on the development and characteristics of the field.
         The Verna wellfield was brought into operation in 1966 with the
         completion of 30 production wells. Nine more production wells
         had been installed by 1975. All but one are open at depths of
         460-714 ft. The one exception is open from 620-1000 ft below
         ground. Test wells in the upper Intermediate and Surficial
         Aquifers were not sufficiently productive to justify development.,
         Withdrawals started at 5 mgd in 1967 and increased to 8 Mgd by
         1981. Seasonal fluctuations in producing zone water levels range
         from about 10-30 ft, and average water levels in the producing
         zone have declined 20 ft since 1966. Monitoring of the
         Surficial, the two Intermediate zones and the Floridan Aquifers
         from 1977-1982 indicated that only the-Surficial Aquifer was not
         quickly and significantly affected by pumping at the Verna
         wellfield. In contrast, he noted thatin well fields near Tampa
         distinct cones of depression developed.in the surficial water
         table in areas where leakage was more,significant. He felt that
         the drawdown from the Verna wellfield-had only a subtle affect on
         the potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer.

             However, figures in Hutchinson's (1984) paper indicated a
         very distinct affect of the Verna wellfield during the dry
         season, and a more subtle affect only during the wet season.
         Also, when compared'to predevelopment conditions, the Verna
         wellfield has contributed to a 15-40 ft decline in the
         potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in the Myakka
         River basin (Figure 31). Of greater significance to MRSP, he
         stated that the Surficial Aquifer is a source of water for lower
         aquifers, and this has been increased as a result of the lowered
         potentiometric surfaces of these aquifers. He presented a
         proposal for using connector wells that would further increase
         the movement of water from the Surficial to the Intermediate
         Aquifer.












                                                                          26

               Carlton Reserve Wellfield

               In designing the new Carlton Reserve wellfield, Dames and
         Moore (1986) identified three Southwest Florida Water Management
         District (SWFWMD) constraints on well field development on the
         site: 1) maintenance of natural surface water flow to MRSP; 2)
         conservation of existing environmentally sensitive wetlands on
         the Reserve; and 3) maintenance of prescribed drawdowns at
         property boundaries (3 ft maximum in the Surficial Aquifer, 5 ft
         maximum in any artesian aquifer). Initial plans to develop the
         Intermediate Aquifer as a water supply had to be dropped because
         of problems in meeting these criteria. with this design,
         maintenance of surface water runoff to MRSP would have eliminated
         60 percent of one major wellfield area. Avoiding affects on
         environmentally sensitive areas (wetlands) further reduced the
         usable area of all of the wellfield sites.

              Dames and Moore's (1988) current plans call for development
         of a water supply from the Upper Floridan Aquifer (Tampa
         Formation). Their evaluation of drawdown effects--o-f-the planned
         operating system were based on the SWFWMD standard criteria for
         modeling pumpage during three consecutive stress periods: 30 days
         of average pumping (2/3 of maximum), followed by 30 days maximum
         pumping, followed by 60 days of average pumping. They based
         their success on not having more than a 3 ft drawdown in the
         Surficial Aquifer or a 5 ft drawdown in any other aquifer at the.
         Carlton Reserve property boundary at the end of the 120 day
         period. The results of the 120-day test for the Surficial
         Aquifer showed a 2 ft drawdown at the property boundary and a 1
         ft drawdown that extends over 2 miles onto MRSP (Figure 32). The
         results of the 30-day test were not shown. This may meet the
         SWFWMD criteria for acceptable wellfield drawdowns, butif these
         conditions occurred other than very irffrequently, we would expect
         to see major changes in at least the wetland plant communities
         affected by the 1 ft drawdown.

              Dames and Moore (1988) have identified an extensive grid of
         wells on the Carlton Reserve that could be used for monitoring
         effects on the three aquifers of water withdrawals from this
         wellfield. (Appendix G).


         Phosphate Mining

              At the moment there is little influence of phosphate mining
         in the Myakka River basin. There is only one phosphate mine in
         the area and that straddles the ridge between the Myakka and
         Manatee River watersheds (Figure 33). However, a large portion
         of the watershed of the Myakka River is owned by the phosphate
         mining industry (Figure 34), and there undoubtedly are plans for
         them to move into this area in the future. The Pine Level Co-
         Generation Project (Consolidated Minerals, Inc.) in DeSoto is one












                                                                         27

        phosphate mining operation currently working its way through the
        regulatory agencies. It would be located on a site 6 mi east of
        MRSP in the Big Slough watershed.

             These projects can affect the hydrology of the region in a
        variety of ways. The long-term alteration of the mined landscape
        affects the quantity and timing of surface water movements
        through the impacted area, as well as its quality. Since
        reclamation of phosphate mines only returns limited portions of a
        site to something approximating its original condition, surface
        waters remain hydrologically altered indefinitely, with their
        attendant downstream 'affects. The large amounts of water
        required for processing the mined materials puts another demand
        on the aquifers that are already being steadily lowered by
        agricultural and urban needs.

             Drew et al. (n.d.) provided a list of major spills from
        phosphate mine operations over the last 80 years. While the
        frequency of these events has been greatly reduced in recent
        years, they must still be considered inevitable as long as
        phosphate mines continue to operate in an area. These types of
        impacts are much easier to document and control than are those
        associated with modifications of water tables and aquifers.
        However, the latter types of impacts have the potential for much
        more significant and long term affects on the MRSP.


        Bridges

             For much of its length the Myakka River floodplain. is
        relatively wide, and there are few bridges crossing it. while
        bridges are normally built to efficiently pass virtually all
        floods that are likely to occur in their watershed, the greatly
        reduced size of the resulting flowway through the bridge openings
        undoubtedly slows the flows somewhat. Given the width of the
        Myakka River floodplain and the great reduction in flowway width,
        we were concerned that these river crossing might be holding
        sufficient amounts of water back so that upstream and downstream
        communities might be being adversely impacted by them.

             Examination of plant communities above and below bridges on
        1984 NHAP false-color infra-red aerials, however, indicated that
        any affects that might be occurring are more subtle than can be
        identified on this scale. This suggests that if there are any
        hydrologic affects of highway bridges on natural communities,
        they are relatively minor and localized.











                                                                          28

                            Land Use Changes (1940-1989)

              Land use changes were examined in selected sub-basins of the
         Myakka River Basin using aerial photography. We selected 14 sub-
         basins in three areas to describe the land use patterns in the
         Myakka River Basin. One area is just northwest of Myakka River
         State Park; this area has been more accessible to -urban expansion
         from the coast and has been developed for a longer period of
         time. The area northeast of Myakka River State Park was chosen
         as representative of lower areas with less relief, but'remote
         from coastal development. The northern portion of the watershed
         was chosen because it represents higher and more topographically
         variable areas within the watershed.

              Watershed and sub-basin boundaries are based on those
         entered in the Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS
         system (Figure 25). Interpretations were made using black and
         white ASCS 1:60,000 index sheets for all but 1984-85 photography.
         Interpretation for 1984"85 was made using 1984 NHAP 1:60,000
         101IX1011 color infrared photography in stereo pairs. Photography
         is available for 1948, 1957, 1969, 1974, and 1985 for Sarasota
         County. For Manatee County, photography is available for 1940,
         1952, 1958., 1970, 1980, and 1984. Percentages are visual
         estimates only, with no quantitative measurements taken. Due to
         the small scale of this photography, only major changes were
         visible. Features were not consistently visible on the
         photography for all years at the scales used. The types of land
         use change visible included:

                 undeveloped (not visibly fenced, logged, or drained)
                 unimproved pasture (fenced but not ditched)
                 improved pasture (extensively ditched for drainage and
                   possibly irrigation)
                 agriculture (row crops such as tomatoes; areas were
                   traditionally used for agriculture for several years
                   during which the area was ditched and a well installed,
                   then converted to pasture after several years of crops)
                 residential (rural housing or subdivisions of
                   Iranchettes', usually 1-5 acres in size)

             To avoid confusion, the tern "ditch" will be used only in
         reference to row crop or citrus type drainage ditches which are
         networks or connected ditches within a field or grove area, or
         found in abandoned agricultural fields converted to improved
         pasture. The word "canal" will be used only in reference to
         single long ditches which could be either wide or narrow, shallow
         or deep. The alteration of natural creek channels will be
         referred to as "dredged" channels or creeks and these could
         either follow the natural streambed or be redirected into a
         straight channel.











                                                                        29

             Changes in drainage patterns took several forms.
        Agriculturally ditched areas, often converted to pasture after
        several years of farming, were extensively ditched with distance
        between parallel shallow ditches ranging from 25-100 feet.
        Another drainage practice involved topographic depressions:,
        either seasonal ponds or deep marshes. Depressions were
        connected by canals, usually in chains which connected to a
        stream. Long canals were also dug within depressions which were
        not nec6ssarily connected to a drainage channel, to create more
        dry ground within the depression. on ground with more relief,
        canals were also dug to follow the topographic gradients. The
        other major drainage practice was the dredging of major and minor
        tributaries. Sometimes this-was done on a small scale, following
        the contours of the natural channel. In other cases the natural
        channel was straightened. The amount of dredging varied from
        short sections where the natural channel was least distinct to
        the whole length of some tributaries.

             All 1989 information was obtained from the Sarasota and
        Manatee U. S. Soil Conservation Service offices in the form of
        Sarasota and Manatee County land use maps which were completed in
        late 1989 (Polizos, pers. comm.) (Figure 33). Again, percentages
        are visual estimates only, with no quantitative measurements
        taken. The following land use patterns were mapped in Sarasota
        County:
                Tomatoes
                citrus
                Sewage/pasture: secondary treated effluent
                  irrigated pasture
                Dairy
                Sod

        These land use patterns were mapped in Manatee County:

                Pasture/tomatoes (ditched)
                Phosphate Mine
                citrus
                Dairy


        Three Sub-basins Northwest of Myakka River State Park:
        Howard Creek, Indian Creek, Unnamed Ditch Creek east of Howard
        and Indian Creek-,



             1948 Photography

             Approximately 40% of the three sub-basins were being used as
        unimproved pasture and 5% for agriculture. The northern portion
        showed the least development. The agriculture was scattered over
        the south and central area. More than half of the lower 2/3 of












                                                                           30

         the area appears to be fenced. There are trails (cow or vehicle)
         present throughout the three sub-basins.

              There is a squar e area containing 25 dots in a 5 X 5 grid
         west of Verna and north of State Road 70 where it curves
         northeast. There are some small canals connecting depressions.
         The north end of Howard Creek is channelized. Very small amounts
         of dredging are visible in Indian Creek and Unnamed Ditch Creek.


              1957 Photography

              There is an increase in agriculture, especially in the west
         portion of the Howard Creek sub-basin. Approximately 20% of the
         three sub-basins is 'now in agriculture. Ditched pastures are
         also present, representing approximately 30% of the area. These
         improved pastures could have previously been used for
         agriculture. Roughly another 20% of the area is unimproved
         pasture. Approximately 30% of the area remains undeveloped,
         encompassing mostly forested land or deep wetlands--

              There is a canal connecting the east branch of Unnamed Ditch
         Creek to the branch of the Myakka River located North of Old
         Myakka where State Road 780 turns west,for a short distance, then
         north again. In the Howard Creek sub-basin, construction of a
         powerline road or right-of-way grade appears to be accompanied by
         a drainage canal. Spoil piles-are visible along the power line.
         The elevated portion of the right of way could also be impeding
         flows on either side of its length. one mile east of Upper Lake
         Myakka the powerline runs NE/SW for 2 miles; this stretch looks
         like it is paralleled by a canal. Howard Creek is mostly dredged
         and channelized north of its intersection with the powerline for
         2-3 miles upstream. Portions of Indian Creek and most of Unnamed
         Ditch Creek also look dredged.


              1969 Photography

              The upper portion of the three sub-basin area is now  mostly
         pasture, and more"than half of it ditched. About half of   the
         whole three sub-basins are now ditched pasture. Around 30% is
         either unimproved pasture or undeveloped forested areas or
         isolated wetlands. Most of the undeveloped land is located
         between Howard Creek and Unnamed Ditch Creek in the central and
         lower portions of the area. Approximately one fifth is in
         agriculture.

             To the west, sometime between 1948 and 1969, Cowpen Slough
         has undergone a major dredging and straightening.   Our 1957
         aerial photography did not cover the Cowpen Slough area. To the
         east, an approximately 2/3 mile canal has been dug  in Vanderipe
         Slough; this canal runs NE to SW in the lower half  of the slough.












                                                                            31

         There is a road system in place for a ranchette subdivision south
         of Howard Creek and west of Vanderipe Slough and small lots are
         visible. There is no major additional dredging evident in the
         Indian Creek main channels or in Unnamed Ditch Creek, though
         Unnamed Ditch Creek's channel is more apparent in this
         photography and may have been redredged.


              1974 Photography

              Only about 10% of the marshes are unditdhed by 1974.
         Virtually all marshes are pasture. Approximately 20% of the area
         is forested or deep depressions. It may be too late in the
         season for row crops to be present, but very little agriculture
         is visible and the ditched areas look mostly like pasture.

              The subdivision east of Upper Lake Myakka has developed and
         expanded' with more small blocks visible north to the powerline
         and the edge of Howard Creek.


              1985 Photograph

              About 80% of the whole area is now in pasture, most of it
         ditched. Undeveloped forested areas and deep marshes comprise
         roughly 10-20% of the area, with forested areas skirting the
         edges of developed areas. Most of the larger areas of
         undeveloped land are east of Howard Creek and in the Unnamed
         Ditch Creek sub-basin or in the northwest portion of Myakka River
         State Park. Approximately 5% of the area is now rural
         residential..

              Where Horse Creek borders Cowpen Slough drainage north of
         State Road 780, there is a road network for what looks like a
         subdivision, though no residential development is visible yet;
         the area includes branches of streams from both the Cowpen Slough
         drainage and Howard Creek drainage. There is a large new
         agricultural area in western portion of the Indian Creek
         drainage. There are structures and a developed area in the
         eastern portion.of the Indian Creek sub-basin, po!@-s-ibly the dairy
         operation listed below.


              1989 Soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33)

              In the northwest corner of the area, there is a dairy
         operation encompassing roughly 2 sections of land. About 3
         sections were planted in tomatoes in the northern portions of
         Indian and Howard Creek sub-basins. Approximately 7-8 sections,
         mostly in the Howard Creek sub-basin, were using secondary
         treated effluent water to irrigate pasture. They found no citrus
         or sod farming in these sub-basins.












                                                                         32

         Five Sub-basins in Southern Manatee County:
         Mossy Island Slough, Sardis Branch, Unnamed Ditch north of Sardis
         Branch, east of the Myakka River, and west of Mud Lake Slough,'
         Mud Lake Slough, and Deer Prairie Creek south to State Road 72:


              1940 Photography

              The area is virtually (98-99%) undeveloped in 1940. There
         are about a dozen fields (pasture or agriculture) present, with
         all but one roughly 5-40 acres in size. Except for the largest
         area along the east central boundary of-Mud Lake Slough, which
         definitely looks like row crops, it is difficult to tell if
         fields are pasture or row crops. There is only a trace of grazed
         fenceline visible in a few spots, so the area is very lightly
         grazed and/or open range. Some trails (cattle or vehicle) are
         evident, but not many.
              A few depressions are connected by a small canal in the
         eastern portion of Sardis Branch. Unnamed Ditch looks totally
         undeveloped. Mossy Island Slough has several less than 1/4 mile
         dredged sections just north and east of Myakka River State Park
         and several depressions are connected by canals in the southern
         half of Mossy Island Slough, some within the Park. The powerline
         grade also bisects Mossy Island Slough, Deer Prairie Creek, and
         Mud Lake Slough and State Road 72 crosses Deer Prairie Creek and
         also Mud Lake Slough just before it joins Big Slough. Either
         could be impeding flows. -otherwise, Deer Prairie Creek shows no
         visible hydrologic al'teration except possibly just north of State
         Road 72 where portions of the natural channel may have been
         dredged. Though Roxy Pond is included in Mud Lake Slough sub-
         basin, it is connected by what appears to be a natural tributary
         to Bud Slough, which borders it to the south and east. Mud Lake
         Slough has a definite channel in the southern half of the sub-
         basin, but it is not straightened and does not appear to be
         dredged.


              1952 Photography.-

              Conditions have changed little between 1940 and 1952 in
         terms of fencing or agriculture, but hydrologic alteration
         including draining depressions and dredging of natural channels
         has occurred. The network of trails throughout the area is much
         more extensive than in 1940. It is possible to distinguish the
         northern boundary of the east peninsula of the Par-k-_ and the
         eastern boundary of the northern part of the Park by 1952, but
         the far east and south.boundaries in this area are not
         discernable.

              Sardis Branch shows virtually no change in land use
         patterns. Unnamed Ditch has fields (pasture or agriculture)












                                                                             33

         south of the creek near its confluence with the Myakka River.
         There is virtually no change in land use patterns in Mossy Island,
         Slough in the way of obvious fencelines, new fields, or well-
         defined pastures. Deer Prairie Creek north of the Park has an
         intriguing spoke type trail network, but no additional fields or
         fencelines. Grazing is evidently still very light and relatively
         unfenced, since the only visible line is the Park boundary.
         Except down in the extreme southwest tip of Mud Lake Slough,
         there are also no apparent fencelines or additional fields.

              Sardis Branch and Unnamed Ditch show no new hydrologic
         alterations. Mossy Island Slough is dredged for most of its
         length. In the Mossy Island Slough sub-basin, the area outside
         the Park contains several long chains of ponds connected by
         canals which feed into Mossy Island Slough's main channel. Deer
         Prairie Creek still shows dredging only between the Park boundary
         and State Road 72; this dredging was probably all present in
         19-40. At the northern end of the Mud Lake Slough sub-basin,
         depressions have been connected by an approximately 2 mile long
         canal south to the northern end of the natural channel. Roxy
         Pond is not part of the chain. Portions of both the east and
         west branches of Mud Lake Slough look dredged in the area east of
         the Park's eastern peninsula. At least part of the dredging
         could have occurred before 1940, but it is difficult to tell
         because the 1940 photography was taken during a wetter period.


              1958 Photograph

              The area still appears to be predominantly open range. No
         line is visible along the far eastern or southern boundary of the
         Park which could be attributed to grazing,-and even part of the
         northern boundary of the eastern peninsula of the Park is not
         discernable. Sardis Branch, Unnamed Ditch, and Deer Prairie
         Creek show no new land use changes. The fields south of the main
         channel of Unnamed Ditch on the west side of the sub-basin no
         longer are visible and are probably pasture. Mossy Island Slough
         contains roughly 5% cleared pasture (palmettos,and shrubs
         removed), but there is no visible ditching of the pastures.
         There is a small amount of cleared area in the southern end of
         Mud Lake Slough, but it totals less than 5% of the sub-basin.

              Hydrology chang-ed little between 1952 and 1958, though many
         natural-channels were already quite altered. Field ditching is
         still not a factor in the hydrologic regime. Sardis Branch still
         shows a connected series of depressions, as in 1940 photography,
         which could be either natural or manmade. In the Myakka River
         sub-basin between the Sardis Branch and Unnamed Ditch sub-basins,
         there is an extensive agricultural ditching network. Since 1952,
         the powerline has been rerouted south, creating the current
         hydrologic western boundary of Mossy Island Slough along its
         grade from the old powerline grade for most of the southern half












                                                                          34

         of that sub-basin boundary. There are also some new canals
         connecting depressions in the southern tip of Mossy Island
         Slough.


              1970 Photography.

              Larid use patterns show a definite change by 1970; ditched
         pastures, fenced pastures, and additional agricultural fields are
         present throughout the area. Myakka River State PaYk.occupies
         approximately 30% of the sub-basins in this area. Of the area
         outside the Park, roughly 30% is in improved (ditched) pasture or
         agriculture. It is now possible to distinguish the whole
         boundary of the Park without difficulty, due to grazing pressure
         around the perimeter.

