[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





























                                                                                         STATUUS AND TRENDS, 1970's TO 1980's
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                              THE AUTHORS

                              W. E. Frayer is Dean of the School of Forestry
                              and Wood Products at Michigan Technological
                              University. He specializes in natural resources
                              survey design and analysis.

                              J. M. Hefner coordiriatcs the National Wetlands
                              Inventory in the Southeast Region of the U. S.
                              Fish and Wildlife Service.



                              ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

                              Special thanks for contributing to various parts of
                              this study are given to H. Ross Pywell and Tom
                              Dahl, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

                              Many individuals from Martel Laboratories, Inc.
                              were responsible for photo interpretation, map                   tNT Of ,
                              production, and change analy is. Principal among
                                                          S
                              these is Keith Patterson. The work of all of them
                              is greatly appreciated.

                              Funding support from the U. S. Army Corps of
                              Engineers is gratefully acknowledged.                        U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                                                                                           Southeast Region
                              Cover photograph: Color infrared aerial view of              Atlanta, Georgia
                              area south of Naples, showing dredge andfill
                              development ofMarco Island and nearby islands
                              Front Cover Inset: Anbinga
                              T. CAWLEY
                              Back Cover Inset.- Aerial view of Marco Island
                              S FLA WATER MGMT, D ST







                                                  Wet
                                                     STATUS AND TRENDS, 1970's TO 1980's



                                                     by W. E. Frayer and J.M. Hefner


                                                     September, 1991




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         1-99USTRINE EMERGENT
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             'HAS. SC 2940,8-2623







                               Highlights



                               Florida encompasses an area of 39.5 million                 Agricultural lands increased by 528,500 acres.
                               acres, including offshore areas involved in this         This resulted in a net loss of wetlands as well as
                               study. Total acreage of wetlands and deepwater           thousands of acres originally not classed as
                               habitats in the mid-1970's was 15,821,700 acres,         wetlands or deepwater habitats.
                               and in the mid-1980's it was 15,584,600 acres.
                               The loss between the mid-1970's and mid-                    Urban and other forms of development
                               1980's represents an average annual net loss of          accounted for 2,522,100 acres in the mid-
                               23,710 acres.                                            1970's. In the mid-1980's thcv accounted for
                                                                                        3,073,700 acres, a net gain of 551,600 acres.
                                  There were 11,298,600 acres of wetlands in            Most of this increase involved lands not originally
                               the mid-1970's and 11,038,300 acres in the mid-          classed as wetlands or deepwater habitats.
                               1980's, a net loss of 260,300 acres. Average
                               annual net loss was 26,030 acres. Almost all of
                               the loss was the result of conversion of wetlands
                               to agriculture (175,100 acres) and urban and
                               other forms of development (66,000 acres).
                                                                                                                           Suwannee River

                                                                                                                           RIVERINE SYSTEM







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                                                                                    Contents




                                                                                    Highlights        ............................................2
                                                                                    Introduction          ........................................5

                                                                                    Historical Background               ..........................7
                                                                                    Classification System             ............................9
                                                                                    Survey Procedures             .............................. 13

                                                                                    Results      ............................................... 15

                                                                                    Discussion        .......................................... 23

                                                                                    Literature Cited           ................................. 25
                                                                                    Appendix         ........................................... 27
              Mvakka River State Park

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             CHAPTER ONE
             Introduction



             The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has              The statistical design used in the national
             major responsibility for the protection and              trend study can be used with intensified sampling
             management of migratory and endangered fish              to obtain reliable estimates for individual states or
             and wildlife and their habitats, Of particular           other selected geographical areas. This approach
             concern are wetlands and associated deepwater            was used to evaluate wctland trends in Florida
             habitats. Since 1974 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife         from the mid-1950's to mid-1970's (Hefner
             Service, through its National Wetlands Inventory         1986). The current report presents results of a
             Project, has inventoried the nation's wetlands.          study of wetland trends in Florida for the 10-vear
             The purpose is to develop and disseminate                period from 1974 to 1984. While it provides
             comprehensive data concerning the characteris-           estimates of losses, gains and current status of
             tics and extent of wetlands.                             Florida's wetlands and deepwater habitats, it does
                                                                      not provide information on their quality.
                Results of a National Wetlands Inventorv
             study of wetland gains and losses between the
             1950's and 1970's were published by Frayer et
             al. (1983) and Tiner (1984). Of the wetlands at
             the time of settlement in the area now compris-
                                                                                          4
             ing the 48 contiguous states, only 46 percent
             remained in the mid-1970's. Between the mid-
                                                                                   4X -
                             -1970's, there was a loss of about
             1950's and mid
             I I million acres of wetlands. During the same
                                                                                      !4
             period, approximately two million acres of                      '41      - -1
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             wetlands were create@. This 20-vear net loss of
             nine million acres equates to an average annual
             net loss of 458,000 acres of wetlands.









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             C HAP TE R TWO
             Historical Background



             Since statehood in 1845, Florida's story has             Lake Okeechobee, channelization of the
             been one of man's battle against water. This long        Kissimmee River destroyed 70 to 80 percent of
             struggle was chronicled in detail by Blake (1980).       the basin's 40,600 acres of wetlands and de-
             With abundant and seasonally concentrated                graded much of the remaining river marshes.
             rainfall and an extremely flat terrain, as much as       Along the border of Everglades National Park in
             two-thirds of the state consisted of marshes,            Collier County, a single development project
             swamps, or other areas that were inundated               called Golden Gate Estates attempted drainage of
             pcriodicallv. Therefore, cspeciallv in peninsular        a 173-square-mile subdivision almost entirely
             Florida, preparation of the landscape for agricul-       located in wetlands. Over 180 miles of canals
             tural or residential development meant draining          were dug, 813 miles of roads constructed, and
             and filling of wetlands.                                 50,000 lots were sold worldwide. At the same
                                                                      time, just south of Naples, a large resort complex
                Large-scale drainage projects began in 1881           was being built on Marco Island. Approximately
             when Hamilton Diston purchased four million              5,300 acres of mangroves and uplands were
             acres of south Florida for 25 cents an acre.             converted to finger-canal subdivisions. During
             Although Diston's drainage and navigation                the period of massive construction from 1962 to
             improvement activities were only partially               1973, 2,508 acres of mangroves were destroyed
             successful, they called attention to the area,           in Collier County (Patterson 1986).
             leading to a population influx.
                                                                          Wetland loss was not limited to south Florida.
                Man's assault on wetlands reached its peak            For example, over a 50-year period in northeast
             during the decades following World War IL                Florida, 62 percent of the 289,200 acres of
             Florida's population mushroomed during this              wetlands in the St. Johns River floodplain were
             period. From 1960 to 1970, the population                ditched, drained, and diked for pasture and crop
             increased by 35 percent. By 1970, people were            production (Fernald and Patton 1984). In 1972,
             migrating to Florida at the rate of over 5,000           a single large agricultural corporation began
             new arrivals per week. Much of this increase was         diking and draining 12,000 acres of forested
             directed toward south Florida, making the                wetlands in the Apalachicola River floodplain for
             southeast coast the nation's fastest growing             pasture and soybean and rice growing. Else-
             population center (Wade et al. 1980).                    where, 81 percent of the seagrasses and 44
                                                                      percent of the mangroves in Tampa Bay were
                From the 1950's to 1970's, wetlands were              destroyed (Durako et al. 1988). In addition,
             destroyed at an average annual rare of 72,000            mangroves had been reduced by 86 percent and
             acres (Hefner 1986). With the dual pressures of          seagrasses by 30 percent in the indian River
             providing living space for new arrivals and              Estuary (Durako et al. 1988).
             cropland for the production of winter vegetables,
             sugar cane, and cattle pastures, the Everglades              By the 1970's, wetlands losses were felt
             was among the hardest hit areas. Long-term               throughout Florida and attitudes toward their
             drainage reduced the 3,600 square-mile wetland           protection were changing. Wildlife populations
             area by 65 percent (Kushlan 1986). North of              had decreased, water quality had been degraded,
                                                                      and water supplies for urban and agricultural
                                                                      usage were stressed. Fisheries were declining,
                                                                      especially among wetland-dependent species like
                                                                      spotted seatrout and shrimp (Durako et al.
             left: Weeki Wacbee River                                 1988). South Florida's wading bird population
             RfVERINE SYSTEM


