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		<mainTitle nfc="0"><title>Hydrologic modeling system for Northern Neck Planning District</title>/<respStmt>V. O. Shanholtz and N. Zhang.</respStmt></mainTitle>
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	<authorStmt>
		<persAuthor mainEntry="y"><name type="surname">Shanholtz, Vernon O.</name>,<date>1935-</date></persAuthor>
		<persAuthor><name type="surname">Zhang, N.</name></persAuthor>
		<corpAuthor><name>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.</name><subName>Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.</subName><subName>Information Support Systems Laboratory.</subName></corpAuthor>
		<corpAuthor><name>Northern Neck Planning District Commission.</name></corpAuthor>
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	<imprint><pubPlace>Blacksburg, Va.</pubPlace>:<pubName>Information Support Systems Laboratory, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech</pubName>,[<pubDate>1989</pubDate>]</imprint>
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			<subject cat="top">Hydrologic models</subject>
			<subject cat="gen">Design and construction.</subject>
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		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Hydrology</subject>
			<subject cat="gen">Computer programs.</subject>
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<pb n="1" />

            HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM FOR
            NORTHERN NECK PLANNING DISTRICT

                             ISSL Report No. 100

                     Information Support Systems Laboratory
                       Department Agricultural Engineering
                      College Agricultural and Life Sciences
                 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
                              Blacksburg, Virginia

                                   COASTAL ZONE

      i GB                      INFORMATION CENTER
        665
         S53
        1989
<pb n="2" />

                                     0.

                HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM FOR
                NORTHERN NECK PLANNING DISTRICT

                                V. 0. Shanholtz and N. Zhang

                           Information Support Systems Laboratory
                                        (VirGIS Project)
                           Department of Agricultural Engineering
                           College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
                       Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0303

                                       Property of CSC Library

                                     ISSL Report No. 100
                         Northern Neck Planning Commission No. 17
                                          P.O. Box H
                                     Calleo, Virginia 22435

                                       December 4, 1989

                                       U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                       COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                       2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                       CHARLESTON , SC 29405
<pb n="3" />

                                                           Acknowledgement

                    We are grateful to Mr. Collin Powers, former Environmental Engineer, Northern Neck Planning
                    Commission, for his vision and efforts in securing grant support without which this program could
                    not have been initiated. To Mr. Fred Bates for his continued support of our overall program we
                    offer our sincere thanks. To the Department of Conservation and Recreation-Division Soil and
                    Water Conservation, a special thanks for continued support of the VirGIS program over the past
                    five years, which has provided the potential for programs of this type over much of the Common-
                    wealth. Richmond County, also, is acknowledged for providing access to watershed databases and
                    generously sharing their resources for demonstrations of their GIS and related programs. And
                    finally we are deeply indebted to a dedicated staff at the Information Support Systems Laboratory
                    (ISSL) for their untiring efforts to quality performance without which efforts of this type would not
                    be possible.
                    This effort was supported by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station as a contributing pro-
                    gram to Hatch Project No. 131391 through funds provided by the Northern Neck Planning Com-
                    mission No. 17
<pb n="4" />

                                                                                   Table of Contents

                            1.0 INTRODUCTION                    ................................................................................................................I

                                      1. 1 Background         ..................................................................................................................1
                                      1.2 Objectives        .....................................................................................................................2

                            2.0 MATHEMATICAL MODELINGTINITE ELEMENT STORM
                                      HYDROGRAPH MODEL                          ...............................................................................................3

                                      2.1 Mathematical Modeling                 ...............................................................................................3
                                      2.2 Finite Element Storm Hydrograph Model                          ........................... ................ 1.  ....................5
                                      2.3 Spatial Variability         ................................................................................. .......................6
                                               2.3.1 Rainfall Excess            ........................................................I......................................6
                                               2.3.2 Flow Routing             .................................................................................................7
                                               2.3.3 Issues in Defining Spatial Variability                   .............................................................7
                                      2.4 Input Data Requirements for FESHM                          .......................................................................9

                            3.0 HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM                                        ........................................................................... 10

                                      3.1 Building FESHM Input Data Files                        ............................................................................ 10
                                               3. 1.1 Standards         ........................................................................................................ 12
                                                        3. 1. 1.1 Directories        ......................................................................................... 12
                                                        3.1.1.2 File Naming Convention                   .................................................................. 13
                                                                  3.1.1.2.1 VirGIS - Formatted Map Data Files                          ................................. 13
                                                                  3.1.1.2.2 Attribute list          ........................................................................ 13
                                                                  3.1.1.2.3 FESHM input data files                   ...................................................... 14
                                               3.1.2 Input Data Preparation                 .................................................................................. 14
                                                        3.1.2.1 Data Group I                 Output Control Options               ....................................... 14
                                                        3.1.2.2 Data Group 2                 Rainfall Distribution/Seasonal Infiltration
                                                                  Adjustment Factors            ............................................................................. 14
                                                                  3.1.2.2.1 Rainfall Distribution               ........................................................... 14
                                                                            3.1.2.2.1.1 Recorded Rainfall Record                    ..................................... 15
                                                                            3.1.2.2.1.2 Design Storm Criteria                ............................................ 15
                                                                  3.1.2.2.2 Infiltration Adjustment Factors                    .......................................... 16
                                                        3.1.2.3 Data Group 3                 Element/HRU Cross-Reference                     ........................... 16
                                                        3.1.2.4 Data Group 4                 HRU Attribute List            .............................................. 16
                                                                  3.1.2.4.1 Generation of Landuse/Soil Type Attribute List                              ............... 20
                                                        3.1.2.5 Data Group 5                 Computation Time Internal                 ................................. 21
                                                        3.1.2.6 Data Group 6                 Flow Routing           ....................................................... 22
                                                                  3.1.2.6.1 Fortran Program STREAM                         ............................................... 22
                                                                  3.1.2.6.2 Fortran Program DISCRETE                         ............................................ 23
                                                                  3.1.2.6.3 Fortran Program SUBSHED                          ............................................. 27
                                                        3.1.2.7 Data Group 7 -- Channel and Overland Element Topographic
                                                                  Parameter        ............................................................................................ 29
                                                        3.1.2.8 Data Group 8 -- Sediment Loading Input Data                               .............................. 29
                                      3.2 Map Editor          ................................................................................................................... 31
                                               3.2.1 Functionality           .................................................................................................. 31
                                               3.2.2 Use of the Map Editor                 ................................................................................... 31
                                      3.3 Menu System             ............................................................................................................... 33

                            4.0 SUMMARY                ........................................................................................................................... 38

                            5.0 SELECTED LITERATURE ON FESHM                                        ......................................................................... 40
<pb n="5" />