              About 3/4 of Sardis Branch shows some development, with
         about 1/4th heavily ditched and the remainder in fenced and
         cleared pasture. North/south canals connect Sardis Branch,
         Unnamed Ditch, and Mud Lake Slough. Approximately 1/4th of
         Unnamed Ditch is heavily dredged and another 1/4th contains wider
         spaced drainage canals. At least half is cleared pasture.

              Mossy Island Slough shows nostly the addition of fenced
         pastures with a few small fields. Myakka River State Park
         appears to have planted trees in three areas within the Mossy
         Island Slough sub-basin in the northern section of the Parkeast
         of the Sarasota County line. Cleared pasture to the south
         extends into the southern tip of Mossy Island Slough below the:
         Park.

              About 1/3rd of Deer Prairie Creek north of the Park is
         ditched and fenced and road networks are present in other
         portions of the upper sub-basin. Roughly 1/2 mile of the natural
         channel of Deer Prairie Creek is dredged just north of the Park.
         The portion of Deer Prairie Creek below the Park and north of
         State Road 72 shows no change.

             Mud Lake Slough north-of State-Road 78.Q shows no major
         changes. The area from State Road 780 south for 1 1/2 miles is
         fenced into pastures with some ditching. Below this area there
         is little change except along the west boundary where there is a
         band of ditched pasture down to the Park boundary and some
         cleared pasture at the southern boundary.


             1980 Photography

             Only about 1/3rd of the area is undeveloped by 1980.
         Roughly 40% is heavily ditched. It is not possible to
         distinguish active agriculture from agricultural fields converted











                                                                         35

        to pasture, but no doubt part of the ditched area is being used
        for row crops such as tomatoes.

             All of the eastern half of Sardis Branch is ditched and the
        rest of the sub-basin is cleared pasture. About 80% of Unnamed
        Ditch is ditched and most is in pasture, with some in
        agriculture. Only small pockets of forested land and a few deep
        depress@ons are undeveloped.

             In Mossy Island Slough the northwest part of the area east
        of the slough has been ditched and the fields in the southwest
        corner appear to be ditched pasture now. South of the Park,
        there is a cleared field between State Road 72 and--tbe powerline
        grade.

             North of the Park, approximately 80% of Deer Prairie Creek
        is ditched, but the area south of the Park to State Road 72 is
        still-undeveloped.

             Most of the north end of Mud Lake Slough is heavily ditched.
        Roxy Pond is now connected by a canal to Mud Lake Slough and
        there looks like a dike blocking flow from Roxy Pond south to Bud
        Slough. The large wetland in Mud Lake Slough north of State Road
        780 has new drainage canals. Less than 10% of the sub-basin
        south of State Road 780 has been ditched and roughly another 10%
        is in cleared pasture.


             1984 Photograph

             It-is not possible to distinguish ditched from unditched
        fields in this photography. Therefore interpretations from 1980
        photography provide the best information for this period on
        proportions of ditched to unditched land. Roughly 30-40% of the
        area remains uncleared outside the Park. If the Park is .
        included, the uncleared area is about 50-60% of the five sub-
        basins.

             Sardis Branch is all developed into pasture or agriculture
        except for very deep depressions and trees along the west end of
        the stream channel. Less than 5% is undeveloped.

             Unnamed Ditch is also less than 5% undeveloped. Except for
        a few pine islands and small deep depressions, all is developed,
        into at least cleared pasture.

             Mossy Island Slough north of the Park contains much more
        forested area and appears to be wetter, with more topographic
        depressions than Sardis Branch or Unnamed Ditch. Roughly 15%
        still is covered by woody vegetation and approximately 1/4th is
        uncleared. Below the Park, Mossy Island Slough contains a new
        drainage canal with a 3/4 mile total length between the Park












                                                                         36

         boundary and State Road 72. The two fields present comprise less
         than 10% of this area.

              Deer Prairie Creek above the Park is approximately 80%
         cleared, There are virtually no trees and most depressions have
         been well drained. Two pastures in the southwest area remain
         uncleared.

              of the area outside of Park boundaries, Mud Lake Slough is
         the least developed sub-basin. Probably more than half of Mud
         Lake Slough remains uncleared. Like Mossy Island Slough, it
         contains substantial forested areas with numerous depressions,
         especially east and just a little north of the east end of Myakka
         River State Park. To the north, there are also sections of
         uncleared land left with a larger marsh component. The main
         channel of the slough south of the Park is also wooded, but the
         area beyond either side of the channel is cleared. Many
         depressions are found'in this area. Despite the relative lack of
         clearing, virtually all major ponds are drained to some extent
         and many areas are heavily ditched.


              1989 soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33).

             At the north end of Mossy Island Slough there is about a
         quarter section of citrus. Sardis Branch is about 90%
         "pasture/tomatoes". Unnamed Ditch contains approximately 1.5
         sections of citrus with the rest in "pasture/tomatoes". The
         northeast corner of Mud Lake Slough in the Roxy Pond area is the
         south end of a 1.5 section diary, with roughly a half section-in
         the Mud Lake Slough sub-basin. There are also about 2 sections
         of "pasture/tomatoes" present.



         The Headwaters Area:
         Taylor Creek, Johnson Creek, Wingate Creek, Unnamed Creek between
         Wingate Creek sub-basin and the uppermost reaches of the Myakka
         River, The Myakka River sub-basin from its origin to its
         confluence with Young Creek, and Young Creek


             1940 Photography

             The area encompassed by this 6 sub-basin region is about 99%
         undeveloped in 1940. In this photography, it is not possible to
         see any sign of ditched fields or if fields are planted in row
         crops. There are virtually no fencelines visible, so grazing is
         open range or extremely light. There are trails present
         throughout the area, but they are relatively few in number. Most
         of the cleared areas are small enough to probably have been
         cleared for agriculture, at least initially.












                                                                              37


              There are 3 small canals and one fenceline visible in the
         Myakka River sub-basin east of Wingate Creek. The headwaters
         area is dotted with fewer than ten 5-40 acres fields plus a
         cluster of fields in the upper end of the Myakka River sub-basin.
         This cluster of fields comprises roughly 5% of the Myakka River
         sub-basin area. State Road 64 crosses the headwaters region and
         could impede flows, especially in the Johnson Creek, Wingate
         Creek, and Myakka River sub-basins.


              1952 Photography

              There is still no sign of large fenced pastures. The area
         covered by cleared fields has increased in size. once again, no
         visible ditching of fields can be seen in this photography, but
         most are probably agricultural fields since they are in blocks
         which would be very small for pasture. Most cleared areas are
         concentrated along the axis of the Myakka River main channel,
         leaving the outer extremes of the watershed undeveloped.
         Approximately 5-10% of all the land has been cleared within the
         headwaters area by 1952.

              There are additional manmade drainage canals present.
         Unnamed Creek sub-basin contains one almost 2 mile long canal and
         another roughly 3/4 mile long to the north, both running NE/SW.
         There are also several other new small canals present in the
         Unnamed Creek sub-basin. Wingate Creek sub-basin contains 2
         drainage canals each about 3/4 mile long. Johnson Creek contains
         a 3/4 mile drainage canal lengthening the main natural creek
         channel. Taylor Creek also has a 3/4 mile canal extending its
         main stream.



              1958 Photography

              Approximately 10-15% of the area has now been cleared.
         Since 1952, fields have been cleared along the northern and
         northeastern boundary of the watershed. These areas are large
         enough to be pasture, so they may be cleared only and not
         necessarily ditched.

              There is also a larger than 1/2 section agricultural field
         area north of State Road 64 and the confluence of Wingate and
         Johnson Creeks. This area is in both the Johnson and Wingate
         Creek sub-basins. A 3/4-mile-long major canal runs NIS along its
         west border. This is the only area which has visible ditching to
         date; it is heavily ditched. There is also a 3/4-mile-long canal
         running NW/SE in the upper portion of the Wingate Creek sub-
         basin.

              The northernmost long canal in the Unnamed Creek sub-basin
         has been extended another half mile and a new quarter mile canal












                                                                         38

         drains a wetland between the two long canals in this sub-basin.
         The Myakka River and Young sub-basins contain no obvious major
         drainage projects outside of cleared fields. Taylor Creek is the
         only sub-basin which still contains no cleared areas.


              1970 Photography

              About 15-20% of the land in these sub-basins has now been
         cleared. Portions of the Taylor Creek sub-basin now show signs
         of clearing, or at least fencing, for pasture. Johnson Creek has
         added several large agricultural areas along its east boundary
         which also reach over into the Wingate Creek sub-basin. More
         agricultural fields have been added to the central and northern
         stretches of the Myakka River area. In its eastern region, the
         Young Creek sub-basin contains an agricultural area roughly a
         quarter section in size.

              No new canals are visible except north of the large field
         which first appeared in the 1958 photography along the Johnson-
         Wingate Creek sub-basin border; this forked canal is
         approximately 1 mile in total length.


              1980 Photograpby-

              Since 1970 much additional land has been cleared and
         development has spread though the whole.headwaters area. Roughly
         40% of the area is now cleared. This appears to be for both
         pasture and agric-1-1-Iture, mainly based on the field size, and
         consistency of surface pattern. Ditching of fields is visible,
         especially in the Johnson, Wingate, and Unnamed Creek areas, but
         the scale and quality of the photography does not allow definite
         assessments of all fields present. Based on The Soil
         Conservation Service land use map, deep,wide ditches used for
         citrus may be the only ditching pattern consistently discernable
         on these aerials. There is also a large new agricultural field
         complex in the Wingate and Unnamed Creek sub-basins.

              About a half mile of additional drainage canals have been
         added in the Wingate and Unnamed Creek sub-basins. The forked
         canal on the Johnson-Wingate Creek boundary has been lengthened
         by about another half mile. There is also one quarter mile of
         canal in the Young Creek sub-basin.


              1984/1985 Photography

              The eastern portion of the 6 sub-basin region was
         photographed in 1984 and the western portion was photographed
         in 1985.











                                                                         39

             overall, approximately 70% of the land has at least been
        cleared and fenced. Agriculture is an active part of the region
        in 1985. The only phosphate mine in the watershed has located in
        this area.

             Forested areas, either along natural drainages or pine
        islands dense enough to make clearing difficult without removing
        the trees, comprise most of the undeveloped areas within the
        headwat@rs region. Virtually all the original marsh land is used
        for pasture or agriculture. There are some large areas in the
        Johnson and Wingate Creek sub-basins which have either never been
        cleared or haven't been maintained.

             Hydrologic alterations have been less intensive, probably
        because the land is at a higher elevation than the other two
        regions studied above. Also, this region has more relief than
        much of the lower part of the watershed and more defined sub-
        basin-stream channels.. Long canals have been the main means of
        alteration outside of internal ditching of fields.

             Taylor Creek sub-basin contains new agricultural fields and
        cleared pasture. There is also a new half-mile-long canal.
             There is a phosphate mine located along the boundary between
        Johnson and Wingate Creek sub-basins, with the settling pond in
        the Wingate Creek sub-basin and the plant just above the northern
        border of the Wingate Creek sub-basin. The settling pond covers
        the north end of Wingate Creek's main channel. The agricultural
        areas above and below the mining area, which were visible in
        earlier photography, can now be distinguished as citrus groves.
        These groves are in both the johnson and Wingate Creek sub-
        basins. Portions of the southwest Johnson Creek sub-basin have
        been cleared, probably for pasture. Wingate Creek sub-basin also
        has new cleared areas which appear to be in both pasture and
        agriculture.

             The majority of the Unnamed Creek sub-basin is cleared
        pasture, but no close parallel ditching is visible, though much
        of the area has been drained by several larger long canals for
        many years.

         - . The Myakka River sub-basin area contains pasture, citrus,
       .and agricultural fields. The Myakka River sub-basin above Young
        Creek is second only to the Johnson-Wingate Creek border area in
        agriculture and citrus development.

             Young Creek sub-basin also has pasture and agriculture. The
        lower central portion is part of a heavily ditched large
        agricultural complex which extends to the south outside the
        watershed.












                                                                          40

              1989 Soil Conservation Service Land Use Map (Figure 33)

              Taylor Creek sub-basin contains less than one section of
          "pasture/tomatoes" (ditched). The Johnson Creek sub-basin is
          virtually all developed, with the western portion in pasture
          (about 2 sections), the eastern lower portion containing the
          phosphate mine, and the northern portion in citrus. The Wingate
          Creek sub-basin contains more of the phosphate mining operation
          and citrus grove, plus "pasture/tomatoes" along its northern
          boundary. The Unnamed Creek sub-basin is mostly
          "pasture/tomatoes". At its northern and southern extent, the
          Myakka River sub-basin above Young Creek contains less than one
          section of citrus, and about one section of "pasture/tomatoes"
          are present in the northwest corner. The Young Creek sub-basin
          contains about 1-1/4 sections of "pasture/tomatoes" and about
          1-1/2 sections of the western portion of the sub-basin are part
          of a large citrus grove.


          Summary

              In the 1940s photography, both the southern Manatee county
          area and the headwaters area showed only minor hydrologic
          alterations and virtually no sign of development. Virtually no
          fence lines were visible until the 1970 photography.

              The area northwest of Myakka River State Park developed much
          sooner than the headwaters area or southern Manatee county.   By
          1957 about 70% of this area was developed (about 20% agriculture,
          30% ditched pasture, and 30% unimproved pasture). At about the
          same time (1958), only about 5% of the southern Manatee county
          area was even cleared, and the headwaters area included roughly
          10-15% cleared land.

              For all three regions, the time between the early 1940s and
          early 1950s was a period of hydrologic alteration.in the form of
          dredging streambeds and digging canals for drainage. These.
          activities usually preceded, but no doubt paved the way for
          additional land use changes. Canals and dredging were continued
          through the 1985 photography throughout the watershed.

              Another form of hydrologic alteration was the intensive
          ditching of fields, which were used both for draining and
          irrigation. The area northwest of the Park was about half
          ditched agricultural fields or ditched pasture by 1958. The
          headwaters area and southern Manatee county did not reach this
          level of ditching until the early 19801s.

              The headwaters area relied mainly on long canals as a means
          of draining the area; little dredging of streambeds was evident.
          On flatter ground to the south, the other two regions show more












                                                                         41

        use of canals to connect and drain depressionsand streambed
        dredging.


                                Plant Communities

             Based on the habitat map in the MRSP Unit Plan (Florida
        Department of Natural Resources 1986), the park is dominated by
        upland @lant communities, although most people tend to think of
        it more as being dominated by the Myakka River and its floodplain
        forests and marshes. More of the park is covered by dry prairie
        than any other habitat. Within the uplands are patches, some
        quite large, of mesic flatwoods, and smaller but more frequent
        depression marshes. There are extensive areas of mesic flatwoods
        only in the southernmost portion of the park below Lower Myakka
        Lake. A limited area of sandhill habitat lies north of Upper
        Myakka Lake. The dominant lowland habitat is the hydric.hammock,
        with significant but smaller areas of floodplain and basin
        marshes. The lowland habitats are concentrated primarily along
        the Myakka River, with more limited areas of each along Deer
        Prairie slough.

             A variety of environmental and biological factors play a
        role in determining the distribution and characteristics of
        MRSP's plant communities. Hydrology is certainly one of the more
        important, and not only for the wetland communities. While the
        upland communities may not be regularly inundated, with the
        exception of the sandhill community, all are influenced by a
        water table that is near the ground surface for at least several
        months each year.

             A number of studies have described the hydrologic regime of
        wetland and riparian communities similar to those found at MRSP.
        However, most have only looked on upland communities as upslope
        boundaries of wetland habitats, and there exists little
        information characterizing their hydrologic regimes.

             Intensive studies of plant communities at Corkscrew Swamp
        Sanctuary in South Florida indicated that the major plant
        community types were distributed primarily on the basis of
        hydroperiod (the annual period of inundation) (Duever et al.
        1986). Long hydroperiods eliminated species intolerant of
        extended inundation, and short hydroperiods resulted in the
        elimination of species intolerant of the more frequent and severe
        fires that occurred on these sites. Major community types
        included pinelands or hardwood hammocks, shallow mineral soil
        marshes, cypress forests, and deep marshes or ponds. Whether an
        upland site was dominated by dry prairie, palmetto, pine, or
        hardwood forests was largely a function of fire frequency.
        However, the occurrence of fires was also influenced by the
        hydrology of the landscape surrounding elevated sites,
        particularly those occupied by hammocks. Substrate was also a












                                                                             42

          factor that affected the structure and taxonomic compositi   on of
          these major community types. Again, site hydrology can influence
          substrate characteristics, such as the development of organic
          (peat, muck) and marl (calcitic clay) deposits.

               In studies at the Okefenokee Swamp in south Georgia and Lake
          Hatchineha in central Florida, the habitat patterns, while still
          present, were not as clear as they had been at Corkscrew Swamp
          (Duever et al. 1985). Each of these sites had been more
          disturbed by man's activities, which had affected hydrologic and
          fire regimes, and which in turn had affected the distribution and
          characteristics of plant communities. However, once variations
          in terminology, site history, or community characteristics had
          been accounted for, the similarities in the hydroperiods among
          these and other sites became apparent (Table 5).

              An 18-month study of the hydrology of 28 wetlands on the
          Carlton Reserve, which lies along the southern edge of MRSP, was
          conducted during 1985-1986 (CH2M Hill 1988). Average
          hydroperiods for undisturbed herbaceous marsh communities were
          213-338 days for the one full year of the study, while for woody
          communities it was 308-320 days. Since these are average values
          for the mid-point of these communities, the actual boundaries of
          these habitats had both higher and lower hydroperiods than those
          listed here. An important aspect of this study was that both
          ditched and unditched sites were monitored. They both attained
          similar wet season maximum water levels, but water levels in the
          ditched sites declined more rapidly during the dry season, so
          that their minimum dry season water levels and their hydroperiods
          were significantly lower than in unditched sites.

              Plant communities in MRSP, except for the sandhill and      shell
          mound communities, are likely to have natural hydroperiods
          similar to those described by Duever et al. (1985) and CH2M Hill
          (1988). However, it is also likely that other environmental
          factors are interacting with the hydrological characteristics of
          individual sites to produce a larger variety of community types
          than would be present solely on the basis of hydrologic
          influences. Other than the more extreme positions on the
          moisture gradient, without.site specific information from MRSP,
          it is very difficult to decide how the park's communities would
          sort out in terms of hydrologic parameters.

              Also, the studies that have been done on Florida wetland
          communities, have been.done on non-riverine sites. Thus, they
          may be quite representative of sites on MRSP that are at some
          distance from the Myakka River, but not at all representative of
          sites along the river. Hydrologic conditions at sites remote
          from major drains, whether natural or created by man, tend to
          fluctuate much more slowly, while riverine sites are more
          "flashy" and fluctuate over a greater vertical range. It is also
          possible that maximum or minimum water levels may be more











                                                                        43

        important than hydroperiods in determining plant community
        distributions on riverine sites.


               Recommendations for Future Research and Monitoring

             The greatest research need on MRSP is for site specific data
        on hydrology and other environmental characteristics of park
        plant c6mmunities. This would allow an assessment of how the
        characteristics of these communities relate to those of similar
        disturbed and undisturbed ecosystems in other areas. It would
        also provide a baseline for effective ecosystem monitoring to
        detect adverse influences either from management activities on
        MRSP or development activities on lands surrounding the park. It
        can provide a firm basis for objecting to activities that produce
        unacceptable impacts, and not objecting to activities that
        produce insignificant impacts.

