[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]








                                                            TASK II.B.2
                                                            NA90AA-D-CZ441











ON'                                    COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAM


   @gW
                                               -GENERAL PUBLIC-
                                                      and
                                            EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
                                          GRADES SIX THROUGH EIGHT

                                             ONEIDA RESERVATION
                                                  WISCONSIN


                                                                      Al















                                             This project was funded inpart
                                             with a grant under the Coastal
                                             Zone Management Act of 1972,
                                             as amended, from the U.S.
                                             Department of Commerce, Office
                                             of Ocean and Coastal Resource
                                             Management, Wisconsin Coastal
                                             Management Program





             ,All
               DE
               I N I
      GB      1.0.
              j@)ON
      621
       C65
      1991





























                                     ONEIDA WETLANDS
























                               U   DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                               C 0 T A L S F R V @ C,,Ez, C E N T E R
                                        H()"',;(.)N AVENUE
                               @-riAi@LESTON SC 29405-2413










                      Copyright 1991 Carol Nepton and the Oneida Tribe
                      of Indians of Wisconsin,  All Rights Reserved



    Qi)










                                       Chapter 1

                               INTRODUCTIO14 TO WETLANDS

                 Vocabulary:
                    a?sol-laku      -   swamp
                    kana9wa`ku      -   wetland
                    ohsa`;IkA-tAku      marsh
                    onawa3tstal-ke      mud

                    Before the Oneida  people and the European settlers
               came to Wisconsin there were.many forest lands,
               prairies and wetlands. Areas were cleared for farming.
               Forests were cut for the timber. Prairies were used
               for farming. 'The farmers saw the wetland areas
               provided some wildlife but these wet places also
               created some problems. During the summer months the
               wetlands were filled with stagnant water which provided
               breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The land was not good
               for growing crops or keeping farm animals.

                    Native people had always  .been thankful for the
               variety in nature. They appreciated the assortment of
               areas provided by the Earth Mother. They did not want
               to see changes made tothe. land and the earth's
               creatures displaced or destroyed.

                    Nevertheless, many wetlands were  drained and
               filled to provide more farm land.

               What are wetlands?

                    There are many different words for the different
               kinds of wetlands: swamp, bog, wet meadow, marsh,
               bottomland. The Oneida word for wetland is kana waku.
               Wetlands are identified by the water level, the kind of
               soil and the types of plants that grow. Recognizing a
               wetland is sometimes easy but it can be difficult
               because water levels, soils and plants are different
               from one area to another. There is no exact formula.
               Perhaps you can decide what makes a wetland here at
               Oneida and find some on a map of thereservation.










                 How are wetlands formed?

                 1. Wetlands are formed when the groundwater table is
                 near, at, or above the soil surface in a depression.



                                       VIETLAND
                                                             FITT ET
                     GROUNDUATER                        GROUND


                 2. .,Wetlands are formed when an layer of soil such as
                 clay or fine silt prevents water from  draining through
                 the bottom or sides of a depression.   This is called a
                 "perched" wetland. The water level in this type of an
                 area changes because of rainfall, evaporation and
                 amount of seepage to the groundwater.

                                  @VIJETLAND


                                                       IMPERVIOU@Q LAYER


                                                    GROUNDUATER


                 3. Wetlands are formed when groundwater comes out    from
                 a slope. This might happen on a hillside and is called
                 a hillside seep.




                                 GROUNDWATER
                                                      . ...... HETLAND




                 4. Another way a wetland can   be formed is when an area
                 is frequently flooded by a lake, river or stream. Many
                 wetlands are flooded only in the Spring but the water
                 stays long enough to affect the soil and plant5.











                                             2
                    @GO U,17D @ @4@




                                 G@ROUND                      D
                                                         HETL.












               MARS H


                    A freshwater marsh is the most common type of
               wet.land. The marsh holds water a few inches to a few
               feet over the soil. Plants found in a marsh are
               usually perennial, which means they grow every year
               without being reseeded. These soft-stemmed plants are
               sedges, cattail and bulrush. Water depth will determine
               which plants will grow.

               BOG

                    A bog is an acid lake or pool usually found in
               areas that had,been covered by glaciers. Bogs are
               peatlands formed by the gradual decay of plant
               material. the peat forms a floating mat of vegetation
               over water. The mat may include mosses, sedges,
               cattails, shrubs and even some trees. The many soft-
               stemmed plants fill the.area like a sponge.

               SWAMPS

                    Swamps usually have many woody plants like trees             ir
               and shrubs. Some have hardwood trees like the Red
               Maple,while others have more evergreen,trees like the
               Cedar, Fir and Spruce. Within the swamp forest are
               many kinds of shrubs, some of which bear fruit. The
               Highbush Blueberry is one that is found regularly.
                    Draw an wetland area that you know. Which one of
               the examples most closely resembles your place? Can
               you find it on a reservation-map?



















                                          3











                                       Chapter 2


                                  CHANGES IN THE LAND



                Vocabulary:
                    Oneida           on yote"a-ka      people of the
                                                        standing stone
                    Oneida, WI       okwehowe-ne       an Oneida
                                                        settlement


                    Before European   settlers came  to Wisconsin,
              wetland areas provided a place for     the native people to
              hunt game and gather foods and materials used in their
              everyday life. Indian people gathered wild rice,
              different kinds of berries and grasses for weaving. In
              addition to fish, the native people trapped beaver,
              muskrat, mink and otter.. They thanked the Creator        for.
              their brothers and sisters and used everything from
              their harvest.

                    The fur from these animals.was highly desired by
              the Europeans and the pelts became major trade items
              for the Indian people.

                    Indian people liked having the new'European trade
              goods such as cooking pots, axes, guns, cloth and .
              beads. 'They were happy to trade furs for these things.

                    By the early 1820's the Oneidas living in their
              homeland called New York State, were having       ptoblems
              because of the number of European immigrants in their
              land. The white settlers wanted more and more land.
              conditions were very bad. Some Oneida people decided
              to move to Wisconsin, another group moved to Ontario,
              Canada and some stayed in New York.

                    In 1823 the Oneida negotiated to get four million
              acres of land from the Menominee in Wisconsin.
              President James Monroe    thought that was too much land
              and reduced the amount    to only 500,000 acres, less than
              13 percent of the land    originally promised.

                    In 1838, the land   area was again reduced. This
              time to 65,000 acres.     At this time there was about 654
              Oneida that had moved to this wilderness area.






                                            4









                     Some Oneida became farmers and were encouraged to
                clear trees from the land. Lumbermen bought up all the
                trees and the white settlers wanted the cleared land
                for their own farms and livestock. Indian people were
                encouraged to sell their land and the federal
                government'wanted to move all Indians onto reservations
                west of the Mississippi River.