                                                                                                                                            7







                                 (herons, egrets, ibises) decreased by 95 percent,           floodplains caused increasing frustration as new
                                 down from an estimated 1,500,000 birds in 1935              residents experienced recurring flooding of their
                                 to 70,000 birds in 1972 (Crowder 1974).                     properties. Organic soils formed naturally in the
                                 Drainage of the floodplain and channelization of            wetlands of the Everglades were lost at a rate of
                                 the Kissimmee River resulted in a 93 percent                one inch per year from subsidence due to
                                 reduction in waterfowl usage, and bald eagle                drainage. In some areas, over five feet of soil
                                 nesting declined by 74 percent (Perrin 1986). By            disappeared (Stephens 1984).
                                 the early 1980's, in south Florida, 75 species of
                                 plants and animals were endangered and another                 Growing recognition and coricern over an
                                 103 were threatened with extinction (Gleason                arrav of environmental problems resulted in
                                 1984). Many like the Florida panther, Everglades            passage of significant legislation during the
                                 snail kite, and wood stork required wetland                 1970's. Between 1969 and 1977, at least six
                                 habitat.                                                    Federal environmental statutes, including the
                                                                                             National Environmental Policy Act, the Endan-
                                     Saltwater contamination of underground                  gered Species Act, and the Clean Water Act, were
                                 aquifers occurred as wetlands on the surface were           passed. Florida passed a large additional body of
                                 destroved and withdrawals were increased                    state legislation that also improved wedand
                                 (Fernald and Patton 1984). With the loss of the             management. The environmental movement in
                                 water cleansing capabilities of the wetlands along          Florida gained ground during this time period.
                                 the Kissimmee River and expanded agricultural               Opposition mounted by environmental action
                                 activity, Lake Okeechobee became noticeably                 groups helped to block the construction of the
                                 eutrophic. The water quality of formerly crvstal-           Cross-Florida Barge Canal and a regional jetport
                                 clear lakes and rivers declined as urban @un-off            in the Big Cypress Swamp. Also in the 1970's,
                                 increased and subdivision lot owners removed                the state began to actively purchase valuable
                                 emergent shoreline wetlands to "improve" their              wetlands through programs such as the Environ-
                                 properties. Subsequently, lakes and rivers became           mentally Endangered Lands Program, the
                                 murky, noxious vegetation like hydrilla and water           Conservation and Recreational Lands Act, and
                                 hyacinth grew, and fish kills became common-                later the Save Our Rivers Program operated by
                                 place.                                                      the water management districts. In 1983,
                                                                                             Governor Bob Graham announced a broad-based
                                     Large-scale wetland destruction was also                multi-million dollar program to restore the
                                 implicated in the disruption of normal rainfall             ecology of the Everglades. In 1984, Florida passed
                                 patterns and a resultant long-term drought                  the Warren S. Henderson Wetlands Protection Act,
                                 throughout the St. Johns River basin (Barada                which increased Department of Environmental
                                 1982). Loss of the water-storage capability of              Regulation jurisdiction over wetlands.
                                 wetlands and the placement of subdivisions in







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             CHAPTER THREE
             Classification System



             The definitions, classifications and categories of            Within the classification structure that follows,
             wetlands and deepwater habitats used are those            wetlands and deepwater habitats are grouped
             described by Cowardin et al. (1979). In general           according to systems. A system consists of
             terms, wetland is land where saturation with              environments of similar hydrological, geomor-
             water is the dominant factor determining the              phological, chemical, and biological influences.
             nature of soil development and the types of plant         Each system is further divided by the driving
             and animal communities living in the soil and on          ecological force, such as ebb and flow of tide, and
             its surface. Technically, wetlands are lands              by substrate material and flooding regimes, or on
             transitional between terrestrial and aquatic              vegetative life form. Groupings of categories were
             systems where the water table is usually at or near       made to accommodate special interests of the
             the surface or the land is covered by sl@allow            study and the detail to which aerial photography
             water. Wetlands must have one or more of the              could be interpreted.
             following three attributes: 1) at least periodically,
             the land supports predominantly hydrophytes; 2)
             the substrate is predominantly undraincd hydric
             soil; and 3) the substrate is nonsoil and is satu-
             rated with water or covered by shallow water at
             some time during the growing season of each
             year. Common terms used to describe various
             Florida wetlands include marshes, swamps, bogs,
             small ponds, sloughs, river overflows, mud flats,
             and wet prairies.

                 Deepwater habitats consist of certain perma-
             nently flooded lands. In saltwater areas, the
             separation between wetland and deepwater
                                                                                                  P
             habitat coincides with the elevation of the                                               i X1!1%'@;-q`&'@
             extreme low water of spring tide. In other areas,
             the separation is at a depth of two, meters (6.6
             feet) below low water. This is the maximum
             depth in which emergent plants normally grow.                                                                                         04
             Common names used for Florida deepwater
             habitats include bays, lakes, and reservoirs.