             The most effective approach to obtaining this type of
        information is the establishment of transects along which occur
        the spectrum of major habitat types on MRSP. It is unlikely that
        all habitats will occur on a single transect, but with enough
        transects, all should be represented in sufficient numbers to
        provide adequate replication. The transects should be selected
        on the basis of five criteria. First, the more habitats on a
        single transect, the better. This allows one to characterize the
        various environmental gradients as they change or do not change
        between habitats. Second, orient transects along environmental
        gradients, such as moisture, elevation,, and soil type. Third,
        locate them in areas where there is likelyto be a gradient away
        from an existing or potential anthropogenic disturbance, such as
        a wellfield, raised roadway, or nutrient source. Fourth,
        disperse the transects so that all portions of the park are
        represented. Fifth, access to all study sites along each
        transect should not be excessively difficult, so that data are
        not regularly lost because of access problems. Missing data can
        make analysis of the resulting data sets maddeningly difficult.
        Often the missing data are also some of the most important,
        because they occur during extreme events such as major floods or
        droughts.

             Along each transect, representative sites of each of the
        major habitats should be selected. Then a shallow well should be
        installed in the center of each habitat to minimize edge effects.
        The site should be characterized in terms of the vegetation, soil
        profiles, and elevations near the well. Soil profiles and
        elevations should also be determined along the entire transect,
        particularly in the ecotones between habitats to determine if
        they are significant to the location of the boundary between the
        two communities. Water level recorders should be installed on at
        least one well on each transect. A recording rain.gauge should
        also be installed on each transect to assist in interpreting the












                                                                         44

         hydrologic data.

              These transects should be operated for at least three years
         to allow estimation of year-to-year variability of the climatic
         and hydrologic parameters. Certain sites could then be selected
         for the long-term monitoring program. Obviously much more
         research could be done at these sites as opportunities permit,
         but the-above would provide the basic understanding of major
         ecosystem characteristics and processes and how they vary over
         time.

              In addition to the transect studies, establishment of
         monitoring stations for water flows and water quality at points
         where the major flowways (Myakka River, Clay Gully, Howard Creek,
         Deer Prairie Slough) enter and leave the park would provide
         valuable information on how these parameters are changing over
         time. In particular, nutrient inflows from Howard Creek would be
         important to document, given the application of secondarily
         treated sewage in much of that sub-basin.

              Specific hydrologic questions in specific areas of the park
         could also-be addressed by special studies. In the past we have
         used annual tree ring patterns to identify when environmental
         conditions changed dramatically on a site, either by aging new
         colonizers on the site or by identifying the timing of distinct
         changes in a tree's growth rates. Loss of organic soils around
         the bases of still standing trees can indicate reduced flooding
         on a site. Soil profiles can provide clues as to whether a
         hydrologic regime on a site has been modified. Simply monitoring
         staff gauges on the two sides of a dike or roadway can document
         the affect this structure is having an water levels in the area.


              Working with other scientists and agencies would greatly
         expand the amount of information that could be generated at any
         particular funding level. Examples include the U.S. Geological
         Survey water level and water quality monitoring programs, the
         wellfield monitoring programs at the Verna wellfield and Carlton
         Reserve, the wetland monitoring program on the Carlton Reserve,
         and Sarasota County's Myakka River water quality monitoring
         program. An  important aspect of these cooperative arrangements
         is that MRSP needs to be an active collaborator in them. This
         would insure that a natural area protection perspective was part
         of the input along with whatever other points of view might be,
         represented. Also, the possibility always exists that a program
         the park is depending on could be modified by an agency's
         changing priorities or funding or could simply disappear. It
         would be one thing to lose future information at this point, but
         it is also possible that without the park's involvement, past
         information could be completely lost as offices or computer files
         are cleaned outior individuals move on to other jobs. Also,
         different individuals or agencies are often interested in very











                                                                       45

        different aspects of a data set. So, if these data are going to
        be of use in meeting the park's own objectives, park staff should
        keep up-to-date on its collection and interpretation, as well as
        have copies available in their own files.












                                                                          46


                                    CONCLUSIONS

              Some rainfall and hydrologic data and aerial photography are
         available for the Myakka River watershed and nearby lands for
         periods prior to when there was any significant development in
         this area.

              The watershed ab ove MRSP has gone from a virtually unaltered
         landscape in the early 1940s to one with at least some degree of
         major alteration over virtually its whole surface in the 1980s.
         Three portions of the watershed were selected for more intensive
         analysis. These were areas in: southern Manatee County, the top
         of the watershed, and northwest of MRSP.

              In the 1940s photography, both the southern Manatee County
         area and the headwaters area showed only minor hydrologic
         alteration and*virtually no sign of development. Few fencelines
         were visible until the 1970 photography.

              The area northwest of Myakka River State Park developed much
         sooner than the headwaters area or southern Manatee County. By
         1957 about 70 percent of this area was developed (about 20
         percent agriculture, 30 percent ditched pasture, and 30 percent
         unimproved pasture). At about the same time (1958.)-,- only about
         5 percent of the southern Manatee County area was even cleared,
         and the headwaters area included roughly 10-15 percent cleared
         land.
              For all three regions, the time between the early 1940s and
         early 1950s was a period of hydrologic alteration in the form of
         dredging streambeds and digging canals for drainage. These
         acti@ities usually preceded, and no doubt paved the way for
         additional land use changes. Continuing expansion of canal
         systems and dredged channels was still apparent in 1985
         photography throughout the watershed.

              Another form of hydrologic alteration was the intensive
         ditching of fields, which was used both for drainage and
         irrigation. The area northwest of the Park was about half
         ditched agricultural fields or ditched pasture by 1958. The
         headwaters area and southern Manatee County did not reach this
         level of ditching until the early 1980s.

              The headwaters area relied mainly on long canals as a means
         of draining the area; little dredging of streambeds was evident.
         On flatter ground to the south, the other two regions show more
         use of canals to connect and drain depressions,and streambed
         dredging.

              Analysis of rainfall at five long term weather stations
         within or near the Myakka River watershed indicated that there
         have been no major changes in annual rainfall for the period of
         record in the area.












                                                                         47

             No good actual ET data exist for the Myakka River watershed,
        despite the fact that 70 percent of the water leaving this
        ecosystem is lost to the atmosphere by this route.

             Water levels in much of the watershed are high not because
        wetlands are located on perched water tables, but rather because
        poor drainage throughout the very flat and seasonally wet
        landscape results in a high regional water table. Upward seepage
        from lower artesian aquifers-may also contribute to this higher
        water table, or at least may have in the past.

             Water flows at one site on the Myakka River and two sites on
        rivers in adjacent watersheds have shown no major changes in
        mean, maximum, or minimum flows for the periods of record at each
        site.

             With the increasing use of groundwater in the region for
        irrigation, phosphate mining, and urban use, significant lowering
        of the piezometric surface of aquifers underlying the park and
        its upstream watershed is occurring. There is ample evidence
        that these aquifers are all interconnected with each other and
        with the surface water table, although the degree of connection
        is spatially quite variable. Because the affect could be felt on
        the water table throughout the park, as well as on surface water
        flows, long-term changes in the potentiometric surfaces of these
        aquifers may ultimately have more affect on the Myakka River
        State Park ecosystem than other types of changes in the watershed
        that affect only flows in the Myakka River itself.

             While there are some data on plant community-d-i-stributions
        in relation to hydrology that are most likely applicable to MRSP
        communities, we are uncertain as to how well this very limited
        data set applies to any, if not all, of the actual park
        communities.

             We recommend a research and monitoring program involving the
        establishment of trans6cts through representative habitats and
        areas of the MRSP to develop an understanding of the park's
        current hydrologic condition. It would also provide a basis for
        evaluating whether future changes were a result of natural
        ecosystem variability, or a result of man's activities either
        within the park or on surrounding lands.












                                                                        48


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                                                                         53

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                                                                            55

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                                                                           57

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         Lincer, J. L. 1990b. Myakka River basin project. Progress
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         Lincer, J.L. 1990d. Myakka River basin project. Progress
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              attachments.

         McCarthy, J.F. and G.M. Dame. 1983. A history of the Myakka
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                                                                         58

         Mills, L.R. and C.P. Laughlin. 1976. Potentiometric surface of
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         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1990b.
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                                                                         59

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             Association and Sarasota County Historical Committee.
             170 pp.

        Schiffer, D.M. 1989a. Effects of highway runoff on the quality
             of water and bed sediments of two wetlands in central
             Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4200.
             United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
             63 pp.












                                                                           60

         Schiffer, D.M. 1989b. Effects of three highway-runoff detention
               methods on water quality of the surficial aquifer system in
               central Florida. Water-Resources Investigations Report
               88-4170. United States Department of the Interior,
               Geological Survey. 79 pp.

         Shields, G.O. 1890, 5th Edition. Hunting in the Great West.
             ,.Hunting and fishing by mountain and stream. Chapter XXIV.
               Donohue, Henneberry & Co., Chicago. p. 219-233.

         Solanki, H. 1975. Water management development. 13 pp. + maps.
               U.S. National Park Service. 1983. Myakka River    wild and,
               scenic river study. Draft copy. USDI, National    Park
               Service. 63 pp. + appendices.

         Sproul, C.R., D.H. Boggess, and H.J. Woodward. 1972.     Saline-
               water intrusion from deep artesian sources in the   McGregor
               Isles area of Lee County, Florida. Florida Bureau of
               Geology Information Circular 75. 30 pp. .

         Stringfield, V.T. 1933a. Exploration of artesian wells in
               Sarasota County, Florida. Florida State Geological Survey,
               23rd-24th Annual Report 1930-1932. pp. 195-227.

         Stringfield, V.T. 1933b. Ground water resources of Sarasota
               County, Florida. Florida State Geological Survey, 23rd-24th
               Annual Report 1930-1932. pp. 121-194.

         Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1975. Appraisal of the water resources of
               Charlotte County, Florida. Ground Water 4. pp. 23-27.

         Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1979a. Hydrologic data from a deep test
               well, city of Sarasota, Florida. Open-File Report 79-1275.
               United States Department of the Interior, Geological
               Survey. 23 pp.

         Sutcliffe, H., Jr. 1979b. Hydrologic records, Verna Well-field
               area, city of Sarasota, Florida 1962-76--a data report.
               Open-File Report 79-1259. United States Department of the
               Interior, Geological Survey. 141 pp.

         Sutcliffe, H., Jr., and R.L. Miller. 1981. Data on ground-water
               quality with emphasis on radionuclides, Sarasota County,
               Florida. Open-File Report 80-1223. United States
               Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 13 pp.

         Texas Instruments, Inc. 1978.    Central Florida phosphate
               industry areawide impact assessment program. Vol. V - Water
               quantity and quality. Section 1. Texas Instruments, Inc.,
               Dallas, Texas.











                                                                        61

        Thomas, T.M. 1974. A detailed analysis of climatological and
             hydrological records of south Florida with reference to
             man's influence upon ecosystem evolution.' Pages 82-122 in
             P.J. Gleason, ed. Environments of south Florida: present and
             past. Miami Geological Survey Memoir 2. Miami, Florida.

        Townshend, F.T. 1875. Wild Life in Florida with a visit to
             Cuba. Hurst and Blackett, Publishers, 13 Great Marlborough
             Street, London. p. 50-109.

        United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
             Service. 1988. Guide to the practical use of soil surveys.
             United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
             Service. 12 pp.

        United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
             1984. Myakka River, Florida. Final Wild and Scenic River
             Studv. United States Department of the Interior, National
             Park Service. 38 pp.

        United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
             1989a. Water Resources Data, Florida Water Year 1989.
             Volume 3A. Southwest Florida Ground Water. Water-Data
             Report FL-89-3A. United States Department of the Interior,
             Geological Survey. 306 pp. [This is the most recent in an
             annual series.]

        United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
             1989b. Water Resources Data, Florida, Water Year 1989.
             Volume 3B. Southwest Florida Ground Water. Water-Data
             Report FL-89-3B. United States Department of 'Che Interior,
             Geological Survey. 327 pp. [This is the most recent in an
             annual series.]

        Watson, J.D. 1986. Ground-water resource availability
             inventory: Sarasota County, Florida. Southwest Florida
             Water Management District, 207 pp.

        White, W.A. 1970. The geomorphology of the Florida peninsula.
             Geological Bulletin No. 51. State of Florida, Department of
             Natural Resources, Bureau of Geology. 164 pp. and 7 maps.
             Bureau of Geology. 164 pp. and 7 maps.

        Wilson, W.E. 1982. Simulated Effects of ground-water
             development on potentiometric surface of the Floridan
             aquifer, west-central Florida. Professional Paper 1217.
             United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
             83 pp and 1 map.












                                                                         62

         Wolansky,.R.M. 1982.   Hydrogeology of the Sarasota-Port
              Charlotte area, Florida. Water-Resources Investigations
              Report 82-4089. United States Department of the Interior,
              Geological Survey. 48 pp.

         Wolansky, R.M.; G.L. Barr; and R_.M. Spechler. 1979a. Generalized
              configuration of the bottom of the Floridan aquifer,
              Southwest Florida Water Management District. open-File
              Report 79-1490. United States Geological Survey. 1 map.

         Wolansky, R.M. and J.M. Garbade. 1981. Generalized thickness of
              the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management
              District. Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report
              80-1288. United States Department of the Interior,
              Geological Survey. 1 map.

         Wo.lansky, R.M., F.P. Haeni, and R.E. Sylvester. 1983.
              continuous seismic reflection survey defining shallow
              sedimentary layers in the Charlotte Harbor and Venice areas,
              southwest Florida. United States Department of the
              Interior, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 82-57.
              83 pp.

         Wolansky, R.M.; L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1978a. Water
              table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of
              the Floridan aquifer in selected well fields, west-central
              Florida, May 1978. Open-File Report 78-939. United States
              Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 8 pp. and 4
              maps.

         Wolansky,'R.M., L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1978b. Water
              table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of
              the Floridan aquifer in selected well fields, west-central
              Florida, September 1978. Open-File Report 78-1045. United
              States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 8 pp-
              and 4 maps.

         Wolansky, R.M.; L.R. Mills; W.M. Woodham; and C.P. Laughlin.
              1979b. Potentiometric Floridan surface of Floridan aquifer
              Southwest'Florida Water Management District and adj acent
              areas, may 1979. Open-File Report 79-1255. United States
              Department of the interior, Geological Survey. 1 map.

         Wolansky, R.M.; R.K. Spechler; and A. Buono. 1979c. Generalized
              thickness of the surficial deposits above the confining bed
              overlying the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water
              Management District. Open-File Report 79-1071. United
              States Geological Survey. 1 map.












                                                                       63

        Yobbi, D.K. 1983. Trends and fluctuations in the potentiometric
             surface of the Floridan aquifer, west-central Florida
             1961-80. Water-Resources Investigations 82-4086. United
             States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
             1 map.

        Yobbi, D.K.; L.R. Mills; and W.M. Woodham. 1980a. Ground-water
             levels in selected well fields and in west-central Florida,
             May 1980. Open-File Report 80-1001. United States
             Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 2 maps.

        Yobbi, D.K. and G.R. Schiner. 1982. Potentiometric surface of
             the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management
             District, September 1981. Open-File Report 82-101. United
             States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
             1 map.

        Yobbi, D.K.; W.M. Woodham; and G.R. Schiner. 1980b.
             Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest
             Florida Water Management District, May 1980. Open-File
             Report 80-587. United States Department of the Interior,
             Geological Survey. 1 map.

        Yobbi, D.K.; W.M. Woodham; and G.R. Schiner.  1980C.
             Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest
             Florida Water Management District. September 1980. open-File
             Report 80-1280. United States Department of the Interior,
             Geological Survey. 1 map.












                                                                          64


                                   CONTACT PERSONS

         We would like to thank the following persons for their valuable
         assistance. Their expertise and willingness to help were
         critical in compiling the information and ideas contained in this
         report.

         Alvarez, Ken
         Department of Natural Resources
         1843 South Tamiami Trail
         osprey, 34229
         (813) 966-3594 or 966-2256
         SunCom 552-7740
         [virtually all aspects of Myakka River State Park and Basin]

         Andrew, Wendy
         Aquatic Plant Manager
         Operations Department
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         [aquatic plant control, history and methods]

         Babbitt, Kim
         Assistant Water Quality Monitoring Coordinator
         Myakka River Basin Prbject
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (8 13) 3 7 8-6 14 2
         SunCom 522-6142
         (hydrology, water quality]

         Bono, Lois M.
         Data Collection Technician
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         23791Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         [precipitation, data and information]











                                                                           65

         Clark, Kenneth E.
         Assistant District Maintenance Engineer
         Division of Maintenance
         Florida Department of Transportation
         801 North Broadway
         P. 0. Box 1249
         Bartow, Florida 33830
         (813) @33-8161 Ext. 2316
         SunCom 557-2316
         [information on bridges]

         Cornelison, W. F.
         District Surveyor Administrator
         Locations Surveys
         Department of Transportation
         801 North Broadway
         P. 0. Box 1249
         Bartow.,. Florida 33.830..
         (813) 533-8161
         SunCom 557-2309
         [aerial photography and historical perspective]

         Dicks, Steven E.
         Mapping,and GIS Manager
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         (SWFWMD GIS information]

         DiMaggio, Jeff
         Manager
         Myakka River State Park
         13207 SR 72
         Sarasota, Florida 34241
         (813) 361-6511
         SunCom 549-6511
         [all aspects of Myakka River State Park and region]

         Dye, Robert
         District Manager
         Department of Natural Resources
         1843 South Tamiami Trail
         Osprey, 34229
         (8 13) 9 66-2 2 56
         SunCom 552-7740
         [virtually all aspects of Myakka River State Park and Basin]












                                                                         66

         Evans, Bob
         Supervisor, Aerial Mapping
         Mapping & Graphics Section
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 684-0111
         [aerial photography and imaging]

         Fleury, Pat
         Systat, Inc.
         1800 Sherman Ave.
         Evanston, Illinois 60201
         (708) 864-5670
         [technical support for Systat and Sygraph software]

         Garcia, Carmen A.
         Scientific Publications Section
         U. S. Department of the Interior
         Geological Survey
         Water Resources Division
         227 N. Bronough St., Suite 3015
         Tallahassee, Florida 32301
         (904) 681-7620
         [help acquiring USGS publications]

         Gilroy, Joann
         Data Collection Technician
         Southwest Florida Water Manaaenent District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         (evapotranspiration, data and information]

         Harvey, Ann
         Assistant Manager
         Myakka River State Park
         13207 SR 72
         Sarasota, Florida 34241
         (813) 361-6511
         SunCom 549-6511
         [fire, Myakka River State Park]











                                                                                67

         Howell, Bill
         Environmental Administrator
         Bureau of Land Management Services
         3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
         Tallahassee, Florida 32399
         (904) 488-2291
         SunCom 278-2291
         [historical and governmental information relating to the Myakka
         River B*asin]

         Huffman, Jean
         Park Biologist
         Myakka River State Park
         13207 SR 72
         Sarasota, Florida 34241
         (813) 36.1-6512
         SunCom 549-6512
         [virtually all a-spects.of Myakka River Basin, including botany,
         ecology, fire, hydrology, history, regional planning)

         Jordan, Alice N.
         Librarian
         Publications
         Florida Geological Survey
         Bureau of Geology
         903 W. Tennessee St.
         Tallahassee, Florida 32304-7795
         (904) 488-9380
         SunCom 278-9380
         [help acquiring   Florida Geological Survey publications]

         Lincer, Jeffery   L.
         Director
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (813) 378-6142
         SunCom 522-6142
         [virtually all aspects of the Myakka River basin, including
         hydrology, ecology, land use, government planning, and history]

         Lowrey, Susan
         Water Quality Monitoring Coordinator
         Myakka River Basin Project
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (813) 378-6142
         SunCom 522-6142
         [hydrology, water quality, USGS data]