                     The biggest loss of Oneida land came about because
                of the General Allotment Act in 1887. This law divided
                up reservation land into parcels. Each person was
                given a parcel but often families were not given land
                near each other-which caused a breakdown of close
                family ties.

                     After 1908 property taxes had to be paid on each
                plot of land. Many lost their land to tax sales and
                foreclosures. Between 1923 and 1924 over 5,600 acres
                were drained on the Oneida Reservation. By the middle
                of the 1920's only a few hundred acres still belonged
                to Oneida people.

                     During this time of increased farming and land
                loss, many thousands of acres were cleared for farming.
                Wetlands were drained to create more land for crops.
                Some farmers that had wet meadows waited until the
                ground was frozen to harvest the 'marsh hay.

                     River channels were dug out so large boats could
                travel on the waterways. The dredged silt that was
                removed was placed along wet shorelines, eliminating
                more wetland area. River sites were used for homes and
                factories.

                     For over 150 years the wetlands in Wisconsin have
                decreased. Today, many people are beginning to realize
                the importance of wetlands. These areas are necessary
                for wildlife, for the-quality of water and they protect
                us from floods.


                     The Oneida Reservation still has wetland areas.
                These places need to be protected.





                     . . ........... ........

                                                       Great Siue "em., T,,ac,s





                                           5










                                        Chapter 3
                             REPTILES,  AMPHIBIANS AND FISH


                 Vocabulary-
                     snake           otku, awista/ni, or kwa'7watkwal
                     turtle          alno-wale'@
                     frog            kwa 1 e - 1 e"
                                            ^t
                     fish            nya`@tek /syake
                     -minnows        oka"la


                TURTLES




                               Turtles are one of the reptiles found     in
                          wetlands. They like to live in the mud.
                They use their quick jaws to catch and eat fish,-frogs,
                and insects. They are very resourceful. Several
                different types of turtles can be found in Wisconsin.,

                     The turtle is very special to Oneida people.
                According to our creation story, the earth on which we
                stand is said to rest on a giant turtle's back. The
                turtle also represents one of our three clans.

                     Because of the loss of wetlands,,some turtle
                species are becoming extinct. Remember, to protect
                your brothers and sisters and let them live'with their
                own families. Never take them home. If you find
                turtles in a dangerous place, carefully move'them to
                water, only if it is safe for you to do.



                SNAKES


                     Snakes can be found in many different habitats.
                The snakes found in wetland areas may be found'swimming
                through the water, sliding through tall grasses     or-
                sleeping in warm sunny places.

                     A few of the snakes sometimes found
                in this area are the Smooth Green Snake,
                the'Eastern Ribbon Snake and the Northern Water Snake.

                     The.Smooth Green Snake is a bright grass     green.
                snake that grows to be between 14 and 26 inches. It
                likes to hide in the green grasses and eats spiders and
                other insects.




                                            6









                    The Eastern Ribbon Snake is a slender garter snake'
               with three bright stripes running the length of its
               body. The snake can be between 18 and 40 inches when
               full grown. The Ribbon Snake likes wet meadows,
               marshes and weedy lake or stream shorelines. They feed
               on frogs, salamanders and small fish.

                    The Northern Water Snake is the largest of these
               three. It can grow to a length    of 22 to 53 inches. it
               is reddish, brown or gray and has dark crossbands on
               its neck region with dark blotches on its back and
               sides. The belly is white, yellow or gray. Sometimes
               this snake is mistaken for the poisonous water
               moccasin snake.


                    The Northern Water Snake is not poisonous    but will
               strike if frightened or cornered. This snake likes to
               sun itself on rocks or stumps near lakes, ponds, swamps
               and marshes.


               FROGS
                    A number of different kinds   of frogs can be found
               in wetlands. There are more than 3,000 different
               species of frogs throughout the world.
               Frogs have long legs that are used for
               quick jumps. Frogs eat many many insects
               and are welcomed by farmers and others who have to be
               concerned with insect damage.

               FISH


                    The Golden Shiner, minnows, suckers   and carp  are
              ,some of different fish to be found. Many other
               varieties live in rivers and streams connected to    the
               wetlands. They use the slow water areas to lay eggs.
               This is an important breeding ground for many kinds of
               fish.

                    Another fish  found in deeper wetlands is the Black
               Bullhead. These fish are protected by a sharp spine on
               its back and one of each side behind its head. The
               bullhead are able to live in shallow, low oxygen waters
               of a wetland.


                    The fish look like catfish because of    the barbels
               on its face that resemble cat whiskers. This species is
               a member of the catfish family. The whiskers are
               their feelers and tasters and help the bullhead to move
               along the muddy, murky bottoms in searching for food.



                                            7











                                                    Bullhead eat insects,
                                               small crayfish, leeches,
                                             snails, frogs and plants.
                                           They usually feed at night
                                         which makes their barbels a

                                        necess
                                              ity for survival.


                     Some important game fish,  especially Northerns
               from  Duck Creek, like to swim  into the floodplain
               wetlands. Crayfish are abundant food sources in the
               wetlands on the Oneida reservation.


               SALAMANDERS

                     Sala-manders-are amphibians that live in moist
               environments. They spend part of their life in water.
               one salamander with black and olive-yellow blotches is
               called the Tiger Salamander. They burrow into fallen
               leaves and soil like moles.

                     Each spring they lay around 100 gelatin covered
               eggs in shallow water. They need wet potholes and
               ponds to breed their eggs and to keep their skin moist
               which helps them breath.

                     Salamanders live on  insect larvae, worms, frogs
               and smaller salamanders.















               CLAMS

                     Clams are an important addition   important to the
               entire-ecosystem. They are filter feeders. Clams
               filter two liters of water in an hour and keep the
               water clean. Some clams, like the Purple Wartyback
               Clam recently found in the,Flambeau River, live eighty
               years.



                                            8










                     Chapter 4        WINGED CREATURES - INSECTS AND BIRDS

                       Vocabulary:
                              bugs               -     nya?tekatsi?nu-wake
                              mosquito           -     okalyahta"one?
                                                 -        'htu
                              tick                     ose
                              cricket            -     sli*kslik
                              horsefly           -     onlaekok
                              spider             -     tsyona?tsyake/htu
                              butterfly.         -     kana-w^
                              birds              -     nya?teiatsu?t^"gskaje
                              redwing blackbird  -     kaskali,
                              duck               -     talu?ko
                              goose              -     kShuk
                              heron              -     oh " kwalute?
                                                         aV
                              eagle              -     atuenyute?
                              hawk               -     kalhakuha"@

                        Wetlands are home for many different kinds of
                   birds, large and small. The    swamps and marshes are
                   also home to many varieties of insects. A trip to a
                   wetland will prove this.

