    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                                                TASK II.B.2
                                                                NA90AA-D-CZ441

    ON'                                    COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAM

       @gW
                                                   -GENERAL PUBLIC-
                                                          and
                                                EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
                                              GRADES SIX THROUGH EIGHT

                                                 ONEIDA RESERVATION
                                                      WISCONSIN

                                                                          Al

                                                 This project was funded inpart
                                                 with a grant under the Coastal
                                                 Zone Management Act of 1972,
                                                 as amended, from the U.S.
                                                 Department of Commerce, Office
                                                 of Ocean and Coastal Resource
                                                 Management, Wisconsin Coastal
                                                 Management Program

                 ,All
                   DE
                   I N I
          GB      1.0.
                  j@)ON
          621
           C65
          1991

                                         ONEIDA WETLANDS

                                   U   DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                   C 0 T A L S F R V @ C,,Ez, C E N T E R
                                            H()"',;(.)N AVENUE
                                   @-riAi@LESTON SC 29405-2413

                          Copyright 1991 Carol Nepton and the Oneida Tribe
                          of Indians of Wisconsin,  All Rights Reserved

        Qi)

                                           Chapter 1

                                   INTRODUCTIO14 TO WETLANDS

                     Vocabulary:
                        a?sol-laku      -   swamp
                        kana9wa`ku      -   wetland
                        ohsa`;IkA-tAku      marsh
                        onawa3tstal-ke      mud

                        Before the Oneida  people and the European settlers
                   came to Wisconsin there were.many forest lands,
                   prairies and wetlands. Areas were cleared for farming.
                   Forests were cut for the timber. Prairies were used
                   for farming. 'The farmers saw the wetland areas
                   provided some wildlife but these wet places also
                   created some problems. During the summer months the
                   wetlands were filled with stagnant water which provided
                   breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The land was not good
                   for growing crops or keeping farm animals.

                        Native people had always  .been thankful for the
                   variety in nature. They appreciated the assortment of
                   areas provided by the Earth Mother. They did not want
                   to see changes made tothe. land and the earth's
                   creatures displaced or destroyed.

                        Nevertheless, many wetlands were  drained and
                   filled to provide more farm land.

                   What are wetlands?

                        There are many different words for the different
                   kinds of wetlands: swamp, bog, wet meadow, marsh,
                   bottomland. The Oneida word for wetland is kana waku.
                   Wetlands are identified by the water level, the kind of
                   soil and the types of plants that grow. Recognizing a
                   wetland is sometimes easy but it can be difficult
                   because water levels, soils and plants are different
                   from one area to another. There is no exact formula.
                   Perhaps you can decide what makes a wetland here at
                   Oneida and find some on a map of thereservation.

                     How are wetlands formed?

                     1. Wetlands are formed when the groundwater table is
                     near, at, or above the soil surface in a depression.

                                           VIETLAND
                                                                 FITT ET
                         GROUNDUATER                        GROUND

                     2. .,Wetlands are formed when an layer of soil such as
                     clay or fine silt prevents water from  draining through
                     the bottom or sides of a depression.   This is called a
                     "perched" wetland. The water level in this type of an
                     area changes because of rainfall, evaporation and
                     amount of seepage to the groundwater.

                                      @VIJETLAND

                                                           IMPERVIOU@Q LAYER

                                                        GROUNDUATER

                     3. Wetlands are formed when groundwater comes out    from
                     a slope. This might happen on a hillside and is called
                     a hillside seep.

                                     GROUNDWATER
                                                          . ...... HETLAND

                     4. Another way a wetland can   be formed is when an area
                     is frequently flooded by a lake, river or stream. Many
                     wetlands are flooded only in the Spring but the water
                     stays long enough to affect the soil and plant5.

                                                 2
                        @GO U,17D @ @4@

                                     G@ROUND                      D
                                                             HETL.

                   MARS H

                        A freshwater marsh is the most common type of
                   wet.land. The marsh holds water a few inches to a few
                   feet over the soil. Plants found in a marsh are
                   usually perennial, which means they grow every year
                   without being reseeded. These soft-stemmed plants are
                   sedges, cattail and bulrush. Water depth will determine
                   which plants will grow.

                   BOG

                        A bog is an acid lake or pool usually found in
                   areas that had,been covered by glaciers. Bogs are
                   peatlands formed by the gradual decay of plant
                   material. the peat forms a floating mat of vegetation
                   over water. The mat may include mosses, sedges,
                   cattails, shrubs and even some trees. The many soft-
                   stemmed plants fill the.area like a sponge.

                   SWAMPS

                        Swamps usually have many woody plants like trees             ir
                   and shrubs. Some have hardwood trees like the Red
                   Maple,while others have more evergreen,trees like the
                   Cedar, Fir and Spruce. Within the swamp forest are
                   many kinds of shrubs, some of which bear fruit. The
                   Highbush Blueberry is one that is found regularly.
                        Draw an wetland area that you know. Which one of
                   the examples most closely resembles your place? Can
                   you find it on a reservation-map?

                                              3

                                           Chapter 2

                                      CHANGES IN THE LAND

                    Vocabulary:
                        Oneida           on yote"a-ka      people of the
                                                            standing stone
                        Oneida, WI       okwehowe-ne       an Oneida
                                                            settlement

                        Before European   settlers came  to Wisconsin,
                  wetland areas provided a place for     the native people to
                  hunt game and gather foods and materials used in their
                  everyday life. Indian people gathered wild rice,
                  different kinds of berries and grasses for weaving. In
                  addition to fish, the native people trapped beaver,
                  muskrat, mink and otter.. They thanked the Creator        for.
                  their brothers and sisters and used everything from
                  their harvest.

                        The fur from these animals.was highly desired by
                  the Europeans and the pelts became major trade items
                  for the Indian people.

                        Indian people liked having the new'European trade
                  goods such as cooking pots, axes, guns, cloth and .
                  beads. 'They were happy to trade furs for these things.

                        By the early 1820's the Oneidas living in their
                  homeland called New York State, were having       ptoblems
                  because of the number of European immigrants in their
                  land. The white settlers wanted more and more land.
                  conditions were very bad. Some Oneida people decided
                  to move to Wisconsin, another group moved to Ontario,
                  Canada and some stayed in New York.

                        In 1823 the Oneida negotiated to get four million
                  acres of land from the Menominee in Wisconsin.
                  President James Monroe    thought that was too much land
                  and reduced the amount    to only 500,000 acres, less than
                  13 percent of the land    originally promised.

                        In 1838, the land   area was again reduced. This
                  time to 65,000 acres.     At this time there was about 654
                  Oneida that had moved to this wilderness area.

                                                4

                         Some Oneida became farmers and were encouraged to
                    clear trees from the land. Lumbermen bought up all the
                    trees and the white settlers wanted the cleared land
                    for their own farms and livestock. Indian people were
                    encouraged to sell their land and the federal
                    government'wanted to move all Indians onto reservations
                    west of the Mississippi River.

