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T"1151 N INN Vol now ON Ir Tr 4 GB625 .A4H35 1994 man It- A.,- - wo v, V@ Uganik Island, Alaska Peninsula and Southwest Islands USFWS PALUSTRINE OPEN WATER THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jonathan V. Hall coordinates the National This report is the result of extensive effort. Special Wetlands Inventory in the Alaska Region of the appreciation is extended to U. S. Fish and Wildlife U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Service personnel including Don Woodard, Becky Stanley, Tom Dahl, Norm Mangrum, and Rene W. E. Fraver Is Dean of the School of Forestry Wl-iitehead of the National Wetlands Inventorv and Woo@ Products at Michigan Technological Group, St. Petersburg, Florida; Charles Storrs'of University. He specializes in natural resources the Division of Habitat Conservation, Atlanta, survey design and analysis. Georgia; and David Dall of the National Wetlands Inventory, Washington, D. C. Bill 0. Wilen is Project Leader of the National Wetlands Inventory for the U. S. Fish and Many individuals from Geonex Inc. were respon- Wildlife Service. sible for photo interpretation and map produc- tion. Principal among these are Keith Patterson, DESIGN Sheila Ricardi, Marsha Martin, Todd Neurminger, Barbara Schuster, Jim Dick, and Gale Communications; St. Paul, MN Dave Fink. Their work is greatly appreciated. Funding support from the U. S. Army Corps of Cover photo: Caribou, Arctic Coastal Plain Engineers and the National Oceanic and PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED Atmospheric Administration's National Marine BP EXPLORATION (ALASKA) NC Pollution Program Office is gratefully acknowl- Back cover photo: Yellow pond lily, edged. Glen Yankus of the U. S. Department of Cook Inlet - Susitna Lowland Interior's Minerals Management Service also S. GALE assisted in the study. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Region Anchorage, Alaska Status of S t S by Jonathan V. Hall, W. E. Frayer and Bill 0. Wilen 1994 . ............. :77- Cr W- GIC Al k We I nd C- Arctic Coastal PlainNOANCCEH 6P EXPLORAPON (ALASKA) INC. PALUSTRINE OPE10WHOMONRAVLT.- FLOODED CHAS. SC 204W2623 W, @-t -5@ -ciR t-12 AA 14 Al, ill A 4"A j, A Pintails, Yukon Flats USFWS PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED I m7m, Highlights Alaska encompasses an area of 403,247,700 Palustrine scrub/shrub wetlands are extensive. acres, including offshore areas involved in this They cover 114,510,100 acres, which is almost study. Total acreage of wetlands is 174,683,900 two-thirds of Alaska's wetlands. acres. This is 43.3 percent of Alaska's surface area. In the lower 48 states, wetlands only occupy Areas other than wetlands and deepwater habitats 5.2 percent of the surface area. acC01-111t for 198,693,400 acres, less than half of Alaska's area. Deepwater habitats cover an additional 29,870,400 acres, or 7.4 percent of Alaska's surface area. Over 88 percent (154,917,300 acres) of Alaska wetlands are under public management. Brooks Range PALUSTRINE SCRUB/SHRUB - SATURATED 7- J HALL ne -AX s., "lip 44 pf PA, ilk ;UNTO? J1 i Contents Highlights ...........................................3 Introduction ........................................7 Overview .............................................9 Classification System .......................... 11 Survey Procedure ............................... 15 Results ............................................... 17 In Conclusion .................................... 29 Literature Cited ................................. 31 Appendix ........................................... 32 left: Safeq Harbor, Western Coastal Zone Mountain cranberiy, ICuskokwim Higblands ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL VEQETATED PALUSTRINE SCRUB/SHRUB - SATURATED HALL D@ DALL 4 4 .,OVA r, S'S rl@p, N"k) 5 , 'f7 71 u A"A 50 hi CHAPTER ONE Introduction The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has The statistical design used in the trend study for major responsibility for the protection and man- the lower 48 states can be used with intensified agement of migratory and endangered fish and sampling to obtain reliable estimates for individ- wildlife and their habitats. Of particular concern ual states or other selected geographical areas. arc wetlands and associated deepwater habitats. For example, this approach was used to evaluate Since 1974 the Fish and Wildlife Scrvice, through wetland trends in the Central Vallev of California its National Wetlands Inventory Project, has (Fraver and Peters 1990) and Florida (Fraver and inventoried the nation's wetlands. The purpose is Heffier 1992). to develop and disseminate comprehensive data concerning the characteristics and extent of wet- This report presents results of a study on the sta- lands. tus of wetlands and deepwater habitats in Alaska. This is the first report for Alaska. While it pro- Results of a National Wetlands Inventory study vides estimates of current status of Alaska wct- of wetland gains and losses in the lower 48 states lands and deepwater habitats, it does not provide between the 1950's and 1970's were published information on their trends and quality. It does, by Fraver et al. (1983) and Tiner (1984). Of the however, provide information on the amounts of wetlai@ds at the time of settlement in the area these areas managed by several federal agencies, now comprIsing the 48 contiguous states, only the State of Alaska, Natives and others. 46 percent remained in the mid-1970's. Betw@cn the mid-1950's and mid-1970's, there was a loss of about I I million acres of wetlands. During the same period, approximately two million acres of wetlands were created. This 20-year net loss of nine million acres equates to an average annual net loss of 458,000 acres of wetlands. An update of this report for the nine-year period between 1974 and 1983 showed tl@e wetland loss rate was down to an average annual net loss of 290,200 acres (Dahl et al. 1991; Frayer 1991). 