[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]






                                                                                          DRAFT




                                             Coastal Dunes





                                        Dune Building Processes
                                                     and
                                  A Primer for Dune Development
                                              and Management








                                                     Prepared by

                                               Dr. Norbert P. Psuty
                                                   Erica Spence



                                         New Jersey's Shoreline Future Project
                                                    Marinc and Coastal Sciences
                                        Institute of
                                      Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey






                                           Coastal Hazard Management Plan
                                           Office of Land and Water Planning
                                      New  Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
                                                         1996
 







                                       COASTAL DUNES



                                      Dune Buildincr Processes

                                 A Primer for Dune Development
                                           and Manacrement











                                                       IN,





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                                                              Coastal.Hazard Mana(yement Plan
                                          New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
                                                        Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
                                                    Rut-ers the State University of New Jersey
                                                                                 SLImmer, 1996








                                                                                                                      DRAFT


                                                              Coastal Dunes


                              Coastal dunes are natural fecatures of the coastal landscape. They exist in conJUnCtiOn
                      with the beach and are part of the sand sharing system that actively cxchanges sand between
                      the dune, tile beach, and the offshore bars. In areas of adequate sand supply. the coastal
                      duties achieve their full fOrm. however. if sand Supply IS limited. the dunes may be small.
                      narrow features that are Frequently overwashcd. In areas of very meager sand supply. tile
                      duties will not exist.
                              Coastal dunes occupy a transitional zone between marine and continental processes,
                      and mark tile eastward location of the continental vegetation.  Coastal duties occupy an
                      ecological niche that is the transition between tile harsh. salty. open environment of the beach
                      and the less harsh protected environment to tile lee of tile dune crest. Natural dunes are
                      replete with hollows and knolls. ridges and swales. blowouts and vegetated slopes.                     The
                      location and dimensions Of dunes on the profile are related to the developmental history of
                      the shoreline. That IS, Linder accreational conditions, older dunes are stranded inland and are
                      succeeded by newer foredunes created in tile upper beach. At erosional shorelines. the active
                      dune form shifts inland as the beach retreats. As long as sufficient sand is present, the dunes
                      will exist at the Inland nianun ofthe beach. However,if the erosion is too severe, or there I'S
                      no space for tile dune to shift Inland as tile shoreline erodes. the dUnes will not persist.
                              In developed coastal Zones. coastal dunes continue to perform their natural function
                      Lis sand storage. but also provide art additional role of forming a natural barrier to storm surge
                      and flooding. Thus, dunes are valued by the coastal communities because they offer a natural.
                      esthetic. Lind protective component of the coastal landscape. Although duties have been
                      recognized as a form of coastal protection since tile early 1930's. it was not until 1984 that
                      coastal communites and the State took an active role in restoring. repairing. and maintaining
                      tile dunes. Throuoh these efforts. tile public value of the coastal foredune as a barrier against
                      coastal storm Surges and waves has been established and continues to increase. Concern for
                      the creation of coastal duties as part of a management program to provide protection for tile
                      people and communities Inland from tile beach was well-expressed in tile New Jersey
                      Department of Environmental Protection's (NJDEP) 1984 Assessment of Dune and Shore
                      Protection Ordinances in New Jersey. which forms a basis for the present guidebook.
                              Because the preservation and restoration of' coastal (tunes can be almost entirely a
                      communitv effort and responsibility. this guidebook is geared towards assisting them
                      understand dune processes and establish effective dune management programs. It provides
                      guidance to communities as they develop strong dune maintenance programs to restore, to
                      repair, and to enhance their duties. The guidebook also describes the processes which govern
                      New Jersey's coastal duties. and offers management strategies directed at the communitv
                      level to maximize tile function and effectivcness of' their (tunes. Lastly, the document
                      includes a model ordinance which communities can adopt or incorporate into existing dune
                      maintenance activities.




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                                                                                                              DRAFT


                     Attributes of Coastal Dunes
                             Understanding the processes that influence the creation of coastal duties is all
                     important aspect of their management. Coastal dunes are part of the natural beach systern.
                     Whereas dunes in drv sandv areas are enlarged shaped by wind, duties In the coastal zone are
                     molded by waves and wind. In a beach profile. the coastal dune forms a ridge of sand that
                     accumulates above the high tide line and Inland of tile extremely mobile, bare sand beach
                     surface (Figure 1).
                      

                             SECONDARY                 PRIMARY
                                DUNE                     DUNE                      100 feet

                                                                             .............................STORM TIDE
                                                                      dune           free sand beach       MEAN HIGH WATER
                                                                      base                 berm         

                  Figure 1. Dune/beach Profile

                  This natural feature exists in the Zone Where pioneer vegetation traps sand transported inland
                  from the beach primarily by wind action, and forms an accumaulation in the shape of a coast
			parallel sand ridge. The active coastal dune,often referred to as the foredune to distinguish it
			from other and older dune forms is located immediately inland of the bare sand beach. Other
			older dunes may exist inland from the fordune. They may have been part of former
			foredunes, or they may be older sand ridges that have migrated inland from the beach. They
			are usually referred to as secondary dunes whereas the active foredune is the primary dune.
			It is the coastal fordune that is the subject of most of the remainder of this discussion.
			Unless otherwise noted, reference to the dune means the foredune, the primary dune in the
			beach/dune interactive system.
 				The principal attributes of natural coastal foredunes are that they are sites of sediment
			accumulation and storage. They exist because more sand is deposited in their locations than
			is removed. As a result, they become a physical form with height, width, and mass. The
			fordune is in dynamic inteaction with the beach and the processes that move sand in the
			beach, including waves, currents, and winds.
				Certain types of vegetation can tolerate the harsh conditions of heat, aridity, high
			salinity. and low nutrient availability found at the shore. These plants are referred to as
			pioneer plants and comprise the dune grasses and other plants that colonize the seaward face
			or crest of the foredunes. These primary plants are the natural foundation for the creation of
			dunes. When airborne sand moves across their foliage, the wind's velocity is decreased, and
			sand is deposited around the vegetation, beginning the natural cycle of dune formation. As
			the sand accumulates around the primary vegetation, roots and rhizomes spread from which
			new plants grow. This dense vegetation anchors the dune below the surface and stabilizes
			sediment on the surface providing a natural barrier to incoming waves. Without the presence
			of dune vegetation, dunes become extremely vulnerable to the forces that create them.
				Natural coastal foredune development occurs inland of the frequent storm tide
			position where it is beyond the part of the beach that is constantly changing with the tides


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and wave variation. Foredune development also occurs in this zone because it is the area
where vegetation can persist. Generally, the coastal foredune is not located seaward of the 
pioneer vegetation line, because there is a lack of a stabilizer to accumulate sand transported
inland from the beach. On accreting shorelines, the pioneer vegetation extends seaward from
the dune face and eventually establishes seaward to the storm tide line of the beach. This
accreational situation gives rise to a series of low small ridges (Figure 2). However, most of 
New Jersey's beaches are eroding, and the seaward edge of the foredune is located extremely
close to the storm water line and is frequently attacked by waves.
	On many beaches that have a long history of erosion, the foredune continues to exist
in the beach/dune profile. This is an indication that under some conditions, the fordunes can
migrate inland as the beach erodes. In other words, dunes can exist as the eroding beach
profile is losing sand to offshore and alongshore locations. Theses foredunes ar ecapable of
migrating because some of the lost sediments are transported back into the dunes during levels
of high water, storm surges, and high wind. Additionally, the existence of dunes on an
eroding shoreline indicates that sand is being blown into the dunes, and is carried inland to the
lee side of the foredune, adding some mass to the backdune even as it is losing sand on the
seaward side. After a storm, it is common to identify sand that has been transported into the
dune and the swales inland of the foredunes, and to see fresh layers of sand blown atop of the
foredune blanketing much of the vegetation(Figure 3).
	Although the coastal foredune accumulates sand blown across the beach into the
pioneer vegetation, it also loses sand when wave action erodes the beach and attacks or scarps
the foredune. Scarping by waves is the process by which the sand held in storage in the 
fordune is returned to the beach for subsequent transfers offshore, alongshore, or to its
original location in the dune profile(Figure 4). If the amount of sand lost by waves scarping
the seaward margin of the foredune is replaced later by sand moved by wind from the beach
to the dune. the net effect of the exchange is in balance. The dune will obviosly lose
dimension if the amount of sand removed is greater than the amount replaced. Conversely,
the dune will gain in dimension if the amount of sand replaced is greater than was originally
removed by the scarping process. Maintaining dense, healthy dune vegetation is one of the
best means to stabilize a dune and to minimize mobilization and erosion.
	The foredune is a ridge, highter than the beach surface, forming a natural barrier to the
inland penetration of high water from storm surges. By functioning as a barrier, dunes restrict
the effects of storm waves and currents to the beach and the foredune face. While buffering
the effects of these forces, sand stored in the dune is released by the mobilizing processes of 
waves and flowing water. Because the amount of protection is related to the mass of the
dunes, higher and wider dunes will provide more buffering than lower and narrower dunes.
However, the buffering effect of the coastal dune is obviously diminished when the dune crest
is overtopped and eroded. Overwash may sometimes be so severe as to completely remove 
the dune form and transport much of the sand inland.




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                                                             A) Pre-storm surniner
                                                               he.ich profile
                   DUNE





                                      BEACH








                                                             13) Moderate storm crosion


                   DUNE


                                        transfer of sediment from beach to bar
                                    I............... ...... ......


                                                       ..............


                                                                      BAR



                                                              Severe storm erosion
                 DUNE   scarping of dune;
                        transfer of sediment to bar





                                                                     BA 7qq
                                                                        R


                       new accumulation on crest,            D) Post-storm recovery
                       and landward side of dune

                 DUNE i

                             return of sediment to
                             the beach and dune


                                      BEACH     7
                 Dt










             Vi'_'Urc 4. Dune Scarping and Reckn-cry Process






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                             This discussion has focused on the processes by which natural dunes exist in the
                      beach/dune profile and their Interaction with the waves, winds. and currents. However, most
                      of the dune forms in New Jersey have been modified by cultural activities that both diminish
                      and enhance the remaining forms. In a few places, some natural. or near-natural, dunes Still
                      exist because of the absence of human interence. These dunes arc located on the northern
                      portion of Sandv Hook, much of Island Beach State Park, northern Barnegat Light. Southern
                      Sea Isle City, Southern Stone Harbor, the shoreline portion of the Forsythe Wildlife Refuge.
                      and the central portion of Avalon. The dunes located at. Island Beach State Park and Avalon
                      are important features of the New Jersey coastline because they show tile overall conditions
                      of coastal dunes prior to tile major development of the shore (Figure 5 and 6). Likewise,
                      these locations demonstrate that even though erosion has occurred, primary and secondary
                      dUneS Still SUrvive. FUrthcr. they demonstrate tile variety of dune  forms and dimensions that
                      can occur within short distances of the storm tide position and the Interdependence of dUnes
                      with beach changes and sediment budget.