                         The biggest loss of Oneida land came about because
                    of the General Allotment Act in 1887. This law divided
                    up reservation land into parcels. Each person was
                    given a parcel but often families were not given land
                    near each other-which caused a breakdown of close
                    family ties.

                         After 1908 property taxes had to be paid on each
                    plot of land. Many lost their land to tax sales and
                    foreclosures. Between 1923 and 1924 over 5,600 acres
                    were drained on the Oneida Reservation. By the middle
                    of the 1920's only a few hundred acres still belonged
                    to Oneida people.

                         During this time of increased farming and land
                    loss, many thousands of acres were cleared for farming.
                    Wetlands were drained to create more land for crops.
                    Some farmers that had wet meadows waited until the
                    ground was frozen to harvest the 'marsh hay.

                         River channels were dug out so large boats could
                    travel on the waterways. The dredged silt that was
                    removed was placed along wet shorelines, eliminating
                    more wetland area. River sites were used for homes and
                    factories.

                         For over 150 years the wetlands in Wisconsin have
                    decreased. Today, many people are beginning to realize
                    the importance of wetlands. These areas are necessary
                    for wildlife, for the-quality of water and they protect
                    us from floods.

                         The Oneida Reservation still has wetland areas.
                    These places need to be protected.

                         . . ........... ........

                                                           Great Siue "em., T,,ac,s

                                               5

                                            Chapter 3
                                 REPTILES,  AMPHIBIANS AND FISH

                     Vocabulary-
                         snake           otku, awista/ni, or kwa'7watkwal
                         turtle          alno-wale'@
                         frog            kwa 1 e - 1 e"
                                                ^t
                         fish            nya`@tek /syake
                         -minnows        oka"la

                    TURTLES

                                   Turtles are one of the reptiles found     in
                              wetlands. They like to live in the mud.
                    They use their quick jaws to catch and eat fish,-frogs,
                    and insects. They are very resourceful. Several
                    different types of turtles can be found in Wisconsin.,

                         The turtle is very special to Oneida people.
                    According to our creation story, the earth on which we
                    stand is said to rest on a giant turtle's back. The
                    turtle also represents one of our three clans.

                         Because of the loss of wetlands,,some turtle
                    species are becoming extinct. Remember, to protect
                    your brothers and sisters and let them live'with their
                    own families. Never take them home. If you find
                    turtles in a dangerous place, carefully move'them to
                    water, only if it is safe for you to do.

                    SNAKES

                         Snakes can be found in many different habitats.
                    The snakes found in wetland areas may be found'swimming
                    through the water, sliding through tall grasses     or-
                    sleeping in warm sunny places.

                         A few of the snakes sometimes found
                    in this area are the Smooth Green Snake,
                    the'Eastern Ribbon Snake and the Northern Water Snake.

                         The.Smooth Green Snake is a bright grass     green.
                    snake that grows to be between 14 and 26 inches. It
                    likes to hide in the green grasses and eats spiders and
                    other insects.

                                                6

                        The Eastern Ribbon Snake is a slender garter snake'
                   with three bright stripes running the length of its
                   body. The snake can be between 18 and 40 inches when
                   full grown. The Ribbon Snake likes wet meadows,
                   marshes and weedy lake or stream shorelines. They feed
                   on frogs, salamanders and small fish.

                        The Northern Water Snake is the largest of these
                   three. It can grow to a length    of 22 to 53 inches. it
                   is reddish, brown or gray and has dark crossbands on
                   its neck region with dark blotches on its back and
                   sides. The belly is white, yellow or gray. Sometimes
                   this snake is mistaken for the poisonous water
                   moccasin snake.

                        The Northern Water Snake is not poisonous    but will
                   strike if frightened or cornered. This snake likes to
                   sun itself on rocks or stumps near lakes, ponds, swamps
                   and marshes.

                   FROGS
                        A number of different kinds   of frogs can be found
                   in wetlands. There are more than 3,000 different
                   species of frogs throughout the world.
                   Frogs have long legs that are used for
                   quick jumps. Frogs eat many many insects
                   and are welcomed by farmers and others who have to be
                   concerned with insect damage.

                   FISH

                        The Golden Shiner, minnows, suckers   and carp  are
                  ,some of different fish to be found. Many other
                   varieties live in rivers and streams connected to    the
                   wetlands. They use the slow water areas to lay eggs.
                   This is an important breeding ground for many kinds of
                   fish.

                        Another fish  found in deeper wetlands is the Black
                   Bullhead. These fish are protected by a sharp spine on
                   its back and one of each side behind its head. The
                   bullhead are able to live in shallow, low oxygen waters
                   of a wetland.

                        The fish look like catfish because of    the barbels
                   on its face that resemble cat whiskers. This species is
                   a member of the catfish family. The whiskers are
                   their feelers and tasters and help the bullhead to move
                   along the muddy, murky bottoms in searching for food.

                                                7

                                                        Bullhead eat insects,
                                                   small crayfish, leeches,
                                                 snails, frogs and plants.
                                               They usually feed at night
                                             which makes their barbels a

                                            necess
                                                  ity for survival.

                         Some important game fish,  especially Northerns
                   from  Duck Creek, like to swim  into the floodplain
                   wetlands. Crayfish are abundant food sources in the
                   wetlands on the Oneida reservation.

                   SALAMANDERS

                         Sala-manders-are amphibians that live in moist
                   environments. They spend part of their life in water.
                   one salamander with black and olive-yellow blotches is
                   called the Tiger Salamander. They burrow into fallen
                   leaves and soil like moles.

                         Each spring they lay around 100 gelatin covered
                   eggs in shallow water. They need wet potholes and
                   ponds to breed their eggs and to keep their skin moist
                   which helps them breath.

                         Salamanders live on  insect larvae, worms, frogs
                   and smaller salamanders.

                   CLAMS

                         Clams are an important addition   important to the
                   entire-ecosystem. They are filter feeders. Clams
                   filter two liters of water in an hour and keep the
                   water clean. Some clams, like the Purple Wartyback
                   Clam recently found in the,Flambeau River, live eighty
                   years.

                                                8

                         Chapter 4        WINGED CREATURES - INSECTS AND BIRDS

                           Vocabulary:
                                  bugs               -     nya?tekatsi?nu-wake
                                  mosquito           -     okalyahta"one?
                                                     -        'htu
                                  tick                     ose
                                  cricket            -     sli*kslik
                                  horsefly           -     onlaekok
                                  spider             -     tsyona?tsyake/htu
                                  butterfly.         -     kana-w^
                                  birds              -     nya?teiatsu?t^"gskaje
                                  redwing blackbird  -     kaskali,
                                  duck               -     talu?ko
                                  goose              -     kShuk
                                  heron              -     oh " kwalute?
                                                             aV
                                  eagle              -     atuenyute?
                                  hawk               -     kalhakuha"@

                            Wetlands are home for many different kinds of
                       birds, large and small. The    swamps and marshes are
                       also home to many varieties of insects. A trip to a
                       wetland will prove this.