0, left: Oil pipeline, Arctic Coastal Plain PALUSTR[NE EMERGENT - FLOODED 4 J HALL le. t T IL t rigbt: Sbaiv Creek Kats, 4.@ Tanana-Kuskokwim LoWand J0, 'N' L PALUSTRINE SCRUB/SHRUB AND EMERGENT - FLOODED F. 30LET 7 @' "ORTA 04 71-,"T - Me @'X' w 'o**0" Wwww'41pow, , @'Rw Of CHAPTER TWO Overview Wetlands in Alaska include tv es cornmon1v Wetlands are abundant in the valleys and basins I P referred to as bogs, muskegs, wet and moist tun- associated with large river systems including the dra, fens, marshes, swamps, mud flats, and salt Yukon, Kuskokwim, Porcupine, Tanana, and marshes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service esti- 1,.'-oyukuk Rivers. Significant wetland areas also mates that during the 200-year period between occur on the major river deltas in Alaska. The 1780 and 1980, approximatetv Vio of a percent of Yukon-K uskok-,vim Delta, one of the world's the original wedand acreage in Alaska was lost largest coastal deltaic formations, supports a vari- (Dahl 1990). ety of wetland types including wet tundra, grassy sloughs, shrub swamps, ponds and brackish Common terms used for Alaska's decpwater marsh. Other major deltas in Alaska that are pre- habitats include lakes, bays, sounds, fjords, dominantlv wetland are the Colville River Delta lagoons, and inlets. The two largest lakes in on the Beaufort Sea coast, the Copper River Alaska are Lake Iliamna (1,000 square miles) and Delta in south central Alaska, and the Stikine Becharof Lake (458 square miles). Large coastal River Delta in the southeast region. deepwater habitats include Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet, and the Many wetlands in northern portions of Alaska are labyrinth of @jorcls, inlets, and straits in the underlain and maintained by permafrost, or Alexander Archipelago (southeast Alaska). perennially frozen ground. Wetland conditions Lagoons formed behind barrier islands are com- often occ@r because the frozen layer traps water mon in northwest Alaska along the Chukchi Sea at or near the soil surface. Other wetlands are and Bering Strait coasts. maintained by heavy rainfall, glacial melt water, river flooding, beaver activity, snow melt, springs, Most regions of Alaska have a land surface that and the ebb and flow of fides. includes extensive areas of wetlands. Treeless expanses of moist and wet tundra underlain by Wetlands in Alaska range in elevation from tidal permafrost occur in the northern and western systems at sea level to moist tundra areas in high portions. Interior Alaska contains millions of alpine zones. Wetlands are as common on slopes acres of black spruce muskeg and floodplaill as they are in lowland sites and depressions. wetlands dominated by deciduous shrubs and While north-facing slopes are frequently wetland emcrgents. Shrub and herbaceous bogs are a con- due to the presence of permafrost, south-facing spicuous feature of the landscape in south central slopes in the same area often support non-wet- and southeast Alaska. Even in mountainous areas land plant communities on well-drained soils. such as the Brooks Range, wetlands have devcl- Hillside wetlands are common in southern por- oped in drainages and on vegetated slopes. Some tions of Alaska due to abundant precipitation and of the nation's most extensive complexes of salt shallow depths to bedrock. marshes and mud flats occur along the coasts of the Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea and Alaska's wetlands provide many benefits includ- the Gulf of Alaska. ing: food and habitat for wildlife, fish and shell- fish species, natural products for human use and subsistence, shoreline erosion and sediment con- trol, flood protection, and opportunities for recreation and aesthetic appreciation. Not all left.- Blying Sound, South Central Coastal Zone wetlands perform all these functions, but most MARIN@ INTERTIDAL wetlands contribute to one or more in varying J HALL degrees. 9 Snojvqecse over Arctic Coastal Plain PALUSTRINIE EMERGENT - SATURATED A BRACKNEY ,io- 7 moist tundra wetlands the North Slope coastal plain are used by these animals for calving and feeding. Nonvegetated wetland tv es such as P gravel bars and coastal beaches are used to escape insect harassment, The value of wetlands for fish is well established for Alaska's coastal wetlands along rivers and 016% streams. Many fish species feed in wetlands or on N. food produced by wetlands. Coastal wetlands and stream side marshes are used as nursery grounds. Other wetland types adjacent to rivers maintain and regulate stream flow in channels used by fish. Species (e. g., salmon) that move between fresh water and saltwater are dependent on both coastal and riparian wetlands. Annually, the Tundra wetlands in northern and western Alaska salmon industry in Alaska employs approximately are prime breeding grounds for many shorebirds 22,000 people (Alaska Dept. of @ish and Game (sandpipers, plovers, and their relatives). 1992). The annual value of this fishery to com- Waterfowl species dependent on Alaska wetlands mcrcial harvesters is $600 million (Alaska Dept. include more than 70 thousand swans, one mil- of Education 1991). lion geese, and 12 million ducks (King and Lcnsink 1971). These include more than half the Many wetlands serve to temporarily store flood continental populations of tundra and trumpeter waters, thereby protecting downstream properties swans and all or most of the continental popula- from flood damage. The flood storage function tions of eight species or subspecies of geese. In also helps to slow the velocity of water, which recent years, Alaska wetlands have on average reduces the water's erosive potential. This func- supported 30 percent of the continental popula- tion of wetlands becomes increasingly important tions of northern pintails, 24 percent of American in Alaska's towns and cities, where development wigeons, 19 percent of scaup, 18 percent of can- has increased the rate and volume of