                      Rationale
                             In 1930. the New Jersey Board of Commerce and Navigation produced a Report on
                      the Erosion and Protection of the New Jersey Beaches. Whereas the report emphasized tile
                      continuation of structural Solutions to reduce beach erosion, it noted that coastal dunes
                      should be given more consideration for their protective qualities. It was not until 1972 that
                      the attributes of coastal dunes were recognized by the passage of the Coastal Zone
                      Management Act. Among the basic tenets that fOrmed the foundation of the Act was tile
                      desire to protect dunes as a natural protective feature (P.I. 91-583, 1972). Under the Act,
                      states could receive federal funding to develop and to implement the Act's objectives. For
                      tile first time. there was a national impetus for coastal states to promote dune restoration and
                      maintenance. However it was not until after the March 1984 storm, which destroyed much
                      of New Jersey's dunes, that the State utilized these funds to implement the Federal
                      Emergency Dune Restoration Program. With the availability of this federal funding. New
                      Jersey coastal managemenqt strategy began to emphasis dunes as a preferred form of coastal
                      protection through technical and financial support to communities for restoring. NJDEP and
                      the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM), have continued to encourage
                      community restoration. improvement. and maintenance of dunes through technical and
                      financial support.
                             In 1984, Th NJDEP completed an Assessment of Dune and Shore Protection
			    Ordinances in New Jersey, an evaluation of municipalities management of coastal dunes. The
			    report concluded that State expenditures for shore protection would be the most cost 
			    effective if they coincide with programs that protect and create dunes, and that future shore
			    protection expenditures by the State be conditioned upon municipal adoption and
			    enforcement of an effective dune management program(NJDEP,1984) As a by-product of
			    the Section 306 dune restoration, NJDEP produced Guidelines and Recommendations for
			    Coastal Dune Restoration and Creation Projects in 1985.  The report was designed to "list 
			    recommended dune restoration and creation techniques. help municipalities plan effective and
			    environmentally sound dune projects, and explain what information municipalities should
			    submit to complete their applications for dune funds" (NJDEP,1985).
					The New Jersey Office of Emergency Management NJOEM) has also continued to 


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support a coordinated government program of dune creation,and expansion through the
various State Hazard Mitigation Plan's recommendations (NJOEM,1994).In addition
through NJOEM. coastal communities can qualify for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
funding to restore, develop and repair their dunes after a disaster.
	As New Jersey's coastal management strategies shift from protection of property to
the enhancement of public safety, coastal dune maintenance can easily be incorporated into
these efforts. As previously stated, coastal dunes  buffer the effects of storm surges and
prevent subsequent damage. Therefore, the utilization of coastal dunes is consistent with
both federal and state mitigation objectives. If the Federal government continues to decrease
monetary support for beach nourishment projects as a type of coastal protection., the 
buffering abilities of coastal dunes may become the primary means of protection. Further,
through dune maintenance programs such as annual beachgrass plantings, many municipalities
can bring various community resourced together for a common cause, creating a feeling of
community "togetherness" (Figure 7).

Determining objectives
	If coastal dunes are employed to protect communities from the effects of coastal
storms., communities must determine the level of protection they wish to achieve from
anticipated storm water levels prior to constructing the dunes. When determining their
objectives, communities must balance the level of protection desired with the amount of 
space they will need to achieve their goals. The spatial dimensions of a foredune that would
protect against a 1 in 5 year storm water level for example, differ from the dimensions
required to buffer a 1 in 50 year storm. Although a municipality may wish to provide
protection from water levels of a 1 in 50 year storm, the dune/beach area may only provide
adequate space for a foredune that can buffer a 1 in 20 year storm water level. If communities 
desire to develop dunes that will protect against higher magnitude storms, but do not have the
desired space, they should consider rezoning the beach front areas. This zoning would allow
communities to develop or expand existing dunes as space becomes available. Unless a 
community is willing to designate adjacent landward property as part of the dune area.
limited space leads to smaller dunes that offer a lower level of protection.
	Although many communities preserve their dunes because of their protective
capabilities, there are other attributes of coastal dunes, such as their aesthic values, that
communities may wish to preserve as well. For example, the City of Brigantine incorporates
into their dune protection ordinance regulations to preserve beachnesting bird habitats (City
of Brigantine, 1986). When developing their strategies. municipalities should consider the
other attributes of coastal dunes and incorporate objectives to enhance them.
	Something communities should consider when forming their objectives is the temporal
component of dune preservation. Through time, the ability of coastal dunes to buffer storms
is compromised by an eroding shoreline and risingt sea levels. As the shoreline erodes, unless
coastal dunes are able to shift inland in relation to these changes. they will be subject to 
scarping and to overwash. and may eventually be completely eroded. When determining a 
dune's level of protection, municipalities may want ot incorporate a buffering area that will
permit a coastal dunes position to be translated landward in response to the dynamic nature
of the coastline (Figure 8).



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                                                             foredune




                                                                          pioneer
                                                                          vegetation




                                                                                      free sand beach
                                                                                                            HIGH WATER




                    Figure 8. Dune Buffering Zone.



                    Storm Template
                    To be inserted



                    Placement and Dimensions of a Dune
                            Coastal dunes exist in association with their adjoining beaches. The beach is both
                    a Source of sand and of protection from small storm events for the dune (Figure 1).
                    Generally, a dune located 100' inland from the high tide water line on a beach with a 5'
                    high berm will provide adequate protection against a 1-in-5-year storm. That is, the dune
                    will not be eroded in less than these conditions. However, more severe storms will erode
                    the protective berm and eventually erode the dune.
                            The amount of dune erosion from a storm is dependent on the storm conditions
                    and on the pre-storm dune cross-sectional area (dune reservoir).  FEMA applies the
                    concept of the dune reservoir to the portion of the dune that is in front of tile dune crest
                    and above the hundred year flood level (Figure 9). Obviously, large dunes have greater
                    cross-section and can survive larger storm events. FEMA (1995) suggests that in the
                    event of a 100-year storm (reaching the 100-year storm water level), the dune would
                    require a dune reservoir area of 540 ft' above the 100-year flood level to prevent
                    overwash and to survive.
                    Dune Plaement: Because dunes derive their sand supply from the beach, which can
                    Undergo substantial chanoes in width through natural processes. natural dune development
                    occurs inland of the storm tide position (Figure 1). Dunes should be placed sufficiently
                    far enough inland from the storm tide position to provide a buffer and to protect the
                    dunes against freqUent storms. Otherwise, the dune cart become substantially eroded
                    during low MagnItUde storms and it will not be capable of' providing any protection
                    against larger events. In order for a dune to provide tilts additional buffering, specific
                    dimensions of a dune need to be maintained. Dunes that are inland  of the MHT line
                    provide more buffering and there is a greater likelihood these duties will survive less
                                                             




















































































                                                                    9
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                                                                                                           DRAFT


                    frequent storms.

                                       Dune
                                       Crest


                                                        and Resevoir to
                                                       prevent breach. (>50m2)


                                                         ... ......... ............100 year storm surge 

                                   COASTAL
                                  FOREDUNE


                                                                                                    sea level
                                                                        BEACH


                    Figure 9. Dune Reservoir: The Portion Of The Dune That Is In Front OF The Dune Crest And Above The
                    Hundred Year Flood Level


                    Dune Height:The length of time required to reach a dune's optimum height varies with
                    weather conditions. availability of sand. and the methods used to build a dune. Dune
                    height Which is Influenced by the rate of sediment delivery as well as by the installation
                    of fences and vegetation. should reach on the order of 8' to 15' above the beach. The
                    initial accumulation and the growth may be rapid at first (Hammer et al, 1992). As dune
                    height increases, the rate of increase of elevation slows because of vegetation and other
                    perturbations on the dune face. Under ideal conditions, the combination of sand fencing.
                    vegetation, and ample quantities of dry sand, dune elevation can reach up to 4' in one
                    season (Hammer et al, 1992).
                    Dune Slope: Althoug there is a limiting slope for the natural accumulation of sand, a
                    number of variables combine to adjust this slope on a dune face. such as vegetation,
                    presence of organisms. salt content, and other disturbances. One measure of the
                    relationship of dune slope was reported by Gares. et al (1983) From a survey of' New
                    Jersey dunes. Their StUdV Included eroding. accreting, natural dunes. altered dunes. On
                    the basis of their surveys. they determined the New Jersey dunes were about 20 times as
                    wide as they were high (Table I)  This  number also includes instances of coalescing
                    duties and thus tends to be a bit high. Other measurements From coastal New Jersey and
                    Long Island, NY (Psuty and Piccola.1991) show that the human-constructed dunes are
                    about 7 times as wide as they are high. In this case. the slope would be about 1 on 3.5
                    (Table 2).




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                             Table 1. Dune Height/Width Regression Line.

































                                                              f 40.597


                                        %







                                         5                     20     2

                                                0 Une Height
                                                              Adapted firom (lare's. P.xt a 1, (1983).




                        'rabic 2: Relationship Between Dune Height and Dune Width
                                       D6ne Height      Dune Width
                                                           3 5
                                            8'             56'
                                            I (),          70 1
                                            12'            84!
                                            14'            98 1
                                            16'            112'
                                                      Adapted Crorn PSLIIY, N.P. aridT, A. Iliccola. (1991).








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                      Building and Enhancing Coastal Dunes
                               Once municipalities have established their objectives and have determined that there is
                      adequate space to achieve these goals, tile next step is to implement the construction of'
                      dunes. There are several different techniques available to create coastal dunes. Dunes can he
                      built by mechanical manipulation.planting, appropriate dune vegetation. erecting sand fences.
                      or a combination of these methods.