                            The bugs feast on the wide variety of plants and
                       the birds find a rich supply of food eating the bugs
                       and sometimes small fish.

                            Many birds feed on marsh plants as well as
                       insects. Ducks have special strainers on the bills
                       that filter out food,from the muddy water.

                            Du 'ck highways used by mallards and other waterfowl
                       are called I-Iflyways". These are selected wetlands used
                       for nesting places and rest stops during migration.
                       Oneida has many excellent examples of flyways which
                       attract many species.

                            There is a variety of ducks that make their homes
                       in this area. The American Black Duck,. the Green-
                       winged Teal, the Wood Duck, Gadwall, Northern Pintail
                       and Mallard are a few to be found in this area. Others
                       s7top over during their migration each year.

                            The male Mallard is easy to recognize. It has a
                       green head with a white collar around his neck, a brown
                       breast and a grey body. The-female or hen Mallard is
                       drab in color and is camouflaged to look like dried
                       grasses.

                                                     9

                         Another bird that is easy to identify is the red-
                    winged Blackbird. These smaller birds live their
                    entire life in the wetland, building nests out of the
                    rough grass and reeds.

                         The Great Blue Heron is one of the largest wetland
                    birds in this area and can be found by lakes, ponds,
                    rivers and marshes. The heron can usually be seen
                    standing at the end of the water watching for fish or
                    frogs to eat. Sometimes they will dine on snakes and
                    even mammals.

                         The Night Heron can be found in the Oneida
                    wetlands. It is shorter than the Great Blue and has a
                    short neck. It has a distinctive voice that sounds
                    like a barking "quawk!". As its name suggests, this
                    bird is active at night and usually roosts*in the
                    daytime.

                         The Sandhill Crane  is another large bird that has
                    been seen on the Oneida  Reservation. It can have a
                    wingspread of 80 inches. The Sandhill Crane breeds
                    mostly in  the far north Arctic region but uses this
                    area as a  regular stop.

                      -Z
                                                                              V
                                                                             7@j

                         Piping  Plover are very numerous  on the-Cii-e-ida
                    wetlands. They can be   seen even in drainage ditches
                    where wetlands once were. These little birds make
                    nests on the ground. Their eggs   look.like pebbles.
                    The Piping Plover is an endangered species and cannot
                    survive without the wetlands.

                         Some birds, such as the eagle, have diminished in
                    numbers and are threatened or endangered. Wetlands
                    provide a safe breeding ground for them. Without
                    wetlands they could be lost forever.

                    INSECTS AND SPIDERS

                         How many different kinds of insects and spiders
                    have you seen in a wetland?    Which ones have you seen
                    skimming across the water, holding onto leaves or
                    flying?

                                                10

                        Insects and spiders are among the most numerous
                   animals on Mother Earth. Some are tiny predators.
                   Wetlands are important breeding grounds for many
                   species either in or near the water. Insects can lay
                   their larvae in water or on leaves and plant material.

                        In wetland areas you can find many different kinds
                   of waterbugs, beetles, flies, mosquitos, spiders,
                   mites, butterflies and moths. Wetland insects can be as
                   big as a three inch water bug or as small as a deer
                   tick, the size of grain of black sand.

                        Indian people have always told stories about these
                   creatures. Their small size does not diminish their
                   importance. Each creature has a purpose and a job in
                   keeping the balance of nature.

                                   Chapter 5         FOUR LEGGEDS

                          Vocabulary:
                               bear                  ohkwali
                               beaver                tsyoni@htu
                               muskrat          -    ano-ki
                               raccoon          -    -ti-lu"
                               deer             -    osk,,nu-.tu-
                     BEAVE     otter            -    tawi-ne

                          Beavers are very large rodents and are very
                     important to wetlands. They help by building dams to
                     hold water back which floods areas. These dome houses
                     made may be three feet high and as much as nine feet
                     wide.

                          Their lodges have one or more underwater
                     entrances. Beavers spread wood chips on their floor       to
                   .absorb excess moisture. Their favorite construction
                     materials are poplar, aspen, willow, birch and maple.

                          In some places humans destroy beaver dams to keep
                     a stream flowing, not allowing the area to flood.
                     Usually this is only a temporary solution because
                     beavers will rebuild each time.

                                                    @4

                     MUSKRAT

                          Muskrats are also   rodents, a member of the   rat
                     family. They live by small streams in wetland areas.
                     Like the beaver, they have flat tails. Webbed hind
                     feet and the flat tail helps them to swim.

                          Muskrats are excellent swimmers and spend most of
                     the time in the water. They prefer slow moving water
                     and avoid strong currents and rocky areas. They build
                     large complicated burrows with underwater entrances.
                     They eat wetland vegetation. When too many muskrat
                     inhabit an area and over harvest the food sources, they
                     move out as a whole family.

                                                  12

                    RACCOON

                         Raccoons are grayish mammals with bushy tails and
                    hands-like fleet. They have broad faces with marking
                    that give them the appearance of wearing a mask.
                    Raccoons like to live in wetland area and eat frogs,
                    reptiles, fruits and nuts. They often build their
                    homes in hollow trees.

                         Raccoons are nocturnal which means they usually
                    sleep during the day and are active at night.

                    OTTER

                         The river otter is another animal found in stream
                    areas. The fur of the otter was often used in trading.
                    It is still valued by Indian people and'is used on
                    traditional dance outfits.

                         The otter has a long body and is dark brown in
                   -color. When wet, the otter looks black. Its belly is
                    a lighter color and it has whitish whiskers. Unlike
                    beavers and raccoons, otters are active during the day
                    unless disturbed by humans.

                    DEER

                         White-tailed Deer like to live near farmlands, in
                    brushy areas near swamps. They are tan or reddish
                    brown in the summer and turn grayish brown in the
                    winter. Deer are usually nocturnal but may be active
                    at other times.

                         Deer like to graze an green plants, nuts, berries,
                    corn and plants growing in the wetland waters. Deer
                    often come to marshes to graze. Whitetails snort
                    through their noses to signal danger to the other deer
                    in the area.

                         Deer meat has always been a primary sourc e of food
                    for Indian people. The hides are used for clothing.
                    Deer hoofs are used as jingles on dance outfits. Every
                    part of the deer is used.

                    BLACK BEAR

                         Black Bear range in size from 4 1/2 feet to 6 1/4
                    feet long. They have broad footprints 4 to 5 inches on
                    the fore feet. Hindprints are 7     9 inches long and 5
                    inches wide.

                                               13

                        Bears prefer to live in forests and swamps.
                   Although usually nocturnal, bears have sometimes been
                   seen during the day feeding at dumps. They often
                   appear to be moving slow but bears can run up to thirty
                   mile"s per hour. They are powerful swimmers and can
                   climb trees for protection or to get food.