surface- vasback, and 13 percent of green-winged teal water runoff and the potential for flood damage. (Lensink and Derksen 1986). The importance of Where permafrost is common, the ability of wet- Alaska wetlands to these and other species lands to store flood waters is reduced. increases significantly during years when drought occurs in prairie states and provinces. Subsistence use of wetland resources in Alaska is extensive. In most areas, wetland habitats provide During migration, huge flocks of waterfowl and resources upon which Native village economies shorebirds stop at specific wetland areas for rest- are based. A major portion of hunting, fishing, ing and feeding. These critical wetlands provide trapping, and gathering activities occurs in wet- concentrated food resources necessary to fuel the lands areas (Ellanna and Wheeler 19 86) . Fish and journey to nesting areas in the spring or southern ,xildlifc resources harvested for subsistence use destinations in the fall. Nearly all of the Pacific and dependent on wetlands include five species of Flyway black brant feed on rich celgrass beds at salmon, shellfish, ducks, geese, beaver, and otter. Izembek Lagoon on the Alaska Peninsula during Plant materials frequently collected from wet- fall migration (Fish and Wildlife Service 1985). lands include blueberries@, cranberries, labrador tea, and willow. Many mammals in Alaska use specific wetland types and areas. Some species, such as beaver and The diverslity of plant and animal life in Nvetlands muskrat, spend most of their lives in wetlands. makes them a valuable resource for nonconsump- Other mammals use wetlands primarily as feeding tive recreation such as wildlife viewing and pho- areas or resting areas. Moose commor@ly feed on tography. Wetlands, particularly in urban areas, submerged vegetation in deep marshes and shal- arc valuable in providing other passive recreation low ponds. The two largest herds of caribou, opportunities including education, open space, both in northern Alaska, gather into huge aggre- and aesthetic crijovment. In addition, waterfowl hunting in the United States depends on confin- gat ons and migrate from upland areas to coastal 1 wetland areas in the summer. Uninterrupted ued productivity of Alaska's wetlands. 10 CHAPTER THREE Classification System The definitions, classifications and categories of system is ftirther divided by the driving ecological wetlands and deepwater habitats used are those force, such as ebb and flow of tide, and by sub- described by Cowardin et al. (1979). In general strate material and flooding regimes, or on vegc- terms, wetland is land where saturation with tation life form. Groupings of categories were water is the dominant factor determining the made to accommodate special interests of the nature of soil development and the types of plant study, and to facilitate comparison of results with and animal communities living in the soil and on those of similar studies conducted in other its surface. Technically, wetlands are lands transi- regions of the United States. tional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or ii@ar the sur- face or the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands must also have one or more of the fol- lowing three attributes: 1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes; 2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; and 3) the substrate is nonsoil and is S' aturated with water or covered bv shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year. Deepwater habitats consist of certain permanent- ly flooded lands. In saltwater areas, the separation between wetland and deepwater habitat coincides with the elevation of the extreme low water of spring tide. In other areas, the separation is at a depth of two meters (6.6 feet) below low water. This is the maximum depth in which emergent plants normally grow. Within the hierarchical structure of classification, wetlands and deepwatcr habitats are grouped according to systems. A system consists of envi- ronments of similar hydrological, geomorpholog- ical, chemical, and biological influences. Each 41 "1 Color-infrared aerial pbotograpb sbowing -Kuskokwim Lowland Kanrisbna River, Tanana 2 The marine system extends from the outer edge which is primarily emergent. Emergent vegetation of the continental shelf shoreward to the extreme consists of erect, rooted herbaceous plants typi- high water of spring tides or to the boundary of cally found in wet environments. other systems as defined later. Marine subtidal includes that portion that is continuously sub- The lacustrine system includes wetlands (littoral) merged. This habitat is beyond the scop@ of the and deepwater habitats (1irmictic) situated in study and was therefore not included. Marine topographic depressions or dammed river chan- t.nterridal includes areas in which the substrate is nels. Each area must exceed 20 acres or be deep- exposed and flooded by tides, including the asso- er than two meters (6.6 feet) or have an active ciated splash zone. wave-formed or bedrock shoreline feature. Lacustrine areas are treated as deepwater The estuarine system consists of dcepwater tidal habitats in this study. habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands which are usually semi-enclosed by land, but have open, The palustrine system includes all nontidal wet- partially obstructed, or @poradic access to the lands not included within any of the other four open occan and in which ocean water is at least svstems and does not include any deepwater occasionally diluted by fresh water runoff from habitats. For this study, palustrin'e wetlands arc the land. Estuarine subtidal is that portion that is divided into the following groups: unconsolidated continuously submerged (considered dccpwater shore, open water (primarily ponds), aquatic beds habitat), while estuarine intertidal is the portion (e.g. pondlilies and pondweeds), emergent, exposed and flooded by tides, including