                      Mechanical Manipulation
                               A simple but relatively expensive method of creating a coastal dune is by bulldozing
                      sand into the dimensions of a dune. An advantage to this method is that dunes and their
                      protective qualities are instantly achieved. Sources of sand for creating a dune using this
                      technique include transferring sand from tile beach or obtaining sand from an outside source.
                      Althouoh it may be more expensive to transport sand into the system, an advantage to this
                      method is that additional sand will be added to an already depleted system. When creating a
                      dune through mechanical manipulation. at least one parallel sand fence should be placed on
                      the landward side of the dune to Create the boundaries of the dune area. In addition. a shore
                      parallel sand fence could be erected on the seaward side of the dune to further define the
                      dune's boundaries (Figure 10). When determining the placement of the dune, fencing should
                      be placed slightly seaward of the dune zone because sand generally accumulates landward of
                      the fence. It should be noted that the sediments comprising mechanically-made dunes are
                      unstable because they are not bound together. Therefore, once the proper dimensions of a
                      dune are established. vegetation and appropriate fencing should be planted and maintained to
                      stabilize the dune.


                      Dune Vegetation
                               One of the simplest and least expensive methods used to create a dune is to plant
                      Cape American beachgrass, (Ammophila hreviligulata) or other primary dune vegetation at
                      adequate distances inland from the MHT (Figure 11). Unlike bulldozed dunes, this method
                      takes some time before optimal dune dimensions are achieved. Once established, beachgrass
                      accumulates sand to form a dune and its extensive root system helps to bind the sand in
                      place.
                               'Cape' American beachgrass should be planted between October 15th and March
                      31st. as long as the sand is not Frozen (Hammer et al. 1992). To maximize the dune-building
                      process, beachgrass Should be planted in continuous strips parallel to the shoreline 100'- 150'
                      landward of the MHT line. If space permits, it should be planted in a 40' to 50' wide strip.
                      but no less than 20' wide and in at least 10 rows. Only fresh plants that have been cut back
                      to 16-18 inches should be planted. Two plants should be planted in 7-to-9 inch deep holes,
                      spaced about 18 inches apart. If there is severe erosion, the spacing should be reduced to 12
                      inches apart.     The sand Should be compacted firmly around the transplant to eliminate
                      airpockets. Thirty days following the planting date, fertilizer Should be applied at a rate
                      equivalent to 600 pounds of 10-10-10 nitrogen/phosphorous/potassium per acre (Hammer et
                      al. 1992).
                               Once established, American beachgrass will continue to grow relative to the supply of
                      nutrients provided. With adequate sand transport into the vegetation zone, the nutrients will
                      be delivered on the sand grains and in the propelling wind.  However, if the sand supply is


                                                                           12



















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                     low. nutrient delivery will likely be reduced and the vegetative Cover may become very thin.
                     Dune orowth and stabilization       are dependent on the trapping effect of tile veoctation.
                     Obviouslv, welled vegetation will increase plant density and be a more effective .,and trap.
                     creatinu a more stabilized dune system.
                             III NJDEPs assessment of dune ordinances (1984), NJDET noted inanv
                     municipalities and environmental groups had misunderstood tile dynamics of' dunes and
                     beachgrass. III an effort to secure tile dune. sonic groups planted beachgrass on the leeward
                     side of the dune with. little success. Because tile primary Source of nutrients for beachqurasses
                     is derived from ocean breezes and transported sand. beachgass planted on the leeward side
                     of tile dune does not rCCeIVC SUfF1CIcnt nutrients to Survive. Also. some areas oil the front of
                     dunes may be deprived of'sufficient nutrients because of the absence of sand receipt. Thus.
                     in those areas ofthe dune in which the natural Supplies ot'nutrients arc deficient. tertilization
                     is a necessity.


                     Sand Fences
                             Sand f'encing is also an efflective method Ior trapping sand. Whereas sand fencinu (or
                     now tence material) builds dunes much faster than ve0etation alone. it is still a lairly sl()NA,,
                     process and more expensive than vcgetation alone. I lowever. sand tencing is much cheaper
                     than mechanical manipulation: costing as little as a $1 a Coot. Sand fencing accumulates sand
                     in the same manner as dune vegetation. As wind borne sand travels from tile beach to the
                     backbeach area, sand is deposited and accumulates to the lee of tile fence line. As the sand.
                     accumulates. additional fencing can be placed over the filled areas until the dune reaches a
                     dcsired level of'protection or height. lfarnrncr el al (1992) note sand will generally only (III to
                     I level about 3/4 ofthc depth of" the sand fence. All fences should be at least I OW frorn tile
                     vlt--rr line and approximately at a ri-ht an-le to the prevailing winds. I larnmer et al(1992)
                     also recommend when bLIiid1n(-,I dujICjLISt U.Sill" fencing. planting Should begin when tile sand
                     elevation approaches the top ofthe fencc. These plants are necessary to hold the sand   III
                     place and bind tile particles togcthcr.
                            There are several different. COnfigUrations of sand fence placement, each creating a
                     somewhat differently-shapcd dune. The most cost-efflective type of sand fence used to
                     create a foredune is a single line of fence that is parallel to the ocean. Hanmer el al (1992)
                     recommend if it Is possible, that two parallel fences should be erected 30' to 40'apart instead
                     of a single, fence (Figure 12). Parallel sand tenccs are also recommendcd to restore or to
                     expand existing dunes and should be placed no more than 15' seaward from the base of tile
                     old dune (Hummer et al, 1992) (Figure 13). Howevcr if the fence line is located too close to
                     tile water. its accumulated sand will be eroded.
                             When creating a dune, NJDFP recommends using, zig-zag or parallel fences with side
                     spur configurations (Figure 14 and 15). These designs will initially produce wider dunes than
                     single parallel fences and they also offer the advantage of controlling pedestrian access
                     (NJDEP 1985). Zig-zag fences tend to produce a wide, hummocky dune. whereas side spur
                     fences produce a larger. more rounded dune only on the side with Spur,,. Because side Spurs
                     and zig-zag fencing requires more material. tile cost of a project is greater than single parallel
                     fencing.  Hammer et al (1992)) recommend parallel fences with 30' long perpendicular spurs at
                     40' intervals along, the seaward side of the fence at least 100' from the NHTq.


                     Specifications for Sand Fence: Sand fences of various heights. material. and porosities


                                                                      1 4








































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                                                                                                                 DRAFT


                    have been studied for their effectiveness In building dunes. These studies have concluded
                    that fences with at least a 50% porosity are the most effective in accumulating sand
                    quickly (Hotta. Kraus, and Horlwaka. 1987, Janin. 1991). Studies have also proven that
                    standard 4' wood slatted snow fence is also tile most effective: at trapping sand as long as
                    the wood IS Sound. free of decay. and no wires or slats are broken (Hotta. Kraus, and
                    Horiwaka. 1987). An alternative fence material is the polyvinyl type that has at least a
                    50% porosity (Hammer et al. 1992). Hammer et al ( 1992) recommend that tile wooden
                    posts for fence support should consist of black locust. red cedar- white cedar, or other
                    wood of equal life and strength. Posts do not need to be chemically-treated and they have
                    a minimum length of 6.5' and a minimum diameter of 3 inches. Hammer et al ( 1992) note
                    standard post fences are typically 7' to 8' in length and Can be used if they meet tile other
                    requirements. The sand fence should be secured to the posts using four wire ties no
                    smaller than 12 gauge galvanized wire. They Should be installed so that alternate posts
                    will have fence on their oceanside (Hammer et al- 1992). Lastly. Hammer et al ( 1992)
                    recommend the Posts Should be set no more than 10' apart and at least 3' deep to make
                    tile fences more resistant to changes in the wind direction.


                    Combination of Sand Fence Plus Vegetation
                             A combination of sand fencing and beachgrass should be more effective at building a
                    dune than either of the two alone (Figure 16 and 17). As the fence traps the sand. tile
                    beachgrass roots secure the dune, thus trapping more windblown sand then either could alone.
                    To employ this method. sand fencing, should be installed according to the above
                    specifications. Strips of beachgrass should then be planted parallel to the fence. Vegetation
                    should tic planted LIP to 10' from the fence and approximately 20' wide to be tile most
                    effective. As the fences are covered by the sand. additional fencing can be erected to increase
                    the elevation of the dUne (Hammer et al, 1992).
 

                    Coastal Dune Restoration and Maintenance
                             The continuation of the coherent foredune requires a rigorous maintenance program.
                    Even the best-vegetated dunc will need attention to Support a good vegetated cover and to
                    retain the integrity of the sand ridge. Beach grass needs to be fertilized, planted, and broken
                    fencing needs to he replaced on a continuing program.       Additionally, any blowouts or
                    scarping of the dunes Will need to he stabilized.

                    Dune Vegetation
                             Replacement of vegetation is an essential maintenance requirement for healthv duties.
                    Areas where vegetation has been destroyed should be replanted with beachgrass or other
                    suitable primary dune vegetation at every opportunity.    Maintenance fertilization for
                    established beachgrass should at exceed 50lb. of nitrogen per acre per year (Belcher, 1986).
                             Coastal duties represent the zone in which coastal and inland vegetation converge.
                    forming a unique area of biodiversity. To reduce the loss pf dune vegetation through disease.
                    environmental degradation, and other environmental, this biodiversit must be maintained.
			  Other primary vegetation such as sea rocket, dune cordgrass, seaside goldenrod, and dusty
			  miller are examples of suitable primary vegetation communities could plant.  Since 1982 the
			  NRCS has been cultivation new strands of sea oats which will withstand the colder climates
			  of New Jersey in an attempt to add more diversity to the foredunes.  Prior to their research.


                                                                      1 7









                                                                                                                            DRAFT


                       sea oats's range was only as far noth as Virginia (USNRCS 1996). As of 1996, despite
                                                    
                       setbacks from trampling and tidal flooding, the sea oat plantings have been a sucess
                      (USNRCS, 1996).
                                After primary dune vegetation has been established. woody plants adopted to coastal
                       climates can be planted in secondary coastal dunes for added stabilization and biodiversity.
                       Hammer et al (1992) recommends bayberry, wax myrtle, beach plum, Japanese black pine.
                                           
                       salt spray rose, and Emerald Sea shore juniper as secondary dune vegetation. Secondary
                       dune vegetation Should be planted in accordance with guidelines in Hammer et al ( 1992). All
                       secondary dune vegetation requires yearly fertilization and communities should follow
                       Hammer, et al (1992) fertilization recommendations.  Appendix B lists the nurseries in the
                       New Jersey-New York-Delaware region that supply primary and secondary dune vegetation.

				Preventing Indiscriminate Passage:
                               Dune vegetation can not tolerate any trampling.  Even light foot traffic can cause    
                       breakage, churning up of the roots and eventual destabilization of the dune  if it is allowed to
                       continue (NJDEP. 1984).     Dune vegetation, therefore, must be  protected from foot and 
                       vehicular traffic. By installing either elevated walkways or fenced paths, traffic call be
                       controlled across the dune and access points call be limited (Figure 18). Fences can also be
                       installed in the front and back faces of a dune as borders to further prevent indiscriminate
                       passage. Signs should also be placed along dune areas and access points to educate and to
                       remind tile public not to walk across tile vegetated dune areas.