                                                                                      List of Figures

                            Figure 1. Schematic of Hydrologic Modeling System for
                                                   Northern Neck Planning District                   ....................................................................... I I
                            Figure 2. Landuse theme for selected segment of Haynesville
                                                   quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                        ........................................................... 17
                            Figure 3. Soil type theme for selected segment of
                                                   Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                            ........................................ 18
                            Figure 4. Hydrologic Response Units theme, which was
                                                   derived by combining landuse (Figure 2) and soil type
                                                   (Figure 3)      ............................................................................................................. 19
                            Figure 5. Stream-order theme for selected segment of
                                                   Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                            ........................................ 24
                            Figure 6. Preliminary stream-coding theme for selected
                                                   segment of Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                                   ..................... 25
                            Figure 7. Stream-network theme for selected segment of
                                                   Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                            ........................................ 26
                            Figure 8. Final stream-coding theme for selected segment
                                                   of Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia                              ................................... 28
                            Figure 9. Sub-watershed map for selected segment of
                                                   Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County,* Virginia                           ........................................ 30
                            Figure 10. Screen display for editing-by-color                     .............................................................................. 33
                            Figure 11. Main menu options                 ...................................................................................................... 34
                            Figure 12. Display of multiple hydrographs generated by FESHM                                    ............................................ 38

                                                                                                                                                                         iv
<pb n="6" />

                                   HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM FOR
                                   NORTHERN NECK PLANNING DISTRICT

                                          V. 0. Shanholtz and N. Zhang

                1.0 INTRODUCTION

                1. 1 Background

                       In April 1989, the Information Support Systems Laboratory (ISSL), Department

                Agricultural Engineering, Virginia Tech entered into a contract with the Northern Neck

                Planning District Commission No. 17 to initiate the first phase of a multi-phased pro-

                gram for developing a comprehensive water resource management system (CWRMS) for

                the Northern Neck. The goal of this initiative is to provide water management tools

                with sufficient functionality to identify areas appropriate for local planning and regula-

                tory efforts and to model, assess and evaluate proposed projects and landuse activities.

                The basic components of the proposed "tool-kit" will include the following:

                       0  Information Support System ( GIS/Relational Data base/Table Lists, ect);
                       0  Hydrologic models (quantity and quality);
                       0  GIS/Relational Database/Model Interface(s);

                          Hardware Platform; and

                          Personnel Support.

                       Although the above components are multi-dimensional, a significant beginning

                towards building a CWRMS currently exists in the Northern Neck. For example, ISSL

                with contracts from the Department of Conservation and Recreation-Division Soil and

                Water Conservation (DCR-DSWC) has developed and/or is participating in the follow-

                ing programs significant to improved management of water resources in the Northern

                Neck Planning District:
<pb n="7" />

                          0   A digital Geographic Database from VirGIS contains base data layers for
                              soil type and soil characteristics; elevation; surface flow drainage; landuse
                              (cropland and pastureland); hydrologic units; and political boundaries
                              (counties/cities).
                          0   A PC-based GIS system for Richmond County which includes additional
                              data layers for wetlands (tidal and nontidal); watersheds (50-150 acres); flood
                              plain; property boundaries; stream order; woodland; additional categories of
                              landuse such as low density residential, commercial, etc; transportation;
                              coastal zone erosion rates; historic sites; wildlife habitat; and Baylor grounds.
                              A comprehensive surface and groundwater monitoring program (quantity
                              and quality) in the upper reaches of Nomini Creek, which includes nutrient
                              and pesticide concentrations; flow rates and volumes; rainfall (rates, volume,
                              distribution and quality); comprehensive land use (including tillage and nu-
                              trient and pesticide tracking on all land parcels within the study area); pesti-
                              cide tracking on all land parcels within the study area); pesticide and nutrient
                              movement through the vadose zone; and biological monitoring.
                              Sediment and nutrient screening models for identifying expected annual
                              sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus stream loading rates from agricultural
                              land areas.

                  1.2 Objectives

                          This report focuses on the development of a Hydrologic Modeling System

                  (HMS) for assessing the impact of development and other land use changes on the

                  quality of surface water entering receiving waters. Other programs are planned that will

                  address ground water and interactions between surface and groundwater flow systems.

                  The objectives of this project were:

                          0   To port the Finite Element Storm Hydrologic Model (FESHM) to a
                              PC-based environment for use to simulate surface flows and sediment
                              detachment and transport; and
                          0   To design, develop and implement a user friendly interface using Geographic
                              Information System (GIS) Technology to assist with data compilation and
                              display of simulation results.

                          To accomplish the above objectives the workscope was divided into the following

                  generaltasks:

                          1. Review of FESHM and organizing 1/0 functionality;

                                                                                                               2
<pb n="8" />

                        2.  Porting mainframe version of FESHM to PC-base environment;
                        3.  Developing software to automate the selection of model parameters;
                        4.  Designing and developing a menu/prompt system for program navigation;
                        5.  Designing and developing a procedure for conducting wh at-if- scenarios;
                        6.  Linkage of all components for simulation of strcamflow hydrographs.

                        The report is organized into sectinns reflecting the tasks outline above. Section

                 2.0 gives a summary of mathematical modeling and a brief review of

                 concepts and functionality contained in the FESHM. The Hydrologic Modeling System

                 is described in Section 3.0. Specific emphasis is placed on tasks 3 - 4 listed above. The

                 application of the package for simulation of strearnflow hydrographs also is illustrated

                 in Section 33.

                 2.0 MATHEMATICAL MODELING/FINITE ELEMENT STORM HYDROGRAPH

                 MODEL

                 2.1 Mathematical Modeling

                        Modeling is a technique for analyzing large complicated systems by constructing

                 smaller systems that reflect only the characteristics of interest. With the rapid develop-

                 mcnt of computers and computer technology during the past thirty years, it has become

                 possible to model the hydrologic processes of a watershed as a series of interacting

                 equations. These developments, which are often referred to as computer-based math-

                 ematical watershed models, have generally been derived using either the 'systems' ap-

                 proach or the 'parametric' approach.        In the systems approach the watershed is

                 conceptualized as a black box in which rainfall input and streaniflow output are related

                 only through decision theory, systems analysis or operations research methods that need

                 have no direct relation to the physical watershed system.

                                                                                                           3
<pb n="9" />

                        In the parametric approach, the rainfall input is normally operated on by em-

                 pirical or deterministic relationships that attempt to describe specific physical processes

                 such as infiltration, evaporation, overland flow, and channel flow. Thus each process is

                 related to the streaniflow by some function of the related watershed parameter. A con-

                 ceptual framework is first developed to link all the known significant system compo-

                 nents. The components then are described by either theoretical or empirical equations.

                 In this way the individual parameters, at least in concept, have physical meaning and can

                 be studied by laboratory and/or field experiments.

                        The use of modeling and simulation is increasingly becoming an acceptable tool

                 to describe hydrologic activities within a given drainage system. Recent concern for

                 environmental pollution with specific emphasis on improving the quality of the

                 Chesapeake Bay, has provided renewed interest for using modeling techniques to relate

                 land use practices to downstream water quality. Since pollutant transport is predomi-

                 nantly a hydrologic process, there has been a major effort to interface material transport

                 submodels with existing parametric hydrologic models. This effort has brought to light,

                 however, an awareness that the values assigned to hydrologic parameters of a watershed

                 vary widely within a single watershed. Thus, it is necessary to consider the spatial

                 characteristics of the watershed such as soil boundaries, local topography, and land use,

                 to account for the resulting water quality.