the scrublshrub, and forested. Emer gent is defined the splash zone. For the purposes of this study, estu- same as for estuarine wetlands. Forested is charac- arine intertidal wetlands were separated ir@to the terized by the presence of trees, and scrublsbrub following groups: Nonvegetated, which includes includes areas dominated by shrubs and small or unconsolidated shore (e.g. mud flats) and aquatic stunted trees. beds (e.g. seagrasses or algal beds); and vegetated, Yukon -1,Cuskokwi m Delta PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED AND OPEN WATER t .7 :j NN , NI &V L F. GOLET 12 Palustrine vegetated wetlands were further sepa- In summary, the 14 wetland and deepwater rated into categories of saturated and flooded. habitat cat@gories used in this study are: Saturated wetlands seldom have surface water, but the substrate is saturated for extended peri- ods during the growing season. Wetlands with Calegory Common Examples organic soils, such as bogs, typically are saturated. Other examples of saturated wetlands include Marine intertidal Ocean shoreline moist tundra and black spruce muskegs with Estuarine subtidal Open water of bays/inlets permafrost occurring at a shallow depth. Flooded wetlands range from temporarily flooded Estuarine intertidal nonvegetated Mud and sand flats/beaches to permanently flooded. In temporarily flooded Estuarine interticlal vegetated Salt marsh wetlands, surface water is present for brief periods Palustrine unconsolidated shore Pond flats/beaches during the growing season. Flooded wetlands in Alaska include marshes, wet tundra, riparian wet- Palustrine open water Open water ponds lands, and shrub swamps. Palustrine aquatic beds Floating and submerged aquatic vegetation Palustrine emergent - saturated Moist tussock tundra and sedge bogs Palustrine emergent - flooded Wet sedge/grass tundra and marshes Palustrine scrub/shrub - saturated Moist shrub tundra and shrub bogs/muskegs Palustrine scrub/shrub - flooded Shrub swamps Palustrine forested - saturated Forested bogs/muskegs Palustrine forested - flooded Forested swamps Lacustrine Lakes Near Naknek, Bristol Bay Coastal Plain PALUSTRINE EMERGENT FLOODED 7 J HALL 13 All remaining surface area (area not classed as gories are Native, State and other. The results for wetland or deepwatcr habitat) corresponds to individual categories are accurate for only one classes of agriculture, urban, and other used by point in time. After transfers of federal land to Anderson et a]. (1976) at their Classification Native and State ownership are completed, the Level L Other includes Ainderson's Level I classes samples involved in this study could be reclassi- of forest land, rangeland, and barren land, as well fied by ownership for timely results. as lands that had been cleared of vegetation but had not been put to identifiable use. This briefly describes the classification used in this study. It is difficult to differentiate the cate- The ty e of ownership of Nvetlands was also gories further without introducing highly techni- I P determined in the study. For federal ownership, cal terms. More detailed discussions, exact defini- five categories were selected based on the man- tions, and fuller descriptions are provided by agement agency involved. These include the Cowardin et al. (1979). Bureau of Lan@ Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Forest Service, and otberfederal agencies. Additional ownership cate- Yukon -Kuskokwim Delta PALUSTRINE UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE 44 41 q1. IN -mail& t@ F GOLET 14 CHAPTER FOUR Survey. Proccdurc The objective of the study was to develop statis- The total number of sample units used statewide tical estimates of the areal extent of wetland and was 2,566. deepwater habitat categories and ownership class- es for Alaska. Each sample unit is a four-square mile area, two miles on each side. The units were plotted on A stratified random sampling design was used U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps and with 21 inland strata formed bv modification of on aerial photographs. The 1: 60,000 scale color- the land resource areas descr&d by Ricger et al. infrared aerial photography was obtained for the (1979). The study also used four coastal strata most recent date available. The average date of encompassing areas in the marine and estuarine this photography was 1980, with 90 percent of systems. The 25 strata and Alaska's four major the photos within three years of the average. regions are shown in the map on page 16. The photography was interpreted and annotated Sample units were allocated to strata in propor- in accordance with the classification system tion to expected amounts of wetlands and deep- described earlier and with procedures developed water habitats as estimated by Fish and Wildlife by the Fish and Wildlife Service's National Service personnel. A pilot study with 500 sample Wetlands Inventory Project. A minimum map- units was conducted to estimate the total number ping size of one-half acre was used. Land owner- of sample units required for the statewide study. ship/management determinations were made from land information records maintained by the Bureau of Land Management. Kisaralik Lake, Kuskokwim Higbiands LACUSTRINE 40 D. DALL 15 17eEaG 1w eP. VW 1w 0 A/ 8FAUFORr SEA PHYSICAL SU P, Regions 2 P,udhoe Bay Coastal Zone Southern Alaska 24 Interior Alaska Arctic and Western At 23 Coastal Resource Areas Southeast Coastal Zo Sou th Central Coasta 2 West Em Coastal Zone Z Northern Coastal Zen Land Resource Areas 21 S uthea I A:aska Mou Is Sou theast A aska Low Y' N- I I South Central Alaska Cook Inlet - Susitna PENCE NORro KS Alaska Peninsula and ISLAND N Kusk k.i. Highland S0UtvD 4 Kyuokuk - Innoke, Lo Alaska Range Copper Myer Plateau 12 1,. 7` Tanana - K.Ekkwi. LA In ter cr Alaska Highla a I. k.in Flats 10 A. Kancti Flats Bristol Bay Coastal PI .