                       Pathways:
                               Street-ends are often weak links in the coastal dune ridge, becoming sites of overwash
                       and breaches. Therefore, the major concern when providing beach access through the dune
                       area is to eliminate the straight-through excursion of storm waters through a street-end break
                       in the dune ridge. NJDEP (1985) recommends that pathways be oriented on an angle to 
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                              
                       reduce the potential for overwash and reduce exposure to the storms.  Offsets in the pathway
                       or a curving pathway serve the same function in limiting overwash.
                               Another concern is the low evelation of the pathway.  Elevated cross-overs can also
                       be installed to reduce vertical erosion of the dunes (Figure 19). If  they are utilized, elevated
                       walkways should be high enough to be above tile design height of the intended dune.
                       Otherwise. roll-up sidewalks or some other material that     can be laid on top of the sand
                       surface to prevent vertical destruction by foot traffic should         be used.

                       Repairing Dunes

				Each municipality needs to establish a yearly dune maintenance and monitoring
			program.  Any changes in a dune system such as blowouts, wash-outs, or human-induced
			damage need immediate attention if dunes are going to provide their maximum amount of
			protection.  Blow-outs can easily be repaired by installing a single shore-parallel sand fence
			between the existing dune parts.  In order to prevent the wind from whipping around the ends
			and causing more erosion, it may be necessary to extend the ends of the fence into the existing
			dune (NJDEP, 1985.)
				The following major coastal storm events, dunes often become scarped from storm waves.
			(Figure 20) Scarping is the natural process of cutting back the face of the dune as the beach is
			eroded.  Dunes which are located too far seaward will experience scarping from storms of low


							18








                                                                                                               DRAFT


                    magnitude (Figure 21). Although the general post-storm reaction o communities is to restore
                    the scarped duties to their pre-storm dimensions. there may be a need to reevaluate the
                    location of the dune area and the dune maintenance efforts. All repairs to scarped dunes
                    should continue to observe the dune's placement of 100 from the MHT line. By keeping the
                    dune location sufficiently Inland, the beach will provide a buffer and protective area, and
                    reduce future scarping. However, continued beach erosion. and sea-level rise will gradually
                    narrow the protective beachcs.
                            Following high magnitude storms, even well-maintained dunes may experience some
                    degree of scarping. If these dunes are Situated at the recommended minimum distance from
                    the MHT line, the scarped dunes should be repaired by placing short perpendicular spurs
                    into tile scarped dune followed on the seaward side by zig-zag fencing (NJDEP. 1985). After
                    a wedge of sand begins to accumulate. American beachgrass. can be planted. Within a matter
                    of months. the dune should have regained most of its natural profile.


                    Establishing Dune Buffer Areas
                            In an effort to maintain a static shoreline position, coastal dunes have often been used
                    as a type of seawall. in an attempt to intercept waves and to prevent storm surge penetration.
                    These management practices have often resulted in dunes being built within tile reach (if'
                    minor storm Waves, subjecting them to frequent scarping and eventual destruction.  An
                    alternative approach to this problem is to place the dunes farthe from the water and to
                    manage coastline in a manner that is more compatible with the natural forces that shape it.
                    As New Jersey's coastline continues to erode due to a rising sea level coupled with sediment
                    loss, coastal duties will be subject to increased scarping and erosion if they are not permitted
                    to shift inland naturally and maintain a distance from the MHT. Because the basic dune
                    processes often cause transport of sediment inland ofthe dune crest. the creation of" a buffer
                    zone at. the inland margin of the foredune supports the inland continuity of dune processes.
                    form. and habitat as the dune shifts inland. (Figure 22)
                            'Therefore,to ensure their longevity, dunes must be located a sufficient distance inland
                    of' the line and they Should have some buffer space at their inland margin (Figure 8).
                    However, because development has occurred either directly next to or on top of dune fields,
                    the creation of a buffer area Is difficult. Where possible. it Is highly desirable for communities
                    to establish a formal dune buffer area inland of tile built dune to pcrmit the inland extension of
                    the dune processes.
                            Practical dimensions for a dune. therefore. could consist of the following
                        A 100 wide berm from the MHT line to the seaward toe of the dune.
                       A 50-1 W wide dune zone. Wider dune zones Support higher  dunes which provide more
                        benefit.
                       A buffer zone 10-30' Inland of the constructed dune which provides an area for
                        extension of the dune's natural processes.










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                          Developing a Model Dune Protection and Maintenance Ordinance
                                   Almost every coastal community in New Jersey has adopted a dune protection
                          ordinance (Table 3). Many of these ordinances were passed as a result of the devastating
                          1962 nor easter that nearly destroyed every dune along the New Jersey coastline (NJDEP.
                          1984). Following the storm. local governments with
                          Federal and State support rebuilt the duties and municipalities subsequently passed
                          ordinances to protect and preserve them. Table 3 lists each coastal municipality in
                          geographical sequence and the date of the most recent revision of their dune ordinance.
                          Because many of Monmouth County's beaches are not wide enough to support coastal
                          dunes, many of the County's municipalities have not adopted dune protection ordinances.
                                         Table 3: Coastal Municipalities With Dune Ordinances
                               Municipalities                       Date of                   Municipalities                     Date of
                                                               Last Revision                                                 Last Revision


                          Monmouth County                                                 Atlantic County
                          Sea Bright                           No Ordinance               Brigantine City                        1986
                          Monmouth Beach                       No Ordinance               Atlantic City                          1989
                          Long Branch                          No Ordinance               Ventnor City                           1989
                          Deal                                 No Ordinance               Margate City                           1991
                          Allenhurst                           No Ordinance               Longport                               1996
                          Loch Arbour                          No Ordinance
                          Asbury Park City                     No Ordinance               Cape May County
                          Neptune (Ocean Grove)                No Ordinance               Ocean City                             1994
                          Bradley Beach                        No Ordinance               Upper Township                         1975
                          Avon-by-the-Sea                      No Ordinance               Sea Isle City                          1987
                          Belmar                                  1992                    Avalon                                 1970
                          Spring Lake                             1993				Stone Harbor                           1985
                          Sea Girt                                1994                    North Wildwood City                 No Ordinance
                          Manasquan                               1989                    Wildwood Crest                      No Ordinance
                                                                                          Wildwood City                       No Ordinance
                          Ocean Countv                                                    Lower Township                         1988
                          Point Pleasant Beach                    1994                    Cape May City                          1995
                          Bay Head                                1993                    Cape May Point                         1974
                          Brick                                   1988
                          Mantoloking                             1995
                          Lavallette                              1985
                          Seaside Heights                      No Ordinance
                          Seaside Park                            1988
                          Berkeley Township                       1994
                          Barnegat Light                          1994
                          Harvey Cedars                           1989
                          Surf City                               1972
                          Ship Bottom                             1994
                          Long Beach                              1994
                          Beach Haven                             1994
                          Dover Township					1981



									21
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                                                                                                                 DRAFT


                             Coastal dunes are managed and protected oil a local level. and consequently, dune
                     ordinances differ considerably from community to community.       Although municipalities
                     created ordinances with  good intentions. many of these ordinances have failed to prevent
                     dune damage or to provide clear guidance on the proper maintenance and construction of
                     dunes (NJDEP. 1984). NJDEP notes ( 1984) this is not entirely the fault of the ordinances.
                     but was also due to the lack of scicntific knowledge on dune dynamics until the early 1980's.
                     On a positive note. as further knowledge has become   available, several communities have
                     strengthened and amended tqheqir orqdinwices. As a result, their dunes provide enhanced
                     protection from the effects of storms. The following section highlights the attributes of
                                                                                                              
                     successful dune ordinances that have facilitated the preservation of dunes and have continued
                     to provide safety from storm-related flooding. 
                     Definitions
                             Defining,  the parameters of what is being regulated is a significant  aspect of an
                     effective dune  ordinance.      Without flood definitions, what is being regulated comes into
                     question. For example. most ordinances have legally defined dune areas (or building lines) as
                     a static fixed line. However. dunes naturally mityrate in response to wind, water. and other
                     elements. As a consequence of this mobility, communities may become unable to prevent
                     construction In natural dune areas that are landward of the fixed building line. The resulting
                     narrower dunes are consequenting unable to provide much protection from storm surge and
                     overwash action. Because communities are unable to redelinate dune areas without the threat
                     of a "takings" issue many communitics have not redefined the dune areas.
                             Since the 1981 Shore Master Plan a few communities have revised their ordinances to
                     provide a more scientifically-definod setback- line that acknowledges dune migration.
                     Specifically Mantoloking, Bay Head and Point Pleasant use a case by case review for the
                     Construction or renovation of residences to keep development away from the backslope of
                     the dune. The 1984 assessment of dune ordinances by NJDEP also acknowleded Long
                     Beach Township's attempts to define 150 wide beach-dune area district but a clause in the
                     ordinance has allowed houses to be built upon the dunes as long as they are 20 feet behind the
                     bulkhead line and the dune is 16 feet in height at the ocean front building line (NJDEP, 1984).
                             Whereas many ordinanccs do provide a definition of "dune areas" they fail to 
                     recognize dunes are subject to washovers and scarping which may require immediate
                     attention. Certain areas upon the dune zone may    require different upkeep practices whether
                     they need to be maintained, repaired. or created. The City of Brigantine recognizes these 
                     different management requirements by dividing      their dune area into three different dune
                     districts: Dune Maintenance District. Dune Reconstruction District. and Dune Restoration
                     District City of Brigantine  1986). Although  Brigantine does not specify dune maintenance
                     requirements in the ordinance it does supplement, the ordinance with the Dune and Shoreline
                     Management Plan, a topographical survey of the dune fields and beaches. Atlantic City is
                     another municipality that recognizes in its ordinance that dunes migrate in response to natural
                     forces.  In the definition of the Dune Development District. Atlantic City requires the
                     boundaries will be reviewed every twelve months, as well as following any storm which
                     damanges large portions of the District (Atlantic City, 1989).
                             In 1993, the New Jersey State Legislature redefined a dune when the Coastal
                                                                                                 
                     Resources and Development Policy (CAFRA 11)(N.J.A.C. 7:7E: 3.16) was amended.
                     Presently only a few communities have revised their definition to incorporate CAFRA 11's
                     new definition, for example, the Township of Berkely has revised their definition as follows:








														   DRAFT

			Dunes:  A dune is a wind or wave deposited or man-made formation of sand
		(mound or ridge), that lies generally parallel to, and landward of, the beach, and
		between the upland limit of the beach and the foot of the most inland dune slope.
		"Dune" includes the foredune, secondary, and tertiary dune ridges,as well sa man-
		made dunes, where they exist.
		1. Formation of sand immediately adjacent to beaches that are stabilized by
		retaining structures,and/or snow fences, planted vegetation, and other measures are
		considered to be dunes regardless of the degree of modification of the dune by
		wind or wave action or disturbance by development.
		2. A small mound of loose, windblown sand found in a street or on a part of a
		structure as a result of storm activity is not considered to be a "dune".
		This definition is intended to reflect the definitions set forth in CAFRA regulations
		N.J.A.C. 7:7E-3.16 as it may be amended from time to time) (Berkeley, 1994).

