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Ohio Department of COASTAL ZONE Natural INFORMATION CENTER Resources RESOURES OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION CZIC COLLECTION GB CZM 475 .03 R37 1977 Ohio Coastal Zone Management Program U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER COASTAL ZONE 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SN 29405-2413 INFORMATION CENTER RESOURCES OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION Prepared by C.Lawrence Cooper and Charles E. Herdendorf with the assistance of J.A. Letterhos and H A.. Schutte Prepared for Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Coastal Zone Management Section funded in part,by a grant, from the Office of Coastal Zone Manaqgement through, Section 305 of Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 Center for Lake Erie Area Research The-Ohio State University. May, 1977 Property of CSC Library ACKNOWLEDGMENTS James Arvanitis Property Owner, Turtle Island Peter Barbernitz Executive, Boy Scouts OF America Nello Bianci Postmaster, Put-in-Bay Kurt Boker Principal, Estes Kelley School Marvin Booker Crew's Nest, Put-in-Bay Arthur Boyles Manager, South Bass Island-State Park- Leslie Bretz Bretz Winery,Middle Bass Island Norman - Carlson Physical Facilities, The Ohio State University Jane - L. Forsyth Bowling Green State University Donald Hair Manager, Ohio -Division OF WildliFe Fish Hatchery, Put-in-Bay Harold Hauck Sky Tours, Inc. Louis Heinenman Heineman Winery Larry Isard Cleveland Museum of Natural History Avis Landon Catawba Island State Park Jeannette Lueke Parker Boat Line Local'History Department- Lucas County Public Library William Market Miller Boat Line John McConnell Erie County 4-H Agent John Mizera Intern,The Ohio State University John Neuman Neuman Boat Lines Alfred Parker Parker Boat Line Larry Saunders. Intern, The Ohio State University Christopher Smith Chief Ranger,Perry's Monument George Stoiber President, Put-in-Bay Chamber OF Commerce Ronald L. Stuckey The Ohio State University John Widmer Director, Ottawa Regional Planning Commission Larry Wilson Caretaker.- Rattlesnake Island John E. Zapotosky The Ohio State University TABLE OF CONTENTS page I.NTRODUCTION TO- THE RESOURCES _OF THE-. LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION ............. .1 Land Ownership and C@evelopme nt Patterns.- .6 Transportation .............................. 9. GEOLOGY OF THE- LAKE ERIE ISLAND-'REGION .......... 18 Hydrography .................... -21 Bedrock Stratigraphy ....................... Glacial and LaUcustrine -Sediments-* 27 'Maumee* Bay and Turtle - Island ....... .... 28 Soils ........................................... 33, Romeo---soils ............ Hoytville soils 34 Mermill soils.-i ....... 38 Belmore. so-ils ........................ ............. 38@ Caves and M-ineral@s ..................... - 38. -Celestite ........................... 43 Calcite ............................................ Barite 44 Quartz 44 m 44,- Epso ite ...................................... Travertine .............................. 44' Other -min6rals--.- ....... ..................... 45 3'. HYDRO.LOGY OF T HE LAKE.ERIE -ISLAND -REG II-ON ......... 46 Water Circulation .................................. 50 Water Temperature and 50 Water. Quality 53 ................ ...... --Dissolved. o>@ygen ......... 50 Total -phosphorus .................. .............. 69 e7, - -u Soluble 'reactive phosphoi S ............... I ..... 62 Chlorophyll ................. .65 4. OF THE LAK-E-,-ERIE ISLAND REGION 75 Lake Erie Basin .............. ............... 75- Lake- Erie Islands 78 -Ter-hperature ........... @......I ................ Precipitation ........................................ 78 Growing season ........... 81 Microcli.mate's .............I................ 8.i page 5. SHORE EROSION -IN THE LAKE ER-IE. ISLAND- REGION._ 84 Water Levels . ...................... ............ ..... 84 -wave, Action 85- Alongshbre Currents ................................ 85 6. :BIOTA OF-THE LAKE-ERIE ISLAND, REGION 87 Vegetation ..87 Wolodlots. 87 Cliffs and low sheIF-like r@ocky shores: . ....... 89 Sandy beaches ...... ;.................. 89 -Gravel be.aches-and bars ....... 94 Quarries .. ....... ............... ...... 