-T11W 1 13 Bering Sea Islands Yu k.u - Kuskolcwi. D No u Sound Highla 19 Selt' awik - Kobuk Delta Brooks Range 1@ It HORAGE V. Art Foothills 'rct:c NIJ@@".K ,cCoastal Plain ISLAND 7 3 9 GULF OF ALASKA PRIBILOF 18 2 15LANDS 11 R KODIAK A Y P A C F / C 0 C E A N I'A 8 E R / N G 5 E A NEAR ISLAND5 T Ell 4 s, 3 tV@-A.. EA-1 @Rm ms 9 "L-D5 4 C' st. @@'OISLANDS C IN. 0 C E A N ol CHAPTER FIVE Results The intent of this study was to quantify a-real Results presented in the remainder of this section coverage of wetlands and deepwater habitats for are based on information found in the Appendix Alaska. Results for all categories discussed in the and other supplementary data. classification system section are given in the Appendix. Several of the individual categories were grouped based on physical, chemical, and biological similarities and are shown as subtotals. These groupings include the following: Wetlands and deep-water habitats includes all Alaska Range marine, estuarine, palustrine, and lacustrine clas- PALUSTR1NE SCRUB/SHRUB - SATURATED sifications. Wetlands includes marine, estuarine, and palus- trine wetlands. Estuarine wetlands includes all estuarine care- gories except estuarine subtidal (a deepwatcr @A habitat). `4@@ Palustrine wetlands includes all palustrine care- J gories. Palustrine nonveyetated wetlands includes the unconsolidated shore, open water, and aquatic bed categories. Palustrine vegetated wetlands includes all erner- gent, scrub/shrub, and forested categories. j Palustrine emergent wetlands, palustrine scrublsbrub wetlands, and palustrine forested wet- lands include the saturated and flooded care_ gories. 7 Deepwater habitats includes estuarine subtidal and lacustrine habitats. 0M, USFVVS 17 WETLANDS AND WETLANDS DEEPWATER HABITATS The estimate of wetlands is 174,683,900 acres. The estimate of wetlands and deepwater habitats The lower 48 states contain an estimated is 204,554,300 acres (See figure 1). This repre- 103,343,600 acres of wetlands (See figures 2, 3). sents 50.7 percent of Alaska's surface area. In the Figure 4 shows the distribution of Alaska wet- lower 48 states, wetlands and deepwater habitats lands by region. only occupy 9.3 percent of the surface area. Suckling Hills, Soutb Central Alaska Mountains PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - SATURATED AND OPEN WATER vooft All ;Y@ e Ai 21 4 -4, 4. 7 jr J. HALL 18 Figure I Alaska Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats OTIRER 198, 93,400 acres "DEEPWATER HABITATS 29,870,400 acres 7.4% Figures 2, 3 Surface Area of Alaska and Lower 48 States ALL SURFACE AREA WETLANDS MON-WETLANDS 4108,718,600acres 88.4% res "g Vl@ 5@ Figure 4 Distribution of Alaska Wetlands by Region @:l' N SOUTHERN 9,051,200 acres 5.2% COASTAL ZONE 2,190,600 acres 1.3% 120 -@@kn 5 19 'v -7, l7 4 Arctic Foothills USFWS PA-LUSTRINE EMERGENT - SATURATED The 25 physical subdivisions and four regions below with their respective total acreages and appearing in the map on page 16 are shown wetland areas. ALASKA PHYSICAL SUBDIVISIONS TOTAL WETLAND WETLAND TOTAL WETLAND WETLAND PHYSICAL SUBDIVISION ACRES ACRES PERCENT PHYSICAL SUBDIVISION ACRES ACRES PERCENT (IN THOUSANDS OF ACRES) (IN THOUSANDS OF ACRES), Southeast Alaska Mountains 7,023.9 84.4 1.2 Norton Sound Highlands 34,652.3 18,320.1 52.9 Southeast Alaska Lowlands 11,128.4 3,835.5 34.5 Selawk-Kobuk Delta 3,149.6 2,384.0 75.7 South Central Alaska Mountains 26,375.7 739.4 2.8 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta 15,860.3 12,477.0 78.7 Cook Inlet - Susitna Lowland 9,442.0 2,644.5 28.0 Bristol Bay Coastal Plain 6,067.5 3,331.8 54.9 Alaska Peninsula & Southwest Islands 15,748.6 1,747.4 11.1 Bering Sea Islands 2,898.1 2,194.5 75.7 Total - Southern Alaska 69,718.6 9,051.2 13.0 Brooks Range 32,406.5 7,182.3 22.2 Arctic Foothills 36,390.6 30,271.1 83.2 Copper River Plateau 8,367.4 3,056.9 36.5 Arctic Coastal Plain 20,031.5 16,615.6 82.9 Alaska Range 18,197.4 1,339.5 7.4 Total - Arctic & Western Alaska 151,456.4 92,776.4 61.3 Koyukuk-Innoko Lowland 10,161.0 7,223.0 71.1 Kanuti Flats 1,339.0 1,023.7 76.5 Southeast Coastal Zone 7,456.8 236.0 3.2 Tanana-Kuskokwim Lowland 13,550.9 8,256.1 60.9 South Central Coastal Zone 6,567.7 694.1 10.6 Yukon Flats 9,679.2 3,681.6 38.0 Western Coastal Zone 3,754.8 1,106.3 29.5 Kuskokwirn Highlands 44,182.5 24,462.4 55.4 Northern Coastal Zone 3,592.3 154.2 4.3 Interior Alaska Highlands 55,223.7 21,622.5 39.2 Total - Coastal Zone' 21,371.6 2,190.6 10.3 Total - Interior Alaska 160,701.1 70,665.7 44.0 Total - Alaska 403,247.7 174,683.9 43.3 'Coastal Zone acreage is primarily estuarine subtidal, a deepwater habitat 20 Marine Intertidal Wetlands Figure 5 The estimate of marine intertidal wetlands is Estuarine Wetlands in Alaska 48,600 acres. and the Lower 48 States Estuarine Wetlands The estimate of estuarine wetlands is 2,131,900 acres. This is smaller than the estimated 5,472,700 acres of estuarincwetlands in the ALASKA LOWER 48 lower 48 states (See figure 5). As shown in ESTUARINE ESTUARINE figures 6 and 7, the majority of estuarine wetlands WETLAINa) WETLANDS 1 13190 00 ( c in Alaska are nonvegetated- the vast majority of 21 1 res 5,472,700 acres 28.0% 72.0% estuarine wetlands in the lower 48 states are vegetated. Figure 8 shows the distribution of Alaska estuarine wetlands by coastal subdivisions. Figure 6 Figure 7 Estuarine Wetlands in Alaska Estuarine Wetlands in the Lower 48 States NONVEGETATED VEGETATED 1,771,700 acres 811% 4,782,900 acres NONVEGETATEI 87,4% VEGETATED 689,800 acresI 360,200 acres 12.6% 16.9% Figure 8 Distribution of Alaska Estuarine Wetlands by Coastal Subdivisions SOUTH CENTRAL SOUTHEAST 675,900 acres 230,800 acres 31.7% 10.8% NORTHERN AL SKA @E ESTU RIN WET NOS 131 0 ces 2 Da 'go 2 0. 8@ NO , @EETA @17@1 70 ac> 83_1 144,300 acres WESTERN 6.8% 1,080,900 acres 50.7% 21 Palustrine Wetlands Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands The estimate of palustrinc wetlands is The estimate of palustrine vegetated wetlands is 172,503,400 acres. This represents 98.8 percent 169,833,200 acres. This is much larger than the of the wetlands in Alaska. 