                        The bugs feast on the wide variety of plants and
                   the birds find a rich supply of food eating the bugs
                   and sometimes small fish.

                        Many birds feed on marsh plants as well as
                   insects. Ducks have special strainers on the bills
                   that filter out food,from the muddy water.

                        Du 'ck highways used by mallards and other waterfowl
                   are called I-Iflyways". These are selected wetlands used
                   for nesting places and rest stops during migration.
                   Oneida has many excellent examples of flyways which
                   attract many species.

                        There is a variety of ducks that make their homes
                   in this area. The American Black Duck,. the Green-
                   winged Teal, the Wood Duck, Gadwall, Northern Pintail
                   and Mallard are a few to be found in this area. Others
                   s7top over during their migration each year.

                        The male Mallard is easy to recognize. It has a
                   green head with a white collar around his neck, a brown
                   breast and a grey body. The-female or hen Mallard is
                   drab in color and is camouflaged to look like dried
                   grasses.




                                                 9









                     Another bird that is easy to identify is the red-
                winged Blackbird. These smaller birds live their
                entire life in the wetland, building nests out of the
                rough grass and reeds.

                     The Great Blue Heron is one of the largest wetland
                birds in this area and can be found by lakes, ponds,
                rivers and marshes. The heron can usually be seen
                standing at the end of the water watching for fish or
                frogs to eat. Sometimes they will dine on snakes and
                even mammals.

                     The Night Heron can be found in the Oneida
                wetlands. It is shorter than the Great Blue and has a
                short neck. It has a distinctive voice that sounds
                like a barking "quawk!". As its name suggests, this
                bird is active at night and usually roosts*in the
                daytime.

                     The Sandhill Crane  is another large bird that has
                been seen on the Oneida  Reservation. It can have a
                wingspread of 80 inches. The Sandhill Crane breeds
                mostly in  the far north Arctic region but uses this
                area as a  regular stop.



                  -Z
                                                                          V
                                                                         7@j


                     Piping  Plover are very numerous  on the-Cii-e-ida
                wetlands. They can be   seen even in drainage ditches
                where wetlands once were. These little birds make
                nests on the ground. Their eggs   look.like pebbles.
                The Piping Plover is an endangered species and cannot
                survive without the wetlands.

                     Some birds, such as the eagle, have diminished in
                numbers and are threatened or endangered. Wetlands
                provide a safe breeding ground for them. Without
                wetlands they could be lost forever.

                INSECTS AND SPIDERS


                     How many different kinds of insects and spiders
                have you seen in a wetland?    Which ones have you seen
                skimming across the water, holding onto leaves or
                flying?


                                            10










                    Insects and spiders are among the most numerous
               animals on Mother Earth. Some are tiny predators.
               Wetlands are important breeding grounds for many
               species either in or near the water. Insects can lay
               their larvae in water or on leaves and plant material.

                    In wetland areas you can find many different kinds
               of waterbugs, beetles, flies, mosquitos, spiders,
               mites, butterflies and moths. Wetland insects can be as
               big as a three inch water bug or as small as a deer
               tick, the size of grain of black sand.

                    Indian people have always told stories about these
               creatures. Their small size does not diminish their
               importance. Each creature has a purpose and a job in
               keeping the balance of nature.











                               Chapter 5         FOUR LEGGEDS

                      Vocabulary:
                           bear                  ohkwali
                           beaver                tsyoni@htu
                           muskrat          -    ano-ki
                           raccoon          -    -ti-lu"
                           deer             -    osk,,nu-.tu-
                 BEAVE     otter            -    tawi-ne

                      Beavers are very large rodents and are very
                 important to wetlands. They help by building dams to
                 hold water back which floods areas. These dome houses
                 made may be three feet high and as much as nine feet
                 wide.

                      Their lodges have one or more underwater
                 entrances. Beavers spread wood chips on their floor       to
               .absorb excess moisture. Their favorite construction
                 materials are poplar, aspen, willow, birch and maple.

                      In some places humans destroy beaver dams to keep
                 a stream flowing, not allowing the area to flood.
                 Usually this is only a temporary solution because
                 beavers will rebuild each time.





                                                @4






                 MUSKRAT


                      Muskrats are also   rodents, a member of the   rat
                 family. They live by small streams in wetland areas.
                 Like the beaver, they have flat tails. Webbed hind
                 feet and the flat tail helps them to swim.

                      Muskrats are excellent swimmers and spend most of
                 the time in the water. They prefer slow moving water
                 and avoid strong currents and rocky areas. They build
                 large complicated burrows with underwater entrances.
                 They eat wetland vegetation. When too many muskrat
                 inhabit an area and over harvest the food sources, they
                 move out as a whole family.


                                              12












                RACCOON

                     Raccoons are grayish mammals with bushy tails and
                hands-like fleet. They have broad faces with marking
                that give them the appearance of wearing a mask.
                Raccoons like to live in wetland area and eat frogs,
                reptiles, fruits and nuts. They often build their
                homes in hollow trees.

                     Raccoons are nocturnal which means they usually
                sleep during the day and are active at night.

                OTTER


                     The river otter is another animal found in stream
                areas. The fur of the otter was often used in trading.
                It is still valued by Indian people and'is used on
                traditional dance outfits.

                     The otter has a long body and is dark brown in
               -color. When wet, the otter looks black. Its belly is
                a lighter color and it has whitish whiskers. Unlike
                beavers and raccoons, otters are active during the day
                unless disturbed by humans.

                DEER

                     White-tailed Deer like to live near farmlands, in
                brushy areas near swamps. They are tan or reddish
                brown in the summer and turn grayish brown in the
                winter. Deer are usually nocturnal but may be active
                at other times.

                     Deer like to graze an green plants, nuts, berries,
                corn and plants growing in the wetland waters. Deer
                often come to marshes to graze. Whitetails snort
                through their noses to signal danger to the other deer
                in the area.

                     Deer meat has always been a primary sourc e of food
                for Indian people. The hides are used for clothing.
                Deer hoofs are used as jingles on dance outfits. Every
                part of the deer is used.

                BLACK BEAR


                     Black Bear range in size from 4 1/2 feet to 6 1/4
                feet long. They have broad footprints 4 to 5 inches on
                the fore feet. Hindprints are 7     9 inches long and 5
                inches wide.


                                           13









                    Bears prefer to live in forests and swamps.
               Although usually nocturnal, bears have sometimes been
               seen during the day feeding at dumps. They often
               appear to be moving slow but bears can run up to thirty
               mile"s per hour. They are powerful swimmers and can
               climb trees for protection or to get food.











































                                           14










                            Chapter 6       PLANTS AND LAND USE

                      Vocabulary:
                            grass (hay)         onekli
                            cowslips       -    yuloPuhkwa'@Ike'*lha;'
                            waterlily      -    yotsi?tsyake/lha?
                            rice           -    watn A> -^@ -kwas
                            elderberry     -    ala-sek
                            blueberry      -    otst6khwi
                            smartweed      -    yotskalatko"

                      Wetlands can sometimes be identified because of
                 the kinds of plants that grow there. Plants that can
                 grow in water are called aquatic of hydrophytic
                 .vegetation. All of the wetland plants hold the soil in
                 place with their roots and keep the water from washing
                 the land away.