	Regulation of Activities
		Because dune vegetation is easily disturbed by foot traffic or other activities, dune
	ordinances regulate all activities in the dune areas which may disturb the conditions of the
	dunes.  Typically ordinances regulate construction, public access to the beach area, and the
	maintenance of dunes.  Whereas every dune ordinance regulates these activities to some
	degree, some municipalities ordinances are more effective at preventing dune degradation.
		Construction on the dune itself is prohibited by every community.  The only
	exceptions are shore protection projects such as the construction of bulkheads, jetties, or
	groins approved by NJDEP. US Army Corps of Engineers, or the municipality.
	Mantoloking and Brick have added a clause that if any of these projects impede on the natural
 	flow of sand supplementing the dunes, they will not be permitted (Mantoloking, 1995 & 
	Brick, 1988).
		In the 1984 assessment of dune ordinances, NJDEP concluded municipalities that
	permitted the use of brush type fencing (trees or shrubs) as a means of trapping sand had
	unintentioinally transformed dune fields into dumping grounds.  As a result of this finding,
	many communities climinated this form of sand fence from their ordinances.  However,
	several communities still allow dead trees and other shrubs to be used as drift fences.
		Almost every community restricts public access over dunes to prevent the
	destruction of dune vegetation or the lowering of dune height.  However only a few
	communities have addressed the problem of overwash into street-ends through walkways
	during period of high water.  Mantoloking and Bay Head recommend the use of elevated
	walkways for both public and private access to the beach.  Ocean City also tries to prevent
	overwash by recommending pathways should be constructed as zig-zag pathways angled to
	the southeast or whatever direction is at a right angle to the approaching waves in the area
	(Ocean City, 1994).  In addition, many commutes are now putting an artifical surface on
	pathways, such as roll-up side walks, plastic mats, or cordgrass to prevent the vertical
	destruction of the dune.
	Dune Maintenance
		One of the purposes of dune ordinances is to achieve the maintenance of dunes at a
	height which will provide protection from the effects of storms.  Most dune ordinances do
	not permit the lowering of dune height either through direct or indirect action of a person
	below an elevation deemed by the community.  Only a few municipalities state directly in

								
		



                                                23
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                                                                                                                 DRAFT


                     their ordinance the ideal height of dunes above Mean Sea Level.  Bay Head recommends 16
                     feet as its ideal dune height (Bay Head, 1993).  Whereas Mantoloking (1995) states the 
			   minimum height of 18 feet at the prevailing dune crestline and Long Beah (1994)
			   recommends a minimum height of 16 feet.  It should be noted the NRCS recfommends the 
			   height of dunes should be between 12 to 16 feet (Hammer et al. 1992).
				Further the NJDEP (1984) assessment of municipalites dune ordinances found many
			   communities failed to give clear guidance to either the municipality or private owners on the 
			   maintenance or growth of dunes.  Mantoloking, Ocean City, Point Pleasant, Dover, Berkeley,
			   and Brigantine are some of the communities that mandate specifications for the yearly
                     maintenance of dune vegetation. The appendix to Mantoloking's 1995 ordinance is adopted
                     from the NRCS 1992 Restoration of Sand Dunes Along the Mid-Atlantic Coast and is also a
                     good reference for dune maintenance.

                     Conclusion
                             Communities benefit form the preservation and enhancement of coastal dunes. which
			   are an important component of the natural coastal system.  Although dunes are valued for
                     their function as a natural barrier, there are many other roles and functions of dunes.  By
			   acting as a natural sand storage area for the sand sharing system, coastal dunes actively
			   exchange sand within this system.  Additionally, coastal dunes provide a habitat for diverse
    			   plant live and offer various exthetic qualities.
					Standardized procedures that assist in the general maintenance and enhancement of
			   coastal dunes can be developed on a community level.  Dune protection ordinances provide a 
			   legal mechanism for communities to develop programs that maximize the function and 
			   effectiveness of dunes.  It is important that these ordinances reflect the objectives of the
			   community's dune presercation's efforts.
					Whereas there is considerable interest in the creation of coastal dunes as part of a
			   community effort, it must be stressed that dunes do not prevent erosion and they do not
			   reverse an erosional trend.  They do offer protection from storm surge and they do contribute
			   sand to buffer the rates of shoreline displacement.  Thus, dunes act as a barrier to 
		 	   communities and reduce storm-related damage.  However, the dunes have a finite capacity to 
			   provide protection and buffering.  They may be eroded and overwhelmed by waves and
			   winds.  They may be topped by very high stom surges.  Although communities can extend
			   the protective capabilities and other qualities of dunes through maintenance programs, it is
			   likely that dunes should be considered as a short-term protective strategy that is within the 
			   capabilities of the community to perform and that will have to be repeated at some time
			   interval.
			   Acknowledgments                                   
                           MS. Marianne Shaffer, contributed greatly to an early draft of this document and the
                     collection of dune ordinances. Mr. Jason Tsai, produced the storm/beach templates. Much
                     of the  information on the National Resoucce Conservation Service were contributed by Mr.
                     Chris Miller. NRCS, Somerset, NJ.  All of the various dune protection ordinances were
                     supplied by Township clerks. A special note of appreciation is extended to all the members
                     of the Citizens Advisory Committee who collected the dune ordinances.  Figures and graphs
                     were prepared by Michael Siegel, IMCS Cartography Lab, and Michael Padula. 
                     Bibliography




                                                                      24
 








                                                                                                               DRAFT


                     Atlantic City. City of (1989). Article VII: Beach Protection Code (Ordinance # 22- 1989).
                             Atlantic City, NJ: City of Atlantic City.
                     Bay Head. City of(1993). Ordinance 1993-8: Dune and  Beach Regulation. Protection and
                             Preservation. Bay Head, NJ: Borough of Bay Head.
                     Berkeley Township ( 1994). Ordinance #94-40-oab:    Beach Protection Amendment.
                             Berkeley, NJ: Berkeley Township.
                     Belcher, C. (1986). Fertilization of American Beachgrass on  Sand Dunes. Somerset. NJ: NE
                             PMC.
                     Board of Commerce and Navigation. (1930) Report on the Erosion and Protection of the New
                             Jersey Beaches. Trenton, NJ.
                     Brick Township of (1988) Chapter 134:Dune Preservation Ordinance. Brick, NJ:
                             Township of Brick.
                     Brigantine, City of. (1986) Ordinance #7 of 1986: An Ordinance Modifying Ordinance # 28
                             of 1981. Brigantine, NJ: City of brigantine.
                     Gares, P.K. Nordstrom and N. Psuty. ( 1982). Coastal Dunes: Their Function, Delineation.
                             and Management. Trenton. NJ: NJDEP.
                     Hamer, D. Cluster B. and C. Miller (1992) Restoration of Sand Dunes along the Mid-
                             Atlantic Coast. Dept. of Agriculture: Sumerset, NJ.
                      Hotta S., Kraus, N.,and Horiiwaka M.A., (1987) "Function of Sand Fences in Controlling
                             Wind-Blown Sand". Coastal Sediments '87. 1, pp. 772-787,
                     Janin. L. F. (1987). "Simulation of sand accumulation and fences."Coastal Sediments.
                             202-212.
                     Long Beach Township (1994). Ordinance #94-16C. Long, Beach. NJ: Long Bcach Township.
                     Mantoloking. City of. (1995). Ordinance #348: Beach and Dune Protection.Mantoloking,
                             NJ: Borough fo Mantoloking
                     New Jersey Department of Enviromental Protection (1985). Guidelins and
                             Recommendations for Coastal Dune Restoration and Creation Projects. Trenton, NJ:
                             NJDEP.
                     New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (1984). Assessment of: Dune and Shore
                             Protection Ordinances in New Jersey. NJDEP: Trenton
                     New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (1994) Hazard Mitigation Plan for New
                             Jersey DR-973-NJ. Trenton, NJ: State of New Jersey: Office of Emergency
                             Management.
                     New Jersey State Legislator (1993). P.L. 1993 c. 190 CAFRA. Trenton, NJ office of 
                             Administrative Law.
                     Ocean City, City of.(1994) Beachfront Construction and Maintenance Plan. Ocean City, 
                             NJ: City of Ocean City. 
                     Psuty, N.P. and Piccola, T.A. (1991). Foredune Profile Changes,  Fire Island. New York.
                             Rutgers University: Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, 39 pp.
                     Psuty, N.P. ed. (1988). Dune /Beach Interaction Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue No.
                               3 pp 136. 
                     U.S. Natural Resource Conservatin Service (1996). Initial Evaluation of Sea Oats (Uniola
                             Paniculata)Somerset, NJ: Soil Conservation Service. 
                     U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service (1995). Plant Source from Cape May PMC.
                             Cape May. NJ: Soil Conservation Service.




                                                                     25
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                                                                                                                  DRAFT


                      Appendix A: Model Coastal Dune Protection Ordinance

                              Dune ordinances provide a legal mechanism  for communities to establish and maintain certain
                      levels of public safety from the effects of coastal storms.  By adopting strong dune ordinances.
                      communities can develop dune maintenance programs which preserve, restore. and enhance their
                      dunes. The following model dune ordinance was created from existing dune oridances to assist
			    communities reassess and create these dune protection ordinances.  Anything italicized is a change to
                      an original ordinance; otherwise the muncipality is noted.