                        Since'nonpoint pollution is tied so closely to the hydrologic system, any effort

                 toward controlling it must consider the soil-water interface and the hydrologic transport

                 system. Here hydrologic modeling can have its greatest benefit, The hydrologic model

                 can be used to reduce the very complex natural watershed system to a more easily ob-

                 servable system. The model user could then create a rational plan of attack for abate-

                 ment of nonpoint pollution. First, it would be possible to isolate areas of the watershed

                 where critical pollutional potential exists. Then the transport system could be examined

                 to determine whether pollution arising at the specified location reaches the receiving

                                                                                                           4
<pb n="10" />

                 stream, lake or estuary or is deposited or transformed en route. Finally, the modeler

                 could test pollution abatement schemes to be sure that the public receives the best pos-

                 sible pollution abatement for each dollar spent.

                 2.2 Finite Element Storm Hydrograph Model

                        The Finite Element Storm Hydrograph Model (FESHM) was selected for the

                 hydrologic model sub-system because it was originally developed for the specific purpose

                 of evaluating the impact of landuse change on flow regimes. The model structure is

                 based on the concept that a watershed (or drainage area) can be sub-divided into smaller

                 units that are assumed hydrologically homogeneous and that the flow responses from

                 the individual units can be integrated to describe the watershed response. Conceptually,

                 flows can be traced through the system and the influence of individual subsets deter-

                 mined.

                        The most significant advantage of this concept is that many aspects of the na-

                 tural watershed system can be incorporated to answer specific questions about the

                 hydrologic response due to perturbation. When the mathematical system is properly

                 constructed it can be used with data at varying levels of resolution to analyze the water

                 quantity and/or quality response from single farm units, entire basins, or the effect of

                 single farm units on a larger watershed for a given rainfall occurrence.

                        The finite element numerical method was used as the basis for the development

                 of a spatially responsive model structure. A fundamental concept in finite element

                 analysis is that most complex systems can be sub-divided to form some minimal number

                 of subsets, that can be analyzed independently and the results collected to form the total

                 system response. This concept provides a ready mechanisms For routing surface flow,

                 given a reliable estimate of rainfall excess and reinfiltration.

                                                                                                           5
<pb n="11" />

                         The above procedure provides for tremendous flexibility for the incorporation

                  of data for the purpose of generating synthetic hydrographs. All available data can be

                  incorporated so that the spatiotemporal integrity of the area can be maintained. A new

                  model structure is not necessary to do either micro- or macro-level modeling.

                  2.3 Spatial Variability

                         Spatial variability is incorporated into FESHM to improve estimates of the

                  spatiotemporal variations inherent in rainfall excess and the time distribution of runoff.

                  Two discretization structures were developed to represent (1) the spatial and temporal

                  distribution of rainfall excess and (2) the routing of the excess water through the drain-

                  age system.

                  2.3.1 Rainfall Excess

                         To improve estimates of rainfall excess FESHM utilizes a procedure that con-

                  siders the spatial variability in soils and the spatiotemporal variability of landuse. Bas-

                  ically, the area is subdivided into unique combinations based on soil mapping units and

                  landuse data. The combinations are defined as Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs). The

                  rainfall excess (i.e. water available for routing to a stream) for each HRU is calculated

                  by a soil moisture algorithm which uses an empirical approximation to describe the in-

                  filtration process in lieu of the partial differential equations of vertical unsaturated flow

                  because infiltration recovery can be readily determined and the procedure has been

                  demonstrated to provide acceptable estimates of excess rainfall.

                                                                                                               6
<pb n="12" />

                         2.3.2 Flow Routing

                         To provide the best spatiotemporal representation of factors that effect flow

                 routing, the watershed is subdivided into finite-sized elements. Watersheds (or drainage

                 areas) are sub-divided into sub-watersheds based on the stream drainage network. Each

                 sub-watershed then is sub-divided into overland flow strips. Each sub-watershed must

                 have a minimurn of two flow strips (left and right of the stream). Each overland flow

                 strip, also, can be further sub-divided into a series of elements to accommodate changes

                 in the surface topography. For the situation where the overland flow strip is not sub-

                 divided then it is defined as an element, which represents the basic unit in the sub-

                 division.

                         The sub-watersheds (tributary drainage systems) can be easily identified from a

                 contour map. The sub-watersheds then are separated into unit source drainage areas

                 and the strips into finite-sized elements as required for a specific analysis. An automated

                 procedure for the delineation of watershed boundaries is described in Section 3.2.

                         The division of the sub-watershed into overland flow strips and/or elements pro-

                 vides additional flexibility for incorporating spatial variation.. At this level, the modeler

                 has the option to refine the discretization of elements to the configuration that will

                 provide the best solution to his problem. For example, if the modeler must determine

                 the fate of nutrient applications on a particular crop, then the field or region containing

                 the crop must be divided into elements so that flows emanating from the corn field can

                 be separated from those originating from adjacent areas.

                 2.3.3 Issues in Defining Spatial Variability

                         The first prerequisite to the application of a spatially responsive modeling system

                 (eg FESHM) requires the creation of a data base that will adequately represent the

                                                                                                              7
<pb n="13" />

                 spatiotemporal character of the area being investigated. A number of watershed char-

                 acteristics vary spatiotemporally and their variation must be described for proper eval-

                 uation of the impact of each on the problem being addressed.

                         The distribution of landuse is particularly important since the proximity of a

                 given cropping system to well defined drainage channels will play a significant role in the

                 magnitude of sediment and nutrients entering the receiving stream. The orientation of

                 agricultural cropping systems with respect to slope and drainage channels can signif-

                 icantly alter the hydrologic response of the area. This is particularly true for small storm

                 events. The effect of landuse change on storm water runoff, however, tends to decrease

                 as storm size increases.

                         Surface retention storage varies significantly from one area to another. Values

                 exceeding 1.5 inches may not be uncommon. The effect of such areas on storm water

                 runoff and the associated impact on the movement and concentration of agricultural

                 nutrients can be significant.

                         Soils vary greatly in their hydraulic characteristics, therefore, the hydrologic re-

                 sponse, also, often varies greatly. These variations are tempered somewhat by soil cover

                 conditions, landuse patterns and management practices. Wet land areas, localized

                 channelization, drainage projects, farm ponds, etc., can all impact the quantity and

                 quality of water moved from a specific area.

                         The preparation of a data base to include spatiotemporal variations is perhaps

                 the most time-consuming and often challenging task that confronts a modeler (user).

                 As previously noted FESHM is structured to provide the user with a high degree of

                 flexibility for the inclusion of spatial detail to provide answers to a specific question.

                 The major task that faces the user, however, is deciding on the level of discretization (i.e.,

                 spatial variability) that must be included to get a reliable simulation at the desired level

                                                                                                                8
<pb n="14" />

                  of predictability (accuracy). This problem is further complicated because of the general

                  lack of objective criteria to define precisely what detail is necessary for most applica-

                  tions. We have not, unfortunately, been able to define an exact line of demarcation.

                  No single set of criteria appears to be usable. Rather, the separation point is a function

                  of an incredibly complex set of factors, which not only includes physical properties of

                  the drainage system but economic constraints.