                      Wetlands can often be  spotted by tall grass-like
                 plants. Probably the one that you recognize most often
                 is the cattail. The cattail is a kind of sedge. There
                 are 113 different kinds of sedge in Wisconsin. There
                 are fifteen different kinds of cattail. The cattail is
                 a favorite to many of birds. Native people used the
                 cattail for food and taught the early settlers how to
                 grind the roots into meal.

                      Arrowhead is another plant that is easy to spot.
                 There are six different kinds of Arrowhead but they all
                 have a distinctive leaf shaped,like an arrow. One type
                 has leaves as much as 16 inches across. The plant
                 grows fromwet muck and provides food for ducks and
                 muskrats. Sometimes this plant is called "Duck
                 Potato".

                      Wild rice was another aquatic plant that provided
                 food for the.Indian people. Rice is considered an
                 annual which means it will only grow for one season and
                 must be reseeded *  Some of the ripe rice must be
                 dropped into the water for next year's crop. Some
                 bands of Ojibwa still harvest rice every year and they
                 are careful to let some of the rice fall back into the
                 water.


                      Elderberries,.blueberries, waterlily roots called
                 tubers, and cowslips all provide food sources for
                 animals, birds and humans. Smartweed   seeds are a
                 favorite of ducks and geese.



                                             15









                           Chapter 7        PROTECTING WETLANDS

                     Vocabulary:
                           water           -    aw^-ke..,
                           wetland         -    kana-wa u
                           marsh           -    oh-,sa';Ik^-taku
                           swamp           -    a?so'.1aku
                           mud             -    onawa'@tsta`-ke
                           pond            -    we'hkwayA
                           riverbank       -    atsydkta

                     Wetlands provide a   special kind of place f   or
                plants and animals. Wetlands provide a collecting
                place for rain and help control flood waters. They act
                like giant sponges and are able to hold great amounts
                of water. Then, these areas release the water slowly
                over time.

                     Wetlands help clean polluted water. Because water
                moves slowly in a wetland, the pollutants settle out.,
                The plants absorb certain nutrients and chemicals that
                could cause serious pollution downstream. The dirty
                water becomes clean.

                     Certain birds  ' insects, snakes, and other animals
                find that wetlands are the most perfect place to live.
                They can find all the rich tasty food,they need to
                survive. Some endangered species are found in the
                wetlands,that remain. About 35% of all plants and
                animals listed as threatened or endangered in the
                United States either live.in wetlands or need the
                wetlands in some way. If wetlands are destroyed, these
                plants and animals will be lost forever.

                     People still like to live on the edge of lakes,
                ponds, rivers and streams. Some people still fill in
                the land so they can build in these places. Farmers
                still fill or drain wetlands to increase their crops or
                grazing land. Some people still do not realize the
                importance of wetlands for all of us.

                     The Oneida Tribe has a law known as the "Shore.land
                Protection Ordinance" which protects the wetlands from
                destruction. There are three main threats to our .
                wetlands here - agriculture, land use, and pollution.

                     We all need to work together to find ways to
                protect wetlands.











                            Chapter 8       WE GIVE THANKS

                    Vocabulary:

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu yukinulha,ohutsya:ke
                              We give thanks to Mother Earth

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu ohne:kanua
                              We give thanks to the water

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu kaluhtehsuha
                              We give thanks to the trees

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu oneklilshu:ha
                              We give thanks to the grasses

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu kutili
                              We give thanks to the animals

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu otshvhahshuha
                              .We give thanks to,the birds

                         Tvyethinuhwela:tu kana waku
                              We give thanks to the wetland

               PROTECTORS OF THE LAND

                    By now you have come to realize that wetlands are
               important for the survival of our Mother Earth. We are
               grateful for the variety of places we have been given.
               Humans, animals, fish, birds, insects and plant life
               all rely on wetlands to keep our world in balance.

                    The Creator was very wise to make some places dry
               and others wet. The Creator knew which plants would
               hold the soil in place. The right foods were put in
               place. The families of animals complemented each
               other.

                    Humans sometimes forget about the balance and see
               a need for more farm lands, or want to build a house in
               a place not good for a house. Sometime we dump our
               garbage or factories dump their waste products in a
               wetland thinking "no one lives there".

                    When we offer tobacco and give thanks for all we
               have been given, we must also ask to know the right way
               to treat the wetlands and all who live there. Then we
               must have the courage to become protectors of the land.


                                          17



                                            I                                                                                        I








           Life and death are both part of the                                   Name -the predator and the preY in each link of these
           wetland cycle.  All animals depend                                         wetland food chains.
           on others for  food, from the
           largest to the smallest.                                                            Example:
                                                                                                                             (mayf7y)
           Green wetland plants-
                                                                                                       frog     eats   insect
           capturing the sun to
                                                                                                  w               eats
           grow-are at the                  D@                                     Z,
                                                                                                                    eats
           center of it all.
           Thefoodchains                                                                                             eats
                      here
           illustrated                                                                                                eats
           are two of many                                                                                             eats
           possible wetland
                                                                                                                       eats
           food chains.
                                                                                                                     -eats
           Can, ou think                                                                                               eats
                                                                                  -Ile
           of -any others-:                                                                                            eats





                                                                                  ZZI;
                                                                     14








                                                                pop
                                                    I(S
                                                           Ili  IT  tjj e







               Wildlife. Whatzits
                lariv animals have special aaapta-
               tions that allow them to live in their
               habitat. An example is the flat tail of
               the muskratwhich serves as a rudder
               (for steering) while swimming. Match
               the followin-r wetland adaptations
               with the drawin-s:
               A. Featherless extra skin to help
               paddle throuc@h the water.
               B. Keeps this animal from sinking in
               the mud while looking for fish, snails,
               frogs, or other things to eat.
               C. Propels this animal through the -wate-,-
               and helps in grooming its fur.'
               D Used for siftino- water and mud to
               strain out bits of food.
               E. Lon-,- slim, strong, and pointed to
               reach into the water and catch or 'skewer
               fish and frogs.
               F., Strong, chisel-like teeth for cutting
               trees and brush.                                         D
















                                                           . . . . . . . . . . . .