                      1. Purpose:
                      I . Although there may be no economical long-term defencse for fixed oceanfron structures against a
				  constantly rising ocean level and a decreasing sediment supply , there are methods of effective
				  protection of the ocean front and adjacent coastal areas in the short and middle term against
				  oceanside storm surges and flooding.  A well-develope dune system provides elevation and 
				  breadth to create a level of safty from the effects of the ocean and related hazards.  A well-
				  developed, coherent coastal foredune will provide an uninterrupted storm surge barrier and a 
				  source of sand to mitigate the effect of the storm  waves for the benifit of the entire town, island as
                          well as oceanfront  properties.  Accordingly, the borough has a vital interest in the continued
				  maintenance and protection of the ocean beach and dune areas  and has the right to cause their
				  restoration in the event of damage or destructino.(mantoloking)

                      2.  Occan and bayfront dunes are dynamic valuable physical features of the  natural environment
                          possessing outstanding geological, recreational, scenic. and protective value.         Protection and
                          preservation of the coastal dunes is vital to this and succeding generations of the citizens of the 
                          City and the State. The dunes are dynamic migrating  natural phenomena that help protect lives
                          and propery in adjacent  landward areas, and they buffer barrier Islands, and barrier beach spits
                          from the effect of major natural coastal hazards such as hurricanes, storms, flooding, and erosion.
                          Natural dune systems also provide important habitat for wildlife species.(Brigantine)

                       3. Sand dunes are Vulnerable to erosion by the natural process of the wind, and water, as well as the 
                          absence of good hushundry by those responsible for their maintance and preservation.  The
                          best available means of protection said dunes against erosion is by preventing indiscriminate
                          trespassing, construction, or other acts which might destroy or damage said dunes and by
                          encouraging the use of native planting, supplemented by sand fencing and other devices
                          designed to reduce  the free-blowing of sand and to support athe maintance  of the surface
                          tensions, root accumulations,nomal contours and other features typical in           natural dunes.
                          (Brigantine)


                      4.  The immediate dune and beach area are not capable of rigid definition or delincation or of 
				  completely firm stabilization, so that particular sites, at the time free of dunes, may, as a result of
				  natural forces, become part of the dune area necessary for the continuation of the protection
				  outlined above, and persons purchasing or owning such property shall do so subject to the public
				  interest therein. (Brigantine)






                                                                       2 6
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                                                                                                              DRAFT


                     5.  This Ordinance does not attempt to define and regulate all parameters of dune delineation,
                         Function or management and the Borough Council declares its intent to review and update this
                         Ordinance periodically to reflect appropriately new and beneficial knowledge. (Mantoloking)

                     6.  In view of the fact that the Bar-Beach-Dune System provides the only viable protection to
                         property, public and private. and persons within the Borough,from the clearly present hazards
                         of erosion and flooding caused by the Atlantic Ocean during periods of storm, and otherwise,  all
                         of the  provisions of this Ordinance are deemed necessary, material, and substantial, and therefore,
                         they shall no tbe subject to vaiver the variance.(Mantoloking)            I



                     III. Definitions:
                     Accretion: Includes the accumulation of sediment by natural or human-induced means on the beach
                             area, "Natural accretion" is the buildup of land solely by action of the forces of nature on a
                             beach by deposition of waterborne or airborne material. "Artificial accretion" is a similar
                             buildup of land by reason of a human act, such as accretion formed by a breakwater or
                             beachfill deposited by mechanical means. (Atlantic City, Brigantine)
                     Beach Area: Shall mean gently sloping unvegetated areas of sand or other unconsolidated material
                             that extends landward from teh mean high water line to either; the vegetation line;a man-made
                             feature generally parallel to the ocean or bay such as a retaining structure, bulkhead or road, or
                             the seaward (bayward) foot of dunes, whichever  is closest to the ocean or bay waters
                             (Barnegat Light)
                     Development Restricion Line: An artificial boundary delineating the extreme limit of allowable
                             development along the shore inland of the existing dune feilds and beaches (Brigantine)
                     Dunes: A dune is a wid and wave deposited or man-made formation of sand (mound or ridge),
                             that lies generally parallel to, and landward of the beach, and between the upland limit of the
                     beach and the foot of the most inland dune slope.  "Dune" includes the foredune, secondary, and
                     tertiary dune ridges, as well as man-made dunes, were tehy exist.
                             1. A formation of sand immediately inland from the  the beaches which is stabilized by
                             retaining Structures, and/or snow fences, planted vegetation, and other measures are
                             considered  to be dunes regardless of the  degree of modification of the dune by wind or
                             wave action or disturbance by development.
                             2. A small mound of loose, windblown sand found in a street or on a part of a structure as a
                             result of storm activity is not considered to be a "dune". (This definition is intended to
                             reflect the definitions set forth in CAFRA regulations N.J.A.C. 7;7E-3.16 as it may be
                             amended from time to time). (Berkeley)
                     Dune Area: area between the seaward edge of the dune and the landward edge ot the Dune. This
                             shall include all areas within the following districts: Dune Maintence District, Dune
                             Restoration District, and Dune Reconstruction District. (Brigantine) This area is
                             considered to have dynamic boundaries which move in response to seasonal winds and
                             storms. Consequently. the boundaries shall be reviewed every twelve months and
                             following any storm which damages large portions of the Dune Area.  The boundary
                             review process will be conducted by the City Council, the Department of Public Works and
                             Resources. (Atlantic City)
                     Dune Crest: the point or line where the dune's highest evevation is located. (Brigantine)


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                                                                                                                  DRAFT


                      Dne Consultant: shall mean an expert on dunes and their care retained by the Borough. In any,
                              periods which no such expert is regularly retained, it shall mean such other person
                              designated by the Borough Council. (Mantoloking)
                      Dune Inspector(s): shall mean that person or those persons appointed by the Mayor with the
                              consent of the Borough Council. (Mantoloking)
                      Dune Maintenance District: An artificially designated area delineating dune fields containing one or
                              more dune ridges and having a width greater than 300 feet. The dune surface is stabilized by
                              natural vegetation. (Brigantine)
                      Dune Restoration District: An artifically designated  area delineating a dune field containing one or
                              more dune ridges which may be discontinuous between the beach and upland structures and
                              having a width of less than 300 feet. (Brigantine)
                      Dune Reconstruction District: An artificial area delineating a discontinuous dune field or beach area
                              without dunes, poorly developed, unstable and less than 75 feet in width. (Brigantine)
                      Dune and Shoreline Map: a topagraphic survey of dune fields and beaches delineating the 
                              following districts: Dune Maintenance District, Dune Restoration, District, and Dune
                              Reconstruction District. The survey will contain, but not be limited to the following
                              information: the dune crestline, dune ridges, and the landward and seaward edge of the 
                              dunes. The Map shall be reviewed every twelve months and following any storm which
                              damages large portions of the Dune Area,  ( modified combinations of Brigantine and                                          
                              Atlantic City)
                      Dune Vegetation: shall include all plant species found on beaches and dunes notheastern U.S.,
                              either native or introduced. which can build and stabilize sand dunes. Specifically, it shall
                              include. but not be limited to, such species as American beachgrass (Ammophila
                              breviligulata). sea rocket (Cakile edentula), seaside spurge (Euphorbia polygonifolia), dune
                              cordgrass (Spartina patens), seaside goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens), dusy miller
                              salt spry rose (Rose rugasa), beach plum (Prunus maritima), etc., which normally grow or
                              may be planted on the soples of the dunes or behind them, with no distinction being made as
                              to how such plants are introduced into their location. (Mantoloking)
                     Erosion:   The wearing away of land by the action of natural forces.  On a beach, the carrying away
                              of beach materials by wave action, tidal currents, littoral currents or by deflation.
                              (Brigantine)
                      Landward Edge of the Dune: si the lind joining the average Landward Edge of the Dune of the 
                              adjoining oceanfront properties, or a line parallel to and 60 feet west of the Seaward Edge of
                              the Dune, whichever is more westerly. (Mantoloking)
                      Mean High Water Line: is the line found by the intersection of a plan at the evelation of Mean
                              High Water with the existing slope of tile beach. (Mantoloking)
                      Mean Sea Level: shall mean the average height of the sea surface, based on observation of all
                              stages of the tide over a ninteen-year period in the United States.
                      Pathway: is an imporved, protective access way, at the grade across the dune (Mantoloking)
                      Person: natural persons, partnerships, firms, associations, joint-stock companies, syndicates and
                              corporations and any receiver, trustee, conservator or other jofficer appointed pursuant to
                              law or by any court, state or federal. "Person" also means the state of New Jersey,
                              counties, municipalities, authorities, other political subdivisions and all departments and
                              agencies within the aforementioned governmental  entities. (Atlantic City)



                                                                        28
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                                                                                                                    DRAFT


                      Sand Fence: shall include the term "snow fence" of a barricade type extablished in the line or a
					    pattern to accumulate sand and aid in the formation of a dune, such as picket type
					    consisting of light wooden fence, 4 feet in height, held together by wire and affixed to
					    wooden posts. Alternate types of "sand fence" may be utilized if  approved by the Dune
					    Consultant. (Mantoloking)
                      Seaward Edge of Dune: is the intersection line of the foreslope of the dune and the gradient of the
					Beach Area or Vegetation Line, or the Upper Driftline, whichever it the more easterly.
					(Bay Head)
                      Setback Line: is the line ofthe most westward margin of the Landward Edge of the Dune Area. The
						setback line is delineated on the Dune and Shoreline Map.  This Area is considered to have
						dynamic boundaries which move in response to seasonal winds and storms.  Consiquently
						the boundaries shall be reviewed every five (5) years.
                      Upper Driftline: is that line produced by the Winter Spring Tides (highest tides of the year) which
						contains oceanic debris (flotsam such as seaweed, etc.) and the seeds, rhizomes, or
						detached plants which can germinate and/or grow to produce a zone of new dune vegetation.
						(Mantoloking)
                      Vegetation Line: is that line connecting the most seaward naturally occurring perennial plants with
                              other such plants. (Mantoloking)
                      Walkway: a constructed means of crossing tile dune area in accordance with approval by tile
                              Township. (Brick)



                      III. Permitted and Prohibited Activities:
                      Construction: Construction seaward of the Landward Edge of the Dune and the placement there,
                      except temporarily, of any object that would impede the flow of sand are  prohibited, except as
                      provided in this Ordinance and in accordance with any CAFRA regulations, the Land Use Ordinance
                      of the Borough with the following exceptins (Mantoloking):

                      1. Dune management programs designed to either maintain, restore, or reconstruct dune fields such
				 as supplemental planting or natural vegetation, placement of sand fences, construction of artifical
				 dunes of berms or  any other programs that may be authorized through written approval.
				 (Brigantine)

                      Dune Platforms: Although Dune Platforms are not recommend because they affect dune stability
                      and sand transport, some communities do permit them. Therefore the following is to serve as a guide
                      to communities which already permit dune platforms to ensure there is a limited amount of
                      disturbance to tile dunes.