                                                                          68

          Mashburn, Stephanie
          Records Librarian
          Manatee County Historical Records Library
          1405 4th Ave. W.
          Bradenton, Florida 34205
          (813) 749-7162
          [aerial photography and maps]

          McCarthy, John F.
          Environmental Specialist
          Coastal Zone Division
          Natural Resources Department
          Sarasota County
          1301 Cattlemen Rd.
          Sarasota, Florida 34232
          (813) 378-6113
          SunCom 522-6113
          (history of Myakka Rivitir'and Sarasota County]

          Minasian, Leo L., Jr.
          Environmental Specialist III
          Office of Land Use Planning and Biological Services
          Florida Department of Natural Resources
          3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
          Tallahassee, Florida 32399
          (904) 488-8346
          SunCom 278-8346
          [historical and governmental information relating to the Myakka
          River Basin]

          Polizos, Anthony
          District Conservationist
          Manatee County Office
          Soil Conservation Service
          1303 17th St. West
          Palmetto, Florida 33561
          (813) 772-6636
          (currently located in Immokalee, FL:
          Soil Conservation Service Field Office
          1220 N. 15th St.
          Immokalee, Florida 33934
          (813) 657-4441)
          (soils, drainage, land use, hardpans]

          Porter, Mary
          Department of Agriculture
          Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
          2222 West, 2300 South
          P.O. Box 30010
          Salt Lake City, Utah 84130
          (801) 524-5856
          [ASCS and SCS aerial photography]










                                                                         69

         Prine, Henry (retired)
         Manatee County Office
         Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
         1303 17th Street West
         Palmetto, Florida 34221
         (813) 748-7468
         [soils, land use, aerial.photography)

         Roberson, A. Wallace
         Assistant District Location Surveyor
         Locations Surveys
         Department of Transportation
         801 North Broadway
         P. 0. Box 1249
         Bartow, Florida 33830
         (813) 533-8161
         SunCom 557-2309
         (aerial photography)

         Rohrer, Kevin
         Hydrologist
         Monitoring Coordinator
         Ti Mabry Carlton Reserve
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (813) 378-6142
         SunCom 522-6142
         [hydrology, including hydrologic modelling, groundwater, geology)

         Shawhan, Nona
         District Secretary
         Sarasota County Office
         Soil Conservation Service
         Extension Services Building
         2900 Ringling Blvd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34237
         (813) 951-4210.
         (aerial photography and soil survey documents]












                                                                          70

         Shea, Chris
         Wetlands Ecologist
         Assistant Monitoring Coordinator
         T. Mabry Carlton Reserve
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (813) 378-6142
         SunCom 522-6142
         [plant ecology, hydrology-plant interactions, hydrology,
         wetlands]

         Shroeder, Colin
         Systat, Inc.
         1800 Sherman Ave.
         Evanston, Illinois 60201
         (708)- 96-4-5-670
         (technical support for Systat  and Sygraph software]

         Smith, Richard H.
         National Archives and Records  Service
         Cartographic and Architectural Branch
         General Services Administration
         Washington, D. C. 20408
         (703) 75.6-6700
         [old aerial photography]

         Smith, W. B.
         Manager
         Conservation Projects Section
         Resource Management Department
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         [land use, well fields and surface hydrology]

         Traugott, Judy
         Senior Staff Assistant (has relocated)
         Ecological Monitoring Division
         Sarasota County
         1301 Cattlemen Rd.
         Sarasota, Florida 34232
         (813) 378-6142
         SunCom 522-6142
         (locating and obtaining documents and information]












                                                                         71

         Watson, Tissie
         Records Librarian
         Manatee County Historical Records Library
         1405 4th Ave. W.
         Bradenton, Florida 34205
         (813) 749-7162
         (aerial 'photography and maps)

         Williamson, Theresa A.
         Data Collection Coordination Supervision
         Southwest Florida Water Management District
         2379 Broad Street
         Brooksville, Florida' 34609-6899
         (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
         Suncom 628-4097
         [computerized hydrologic and climate data]







                  Table 1. Daily precipitation station information. Data were provided by the Southwest
                  Florida Water Management District.
                   L                                                                         PRECIPITATION DATA
                             STATION NAME                       BASIN                 LAIITUDE/LONGITUDE              PERIOD OF            FIRST DAY          LWST DAY         FIGURE NO.
                                                                                                                        RECORD             YR MO OY           YR MO DY
                    Arcadia                                   Peace River             0271343081512820027               1907-90            07  07 01          90  04 30              1
                    Avon Park                                 Peace River             0273539081313420055               1902-90            02  01 01          90  04 30              2
                    Bartow                                    Peace River             0275358081503520105               1901-90            01  01 01          90  08 31              3
                    Bradenton                                 Manasota                0272702082290221081               1911-90            11  01 01          90  07 31              4
                    CarLton Ranch                             Manasota                .0271050082061321115'             1976-90            76  09 01          90  05 31              5
                    Fort Green NWS                            Manasota                0273417082080721081               1955-90            55  09 01          90  04 30              6
                    Ft. Myers                                 -Outtying               0263455081514599071               1901-90            01  01 01          90  08 31              7
                    Four Corners Mine                         Alafia River            0273841082051611057               1978-90            78  09 01          90  07 31              8
                    Hardee                                    Peace River             0273652081581420049               1979-90            79  03 01          90  08 31              9
                    Kibter  Tower                             Manasota                0272826082141421081               1975-90            75  10 01          90  08 31              10
                    Myakka  River  State Park NWS             Manasota                0271431082102821115               1943-90            43  09 01          90  01 31              11
                    Ona Research   Center                     Peace River             0272353081562820049               1976-90            76  01 01          90  08 31              12
                    Parrish NWS                               Manasota                0273430082260321081               1958-90            58  01 01          90  04 30              13
                    Punta Gorda                               Peace River             0265009081582220015               1914-90            14  05 01          90  08 31              14
                    RG-2                                      Peace River             0273742081565220049               1980-90            80  01 01          90  07 31              15
                    RG-3 C & F   Ind.                         Peace River             0273345082002320049               1976-90            76  01 01          90  08 31              16
                    Sandy (centraL)                           Manasota                0271437082033521081               1980-90            80  01 01          90  07 31              17
                    St Petersburg                         PineLtas Anclote            0274545082375316103               1914-90            14  08 01          90  08 31              18
                    Tampa Int'l A.P.                          Northwest               0275737082313714057               1901-90            01  01 01          90  08 31              19
                                                              Hillsborough
                    Venice NWS                                Manasota                0270600082261721115               1955-90            55  04 01          90  08 31              20
                    Verna We( fieLd                           -Manasota               0272255082175721115               1077-90            77  01 01          90  06 30              21
                    Wauchula                                  Peace River             0273407081490320049               1933-90            33  01 01          90  04 30              22







                    Table 2. Daily United States Geological Survey streamflow station information. Data were
                    obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.



                                                                                             USGS STREAMFLOW DATA


                           S
                           STATION                             STATION NAME                             UNITS         MEASURED           FIRST DAY         LAST DAY          PERIOD OF
                           UMB(                                                                                                          YR MO DY          YR MO DY               CORD
                           T
                           UMI
                           N  31E R                                                                                                                                             E

                           02299470      BIG SLOUGH NEAR MURDOCK                                         cfs          Discharge          63 03 01          72 09 30           1980-90
                           02299410      BIG SLOUGH NEAR MYAKKA CITY                                     cfs          Discharge          80 10  01         90 03  07          1962-72
                           02299700      COW PEN SLOUGH NEAR BEE RIDGE                                   cfs          Discharge          63 02  01         66 06  30          1962-66
                           02299160      DEER PRAIRIE SLOUGH NEAR WORTH PORT                             cfs          Discharge          81 04  01         90 06  10          1980-90
                           02297310      HORSE CREEK NEAR ARCADIA                                        cfs          Discharge.         50 05  01         90 08  28          1949-90
                           02298760      HOWARD CREEK NEAR SARASOTA                                      cfs          Discharge          83 10  19         90 07  30          1983-90
                           02299950      MANATEE RIVER NEAR MYAKKA HEAD                                  cfs          Di,scharge         66 04  20         90 08  09          1965-90
                           02298880      MYAKKA RIVER AT CONTROL NEAR LAUREL                             feet         Gage Ht            88 10  06         90 07  26          1989-90
                           02298900      MYAKKA RIVER NEAR LAUREL                                        feet         Gage Ht            85 02  26         90 08  27          1984-90
                           02298608      MYAKKA RIVER NEAR MYAKKA CITY                                   cfs          Discharge          63 02  05*        90 07  29*         1962-66
                                                                                                                                                                              1977-90
                           02298830      MYAKKA RIVER NEAR SARASOTA                                      cfs          Discharge          36 09  01         90 06  12          1936-90
                           02296750      PEACE RIVER HEAR ARCADIA                                        cfs          Discharge          31 04  01         90 08  12          1930-90


                      There are no data for WaterYear 1966-19T7.
                    E-@







                  Table 3. Daily United States Geological Survey groundwater station information. Data
                  were obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.



                                                                                         USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA



                                                                                                                             DEPTH   DATUM                   PERIOD       COUNTY & FIGURE
                       WELL NUMBER                      USGS WELL NAME                      AQUIFER OR FORMATION             (ft)      (ft)      BASIN         OF             NUMbER
                                                                                                                                                             RECORD
                     271832082064801       Edgevitle Deep Welt 3 at Edgeville            limestone aquifer                   600       70        Myakka       1978        Manatee         1
                     272058082143701       Verna T Well 0-2 near Verna                   Tampa limestone                     530     68.92       Myakka       1978        Manatee         2
                     272356082181302       Verna Deep Well 1A near Verna                 Suwannee limestone                  480     81.94       Manatee     1975-78      Manatee         3
                     272404082161701       Verna T Well 0-1 near Verna                   Flori dan aquifer system            480     98.92       Manatee      1978        Manatee         4
                     272838082142201       Kibler Deep Welt 26B near Bethany             Floridan aquifer system             1123      101       -Myakka      1978        Manatee         8
                     270952082095901       Mabry Carlton Welt 13 near Arcadia            Tampa-limestone                     287       30        Myakka     -1987-90      Sarasota        11
                     270959082203001       ROMP 19 WLAM Welt near Sarasota               Suwannee limestone                  425       20        Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        12
                     270959082203002       ROMP 19 WUAM Well near Sarasota               Hawthorn formation                  205       20        Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        12
                     271021082151601       ROMP 19 ELAM Well near Sarasota               Suwannee limestone                  419       31        Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        13
                     271021082151602       ROMP 19 EUAM Welt near Sarasota               Hawthorn formation                  121       31        Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        13
                     271021082151603       ROMP 19 ES Well near Sarasota                 Nonartesian sand aquifer            34.5      31        Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        13
                     271134082092201       Big Stough Deep Well near Arcadia             Hawthorn formation                  100     33.26       Myakka      1987-90      Sarasota        15
                     271134082092202       Big Stough Shallow Well near Arcadia          Nonartesian sand aquifer            25      33.26       Myakka      1977-78      Sarasota        15
                                                                                                                                                             1987-90
                     271227082084801       Mabry Carlton Welt No. 6 near MyaZI Tampa limestone                               369       40        Myakka      1987         Saraso
                                              City


                     Period of Record lists only data which was consistently recorded for several months. There may be additional data for shorter time periods in this
                  file. There may also be periods of missing data within this time period.







                   Table 3 continued. Daily United States Geological Survey groundwater station information.
                   Data were obtained through the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring Division.



                                                                                       USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA



                                                                                                                         DEPTH    DATUM                 PERIOD      COUNTY & FIGURE
                         WELL NUMBER                    USGS WELL NAME                     AQUIFER OR FORMATION          (ft)     (ft)      BASIN         OF            NUMBER
                                                                                                                                                        RECORD
                      272220082151401      KME Test Well 09 near Verna                 Tampa limestone                   575      72.92     Myakka      1976-78     Sarasota     25
                                                                                                                                                        1987-90
                      272248082175201      KME Well 14A near Verna                     Hawthorn formation                107      80.14     Manatee     1977-78     Sarasota     26
                                                                                                                                                         1987
                      272255082172202      KME Recharge Well near Verna                Avon Park formation               1200     78.77     Manatee     1976-78                  27
                      272256082175901      Verna T Welt 0-3 near Verna                 Tampa limestone                   500      81.13     Myakka       1978       Sarasota     19
                      272258082181701      KME Water Table Well 09 near Verna          Hawthorn formation                42       79.00     Manatee     19T7-78     Sarasota     28
                                                                                                                                                         1987
                      272258082195301      KME Welt 04 near Verna                      Tampa limestone                   440      62.25     Manatee     1976-78     Sarasota     29
                                                                                                                                                         1987
                      272301082191401      KME 02 Welt near Verna                      Floridan aquifer system           860      71.95     Manatee     1977-78     Sarasota     30
                                                                                                                                                         1987   i
                      272307082173801      KME Welt 16A near Verna                     Hawthorn formation                131      79.07     Manatee     1977-78     Sarasota     23


                      Period of Record lists only data which was consistently recorded for several months. There may be           additional data   for shorter time periods in this
                   file. There may also be periods of missing data within this time period.
                                                                                                                                                                   ASa
                                                                                                                                                                      r-sot



                                                                                                                                                                    Sarasota









































                                                                                                                                                                                            Ln












                                                                                               76

            Table 4. Estimated groundwater pumpage in the Myakka River basin
            area in 1965. (Joyner and Sutcliffe, 1976)





                                         Duration
                                              of        Pumping rate         Amount pumped
                                         Pumping
                                                        (million               (billion
                                           (days)    gallons per day)      gallons per year)

            Public-water supply            365              6.8                     2.5

            Industrial-Commerciala         365              0.4                      .1


            Rural Domestic                 365              91.0


                 Citrus                      50            19                       1-.0


                   Vine crops

                      Spring                 90           20                        1.8

                      Fall                   90            2.9                       .3

              -Y
              U   Row-crops
            0 @4
            -4 H
            -W        (Spring and fall)    120             4.3                       .5
            CO I                        I
            )-I Improved Pasture             40           95'                      3.8

                Golf courses (8 in
                                 area)     300             5                       1.5

                Lawns                      120            14                       1.7




                Total                      ---            ---                     16.5


            Weighted average daily
            pumpage                                       45                       ---



            a/ Principally used for cooling air-conditioner condensers.












                                                                              77

         Table 5.. Average hydroperiod for driest and/or wettest examples
         of major community types and number of years for which data are
         available from six southeastern United States wetlands.*
         (Duever et. al., 1985)





                                       YEARS OF
         PLANT COMMUNITY                RECORD      DRIEST      WETTEST

         -----------------------------------------------------------------
         Deep Marsh
              Corkscrew Swamp              14         310          346
              Lake Okeechobee              20           -          361
              Lake Hatchineha              22         325          347
              Okefenokee Swamp              3         308          365

         Cypress Forest
              Big Cypress Swamp           7-26        105          299
              Corkscrew Swamp              14         133          296
              Lake Hatchineha              22         172          248
              North Florida domes           1         211          319
              Okefenokee Swamp              3         147          232

         Shallow Marsh
              Big Cypress Swamp          7-26          73          260
              Corkscrew Swamp              14         111 (45)     278
              Lake Hatchineha              22          44           88 (248)
              Okefenokee Swamp              3         193          318

         Pine
              Big Cypress Swamp            14           0           74
              Corkscrew Swamp              14           0           59
              Lake Hatchineha              22           0           40
              Okefenokee Swamp              3           0           50


         -----------------------------------------------------------------



           Data- sources'are:,-'',Big-Cypress Swamp - Gunderson and Loope
         1982a, b, c, Gunderson et al. 1982; Corkscrew Swamp - Duever et
         al. 1978; Lake Okeechobee - Pesnell and Brown 1977; Lake
         Hatchineha - this study; north Florida cypress domes - Marois
         and Ewel 1983; Okefenokee Swamp - Duever unpublished data.












                                                                        78



















                                    APPENDIX A.


                INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: PRECIPITATION DATA













         Data were provided by the Soutwest Florida Water Management
         District. Files containing daily preci pitation data for these
         stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
         ASCII text files contain information on estimated and cumulative
         data.















                                                                                             INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES
                                                                                                   PRECIPITATION DATA



                                STATION NAME                 PERIOD OF         FIRST  DAY       LAST DAY          SWFWMD           ASCII TEXT          SYSTAT         NO OF DAYS           BYTES
                     L                                         RECORD          YR MID DY        YR MID DY   I   STATION ;q           FI@ENAME            NAME           (CASES)
                       Arcadia                                 1907-90         07 07  01        90  04 30         ATMOO03          ARCADIA.PRN         PARCADIA              30,255         665,818
                       Avon Park                               1902-90         02 01  01        90  04 30         ATMOO05          AVONPARK.PRN        PAVONPK               31,745         698,598
                       Bartow                                  1901-90         01 01  01        90  08 31         ATMOO09          BARTOW.PRN          PBARTOW               32,688_        719,344
                       Bradenton                               1911-90         11  .01 01       90  07 31         ATMOO18          GRADENTO.PRN        PBRADENT              28,992         638,032
                       Cartton Ranch                           1976-90         76 09  01        90  05 31         ATM0700          CARLTON.PRN         PCARLTON               4,965         149,084
                       Fort Green NWS                          1955-90         55 09  01        90  04 30         ATM0239          FTGREEN.PRN         PFTGRNWS               9,361         206,414
                       Ft. Myers                               1901-90         01  01 01        90  08 31         ATMO182          FTMYERS.PRN         PFTMYERS              32,750         720,708
                       Four Corners Mine                       1978-90         78  09 01        90  07 31         ATMO226          FOURCORN -PRN       134CORNER              4,352-         95,952
                       Hardee                                  1979-90         79  03 01        90  08 31         ATM0224          HARDEE.PRN          PHARDEE                4,202          92,652
                       Kibler Tower                            1975-90         75  10 01        90  08 31         ATM0333          KIBLER.PRN          PKILBER                5,387         118,722
                       Myakka  River   State Park NWS          1943-90         43  09 01        90  01 31         ATMO101          MYAKKRIV.PRN        PMYRIVSA              16,682         367,212
                       Ona Research    Center                  1976-90         76  01 01        90.08  31         ATMO105            ONA.PRN --          PONA                 5,363         118,194
                       Parrish NWS                             1958-90         58  01 01        90  04 30         ATM0240          PARRISH.PRN         PPARRISH               8,307         182,962
                       Punta Gorda                             1914-90         14  05 01        90  08 31         ATMO117          PUNTAGOR-PRN        PPUNTAGO              27,882         613,612
                       RG-2                                    1980-90         80  01 01        90  07 31         ATM0279            R-2.PRN             PRG2                 3,837          84,622
                       RG-3 C & F Ind.                         1976-90         76  01 01        90  08 31         ATMO118            R-3.PRN             PRG3                 5,357         118,062
                       Sandy (central)                         1980-90         80  01 01        90  07 31         ATMO183          SANDY.PRN           PSANDY                 3,883          85,560
                       St Petersburg                           1914-90         14  08 01        90  08 31         ATMO142          STPETE.PRN          PSTPETE               27,759         610,906
                       Tampa Intll, A.P.                       1901-90         01  01 01        90  08 31         ATMO148          TAMPA.PRN           PTAMPA                32,750         720,708
                       Venice NWS                              1955-90         55  04 01        90  08 31         ATMO705          VENICE.PRN          PVENICE               12,903         28,4,074
                       Verna Wettfietd                         1077-90         77  01 01        90  06 30         ATM0203          VERNA.PRN           PVERNA                 4,929         108,646
                       Wauchuta                                1933-90         33  01 01        90  04 30         ATMO155          WAUCHULA.PRN        PWAUCHUL              ..20,939       460,           @j












                                                                          80



















                                     APPENDIX B.