                   Wetlands Crosswofd Puzzle

                   ,\crf)ss

                   1) PoIllofe tvcllonds Scr.vC as 11.1mral
                              holding excess w:itcr and
                   incrcnsing soil                                                                                                                                              T
                   2) The (luck his-, 11 V: y of"tc1l used by                                                T-1
                   nmIlards is a
                   3) This .111ilMll IMS SUCh --I biO 01111CtitC,                                            T_ I
                   it Cno, its own licinic rrom [lie inside

                   Oil(.
                                                                               14   1
                   4) Thcsc s1cck predafors have special
                   glands that give offstrong sniells.
                   5) Tile riest of (tic piping plover.
                   7) Animals dint may become extinct if
                   something is no( done to save them.
                   9) WcOmid, hold wntcr, rclcisc it
                   slowly Ilicichy helping to prevent
                                                                                                                                T9
                   10) Even young black bullhends can                                7
                   dcFend themselves bcciusc of these.



                   Down

                   I) I'llis carnivorous imphibian lives in upland area     s and  breeds in wetkinds.
                   6) Life and death ire both part of the wcdind
                   8) These nimicrous, small wetlands serve inany pUrposes, but are disappearing
                   r.1pidly.
                   11 ) Wctlands _ groundwater systems that provide water for many
                   rural and urban people.

                                            Ansivers


                                                         P,)JO'I"Tu--) Q



                                                                J-11!M (t7

                                                             w.ilsnui (E



                                    (I I (I Sj               saltiod';

                                  "'POoLl (6                     SSOJIV














                                                                                                                                                                 ers










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                                      ;oi
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                                                                                                                         . ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                31
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -Mo
                                                                                                                              XX I.





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 W                           0








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                LRU














                                   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



                    This curriculum was funded by a grant from the
              Wisconsin Coastal Management Program. Assistance was
              provided by Kathleen Kalina, Acting Director of the
              Oneida Tribe Environmental Department, Artley
              Skenandore, Principal of the Oneida Tribal School, Mike
              King and Terry Metoxen, Oneida Tribal Conservation
              Wardens, the Oneida Tribe Conservation Club, and Cliff
              Abbott of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.
              Materials were obtained from a variety of sources.
              Among them were the Madison Metropolitan School
              District and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
              Resources in Madison. The D.N.R. provided.a good deal
              of the information. U.S. Fish and Wildlife provided
              the majority of graphics used in these lessons.

                    Most of all, thanks must be given to the Mother
              Earth in the words of the Iroquois people.

                         We give thanks and greetings to the earth;
                    she gives us that which makes us strong and
                    healthy. She supports our feet as we walk
                    upon her...  We are her color, her flesh and
                    her roots.  'Once we acknowledge and respect
                    her role, then begins a true relationship and
                    all that is from her returns to her.

                       (Thanksgiving address of the North American
                      Indian, North American Travelling College, 1976)



















                                 TEACHER'S GUIDE



                                 ONEIDA WETLANDS














































                   Copyright 1991 Carol Nepton and the Oneida Tribe
                   of Indians of Wisconsin, All Rights Reserved.












                                     OBJECTIVES


              1.   To help students identify and develop an awareness
                   of wetlands, particularly on the Oneida
                   Reservation.

              2.   To help students develop an awareness of the
                   diversity of organisms that inhabit or use a
                   wetland.

              3.   To help  students understand the Indian ecological
                   perspective and benefits to the environment.

              4.   To'help students understand the value and function
                   of wetlands as well as the consequences of wetland
                   loss.

              5.   To help students to begin to evaluate the need for
                   protection policies and management of areas and
                   the effect of those policies, including the "hard,"
                   choices to be made.

              6.   To help students develop an understanding of the
                   interconnectedness of all life and have reverence
                   for that life.

              7.   To help students gain knowledge and skills to
                   evaluate their own attitudes and lifestyles and
                   that of their own family, friends and community
                   members in order to maintain the integrity of
                   wetland ecosystems,.

              S.   To help students appreciate and understand the
                   words spoken to the Creator in the Thanksgiving
                   Address.












                                    TEACHER'S GUIDE'


               Chapter One      INTRODUCTION TO WETLANDS

                 Vocabulary:
                    a?sol-laku       -   swamp
                    kana-waku        -   wetland
                    ohsa?k^.taku     -   marsh
                    onawa'@tstal-ke  -   mud


               Activities:,
                    Models

                    Students could be encouraged to build models of
               the different ways in which wetlands develop. This
               would involve their obtaining impervious soils (or
               synthetic barriers could be used) to simulate the
               natural environments. Discussi   on of topography would
               lead into map skill development.

                    Map Reading

                    This unit could benefit from the application of
               topographic map reading, with particular attention to
               the Oneida reservation. Other maps with distinct
               wetland distribution could be used for comparisons.







               Chapter'Two     CHANGES IN THE LAND

                 vocabulary:
                    Oneida            oneyote>a-ka - people-of the
                                                         standing stone
                    Oneida, WI        okwehowe-ne    - an Oneida
                                                         settlement

                    Chapter Two   brings a historical perspective into
               the study of wetlands. Students should know a good
               deal of this information by this level. The material
               can be used to foster discussions of the changes that
               have taken place as a result of immigrants into this
               area.


                    This is a 4ood unit to develop the "cause and
               effect" of culture change. Increased population
               results in-a greater need for food sources which in

                                             2










               turn leads to the need for more land to be cleared for
               farming. This results in an increased loss of
               wetlands.

                    The historical component is not intended to place
               '.'blame" but to reinforce that people in earlier times
               did what was necessary for survival. At that time,
               they did not foresee the long range consequences.

               Activities:

                    Make maps indicating the route that.the Oneida
               People of Wisconsin took from New York State.

                    Use an early map of Wisconsin to show the area
               ceded from the Menominee to the Oneida and the
               reduction of acreage.

                    Discuss and show on a map the effect of the Dawes
               Allotment-Act of 1887.

                    Make your own slides of landscapes showing th   e
               vast acres in use for farming vs wooded areas.






               Chapter Three   REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISH.

                 Vocabulary:
                                    "tku-, aw  an
                    snake           o       ist*' i, or kwa"watkwal
                                          'le?
                    turtle          alno-wa
                    frog            kwale-le"
                    fish            nya?tek^,-syake
                    minnows         okzLa

               Activities:

                    Have students make  up Bingo Cards with the,
               different species found  in wetlands on the Oneida
               Reservation. This can beused is a number of"ways
               including direct observation on field trips.

                    Other units in Biology can be integrated into this
               material.
                    Bruchac's Iroquoi s Stories (1985) has some
               excellent stories that would fit well into this unit.
               The "Three Tales About Turtle" could help develop an
               appreciation for the wetland environment. "Raccoon and

                                           .3









                the Crayfish" is another story with wetland characters.
                There are also a number of stories in this book that
                have snake characters.