                                               14

                                Chapter 6       PLANTS AND LAND USE

                          Vocabulary:
                                grass (hay)         onekli
                                cowslips       -    yuloPuhkwa'@Ike'*lha;'
                                waterlily      -    yotsi?tsyake/lha?
                                rice           -    watn A> -^@ -kwas
                                elderberry     -    ala-sek
                                blueberry      -    otst6khwi
                                smartweed      -    yotskalatko"

                          Wetlands can sometimes be identified because of
                     the kinds of plants that grow there. Plants that can
                     grow in water are called aquatic of hydrophytic
                     .vegetation. All of the wetland plants hold the soil in
                     place with their roots and keep the water from washing
                     the land away.

                          Wetlands can often be  spotted by tall grass-like
                     plants. Probably the one that you recognize most often
                     is the cattail. The cattail is a kind of sedge. There
                     are 113 different kinds of sedge in Wisconsin. There
                     are fifteen different kinds of cattail. The cattail is
                     a favorite to many of birds. Native people used the
                     cattail for food and taught the early settlers how to
                     grind the roots into meal.

                          Arrowhead is another plant that is easy to spot.
                     There are six different kinds of Arrowhead but they all
                     have a distinctive leaf shaped,like an arrow. One type
                     has leaves as much as 16 inches across. The plant
                     grows fromwet muck and provides food for ducks and
                     muskrats. Sometimes this plant is called "Duck
                     Potato".

                          Wild rice was another aquatic plant that provided
                     food for the.Indian people. Rice is considered an
                     annual which means it will only grow for one season and
                     must be reseeded *  Some of the ripe rice must be
                     dropped into the water for next year's crop. Some
                     bands of Ojibwa still harvest rice every year and they
                     are careful to let some of the rice fall back into the
                     water.

                          Elderberries,.blueberries, waterlily roots called
                     tubers, and cowslips all provide food sources for
                     animals, birds and humans. Smartweed   seeds are a
                     favorite of ducks and geese.

                                                 15

                               Chapter 7        PROTECTING WETLANDS

                         Vocabulary:
                               water           -    aw^-ke..,
                               wetland         -    kana-wa u
                               marsh           -    oh-,sa';Ik^-taku
                               swamp           -    a?so'.1aku
                               mud             -    onawa'@tsta`-ke
                               pond            -    we'hkwayA
                               riverbank       -    atsydkta

                         Wetlands provide a   special kind of place f   or
                    plants and animals. Wetlands provide a collecting
                    place for rain and help control flood waters. They act
                    like giant sponges and are able to hold great amounts
                    of water. Then, these areas release the water slowly
                    over time.

                         Wetlands help clean polluted water. Because water
                    moves slowly in a wetland, the pollutants settle out.,
                    The plants absorb certain nutrients and chemicals that
                    could cause serious pollution downstream. The dirty
                    water becomes clean.

                         Certain birds  ' insects, snakes, and other animals
                    find that wetlands are the most perfect place to live.
                    They can find all the rich tasty food,they need to
                    survive. Some endangered species are found in the
                    wetlands,that remain. About 35% of all plants and
                    animals listed as threatened or endangered in the
                    United States either live.in wetlands or need the
                    wetlands in some way. If wetlands are destroyed, these
                    plants and animals will be lost forever.

                         People still like to live on the edge of lakes,
                    ponds, rivers and streams. Some people still fill in
                    the land so they can build in these places. Farmers
                    still fill or drain wetlands to increase their crops or
                    grazing land. Some people still do not realize the
                    importance of wetlands for all of us.

                         The Oneida Tribe has a law known as the "Shore.land
                    Protection Ordinance" which protects the wetlands from
                    destruction. There are three main threats to our .
                    wetlands here - agriculture, land use, and pollution.

                         We all need to work together to find ways to
                    protect wetlands.

                                Chapter 8       WE GIVE THANKS

                        Vocabulary:

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu yukinulha,ohutsya:ke
                                  We give thanks to Mother Earth

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu ohne:kanua
                                  We give thanks to the water

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu kaluhtehsuha
                                  We give thanks to the trees

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu oneklilshu:ha
                                  We give thanks to the grasses

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu kutili
                                  We give thanks to the animals

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu otshvhahshuha
                                  .We give thanks to,the birds

                             Tvyethinuhwela:tu kana waku
                                  We give thanks to the wetland

                   PROTECTORS OF THE LAND

                        By now you have come to realize that wetlands are
                   important for the survival of our Mother Earth. We are
                   grateful for the variety of places we have been given.
                   Humans, animals, fish, birds, insects and plant life
                   all rely on wetlands to keep our world in balance.

                        The Creator was very wise to make some places dry
                   and others wet. The Creator knew which plants would
                   hold the soil in place. The right foods were put in
                   place. The families of animals complemented each
                   other.

                        Humans sometimes forget about the balance and see
                   a need for more farm lands, or want to build a house in
                   a place not good for a house. Sometime we dump our
                   garbage or factories dump their waste products in a
                   wetland thinking "no one lives there".

                        When we offer tobacco and give thanks for all we
                   have been given, we must also ask to know the right way
                   to treat the wetlands and all who live there. Then we
                   must have the courage to become protectors of the land.

                                              17

                                                I                                                                                        I

               Life and death are both part of the                                   Name -the predator and the preY in each link of these
               wetland cycle.  All animals depend                                         wetland food chains.
               on others for  food, from the
               largest to the smallest.                                                            Example:
                                                                                                                                 (mayf7y)
               Green wetland plants-
                                                                                                           frog     eats   insect
               capturing the sun to
                                                                                                      w               eats
               grow-are at the                  D@                                     Z,
                                                                                                                        eats
               center of it all.
               Thefoodchains                                                                                             eats
                          here
               illustrated                                                                                                eats
               are two of many                                                                                             eats
               possible wetland
                                                                                                                           eats
               food chains.
                                                                                                                         -eats
               Can, ou think                                                                                               eats
                                                                                      -Ile
               of -any others-:                                                                                            eats

                                                                                      ZZI;
                                                                         14

                                                                    pop
                                                        I(S
                                                               Ili  IT  tjj e

                   Wildlife. Whatzits
                    lariv animals have special aaapta-
                   tions that allow them to live in their
                   habitat. An example is the flat tail of
                   the muskratwhich serves as a rudder
                   (for steering) while swimming. Match
                   the followin-r wetland adaptations
                   with the drawin-s:
                   A. Featherless extra skin to help
                   paddle throuc@h the water.
                   B. Keeps this animal from sinking in
                   the mud while looking for fish, snails,
                   frogs, or other things to eat.
                   C. Propels this animal through the -wate-,-
                   and helps in grooming its fur.'
                   D Used for siftino- water and mud to
                   strain out bits of food.
                   E. Lon-,- slim, strong, and pointed to
                   reach into the water and catch or 'skewer
                   fish and frogs.
                   F., Strong, chisel-like teeth for cutting
                   trees and brush.                                         D

                                                               . . . . . . . . . . . .