                  2.4 Input Data Requirements for FESHM

                          The input data requirements for FESHM can be grouped into the following cat-

                  egories:

                          1.   Control options -- Group I includes instructions for type of output listings
                               and the time interval for discharge data listed in output.
                          2.   Rainfall Distril)ution -- Group 2 includes data for number of raingages in the
                               watershed, duration of storm event in hours, duration of the simulation, time
                               interval of rainfall in seconds, antecedent soil moisture factor for the
                               watershed, storm date (month, day, year, hour and n@iinute), and rainfall
                               volumes per selected time interval. Also included in this group, are factors
                               used to provide a seasonal adjustment to infiltration potential.
                          3.   Element/HRU cross-reference -- Group 3 includes data to assign HRUs to
                               elements with aerial extent. These data are used by FESHM to calculate
                               weighted rainfall excess (ic an effective HRU).
                          4.   Land use and HRU descriptors -- Group 4 includes data for FESHM param-
                               eters relating to HRUs. The data are included in two tables for land use
                               characteristics and HRU parameters, respectively.
                          S.   Computation time and index for flow routing -- Group 5 includes the time in-
                               crements for routing both overland and channel flows. Additionally, this
                               group includes the connectivity for the channel flow system.
                          6.   Element descriptors for overland and channel flow -- Group 6 includes length,
                               relief, channel roughness and flow cross-section data for overland and chan-
                               nel elements.

                                                                                                                   9
<pb n="15" />

                 3.0 HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM

                        The Hydrologic Modeling System is PC-based and consists of a series ormodules

                 linked via a system of menus for the purpose of simulating storm water discharge and

                 sediment detachment and transport. The sediment detachment and transport compo-

                 nent has not been completed. The menu navigational linkage for this segment wiil be

                 included in the next update. A general schematic for the system configuration is given

                 in Figure 1. The software was written using Fortran 77 and Metawindows graphics, and

                 contains four levels of menus to provide the user access to GIS and hydrologic modeling

                 functionality.

                        A review of system functionality is covered in Sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. The

                 building of FESHM compatible databases is covered in Section 3.1, which is followed

                 by a discussion of the Map Editor in Section 3.2. Finally, in Section 3.3 navigational

                 functionality is covered. Additionally, the use of the system to simulate discharge

                 hydrographs is illustrated with the appropriate menu options.

                 3.1 Building Input Databases

                        As previously noted, the major difficulty with using distributed parameter

                 hydrologic models is problems associated with preparing extensive databases that ade-

                 quately reflect spatiotemporal variations that exist in watershed systems. A major effort

                 was expended in this project to overcome many of these problems as they relate to data

                 preparation for FESHM. The major issues involved automating the selection of

                 topographic and soil/landuse related characteristics, keyboard entry of control in-

                 structions and designing a linkage to provide access to all components of the system

                 within the same computing environment.

                                                                                                          10
<pb n="16" />

                                                                                                 mF.Nu sys rIm      I
                                                                                                 DOS3. 3   FOR RAN 14ETAWN[ID I

                                            SPATI L                                                                                                                    ATTRIBUTE
                                              VIrG15                                                                                                                      TA5LE
                                                    S                                                                                                                       S
                                           DATA8ASEs                                                                                                                      LI IS

                                                                                                           IBM 386

                                               Figure 1. Schematic of Hydrologic Modeling System for
                                                                      Northern Neck Planning District.
<pb n="17" />

                         The basic tasks to automate data preparation and input included the following:

                            Designing standards for database creation and program access;
                            Developing computer code to automate the selection of topographic char-
                            acteristics required by FESHM;
                         0  Developing computer code to automate the definition of hydrologic response
                            units;
                         0  Developing procedures to allow interactive entry of program control and
                            rainfall distributions.

                 3. 1.1 Standards

                         To simplify computer search for data and to improve the user interface, stand-

                 ards for directories and for data filenames were established to represent related program

                 functionality.

                 3. 1. 1.1 Directories

                 rhe following directories were defined:

                         0  METAW-- This directory contains pointers to Metawindow graphics and
                            related menu software.

                         0  PROGRAM -- This directory contains pointers to all Fortran programs. This
                            package includes programs STREAM, DISCRETE, SUBSHED, HRU,
                            EFFHRU, and FESHM. Also included are fortran procedures for system
                            menus and prompts, and the procedures for using Metawindow graphics
                            software.

                         0  DATAFILE -- This directory contains pointers to input data required by the
                            programs in directory PROGRAM. The input data generally include VirGIS
                            map data for soil type, landuse, elevation, stream network and stream order,
                            user created VirGIS-formatted map data, attribute lists (tables) and FESHM
                            input data organized into eight-groups.
                         0  TEMPFILE -- This directory contains pointers to all intermediate data files
                            (temporary) that are created during program execution. These data files will
                            usually be deleted after execution is completed.

                                                                                                         12
<pb n="18" />

                 3.1.1.2 File Naming Convention

                         The standard for narning data riles was established by defining fixed file name

                 extensions for each data type. These are presented in the following table list for

                 VirG IS -formatted map data files, attribute lists and FESHM input data files, respec-

                 tively.

                 3.1.1.2.1 VirGIS-formatted map data files

                                                       Extensions
                         Data type           VirGIS Map        VirGIS-formatted map
                         Stream network      VND               VNF
                         Stream order        VOD               VOF
                         Landuse             VLD               VLF
                         Soil type         - VSD               VSF
                         Elevation           VED               VEF

                 3.1.1.2.2 Attribute list

                                                        Extensions
                         Data type           Package provided          User Created
                         Soil attribute      PAS                       UAS
                         Landuse attribute   PLS                       ULS

                                                                                                             13
<pb n="19" />

                 3.1.1.2.3 FESHM input data riles

                                                      Extensions
                        Data type          VirGIS Mode       Stand-alone Mode
                        Group I            GIV               GIS
                        Group 2            G2V               G2S
                        Group 3            G3V               G3S
                        Group 4            G4V               G4S
                        Group 5            G5V               G5S
                        Group 6            G6V               G6S
                        Group 7            G7V               G7S
                        Group 8            G8V               G8S

                 3.1.2 Input Data Preparation
                        The input data requirements for FESHM (see page 9) were reorganized into eight
                 groups to provide better continuity between the computer code and data type that could
                 be automated and the type that are entered interactively via the keyboard. The support
                 provided for data automation and/or interactive data entry is discussed, by group, in
                 Sections 3.1.2.1 through 3.1.2.8.

                 3.1.2.1 Data Group I -- Output Control Options

                        The output control options provides for selective listing of output. The selection
                 of appropriate output options is accomplished by responding to prompts through key-
                 board. The options supported include following:

                        0    List HRU attributes;

                        0    List rainfall data;
                        0    Time interval for listing overland flow rates (seconds);
                             Time interval for listing Channel flow rates (seconds);
                             Nodes where the simulation results are to be listed; and

                             The title of simulation run.

                 3.1.2.2 Data Group 2 -- Rainfall Distribution/Seasonal Infiltration Adjustment Factors

                 3.1.2.2.1 Rainfall Distribution

                        This group of data is not currently included in the VirGIS database. the follow-

                 ing two options, therefore, are provided for determining the rainfall distribution.

                                                                                                          14
<pb n="20" />

                             Obtain from recorded rainfall record; or

                             Obtain from design storm criteria.

                 3.2.2.1.1 Recorded rainfall record

                         The recorded rainfall distribution can be entered either interactively via the key-

                 board or by entering a datafile created previously. Only the interactive option is cur-

                 rently supported by the HMS package. The second option is planned at a later date

                 when rainfall distribution data are included in the VirGIS database.