                                   INFORMATION ON


           TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA  INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES













         The v,-,ro-rams described in this documentation are pfb-vided on IBM
         DOS format floppy diskettes.










                                                                                81

           TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES


         Preparing Files using Wordperfect:

         1. Create a subdirectory on your hard drive to use for
         transferring files. Include copies of the following files in the
         subdirectory:
                    the SWFWMD ASCII datafile(s)
                    BLANK.WP
                    TrRain.cmd
                    TrRainl.cmd
                    TrRain2.cmd

         2. Call up BLANK.WP. This is an empty file set up with wide
         margins and small typeface so the long lines in the file will
         remain on a single line and not wrap around. You will probably
         have to make your own version of BLANK.WP since these settings
         are printer dependent.

         3. From-the,Wordperfect List Files listing, highlight the SWFWMD
         ASCII datafile and, using Ctrl-F5, Text In/Out, put the SWFWMD
         ASCII datafile into the BLANK.WP file.

         4. Check the first line to make sure you have the right file,
         then delete the initial ID line so that the file begins with the
         first line of rainfall data.

         5. Check the number of variables in the dataset. The data we
         received came in three formats, and there are 3 corresponding
         Systat CMD programs for transferring those 3 formats. Variables
         were deleted as necessary by SWFWMD staff when they downloaded
         the files from their mainframe in order to make the files more
         compact and.able to fit on floppies. So you may receive the data
         in slightly different formats too.

              This is the data file    description information supplied by
         Lois Bono, the "Rainlady" at SWFWMD, with additional comments
         from us in [brackets]:

         Heading Line rinitial ID linel


         COLUMNS'        DESCRIPTION


         1               Record Identifier (1)
         3-9             Station Number
         10-39           Station Name
         40-53           Latitude/Longitude
         54-55           Basin Number
         56-58           County Code
         59-80           Basin Name











                                                                              82

            TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES -

          Data Lines


          COLUMNS         DESCRIPTION

          1               Recorder Identifier (2)
          3-9             Station Number (SWFWMD's number,
                               the only alphanumeric variable]
          11-16           Parameter Code [00045 is rainfall in    inches]
          18-23           Data Value Collected value-stated to    .000
                               [therefore you must divide this    number by
                               1000 to get precipitation in inches]
          (beyond 25      Estimated or Cumulative reading indicators:
                               4020402099 = estimated amount
                               4020402077 with previous variable
                                     (precipitation) = 0 marks the
                                     beginning date of a cumulative
                                     measurement. This is only available
                                     for relatively recent years of data.
                               4020402077 with previous variable
                                     (precipitation) > 0 indicates a
                                     cumulative measurement, ie includes more
                                     than one day's rainfall.]

               Check the data to determine how many variables are present
         and which in the sequence   'is the alphanumeric variable. The
         field that contains the codes for estimated and cumulative data
         will probably not be apparent, but it is the last variable in the
         dataset, so add it to your total even if it's not apparent.
               -If there are 6 variables, rainfall is the 5th, and the 2nd
         is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRain.CMD to transfer this
         file.
               -If there are 5 variables, rainfall is the 4th, and the 2nd
         is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRainl.CMD to transfer
        .this file.
               -If there are 7 variables, rainfall is the 6th, and the 3rd
         is the alphanumeric one, you will use TrRain2.CMD to transfer
         this file.
               -If you have yet another combination, you will have to alter
         one of the TrRain.CMD files to fit your dataset.

         5. Go to the end of the file and delete any non-data lines so
         that the final line in the file contains the last line of
         rainfall data with a hard carriage return at the end of the line.

         6. Save this only-data file using the Text In/Out method so the
         file is saved as an ASCII textfile: Press Ctrl-F5, .1 (DosText),
         1 (Save), and type in a filename with a DAT extension (the file
         must have a .DAT extension).

         7. Exit Wordperfect and enter the Systat Data modul-4.-.










                                                                                  83

            TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES

          Running Systat Conversions

               Edit the TrRain.CMD file that matches your data (see above).
          Make the changes in filenames and variable names indicated in the
          program rem statements, and run the program. It will create a
          Systat datafile with a sys extension for use in Systat or
          Sygraph analyses.
               Below is the complete TrRain.cmd program and the INPUT and
          DROP lihes only from TrRainl.cmd and TrRain2.cmd. The rest of
          these 2 programs are the same as'TrRain.cmd.
                     ---------------------------------------------


       rem   TrRain.CMD
       rem   PURPOSE: Transfer SWFWMD rainfall data, with beginning
       rem              and end non-data lines deleted in Wordperfect,
       rem              to a SYSTAT SYS file. Rainfall is in inches.
       rem   USE WITH: original data that has 6 variables. If number
       rem          of variables is not 6 or the 2nd variable is
       rem          not the alphanumeric variable, use TRRAIN1.CMD
       rem          or TRRAIN2.CMD or adjust the INPUT and DROP lines
       rem          to the right number and type variables you need.
       rem          The.systat file will have the SYS extension and
       rem          contain 3 variables:
       rem         DATE with Year as 1st 2 digits
       rem                Month as 2nd 2 digits
       rem                 Day as last 2 digits
       rem         Pvariable which is amount of rainfall in inches
       rem         Pvariable$ where "cumTotal" = cumulative rainfall,
       rem                    11cumll, when present (which is only for more
       rem            recent data), marks the first date included in
       rem            the cumulative total, and
       rem            "Est." means the data for that date is
       rem            estimated.
       rem   CHANGE:  get filename.DAT [R3], final save Pfilename (pPR3],
       rem          Pvarname [pPR3], and Pvarname$ (3 times) [pRG3$].
       rem              That's 6 places.
       rem   RUN IN: data

       rem   ---------------------



       new
       .GET R3
       SAVE templ
       LRECL--375
       INPUT no2   sta$ raincode date pdata estcum
       RUN
       use templ
       save pRG3     single "This is single precision"
       let pRG3      pdata/1000
       if estcum     4020402077 and pdata= 0 then let              PRG3$=Icuml,
          else if  estcum = 4020402077 and pdata > 0 then let      pRG3$=IcumTotall
          else if  estcum = 4020402099 then let                    PRG3$= 'EST.'
       DROP no2 sta$ raincode pdata estcum











                                                                          84
           TRANSFERRING SWFWMD PRECIPITATION DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES


       run



       rem ------------------------
       rem The End.


               -----------------------------------------------------


         rem TrRainl.CMD

         rem  -----------
         INPUT no2 sta$ date pdata estcum
         DROP,no2 sta$ pdata estcum


               -----------------------------------------------------


         rem TrRain2.CMD
         INPUT caseno no2 sta$ raincode date pdata estcum
         DROP caseno no2 sta$ raincode pdata estcum


              -----------------------------------------------------
         When done, you can delete all the file(s) with a DAT extension
         and the copies of the* SWFWMD ASCII datafiles and the CMD files.
         The SYS extension files is all you need to save.











                                                                          85



















                                    APPENDIX C.


                  INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: STREAMFLOW DATA












        Data were provided by the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring
        Division. Files containing daily stre   -&mflow data for these
        stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
        ASCII text files contain information on estimated data. The
        ASCII text files also list monthly and yearly statistics for each
        Water Year represented.














                                                                                            INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES
                                                                                                 USGS STREAMFLOW DATA


                        STATION                      STATION NAME                       PERIOD OF       FIRST DAY       LAST DAY      NO OF DAYS         ASCII TEXT'         SYSTAT         BYTES
                        NUMBER                                                            RECORD        YR  MO  DY      YR MO  DY       (CASES)            FILENAME           NAME
                        02299470     BIG SLOUGH NEAR MURDOCK                              1980-90       63  03  01      72 09  30            3,502     BICNMUR.470           F81GMURD        35,214
                        02299410     BIG SLOUGH NEAR MYAKKA CITY                          1962-72       80  10  01      90 03  07            3,445     BIGNMYC.410           FBIGMYC         34,644
                        02299700     COW PEN SLOUGH NEAR BEE RIDGE                        1902-66       63  02  01      66 06  30            1,246     COWNBEE.700           FCOWPEN         12,654
                        02299160     DEER PRAIRIE SLOUGH NEAR NORTH PORT                  19110-90      81  04  01      90 06  10            3,358     DEERNPC.160           FDEERPRS        33,774
                        02297310     HORSE CREEK NEAR ARCADIA                             1949-90       50  05  01      90 08  28            14,730    HORSENAR.310          FHORSEAR       147,494
                        02298760     HOWARD CREEK NEAR SARASOTA                           19133-90      83  10  19      90 07  30            2,477     HOCRK.760             FHOWARDS        24,964
                        02299950     MANATEE RIVER NEAR MYAKKA HEAD                       1965-90       66  04  20      90 08  09            8, R78    MANAMYH.950           FMANATEE        88,974
                        02298880     MYAKKA RIVER AT CONTROL NEAR LAUREL                  1989-90       88  10  06      90 07  26               294    MYRIVCON.880          FMYRIVCL          3,134
                        02298900     MYAKKA RIVER NEAR LAUREL                             1984-90       85  02  26      90 08  27            2,009 1   MYRIVLA.900           FMYRIVLA        20,284
                        02298608     MYAKKA RIVER NEAR MYAKKA CITY                        1962-66       63  02  05*     90 07  29*           6,019     MYCITY.608            FMYRIVMC        60,384
                                                                                          1977-90
                        02298830     MYAKKA RIVER NEAR SARASOTA                           1936-90       36  09,01       90 06.12             19;643    NRSARA.830            FMYRIVSA       196,624
                        02296750     PEACE RIVER NEAR ARCADIA                             1930-90.      31  04 01       90 08 12'            21,684    PEACEAR.750           FPEACEAR       217,034

                      There are no   data for WaterYear 1966-19T7.

















                                                                                                                                                                                                   03












                                                                       87



















                                   APPENDIX D.


                INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES: GROUNDWATER DATA













        Data were provided by the Sarasota County Ecological Monitoring
        Division. Files containing daily groundwater data for these
        stations are provided on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes. The
        ASCII text files contain information on estimated data. The
        ASCII text files also list monthly and yearly statistics for each
        Water Year represented.












                                                                                                                                            88





                                                                INFORMATION ON COMPUTER FILES


                                                                 USGS GROUNDWATER WELL DATA



                                                                                                  PERIOD       ASCII TEXT           SYSTAT
                     USGS WELL NUMBER                       USGS WELL NAME                          OF            FILENAME            NAME
                                                                                                  RECORD

                     271832082064801        EdgevitLe Deep Well 3 at EdgeviLte                    1978         EDGEDEEP.WLR         GEDGED3

                     272058082143701        Verna T Well 0-2 near Verna                           1978         VERNAT02.WLR         GVERT2

                     272356082181302        Verna Deep Well 1A near Verna                         1975-78      VERNAD01.WLR         GVERD1A

                     272404082161701        'Verna T Wet( 0-1 near Verna                          1978         VERNATO1.WLR         GVERT1

                     272838082142201        Kibler Deep Wet[ 26B near Bethany                     1978         KIBLE26B.WLR         GKIBD26B

                     270952082095901        Mabry Carlton Wet[ 13 near Arcadia                    1987-90      CARLT13.WLR          GCARL13

                     270959082203001        ROMP 19 WLAM Well near Sarasota                       1987-90      ROMP19WL.WLR         GRMP19WL

                     270959082203002        ROMP 19 WUAM Wet( near Sarasota                       1987-90      ROMP19WU.WLR         GRMP19WU

                     271021082151601        ROMP 19 ELAM Well near Sarasota                       1987-90      ROMP19EL.WLR         GRMP19EL

                     271021082151602        ROMP 19 EUAM Well near Sarasota                       1987-90      ROMP19EU.WLR         GRMP19EU

                     271021082151603        ROMP 19 ES Wet( near Sarasota                         1987-90      ROMP19ES.WLR         GRMP19ES

                     271134082092201        Big Stough Deep Well near Arcadia                     1987-90      BIGSLDEE.WLR         GBIGSLD

                     271134082092202        Big Stough Shallow Well near Arcadia                  1977-78      BIGSLSHL.WLR         GBIGSLS
                                                                                                  1987-90

                     271227082084801        Mabry Carlton Wet[ No. 6 near Myakka      City        1987-90      CARLTONO.WLR         GCARL6

                     272220082151401        KME Test Well 09 near Verna                           1976-78      KMETST09.WLR         GKMET9
                                                                                                  1987-90 1

                     272248082175201        KME Well 14A near Verna                               1977-78      KME14A.WLR           GKME14A
                                                                                                  1987

                     272255082172202        KME Recharge Wet[ near Verna                          1976-78      KMERECHR.WLR         GKMER

                     272256082175901        Verna T Well 0-3 near Verna                           1978         VERNAT03.WLR         GVERT3

                     272258082181701        KME Water Table Well 09 near Verna                    1977-78      KMEWTW09.WLR         GKMEWT9
                                                                                                  1987

                     272258082195301        KME WeLt 04 near Verna                                1976-78      KMEWELL4.WLR         GKMEW4
                                                                                                  1987 ,

                     272301082191401        KME 02 Well near Verna                                1977-78      KMEWELLO.WLR         GKMEW2
                                                                                                  1987
                     272307082173801        KME Well 16A near Verna                               1977-78 1    KMEWL16A.WLR  T- GKMEW16A

                     Period of Record lists only data which was consistently recorded             for several  months. There may be
                additional data for shorter time periods in this file. There may also be periods of missing data within
                this time period.











                                                                        89



















                                    APPENDIX E.


                                  INFORMATION ON


              TRANSFERRING-SWFWMD DATA FORMAT INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES













        The programs and macros described in this documentation are
        provided.on IBM DOS format floppy diskettes.










                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES      90


         The following directions are written using USGS Streamflow data
         as an example. The same procedures may be used with groundwater
         data.


         Preparing Files using Wordperfect:

         1. Create a subdirectory on your hard drive to use for
         transferring files. Include the following files in the
         subdirectory:

                   a copy of the USGS ascii datafile(s)
                   BLANK.WP
                   TrlGS30.cmd
                   Tr2GS30.cmd
                   Tr3GS30.cmd
                   Tr4GS30.cmd


         Make sure that the macros alta.wpm, altb.wpm, and altc.wpm are in
         your designated Wordperfect (WP) area.

         2. Call up BLANK.WP. This is an empty file set up with wide
         margins and small typeface so the long lines in the file will
         remain on a single line and not wrap around. You will probably
         have to make your own version of BLANKiWP since these settings
         are printer dependent. But name your file BLANK.WP too because
         macro altc.wpm calls this file.

         3. From the Wordperfect List Files listing, highlight the USGS
         ascii datafile and, using ctrl-F5, Text In/Out, put the USGS file
         into the BLANK.WP file.

         4. Using F2, search for 9999  in the file. Most likely it will
         not be present. If it is, make a note of the date(s), and when
         the file is all transferred into Systat, go into the file in
         Systat EDIT and put the correct datapoint (9999) into the file
         for that date. 11999911 is used as a missing data flag for the
         file transfer process, so any real data which is 9999 will be
        -converted to a      w.hiph is Systat's missing data flag, during
         this process.

         5. Run the WP macro alta.wpm by pressing the <alt> and A keys at
         the same time. (This macro searches for --- and replaces it with
         9999, searches for <space><space>e and replaces it with
         <space><space><space>, and searches for (Hrt](Hrt) and replaces
         it with [Hrt]. This converts the missing data symbol to one
         systat can accept as a numeric entry, gets rid of the    preceding
         data if it is estimated since systat won't accept Ile22.311 as a
         numeric entry, and removes the hard carriage returns between
         every 5 days of data in the USGS ascii file format.)











               TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES       91



        6. Look to see what the date of the first actual datapoint is
        and write it down for later. You'll need to plug it into
        TR4GS30.cmd.

        7. Make sure the cursor is at the top of the file. For each
        Wateryear of data in the USGS file, follow these steps:
             A.@ As a check, write down the beginning year of the data,
        ie the September 19xx.year, and the Sep 1 streamflow data value.

             B. Run the WP macro altb.wpm by.-.pressing the <alt> and B
        keys at the same time. (This macro searches for
        "SEP[Hrt)<space><space><space>l<space>", turns on the Block
        feature, searches for "(Hrtj<space><space><space>31<space>",
        goes to the end of the line, closes the block, and designates
        that the block is to be copied. Then the macro switches to
        document 2, calls-up-BLANK..WP, copies the block from document 1
        into blank.wp and tells WP to save the file as an ascii textfile,,
        using Text In/Out, and types out Ilybl9l'.)

             C. Type in the rest of the year on the screen, ie for 1965
        you'd see the filename: 11yb1911 on the screen, type in 65. DON'T
        put anything like a space or hit <Enter> after the 65. Check the
        year carefully and that the first datapoint matches the one you
        just wrote down.

             D. Use the WP macro.altc.wpm by pressing the <alt> and C
        keys at the same time. (This macro adds a 11.DAT11 to the end of
        the filename, saves the file, exits document 2 and returns to
        document 1, searches for "<space><space><space>DAY<space>", so
        you are set up for the next wateryear's data and can see the next
        year on the screen.)

             E. Repeat steps A through D until you are at the end of the
        file.


             F. Check and write down the last date that has an actual
        datapoint in the file. You will need this information to plug
        into TR4GS3-O.cmd.

             --The file you have been using should be not be saved since
        it was necessary to alter it for the transfer process.

             --You will have a YB19xx.DAT file for each year of data.

        8. Exit WP and enter Systat's DATA module.










                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES         92



         Running Systat Conversions

               There are 4 TRxGS30.CMD files that need to be run to convert
         the data to a Systat format. Once you have a feel for what's
         going on, you may want to combine the 4 cmd files into one, but
         they are separate here to give you a better idea of what's going
         on and to make sure you change the necessary filenames and
         varnames (variable names) etc.
               You may want to edit all 4 files to fit your dataset at the
         beginning before you run them. Directions on what needs to be
         changed appear at the beginning of each cmd (command) file. The
         command files are ASCII files and can be edited with Systat's
         Fedit program or any wordprocessing program, as long as the final
         product is saved as an ASCII textfile. I saved the longest
         version of the TRxGS30.cmd files that I used, which will transfer
         data from 1930 - 1990, since it's easier to delete than add
         sections to the programs.


         What each program is dolag_L

               TRlGS30.CMD transfers each of the YB19xx.DAT ASCII textfiles
         which contains one year's data from Oct. through Sept., to Systat
         datafiles, SYS files. It then converts the 9999's to 11.11 which
         is the Systat missing data flag. Here are the introductory part
         of the program and one section. There need to be additional
         sections for each year in the program you run:


         rem   TrIGS30.CMD
         rem   LAST REVISED: 11/12/90
         rem   PURPOSE: Transfer USGS Streamflow ascii text files, cleaned
         rem              up in Wordperfect with macros alt-a, alt-b and
         rem              alt-c, into systat.
         rem             -- This version,of TrlGSxx.CMD transfers data from
         rem              files called [email protected] for xx= 30, ie 1935
         rem              through 1989.
         rem                All 9999's are changed to 11.11 for missing data.
         rem                The text file must have a DAT extension.
         rem   CHANGE: Add or delete years so that there is one section
         rem              for each year in your dataset. The year should
         rem              match the beginning year of the first datapoint
         rem              in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
         rem              October 1965 - September 1966, your ybyear should
         rem              be YB1965. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
         rem              should have been given the filename YB1965.DAT.
         rem   RUN IN: data
         rem   BEFORE: clean up ascii file in Wordperfect
         rem   NEXT:   run Tr2GS30.cmd.
         rem ------------------------------------------
         NEW











                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES         93



         GET yb1989
         SAVE temp
         LRECL=375
         INPUT day  oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep
         RUN

         use temp
         save yb1989
         code oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep/9999
         run
         dos 'del temp.sys'
         rem -------------------
         rem The end.