                       Wetlands Crosswofd Puzzle

                       ,\crf)ss

                       1) PoIllofe tvcllonds Scr.vC as 11.1mral
                                  holding excess w:itcr and
                       incrcnsing soil                                                                                                                                              T
                       2) The (luck his-, 11 V: y of"tc1l used by                                                T-1
                       nmIlards is a
                       3) This .111ilMll IMS SUCh --I biO 01111CtitC,                                            T_ I
                       it Cno, its own licinic rrom [lie inside

                       Oil(.
                                                                                   14   1
                       4) Thcsc s1cck predafors have special
                       glands that give offstrong sniells.
                       5) Tile riest of (tic piping plover.
                       7) Animals dint may become extinct if
                       something is no( done to save them.
                       9) WcOmid, hold wntcr, rclcisc it
                       slowly Ilicichy helping to prevent
                                                                                                                                    T9
                       10) Even young black bullhends can                                7
                       dcFend themselves bcciusc of these.

                       Down

                       I) I'llis carnivorous imphibian lives in upland area     s and  breeds in wetkinds.
                       6) Life and death ire both part of the wcdind
                       8) These nimicrous, small wetlands serve inany pUrposes, but are disappearing
                       r.1pidly.
                       11 ) Wctlands _ groundwater systems that provide water for many
                       rural and urban people.

                                                Ansivers

                                                             P,)JO'I"Tu--) Q

                                                                    J-11!M (t7

                                                                 w.ilsnui (E

                                        (I I (I Sj               saltiod';

                                      "'POoLl (6                     SSOJIV

                                                                                                                                                                     ers

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    31
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -Mo
                                                                                                                                  XX I.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     W                           0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    LRU

                                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                        This curriculum was funded by a grant from the
                  Wisconsin Coastal Management Program. Assistance was
                  provided by Kathleen Kalina, Acting Director of the
                  Oneida Tribe Environmental Department, Artley
                  Skenandore, Principal of the Oneida Tribal School, Mike
                  King and Terry Metoxen, Oneida Tribal Conservation
                  Wardens, the Oneida Tribe Conservation Club, and Cliff
                  Abbott of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.
                  Materials were obtained from a variety of sources.
                  Among them were the Madison Metropolitan School
                  District and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
                  Resources in Madison. The D.N.R. provided.a good deal
                  of the information. U.S. Fish and Wildlife provided
                  the majority of graphics used in these lessons.

                        Most of all, thanks must be given to the Mother
                  Earth in the words of the Iroquois people.

                             We give thanks and greetings to the earth;
                        she gives us that which makes us strong and
                        healthy. She supports our feet as we walk
                        upon her...  We are her color, her flesh and
                        her roots.  'Once we acknowledge and respect
                        her role, then begins a true relationship and
                        all that is from her returns to her.

                           (Thanksgiving address of the North American
                          Indian, North American Travelling College, 1976)

                                     TEACHER'S GUIDE

                                     ONEIDA WETLANDS

                       Copyright 1991 Carol Nepton and the Oneida Tribe
                       of Indians of Wisconsin, All Rights Reserved.

                                         OBJECTIVES

                  1.   To help students identify and develop an awareness
                       of wetlands, particularly on the Oneida
                       Reservation.

                  2.   To help students develop an awareness of the
                       diversity of organisms that inhabit or use a
                       wetland.

                  3.   To help  students understand the Indian ecological
                       perspective and benefits to the environment.

                  4.   To'help students understand the value and function
                       of wetlands as well as the consequences of wetland
                       loss.

                  5.   To help students to begin to evaluate the need for
                       protection policies and management of areas and
                       the effect of those policies, including the "hard,"
                       choices to be made.

                  6.   To help students develop an understanding of the
                       interconnectedness of all life and have reverence
                       for that life.

                  7.   To help students gain knowledge and skills to
                       evaluate their own attitudes and lifestyles and
                       that of their own family, friends and community
                       members in order to maintain the integrity of
                       wetland ecosystems,.

                  S.   To help students appreciate and understand the
                       words spoken to the Creator in the Thanksgiving
                       Address.

                                        TEACHER'S GUIDE'

                   Chapter One      INTRODUCTION TO WETLANDS

                     Vocabulary:
                        a?sol-laku       -   swamp
                        kana-waku        -   wetland
                        ohsa?k^.taku     -   marsh
                        onawa'@tstal-ke  -   mud

                   Activities:,
                        Models

                        Students could be encouraged to build models of
                   the different ways in which wetlands develop. This
                   would involve their obtaining impervious soils (or
                   synthetic barriers could be used) to simulate the
                   natural environments. Discussi   on of topography would
                   lead into map skill development.

                        Map Reading

                        This unit could benefit from the application of
                   topographic map reading, with particular attention to
                   the Oneida reservation. Other maps with distinct
                   wetland distribution could be used for comparisons.

                   Chapter'Two     CHANGES IN THE LAND

                     vocabulary:
                        Oneida            oneyote>a-ka - people-of the
                                                             standing stone
                        Oneida, WI        okwehowe-ne    - an Oneida
                                                             settlement

                        Chapter Two   brings a historical perspective into
                   the study of wetlands. Students should know a good
                   deal of this information by this level. The material
                   can be used to foster discussions of the changes that
                   have taken place as a result of immigrants into this
                   area.

                        This is a 4ood unit to develop the "cause and
                   effect" of culture change. Increased population
                   results in-a greater need for food sources which in

                                                 2

                   turn leads to the need for more land to be cleared for
                   farming. This results in an increased loss of
                   wetlands.

                        The historical component is not intended to place
                   '.'blame" but to reinforce that people in earlier times
                   did what was necessary for survival. At that time,
                   they did not foresee the long range consequences.

                   Activities:

                        Make maps indicating the route that.the Oneida
                   People of Wisconsin took from New York State.

                        Use an early map of Wisconsin to show the area
                   ceded from the Menominee to the Oneida and the
                   reduction of acreage.

                        Discuss and show on a map the effect of the Dawes
                   Allotment-Act of 1887.

                        Make your own slides of landscapes showing th   e
                   vast acres in use for farming vs wooded areas.

                   Chapter Three   REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISH.

                     Vocabulary:
                                        "tku-, aw  an
                        snake           o       ist*' i, or kwa"watkwal
                                              'le?
                        turtle          alno-wa
                        frog            kwale-le"
                        fish            nya?tek^,-syake
                        minnows         okzLa

                   Activities:

                        Have students make  up Bingo Cards with the,
                   different species found  in wetlands on the Oneida
                   Reservation. This can beused is a number of"ways
                   including direct observation on field trips.

                        Other units in Biology can be integrated into this
                   material.
                        Bruchac's Iroquoi s Stories (1985) has some
                   excellent stories that would fit well into this unit.
                   The "Three Tales About Turtle" could help develop an
                   appreciation for the wetland environment. "Raccoon and

                                               .3

                    the Crayfish" is another story with wetland characters.
                    There are also a number of stories in this book that
                    have snake characters.