                         The following information is requested for entry via the keyboard:

                         0   Number of rainfall gages for which data are being included (usually one);
                         0   Duration of rainfall (storm) in hours;
                         0   Duration of simulation (i.e. length of storm simulation) in hours;

                         0   Time interval of rainfall records (The intervals must be equal. The interval
                             usually chosen is 15 minutes);

                             Antecedent soil moisture condition for the watershed as a fraction of field
                             capacity;
                             Starting time of storm event (hour and minute);
                             Month in which storm began;

                             Day in which the storm began;

                             Year in which storm began; and
                             Rainfall data by time interval.

                 3.2.1.1.2 Design storm criteria

                         This option is not currently supported by HMS but will involve selecting a design

                 storm (eg rainfall expected to occur over a 24 hour period once every 10 years) and then

                 generating a FESHM compatible rainfall distribution with appropriate computer code.

                 This option is planned for the next update of HMS.

                                                                                                           15
<pb n="21" />

                 3.1.2.2.2 Infiltration Adjustment Factors

                        To accommodate the variation of infiltration with season, FESHM uses a

                 monthly step function to index variation. Options are provided to select system default

                 values or to enter modifications via the keyboard.

                 3.1.2.3 Data Group 3 -- Element/HRU Cross-Reference

                        In general the geometry of HRUs created by program lJRU (see Section 3.1.2.4)

                 do not correspond to the element boundaries (sub-watersheds) defined by program

                 SUBSHED (see Section 3.1.2.6). Since routing in FESHM is based on the element ge-

                  metry, different HRU types within an element must be combined to provide an effective
                 HORU, which is assumed to represent the soil-landuse characteristics for the element.

                 Program EFFHRU was developed to create an Element/HRU cross-reference table. This

                 table also includes the fractional aerial coverage that each HRU type occupied within

                 a given element. These data are used by FESHM to determine effective (or weighted)

                 parameters for each HRU.

                 3.1.2.4 Data Group 4 -- HRU Attribute List

                        A Fortran program HRU was developed to over      lay map data themes for soil type

                 and landuse and to uniquely define all landu se- combinations (that is HRUS as previously

                 defined). Each HRU is assigned a numeric code beginning with one for the first occur-

                 rence. The maximum number of HRUs is equivalent to the number of soil types multi-

                 plied by the number of landuse types. For a landuse data layer containing three basic

                 landuse types, for example crop land, pasture land and non- agricultural land and a soil

                                                                                                         16
<pb n="22" />

                                                                               ............

                  Figure 2. Landuse theme for selected segment of Haynesville
                            quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="23" />

 ------------------------

                                 . .........

                         Riton
      LM

           ME
                      06

       4           wjO 9
        5     1 erg
         on      I'lI

                          I  L
      sL La  I            % Ier
       . 0 =                       I

                        a     IL
                         a       via

                sic
                 111     1

       Figure 3. Soil type theme for selected segment of Haynesville
            quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="24" />

                                                                 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

                                       Ir                    a                 41

                                                                                            ir

                                                                               M w

                         3

                        Ldl
                                          d
                                                   .M6-Z
                                                   MMMMM
                                                    ' z
                              Id                                   IM            IMMA           I

                                 0             L    Mr.
                                                       k,

                      Figure 4. Hydrologic Response Units theme, which was derived by
                                   combining landuse (Figure 2) and soil type (Figure 3)
<pb n="25" />

                 type data layer containing 27 soil types, 71 unique HRUs are possible. A typical ex-

                 ample of the process is illustrated with Figures 2, 3, and 4. Figure 4 represents all

                 combinations resulting from overlaying landuse (Figure 2) and soil type (Figure 3).

                 3.2.4.1 Generation of Landuse/Soil Type Attribute List

                        An automated procedure for the selection and building of this database is not

                 currently supported by HMS. For the current application, attribute lists have been

                 prepared for each landuse and soil type category existing the VirGIS database for

                 Richmond County, Virginia. Other type (i.e. soils and /or landuse) can be entered using

                 the Map Editor (Section 3.2).

                        The landuse attribute list contains the following characteristics for each landuse

                 type:

                            Landuse code;

                            Landuse type;
                            Value of A in Holtan's infiltration equation;
                            Potential depression storage;
                            Roughness coefficients in Manning's equation;

                            USLE cover factor; and

                            USLE practice factor.

                        The soil type attribute list contains the following characteristics for each soil

                 type:

                        0   Soil type index code (numeric);
                        0   Soil type (alphanumeric);
                        0   Potential plant available water;

                                                                                                         20
<pb n="26" />

                            Potential gravitational water;

                            Final infiltration rate;

                            Depth of zone of maximum hydrologic activity (usually the A-horizon);

                            Soil crodibility index; and

                            Slope class.

                        Program HRU uses the landuse and soil attribute lists to build FESHM param-

                 eters for each HRU.

                 3.1.2.5 Data Group 5 -- Computation Time Interval

                        The following computation time intervals must be provided by the user:

                            Time increment for overland flow calculations; and

                            Time increment for channel flow calculations.

                 The stability of the time-integration procedure used in the finite element solution of the

                 partial-differcntial equation is dependent on the value selected for the computation in-

                 terval. When the value is too large the solution is unstable (incorrect results). When the

                 values are significantly smaller then necessary, the execution time will be excessive.

                 Users can enter these indexes by responding to prompts through the keyboard. Typical

                 values have been incorporated as default. Other increments can be entered via the key-

                 board. Error checking is provided to insure stability of the solution.

                 3.1.2.6 Data Group 6 -- Flow Routing

                                                                                                          21
<pb n="27" />

                        The following data are required by FESHM to route excess rainfall through the

                 overland and channel flow system:

                             Overland element

                             N   Flow length (width of element perpendicular to stream channel);
                             0   Relief (difference in elevation along the flow length);

                             0   Area; and

                             N   Top width at the downstream node of the clement.

                             Channel element

                             0   Length;

                             0   Relief,

                             N   Roughness coefficient; and
                             0   Top width of the down stream node of the element (for defining channel
                                 cross-section).

                             Routing connectivity
                                 For each overland clement, identify location relative corresponding
                                 channel clement (i.e. east or west bank/north or south bank); and
                                 For each channel element, identify up-stream tributaries.

                        To automate the sub-division of a watershed and subsequent determinations of

                 the above parameters, three software packages STREAM, DISCRETE and SUBSHED

                 were developed. VirGIS map data themes for elevation, stream network and stream or-

                 der also are required. An additional option which will be added in the next update of

                 HMS will be user supplied watershed map.

                 3.1.2.6.1 FoWan program STREAM

                         Fortran program STREAM was developed to define the connectivity of stream

                 segments from a stream-order map. In the stream-order map, streams are classified as

                 order I to 6. A first-order stream is defined as a unit source drainage, that is it has no

                                                                                                          22
<pb n="28" />

                 tributaries. A second-order is defined at the confluence of two first-order streams. For

                 Richmond County, Virginia, the Rappahannock River was classified as a sixth-order

                 stream.   A typical stream-order map for a selected segment of the Haynesville

                 quadrangle, is shown in Figure 5.