                                                                                                                            7


             lefit.- Kissimmee River
             RIVERINE AND PALUSTRINE SYSTEMS


                                                 rigbt: Everglades
                                          PALUSTRINE EMERGENT

                                                                       NATL. PARK SERVICE
                                                                                                                                             9

















                                   The marine svstem extends from the outer              oysters, are also included. Estuarine subtidal is
                               edge of the continental shelf to the high water of        that portion that is continuously submerged
                               spring tides or to the boundary of other systems          (considered deepwater habitat), while estuarine
                               as dcfined later. Marine subtidal includes that           intertidal is the portion exposed and flooded by
                               portion that is continuously submerged. Because           tides, including the splash zone. For the purposes
                               of relatively small expected change in this por-          of this study, estuarine intertidal wetlands were
                               tion, it was not included in the studv. Marine            separated into the following groups:
                               intertidal includes areas in which the substrate is       Nonvegetated, which includes unconsolidated
                               exposed and flooded by tides, including the               shore and aquatic beds (i. e. seagrasses); and
                               associated splash zone.                                   vegetated, which includes emergent, and forested
                                                                                         and scrub1shrub. Emergent contains primarily
                                   The estuarine system consists of deepwater            those erect, rooted herbaceous plants typicaliy
                               tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands which          found in wet environments. Forested is character-
                               are usually semi-enclosed by land, but have open,         ized by the presence of trees, and scrublsbrub
                               partially obstructed, or spoLdic access to the            includes areas dominated by shrubs and small or
                               open ocean and in which ocean water is at least           stunted trees.
                               occasionallv diluted bv fresh water runoff from
                               the land.6ffshore areas with typically estuarine
                               plants and animals, such as mangroves and
                                                                                                                             Loggerhead Key
                                                                                                                         IMARINE INTERTIDAL
























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                The lacustrine system includes wetlands                     The palustrine system includes all nontidal
             (littoral) and deepwatcr habitats (limnetic)               wetlands not included within any of the other
             situated in topographic depressions or dammed              four systems and does not include any deepwater
             river channels. Each area must exceed 20 acres or          habitats. For this study, palustrine wetlands are
             be deeper than 6.6 feet or have an active wave-            divided into the following groups: nonve
                                                                                                                     getated,
             formed or bedrock shoreline feature. Lacustrine            which includes unconsolidated sbore, unconsoli-
             areas are grouped together as deepwater habitats           dated bottoms (primarily ponds), and aquatic
             in this study.                                             beds, and vegetated, which includes emergent,
                                                                        forested, and scrublshrub. Definitions are the
                The riverine system includes wetlands and               same as those for estuarine wetlands.
             deepwater habitats contained -within a channel.
             For this study riverine subsystems (tidal, lower
             perennial, upper perennial, and intermittent)
             were grouped together as deepwater habitats.






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             PALUSTRINE AQUATIC BED


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                                   All remaining surface area (area not classed as
                               wetland or deepwater habitat) was placed in three
                               categories. These are agriculture, urban, and
                               other. These correspond to classes described by
                               Anderson et al. (1979) at their Classification
                               Level 1. Other includes Anderson's Level I classes
                               of forest land, rangeland, and barren land, as well
                               as lands that had been drained and cleared of
                               vegetation but had not been put to identifiable
                               use.


                                   This briefly describes the classification used in
                               this studv. It is difficult to differentiate the
                               categories further without introducing highly
                               technical terms. More detailed discussions, exact
                               definitions, and fuller descriptions are presented
                               by Cowardin et al. (1979) and Anderson et al.
                               (i976),








                               Ever
                                   glades agricultural area
                               AGIUCULTURE
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              12

















             C H A P T E R F 0 U R
             Survey Procedures



             The objectives of the study were to develop                 The mid-1980's photography was interpreted
             statistical estimates for categories of wetlands and     and annotated in accordance with the classifica-
             deepwater habitats for the mid-1970's, the mid-          tion svstem described earlier and with procedures
             1980's, and the change for the period.                   developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's
                                                                      National Wetlands In-ventory Project. The results
                A stratified random sampling design was used          were compared with the mi@-1970's photogra-
             with three strata being formed by the two                phy, and changes in classification were annotated.
             physical subdivisions described by E. H.                 Both the recent classification and the classifica-
             Hammond (1970) and a specially developed                 tion for the mid-1970's were recorded for each
             coastal stratum encompassing most of the marine          change. If a change was human-induced, that was
             and estuarine categories used in the study. The          recorded also.
             two strata described by Hammond are the Gulf-
             Atlantic Rolling Plains and the Gulf-Atlantic
             Coastal Flats. Sample units had been allocated to
             strata in a previous study (Fraver ct al. 1983) in
             proportion to expected amounts of wetlands and
             deepwater habitats as estimated by U. S. Fish and
             Wildlife Service personnel. The total number of
             sample units used in this study was 644.

                                                                         0
                Each sample unit is a four-square mile area,
             two miles on each side. The units had been
                                                                                                                    vp,
             plotted on U. S. Geological Survey topographic                       44
             maps for the previous study. Also, 1:40,000 scale                                                  WA
                                        Logra
             black and white aerial pho'     phy along with
                                                                                                                    t
             som
                                                                                                                                                  M,
                 e color infrared photography had been                               V
             obtained for the mid-1970's. The majority of this
                                                                                                                          J                    4
             photography was taken      the years 1972
                                                       -1980's
             through 1977 (mean of 1974@. The mid
             aerial photography consisted of 1:58,000 scale                                                       @ZY                          V, 1 4'
             color infrared transparencies taken primarily in
                                                                                                                         tTU,
                                                                                                                     Air  it
             1983 through 1985 (mean of 1984).

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                                                                      Apalacbicola National Forest
                                                                      PALUSTRINE EMERGENT



















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            CHAPTER FIVE
            Results



            The intent of this study was to examine wetland          Other categories, listed singly as in Table 1,
            change that occurred from the mid-1970's to the      include agriculture, urban, and other.
            mid-1980's. The average years of the photogra-
            phy are 1974 and 1984, with an average interval          Status and trends results presented in the
            of 10 years. Thus, the results should be inter-      remainder of this section are based on informa-
            preted in terms of a 10-year interval.               tion found in Tables I and 2.

               Results for the categories discussed in the
            classification system are given in Table I of the
            Appendix. Several of the individual categories in
            Table I were grouped based on physical, chcmi-
            cal, and biological similarities and are shown in
            Table 2 of the Appendix. Groupings in Table 2
            include the following:

               Wetlands and deepwater habitats includes all
            marine, estuarine, palustrine, riverine, and
            lacustrine classifications.