                    Chapter Four     WINGED CREATURES      INSECTS AND BIRDS

                        Vocabulary:
                               bugs                -     nya-7tekatsi7nu-wa"ke
                               mosquito            -     okalyahta". ne7
                               tick                -     os(E@htu
                               cricket             -     sli@:slik
                               horsefly                  onla-ko"k
                               spider              -     tsyona?tsyakehtu
                               butterfly           -     kana.WA                a
                               birds               -     nyaltejatsuPt^gskaje
                               redwing blackbird   -     kaskall"
                               duck                -     talu?ko*'
                               goose               -     kahuk
                               heron               -     oha"ekwalute?
                               eagle               -     atu*'-nyute?
                               hawk                -     kalhak-dha?

                    Activities:

                         Birdwatching or insect counting could be a way to
                    illustrate the vast variety of birds and insects found
                    in wetlands. The statistics,of such a count could be
                    used to identify wetland areas and comparisons between
                    areas used to develop analyses of target areas.

                         This exercise could also b   e done with fictitious
                    numbers and hypotheses formulated.

                         create a miniwetland terrarium and raise insects.

                         The Audubon Society's nature guide Wetlands is a
                    valuable resource to expand on the vast numbers of
                    species that inhabit wetlands. The volume includes
                    habitat areas. Some species are not listed as
                    inhabiting this area but have been seen. An example is
                    the Sand Hill Crane.

                         The Piping Plover can be easily recognized and
                    have interesting habits. Many regional chapters of        the
                    Audubon Society sponsor "Save the Plover" programs.
                    Additional information can be obtained from Audubon.

                                                   4

                        How many species can your students identify?
                   Check to see if they are listed for this area or if
                   they are outside of what is considered their geographic
                   area.

                   Chapter Five - FOUR  LEGGEDS

                        Vocabulary:
                              bear                ohkwali
                              beaver              tsyonihtu
                              muskrat        -    ano-ki
                              raccoon        -    Ati-plu
                              deer           -    oskAnu-tu
                              otter          -    tawi-ne .1
                              bear           -    ohkwali''

                   Activities:

                        Describe the eating habits of the mammals that
                   live in wetlands. Show how the environment is
                   essential for the survival of these species. Explain
                   how loss of even some of this environment threatens the
                   survival of these species..

                        Perhaps some of the students have   pelts that could
                   be brought into the classroom for display. Connect
                   these exhibit pieces with a review of the fur trade and
                   the impact on the culture.

                        The Iroquois people have honored the bear in many
                   stories. The collection of bear stories gathered from
                   informants in 1939 through the WPA project would be
                   good additional material in this chapter.     This
                   booklet is not listed in the Bibliography because it is
                   untitled, not dated and there is no editor listed. It
                   is probably available through the tribal library.

                        Members of the Bear Clan could visit class to
                   discuss this clan's contribution to the community.

                                               5

                  Chapter Six        PLANTS AND LAND USE

                       Vocabulary:
                             grass (hay)          onekli
                             cowslips        -    yulo?uhkwa?ke'lha?
                             water lily      -    yotsi7tsyake'lhaP
                             rice            -    watn^. > A"Okwas
                             elderberry      -    ala-sek
                             blueberry       -    otstokhwi
                             smartweed       -    yotskalatko'

                  Activities:

                       Wetland plants can often be spotted from a
                  distance. There are many more than the few mentioned
                  in this chapter. A field trip to a wetland area could
                  provide an opportunity for the students to see the
                  diversity of hydrophytic vegetation.

                       Many wetland plants are used by humans. All are
                  used by the other creatures. Plan a program to see how
                  the plants and which part of the plants are utilized.

                       Bring in some uncooked wild rice and perhaps a
                  "tasty" dish for students to sample. Many parents have
                  wild rice recipes. Have the students put together a
                  Wetland Plant Cookbook.

                       Have the.students use some of the reeds for
                  basketweaving or have a demonstration from a member    of
                  the community.

                  Chapter 7        PROTECTING WETLANDS

                       Vocabulary:
                             water                aw,,-ke
                             wetland              kana-waku
                             marsh                oh-;@P'>kA-taku
                             swamp                a?so-laku
                             mud                  onawaPtsta"oke
                             pond                 W(@hkwayll
                             riverbank            atsya"kta

                                               6

                  Activities:

                       Get a copy of.the Oneida 'I'Shoreland-Wetland
                  Protection Ordinance" so the students can understand
                  the policy established by the Tribe.

                       Have the students develop questionnaires to ask
                  their family and friends. From the results students
                  will be able to assess how much the general community
                  understands about wetlands. This can be used to
                  determine the need for wetland restoration, a plan of
                  action for wetland protection and/or restoration, and
                  the benefits to.the community.

                       The results of this survey could form the basis
                  for a community education program that is planned for
                  Oneida and could help diminish the loss of wetlands in
                  the area.

                       Students could be actively involved in the
                  education of other people in the community as well as
                  presentations to the lower elementary grades. By
                  taking an active role, students will be empowered to
                  become leaders in wetland protection and perhaps save
                  some species.

                  Chapter 8       WE GIVE THANKS

                       Vocabulary:
                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu yukinulha ohutsya:ke
                                 We give thanks to Mother Earth

                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu ohne:kanua
                                 We give thanks to the water

                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu kaluhtehsuha
                                 We give thanks to the trees

                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu oneklilshu:ha
                                 We give thanks to the grasses

                            TvYethinuhwela:tu kutili
                                 We give thanks to the animals

                                             7

                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu otshvhahshuha
                                 We give thanks to the birds

                            Tvyethinuhwela:tu kana waku
                                 We give thanks to the wetland

                       Activities:

                       Have a Longhouse Faithkeeper from each clan come
                  to the class to offer tobacco and Thanksgiving for all
                  that the students have learned.

                                              8

                                     KEY TO PRONUNCIATION

                   Vowels:

                   a          as in ah or father
                              as in egg or eight
                              as in ski or machine
                   0          as in hope or low
                   U          as in tune
                   A          as in son or fun

                   Consonants:
                   h          as in hill (a breath sound)
                   k          as in skill or ski (actually closer to a Ig'
                                  sound)
                              as in like or Bill
                   n          as in nice or fan
                   s          as in soap or pass
                              as in is or easy (actually closer to a
                                  1z' sound only if it is between'two
                                  vowels)
                   t          as in stove or still (actually close to a Id'
                                  sound)
                   w          as in wave or sow
                   y          as in you
                              is a catch, a quick stop of air as between
                              the syllables in 'uhuhl (slang for no)
                              marks the syllable with the stress or accent
                              (loudest)
                              marks a vowel that is dragged a little
                              (when a dragged vowel also has the accent
                              mark then that syllable has a slightly
                              falling tone)

                                            An Oneida Nature Glossary
                                             1977, Oneida Language Project