                        The connectivity of the stream network is determined by first raster scanning a

                 VirGIS-formatted stream-order map row-by-row and assigning a preliminary code to

                 each stream cell. Numeric codes are assigned to identify the order ofthe stream segment

                 and a count of the number of stream segments encountered from the beginning of

                 scanning. For example, when the 58th sccond-order stream is encountered then the

                 number of sccond-ordcr segments (58) and the second-order stream code (2) are con-

                 catenated to give the preliminary code 582.

                        After the scanning has been completed by program STREAM, the preliminary

                 codes are sorted based on the connectivity of stream segments. A preliminary stream

                 coding map based only on stream order, also, is created. The connectivities of the

                 stream segments found during scanning and sorting are stored in a connectivity matrix

                 based on the same coding scheme. A preliminary stream-coding map for a selected

                 segment of the Haynesville quadrangle is shown in Figure 6.

                 3.1.2.6.2 Fortran Program DISCRETE

                        A Fortran program DISCRETE was developed to further discretize the stream

                 segments to a sub-watcrshed level based on tributaries and confluenccs determined from

                 single center-line vectors of the stream-network map (Figure 7). The discretization of

                 streams was accomplished by vectorizing the stream center-line and borders of stream

                 segments to form polygons which represent the stream segments in two dimensions.

                                                                                                        23
<pb n="29" />

                                                    -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                            . .........

          Figure 5. Stream-order theme for selected segment of Haynesville quadrangle,
                    Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="30" />

                                                                            .... ...........
                                                                            .......... ...........
                                                                               .... ..... .
                                                    tr
                                                                            ..........

                                                                             J-jl

               Figure 6. Preliminary stream-coding theme for selected segment of
                         Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="31" />

            - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   - - - - - - - - - - - -

          Figure 7. Stream-network theme for selected segment of Haynesville
                   quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="32" />

                Each stream segment (or reach) represents the water body between two adjacent

                tributaries. Each stream segment then was defined as a channel element. The

                topographic parameters for each channel element, also, were calculated in either vector

                or raster mode and stored in FESHM compatible data files.

                        The connectivity matrix was updated during the segment- to- segment analysis.

                The stream coding was also updated using the same coding scheme described previously.

                The updated connectivity matrix was stored in a data file for later use by FESHM.

                        The final discretized stream-coding map for a selected segment of the Haynesville

                quadrangle is shown in Figure 8.

                3.1.2.6.3 Fortran Program SUBSHED

                In past applications with FESHM for simulating stream flows, sub-division of

                watersheds were made manually from topographic maps. This procedure was very tedi-

                ous and became a limiting factor in the routine use of the model. A Fortran program

                SUBSHED, which uses VirG IS -formatted map data file for elevation and the stream-

                coding map described previously to automate this procedure.

                        A raster scanning scheme is used to examine the elevation data, For each cell,

                the maximum cell gradient and direction with respect to adjacent cells was calculated

                and the relief accumulated along the flow path until a stream cell was reached. Then the

                code of the stream which was defined in program DISCRETE was assigned to all the

                cells over which the relief was accumulated. After the scanning was completed, the cell

                coding was sorted to remove temporary coding that was assigned during the scanning,

                The temporary coding resulted because scanning was conducted only in an up-to-down

                order.

                                                                                                        27
<pb n="33" />

                                                               --------------

                                                                              .............. .....

                                                                              ..............

                                                                            ............
                                       po

                  Figure 8. Final stream-coding theme for selected segment of
                            Haynesville quadrangle, Richmond County, Virginia
<pb n="34" />

                         Because the sub-watershed coding scheme was based on digital elevation models

                 (DEMs) at a fine resolution (1/9 ha for VirGIS database) and the stream coding was

                 based on discretization of streams up to first order, which represents the detail that the

                 USGS quadrangle maps (1:24000 scale) can provide, the sub-watereshed delineation

                 scheme is accurate and flexible for various selections of areas for which the simulation

                 is conducted.

                         Since elevation data is the basis for sub-watershed delineations, accuracy of the

                 elevation data is critical for the delineation of the sub-watershed boundaries. Because the

                 delineation of sub-watershed boundaries depends on the variation of elevation (slope),

                 accuracy is generally better for steeper topography than it is for flatter areas. After

                 running program SUBSHED, the unidentifiable areas, i.e. those with a sink hole inside

                 the area, represented less then 3 % of the total area. A sub-watershed map of the

                 Haynesville quadrangle is shown in Figure 9.

                         The topographic parameters for each sub-watershed were also calculated by

                 SUBSHED and stored in a data file for use by FESHM.

                 3.1.2.7 Data Group 7 -- Channel and Overland Element Topographic Parameters

                         This group of data is provided by programs DISCRETE and SUBSHED as pre-

                 viously described.

                 3.1.2.8 Data Group 8 -- Sediment Loading Input Data

                         Since the sediment loading component for FESHM is not completed, the support

                 for this data group was not included.

                                                                                                           29
<pb n="35" />

                                           --------                                                                                  --------------------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ...............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  bL

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    IOLL

                                                                                                  Figure 9. Sub-watersbed map for selected segment of Haynesville
                                                                                                                                                          quadrangle, Ricbmond County, Virginia
<pb n="36" />

                 3.2 Map Editor

                 3.2.1 Functionality

                         The Map Editor was developed to assist the user with creating and/or editing

                 map layers. The following functionality is supported by the Map Editor:

                         *   For an available VirGIS database or a VirG IS -formatted database, users can
                             analyze the impact of changed conditions (landuse, soil, stream network, etc)
                             on surface runoff by editing one or more input data layers. This is expected
                             to be the principal application of the Map Editor in local planning.

                         *   If a database is not available for the study area, or the resolution of the da-
                             tabase that is available does not meet the requirement of the analysis, then
                             the Map Editor can be used to create a VirG I S- formatted database. This step
                             requires limited knowledge of the VirGIS map format and no experience with
                             ASCII file editing.

                         0   For landuse and/or soil type maps, an option is provided to edit the ASCII
                             coded attribute list while the map is being edited, which greatly simplifies the
                             data preparation procedure.

                 3.2.2 Use of the Map Editor

                         To use the Map Editor the following six steps must be followed:

                             The user responds to prompts for input and output data name (for example,
                             STREAMNND). If the user chooses to provide only the data file type
                             (STREAM), i.e. the extension (VND) is not included, then directory
                             DATAFILE is searched for all data files with file type STREAM. Only the
                             file type having a file name extension as specified previously will be selected.
                             The original data layers are protected from overwriting.
                             A mouse is used to select the editing window. The user can repeatedly erase
                             and re-select the window. To help locate the window, coordinates of the
                             upper-left and lower-right corners are always displayed as the cursor moves.
                             When the window is selected, the entire map will be copied to the lower-right
                             corner of the screen, and the selected window will be enlarged and mapped
                             in the largest possible square area (480 x 480 pixels). Grids can be attached
                             or removed from the window by pressing the appropriate mouse control. The

                                                                                                             31
<pb n="37" />

                              transportation network, also, can be attached to the original map to assist
                              in locating the proper window.
                              During editing the user is prompted for one of the following two options:
                              *   Editing-by-color -- A total of 16 colors are supported by Metawindows
                                  through VGA. When the data range does not exceed sixteen (i.e.
                                  number of attributes), such as for landuse, stream network, and stream
                                  order maps, the user can choose editing-by- color mode. Using the mouse
                                  the user can pick up cells, erase incorrectly retrieved cells or draw an area
                                  boundary and then fill the area. The user then may choose any available
                                  value and then replace selected cells by picking up one of the color
                                  boxes. This procedure can be repeated until the editing of the selected
                                  window is completed. Figure 10 shows an editing-by-color screen.
                              *   Editing-by-Values -- For maps with the attribute values greater than 16,
                                  editing-by-values option can be used. For this option, the color boxes
                                  were replaced by value boxes. Ten values boxes with the value of 0-9 and
                                  an additional box assigned a minus sign are available in the value box
                                  area. For selecting a new value of 24, the user must pick-up the value
                                  boxes 2 and 4 in sequence, while for selecting a new value of -9 the user
                                  needs to pick-up the value box -(minus sign) and 9 in sequence. For this
                                  option, within enlarged window, cell values are displayed at the center
                                  of each cell.