               Wetlands includes marine, estuarine, and
            palustrine wetlands.

               Estuarine wetlands includes all estuarine
            categories except estuarine subtidal (a deepwater
            habitat).

               Nonvigetated and vegetated wetlands were
            defined earlier for both the estuarine and
            palustrinc systems.
               Palustrinc wetlands includes all palustrine                                           lit-
                                                                                                           4
            categories.
                                                                                                                                         N1

               Deepwater habitats includes estuarine subtidal,
            riverine, and lacustrine habitats.                               4                                               $A\c



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                                                                PALUSTRINE FORESTED


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            PALUSTRINIE AQUATIC BED



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               J.HEFNER                                                                                                  Peace River, DeSoto County
                                                                                                                                PALUSTIUNE FORESTED


                                                                                                                                                                                   17



















                                 TRENDS IN WETLANDS                                       Marine Intertidal Wetlands
                                 AND DEEPWATER HABITATS                                   No significant changes occurred in marine
                                 The mid- 1970's estimate of wetlands and                 intertidal wetlands during the period.
                                 decpwater habitats is 15,821,700 acres. The mid-
                                 1980's estimate is 15,584,600 acres, a net loss of       Estuarine Wetlands
                                 237,100 acres. This is an average annual net loss        Some loss In estuarine wetlands was experienced,
                                 of 23,710 acres of wetlands and deepwater                with 2,800 acres consumed by urbanization. Of
                                 habitats through the study period. Virtually all of      this total, 2,700 acres were previously estuarine
                                 the net loss is attributable to conversion to            vegetated wetlands.
                                 agriculture and urban expansion.

                                 TRENDS IN WETLANDS
                                 The mid-1970's and mid-1980's estimates of
                                 wetlands are 11,298,600 acres and 11,038,300
                                 acres, respectively. This is a net loss of 260,300
                                 acres, or an average annual net loss of 26,030
                                 acres. The vast majority of the loss was to
                                 agriculture, urban expansion and other forms of
                                 development.

                                                                                                 Black Needlerush Marsh, Hernando County
                                                                                                           ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL EMERGENT
















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                                                                                                                                          P REED
               18



















                                                                                                     3@-















                                                                                                                   P REED
           Brooker Creek Park, Pinellas County
           PALUSTRINE FORESTED













           Palustrine Wetlands                                      Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands
           The mid-1970's and mid-1980's estimates of               There was a net loss of 289,800 acres of
           palustrine wetlands are 9,902,200 acres and              palustrine vegetated wetlands during the study
           9,644,800 acres, respectively. This is a net loss of     period. Even in the category that did not show a
           257,400 acres for the period, or an average              net loss (palustrine scrub/shrub), there were
           annual net loss of 25,740 acres.                         some significant individual losses as explained
                                                                    later.

           Palustrine Nonvegetated Wetlands
           Palustrine nonvegetated wetlands increased by
           32,400 acres. Most of this increase was in
           palustrine unconsolidated bottoms (primarily
           ponds).








                                                                                                                                        19





















                                Palustrine Emergent Wetlands                           Palustrine ScrublSbrub Wetlands
                                A net loss of I 10,000 acres of palustrine emer-       There was no apparent overall net loss of
                                gent wetlands occurred during the period. The          palustrine scrub/shrUb wetlands. However, there
                                largest category of change was 107,900 acres           were some significant losses that were offset by
                                converted to agriculture.                              gains of a different nature. The significant losses
                                                                                       included conversion of 58,000 acres to agricul-
                                Palustrine Forested Wetlands                           ture and 11,500 acres to urbanization. The gains
                                There was a net loss of 184,100 acres of               came primarily from other palustrine vegetated
                                palustrine forested wetlands. Some large changes       categories.
                                were to other wetland categories, primarily
                                palustrine emergent and palustrine scrub/shrub.
                                However, 39,200 acres were converted by
                                urbanization, and another 43,600 acres are now
                                classed as non-wetlands.








                                                                                                                           Marion Counti,
                                                                                                                PALUSTRINE SCRUB/SHRUB









                                                  'A


                                                           V
                                                 "V


                                                             _Y'





   AN




                                                                4

                                                      -IV
   tot@   "@'7
                                                                                                        @x
























                                                                                                                                     J.HEFNER
              20




























                                                                                                                                          '77


                                                 'Al


                                                                                        j4V
                                          "Al







                                              n "A          "'W


                                                                                        "low-


                                                                                                        S FLA. WATER MGMT. DIST.
            Miami

            URBAN







            DEEPWATER HABITATS                                      URBAN AREA
            The mid-1970's and mid-1980's estimates of              Urban area expanded by 551,600 acres. As
            deepwater habitats are 4,523,100 and 4,546,300          expected, a large portion (362,300 acres) came
            acres, respectively. Of this net increase of 23,200     from areas not classed as wetlands, deepwater
            acres, 22,400 acres were due to increases in the        habitats, or agriculture. Ho-,Aever, 125,000 acres
            lacustrine category (lakes and reservoirs).             were converted from agriculture and 66,000
                                                                    acres were converted from wetlands.


            AGRICULTURAL AREA
            Agricultural area increased from 7,016,100 acres
            in the mid-1970's to 7,544,600 acres in the mid-
            1980's. This increase of 528,500 acres resulted
            primarily from the following changes:

            * 175,100 acres of palustrine wetlands to
              agriculture
            * 643,600 acres of non-wetlands to agriculture

            * 15,100 acres of agriculture to wetlands
            * 125,000 acres of agriculture to urban
            * 150,100 acres of agriculture to non-wetlands,
              non-urban




                                                                                                                                        21









                                                                                                                            1"T





















































                                          1,17,NR






                                            fi
                                                       SI
                                                 g

                                                                                                                                                           Kit
                                                                                                                                 01
                          ACI
     P&I