91,625,300 acrcs in the lower 48 states (See figure 9). The distribution is quite different for Palustrine Nonvegetated Wetlands the two areas. In Alaska, the vast majority of The estimate of palustrine nonvegetated wetlands palustrine vegetated wetlands are scrub/shrub in Alaska is 2,670,200 acres. The lower 48 states wetlands, and the smallest amount is forested have 6,141,300 acres of palustrine nonvegetated wetlands (See figure 10); in the lower 48 states, wetlands. In both cases, most of the area is open the majority of palustrine vegetated wetlands are water ponds. However, in the mid- 19 5 O's, there forested wetlands, and the smallest amount is was only an estimated 2,704,400 acres of palus- scrub/shrub wetlands (See figure 11). The distri- trinc nonvcgetatcd wetlands in the lower 48 bution of palustrinc vegetated wetlands in states. Most of the increase is due to pond Alaska's Southern, Interior, and Arctic and construction. Western regions is shown in figures 12, 13, and 14, respectivelv. Caribou herd, Arctic Coastal Plain PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED lot. t 4 "'A Now; ir off t Ilk t OPT #K f BP EXPLORATION @ALASKA) NC. 22 Figure 9 Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands in Alaska and the Lower 48 States ALASKA LOWER 48 169,833,200 acres 91,625,300 acres 65.0% 35.0% Figure 10 Figure 11 Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands in Alaska Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands in the Lower 48 States FORESTED 22,300 acres :3,`@:!@@'@""@:"@ 7.9% 7 EMERGENT EMERGENT 42,000,800 acres 24,533,000 acres 24.7% 26.8% Figures 12, 13, 14 Palustrine Vegetated Wetlands by Region SOUTHERN INTERIOR ARCTIC & WESTERN of"m A -3, EMERGENT 1,842,700 acres 20.8% EMERGENT 31,184,700 acres FORESTED 34.3% 1,042,400 acres 1.1% EMERGENT ED 8,973,400 acres 8,989,300 acres 12.8% 12.9% 23 Palustrine Emergent Wetlands fourth of the palustrine scri-ib/shri-ib wetlands are (Figures 15, 16) flooded. Almost 97 percent of the palustrille The estimate of palustrinc emergent wetlands is scrub/shrub wetlands are found in Interior 42,000,800 acres. The amounts of saturated and Alaska and Arctic and Western Alaska. flooded wetlands are approximately equal. Subdivisions having the most palustrine Palustrinc emergent wetlands are most common scrub/shrub wetlands are the Arctic Foothills in in Arctic and Western Alaska, where three- Arctic and Western Alaska, with 24,548,300 fourths of this type of wetland is found. Over 14 acres; and, the Kuskokwini Highlands and the million acres of palustrinc emergent wetlands arc Interior Alaska flighlands ill Interior Alaska found in the Arctic Coastal Plain, the only physi- with 18,858,900 acres and 16,348,900 acres, cal subdivision in Alaska with the majority of its respectively. surface area in this single type. Over five million acres of palustrine emergent wetlands are found Palustrine Forested Wetlands in the Yukon 44iskokwirn Delta and also in the (Figures 19, 20) Arctic Foothills. The estimate of palustrine forested wetlands is 13,322,300 acres. Only 204,300 acres arc classi- Palustrine ScrublSbrub Wetlands fied as flooded. As shown earlier, palustrinc (Figures 17, 18) forested wetlands cover relatively little area in The estimate of palustrine scrub/shrub wetlands Alaska compared to the lower 48 states, where it is 114,5 10,100 acres. Only 5.8 percent of these is the most abundant type of wetland. wetlands are ctassified as flooded. Flooded palus- trinc scrUb/shrub wetlands are most common in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, where about one- Tanana -lCuskokimm Lo)vland PALUSTRINE SCRUB/SHRUB - FLOODED A. 4 `77' 77@ 46, -v .7 . . . . . . . . . . :'4T J A F. GOLET 24 Figures 15, 16 Palustrine Emergent Wetlands SATURATED VS. FLOODED DISTRIBUTION BY REGION INTERIOR 8,973,400 acres SATURATED FLOODED 21.4% SOUTHERN 11,842,700 acres 21,170,500 acres 20,830,300 acres 4A% 50.4% 49.6% ARCTIC AND WESTERN 31,184,700 acres 74.2% Figures 17, 18 Palustrine Scrub/Shrub Wetlands SATURATED VS. FLOODED DISTRIBUTION BY REGION INTERIOR 52,047,600 acres 450k FLOODED :Z f 6,592,200 acres SOUTHERN 3,709,600 acres 5@8% 3.2% ARCTIC AND WESTERN 58,752,900 acres 51.3% Figures 19, 20 Palustrine Forested Wetlands SATURATED VS. FLOODED DISTRIBUTION BY REGION FLOODED 204,300 acres v ARCTIC AND WESTERN 1,042,400 acres 7.8% 25 DEEPWATER HABITATS affected groups. Other shifts have occurred The estimate of deepwatcr habitats is 29,870,400 between groups due to land trades and acquisi- acres. Estuarine subtidal habitats cover approxi- tions, and conversion of State lands to private mately the same surface area in Alaska as in the ownership through homesteading and agriCU1- lower 48 states (See figure 2 1). Alaska has much tural programs. less acreage in lacustrine deep-water habitats than the lower 48 states; however, about two-thirds of Figure 22 shows the distribution of wetlands the lacustrine area in the lower 48 states is in the among ownership/management categories. The Great Lakes. remaining figures show acreages for wetland cate- gories managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service, OWNERSHIP the National Park Service, and the Forest Service. The detailed ownership information collected Acreages in these groups have been relativelv sta- during the study is presented in the summary ble over the past several years. As might be table in the Appendix. The information should expected, 1) the Fish and Wildlife Service is man - be used with caution, because the State of Alaska aging a greater proportion of emergent wetlands and Natives are continuing to receive lands than the other two agencies, and 2) the most selected from the block of lands managed by the prevalent wetland category under Forest Service Bureau of Land Management. This results in management is palustrine forested. major shifts in wetland acreages managed by the Northwestern Lagoon, South Central Coastal Zone ESTUARINE SUBTIDAL ...... . ..... A@ P-60 . . .. . . . . . & J. HALL 26 Figure 21 Figure 22 Estuarine and Lacustrine Deepwater Habitats Distribution of Wetlands by Ownership/Management in Alaska and the Lower 48 States OTHERS LOWER 48 ALASKA 564,700 acres ESTUARINE SUBTIDAL ESTUARINE SUBTIDAL 0.3% 18,882,400 acre 19,152,400 acres 1770/. 