                                 Due to the limitation of the screen size, maximum row and column

                         numbers are set for the display window to insure the visibility of cell color and

                         cell values. The maximum row and column numbers for editing-by-color mode

                         were set at 180 x 180 pixels, while the maximum row and column numbers for

                         editing- by-values were set at 100 x 100 pixels.

                         *    For landuse and soil maps, the user can edit the ASCII-code landuse attri-
                              bute list or soil attribute list white editing the map. This is accomplished by
                              pulling down an attribute list curtain. The existing attribute list is displayed
                              on the curtain. If the user adds a new code to the map, then the attributes
                              for the new code can be added by answering prompts via the keyboard. For
                              example, if the user adds a fourth landuse type (for example a different
                              crop-rotation), prompts will request all landuse attribute values needed for
                              landuse type 4. This procedure allows editing of the attribute list without
                              having knowledge of the attribute file format and without having previous
                              experience in ASCII code file editing.

                         *    After editing of a window is completed, options exist to edit another window
                              area, to save the edited window, to edit different maps or to quit the pro-
                              gram.

                  3.3 Menu System

                                                                                                               32
<pb n="38" />

                                           Figure 10. Screen display for editing@by--color
<pb n="39" />

  m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m

                        k

                       Fiqure 11. Main menu options
<pb n="40" />

                         The navigation through the functionality of the package was designed using a

                 varied mixture of menus and prompts. Selections from the menus are accomplished using

                 a mouse-cursor tracking system. Three levels of menus are included. The main menu

                 (menu level 1) options (Figure 11) are described as follows.

                         0    Display Maps -- This option allows the user to display all VirG IS -formatted
                              data layers in a color screen. The themes include:

                              E   Stream network map;

                              U   Stream order map;
                              W   Elevation map;
                              N   Soils map;

                              N   Landuse map;
                              0   Preliminary stream coding map;
                              a   Final stream coding map;
                              0   Computer generated sub-watershed map; and

                                  Hydrologic response unit (HRU) map.

                         The map display option allows the user to view and inspect maps and to identify

                         the maps that are needed for an analysis.
                         0    Search Files -- This option allows the user to search data files by file name
                              extension. A second-level menu for this option displays all file types. Once
                              the user selects a file type, a third-level menu displays all existing files with
                              the type selected and allows the user to list the ASCII files on the screen.

                         0    Edit maps -- This option allows the user to create or edit VirG IS -formatted
                              map files. For landuse and soil maps, this option provides the user with the
                              possibility of editing attribute list files. A detailed description was given in
                              the section titled Map Editor.
                         0    Create Rainfall Distribution Data -- This option allows the user to edit or
                              create rainfall distribution data by using either recorded rainfall data or de-
                              sign storm event. A detailed description is given in section titled FESHM
                              required input data preparation, Data Group 2. A second level menu for this
                              option allows the user to choose from recorded data and design storm data.
                              For each option, the user only needs to respond to the prompts through the
                              keyboard.

                         0    Create Program Control Data -- This option allows user to enter program
                              control output and simulation control options. A detailed description for
                              these requirements was given in the section titled FESHM required input
                              data preparation , Data Group I and Data Group 5.

                                                                                                              35
<pb n="41" />

                              Computer-delineated sub-watershed -- This option allows user to create sub-
                              watershed boundaries (element) map, routing matrix, overland and channel
                              topographic parameters needed for FESHM simulations. The map databases
                              needed for this option are stream order, stream network and elevation maps.
                              A second-levcI menu includes the following options:

                              N  Select input data layer file names;
                              N  Preliminary stream coding (Program STREAM);
                              N  Final stream coding (program DISCRETE);
                              a  Sub-watershed delineation (program SUBSHED); and

                              N  Return to main menu.

                              Select Drainage Area -- This option allows the selection of the drainage area
                              for the conduction of runoff simulations. When this option is selected, a
                              second-level menu displays the following possible datasets from which the
                              drainage area can be selected:

                              N  Selected from entire Richmond County,
                              N  Select from Haynesville quadrangle,
                              0  Select from xx .... quadrangle,

                                These options are provided for the users to select drainage areas from

                         relative small area in order to speed up the drainage area selection procedure. If

                         a quadrangle is selected, utility program EXTRACT is used to extract the data

                         from the county data file. After the area is selected, the sub-watershed map for

                         this area is displayed on the screen. The mouse is then activated to allow the user

                         to pick-up the the down-stream node of the drainage area. The routing matrix

                         developed from program DISCRETE is used to identify all up-stream elements

                         ( the influencing area) of the selected down-stream node. Then the area map will

                         be copied and reduced to the lower-right corner of the screen, while the drainage

                         area map (influencing area map) will be enlarged and mapped on the main 480

                         x 480 pixel screen area with all the non-influencing elements painted a white

                         color.

                              Storm water runoff simulation -- This option allows the user to conduct the
                              FESHM simulation based on the drainage area selected in the precceding
                              option. If this option is selected, program HRU, EFFHRU and FESHM will

                                                                                                           36
<pb n="42" />

                              be executed in sequence. A second-level menu then will allow the user to se-
                              lect the mode for the FESHM simulation based on the

                              a   Stand alone mode,

                              0   VirGIS database mode.

                         When the stand alone mode is selected, a third-level menu will allow the user to

                         examine Group I - Group 8 data files. When these data files are not complete,

                         then the user can exit and prepare the data files before returning back to this

                         option to execute the FESHM simulation. For the VirGIS database mode, a

                         third-level menu will allow the user to examine Group 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 data

                         files and the input data files for programs HRU and EFFHRU, soil map, landuse

                         map, soil attribute list and landuse attribute list. If some files are not complete

                         then the user can exit and select other options to correct and/or create the re-

                         quired data files. When all files are ready the programs can be executed. During

                         program execution, a message is displayed on the screen to inform the user that

                         execution is in progress.