                           .....   . . . . . . . .
         , t.@,t

















           C HAP T E R S I X
           Discussion



           By the mid-1970's, attitudes toward wetlands                 During the 1980's, land purchases by both
           ivere changing. The general public became                 the Federal and state governments have put
           increasingly familiar with a growing body of              thousands of fragile wetland acres in public
           knowledge on the value of wetlands - especially           ownership. The Fish and Wildlife Service added
           estuarine wetlands - developed largely from               nearly 250,000 acres, most of which were
           research conducted in the 1950's and i960's.              wetlands, to the National Wildlife Refuge System
           Perhap's more importantly, the effects of rampant         in Florida. The National Park Service has been
           waland destruction of the previous decades were           authorized to acquire 107,600 acres in the East
           felt throughout Florida. Clean surface water and          Everglades and 146,000 acres in Big Cypress
           groundwater were becoming less abundant, and              Swamp. The U.S. Forest Service is purchasing
           fish and wildlife resources important to many             60,000 to 90,000 acres of Pin Hook Swamp
           Floridians were in decline.                               linking Osceola National Forest and Okefenokee
                                                                     Swamp.
              Federal legislation was passed in response to a
           growing national concern for the environment.
           Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, though not
           specifically a wetlands protection statute, greatly
           enhanced the roles of the Army Corps of Engi-
           neers and the Environmental Protection Agency
           in protecting wetlands. A variety of state legisla-
           tion has given the Departments of Environmental                                                                   N
           Protection and Natural Resources, regional water
           management districts, and the counties greater
           stewardship responsibilities for wetlands.
                                                                                                                7
              Although the fight to protect wetlands
           continues, recent advances are particularly
           encouraging. Wetland conservation is changing
           from a reactivc process to a more proactive effort.
           Wetlands are being purchased, restored, con-
           structed, and attempts are being made to mini-
           gate unavoidable losses.








           left: Smooth Cordgrass
           ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL EMERGENT


                                           right: Citrus County
                            ESTUARINE INTEKTIDAL EMERGENT
                                                                     P. REEF)
                                                                                                                                         23










                                                                                                                                     ""V"U







                                                                                                                      4,











































                                                                                                                                        J,HEFNER
                              Manatee County
                              PALUSTRINE EMERGENT



                                  Florida has made a concerted effort to buy                State programs requiring permits for activities
                              important wetland tracts. State land purchased             that impact wetlands are stronger here than in
                              during the 1980's exceeded a million acres, over           any other southeastern state. These programs are
                              half of which were wetlands. The purchase of               occasionally bolstered by the permit requirements
                              over 300,000 acres in the Everglades is in                 of water management districts and of some
                              progress. Purchases of an additional 1.2 million           counties. In cases where permits are granted and
                              acres, over 60 percent of which are wetlands, are          wetland losses are unavoidable, mitigation
                              under consideration.                                       requirements are increasingly common. Mitiga-
                                                                                         tion often takes the form of creating wetlands
                                  Efforts are underway to restore important              similar to those that were lost, restoring nearby
                              wetland areas. Most notable are restoration of the         wetlands, or intensively managing existing
                              Kissimmee River and associated marshes and the             wetlands to increase their functional values.
                              restoration and reconstruction of the St. Johns
                              River marshes. Both projects are of tremendous                During the 1970's and 1980's, the rates at
                              magnitude, requiring not only engineering                  which Florida's wetlands were lost lessened
                              measures but also large-scale land acquisition.            considerably. Public and political recognition of
                              The extent and cost of these projects necessitates         Florida's wetlands is growing, and fiscal and
                              cooperative action between both state and                  human resources at all levels of government have
                              Federal governments. In addition, marshes are              been committed to their conservation. With
                              being built in the Everglades agricultural area to         these positive signs, an analysis of Florida's
                              store water for irrigation and to remove agricul-          wetland trends in the 1990's should be even
                              tural pollutants. In Orange County and the City            more encouraging.
                              of Orlando, wetlands have been designed and
                              created to act as tertiary wastewater treatment
                              facilities, Throughout Florida, wetlands have
                              been constructed for incorporation into livestock
                              waste management systems.


            24








            Literature Cited




            Anderson, J.R., E. Hardy, J. Roach, and R.                Hefner, J.M. 1986. Wetlands of Florida 1950's
            Witmer. 1976. A land use and cover classification         to 1970's. _Tn E.D. Estevcz, J. Miller, J. Morris,
            system for use with remote sensor data. U. S.             and R. Hamman, Eds., Proceedings of the
            Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 964. 22 pp.                       conference: managing cumulative effects in
                                                                      Florida wetlands. New College Env. Studies
            Barada, W. R. 1982. The St. Johns River: An               Prog. Publ. No. 37. Omnipress, Madison, Wisc.
            environmental time bomb.                                  pp. 23-31.
            Enfo. Rept. 82(2):1-8.
                                                                      Kushlan, J.A. 1986. The Everglades: manage-
            Blake, N. M. 1980. Land into water - water into           ment of cumulative ecosystem degradation. In
            land. A history of water management in Florida.           E.D. Estevez, J. Miller, J. Morris, and R.
            Univ. Presses of Fla., Tatlahassee. 344 pp.               Hamman, Eds., Proceedings of the conference:
                                                                      managing cumulative effects in Florida wetlands.
            Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. Golet, and E.              New College Env. Studies Prog. Publ. No. 37.
            LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and               Omnipress, Madison, Wisc. pp 61-82.
            deepwater habitats of the United States. U. S.
            Fish Wildl. Serv. 103 pp.                                 Patterson, S.G. 1986. Mangrove community
                                                                      boundary interpretation and detection of areal
            Crowder, J.P. 1974. Some perspectives on the              changes in Marco Island, Florida: application of
            status of aquatic wading birds in South Florida.          digital image processing and remote sensing
            U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. South Fla. Env. Proj.        techniques. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep.
            Ecol. Rept. No. DI-SFEP-74-29. 16 pp.                     86(10). 87 pp.

            Durako, M. J., M. Murphy, and K. Haddad.                  Perrin, L.S. 1986. Wetland status and restoration
            1988. Assessment of fisheries habitat: northeast          agenda for the channelized Kissimmee River. In
            Florida. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. No. 45. 51 pp.              E.D. Estevez, J. Miller, J. Morris, and R.
                                                                      Hamman, Eds. Proceedings of the conference:
            Fernald, E. A., and D. Patton. 1984. Water                managing cumulative effects in Florida Nvetlands.
            resources atlas of Florida. Fla. St. Univ., Tallahas-     New College Env. Studies Prog. Publ. No. 37.
            see. 291 pp.                                              Omnipress, Madison, Wisc. pp. 83-91.

            Frayer, W. E., T. Monahan, D. Bowden, and F.              Stephens, J.C. 1984. Subsidence of organic soils
            Graybill. 19 8 3. Status and trends of wetlands and       in the Florida Everglades: a review and update.
            deepWater habitats in the conterminous United             In P.J. Gleason, Ed. Environments of south
            States, 1950's to 1970's. Colo. State Univ. 32 pp.        Florida: present and past. Miami Geol. Soc.
                                                                      Memoir 11, Miami, Fla. pp. 375-382.
            Gleason, P. J. 1984. Introduction. In P. J.
            Gleason, Ed. Environments of south Florida:               Tiner, R. W. Jr. 1984. Wetlands of the United
            present and past. Miami Geol. Soc. Memoir 11,             States: current status and recent trends. U. S.
            Miami, Fla. pp. VIII-XXIII.                               Fish Wildl. Serv. 59 pp.