                      1 . Each oceanfront shall be allowed a "dune platform" not to exceed 200 sauare feet, situated
                          within the dune area and specifically located and delineated by the owner of the premises. The
                          dune platform shall, in all events, be maintained in the same fashion and subject to the same 
                          regulations as may govern use of pathways and  walkways.
                      2.  The specifications for a dune platform call for neither length or width greater than 18 feet, an
                          elevation of at least 18 inches above any point of sand surface, supporting post 4x4 beams no
                          greater than 6 inches in vertical section, handrails no more than 2 inches in vertical section.




                                                                        29
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                                                                                                                   DRAFT


                          planking shall be no more than 4" in width installed with at least a 16% gap area in order to
                          permit dune grass to grow underneath:
                       3.  The permit application for a Dune Platform is to be accompainied by a sketch, to scale, showing 
                         that is is at least 10 feet to landward of the of mapped current Dune Crestline. The sketh may be
                          prepared by the Dune Inspector.
                       4.  Whenever the dune builds to the point that a part of the dune platform surface is less than 6
                          inches above the sand surface with 5 feet, that platform shall be raised or rebuilt.Raising an
                          existing dune platfore does not require a permit. Reconstruction of a dune platform shall be
                          subject to issuance of a permit. ( Combinatin of Matolking and Point Pleasant)

                       Sand Removal: Sand which is transported upon lands by action of wind, tides, storms, or any
                       combination thereof shall not be removed from the  lot upon which it is deposited by such action.
                       Surplus sand deposited upon any improved street ends shall be restored into tile Beach and Dune
                       area. (Mantoloking)

                       Trespassing:
                       1. No person shall be In the Dune Area unless:
                              (a) upon an improved Pathway. Walkway or Dune Platform: or
                              (b) in the performance of such activities as may be reasonable and necessarily required to
                              construct or maintain the dune or allowed structures: or
                              (c) for the purposes of inspection, topographical survey, or enforcement of this Ordinance,
                              entry for these purposes will not be deemed an actionable trespass(Mantoloking)2.
                        2.  No person shall operate a motor vehicle across or upon any Dune Area except as may be
                              necessitated for allowed construction or for dune maintenance. (Buy Head)

                       Tampering with Dune Protection Devices:
                       1. The removal, cutting, burning or destruction of Dune Vegetation, Sand Fences, or such other
                          types of approvcd dune protection devices by the Borough Council in the Dune area Is
                          prohibited, except as necessary for construction or maintenance authorized pursuant to this
                          ordinance. (Mantoloking)
                    2.	  Placement of nonliving trees, brush, shrubs, or other debris in the dune area or beach i s
				prohibited. (Atlantic City) 
                                                         
                       Dune Systems Creation and Expansion:
                       Beach Access:
                       During storms and levels of high water, pathways are often weak links in the coastal dude ridge and
			     become sites of overwash and beaches. Allowing a proliferation of man-made structures over the
			     dunes  is also aesthetically displeasing and unnecessary.  Therefore, the Borough shall restrict beach
			     access to street ends where feasible.  Dune Pathways and steps to permit access across teh dunes or
			     harms to the open beach without damage to the dunes themselves shall be permitted under the 
			     following conditions:

                       1. Access to the beaches and dune fields in all districts delineated by the Dune and Shoreline Map
				  shall be limited to those accessways shown on the Dune and Shoreline Map.  No accessways
                          across a dune field shall be constructed by a private owner without a permit issued by the
                          Borough. (Brigantine) No walkways or steps, or combination thereof, shall be approved nor

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                                                                                                                             DRAFT


                            constructed to grant access to the beach on or across any lot, which lot has a boundary line or lot
				    line adjacent to a public stree, alley, or easement giving access to the open beach. (Long Beach)
				2.  One pathway or walkway across the dune area is permitred for each residence.  It shall run,
				    generally, the shortest practical course between the residence and the seaward edge of the dune, 
				    and shall not exceed four feet in width.  (Bay Head) At streetend, 10' walkways may be delineated
				    which are angled to the southeast.  A  zig-zag or offset in the path is preferable as the dune area
				    widens.  These offsets are necessary to reduce direct overwash through the gap in the dunes.
				3.  In the even that any pathway or walkway shall be or become, in the opinion of the Dune
				    Consultant or Inspector, a substantial detriment to the developement and maintenance of the 
				    continuous protective dune sought to e achieved by this ordinance, the owner of the premise
				    shall be subject to provisions of the Permit section of this ordinance. (Bay Head)
				4. A walkway is exempt from any provisions requiring a construction permit provided that it does
				   not extend westward of the landward Edge of the Dune or to the eastward of the seaward edge
				   of the dunee; is at least four inches above the highest point of the Dune over which it passes;is
				   not wider than four feet; provided at least 16% of the walkway surface as gap space between the
				   walkway surface boards in order to permit dun grass to grow underneath; has a walkway surface
				   including lateral supporting members with a vertical cross-section of not more than five inches.
				   (Bay Head)
				5.  Where an elevated walkway is constructed and sand has accreted to a point where the walkway is 
				    on the surface of the san  at the dune crest and is below the adjacent crest, the natural accretion
			          of the dune is impede, unless the dune height exceeds the acceptable dune height.  In such case,
				    the Dune Inspector shall serve written notice, cerified by mail return receipt requested, upon teh
				    record owner westward of the dune at his last known address, directing that the walkway be
				    raised in compliance with the standards of this ordinance and if the walkway is not raised within
				   a period of six months from the date of such notice, the Borough may raise the walkway at the
				   expense of the owner.  In such case, the cost of construction shall become a lein on the real
				   property situated immediately westward of the Dune. (Bay Head)
   				6. If an elevated walkay is not used to access the ocean , the pathway shall be protected by placing
			         suitable material on the sand surface, be removed when the premises are not occupied. The 
				  depth of a crestline gap is the vertical destance between the bottom of the pathway through the
				   crest of the dune and a line connecting the highest points fo the dune with 20 feet on either side
				   of the pathway (Mantoloking) The construction of elevated walkways over the crest of the dune
				   is encouraged to preserve the Dune Area (Bay Head) If  the crestline gap depth is two feet or
				   more at any time , the pathway shall be replaced by an elevated walkway (mantoloking)

				Dune Dimensions:  One of the purposes of thsi ordinance is to achieve the maintance of sand dunes
				at the highest level of protection from erosion and the effects of coastal storms.  To this end no dune		
				shall be directly or indirectly reduced in height or width by the action or inaction of any owner or 
				his/he agent. However , if any dude shall be or become lower or narrowe than the dimensions
				deemed materially significant by the Dune  Consultant applying recognized criteria wiht due regard
				to the intent of this ordinance and reasonable use of the premise, the owner thereof shall be obliged to
				install Sand Fence and planting in accordance with the specifications set forth in this ordinance
				at his/her expense.  The owner shall have an obligation to maintain and replace, if necessary, such
				fences and planting.  In such case, the cost of construction shall become a lien on the real property
				siniate immediately landward of the dune. the dimensions of the dune area shall be as follows:



                                                                             3 1
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                                                                                                                        DRAFT


                         1. Dunes should be located on the order of 100 feet landward of the Mean High Tide (MHT) line.
                         2. The slope of a dune should be maintained at a 1.5 (vertical horizontal)Slope.
                         3. The height/width ration should be maintained at 1.10
                         4. Dunes will be maintained at a minimum elevation of fourteen feet (14') above mean sea level at
				    the bulkhead line at an elevation of sixteen feet (16') above mean sea level at the oceanfront
				    buildin line.

                         Dune Vegetation and Planting: In order to provide for effective protection and/or restoration of the
                         dune areas, each owner shall plant or cause to he planted in the Dune Area adjoining his property
                         Suitable vegetation and erect, or cause to be erected, in the Dune Area, suitable sand fencing all in
                         accordance with the specifications set forth in this ordinance and in conformance with the current
                         standards fo the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (Brick)

                         1  For inital planting, or replanting sparse areas. "Cape" American beachgrass (Ammophila
                            breviligulata) Should be used. The entire Dune Area shall be planted.
                         2. Planting may take place any time between October 15th and April 1st, if the ground is not
                            frozen. Spring planting should he accompanied by frequent watering. Initial and subsequent
                            fertilization is recommended at the rate of about 2 pounds  of slow-release 10- 10- 10 per 1000
                            square fleet.
                         3. Only fresh   planting stock cut back to 16-18 inches long, shall be utilized. Spacing shall be no
                            greater than 18 inches, two stems to a hole, at least      7 inches deep, If not planted with a water
                            flooding method,  the sand shall be compacted by rains before planting is commenced to eliminate
                            any airpockets.
                         4. After beachgrass has been established, other appropriate vegetation may be added. (Mantoloking)


                         Sand Fencing:
                         1 .Fencing shall be standard 4-foot wood sand (snow) fence in good condition, secured to wooden
                            posts of a minimum cross-section of 4 square inches and a minimum length of 6-1/2 feet, with
                            maximum span between posts of 12 feet. Alternate fencing, as approved by the Dune Inspector
                            with advice of the Dune Consultant, prior to installation, may be utilized.
                         2. There shall be at least two lines of fencing the length of the Dune Area of each property. At least
                            one line of fencing should be in a zig-zag    pattern with alternate posts offset by at least 5 feet.
                            Half-height fencing may be used on the dune back.
                         3. A straight (or zig-zag) line of fencing may be erected adjacent to the seaward toe of the dune to
                            prevent incursion into the dune area, but if it is more than 3 feet to seaward, a permit is required
                            and such fencing must be removed during the winter months.(mantolking)
                         4. The construction of fencing along the western limits of the backshore and dunes areas and
                            provide or require suitable markings to identify the dune area is permited to prevent damage to
                            the dunes or berms from indiscriminate passage. (Beach Haven)

                         Repairing and Maintaining Coastal Dunes:
                         Vegetation Maintenance: Fertilizaton should be applied each spring after regrowth begins to 
                         established dune vegetation. Yearly fertilization for maintenance should not exceed 50 lb of nitrogen
				 breviligula will be replanted following the specifications set forth by the U.S. Natural Resources 
                         Conservation Service.