              TR2GS30.CMD takes the data out of matrix format and puts it
         in a single field. A-date variable is created which reflects the
         year in the first 2 digits, month in the second 2-digits, and day
         in the final 2 digits, ie November 26, 1989 would be 11891126".
         The conversion is done one month at a time, then the months are
         combined vertically into a new year file which contains only 2
         variables: date and streamflow.
              The streamflow data is identified with an F at the
         beginning, then a station name code. Then at a later date, if
         you want to put streamflow and precipitation for the same station
         in one file, you won't have to change the variable names, or if
         you want to put streamflow from several stations into one file,
         you won't need to change the variable names.
              Here are the introductory part of the program and one
         section. There need to be additional sections for each year in
         the program you run:



         rem  Tr2GS30.CMD
         rem  PURPOSE: For the years 1930-1989, create a year file with
         rem              daily records of data.
         rem               Create a DATE variable to indicate
         rem              year-month-day.
         rem               Give the data variable the same name in all
         rem              files, so they can be combined with Tr3GS30.cmd.
         rem  CHANGE:      fVarname to the station name code preceded by an
         rem              IF' to indicate streamFlow data.
         rem               Add or delete years so that there is one section
         rem              for each year in your dataset. The year should
         rem              match the beginning year of the first datapoint
         rem              in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
         rem              October 1965 - September 1966, your ybyear should
         rem              be YB1965. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
         rem              should have been given the filename YB1965.SYS.
         rem RUN IN: data










                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES       94


         rem BEFORE: clean up ascii file in Wordperfect and run
         rem              TrlGS30.cmd
         rem NEXT:     run Tr3GS30.CMD
         rem --------------------
         REM *****1989*****
         use yb1989 (day oct)
         save oct
         let fvarname = oct
         let date = 891000 + day
         drop day oct
         run
         use yb1989 (day nov)'
         save nov
         if day = 31 then delete
         let fvarname = nov
         let date = 891100 + day
         drop day nov
         run
         use yb1989 (day dec.@)
         save dec
         let fvarname    dec
         let date = 891200 + day
         drop day dec
         run
         use yb1989 (day jan)
         save jan
         let fvarname = jan
         let date = 900100 + day
         drop day Jan
                 .A
         run
         use yb1989 (day feb)
         save feb
         rem if leap year, change 28 to 29
         if day > 28 then delete
         let fvarname = feb
         let date = 900200 + day
         drop day feb
         run
         useyb1989 (day mar)
         save mar
         let fvarname = mar
         let date = 900300 + day
         drop day mar
         run
         use yb1989 (day apr)
         save apr
         if day   31 then delete
         let fvarname = apr
         let date = 900400 + day
         drop day apr
         run









                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES         95


         use yb1989 (day may)
         save may
         let fvarname = may
         let date = 900500 + day
         drop day may
         run
         use yb1989 (day jun)
         save Dun
         if day = 31 then delete
         let fvarname = jun
         let date = 9bO6OO + day
         drop day jun
         run
         use yb1989 (day jul)
         save jul
         let fvarname = jul
         let date- 900700,.+.day.
         drop ddy jul
         run
         use yb1989 (day aug)
         save aug
         let fvarname = aug
         let date = 900800 + day.
         drop day aug
         run
         use yb1989 (day sep)
         save sep
         if day = 31 then delete
         let fvarname = sep
         let date = 900900 + day
         drop day sep
         run

         save a
         append oct nov
         save b
         append a dec
         save c -
         append b jan
         save d-
         append c feb
         save e
         append d mar
         save f
         append e apr
         save g
         append f may
         save h
         append g jun
         save i
         append h jul
         save j









                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES        96


         append i aug
         save y89
         append j  sep
         rem ------------------------
         rem The end.


              TR3GS30. CMD takes all the individual year files and puts
         them together vertically into one file.
              Here are the introductory part of the program and a section
         showing how to combine 9 years of data from 1981-89. There heed
         to be additions to cover each year in the program you run:



         rem Tr3GS30.CMD
         rem  PURPOSE: Combine the year files created by Tr2GS30.cmd
         rem              into one file for the station.
         rem  CHANGE: Add or delete years so that there is one section
         rem              for each year in your dataset. The year should
         rem              match the beginning year of the first datapoint
         rem              in the WaterYear, ie if your dataset includes
         rem              October 1965 - September 1966, your y-year should
         rem              be Y65. So what USGS calls WaterYear 1966
         rem              should have been given the filename Y65.SYS.
         rem  BEFORE: Run Tr2GS30.cmd
         rem  NEXT:    Run Tr4GS30.CMD.
         rem  RUN IN:   Data.

         rem --------------
         save a
         append y8l y82
         save b
         append a y83
         save c
         append b y84
         save d
         append c y85
         save
         append d y8.6,....
         save f
         append    y87
         save g
         append f  y88
         save tempyr
         append g y89
         rem  ----------------------------------
         rem The end.











                TRANSFERRING USGS FORMAT DATA INTO SYSTAT DATA FILES         97



              TR4GS30.CMD removes the dates which.contain no data at the
         beginning and end of the file. You will need to plug in the date
         information you wrote down when you were working with the file in
         Wordperfect. The file is finally saved with a filename the same
         as the variable name, beginning with an F and then a station
         code. It is saved in Single precision, which means that your
         data wi,11 be accurate to only 6 significant digits, which is
         plenty for the accuracy of these data.
              Here are the program:



         rem  Tr4GS30.CMD
         rem  PURPOSE:     remove cases with no data at the beginning
         rem               and end of the file.
         rem               arrange file with date first, then
         rem               the flow variable.
         rem_              save.as single precision, ie only
         rem               6 digits are recorded for each datapoint.
         rem  CHANGE:   The final file name in save.
         rem            The streamflow varname in use to the one you used
         rem               in Tr2GS30.cmd.
         rem            The first and last date code to those that have
         rem               real data.
         rem               Date codes are year= lst 2 digits
         rem                              month= middle 2 digits
         rem                                day= last 2 digits
         rem               Be sure and put the last date first and the
         rem               first date last  in the line.
         rem  RUN IN: Data.
         rem  BEFORE: Run TR3GS30.cma-.
         rem  AFTER:    Copy the final file created to a permanent
         rem               location. Then delete all SYS and DAT files.


         USE TEMPYR (date fVARNAME)
         SAVE fFILENAME /  single "This is single precision"
         if date > 900325  or date < 301129 then delete

         run

         rem  -----------------------------
         rem  The., end.



              The easiest way to clean up the mess of files created by
         this transfer is to copy the final file to another directory,
         then delete all the *.sys files and *.dat files before you do
         another transfer or quit.
              Don't forget, if you  had any real datapoints that were 9999,
         you need to correct the Systat datafile using the Systat EDIT
         module.











                                                                         98



















                                    APPENDIX F.


                         INFORMATION ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY







              Florida Department of Transportation Aerial Photography

                              ASCS Aerial Photography

                       USGS 7.50 Quad Size Aerial Photography

                     U. S. Air Force Early Aerial Photography

                         Tobin Research Aerial Photography










         Photo mosaic index sheets for all ASCS and SCS photography
         covering the Myakka River Watershed are provided. 101 X 101,
         color infrared stereo pairs for 1984/85 NHAP photography covering
         the Myakka River Watershed also accompany this report.











                                                                                      99


                            FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                                      AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY




                                        SARASOTA COUNTY

                     Date               PD Number      Flight Lines          Scale
                                                                       I (inch=ft)
              10/30/64 &   11/64/          WFM*              3-8             1:2000
              1/13/69 & 1/16/69            738               8-13            1:2000

              12/19/72 & 1/30/73           1205              8-13            1:2000

              12/7/77 & 1/10/78            2180              9-15            1:2000

                   3/12/83                 2947              9-15            1:2000

              12/20/85 & 1/15/86           3443              9-15            1:2000

              12/22/89 & 1/13/90           3814              9-15            1:2083


          F-                             MA14ATEE COUNTY
                     Date                D Number      Flight Lines          Scal
                                                                       @ (inch
                   3/10/6-5                335               1-6             1:2000

              12/19/72 & 1/30/73           1205            10-13             1:2000

              2/22/73 & 3/22/73            1271            15-19             1:2000

              12/7/77 & 1/10/78            2180            12-16             1:2000

              12/7/77 & 1/10/78            2179            16-20             1:2000

              4/6/80 & 10/5/80             2549            16-20             1:2000

                   4/25/84                 3116            16-20             1:2000

              2 10 87 & 4/5/87             3625            16-20             1:2000

                   4/21/80                 3767              1H              1:1600
                                                             1L              1:400



              Not available at Bartow.DOT      office. All Flights not       marked
          with an asterisk are available       at their office.


          Also available are 2411 X 2411 SCS aerials:
                1948 Sarasota Co (virtually complete set + index)
                1940 Manatee Co       (virtually complete set + index)











                                                                        100


                        FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                                 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY


         Available at:

              Dept. of Transportation
              P. 0. Box 1249 .
              801 North Broadway
              Bartow, FL 33830
              813/533-8161
              SunCom 557-2309
              Contact persons: W. Cornelison,
                                 .District Surveyor Administrator
                                 W. Roberson
                                     Assistant District Location Surveyor
                              both from Locations Surveys

         Purchase from:


              Attention Donald E. Merkel
              Chief of Topography
              Bureau of Topography
              Florida Department of Transportation
              605 Suwannee Street
              Tallahassee, Florida 32301
              Mail Station 5L
              (904) 488-8911











                                                                              101

                                ASCS Aerial Photography



         Photo mosaic index sheets for the SCS and ASCS photography listed
         below accompany this report. loll x 1011 color infrared stereo
         pairs for all NHAP photography listed below also accompany this
         report.,


                                     SARASOTA COUNTY
           Date      Scale        Film Type      Agency*   Purchase Availab'l
                                                             from:      e at:

           1948    1:20,000         B & W         ASCS          I        AIB

           1957    1:20,000         B & W         ASCS        II          A

           1969    1:40,000         B & W         ASCS        II          A

           1974    1:20,000         B & W         ASCS        II          A

           1984    1:60,000         B & W         NHAP        II
                               color infrared                             A






                                     MANATEE COUNTY

           Date     Scale        Film Type       Agency    Purchase Availabi
                                                             from;      e at:

           1940    1:20,000         B & W          SCS          I        CIB

           1952    1:20,000         B & W         ASCS        II          C

           1958    1:20,000         B & W         ASCS        II          C

           1970    1:40,000         B & W         ASCS        II          D

           1980    1:40,000         B & W         ASCS        II          D

           1984    1:60,000         B & W         NHAP        II          D
                                color infrared,


            SCS is the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture    Soil Conservation Service
            ASCS is the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural
                    Stabilization and Conservation Service
            NHAP is National High Altitude Photography












                                                                          102

                               ASCS Aerial Photography

         Purchase from:


         I.   National Archives and Records Service
              Cartographic and Architectural Branch
              General Services Administration
              Washington, D. C. 20408
              (703) 756-6700
              Contact Person: Richard Smith

         II.  Department of Agriculture
              Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
              2222 West, 2300 South
              P.O. Box 30010
              Salt Lake City, Utah 84130
              (801) 524-5856
              Contact Person:' Mary Porter

         Available at:

         A.   Sarasota County Office
              Soil Conservation Service'
              Extension Services Building
              2900 Ringling Blvd.
              Sarasota, Florida 34237
              (8 13) 951-4 2 10
              Contact Person: Nona Shawhan, District Secretary

         B.   Locations Surveys
              DepartmenL of Transportation
              801 North Broadway
              P. 0. Box 1249
              Bartow, Florida 33830
              (813) 533-8161
              SunCom 557-2309
              Contact Persons: W. Roberson
                                   Assistant District Location Surveyor
                                W. Cornelison
                                   District Surveyor Administrator

         C.   Manatee County Historical Records Library
              1405 4th Ave. W.
              Bradenton, Florida 34205
              (813) 749-7162
              Contact Persons: Stephanie Mashburn, Records Librarian
                                Tissie Watson, Records Librarian











                                                                       103

                             ASCS Aerial Photography

        D.   Manatee County Office
             Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
             1303 17th Street West
             Palmetto, Florida 34221
             (813) 748-7468
             Contact Person: Judy Vigeant












                                                                                104

                          USGS 7. So QUAD SIZE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY


          The quality,of the 1-15-79 photography is much poorer than the
          1972-73 photography. As of summer, 1990, it was still possible
          to obtain copies of the 1972-73 photography for the quads listed
          below. Those marked with an X in the 1979 column were only
          available for that date.

                       1:24,000 Aer  ial Photography in Quad Format

                                                          DATE
                        USGS 7.50 QUADRANGLE
                                 NAME              1972-73T1-15-79

                             Bee Ridge                           x

                             Duette                   x

                             Edgeville                x

                             Keentown                 x

                             Laurel                              x

                             Lower Myakka Lake        x

                             Murdock                             x

                             Murdock N.E.                        x

                             Murdock N.W.             x

                             Myakka City
                             Myakka  City N.W.                   x
                             Myakka  Head             x
                             Myakka  River                       x
                             Old Myakka               x

                             Verna                    x



          The 1972-73 photography was produced by Mark Hurd Aerial Surveys.
          The 1-15-79 photography was obtained by the U.S. Geological
                     Survey for the Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville
                     District and enlarged by the State Topographic Office,
                     Florida Dept. of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.











                                                                        105

                       USGS 7.50 QUAD SIZE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

         selected cruads for both dates are available from:

              Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center
              The Florida State University
              Tallahassee, Florida 32306
              (904) 644-2007

         The 1-15-79 cruads are available from:

              Mapping & Graphics Section
              Southwest Florida Water Management District
              2379 Broad Street
              Brooksville, Florida 34609-6899
              (904) 796-7211 or (800) 423-1476
              Suncom 684-0111











                                                                            106


                       U.S. AIR FORCE EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY


          Large 2211 X 2411 flight maps showing flight lines and frame
         numbers for the aerial photography listed below are provided with
         this report.


                       Early U.S. AIR FORCE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

                                                    GENERAL LOCATION
             DATE      SCALE      QUALITY     [CITY AT LATITUDE EQUIVALENT
                                               TO UPPER AND LOWER ENDS OF
                                                      FLIGHT LINE]

             3/4/43   1:14,750 excellent 5 NIS lines from Upper Lake
                                                 Myakka west [northern
                                                 Sarasota to Murdock]
            3/23/43   1:121500  excellent ca 7 NIS lines from the center
                                                 of Upper Lake Myakka east
                                                 to Venice (northern
                                                 Sarasota to Murdockj
            4/28/43   1:12,500     fair     2 NIS lines just west Lower
                                                 Lake Myakka [Sarasota to
                                                 Laurel]
           4/28 43    1:12,500     fair     patchy 3 NIS lines east of-
                                                 Lower Lake Myakka
                                                 [Sarasota to Laurel]
           10/31/43 1:40,000 excellent      area west of the center of
                                                 Upper Lake Myakka to the
                                                 coast [Palmetto to Venice]
          11/11/43 1:12,000 excellent       1 NIS line just east of Upper
                                                 Lake Myakka [Bee Ridge to
                                                 Murdock] & many lines
                                                 along the coast east of
                                                 the River
           11/12/43   1:201000   excellent  2 NIS lines through MRSP*
                                                 [Bradenton to Venice]
            3/13/45   1:20,000     good     W/E flight from Venice across
                                                 the Myakka River
           11/13/45   1:40,00    excellent  2 NIS lines west of DeSoto Co.
                                                 line to east edge of Tatum
                                                 Sawgrass [Palmetto to
                                                 Murdock]











                                                                       107


                      U.S. AIR FORCE EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY


         Purchase from:


              National Archives and Records Service
               Cartographic and Architectural Branch
               General Services Administration
               Washington, D. C. 20408
               ('703) 756-6700
               Contact Person: Richard Smith
               [include information underlined in blue on flight line maps
                   as ID codes with orders]












                                                                              108


                            TOBIN RESEARCH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY



          Tobin Research flies'their own photography. The following is a
          list of their aerial photography for latitude 270001 to 2703213011
          and longitude 820001 to 82022130".    Their photography is
          expensive; for example in September 1990, the price for 308
          prints,.alternate exposures (ie not stereo pairs), 811 X 1011 was
          $8,000, or about $25 each. However, this photography might be
          useful for answering questions on a specific area or trying to
          determine as closely as possible when a change occurred.


                            TOBIN RESEARCH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

                         Date      Scale          Area Covered

                      19@40/42    1: 1,,6,67        Hardee County

                         1942     1:1,667           DeSoto County

                         1948     1:1,667           Sarasota CdUnty


          Purchase from:


               Tobin Research
               P. 0. Box 2101
               114 Camp Street
               San Antonio, TX   78297
               (512) 223-6203
               Contact Person: Lauri Korzekwa
               [File of flight   paths is stored under
                  I'Myakka River State Park"]











                                                                        109













                I







                                    APPENDIX G.


                      CARLTON RESERVE GROUNDWATER MONITORING




                           (from Dames and Moore, 1988a)



















                                                                        I










                                                                                               110



                                  3.0 GROUND WATER MONITORING PLAN

                         The purpose of a well-field ground water monitoring network is to
                   determine the extent and impacts of ground water withdrawals, both
                   areally and vertically.     Since 1979, 193 wells have been constructed
                   within the RMT.     Of these, 179 represent the present monitor well
                   network: of which 136 monitor the surficial       aquifer, 21 monitor the
                   In-termediate aquifer, 22 monitor the upper Floridan aquifer, (well-
                   field production zone), and two monitor the lower Floridan         aquifer.
                   Figure 3.1 shows the location of all wells drilled within the RMT.         As
                   indicated by this figure, the present monitor well network         provides
                   extensive areal coverage of the RMT.     Table 3.1 is a drilling   summary,
                   showing the number of wells that have been drilled into each       aquifer,
                   average well depth, and purpose of the well.

                        Two additional monitor wells were constructed during the Stage 11
                   drilling operation (June-August 1988) .     The purpose of these monitor
                   wells is to determine the rate and direction of vertical recharge into
                   the well-field production zone.@     Based upon the results of previous
                   ground water flow modeling (Dames & Moore's May 1988 report), the area
                   of largest drawdown was determined.     At this location (Well TP 32), a
                   Hawthorn Formation monitor well and an Ocala %-Jroup monitor we'll were
                   installed.   The Hawthorn Formation monitor well will determine the
                   regional rate of leakage that occurs from the Hawthorn Formation
                   downward into the well-field production zone.         The Ocala Formation
                   monitor well will measure the rate of upward leakage from the lower
                   Floridan aquifer into the production zone.        Based on the data from
                   these two wells, the percentage of leakage from the zones both above
                   and below the production zone were determined.       Model results, which
                   are based on aquifer characteristics from specific capacity and pump
                   testing dat_g indicate that the largest drawdown impacts should occur in
                   the vicinity that encompasses the area between Wells TP 31 and TP 33.