            Hammond, E. H. 1970. Physical subdivisions of             Wade, D., J. Ewel and R. Hofstetter. 1980. Fire
            the United States. In National Atlas of the               in south Florida ecosystems. U.S. Dept. of Agric.
            United States. U. S. Geol. Surv. 417 pp.                  For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-17. 125 pp.



                                                                                                                                           25

















            elk,



















                                                                                                                         Jr

                                                                                     of    h







            Appcndix



            Estimates produced include acreages with                        Estimates for the mid-1970's, the mid-1980's
            associated standard errors. Many estimates are               and change during the period were produced for
            not considered reliable enough to recommend                  categories described in Chapter Two. These
            their use for making decisions. An indication is             estimates are summarized in Table I of the
            given of the reliability of each estimated acreage           Appendix. Totals for columns are estimates of
            in the summary tables included in this appendix.             total acreage by category for the mid-1980's.
            The standard error of each entry expressed as a              Row totals (the cxtrcm@ right column) arc
            percentage of the entn, (SE%) is given in paren-             estimates of total acreage by category for the
            theses. Reliability can ke stated generally as "we           mid-1970's. Entries are interpreted as in the
            are 68 percent confident that the true value is              following examples (all from the ninth row or
            within the interval constructed by adding to and             column of Table 1):
            subtracting from the entry the Sk/100 times
            the entry." For example, if an entry is one million             2,716,300 acres classified as palustrine emer-
            acres and the SE% is 20, then we are 68 percent                 gcnt in the mid-1970's were again classified
            confident that the true value is between 800,000                palustrine emergent in the mid-1980's.
            and 1,200,000 acres. An equivalent statement for
            95 percent confidence can be made by adding                     107,900 acres classified as palustrine emergent
            and subtracting twice the amount to and from                    in the mid-1970's had changed to agriculture
            the entry.                                                      by the mid-1980's.

                Therefore, a large SE% indicates low reliabil-              32,400 acres classified as palustrine scrub/
            ity, if any, in the estimate. In fact, if the SE% is            shrub in the mid-1970's had changed to
            160 or greater, we cannot even say that we are                  palustrine emergent by the mid-1980's.
            68 percent confident that the true value is not
            zero.                                                        * *The estimate of palustrine emergent area in
                                                                            the mid-1970's is 2,975,500 acres.
                This discussion on reliability is meant to aid in
            interpretation of the study results. It was ex-              * eThe estimate of palustrine emergent area in
            pected that only certain estimates would be                     the mid-1980's is 2,865,500 acres.
            precise enough to be meaningful. However, all
            entries are included in the summary tables for               9  The estimate of net change in palustrine
            additivity and case of comparison.                              emergent area between the mid-1970's and
                                                                            the mid-1980's is -110,000 acres.











            left: Hernando County
            PALUSTRINE FORESTED


                                                                                                                                                 27









                                                                        TABLE1                        Area, in thousands of acres, by surface area classification.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            CURRENT

                                                                        Sampling error, in percent, is
                                                                        given in parentheses below                                                                                                                                                                                    ALL WETLANDS
                                                                        estimate.


                                                                        * Standard error of estimate is
                                                                        equal to or larger than estimate.                                                                                                    ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL



                                                                                                                                                         MARINE                UNCONSOLI-                    AQUATIC                  EMERGENT                FORESTED &                UNCONSOLI-                 UNCONSOL
                                                                                                                                                      INTERTIDAL                     DATED                      BEDS                                        SCRUB/SHRUB                       DATED                                DATED
                                                                                                                                                                                     SHORE                                                                                                    SHORE                                BOTTOMS

                                                                        0                             MARINE INTERTIDAL                                        34.3                              <0.1                      0                          0                         a
                                                                                                                                                               3 7      2
                                                                        R                             EI      UNCONSOLIDATED                                            a            1           91.5                      0.4                        0.3                       1.4
                                                                                                      SN                 SHORE
                                                                                                      TT                                                                                         16.4                      7 04                       64,0 1                    593
                                                                                                      UE              AQUATIC                                                                    6.8           2 03        .6                         0                <0.1
                                                                        G         A                   AR                 BEDS                                                                    9 2 1             12 5    0)
                                                                                  L                   RT
                                                                                  L                   II              EMERGENT                                          0                        0.1                       a             2   83       .0                        4.1
                                                                                                      ND                                                                                         50 4)                                                18 , 8                    34 0)
                                                                                  W                   EA
                                                                        N         E                   L               FORESTED &                               <0,      1                        0.1                                                  2 . 7         6 6 1       .8
                                                                                  T                              SCRUB/SHRUB                                                                     (90,0)                    OT                         90 5                      14 4)
                                                                        A         L
                                                                                  A                           UNCONSOLIDATED                                                                                                                                                                               1 4                     0.5
                                                                        L         N                                      SHORE                                                                                                                                                                             (35'6                   (50,0
                                                                                  D
                                                                                  S                   P       UNCONSOLIDATED
                                                                                                      A               BOTTOMS                                                                                                                                                                              0.1                     1 0 1 . 5
                                                                                                      L                                                                                                                                                                                                    98 . 3                  (9.9
                                                                        C                             U               AQUATIC
                                                                                                      S                  BEDS                                                                                                                                                                              0                       1.1
                                                                        L                             T                                                                                                   < 0              1                                                                                                       (42.4@
                                                                                                      R
                                                                                                      I               EMERGENT                                                                                                                                                                             <0.1                    10 .3
                                                                        A                             N                                                                                                                                                                                                                            15.5)
                                                                        S                                             FORESTED                                                                                                                                                                             0.1                     5 . 2
                                                                        S                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (23.41
                                                                                                                 SCRUB/SHRLIB                                                                                                                                                                              <0.1                    1.8
                                                                        1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (20. 11
                                                                                      D               H               ESTUARINE                                         0                        0.6                       0.3                        1.7                       0.2                        0.1                     0
                                                                        F             E               A               SUBTIDAL                                                                   15 89)            (90.4@                    17 3     4)               (80. 6                              (96.9)
                                                                                      E               B

                                                                                                                      RIVERINE                                          0                        0                         0                          0                         0                          0                       0
                                                                                      W               T
                                                                                      A               A
                                                                        C             T               T
                                                                                      E                               LACUSTRINE                                        0                                                  0                          0                         0                          0 . 2                   0.4
                                                                        A             R                  1                                                                                                                                                                                                 96.7 1                  6 711