                Chapter Four     WINGED CREATURES      INSECTS AND BIRDS

                    Vocabulary:
                           bugs                -     nya-7tekatsi7nu-wa"ke
                           mosquito            -     okalyahta". ne7
                           tick                -     os(E@htu
                           cricket             -     sli@:slik
                           horsefly                  onla-ko"k
                           spider              -     tsyona?tsyakehtu
                           butterfly           -     kana.WA                a
                           birds               -     nyaltejatsuPt^gskaje
                           redwing blackbird   -     kaskall"
                           duck                -     talu?ko*'
                           goose               -     kahuk
                           heron               -     oha"ekwalute?
                           eagle               -     atu*'-nyute?
                           hawk                -     kalhak-dha?

                Activities:

                     Birdwatching or insect counting could be a way to
                illustrate the vast variety of birds and insects found
                in wetlands. The statistics,of such a count could be
                used to identify wetland areas and comparisons between
                areas used to develop analyses of target areas.

                     This exercise could also b   e done with fictitious
                numbers and hypotheses formulated.

                     create a miniwetland terrarium and raise insects.

                     The Audubon Society's nature guide Wetlands is a
                valuable resource to expand on the vast numbers of
                species that inhabit wetlands. The volume includes
                habitat areas. Some species are not listed as
                inhabiting this area but have been seen. An example is
                the Sand Hill Crane.

                     The Piping Plover can be easily recognized and
                have interesting habits. Many regional chapters of        the
                Audubon Society sponsor "Save the Plover" programs.
                Additional information can be obtained from Audubon.


                                               4








                    How many species can your students identify?
               Check to see if they are listed for this area or if
               they are outside of what is considered their geographic
               area.







               Chapter Five - FOUR  LEGGEDS

                    Vocabulary:
                          bear                ohkwali
                          beaver              tsyonihtu
                          muskrat        -    ano-ki
                          raccoon        -    Ati-plu
                          deer           -    oskAnu-tu
                          otter          -    tawi-ne .1
                          bear           -    ohkwali''

               Activities:

                    Describe the eating habits of the mammals that
               live in wetlands. Show how the environment is
               essential for the survival of these species. Explain
               how loss of even some of this environment threatens the
               survival of these species..


                    Perhaps some of the students have   pelts that could
               be brought into the classroom for display. Connect
               these exhibit pieces with a review of the fur trade and
               the impact on the culture.

                    The Iroquois people have honored the bear in many
               stories. The collection of bear stories gathered from
               informants in 1939 through the WPA project would be
               good additional material in this chapter.     This
               booklet is not listed in the Bibliography because it is
               untitled, not dated and there is no editor listed. It
               is probably available through the tribal library.

                    Members of the Bear Clan could visit class to
               discuss this clan's contribution to the community.








                                           5









              Chapter Six        PLANTS AND LAND USE

                   Vocabulary:
                         grass (hay)          onekli
                         cowslips        -    yulo?uhkwa?ke'lha?
                         water lily      -    yotsi7tsyake'lhaP
                         rice            -    watn^. > A"Okwas
                         elderberry      -    ala-sek
                         blueberry       -    otstokhwi
                         smartweed       -    yotskalatko'

              Activities:

                   Wetland plants can often be spotted from a
              distance. There are many more than the few mentioned
              in this chapter. A field trip to a wetland area could
              provide an opportunity for the students to see the
              diversity of hydrophytic vegetation.

                   Many wetland plants are used by humans. All are
              used by the other creatures. Plan a program to see how
              the plants and which part of the plants are utilized.

                   Bring in some uncooked wild rice and perhaps a
              "tasty" dish for students to sample. Many parents have
              wild rice recipes. Have the students put together a
              Wetland Plant Cookbook.


                   Have the.students use some of the reeds for
              basketweaving or have a demonstration from a member    of
              the community.





              Chapter 7        PROTECTING WETLANDS

                   Vocabulary:
                         water                aw,,-ke
                         wetland              kana-waku
                         marsh                oh-;@P'>kA-taku
                         swamp                a?so-laku
                         mud                  onawaPtsta"oke
                         pond                 W(@hkwayll
                         riverbank            atsya"kta






                                           6










              Activities:

                   Get a copy of.the Oneida 'I'Shoreland-Wetland
              Protection Ordinance" so the students can understand
              the policy established by the Tribe.

                   Have the students develop questionnaires to ask
              their family and friends. From the results students
              will be able to assess how much the general community
              understands about wetlands. This can be used to
              determine the need for wetland restoration, a plan of
              action for wetland protection and/or restoration, and
              the benefits to.the community.

                   The results of this survey could form the basis
              for a community education program that is planned for
              Oneida and could help diminish the loss of wetlands in
              the area.

                   Students could be actively involved in the
              education of other people in the community as well as
              presentations to the lower elementary grades. By
              taking an active role, students will be empowered to
              become leaders in wetland protection and perhaps save
              some species.






              Chapter 8       WE GIVE THANKS

                   Vocabulary:
                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu yukinulha ohutsya:ke
                             We give thanks to Mother Earth

                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu ohne:kanua
                             We give thanks to the water

                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu kaluhtehsuha
                             We give thanks to the trees

                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu oneklilshu:ha
                             We give thanks to the grasses

                        TvYethinuhwela:tu kutili
                             We give thanks to the animals





                                         7









                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu otshvhahshuha
                             We give thanks to the birds

                        Tvyethinuhwela:tu kana waku
                             We give thanks to the wetland

                   Activities:

                   Have a Longhouse Faithkeeper from each clan come
              to the class to offer tobacco and Thanksgiving for all
              that the students have learned.























































                                          8












                                 KEY TO PRONUNCIATION


               Vowels:


               a          as in ah or father
                          as in egg or eight
                          as in ski or machine
               0          as in hope or low
               U          as in tune
               A          as in son or fun


               Consonants:
               h          as in hill (a breath sound)
               k          as in skill or ski (actually closer to a Ig'
                              sound)
                          as in like or Bill
               n          as in nice or fan
               s          as in soap or pass
                          as in is or easy (actually closer to a
                              1z' sound only if it is between'two
                              vowels)
               t          as in stove or still (actually close to a Id'
                              sound)
               w          as in wave or sow
               y          as in you
                          is a catch, a quick stop of air as between
                          the syllables in 'uhuhl (slang for no)
                          marks the syllable with the stress or accent
                          (loudest)
                          marks a vowel that is dragged a little
                          (when a dragged vowel also has the accent
                          mark then that syllable has a slightly
                          falling tone)



                                        An Oneida Nature Glossary
                                         1977, Oneida Language Project












                                  SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY


               1977       An Oneida Nature Glossary
                          Oneida Language Project, Oneida Tribe of
                          Indians of Wisconsin, Oneida, WI