                                      SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

                   1977       An Oneida Nature Glossary
                              Oneida Language Project, Oneida Tribe of
                              Indians of Wisconsin, Oneida, WI

                   1976       Wetland  Use in Wisconsin: Historical
                              Perspective and Present Picture
                              Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,
                              Madison

                   Bruchac,  Joseph
                   1985       Irocruois Stories: Heroes and Heroines,
                              Monsters and Magic, The Crossing Press,
                              Trumansburg, NY

                   Department of Natural Resources
                   1982       User's Guide to the Wisconsin Wetlands
                              Inventory
                              D.N.R., Madison, WI                                            ff

                   Disinger,  John, Editor
                   1982       Environmental Education    in Action VI:
                              Change Agents In and For Environmental
                              Education
                              Ohio State University, College of Education
                              and School of Natural Resources. Columbus,
                              Ohio

                   Niering, William A.
                   1988       Wetlands: The Audubon Society Nature Guide
                              First Publication 1985
                              Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York
                                Excellent source of information

                   Novitski,  R. P.
                   1982       Hydrology of Wisconsin Wetlands
                              U.S. Department of Interior Geological Survey
                              and University of Wisconsin Extension,
                              Madison

                  -Oneida Tribe
                   1981       Shoreland Protection Ordinance
                              Adopted December 7, 1981 by Action of     the
                              Oneida Tribal Business Committee, Oneida
                              Resources Management, Oneida Tribe of Indians
                              of Wisconsin

                              Shorland-Wetland Protection Ordinance,
                              revised September 1991

                                                 10

                    Phillips, John
                    1970       Wisconsin Wetland Soils: A Review
                               Department of Natural Resources, Madison

                    Tehanetorens
                    n.d.       Tales of the Iroquois, Vollume I and Volume.II
                               Akwesasne Notes, Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown,
                               NY

                    Weller, Milton W.
                    1981       Freshwater Marshes
                               Ecology & Wil 'dlife Management, University of
                               Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

                                         OTHER  RESOURCES

                         John H. Braastad, Wildlife.Biologist, specializes
                    in Wetland Restoration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                    Green Bay Field Office, 1015 Challenger Court, Green
                    Bay, WI 54311, (4141 433-3803.

                         John has given a presentation at Oneida and was
                    very knowledgeable and had'a good deal of supplementary
                    materials. Some of this was used to supplement this
                    curriculum. He would probably-be willing to give a
                    presentation at the school.

                         Oneida Conservation Officers, Mike King and Terry
                    Metoxen, are charged-with the implementation of the
                    conservation laws. These officers will be cible to
                    suggest wetland areas suitable for class field trips.

                         The,-Oneida Conservation Club is very active in
                    wetland protection. The students and their families
                    could be encouraged to join the club.

                         Kathleen Kalina. of the Environmental Department is
                    a skilled educator and would be able to give presen-
                    tations on any of the areas covered from an environ-
                    mental protection perspective. The reservation has a
                    number of environmental problems that.threatens the
                    integrity of the wetlands. Kathleen would be able to
                    address some of these' problems for your class.

                         Carol Nepton, author of this curriculum guide, can
                    be reached at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.

               M M

             Life arid death are both part of t1                                 Name the predator arid t1te preY in each link of these
             wetland cycle. All animals depend                                        wetland food chains.
             on others for food, from the
             largest to the smallest.                                                          Example:
             Green  wetland plants-                                                                               ts insect (III
                                                                                                      frog     e a            mfl.)')
             capturing the sun to
                                                                                                                  eats
             grow-are at the
                                                                                                lv.
                                                                                                                  eats
             center of it all.

                                                                                                                   eats
             The food chains
             illustrated here                                                                                        eats
             are two of many
             possible wetland                                                                                        eats
                                                                                                                     eats
             food chains.
                                                                                                                     ea ts
                                                       N
                                                                                                                     eats
             Can  you  think
                                                                 AI
             of anyotheis?,
                                                                                                                     eats

                                                                   jW)
                                                  4
                                                         Z'
                                                          rx

                                                                         NN

                                                                                                                                     Imam
                                                                                ZT_     avla=6 ENALMD

                         Wetland.s Crossword Puzzle

                         A c rnss

                         I ) llodiolc weilands scr%,c as natural
                                     holding excess wnter and
                         increasing soil inoislurc.                                            12         1     1     1    1     1
                         2) I-lie (luck higliv.'ay.oficli used by
                         mallards is a
                         3) This ininial his such n big '11)1)ctite,                                 3
                         it cnts its own home froin thc-"'nsidc
                         out.                                                            14   1
                         4) These sdeck prcdalor'; have spccial
                         glands thit give offstrong sniells.
                         51) The ricst of the piping plovcr.
                         7) Aninials that may become cxtinct if                                6                                       ro 1
                         sonicilling is not done to save theni.

                         9) Wctlarikl,@ hold wntcr, release it
                         slovdy thcicby helping to prevent
                                                                                                                                             T9
                         10) Evcn young black bullheads can                                     7
                         defend ilicniscIN-cs because of these.

                         Dmi n
                         I ) This carnivorous amphibian lives in upland areas and breeds,. in wetland@.
                         6) Life and dcath ire both part of th       e wetlind
                         8) These nunicrous, small wetlands serve many purposes, but are disappearing
                         rapidly.
                         I I ) Wctlands - groundwater systems that provide water for many
                         rural and urban pcoplc.

                                                      Answers

                                       11.11411-111-1 0 1            piji'Mrpun Q
                                         Snjoillod (S                             (g.

                                                                          liqui (t,
                                                    (9

                                                                       iv.ij,,ritu (f

                                                                        4r.A%AU (Z
                                          S.)Uids (()I                 s.10tiod's ( I

    IV
                  Wildlife Whatzits
                  N-lany animals have special aaapta-
                  tions that allow them to live in their
                  habitat. An example is the flat tail of
                  the muskratwhich serves as a rudder
                  (for steering) while swimming. Match
                  the following wetland adaptations
                  with the drawin-s:
                  A. Featherless extra skin to help
                  paddle through the water.

                                                                                         7. -
                  B. Keeps this animal from sinking in
                  the mud while looking- for fish, snails,
                  frogs, or other things to eat.
                  C. POropels this animal through the-watel.
                  and helps in groomincr its fur.'
                                        t)
                  D* Used for sifting water and mud to
                  strain out bits of"food.
                  E. Long,-slim, strong, and pointed to
                                                   or *skewer
                  reach into the water and catch
                  fish and frogs.
                  F. Strong, chisel-like teeth for cutting
                           11
                           ID                              ZZ)
                  trees and brush.

                                 S

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                                                                                                                 0      20
                                                                                                                 0   20 AO 60     KILOMETERS
                                              W.