16.0% ALASKA LACUSTRINE 10,718,000 acres 10.0% NATIVE 19,575,000 acres 11.2% FOREST SERVICE 3,827,100 acres 2.2% NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 13,259,700 acres Figure 23 7.6% Wetlands under Management by Fish and Wildlife Service PALUSTRINE EMERGENT 11,531,800 acres /JPALUITRINI 30.1% FORESTED 492,900 acres 3.9% OTHER WETLANDS 1,185,700 acres 629R 3.1% Figure 24 Figure 25 Wetlands under Management by National Park Service Wetlands under Management by Forest Service PALUSTRINE PALUSTRINE EMERGENT PAW, EMERGENT 370,000 acres 1,034,400 acres 9.7% 7.8% PALUSTRINE IZ FORESTED :PAL Bl$ 40W 780,500 acres 0 5.9% - OTHER WETLANDS 111, 900 acres 0.8% OTHER/ WETLANDS 61,800 acres 1.6% 27 Alk CHAPTER SIX In Conclusion This survey provides an estimate of 174,683,900 Continual monitoring of surface area use and acres of wetlands in Alaska, dominated by palus- changes in use is needed to provide the basis for trinc vegetated wetlands. Alaska contains 63 per- wise decisions. This report is the result of one cent of the total wetland acreage in the United such method of monitoring initiated by the States (excluding Hawaii). While widespread wet- U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The results in land losses have been relatively low in Alaska, this report provide wetland information similar specific localities have sustained significant losses to 1) the forest and range information required (Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources 1993). by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, and 2) information on Results of this study provide the basis for future soil, water, and related resources required by the studies of wetland trends. One of the first trends Soil and Water Resource Conservation Act. The that could be studied is the change in the owner- results can be updated in the ftiture on the sched- ship/management of wetlands resulting from ulc required by those Acts. continuing land transfers involving federal agen- cies, Natives, and the State of Alaska. The sample units used in this study could be reclassified by ownership at some future date to provide more current information. X. N left: Black spruce, Tanana -Kuskokw1m Lowland PALUSTRINE FORESTED - SATURATED J. HALL rigbt: Moose, Cook Inlet - Susitna Lowland PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED USFWS 29 pill Rw @i' t4 I 4r 4. V-4 I@A 4&m@- Literature Cited Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Fraver, W. E., T. J. Monahan, D. C. Bowden, Development. 1992. Seafood Industry Sector an@ F. A. Gravbill. 1983. Status and trends of Report. State of Alaska, Dept. of Commerce and wetlands and @eepwatcr habitats in the contermi- Econ. Dev., Div. of Business Dev. 181 pp. nous United States, 1950's to 1970's. Colo. State Univ. 32 pp. Alaska Department of Education. 1991. Alaska Blue Book 1991-1992, Ninth Ed. State of Fraver, W. E., and Dennis Peters. 1989. Alaska, Dept. of Educ., Div. of State Libraries, Wetlands of the California Central Valley: Status Archives, and Museums. 369 pp. and trends, 1939 to mid-1980's. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 28 pp. Alaska Department of Natural Resources. 1993. Alaska's outdoor le acy: statewide comprehensive Fraver, W. E. 1991. Status and trends of 9 outdoor recreation plan, 1992-1996. State of wetlands and deepwater habitats in the Alaska, Dept. of Natural Resources. 80 pp. conterminous United States, 1970's to 1980's. Mich. Technological Univ. 32 pp. Anderson, James R., Ernest E. Hardy, John T. Roach, and Richard E. Witmer. 1976. A land use Fraver, W. E., and John Hefner. 1991. Florida and cover classification svstem for use with wet@larids: Status and trends, 1970's to 1980's. remote sensor data. U. 9. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper U. S Fish Wildl. Serv. 32 pp. 964. 22 pp. King, J. G., and C. J. Lensink. 1971. An Co-vvardin, L. 1M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. evaluation of Alaska habitat for migratory birds. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and Unpublished report. Bureau of Sport Fisheries deepwatcr habitats of the United States. U. S. and Wildlife, Wash., D. C. 72 pp. Fish Wildl. Serv. 103 pp. Lensink, C. J., and D. V. Derksen. 1986. Dahl, T. E. 1990. Wetland losses in the United Evaluation of Alaska wetlands for waterfowl. States, 1780's to 1980's. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. In: Alaska Regional Wctland Functions - 21 pp. Proceedings of a Workshop. The Environmental Institute, Univ. of Mass. pp. 45-84. Dahl, T. E., and C. E. Johnson. 1991. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous United Rieger, Samuel, Dale B. Schoephorster and States, mid-1970's to mid-1980's. U. S. Fish Clarence E. Furbush. 1979. Exploratory soil Wildl. Serv. 28 pp. survey of Alaska. U. S. Dept. Agr. Soil @ons. Serv. 213 pp. Ellanna, L. J., and P. C. Wheeler. 1986. Subsistence use of wetlands in Alaska. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. _Tn: Alaska Regional Wctland Functions - Izembek National Wildlife Reffige - comprehen- Proceedings of a Workshop. The Environmental si-ve conservation plan. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Institute, Univ. of Mass. pp 85-103. Anchorage, Alaska. 