               1976       Wetland  Use in Wisconsin: Historical
                          Perspective and Present Picture
                          Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,
                          Madison


               Bruchac,  Joseph
               1985       Irocruois Stories: Heroes and Heroines,
                          Monsters and Magic, The Crossing Press,
                          Trumansburg, NY

               Department of Natural Resources
               1982       User's Guide to the Wisconsin Wetlands
                          Inventory
                          D.N.R., Madison, WI                                            ff

               Disinger,  John, Editor
               1982       Environmental Education    in Action VI:
                          Change Agents In and For Environmental
                          Education
                          Ohio State University, College of Education
                          and School of Natural Resources. Columbus,
                          Ohio

               Niering, William A.
               1988       Wetlands: The Audubon Society Nature Guide
                          First Publication 1985
                          Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York
                            Excellent source of information

               Novitski,  R. P.
               1982       Hydrology of Wisconsin Wetlands
                          U.S. Department of Interior Geological Survey
                          and University of Wisconsin Extension,
                          Madison

              -Oneida Tribe
               1981       Shoreland Protection Ordinance
                          Adopted December 7, 1981 by Action of     the
                          Oneida Tribal Business Committee, Oneida
                          Resources Management, Oneida Tribe of Indians
                          of Wisconsin

                          Shorland-Wetland Protection Ordinance,
                          revised September 1991



                                             10









                Phillips, John
                1970       Wisconsin Wetland Soils: A Review
                           Department of Natural Resources, Madison

                Tehanetorens
                n.d.       Tales of the Iroquois, Vollume I and Volume.II
                           Akwesasne Notes, Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown,
                           NY

                Weller, Milton W.
                1981       Freshwater Marshes
                           Ecology & Wil 'dlife Management, University of
                           Minnesota Press, Minneapolis





                                     OTHER  RESOURCES

                     John H. Braastad, Wildlife.Biologist, specializes
                in Wetland Restoration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                Green Bay Field Office, 1015 Challenger Court, Green
                Bay, WI 54311, (4141 433-3803.

                     John has given a presentation at Oneida and was
                very knowledgeable and had'a good deal of supplementary
                materials. Some of this was used to supplement this
                curriculum. He would probably-be willing to give a
                presentation at the school.

                     Oneida Conservation Officers, Mike King and Terry
                Metoxen, are charged-with the implementation of the
                conservation laws. These officers will be cible to
                suggest wetland areas suitable for class field trips.

                     The,-Oneida Conservation Club is very active in
                wetland protection. The students and their families
                could be encouraged to join the club.

                     Kathleen Kalina. of the Environmental Department is
                a skilled educator and would be able to give presen-
                tations on any of the areas covered from an environ-
                mental protection perspective. The reservation has a
                number of environmental problems that.threatens the
                integrity of the wetlands. Kathleen would be able to
                address some of these' problems for your class.

                     Carol Nepton, author of this curriculum guide, can
                be reached at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.



           M M





         Life arid death are both part of t1                                 Name the predator arid t1te preY in each link of these
         wetland cycle. All animals depend                                        wetland food chains.
         on others for food, from the
         largest to the smallest.                                                          Example:
         Green  wetland plants-                                                                               ts insect (III
                                                                                                  frog     e a            mfl.)')
         capturing the sun to
                                                                                                              eats
         grow-are at the
                                                                                            lv.
                                                                                                              eats
         center of it all.

                                                                                                               eats
         The food chains
         illustrated here                                                                                        eats
         are two of many
         possible wetland                                                                                        eats
                                                                                                                 eats
         food chains.
                                                                                                                 ea ts
                                                   N
                                                                                                                 eats
         Can  you  think
                                                             AI
         of anyotheis?,
                                                                                                                 eats






                                                               jW)
                                              4
                                                     Z'
                                                      rx



                                                                     NN




                                                                                                                                 Imam
                                                                            ZT_     avla=6 ENALMD





                     Wetland.s Crossword Puzzle

                     A c rnss

                     I ) llodiolc weilands scr%,c as natural
                                 holding excess wnter and
                     increasing soil inoislurc.                                            12         1     1     1    1     1
                     2) I-lie (luck higliv.'ay.oficli used by
                     mallards is a
                     3) This ininial his such n big '11)1)ctite,                                 3
                     it cnts its own home froin thc-"'nsidc
                     out.                                                            14   1
                     4) These sdeck prcdalor'; have spccial
                     glands thit give offstrong sniells.
                     51) The ricst of the piping plovcr.
                     7) Aninials that may become cxtinct if                                6                                       ro 1
                     sonicilling is not done to save theni.

                     9) Wctlarikl,@ hold wntcr, release it
                     slovdy thcicby helping to prevent
                                                                                                                                         T9
                     10) Evcn young black bullheads can                                     7
                     defend ilicniscIN-cs because of these.



                     Dmi n
                     I ) This carnivorous amphibian lives in upland areas and breeds,. in wetland@.
                     6) Life and dcath ire both part of th       e wetlind
                     8) These nunicrous, small wetlands serve many purposes, but are disappearing
                     rapidly.
                     I I ) Wctlands - groundwater systems that provide water for many
                     rural and urban pcoplc.

                                                  Answers


                                   11.11411-111-1 0 1            piji'Mrpun Q
                                     Snjoillod (S                             (g.

                                                                      liqui (t,
                                                (9

                                                                   iv.ij,,ritu (f

                                                                    4r.A%AU (Z
                                      S.)Uids (()I                 s.10tiod's ( I





IV
              Wildlife Whatzits
              N-lany animals have special aaapta-
              tions that allow them to live in their
              habitat. An example is the flat tail of
              the muskratwhich serves as a rudder
              (for steering) while swimming. Match
              the following wetland adaptations
              with the drawin-s:
              A. Featherless extra skin to help
              paddle through the water.

                                                                                     7. -
              B. Keeps this animal from sinking in
              the mud while looking- for fish, snails,
              frogs, or other things to eat.
              C. POropels this animal through the-watel.
              and helps in groomincr its fur.'
                                    t)
              D* Used for sifting water and mud to
              strain out bits of"food.
              E. Long,-slim, strong, and pointed to
                                               or *skewer
              reach into the water and catch
              fish and frogs.
              F. Strong, chisel-like teeth for cutting
                       11
                       ID                              ZZ)
              trees and brush.











                             S









                                                                            Z,
                                                             fe@

































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                                                                                                             0      20
                                                                                                             0   20 AO 60     KILOMETERS
                                          W.



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                                                                                                                                     88.
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                                                                              v-
                                                                                                                                                -44-
                                                                         L!

                                                                                                                       W..
                    EXPLANATIO
                                                                                                                                    4



                                                                                                                   @10
                   Wet soil .(we tland)

                                                                                              r.
                                                                                                                                        r Zts;z
                                                                                                                                              43
                     Glacial Aquifer



                                                                                             Wet    soils map by B.E.              Frazier
                                                                                                       and R.W. Kiefer, 1974.
                                                                                               Limit of glacial aquifer from
                                                                                                                       Devaul, 1975.