94 Open fields ....................................... .94. -.Aqyatic .................... 94 TLiitle Island ......................... .103- Conclusion-,. .................... 103 Plankton ....... ..................................... 110 Phytoplankton .................................... 110 Zooplankton 110' Benthic Organisms ............. 118 Terresfriai Invertebrates ............. 120 Fi-sh 124- .............................. ................ d Amphibians- Reptiles an ......... ..................... 132 Pirds .............................................. 134 Mammals .143- @.7. HISTOR-YOFTHE LAKE. ERIE ISLAND REGION ........ 145 stor"cal Background ................................ 145 land - -:,South- Bass Is. ........ ................ .... 146 148 Middle Bass - Island... . ....... North Bass- Island ................................... 'Kelleys Island .......... ............... 150 -Mouse Island ............................. .......... 151 Rattlesnake Island ....... 151- .'Gibraltar Island, _-Green Island ................................. -52- Ballast island ....... ........................... 153 Starve Island ..................................... ........ 1'54 Sugar island ........................ ........... ......... 1 1@4 Gatawba-Asland.-. .............. 154 West -Sister Island''... 156 -Johnson, Island. _157- Turtle -Island....-. ...................................... 159 page 43. DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC SETTING OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION ..................... ........ 169 Population ........................................ ... 169 Schools ............... .169 Employment ......................................... 173 Housing ............... ............... ; ........... 175 Postal Service ....................................... 175 9. RECREATION, IN THE-LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION .... 179 Summer ............................................. 179 Camping ....................... .............. 179, Fishing ...................................... 181 Hiking ........................................ -@ ...... 187. Picnicking ....... I........... 187 Power boating ........... 187 Sailing ... ......................................... 1 @87 Sightseeing ............................... ... 190 Sunbathing ............. .......................... 1.94 Swimming ......................................... 194 SCUBA diving ............ o...... ................... 194 Spring ............. o ................ *............ o ....... 194 F ishing ......................... o................ 194, Sightseeing . .................................... 195 Fall .................................................... 195 Fishing .............................................. 1@95 Huntibg .................................. ........ 195 Winter. ............................. -.!@ ........ 195 lee boating ........ ............................... 105 Ice -fishing ..................... 195 Ice skating and sledding ......................... 196 Snowmobil* ing ................................ ..... 196 1-0, RESOURCE ANALYSIS -OF THE LAKE. ERIE ISLAND. REGION 197 Aspects of the Island experience .................... 197 Critical Areas .................. o...................... 2 01 Special Attributes ...................................... .202 11. RECOMMENDATIONS .... .............................. 208.. 12. REFERENCES CITED' ....................... 211 13. APPENDICES ....... .................... ........ ... 223 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESOURCES OF THE LAKE ERIE I S LAND REGION Lake Erie..has been described -as the busiest,- most traveled and most important lake in the-world (Ross, 1949). While this description emphasizes -the- commercial importance of the lake, its importance to the people- of Ohio 6xtends far beyond these narrow -boundaries. This. report outlines 'the diverse -opportunities the take, and, more specifically, its island region, offers Ohioans. Most importantly-, the recreational, educational, and esthetic features of this region are unique in'the state and Offer possibilities for personal 'growth and development to. the greater community- residing throughout Ohio. Ohio's. jurisdiction of Lake Erie covers approximately- 3527.5 square miles of surface area. Within this jurisdiction are a number o f islands and rocky outcrops covering an approximate area of.