                        36                             31                         32                          33
                                                                                                                                                                                                   '3 6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                31






                          1                            6                           5                                                        3o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                mcco
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               "T"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,-A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                                       UYAKKA FhvLR SIAIE PARK                                                                                                                                           'r



                                                                                                                                           10                                                        12
                        12                             7                            8                          9                                                                                                         O-S     7,1
                                                                                                                                           .4
                                                                                                                                                 14                Of                                                         it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              If
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .!10

                                                                                                                                                                                                  NOWO lot      S"
                     13
                                                                                                                                                                                                      13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                         C31
                                                                                               0


                                                                        OV  4.                                                                                                                                                        ----------
                  lt,                                                                                                                        p 31                                        .41
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   of
                                                                          0 20;@                                                                                         23                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                44





                                                       STOP

                                                                                    Sw  2to
                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                        25                             3 0                       &9                            28                           27                            All-                        25                            303-
                                                     0                    14A       "S   N;f4c                                                                IF  3                                                              41

                                                                        ST111 24
                                                                                                                                                                                                          JIM At-;;P-
                                                                                                                                                                                                         I ", a           -----------------
                                                                                                                                                             @T

                                                             0
                                                                1.                                    %-il. @Ai-                                                          35
                         36                            31                          32





                Dames & Moore










                                                                       TABLE 3.1


                                                              SUMMARY OF DRILTING PROGRAM



             Borehole         Number of                Drilling Depth
           De's ig nat ion     Boreholes'     Minimum     Max imum      Average                        Installed For

        Ground Penetrating        10              31         86.5           48             Calibration of geophysical survey and
        Radar Wells                                                                        monitoring of Surficial Aquifer,

        Wetland Monitoring         8              15         36.5           25             Sampling soils under and adjacent to
        Wells                                                                              wetlands

        Test/Monitor Wells

           Surficial aquifer     118               9          76            35             Sampling, monitoring, testing of
                                                                                           Surficial aquifer

           intermediate aquifer 21                76         258            201            Sampling, monitoring, testing of
                                                                                           Intermediate aquifer
                                                                                              I
           Upper Floridan         13             251         640            395            Sampling and Monitoring Floridan aquifer
             aquifer
             (Tampa zone)

           Upper Floridan           9            420         690            562            Sampling and Monitoring Floridan    aquifer
             aquifer
             (Suwannee zone)

           Ocala Semi-confining     2             750       1000            875            Sampling and Monitoring Floridan aquifer
            unit

         Production Wells          12             400        715            477            Sampling and well-field production

         Total                    193



                                                                                                                                     FJ
                                                                                                                                     H
                                                                                                                                     K)








                                                                                                113


                          For consumptive use permitting purposes, draWown impacts in the
                    Surficial aquifer, intermediate aquifer, upper Floridan aquifer and
                    lower Floridan aquifer need to be monitored.       With the exception of the
                    two wells mentioned above, the present monitoring network is sufficient
                    to address property boundary impacts.

                          The following paragraphs detail the proposed long-term monitoring
                    plan  for the RMT well-field for each aquifer.        The proposed plan for
                    each  aquifer is to monitor the areas in the center of the well-field in
                    addition to monitoring a ring around the well-field near the property
                    boundaries.



                    3.1   SURFICIAL AQUIFER

                          Wells 5 and 8, drilled during the initial well cluster program
                    will be-u"d to monitor withdrawal impacts on the surficial aquifer
                    near  the center of pumpage.    Well 5 is located near Production Well SP
                    21 and Well 8 is located near Production Well TP 33.          Wells 6G, ROMP
                    19E-S, 14GN, 14S, 9, 3G, and ROMP 19W-S will be used to monitor an
                    outer ring around the well-field area.      7bese wells average 44 feet in
                    depth and range from 25 feet to 67.5 feet in depth.         Figure 3.1 shows
                    the location of these wells        in reference    to  the production well

                    sites.



                    3.2 INTERMEDIATE AQUIFER

                          Well HM 21, located near SP 21, and HM 40, located near TP 32,
                    will be used to monitor the effects of ground water withdrawals near
                    the center of pumpage and the eastern portion of the well-field. Wells
                    6C, ROMP 19E- Int. , 14E-S, 3C, and ROMP 19W-Int . will be used to
                    monitor an outer ring around the well-field area.          Well  10, located
                    near the northern most boundary of the RMT, will be used        to determine
                    background water levels.    The intermediate aquifer monitor    well network
                    averages 206 feet in depth and varies from 121 feet to           258 feet in
                    depth.  This large variation is due'     to discontinuous confining layers









                                                                                               114


                     at the base of the aquifer which may or may not be present at each well
                     site.



                     3.3 UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER (Production Zone)

                          The RMT well-field production zone consists of the Tampa Limestone
                     and Suwannee Formations.       Water levels and water quality will be
                     monitored daily in each of the twelve existing and two future
                     production wells to obtain accurate pumping levels and determine raw
                     water quality to . the treatment plant.    Wells TP 27, TP 30, TP 31, TP
                     32, TP 33, TP 38, and TP 39 will produce from the Tampa Limestone; Well
                     SP 21 will produce from the Suwannee Limestone; and Wells STP 22, STP
                     243i -STP- 24-, and STP 26 will produce from both the Tampa and Suwannee
                     zones.   Wells TP 25 and TP 29 have not been drilled (proposed for
                     1989), but will probably produce from the Tampa Limestone.

                          In addition to. the production wells, Well TM 21 will monitor water
                     levels and water quality in the Tampa zone and Wells SM 21A and SM 21B
                     will be used to monitor water levels and water quality in the Suwannee

                     zone.


                         To determine the regional drawdown impacts within the well-field,
                     a ring of monitor wells surrounding the well-field w-Ml be used. 'in the
                     Tampa Limestone, these wells are 14 E-S, 14 H-S, and 3 H.            In the
                     Suwannee Formation, these wells are 3 F, ROMP 19E, 14 F-S,         6 F, and
   ri                ROMP 19W.   Also, Wells 10H and TM 37, both located on the northern
                     portion of the RMT, will be used to monitor background levels in the
                     Tampa Limestone, which is the main production zone           of the upper
                     Floridan aquifer.    The proposed monitor well network for the Tampa
                     Limestone, independent of the production wells, averages 359 feet in
                     depth and ranges from 304 feet to 435 feet in depth.          The proposed
                     monitor well network for the Suwannee Limestone, independent of the
                     production wells, averages 554 feet in depth and ranges from 425 feet
                     to 690 feet in depth.










                                                                                                115


                    3.4 OCALA SEM-CONFINING UNIT

   Tal
                         The Ocala Group represents the semi-confining unit which separates
                    the upper Floridan aquifer from the lower Floridan aquifer.          The lower
                    Floridan aquifer within the RMT contains highly mineralized water that
                    can potentially migrate upwards if well-field withdrawals are not
                    ar-curately controlled and monitored.     Two wells, OM 21 and OM 41, will
                    be used       monitor water levels and water quality in the Ocala
                    semiconfining unit. The purpose of these wells will be to detect any
                    upconing of lower Floridan aquifer water into the well-field production

                    zone.


                         Well OM 21 is constructed with casing that extends into the Ocala
                    Group to a depth of 690 feet.       The total depth of the well is 1,000
                    feet.    The location of OM 21       is within the area of the largest
                    projected withdrawal impacts and will monitor the potential for
                    upconing   of   mineralized    water   in   the  western    portion   of    the

                    well-field.


                         Well OM 41 is constructed with casing that extends into the Ocala
                    Group to a depth of 700 feet. The total depth of the well is 750 feet.
                    This well will monitor the water in the eastern portion of the
                    well-field. Together, OM 21 and OM 41 will provide sufficient coverage
                    of the rate and extent of upward movement of lower Floridan aquifer
                    ground water caused by the well-field.











                                       FIGURES



         Figure 1. A descriptive model of ecosystem hydrology.
         Figure 2. Location of weather stations from which we assembled'
         available precipitation data. See Table 1 for the station names
         that correspond to these numbers. Myakka River State Park is
         shown at Station 11.

         Figure n. Location of streamflow monitoring stations from which
         we assembled available streamflow data. See Table 2 for the
         station names that correspond to these numbers.

         Figure 4a. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
         Sarasota County from which we assembled available--g-roundwater
         level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
         these numbers.

         Figure 4b. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
         Manatee County from which we assembled available groundwater
         level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
         these numbers.

         Figure 5. Pleistocene marine terraces in southwest Florida
         (Healy 1975).

         Figure 6. Topographic sketch showing the DeSoto Plain and
         coastal lowlands which are traversed by the Myakka River in
         Sarasota and Manatee Counties (modified from White 1970).'

         Figure 7. Principal topographic and drainage features of the
         Myakka River basin area (Joyne.r and Sutcliffe 10.716).

         Figure 8. Monthly precipitation (1944-1989) at Myakka River
         State Park. Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The
         heavy line is mean monthly precipitation for the period of
         record.

         Figure 9. Monthly precipitation (1956-1989) at Fort Green 12
         WSW. Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line
         is mean monthly precipitation for the period of record.

         Figure 10. Monthly precipitation (1933-1989) at Wauchula 2 N.
         Each year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is
         mean monthly precipitation for the period of record.

         Figure 11. Monthly precipitation (1914-1989) at Bradenton. Each
         year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
         monthly precipitation for the period of record.

         Figure 12. Monthly precipitation (1908-1989) at Arcadia. Each
         year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
         monthly precipitation for the period of record.










        Figure 13. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Myakka River
        State Park.

        Figure 14. cumulative total annual precipitation at Fort Green
        12 WSW.

        Figure 15. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Wauchula 2 N.

        Figure 16. cumulative total annual precipitation at Bradenton.

        Figure 17. Cumulative total annual precipitation at Arcadia.

        Figure 18. Mean total annual precipitation for f!v-e- stations in
        the vicinity of Myakka River State Park.

        Figure 19. Measured discharge (dashed line) of the Myakka River
        at Myakka River State Park in comparison to runoff (solid line)
        estimated-by Dames and Moore (1986) on the basis of a Surface
        Water Balance Model.

        Figure 20. Generalized hydrogeologic section along a line
        extending from the Manatee-Sarasota County line northwest of
        Myakka River State Park to the Charlotte-Lee County line just
        east of U.S. Route 41. It crosses the Myakka River just above
        Lower Myakka Lake (Wolansky 1983).

        Figure 21. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
        monitored by the ROMP 19E well grid on the Carlton Reserve (Dames
        and Moore 1986).

        Figure 2.2. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
        monitored by the ROMP 19W well grid on the Carlton Reserve (Dames
        and Moore 1986).

        Figure 23. Floridan Aquifer water level declines 1960-1980
        (Dames and Moore 1986).

        Figure 24. Groundwater hydrographs for the three aquifers
        monitored by the ROMP 19E well grid on the Carlton Reserve.

        Figure 25. Sub-basins within the Myakka River watershed based on
        a Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS overlay of the
        area above and immediately below Myakka River State Park.

        Figure 26. Mean monthly flow at the Myakka River near Sarasota
        water level monitoring station in Myakka River State Park. Each
        year's data is plotted as an overlay. The heavy line is mean
        monthly flow for the period of record.

        Figure 27.. Cumulative mean annual streamflow at the Myakka River
        near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka .River
        State Park.










        Figure 28. Cumulative maximum annual streamflow at the Myakka
        River near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka
        River State Park.

        Figure 29. Cumulative minimum annual streamflow at the Myakka
        River near Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka
        River State Park.

        Figure'30. Minimum annual streamflow at the Myakka River near
        Sarasota water level monitoring station in Myakka River State
        Park. The horizontal line is the mean annual flow for the period
        of record.

        Figure 31. Estimated decline in the potentiometric surface of
        the Floridan Aquifer since predevelopment conditions (Hutchinson
        1984).

        Figure 3.2.... The projected drawdown in the Surficial Aquifer
        resulting from a 120-day stress test on pumping from the Floridan
        Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 1988).

        Figure 33. Land uses as of 1989 in the Myakka River watershed
        upstream of or near Myakka River State Park. It is overlaid on a
        reduced copy of Figure 25, which shows more clearly the location
        of Myakka River State Park and the names of the Myakka River sub-
        basins.

        Figure 34. The hatched area indicates the location of lands
        owned by phosphate mining companies in the Myakka River watershed
        (Sarasota Herald Tribune 1976). Numbers refer to the company
        that owns the land: (1) Beker Phosphate %Corporation, (2)
        International Minerals & Chemical Corporation, (3) Phillips
        Petroleum, (4) Swift Chemical Company, (5) Texaco, (6) WR Grace &
        Company. It is overlaid on a reduced copy of Figure 25, which
        shows more clearly the location of Myakka River State Park and
        the names of its watershed sub-basins.












                         ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE                    <


                                   P           ET

                                                                           <
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                 UNSATURATED
                SOIL MOISTURE                         S
                   STORAGE

                     SATURATED GROUNDWATER STORAGE
                                 (UNCONFINED)


                                 AQUICLUDE            S


                     SATURATED   GROUNDWATER STORAGE
                                   (CONFINED)






                                  ET- EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
                                   E-EVAPORATION
                                   T- TRANS PIR AT ION
                                   P-PRECIPITATION
                                   S-SEEPAOE




        Figure 1. A descriptive model of ecosystem hydrology.















                        19






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          Figure 2. Location of weather stations from which we assembled
          available precipitation data. See Table 1 for the station names
          that correspond to these numbers. Myakka River State Park is
          shown at Station 11.









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                                    77







          Figure 3. Location of streanflow monitoring stations from which
          we assembled available streanflow data. See Table 2 for the
          station names that correspond to these numbers.










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                              Figure 4a. Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
                              Sarasota County from which we assembled available groundwater
                              level data. See Table 3 for the station names that, --- correspond to
                              these numbers.
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                             Figure 4bi Location of groundwater monitoring stations in
                             Manatee County from which we assembled available groundwater
                             level data. See Table 3 for the station names that correspond to
                             these numbers.


















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                       Figure 5. Pleistocene marine terraces in southwest Florida
                        (Healy 1975).

















































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                     Figure 6. Topographic sketch'showing the DeSoto Plain and
                     coastal lowlands which are traversed by the Myakka River in
                     Sarasota and Manatee Counties (modified from White 1970).






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             Figure 7. Principal topographic and      drainage features of the
             Myakka River basin area (Joyner and Sutcliffe 1976).














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                                                                                                                                             rt

                                                                                                                                             rt

          CTJ      boo      --------     --------- :-----------:--------- ---------- :---        ---------           ........                rt



                        0
                        1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990







                                                ''Fort Green 12 \/\/SW''
                                                                                                                                      En
                 1800        iIIIIIIIII-FT-ril 11 1 11 [111 1 111 11 11 1111111 111111111 1 1 1 1 I-Frl IIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ::E: M



                               ----------------------------
                                                                         ...................  ...................
          0      1500                                                                                               ---- ---

          CIO
          ft@_-                                                                                                               -         ct



                                                    ...........
                                                              ----------------    --------------------------
                 1200                                                                                                                   rt,
                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                        rt,


          CIO



                                                     ....... ..             .........................                 .......
                   900      ----------------------


          co
          o                 .............................    ......
                   600                                                                -------      . ....................    -
                                                                                                                                        rt

                                                                                                                                        rt





                                        --------     ....... ---------   -------- --------- -------         ...............
                   300                                                                                                                  iw
                                                                                                                                        ct




                                                                                                                                        rt*



                                                                                                                         I I I I L
                        0                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                                                        m
                        1900 19101920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19801990







                                                ''Wauchula 2 N''                                                   m
              3200


              2800      ------                                                             --------
        c                                                                                                          rt

        clo
                                           ................... ......... ---------  --------------------*.......-  rt
              2400      ------                                                                                     0
        CL                                                                                                         Irt


              2000      ------------------- ---------         ------------------- -------- ----------


        c     1600      ----------:...................
                                                    ............................... ........       -------





                                                                                                                   ct
        co                                 .........          ............. .....  -------------------- --------
              1200      ------



                        .............                      -------- --- -------------------  --------- -------
        >       800                        --------

        CIO


                        ................... .................. ...................................... -------
        E       400


                    0                                                                            11.1     L
                    1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990







                                                                                 Bradenton
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                     4200           _1 I I I I I I I II-FTTII III III I I F-r-r-T-T-rTTT I I I I
                                                                                                                                                                                  0%






                                                                ... . . . . . . . . .         - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
              c:     3600

                                                                                                                                                                                  ct,
              co



                                    ----------------            -----------       ..............................                 .. .........
              c-I    3000                                                                                                                                                         rt*
                                                                                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                  rt





                                                                                              ................ ......................                  .......
                     2400            ----------   : ..........   :------------




                                                                                                                                    -----------
                                                                                                       - -----------------
                     1800


                                                                                                                                                                                  rt,
                                                                                                                                                                                  W
                                                                                                                                                                                  ct
                                             ----------                --------                        ............      ------    .........                                      P-
                     1200


                                                                                                                                                                                  to
                                                                                                                                        -----------------
                        600

             C)
                              0                                              1111 111111111 Iffill 11 11 11 111111111 if 11 111 1] 1111 11 [111 11111111
                              1900.1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990







                                                                  Arcadia''
                4500             1 1 1 1 1I_T7T I I I I I I IrT-rT_T-T-T-TT


                              .....               . ....... .........
                4000                  ,----------                      - -----------------



                                                  .........            ----------  --------- ...................   ....... -
          CIO   3500        ------------------              ------                                                                    rt


                                                                                                                                      Ct
                                                                                             ... ..............    -------
                3000        --------    ----------:----------:---------:---------------                                               0
                                                                                                                                      Ct
         n



                                                                                                        -----------------
          C     2500


                                                                        .... ............... ----------------      -------
          <     2000        ----------   -------- --------- ----------



                                    .................................                       ...............        -------
          0                                                             .........   ....
                1500        ------
                                                                                                                                      rtll

                                                                                                                                      rt
                                                                                                                                      P_
                1000
          CIO
                                                                                                                                      rt
          E                 ............... ............    .........    ................... .........  -------------_-
                  500

                                                                                                                                      Fl-
                       o
                       1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (t
                                                                                                 Mean for 5 Stations                                                                                                                                               ::r
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   m %Q
                                       95                 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  F=1 I I I I I          I I I I I I I I I    I I I I I I I I I    I I                        -TTT-T-1 I      I I I I I I I I  I   I I I I I I I I  I   I I I I I I I I I                 P. M

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       00

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ct

                                                               ..............                  ..........................                                             .......         ------------                ......
                                       85                                                                                                                                                                                                                              m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0 m




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   x ct
                                                                                                                                                                ---------               --------------
                                       75             --------

                            CIO

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   m r@

                                                          ....... ..................................                                                         ......... ...                    ................
                                       65
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   rt (D
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (D 0
                                       55
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt




                                                      ..........                 --------- --- ----- -                           ---- --- ---------- -- --------------
                                       45
                            co



                                                                          -----------            ---------                                                                                                 .........             .......
                                                          ....                                                               ----------------                                                                                                                          m
                                       35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       En
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       H-
                                       25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       u'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       H-
                                             1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990










          Figure 19. Measured discharge (dashed line) of the Myakka River
          at Myakka River State Park in comparison to runoff (solid line)
          estimated by Dames and Moore (1986) on the basis of a Surface
          Water Balance Model.




                  40          1        1        1,       1          700


                                                                    600
                                                                          C/D
                  30                                                      0
              z                                                     500
                                                                          LLJ

              Li
              0
                                                                    4     <
                                                                          0
                  20
              LU                                                    300
                        IItV    I
              C/D                                                   200
              Lij 10                                                      <
                                                                          U-i

                                                                    100



                    0                                               0
                   1940     1950     1960     1970     1980     1990

                                         YEAR













                                                                   POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE OF LOWER POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
                                                                   NAWTHORN-UPPER    TAMPA  AQUIFER       OF TAMIAMI-UPPER
                                                                                                          HAWTHORN AQUIFER
                                                     A       POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
                                                             Of FLORIDAN AQUIFER

                                                             :t                             Z
                                                     8       :1g,                           9
                                                             10                    %
                                                     A                             74         5         1  Ct              0
                                                                                   rJ       0 0
                                                                                            0 J                            -C

                                                                      A
                                               100

                                             NGVD            SURFI@IA, AQUIFER
                                                                                                               WATER ABLE
                                               100     TAMIAMI- UPPER HAWTHORN
                                                                  AQUIFER
                                                                                         CONFINING BED


                                               300     LOWER HAWTHORN-
                                                        UPPER TAMPA AQUIFER


                                                                                                 CONFINING BED$

                                               500




                                               100


                                                                      FLORIDAN AQUIFER

                                               900 -7




                                             1100




                                             1300

                                                                                        TOP OF HIGHLY
                                                                                        PERMEABLE DOLOMITE


                                             1500




                                             1700





                                             1900




                                             2100                                        LOWER CONFINING BED



                                             2300               5    10    15   20 ILES




                                             2500


                   Figure 20. Generalized hydrogeologic section along a line
                                                                                    M





                   extending from the Manatee-Sarasota County line northwest of
                   Myakka River State Park to the Charlotte-Lee County line just
                   east of U.S. Route 41. It crosses the Myakka River just above
                   Lower Myakka Lake (Wolansky 1983).