                                                                                                                                                                                  A







                       GLOSSARY


                       Wetlands                                                                 Wetland Classes
                         From: Wisconsin Natural Resources Council of State                       Adapted from: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 39,
                       Agencies, Managing Wisconsin's Natural Resources       1973).            Wetlands of the United States( 1956 A,
                         Wetlands-Land areas with shallow surface water and/or                    Type 1 Seasonally flooded basin or flat-A type of wetland
                       waterlogged soils during at least part of the growing season.            which is covered with water, or is waterlogged during some
                                                                                                seasons but is usually well-drained during most of the growing
                                                                                                season. Vegetation on this type of wetland Is quite
                                                                                                variable-ranging from bottornland hardwood forests to open
                                                                                                meadows. This type of wetland may be found in an upland
                                                                                                depression or in an overflowed bottomiand.
                                                                                                  Type 2 Fresh or Wet Meadow-A type of wetiand which is not
                                                                                                covered with standing water, but is waterlogged within a few
                                                                                                inches of the surface during most of the growing season.
                                                                                                Characteristic vegetation on this type of wetiand' includes
                                                                                                grasses, sedges, rushes and various broad-leaved plants.
                                                                                                Representative plants are sedges, rushes; redtop grass, reed
                                                                                                grasses, manna grasses, prairie cordgrass, and mints. This type
                                                                                                of wetland may occur in a shallow lake basin, Slough, farmland
                                                                                                sag or on the edge of a shallow marsh.
                                                                                                  Type 3 Shallow Marsh-A type of wetland which -is usually
                                                                                                waterlogged during the growing season and often is covered by
                                                                                                water six1or more inches deep. Vegetation characteristic of this
                                                                                                type -of Weiland includes grasses, sedges, bulrushes, burreed,
                                                                                                spikeruslies,    cattails,   arrowheads,      pickerelweed       and
                                                                                                smartweeds. This type of welland rnay occur in a shallow lake
                                                                                                basin or slough, on the edge of a deep rnarsh, or as a seep area
                                                                                                on irrigated land.
                                                                                                  Type 4 Deep Marsh-A type of wetiand which is covered with
                                                                                                6 inches to 3 feet or more of water during the growing season.
                                                                                                Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland includes cat-
                                                                                                tails, bulrushes, spikerushes and wild rice. This type of wetland
                                                                                                may occur in a shallow lake basin, a pothole, limestone sink,
                                                                                                slough or on the edge of open water.





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                        Type 5 Open Water-A type of wetland which is covered with                 Offier Wetland Terms
                      three to ten feet of water and has emergent vegetation along its              Adapted from: John T. Curtis, Vegetation of Wisconsin (The
                      edges. Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland includes           University of Wisconsin Press, 1959).
                      pondweeds, waterlilies, wild celery. coontail and water milfoils.
                      This type of welland inClUd6s shallow ponds and reservoirs.                   Fen--7A unique type of wet grassland which occurs over a cold
                        Type 6 Shrub Swamp-A type of wetland which is usually                     alkaline spring. Vegeta   'tion characteristic of this type of wetland
                                                                                                  includes grasses and sedges and rare plants such as grass of
                      waterlogged during the growing season and which is often                    Parnassus, small while ladyslipper orchid, Kalm's lobelia, Rid-
                      covered with as much as six inches of water. Vegetation                     dell's goldenrod, rush-like aster, and the lesser fringed gentian.
                      characteristic of this type of wetland includes alders,, willows,           Fens usually occur on hillsides overlGoking,existing or extinct
                      and dogwoods. This type of wetland may occur along a sluggish               glacial lakes.
                      stream, on a floodplain, or on a disturbed. wet meadow or
                      shallow marsh.                                       \                        Lowland or Wet Prairle-A type of wet grassland which
                        Type 7 Wooded Swamp-A               type of welland which is              usually occurs on lowland Subject to inundation by runoff Ir0nl
                      waterlogged within a few inches of the Surface during the                   heavy rains or by floodwater from a nearby stream. Grasses
                                                                                                  characteristic of this type of wetland include big blUestem,
                      growing season and which is often covered with as much as one               bluejoint, siougligrass, prairie muhly, and wild rye. Some of the
                      toot of water. Trees characteristic of this type of wetland include         most typical species of the lowland prairie are the New England
                      American elm, silver maple, tamarack, white cedar. black
                                                                                                  aster, gayfeather, yellow stargrass, Turk's cap lily and prairie
                      spruce, balsam. red maple and black ash.                                    dock.
                        Type 8 Bog-A type of wetland oil acid peat               which is           Northern Alder ThIckel-A type of-shrub. swamp usually
                      waterlogged. Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland              found in northern Wisconsin. The shrub which dominates this
                      includes heath shrubs, sphagnum moss, sedges, black spruce                  type of wetland'is the'tag alder. Like the southern shrub carr, the
                      and tamarack. This type of wetland may occur in a lake basin,               northern alder thicket usually covers only small areas but where
                      along a sluggish stream, or on a watershed divide.                          bogs or sedge meadows have been disturbed, alders may cover
                                                                                                  a large area.
                      Soil Drainage Classes
                                                                                                    River Bottomiand or Floodplain Forest-A type of seasonally
                        Adapted from: U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No.                 flooded wet forest which is found along river valleys and on lake
                      18, Soil Survey Manual ( 195 1                                              plains. In the southern part of the state, trees characteristic of
                        Very poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which @Vater is              this type of wetland include silver maple, American elm, black
                      removed so slowly that the water table remains at or on the                 willow. cottonwood, swamp white oak, and green ash. In the
                      surface the greater part of the time. This type Of Soil is USLially         northern part of the state, characteristic trees include white
                      found oil a level or depressed site and is frequently covered.by            cedar and black ash.
                      water.
                        Poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which water Is                      Southern Shrub Carr-A type of shrub swamp found in
                                                                                                  southern Wisconsin. Shrubs characteristic of this wetland in-
                      removed so slowly that the soil remains wet for a large part of the         clude red osier dogwood and several species of willows. Under
                      time. The water table is commonly at or near the surface of this            natural conditions this type of wetland is usually a narrow band
                      type of soil during a considerable part ol the year.                        between a sedge meadow and lowland forest. However. more
                        Somewhat poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which the                extensive shrub carrs have been created where sedge meadows,
                      water is removed slowly enough to keep it wet for significant               fens, or bogs have been altered by fire and/or water level
                      periods but not all of the time.                                            changes.
























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                                                                                         GAYLORD    No. 2333                              PRINTED IN U.S A.































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