                                                                           3 2
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                                                                                                                    DRAFT



                      Signage: Due to the transient population of a summer resort, it is necessary to remind visitors that
                      the dunes are fragile and it is illegal  to walk on them. Signs must be placed to notify and educate
                      beach users; consideration should      be given to placing some signs right on the sand fencing. (Ocean
                      City)

                      Fixing Blowouts: Blow-outs in the  dune system will be  repaired by placing a sand fence between the
                      existing dune parts. One or more fences may be required. It is essential to tie the ends of the fence  
			    into the existing dune to keep the wind from whipping aroudn the ends
                  
                      Dune Replenishment: The municipality shall not undertake any mechanical manipulation, including
                      but not limited to bulldozing, grading and scraping, of the beach and dune area unless written
                      authorization is received From the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of
                      Coastal Resources (Brick)


                      Permits:
                               1 ) A permit shall not he required for the planting of dune grass or other appropriate
                      vegetation, or for the erection of sand fencing or the placement of temporary walkway protection in
                      the Dune area in compliance with approved standards set forth in this Ordinance. All other                     
                      construction, modification, alterations, or like activity in the Dune area, unless specifically exempted
                      in this Ordinance, shall require that the owner or his/her agent obtain a Dune Area Permit. Activities
                      requiring a Permit include but are not limited to elevated walkways, dune platforms, and the
                      placement of sand fencing more than 3 feet seaward of the Seaward Edge of the Dune. All permits
                      are subject to revocation, suspension or modification in the event of changed site conditions, as                                                                 
                      determined by the Dune Inspector with advise of the Dune Consultant. The permittee or any agent
                      shall promptly, Upon request, allow any Borough official to examine the permit or a certified true
                      copy thereof at any time.
                              2) The Dune Inspector shall make periodic Inspections and shall provide written advice to
                      owners. These writings shall not be deemed as notice of violations of this Ordinance, but shall be
                      maintained as part of the record for the Subject property and may be considered by the Court in the
                      imposition of penalty upon conviction under any Subsequent complaint for violation of this
                      Ordinance. Further, the Dune Inspector shall coordinate his or her efforts with those of the Dune
                      Consultant(s) to the end that the purposes of this ordinance may be achieved. (Mantoloking)

                              Conditions for Issuance of Permit: No such permit shall be issued without a determination
                      by tile City Engineer, based upon an inspection of the area involved, that such removal sand will
                      not create or increase a danger or hazard to life or property.           No permit will be granted if the 
                      proposed moving or displacement will:
                      1 . Adversely affect the littoral drift in the districts delineated by the Dune and Shoreline Map or
                          other municipalities within this reach
                      2.  Result in a reduction of dune protection as provided for in the Dune and Shoreline Map.
                      3.  Interfere with the general configuratin of the districts as delineated by the Dune and Shoreline
                          Map.
                      4   Otherwise substantially impair or interfere wiht the inten tand purpose and objectives of this
                          ordinance. (Brigantine)
 







                                                                                                               DRAFT



                    Enforcement:
                            The Borough Dune Inspector or, in his absence, the Chief of Police and in all events the
                    Borough Council shall enforce the affirmative duty of each ocean front owner, as set forth in this
                    Ordinance. Owners have 30 days after receiving a written notice to begin to comply with the
                    ordinance or they will  be subject to pay the cost with interest at the highest legal rate via a lien on the
                    property. (Mantoloking)

                    Violations and Penalties:
                            For each and every violation of this Ordinance, the regulation or standards set forth in the
                    Ordinance, or the terms and conditions of any permitted issued hereunder, the owner of lands
                    abutting the beach or Dune Area where such violation has been committed, or the trespasser and any
                    contractor or agent fo the owner shall for each and ever violation be subject  to a fine of not more
                    than one thousand dollars ($1000) or imprisonment for a term not to exceed ninety (90) days, or
                    both, at the discretion of the Court having jurisdictin in this matter. Each and every day that a
                    violation continues shall be considered a separate offense. (Bay Head)



































                                                                      34
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                                                                                                               DRAFT


                     Appendix B: Suppliers of Dune Veggetation in the New.Jersey, New York,
                                                         and Delaware Re2ion

                              Ammophilla breviligulata (American beachgrass)


                     Gre- Bunting                                                    Steve & Phd DUbreviHe
                     Cape Farins                                                     Old Cellar Creek Farms
                     RD #l, Box   E 134A                                             801 N. Shore Road
                     Lewes. DE, 19958                                                Beeseivs Pt.. NJ 08223
                     Phone: (302) 94-5-1840                                          Phone: (609) 390-0806 (111id)

                     Church's GrcQnhousc. &NUrsery                                   Peat & Solls
                     522 Seashore Road                                               32 Old C0Un1rV Road
                     Cape May, NJ 08204                                              West Hampton. NY 11977
                     Mauriectown. NJ 0832"                                           Phone: (516) 288-3458
                     Plione: (609) 884-3927

                     Gary Timberinan                                                 Phil Clarkson
                     RD h' L Box 180                                                 P.O. Box 3@7
                     Bridueton, NJ 08.)02                                            I'Llckahoe. NJ 082-50
                     Phone (609) 451-242-21                                          Phone: (609) 628-2-406

                     11. R. TaIrria,",c & Soil                                       Judy Ord
                     Attn: Ellen Talmage I-riar*s Farm                               1145 Fathom Road
                     36 Sound Avenue. RFD -fl                                        Manallawkin. NJ 0,3050
                     Riverhead. NY 11901
                     Phone: 016) 72'7-0124

                     Coastal Nurserics, hic.
                     .,\rnold Clemenson
                     P.O. Box 42
                     MaUricctown. NJ 08327
                     Phone: (609) 476-3903
                     Fax: (609) 476-1003


                     'AVALON' Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordurass)


                     Church's Greenhouse & Nurserv                                   Don Knezick
                     522 Seashore Road                                               Pitielands NLirserv
                     Capc May, NJ 08204                                              RRI, Box 12 Island Road
                     Phone: (609) 884-3927                                           ColumbLis, NJ 08022
                                                                                     Phone. (609) 291-9486

                     Coastal Nurseries. hic.                                         Peat & Sons
                     Arnold Clemenson                                                32 Old COUntry Road
                     P.O. Box 42                                                     West Hampton, NY 11977
                     Matiricetown. N`J 08-,27                                        Phone: (5i6) 288-3458
                     11hone: (609) 476-190',
                     J.'ax: (609) 476-3903

                     11. R. Talmage & Soil
                     ,,Nttti: Ellen Tainia,-,e Friar's F.11-111



                                                                     3 5







                                                                                                                DRAFT


                     36 Sound Avenue, RFD # 1
                     Riverhead, NY 11901
                     Pone: (516) 727-0124

                     'BAYSHORE'Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)

                     Peat & Sons                                                     Coastal Nurseries, Inc.
                     32 Old Country Road                                             Arnold Clemenson
                     West Hampton, NY 11977                                        P.0. Box 42
                     Phone: (516) 288-3458                                          Mauricetown, NJ 08327
                                                                                     Phone: (609) 476-3903
                                                                                     Fax: (609) 476-390
                     H. R. Talmage & Son
                     Attn: Ellen Talmage Friar's Farm
                     36 Sound Avenue, RFD #1
                     Riverhead, NY 11901
                     Phone: (516) 727-0124

                     'EMERALD SEA'Juniperus conferta (shore juniper)


                     Rhodo-Lake Nursery                                             Centerton Nurseries
                     Rolland DcWilde                                                 RD #5. Route 553
                     RD # 1                                                         Brideton, NJ 08302
                     Bridgton, NJ 08302                                             Phone: 455-0926
                     Phone: (609) 451-5877

                     Mike Callis                                                     Ferruci Nurseries
                     Woodbourne Cultural Nursery                                     Piney Hollow Road &
                     301 Colonial Spring Road                                      Victoria Avenue
                     Melville, NY 11747                                              Newfield. NJ 08344
                     Phone: (718) 343-6400                                           Phone: (609) 697-1950
                            (516) 249-2320

                     'OCEAN VIEW' Prunus maritima (beachplum)

                     Coastal Nurseries. Inc.                                         Robert Ott
                     Arnold Clemenson                                               209 Old Cranberry Road
                     P.O. Box 42                                                     Cranberry, NJ 08512
                     Mauricetown, NJ 08327                                         Phone: (609) 395-1366
                     Phone: (609) 476-3903
                     Fax: (609) 476-3903

                     Hess Nurseries, Inc.                                          Pinelands Nursery
                     P.0. Box 326                                                   RR1. Box 12, Island Road
                     Cedarville, NJ 08311                                            Colunbus, NJ 08022
                     Phone: (216) 259-5571                                         Phone: (609) 291-9486

                     Peat & Soils                                                    Sepers Nursery
                     32 Old Country Road                                             1003 Columbia Ave
                     West Hampton, NY 11977                                       Newfield. NJ 08344
                     Phone: (516) 288-3458                                         Phone: (609) 691-0597




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"SANDY" Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose)

Coastal Nurseries, Inc.						Erie Perennial Farm
Aronld Clemenson							Atten: Terry O'Brien
P.O. Box 42								3052 Kulp Road
Mauricetown, NJ 08327						Eden, NY 14057
Phone: (609) 476-3903						Phone: (716) 992-9466
Fax: (609) 476-3903						

Peat & Sons								Sepers Nursery
32 Old Country Road						1003 Columbia Ave
West Hampton, NY 11977						Newfield, NJ 08344
Phone: (516) 288-3458						Phone: (609) 691-0597

Springfield Nursery, Inc. 
490 Mountian Avenue
Springfield, NJ 07081
Phone: (201) 379-5811

"WILDWOOD" Myrica pensylvanica (bayberry)

Coastal Nurseries, Inc.						Robert Ott
Arnold Clemenson							209 Old Cranberry Road
P.O. Box 42								Cranberry, NJ 08512
Mauricetown, NJ 08327						Phone: (609) 395-1366
Phone: (609) 476-3903						
Fax: (609) 753-1160						

Arrowwood Nursery, Inc.						Crowshaw Nursery
P.O. Box 418C							Mill Lane, P.O. Box 339
Malaga Road								Columbus, NJ 08022
Williamstown, NJ 08094						Phone: (609) 298-0477
Phone: (609) 753-1160

Hess Nurseries, Inc.						Pinelands Nursery
P.O. Box 326							RRI, Box 12, Island Road
Cedarville, NJ 08311						Columbus, NJ 08022
Phone: (216) 259-5571						Phone: (609)291-9486

Peat & Sons								Sepers Nursery
32 Old Country Road						1003 Columbia Ave
West Hampton, NY 11977						Newfield, NJ 08344
Phone: (516) 288-3458						Phone: (609) 691-0597

Springfield Nursery, Inc.
490 Mountian Avenue
Springfield, NJ 07081
Phone: (201) 379-5811

Adopted from: Natural Resource Conservation Service. (1995) Plant Source from Cane May PMC, Somerset.

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