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                                                                                                                           W..
                        EXPLANATIO
                                                                                                                                        4

                                                                                                                       @10
                       Wet soil .(we tland)

                                                                                                  r.
                                                                                                                                            r Zts;z
                                                                                                                                                  43
                         Glacial Aquifer

                                                                                                 Wet    soils map by B.E.              Frazier
                                                                                                           and R.W. Kiefer, 1974.
                                                                                                   Limit of glacial aquifer from
                                                                                                                           Devaul, 1975.

                                                                                                                                                                                      A

                           GLOSSARY

                           Wetlands                                                                 Wetland Classes
                             From: Wisconsin Natural Resources Council of State                       Adapted from: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 39,
                           Agencies, Managing Wisconsin's Natural Resources       1973).            Wetlands of the United States( 1956 A,
                             Wetlands-Land areas with shallow surface water and/or                    Type 1 Seasonally flooded basin or flat-A type of wetland
                           waterlogged soils during at least part of the growing season.            which is covered with water, or is waterlogged during some
                                                                                                    seasons but is usually well-drained during most of the growing
                                                                                                    season. Vegetation on this type of wetland Is quite
                                                                                                    variable-ranging from bottornland hardwood forests to open
                                                                                                    meadows. This type of wetland may be found in an upland
                                                                                                    depression or in an overflowed bottomiand.
                                                                                                      Type 2 Fresh or Wet Meadow-A type of wetiand which is not
                                                                                                    covered with standing water, but is waterlogged within a few
                                                                                                    inches of the surface during most of the growing season.
                                                                                                    Characteristic vegetation on this type of wetiand' includes
                                                                                                    grasses, sedges, rushes and various broad-leaved plants.
                                                                                                    Representative plants are sedges, rushes; redtop grass, reed
                                                                                                    grasses, manna grasses, prairie cordgrass, and mints. This type
                                                                                                    of wetland may occur in a shallow lake basin, Slough, farmland
                                                                                                    sag or on the edge of a shallow marsh.
                                                                                                      Type 3 Shallow Marsh-A type of wetland which -is usually
                                                                                                    waterlogged during the growing season and often is covered by
                                                                                                    water six1or more inches deep. Vegetation characteristic of this
                                                                                                    type -of Weiland includes grasses, sedges, bulrushes, burreed,
                                                                                                    spikeruslies,    cattails,   arrowheads,      pickerelweed       and
                                                                                                    smartweeds. This type of welland rnay occur in a shallow lake
                                                                                                    basin or slough, on the edge of a deep rnarsh, or as a seep area
                                                                                                    on irrigated land.
                                                                                                      Type 4 Deep Marsh-A type of wetiand which is covered with
                                                                                                    6 inches to 3 feet or more of water during the growing season.
                                                                                                    Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland includes cat-
                                                                                                    tails, bulrushes, spikerushes and wild rice. This type of wetland
                                                                                                    may occur in a shallow lake basin, a pothole, limestone sink,
                                                                                                    slough or on the edge of open water.

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                            Type 5 Open Water-A type of wetland which is covered with                 Offier Wetland Terms
                          three to ten feet of water and has emergent vegetation along its              Adapted from: John T. Curtis, Vegetation of Wisconsin (The
                          edges. Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland includes           University of Wisconsin Press, 1959).
                          pondweeds, waterlilies, wild celery. coontail and water milfoils.
                          This type of welland inClUd6s shallow ponds and reservoirs.                   Fen--7A unique type of wet grassland which occurs over a cold
                            Type 6 Shrub Swamp-A type of wetland which is usually                     alkaline spring. Vegeta   'tion characteristic of this type of wetland
                                                                                                      includes grasses and sedges and rare plants such as grass of
                          waterlogged during the growing season and which is often                    Parnassus, small while ladyslipper orchid, Kalm's lobelia, Rid-
                          covered with as much as six inches of water. Vegetation                     dell's goldenrod, rush-like aster, and the lesser fringed gentian.
                          characteristic of this type of wetland includes alders,, willows,           Fens usually occur on hillsides overlGoking,existing or extinct
                          and dogwoods. This type of wetland may occur along a sluggish               glacial lakes.
                          stream, on a floodplain, or on a disturbed. wet meadow or
                          shallow marsh.                                       \                        Lowland or Wet Prairle-A type of wet grassland which
                            Type 7 Wooded Swamp-A               type of welland which is              usually occurs on lowland Subject to inundation by runoff Ir0nl
                          waterlogged within a few inches of the Surface during the                   heavy rains or by floodwater from a nearby stream. Grasses
                                                                                                      characteristic of this type of wetland include big blUestem,
                          growing season and which is often covered with as much as one               bluejoint, siougligrass, prairie muhly, and wild rye. Some of the
                          toot of water. Trees characteristic of this type of wetland include         most typical species of the lowland prairie are the New England
                          American elm, silver maple, tamarack, white cedar. black
                                                                                                      aster, gayfeather, yellow stargrass, Turk's cap lily and prairie
                          spruce, balsam. red maple and black ash.                                    dock.
                            Type 8 Bog-A type of wetland oil acid peat               which is           Northern Alder ThIckel-A type of-shrub. swamp usually
                          waterlogged. Vegetation characteristic of this type of wetland              found in northern Wisconsin. The shrub which dominates this
                          includes heath shrubs, sphagnum moss, sedges, black spruce                  type of wetland'is the'tag alder. Like the southern shrub carr, the
                          and tamarack. This type of wetland may occur in a lake basin,               northern alder thicket usually covers only small areas but where
                          along a sluggish stream, or on a watershed divide.                          bogs or sedge meadows have been disturbed, alders may cover
                                                                                                      a large area.
                          Soil Drainage Classes
                                                                                                        River Bottomiand or Floodplain Forest-A type of seasonally
                            Adapted from: U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No.                 flooded wet forest which is found along river valleys and on lake
                          18, Soil Survey Manual ( 195 1                                              plains. In the southern part of the state, trees characteristic of
                            Very poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which @Vater is              this type of wetland include silver maple, American elm, black
                          removed so slowly that the water table remains at or on the                 willow. cottonwood, swamp white oak, and green ash. In the
                          surface the greater part of the time. This type Of Soil is USLially         northern part of the state, characteristic trees include white
                          found oil a level or depressed site and is frequently covered.by            cedar and black ash.
                          water.
                            Poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which water Is                      Southern Shrub Carr-A type of shrub swamp found in
                                                                                                      southern Wisconsin. Shrubs characteristic of this wetland in-
                          removed so slowly that the soil remains wet for a large part of the         clude red osier dogwood and several species of willows. Under
                          time. The water table is commonly at or near the surface of this            natural conditions this type of wetland is usually a narrow band
                          type of soil during a considerable part ol the year.                        between a sedge meadow and lowland forest. However. more
                            Somewhat poorly drained soll-A type of soil from which the                extensive shrub carrs have been created where sedge meadows,
                          water is removed slowly enough to keep it wet for significant               fens, or bogs have been altered by fire and/or water level
                          periods but not all of the time.                                            changes.

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                                                                                             GAYLORD    No. 2333                              PRINTED IN U.S A.

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