                              Display Runoff Hydrographs -- This option allows the user to display
                              stormwater runoff simulations. To provide the capability of comparing sim-
                              ulation results from different input data or from different locations within the
                              same simulation, multiple hydrograph displays can be displayed. A second-
                              level menu gives the user options for displaying the runoff curve of the new-
                              est simulation or displaying the runoff curve from the previous simulation.
                              When the newest simulation option is selected, the drainage area map is
                              displayed and the mouse activated. The user then can use the mouse to select
                              the appropriate channel or overland element for which the simulated dis-
                              charge hydrograph will be displayed. When the second option is selected, a
                              third-level menu will display names of all previous runoff simulation files.
                              The user then can select the appropriate file for which the runoff
                              hydrographs are to be displayed. The corresponding drainage map for the
                              selected simulation will be displayed and the mouse activated so that the user
                              can select the appropriate overland or channel elements from the drainage
                              map for displaying the newest simulation. To avoid memory problems re-
                              sulting from excessive simulation files, an erase file option provided in the
                              second-level menu can be used to discard the existing runoff simulation files
                              that are no longer needed. A multiple runoff simulation curve display is
                              shown in Figure 12.

                              Exit -- This option allows the user to exit to MS-DOS.

                 4.0 SUMMARY

                                                                                                             37
<pb n="43" />

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<pb n="44" />

                        A Hydrologic Modeling System was successfully developed and implemented on

                 a PC. The HMS consists of a series of modules linked via a system of menus that provide

                 navigation through the functionality of the package.

                        A major effort was expended to overcome problems associated with creating the

                 extensive databases usually required by distributed parameter hydrologic models. The

                 principal issues involved automating the selection of topographic and soiLlanduse re-

                 lated characteristics, keyboard entry of program control instructions and designing a

                 linkage to provide access to all components of the system within the same computing

                 environment.

                        A procedure was developed to discretize the stream segments to a sub-watershed

                 level (as required by FESHM) based on tributaries and confluences determined from

                 center-line vectors of a stream-network map. A raster scanning scheme was used with

                 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) type data to determine cell gradient, direction and relief

                 from which the contributing area for a given reach was defined. The procedure also

                 provided a rapid method for determining element flow length, slope and area.

                        A map editor was designed and developed to provide a simple procedure for up-

                 dating and/or modifying map or attribute files. Navigation through the system is ac-

                 complishcd with a rich set of menus and prompts.

                        Tasks not fully implemented and planned for the next update include the fol-

                 lowing:

                             Automated estimation of landuse and soil type related parameters;
                             Design storm option for describing the rainfall distribution;
                             Entry of user defined watershed delineation in lieu of automated sub-division
                             and followed by automated selection of topographic parameters as currently
                             supported; and
                             Direct linkage between OSU-MAP, digitizer workstation and HMS package;

                                                                                                         39
<pb n="45" />

                 5.0 SELECTED LITERATURE ON FESHM

                 1.  Contractor, D.N., B.B. Ross and V.0. Shanholtz. 1980. A finite element watershed
                     model to predict storm hydrographs, sediment erosion and transport. In: Proc. of
                     the Third International Conference on Finite Elements in Water Resources. Uni-
                     versity of Mississippi, MS. p 6.24-6.34.

                 2.  Heatwole, C.D. 1979. A finite element model to describe transmission losses from
                     overland flow. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Virginia
                     Polytechnic Institute and State University, blacksburg, VA.

                 3.  Heatwole, C.D., V.0. Shanholtz and B.B. Ross. 1982. Finite element model to de-
                     scribe overland flow on an infiltrating watershed. Transactions of the ASAE 25(3):
                     630-637.

                 4.  Judah, O.M. 1973. Simulation of runoff hydrographs from natural watersheds by
                     finite element method. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
                     Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.

                 5.  Judah, O.M., V.0. Shanholtz and D.N. Contractor. 1975. Finite element simulation
                     of flood hydrographs. Transactions of the ASAE 18(3): 518-522.
                 6.  Kenimer, A.L. 1987. A computer simulation model for predicting pesticide losses
                     from agricultural lands. ASAE Paper No. 87-2067. American Society of Agricultural
                     Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.

                 7.  Li, E. A. 1975. A Model to Define Hydrologic Response Units Based on Charac-
                     teristics of the Soil-vcgetative Complex within a Drainage Basin. Master of Science
                     Thesis in Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Department of Agricultural En-
                     gineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.

                 8.  Li, E. A., V. 0. Shanholtz, D. N. Contractor and J. C. Carr. 1977. Generating
                     precipitation excess based on readily determinable soil and landuse characteristics.
                     Transaction of ASAE.

                 9.  Ross, B.B. 1975. A finite element model to determine the effect of landuse changes
                     on flood hydrographs. M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia
                     Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.

                 10. Ross, B.B. 1978. A spatially responsive catchment model for prediction of
                     stromwater runoff from ungaged watersheds. Ph.D. Dissertation, Thesis, Depart-
                     ment of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
                     Blacksburg, VA.

                 11. Ross, B.B., D.N. contractor and V.0. Shanholtz. 1979. A finite element model of
                     overland and channel flow for assessing the hydrologic impact of landuse change.
                     Journal of Hydrology 41: 11-30.

                 12. Ross, B.B., V.0. Shanholtz and T.M. Younos. 1984. Using FESHM for landuse and
                     water resources planning. Agricultural Research Digest No. 1, Virginia Agricultural
                     Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
                     VA.

                 13. Ross, B. B., D. N. Contractor, E. A. Li, V. 0. Shanholtz and J. C. Carr. 1976. A
                     Model for Predicting Flood Hazards due to Specific Landuse Practices. VWRRC
                     Bulletin 99, Blacksburg, Virginia.

                                                                                                          40
<pb n="46" />

                 14. Ross, B. B., V. 0. Shanholtz, D. N. Contractor and J. C. Carr. 1978. Computer
                     Model to Describe the Effect of Landuses on Floods. VWRRC Bulletin 85,
                     Blacksburg, Virginia.
                 15. Shanholtz, V.O., B.B. Ross and J.C. Carr. 1981. Effect of spatial variability on the
                     simulation of overland and channel flow. Transactions of the ASAE 24(l): 124-138.
                 16. Smolen, M.D. and T.M. Younos. 1980. Simulation of surface. mine hydrology with
                     the finite element storm hydrograph model. In: Proc. of the 1980 Symposium on
                     Surface Mining Hydrology, Sedimentology and Reclamation.              University of
                     Kentucky, Lexington, KY. p 41-46.
                 17. Smolen, M.D. (ed). 1983. Hydrologic and water quality models for agriculture and
                     forestry. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin No. 291. Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
                     tute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. p 1-5,
                 18. Smolen, M.D., B.B. Ross, T.M. Younos and W.J. Sydor. 1984. The finite element
                     storm hydrograph model users guide. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bul-
                     letin 84-87. Blackaburg, VA.
                 19. Smolcn, M. D., V. 0. Shanholtz and B. B. Ross. 1977. Application of finite element
                     hydrologic model to evaluation of nonpoint source of pollution.          Transaction
                     American Geophysics Union, Vol. 58:385.
                 20. Wolfe, M.L. 1982. Sediment detachment and transport functions to simulate soil
                     loss from reclaimed mine spoils. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
                     State University, Blacksburg, VA.
                 21. Wolfe, M.L., V.0. Shanholtz, L.L. Rice and B.B. Ross. 1983. Sediment detachment
                     and transport functions to simulate soil loss from reclaimed mine spoils. Virginia
                     Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 83-5, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
                     State University, Blacksburg, VA.

                                                                                                        41
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