                                                                              WATER LEVEL ELEVATION  (FEET ABOVE MSL)
                                                            r
                                                               JUL
                                                               AUG
                                        0   1>    ro
                               :3 0 p-  -"  (/)             -  SEP
                               0.           m   r_             OCT
                                        C)  0   -1
                                          1 0   _+1            NOV
                               rt.          =3   --
                               0 0 (D   CL  CL  r)             DEC
                               0 "      no  III               -JAN
                               " (Dw    =3      cm             FEB
                               (D a                            MAR
                                            3:p @@m            APR
                                            c   C              WAY
                               03           _.  -.          -I JUN
                               m rt     (D  --% -41
                                        -3  (D  (D             JUL
                               o            I   _%
                               (DZ      X:                     AUG                                      >
                                        cu  X:                 SEP
                                            C+  C+             OCT                                     A.
                               0        -1  (D  (D             NOV
                               110 rt.  r-                     DEC -
                               (D       M   r-  r-             JAN -
                                        <   (D  CD
                                        m   <   <              FEB -
                               ko           m   (1)            MAR -                                    w
                               l<                              APR -
                               a        (D  :m                 MAY
                               (D       0)  (D  (D
                                                cu             JUN
                                                W              JUL
                                        (D                     AUG
                                        9   (D  (D             SEP
                                        (D  a   E3
                                        =3  fD  CD             OCT
                                        C+  :3  =)
                               aEn          C+  C+             NOV
                                                               DEC
                               0                               JAN
                               :30                             FEB
                               rt                              MAR
                               _r rt                           APR
                               m::r                            MAY
                               (D                              JUN
                               0
                               0) rt                           JUL
                               "::F,                           AUG
                               i-- tj                          SEP
                               ct (D
                               0 (D                            OCT -
                                                               NOV -
                                                               DEC
                                                               JAN
                               (D 9@
                               rA p-                           FEB
                               (D"                             MAR
                               t'l (D                          APR
                                                               MAY
                               (D En
                                                               JUN .
                                                               JUL
                                                               AUG
                               0)
                               5                               SEP                           40   Cd  W        w   td
                               (D                                  J.                        0
                               (n






                                                                                    WATER LEVEL ELEVATION (FEET ABOVE MSLI

                                                           JUL
                                                           AUG   -
                                                           SEP   -
                      ::1 0 p-       0       13..          OCT   -
                                             (A
                         p-              M   C:            Nov   -
                      :3: rt         0   C)  -1            DEC   -
                      0  0 (D        I   cr                JAN   -
                      0              CL  cl. 0             FES   -
                      "  (D to       0)  cu                MAR   -
                      (D CL I%j              noa           APR   -
                      @-j tr                               MAY   -
                      %D L<                                JUN   -
                      03                     a
                      0) rt Ff                             JUL   -                   "Rk
                                     M   -41 -41           AUG   -
                         @y o            (D  M
                         (D r-           -1  -1            SEP   -
                                     X:                    OCT   -
                                     lw  X:  3c            NOV   -
                         0           C+  0)  ru
                                     (D  4r+ C+            DEC   -                 .8;
                           rt        I   M   (D
                                         s   -1            JAN   -
                           (D        r-                    FES   -
                                     m   r-  r-
                         ko          <   (D  (D            MAR   -
                                     (D  <   <             APR   -
                                         (D  M
                                                           MAY   -
                                                           JUN   -
                         (D              X   X                L
                         f@ 0            (D  CD            JU    -               Ok,
                                         a$  0)            AUG   -                 let
                                         4Ln fln
                                         c:  c             SEP   -
                           0)        m   -3  -1            OCT   -
                                     -3  (D  CO
                                     CD      a             NOV   -
                                     :3      m
                         a En        C+                    DEC   -                    1>
                                                           JAN   -
                         0 t-b                             FES   -
                         :j0
                                                           WAR   -
                         ft                                APR   -
                         ::r rt                            MAY   -
                         (D ::)'                                                    w
                           (D                            4o JUN  -                                                              oc-_-
                         0                                 JUL   -
                         01 rt                             AUG   -
                                                           SEP   -
                         rt (D                             OCT   -
                         0 (D                              NOV   -
                                                           DEC   -
                           0)                              JAN
                         (D0                               FES
                         EO p-                             MAR
                         (D                                APR
                                                         t
                           (D                            0
                                                           MAY
                         (DM                               JUN 1*11                                        C@-
                                                           JUL
                                                           AUG
                                                           SEP
                                                                                              0





                                                                      K E Y:

                                                                                  0-5      AMOUNT OF RISE



                                                                                  0-5



                                                                                  5-10


                                                r.  RI  N                         10-20    AMOUNT OF DECLINE

                                                                          r- 7  7-1
                                                                                  20-30



                                                                                  >30


                                                 CITRU
                                                        S

                                             Gi

                                                         SUMPTER



                                               HERNANDO
             GULF                                  1@
                                                   7



                                        PASCO
               OF
                                                                     POLK



                                                                              Winter
                MEXICO                   HILLSBOROUGH                         Hoven
                                              To mpo















                                    Sorosoto



                        MYAKKA                                            E, 3CT0
                       B A S I N                 SARASOTA       I                 .         L)
                                                          Port Ch9r1otte
                                                        CHARLO@@

          Source; U,S.G,S.



                Figure 23. Floridan Aquifer water level declines 1960-1980
                (Dames and Moore 1986).















                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Q
                      0                                                                                                                                                                                            r,
                                                   ROMP 19 C'-./luster near Sarasota                                                                                                                           rt "
                      (10                                                                                                                                                                                      0 (D
                               39                                                      1   1  T-   I   I   I       I   I   I   I   I   I   I    I   I   I   1    14 1   1   1   1   1   1    1
                                                                                                                                                                                                               (D  W
                      C/)

                      x
                                                                                                                                                                                                               rt*
                               37         --- -----            %----------           ----- -- ----             ....................                    ......    ................                              @r 0
                      4                                                                                                                                                                                        (D r-
                      c

                                                                                                                                                                                                               0 :r4
                                                                                                                                                                                                               :3: su
                                                                                                                                                                                                               lu ft
                      o        35                               -------         ------ ----- --                              -------- ------ - -                 ----------                                        m



                                          -----------                                              ........     . ........... ........ . .                       .. .......... ..
                               33                                                                                                                                                                              1-0
                      Q-
                      T


                                                                                                                                                                                                               P-:y
                               31                                                                                                                   ........     ---- ------ ---                               0. W
                                                                                                                                                                                                               0 m
                                                                                                                                                                                                               =1 0

                                                                                                                                                                                                               ft
                                                                                                                                                                                                               zy  rt
                                                                   .....             .. ....... ...                            .... .......                                                                        :r
                      -0       29         -----------                                                                                                                                                              m
                      0)



                                                                                                                                                                                                               rt (D
                               27         ...........           ............. .............                     ..........              ..................              .... . ....           -                0 (D

                      T
                                                                                                                                                                                                               En  p-
                                                                                                                                                                 ................                              m
                               25         ...................                 --         ----------                        ---- -----

                                                                                                                                                                                                               m 0
                                        /KSONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJA
                               23                                                                              1   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f I I I                         I  I I I t--A I I
                                     959                                                                                                                                                 2081
                      co



                                                                      R 19          R 20                                          R 20           R 21                                            R 21       1   R 22                                          R 22         R 23



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UNNAMED CREEK


                                           T       34                                                                                                                                                                WINGATE CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                                               JOHNSON CREEK                                                                                       T    34
                                           T 35

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T 35





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     YOUNG CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                           COKER CREEK             TAYLOR CREEK




                                                                                                                                                 UNNAMED DITCH                                        SAND SLOUGH

                                                                                                                                                                          OGGY CREEK                                             LONG CREEK


                                           T 35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           KAPLE CREEK                                                             T 35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         OWEN BRANCH
                                           T       36                                                                                                                     OGLEBAY CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T 36





                                                                                                                                                          TATUM SANGRASS SLOUGH                                               OWEN CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            UNN DRAIN

                                                                                                        INDIAN CREEK
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SAND BRANCH





                                                                                                                                                                                           UNN DITCH
                                           T 36                                                          UNNAMED CREEK
                                           T 37                                                                                                       04YAKKA RIVER                                                                                                                                T 36
                                                                                    HOWARD CREEK
                                                                                                                                           CLA GULLY                        SARDIS BRANCH                                BUD SLOUGH                                                                T   37
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                WILDCAT SLOUGH










                                                                                                                                                                                                         MUD LAKE SLOUGH
                                                                                                                                                    MOSSY ISLAND SLOUGH

                                                                       FISH CAMP DRAIN

                                           T 37

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T 37
                                           T 38

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T 36


                                                                                                                                         DEER PRAIRIE CREEK


                                                                                                   SHIMET TOWN SLOUGH


                                                                                                                                                                                                           916 SLOUGH CANAL




                                                                                                      UNK DRAIN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                UNNAMED CANAL SYSTEM


                                                       UNN DITCH

                                           T 38
                                                                                            UNNAMED CREEK                                        UNNAMED DITCH                                                                            UNNAMED DITCH SYSTEM                                 T     38
                                           T 39                                                   UNNAMED CREEK
                                                                                                                                                            UNN        C %@T
                                                                                                                                                                             S%XSYSTEM                                                                                                         T 39
                                                                        NX     CREE
                                                                                                              UNN"     CREE
                                                                       UNNAMED CREEK
                                                                                                                                              UMM              S03CH


                                                                             UNNAMED CREEK               MNAM0 CREE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               UNNAMED DITCH 3YSTEN
                                                                                                                                                                                                  UNN ED CANAL SYSTEM
                                                                          UNNAMED CREEK                                                                               UNHAME CANAL SYST90kA ED CAN L EYSTEM



                                                                                                   UNN
                                                                                                                          UNNAMED CREEK
                                           T       39                                       UNNAMED CRE K                                                                                                                     UMNA, ED DITCH SYSTEM
                                           T       40                           U                                                                                                                                                                                                              T__ 3-9
                                                                                                                                           ROCK CREEK        UNNAMED CANAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               T 40






                                                                                                                                                                  SAM KNIGHT CREEK





                                                                                                                                                                        TR LEA PA      CANA

                                           T 40                                                                                                                                TIPPECANOE BAY                                                                                                      T 40
                                           T 41                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    T 41

                                                                                 Figure 25. Sub-basins within the Myakka: River watershed based on
                                      @
                                           T       3


                                           T4
















                                                                                 a Southwest Florida Water Management District GIS overlay of the
                                                                                 area above and immediately below Myakka River State Park.
                                                                 R 19        R 20                                           R 20      1 R 21                                               R 211 R 22                                                    R 22         R 23

















                                                                                                                                                                                                  0 M 0
                                                             Myakka. River near Sarasota                                                                                                          =1 0 ft%q
                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt"M rl
               co
                        2500                                                                                                                                                                         En     m

                                                                                                                                                                                                     a (D   W

                                                                                                                                                                                                     rt (D
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0 0)

                                                                                                                                                                                                     P- 5   :3:
                                                                                                                                                                                                     En 0   m
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0         0)
                                          ......................                ............................                                . .....     ...............
                        2000                                                                                                                                                                             rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                  rt 0 0 V
                                                                                                                                                                                                  :3, rt " 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                  (D rt- H-:j
                                                                                                                                                                                                     (D :1 rt

                                                                                                                                                                                                  (D        @-j
                                                                                                                                                                                                  "  D)  En L<
                                                                                                                                                                                                  P- U)  rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0      0
               c         1500             ------     * .......................            .......      ......                                           .......     .......                          0) rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                     =1 P-0
               co                                                                                                                                                                                 0 0 $C
                                                                                                                                                                                                     0   :3
                                                                                                                                                                                                     <      fl)
                                                                                                                                                                                                     (D  P- rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                  (D N   :3
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0  1--    ft
                                                                                                                                                                                                  0  0)  :3: ::r
                                                                                                                                                                                                     l< L<  m
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sl     D)
                         1000             ......       ...... ......            ......     ..... .

                                                                                                                                                                                                     m   @u x
                                                                                                                                                                                                         P.

                                                                                                                                                                                                     M (D   W
                                                                                                                                                 WAY,
                                                                                                                                                                                                         (n m
                                          . . . . . .                                                                                                                                                    rt
                           500                                                                                                                                                                           w
                                                                                                                                                                                                     P-rt:l
                                                                                                                                                                                                     ::1 m m



                                                                                                                                                                                                     U)     En
               co                                                                                                                                                                                    m      S))
                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                                            rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                         0  SD
                                                    2           3                        5           6                       8            9          10          11          12           13















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             rt       M P-
                                                                        NAyakka River near Sarasota                                                                                                                                         w 1w %Q
                         14000                                                                                                                                                                                                                        En m

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             PV       m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt
                                                                                .............               --------                                                                  ------                                                          a)0
                         12000                   -----------                                                                --------------------                     ......                                                                           0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      lw Z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      m IV
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt

                                                                              ..............................                                                         - -----            ...........             ......
             co          10000                   -------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      mm

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (D5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1-a (D
             C/D


                                                                                             ................................
             CTI)           8000                 --------------               :-------                                                                                ..............                ............

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0 r-

             <                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        QICA
                                                 - - - - - - - - - - - - -        . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     - - - - - - - - -      - - - - - - - - -            . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .   -
                            6000                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rn "
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Irt m
             co                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0)

             >
                                                                   -----------------                 ..................                                            ------------------------------
                            4000                                                                                                               ---------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      rt
             co                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       l< rt

                                                                                                                                         -------------
                                                                                ...... ......
                            2000                                                                                    -----------                                     ................



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      m SIP
                                         0
                                         1930                         1940                         1950                         1960                         1970                         1980                         1990







                                                       Myakka River near Sarasota
                                                                                                                                                                                    m m     0
        CO       140000                                                      1 1    T- I I I I I I I I    I I I I I I I I I     I I I I I I I I I     I I I I I I I I I-                    m
                                                                                                                                                                                    ftm w
                                                                                                                                                                                    SD 0    co
                                                                                                                                                                                    rt
                                                                                                                                                                                    m

                                      ...........             ..........                  ................................................. ..
                 120000

                                                                                                                                                                                    Pl;* V) r-
                                                                                                                                                                                       0 @-
                                                                                                                                                                                       rt %D
        CIO                                                                                                                                                                            lw   rt

                                              ...........
                                                              .............................               ------------                     ------             -------
                 100000                                                                                                       ------                ------
                                                                                                                                                                                       0 m
                                                                                                                                                                                       ct
      C/D-                                                                                                                                                                             m    5

                                                                                                                                                                                            x
       T6
                                      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                            .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .-
                  80000                                                                                                                                                                (D   5

                                                                                                                                                                                       0    :j


                                                       .................          ............          ............................................                                   rt
        E         60000               ----------


                                                                                                                                                                                       Q m

                                                                                                                                                                                       En
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                                                       ----------







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                                1930                  1940                  1950                  1960                  1970                   1980                 1990






                                   kAyakka River near Sarasota                                                    ...
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                    1930         1940           @950         1960          1970          1980          1990














                                                                                                                                                                    0 to fn
                                                   Myakka River near Sarasota
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                             1930                 1940                1950                   960               1970                 1980                 1990











                         82*45'                       30'                        15'                      82*00,             82*45'                       30'                        15'                      82*00,
                    27'45'
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                                                                           RNA
                                                  SAAASOT                 @ELL                                                                                                  R.A
                                                  a                       F, LD                                                                        SARASOTA                   C.
                                                                                                                                                                               F, L
                        15' -     cut F                                 IV                                                   15, -       Gut F
                                   OF
                                AFEX   Co                                                                                                or
                                                                                                       0                             AtEXICO                               4
                                                                                                                                                                                                            0





                             0
                                                                                                                                  0       5        10 MILES
                                                                                   SARA TA    COUNTY                              i      I , @    I
                   27906     0    5    10    15KILOMETERS                         CHARLOTTE C(                                           5  10   t5KILOMETERS                           SA A       COIJN@T
                                                                                                                                                                                                        . i
                                                             EXPLANATION                                                27*Od                                      EXPLANATION         CHA               y
                                                      20-40 FEET       40-50 FEE?                                                                                    vzm=
                                                                                                                                                                     20-30 FEET
                                               DECLINE IN POTENT)OMETRIC SURFACE                                                                      DECLINE IN   POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
                                    Approximate difference between predevetoPment and May 1982                                           Approximate difference    between Predevelopment and September 1982
                                    potentlomefric surfaces of the Floridan aquifer. Striped patterns                                    PolentlometrIc surfaces   of the Floridan aquifer. Striped Pattern shows
                                    show areas of maximum head decline                                                                   area of maximum head decline
                                             Figure 31. Estimated decline in the pote                                                      .ntiometric surface of
                                             the Floridan Aquifer since predevelopment conditions (Hutchinson
                                             1984).













                                  SURFICIAL AQUIFER

                            120 DAY PROJECTED DRAWDOWN











                    RINCLING-MccARTHUR
                    TRACT                                                             MANATEE CO.

                                                                                      SARASOTA CO.



                PRESERVATION
                AREA
                                                          3



                                                                            Z PRESERVATION
                                                                                AREA





                                         STRESS PERIOD 3                  0          25         5
                                            11 WELLS
                                             PUMPAGE
                                     30 DAY AVG. 10 ,71 MGD                  DISTANCE IN MILES
                                     30 DAY MAX. 15.55 MCD
                                     60 DAY AVG. N.71 MCD@
                                          DRAWDOWN CONTOUR
                                          (IN FEET)
               GULF                                                0
                OF
              MEXICO
                                                                   0  0





           Figure 32. The projected drawdown in the Surficial Aquifer
           resulting from a 120-day stress test on pumping from the Floridan
           Aquifer on the Carlton Reserve (Dames and Moore 198a).





                      A 191 A 20                  A 20   A 21                          A 22-                  A 2?     23

                  ED   phosphate mine
                       pasture/tomatoes
         T\3A-         pasture/sewage                                                                                           T 34
                  01
        7 35           citrus                                                                                                   T 35
                  E2   dairy



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         35                                                                                                                    T 3'5
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                                   W                                                      O"M


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      T 38                                                                                                                   T 38
    F                                         A 20  A 21                    A 21  A 22                    A 22  A 23

               Figure 33. Land uses as of 1989 in the Myakka River watershed
               upstream of or near Myakka River State Park. It is overlaid on a
               reduced copy of Figure 25, which shows more clearly the location
               of Myakka River State Park and the names of the Myakka River sub-
               basins.




                    A 191 R 20                  R 20   R 23                   R 23   A 22               6 R 22    A 23




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             Figure 34. The hatched area indicates the location of lands
             owned by phosphate mining companies in the Myakka River watershed
             (Sarasota Herald Tribune 1976). Numbers refer to the company
             that owns the land: (1) Beker Phosphate Corporation, (2)
             International Minerals & Chemical Corporation, (3) Phillips
             Petroleum, (4) Swift Chemical Company, (5) Texaco, (6) WR Grace &
             Company. It is overlaid on a reduced copy of Figure 25, which
             shows more clearly the location of Myakka River State Park and
             the names of its watershed sub-basins.














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