                                                                                                      AGRICULTURE                                                       0                        0                         0                          0                         0.3                        0 . 3                   6.1
                                                                        T                                                                                                                                                                                              (98.     2                          55@2)                   31 .5)
                                                                        1                                  URBAN                                                        0                        0.1                       0                          0                         0                          0                       1.2
                                                                        0                                                                                                                        @837                                                                                                                              33 1 )
                                                                                                           OTHER                                               <0. I                             <0.1                      0                          0                         0.2                        1.4                     12.6
                                                                        N                                                                                                                                                                                              (7 4, 2                             (4'211                  18 2)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     E<o 1)




                                                                        S                             TOTAL SURFACE AREA                                       3 4 . 3               1           919. 2       2_0 4 . 3                   287         .7           66 8 . 0                                3.6                     14108.57)
                                                                                                                                                               (37. 1                            6 01              (24.9)                             ' 8 91                    14.2)                      124 .5)

                                                                                                          CHANGE                                               - I @ 1                           5.1               - 6 .2                             0.1                       0 . 8                      - 1 . 0                 3 1 . 5
                                                                                                                                                               51 . 9 1                                                                                                                                                            14 71





                                 28








                                                                                                                                                                      Florida Wetlands, 1970's to 1980's

                     CLASSIFICATIONS


                                                                                                                             DEEPWATER HABITATS





                PALUSTRINE





                IUATIC    EMERGENT                    FORESTED               SCRUB/SHRUB                    ESTUARINE                   RIVERINE                LACUSTRINE AGRICULTURE                                      URBAN                      OTHER                        TOTAL
                BEDS                                                                                         SUBTIDAL                                                                                                                                                               SURFACE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    AREA


                                                                                                                             0                          0                          0                           0                          0                          1.1                        3 5 . 4
                                                                                                                                                             -                                                                                                       15 14)                     f36.2)

                                                                                                                             0.3                        0                          0                           0                          0.1                        0.1            1           94. 1
                                                                                                                             4 37)                                                                                                        -73                        (83.01                     (1 63)

                < 0     1                                                                                                    0.1                        0                          0                           0                          0                          0              2           1 0.5
                                                                                                                             @96 5)                                                                                                                                                             (2 4A )

                                                                                                                             0.2                        0                          0                           0                          0.2                        0              2           8 7.6
                                                                                                                             5 02 1                                                                                                       (63 . 3 @                      I                      (18.5)

                                                                                                                             0.7                        0                          0                           0                          2.5                        1.0            6           68 . 8
                                                                                                                             57 5)                                                                                 1                      5 73 1                     65 5)                      1 42 )

                0.1                         0 . 5                     0                           07                         <0 .1                      0                          0.9                         <D. 1                      0'1                        04                         4.6
                174.1                       169 5)                                                25 9)                                                                            @97 0)                                                 B 45)                      169 7)                     00 4 )

                0.9                         1.8                       <0. 1                       0.5                        0.1                        0.1                        1.8                         0.5                        a.9                        1.0            1           0 92
                (34.9@                      31 5)                                                 4 70)                      (96'9@                     19 80)                     (44 . 8 @     -183          6                          (44 5)                     (4 18 @                    (10.0)

                1 7 . 6                     0.3                       0                           <0.1                       0                          0                          0.4                         0                          <0.1                       0.2                        19 .6
                18 2 1                      (59A)                                                                                                                                  (9 85 1                                                                           (7 41 )                    (17 2 @

                1.1        27               16 .3                     2.9                         9 63                       < 01                       0.8                        1 06           10 7 .9                                 1 15                       1 78           2 9 7 5. 5
                140 0)                      (10,2 )                   @45@2)                      (5 32 1                                               56, 5)                     12 72)                      (29 . 2                    130'6@                     (28. 5)                    (9 6 @

                0.4                         85.4      537 8 . 2                                   8 2.7                      0                          0.3                        2.2                         8.7                        39 . 2                     3 2 . 4        56          3 4.8
                50.4)                       12 1.4)                   (5. 1 @-                    12 01 )                                               158 3 )                    (46 2)                      (40 4 1                    3 30 )1                    (33.7@                     ( 51 )

                0.2                         3 2 . 4                   65.4                        97 96                      0                          07                         24                          5 8.0                      1 15                       65             1 1         5 85
                (47 . 6                     2 69)                     (25 5 1                     12 .3)1                                               68.1                       (40A                        57 5)                      (45@2)                     2 81 1                     (1 18)

                0                           0                         0                           0          27 26           .7                         0                          0                           0                          0 . 2                      0.2            2730 . 0
                                                                                                                             1                                                                                                            (883                       7 29)                      (5 1 )

                0                           0.7                       0                           0.2                        0              137         .6                         a                           <0 .1                      0                          0              138         .5
                                            (54, 5)                                               (98 5 1                                               (32 a )

                0.3                         1 2 . 3                   0.2                         <0.1                       0                          0          163 7. 8                                    0                          0.1                        3.3            1654        .6
                (9B.0)                      33 6 )    -               (66.5@                                                                                                       ( 17. 1 )                                              9 7@ 3)                    (88 1 )                    (16 9)

                0.6                         6.6                       0.3                         0.9                        0                          0                          1.3        67 2 5. 9                      1            2 5 . 0        148         .8             70 16. 1
                (75,5@                      (321                      (92 5)                      (61 .51                                                                          (56.6 )                     15B                        (25 5)-                    ( 17 9 1                   (5.6)

                < 0 . 1                     0.1                       0.1                         0.1                        0.1                        0                          0.3                         0         2   520          .1                         0              2522 . 1
                                            (50,0)                    198 4)                      (978                       1906                                                  (9 13 1                                                (10,8                                                 (10.8)

                0.3                         9.1                       3.6                         1.8                        0.8                        0.8                        1 9.3          643          .6            362 . 3              1  3047 . 5                       14 103      .3
                145,4)                      44.                                                   50 6 @                     4                          1                                                      (149

                ? I . 5    2 865 .          5         5450            .7           11             62.8       2 7 2           9.0           140 . 3                  167            7.0        7 544            .6         3073            .7      13260 . 3                         39463       @2
                (15.8)                      (9 6 1                    (5@1                        1 @8                       (5.1                       32 @ 2 1                   16.7                        55 1                       100
                                                                                                                                                                                   -                                                                                 (3.2)                      1

                1.9          -110.          0              184        .1                          4.3                        1.0                        1.8                        22.4           528.5                      55 1         .6          -843.0                                    0
                4 5. 8                      1597                      19.7)                                                                             6 93)                      (4 03                       12 31                      1 45                       1 3 5 1





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    29









                                                                                   TABLE 2                            Area, in thousands of acres, by selected surface area groups.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               CURRENT

                                                                                   Sampling error, in percent, is
                                                                                   given in parentheses below                                                                                                                                                       WETLANDS
                                                                                   estimate.