270 pp. left: Stikine River Delta, Southeast Alaska Lowlands PALUSTRINE EMERGENT - FLOODED HALL 31 Appendix Estimates produced include acreages with asso- Estimates were produced for categories described ciated standard errors. Many estimates are not in Chapter Three. These estimates are summa- considered reliable enough to recommend their rized on the next page. Totals for columns are use for making decisions. An indication is given estimates of total acreage by ownership/manage- of the reliability of each estimated acreage in the ment classification categorv. Row totals (the summary tables included in this appendix. The extreme right column) are"estimates of total standard error of each entry expressed as a per- acreage by surface area category. Entries are centage of the entry (SE%) is given in parenthe- interpreted as in the following examples (all from ses. Reliabilitv can be stated enerally as "we are the second and tenth columns of the table): 9 68 percent confident that the true value is within the interval constructed by adding to and sub- 11,531,800 acres classified as palustririe tracting from the entry th@ SE%/100 times the emergent are managed by the U. S. Fish entry." For example, if an entry is one million and Wildlife Service. acres and the SE% is 20, then we arc 68 percent confident that the true value is between 800,000 42,000,800 acres are classified as palustrine and 1,200,000 acres. An equivalent statement for emergent. 95 percent confidence can be made by adding and subtracting twice the amount to and from 24,151,900 acres classified as palLtstriiie the entry. scrub/shrub are managed by U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Therefore, a large SE% indicates low reliability, if any, in the estimate. In fact, if the SE% is 100 or The estimate of palustrine forested area is greater, we cannot even say that we are 68 per- 13,322,300 acres. cent confident that the true value is not zero. The estimated area of wetlands and This discussion on reliabilitv is meant to aid in deepwater habitats is 204,554,300 acres. interpretation of the study @esults. It was expect- ed that onIv certain estimates would be precise enough to be meaningfiil. However, all entries are included in the summarv table for additivitv and case of comparison. Seaside plantain, Anchorage, South Central Coastal Zone ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL VEGETATED F GOLET 32 TA,BLE 1. Area, in thousands of acres, by surface area classification. Sampling error, in percent, is given in parentheses below estimate. OWNERSHIP CLASSIFICATION FEDERAL BUREAU FISH AND NATIONAL ALL OFLAND WILDLIFE PARK FOREST OTHER ALL NATIVE 7STATE OTHER OWNER- MGMT. SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE FEDERAL FEDERAL SHIPS MARINE INTERTIOAL WETLANDS 0 2.9 0 0 0 2.9 0 45,7 0 48.6 (42.9) (42.9) (31.1) (29.7) NON-VEGETATED 0.6 58.0 5.2 0.1 1.3 65.2 7.5 1698.0 1.0 1771.7 A ESTUARINE (75.2) (44.0) (72.2) (55.0) (93.2) (39.6) (53.2) (7.9) (94.9) (7.6) INTERTIDAL VEGETATED 5.6 52.6 0.9 23.6 4.5 87.2 17.0 255.9 0.1 360.2 (45.6) (36.3) (54.6) (46.6) (87.0) (25.8) (37.4) (18.2) (95.0) (14.3) L ESTUARINE WETLANDS 6.2 110.6 6.1 23.7 5.8 152.4 24.5 1953.9 1.1 2131.9 (41.9) (30.3) (69.4) (46.4) (71.8) (23.5) (33.2) (7.4) (94.9) (7.1) UNCONSOLIDATED 5.4 15.3 0.1 <0. 1 0 20.8 1.0 11.2 0 33.0 L P SHORE (54.6) (83.1) (81.0) (100.0) (62.8) (58.1) (46.3) (42.5) OPEN WATER 489.8 992.6 103.3 37.6 0.4 1623.7 549.4 336.4 1.5 2511.0 A (9.4) (7.4) (20.3) (31.0) (99.5) (5.4) (13.7) (10.2) (60.7) (4.1) AQUATIC BEDS 13.1 64.3 2.4 0.5 0 80.3 24.4 20.7 0.8 126.2 (30.5) (22.8) (59.8) (55.2) (18.9) (24.2) @24.8) (99.3) (13.4) L 508. 10722 38.1 0.4 1724.8 574.8 368.3 2.3 2670.2 NON-VEGETATED 3 (.7105.8) ), 10 00 W (9.2) (7.3) (@2 0. 0) (30.1) (99.5) (5.4) (13.3) (10.0) (70.3) (4.0) EMERGENT- 8252.2 5956.6 357.1 205.9 0.1 14771.9 1909.2 4483.0 6.4 21170.5 U SATURATED (10.4) (11.5) (57.7) (19.6) (75.7) (7.4) (16.4) (15.5) (66.4) (5.9) E EMERGENT- 6582.4 5575.2 677.3 164.1 2.5 13001.5 3229.4 4586.0 13.4 20830.3 FLOODED (8.1) (9.2) (24.5) (78.1) (88.7) (5,6) (122) (9.8) (78.1) (3.9) S EMERGENT 14834.6 11531.8 1034.4 370.0 2.6 27773.4 5138.6 9069.0 19.8 42000.8 T (7.4) (8.0) (26.1) (36.8) (84.1) (5.0) (10.8) (10.3) (57.9) (3.5) T SCRUB/SHRUB - 38243.3 22132.0 10774.9 683.7 222.2 72056.1 12064.3 23708.9 88.6 107917.9 SATURATED (5.4) (6@6) (14.3) (17.8) (52.7) (3.7) (10.4) (7.0) (49.2) (2.4) L SCRLIB/SHRUB - 1372.3 2019.9 558.0 61.9 36.1 4048.2 955.7 1566.3 22.0 6592.2 R FLOODED (10.9) (12.5) (18.4) (55.9) (83.6) (7.6) (20.8) (10.9) (55.8) (5.9) SCRUB/SHRUB 39615.6 24151.9 11332.9 745.6 258.3 76104.3 13020.0 25275.2 110.6 114510.1 A (5.3) (6.3) (14.0) (19.5) (48.2) (3.6) (10.0) (6.8) (49.1) (2.3) FORESTED - 3827.9 1462.8 767.1 2631.2 103.7 8792.7 792.3 3483.9 49.1 13118.0 SATURATED (16.2) (16.8) (43.5) (11.0) (65.8) (8.9) (22.1) (12.7) (44.4) (6.7) N FORESTED - 32.3 30.1 13.4 18.5 2.3 96.6 24.8 74.2 8.7 204.3 N FLOODED (38.2) (62.6) (62.6) (42.4) (99.4) (26.1) (58.5) (58.3) (76.6) (25.7) FORESTED 3860.2 1492.9 780.5 2649.7 106.0 8889.3 817.1 3558.1 57.8 13322.3 D E (16.1) (16.8) (42.8) (10.9) (64.5) (8.9) (22.1) (12.5) (42.1) (6.6) VEGETATED 58310.4 37176.6 13147.8 3765.3 366.9 112767.0 18975.7 37902.3 188.2 169833.2 (4.3) (5.2) (13.1) (11@ 4.9) (2.8) (8.5) (5.7) (43.3) (16) S PALUSTRINE WETLANDS 58818.7 38248.8 13253.6 3803.4 367.3 114491.8 19550.5 38270.6 190.5 172503.4 (4.3) (5.1) (13.0) (11.2) (44.9) (2.7) (8.5) (5.6) (43.5) (1.6) ALL WETLANDS 58824.9 38362.3 13259.7 3827.1 3731 114647.1 19575.0 40270.2 191.6 174683.9 (43) (5.1) (13.0) (11.2) (44.2) (17) (M) (5.4) (432) (1.6) ESTUARINE SUBTIDAL 0.7 40.7 <0. 1 <0.1 865.2 906.6 3.9 18224.6 17.3 19152.4 (64.3) (65.1) (95.0) (95.7) (14.4) (14.0) (44.1) (1.0) (95.0) (0.8) LACUSTRINE 2496.5 2733.4 179.6 350.4 0 5759.9 1435.3 3519.7 3.1 10718.0 '@RGEUNT SC RUB HRUB- SAT RATED (12.8) (12.5) (28.1) (38.5) (8.5) (15.7) (17.9) (99.2) (7.5) DEEPWATER HABITATS 2497.2 2774,11 179.6 350.4 865.2 6666.5 1439.2 21744.3 20.4 29870.4 (12.8) (12.3) (281) (38.5) (14.4) (7.6) (15.6) (3.0) (82.0) (2.7) WETLANDS AND 61322.1 41136.4 13439.3 4177 751238.3 121313.6 21014.2 62014.5) 3) (12.8) (10.2) 1 37 2) (1 (79) (3.5) DEEPWATER HABITATS (4.2@ (5.0) (16.7) (2.7) -77 -16A NN 1% 00, Ile dl kw* AW:7. .mod, oll 3 6668 001 5107