                                                                                   * Standard error of estimate is
                                                                                   equal to or larger than estimate.                                                                                        ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL                                                                                 PALUSTRINE




                                                                                                                                                                               MARINE                         NOW                     VEGETATED                     ESTUARINE                            NOW                   VEGETA
                                                                                                                                                                          INTERTIDAL                    VEGETATED                                                   WETLANDS                      VEGETATED



                                                                                   0                                MARINE INTERTIDAL                                                  34.3                           <0. 1                              0                        <0.1                               0
                                                                                   R                                                                                                   (37,2)
                                                                                                                    SN
                                                                                                                    TT          NONVEGETATED                                                 0                    402.3                             1.7                                                              0
                                                                                                                    UE                                                                                                                              (537)
                                                                                                                    AR
                                                                                                                    RT
                                                                                   G                                N' D'           VEGETATED                                          <0. 1                          0.2                       951.6                                                            <0. I
                                                                                              W                     EA
                                                                                              E                     L                                                                                                 (550)                         (14 5)
                                                                                   N          T                            ESTUARINE                                                   <0. 1                                                                                1355.8                               <0. I
                                                                                              L                            WETLANDS                                                                                                                                               (9,C)
                                                                                   A          A
                                                                                                                    P
                                                                                              N                     A
                                                                                   L                                L           NONVEGETATED                                                 0                             0                        <0. 1                         <0. 1                     123.2
                                                                                              D                     U                                                                                                                                                                                            (9.0)                      12
                                                                                              S                     11
                                                                                                                    R               VEGETATED                                                0                        <0. 1                              0                        <0. 1                          1U                  943@
                                                                                   C                                N'
                                                                                   L                                E      PALUSTRINE                                                        0                        <01                           <01                           <0. 1                          1128)
                                                                                   A                                       WETLANDS
                                                                                   S                                ALL WETLANDS
                                                                                   S
                                                                                   I                                DEEPWATER                                                                0                        10.9                          @1.9                          12.8                           1.0                        1
                                                                                   F                                  HABITATS                                                                                        SH)                           681)                          50,0)                          163,0)                     t3
                                                                                   I                                WETLANDS AND
                                                                                   C                                DEEPWATER HABITATS
                                                                                   A                                AGRICULTURE                                                              0                             0                        0.3                           0.3                            7.0
                                                                                   T                                                                                                                                                                (9&2)                         (9U)                           (29.2)                     (2
                                                                                                                           URBAN                                                             0                        0.1                                0                        0.1                            1.2
                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                  (83,7)                                                      1817)                          1323@                      (5
                                                                                   0                                       OTHER                                                       <0. I                          <0. 1                         0.2                           0.2                            14.3                       11
                                                                                   N                                                                                                                                                                (742)                         (759)                          1174)                      (3
                                                                                   S                                TOTAL SURFACE AREA                                                 34.3                       403.5                         955.7                       1359.2                          165.8                    947@
                                                                                                                                                                                       (37A)                          (15.2)                                                      (9.0)                          (8.0)

                                                                                                                        CHANGE                                                         -1.1                           -1.1                          -0.7                          -1.8                           32.4                 -M
                                                                                                                                                                                       (51,9)                                                                                                                    (15.2)                     (1











                                30








                                                                                                     Florida Wetlands, 1970's to 1980's

                    CLASSIFICATIONS









                                                                                                  WETLANDS
                                                                                                        AND                                                                                                                   TOTAL
       PALUSTRINE                            ALL                  DEEPWATER                     DEEPWATER AGRICULTURE                                             URBAN                         OTHER                      SURFACE
        WETLANDS                     WETLANDS                        HABITATS                      HABITATS                                                                                                                    AREA




                         0                                                            0                                                          0                              0                        1.1                                35-4
                                                                                                                                                                                                         (51.4)                             (36.2)


                         0                                                      0.4                                                              0                         0.1                           0.1                       404.6
                                                                                (39.7)                                                                                     (97,31                        (83,01                             (151)

                    <0. 1                                                       0.9                                                              0                         2.7                           1.0                       956.4
                                                                                (46,5)                                                                                     (527)                         (65,5)                             (11.51

                    <0. 1                                                       1.3                                                              0                         2.8                           1.1                    1361.0
                                                                                (42.C)                                                                                     (51.4)                        (62A)                              (8.91

                                                                                3.3                                                         0.5                            1.0                           1.6                       133.4
                                                                                (420)                                                       1768)                          @42.6)                        140.0)                             (9.3)

                                                                                17.0                                                    174.6                              62.2                          56.7                   9768.8
                                                                                1204)                                                       (282)                          (261)                         (22.2)                             14.1)

               9585.3                                                           20.3                                                    175.1                              63.2                          58.3                   9902.2
                    (41)                                                        (19.9)                                                      (28.1)                         (25.8)                        (21.9)                             (4.0)

                                           10975.4                              21.6                                                    175.1                              66.0                          60.5                  11298.6
                                                   13.7)                        (18.8)                                                      (28.1                          (24.8)                        (2 1.1 @                           13.7)


                    14.4                         17.2                      4502.1                                                           <0. 1                          0.3                           3.5                    4523.1
                    @36.7)                                                                                                                                                 169.0)                        1842)                              @60

                                                                                                       15516.3                          175.1                              66.3                          64.0                  15821.7
                                                                                                              (2.81                         (28.1)                         (24,7)                        (21.01                             (27)

                    14.8                         15.1                           1.3                           16.4                    6725.9                           125.0                         148.8                      7016.1
                    (21.8)                       (21.51                         (56.6)                        (20.8)                        (5.8)                          (25,5)                        (17.91                             (5@61


                    1.5                            1.6                          M                             2.0                                0                   2520.1                                   0                 2522.1
                    (29.1)                       (27.9)                         (78.6)                        (27.9)                                                       (108)                                                            (10,81

                    28.8                         29.0                           20.9                          49.9                      643.6                          362.3                    13047.5                       14103.3
                    (20.91                       (20.7)                         (33.8)                        (227)                         (149)                          (15.31                        (331                               (3,01
              9644.8                      11038.3                         4546.3                       15584.6                        7544.6                        3073.7                      1326 31                      --39463.2
                    (4.11                          (37)       1                 (68)        1                 (23)                          (5,5)                          (10.01                        (03 T2                             10)

               -257.4                        -260.3                             23.2                     -237.1                         528.5                          551.6                       -843.0                                   0
                    (200                         (2M)                           (39,5)                        (22,6)                        (23.1)                         (14.5)                        (13.5)                             (0)
























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            NATL. PARK SERVICE                                                 Wetland recreation, Everglades National Park






















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