-10.5. square miles (6736 acres). Of Ohiol-s 262 miles-, of Lake Erie shoreline,-. 43.2 miles are island shoreline. These islands are concentrated entirely.in thewestE@rn basin of the -lake. and. contribute- -to the Shoreline of Lucas, Ottawa, Sandusky and Erie Counties. Island shoreline and area information are@ presented in Tables 1 and 2. Islands are formed by -a variety of processes. Ohio's Lake Erie islands are- rocky outcrops that were more resistant -to erosion by ice and water than the- surrounding land during Pleistocene glaciation. . Due to changing* -water levels, islands .have their ups and downs. Gull Island, north' of Kelleys Island, As a rocky outcrop only when the -lake level is two feet 'or less -above International Great Lakes Datum Lake Erie 568.6 ft.). _- When lake levels, are high,, only Gull Island Shoat ex ists. Legal definitions of a.n-island are based oh court decisions -and,, in- general,- follow the dictionary definition (Baldwin, _1965). 'a. Body of land entirely surrounded by water- Busch v. Wi-Igus .24 Ohio N-. P. (n. s-.) b. A body of submerged land though covered by an aquatic -vegetation is not an island. Webber v. The Pere Marquette, Bbon CO. 6@ --Mich. '626, 30 N. W. 469.1472, c. 'In'det&rmining whether. a formation in a r[VLer- is -an island or part of the sh6re land, account should be taken of the - size and stability of the -formation its physical Features and the relative size and permanence of the channels.around it McBride v.. Steinweden 72 Kansas 508, 83 p. 822,824 2 TABLE 1 OHIO ISLANDS IN LAK E ERIE Shore Area Length Sq. -7otal Is-land County' (Statute Miles) Miles Acres Ballast. Ottawa 0.7 12 Catawba. Ottawa East-Harbor 6.6 li4l 902.4 West Harbor Ottawa 5.9 0.64 409.6 Middle Harbor Ottawa 3.7 0-.42 268.8 Gibraltar Ottawa 0. 15 6 Green Ottawa .0.8 17 Horseshoe Ottawa 0.8 Johnson Ottawa 3.3 0.45 288 Kelleys Erie 11.4 4.37 2797 Midd le Bass Ottawa 7.7 1.27 813 Mouse Ottawa 0.5 5 'North Bass Ottawa 1.10 Rattles Ottawa 0.05 < i Rattlesnake Ottawa 1.6 0.10 60 South Bass Ottawa 10.7 2.45 1570 Squaw Sandusky 0.2- 0.005 '3.2 Stacrve Ottawa 0.2 sugar Ottawa- 0'.9, 40 Turtle Lucas 0.1 -42 Wes'-t Sister- Lucas 1.3- 0.12 80 F et c 0 rt, rt, 0 c c W :y W U)- l< @(D 0 7 -3- c l< .0 (D 0) (D 0- x 70 (D 0- rt 0 C 0 -30 S. (f) :3- - Ol (D 0 c Z _0 cli CO pi 3 (D - -@: II < -3 b ZD b-- '0) -(D (D c3 1@ (A) rt- n 07 :3 0 < :r . 0: a (D A) T T - - -3 -3, m (D r- . - :T-0 0- () rt z _0 0 0 -3W m 0 1) (D (D r- -4 - > 0 Z (D (D 37 rQ 3- > (n _0 CR 0 0 CA) 0 0 @c 1 0 -ps < Ol (D 0 (D l< 0 :3 0 OD T CA) F m (D 0) o> (3) CO) 4 (3) -51 CA) ft) (D (D m OD r%) (D W CA) ro r\) D0 0 rt, 0 (D 3 N) -u - 00 cy) c 00 -t, 0*3 I@i (0 FQ (D CA) 0) Ul I (D -00 :T K) ro rt OY N) :3 cn 0 I w (D 0) .0 R) OD -3 (D -4 d. If land originated as islands in navigable streams,. even. if- they may have''ceased to be islands, are to be considered such. Steckel v.:Vancil 92 Kansas 5912 141 p. 550, e. A tract of land -can -be defined as ar@ i'sland even if artificially -cut 6ff'by.@thannel From the mainland, yet title resides in- -owner before.-being cut- off. State v. Barco 150 North Carolina 7923, 65 S. E-. 673, Q-15 Ci ting 23 C yc 857 f. "Island. means a, rock. or land elevation. above the'waters of Lake Erie having anarea of -Five. or more. acres above water. Chapter 1531.01 (CC) Ohio Revised -Code g. "Reef" means an elevatibn@ of rock-., either broken or 'in place, or gravel shown -by the latest United States Chart to be above' the common level of the surrounding bottom of -the lake, other than the rock bottom or'in place forming: the base or foundation rock of an - island or mainland and sloping from the shore thereof.. A reef also means - all elevations shown by such cha rt to be above the common level of such sloping base or foundation. rock -of an -island- or mainland, whether running from - the shore of an island or parallel,-.with the contour.of the shore-,oF an island- or in any other- way, whether, Formed' by rock., - broken or in place, or from gravel. Chapter -1531.01 .(DD) Ohio Revised. Code h. "Channels and passages" means those narrow bodies of water lying. b6tween islands or-between an island and the mainland 'in Lake Erie'. Chapter. 1-531.01' (BB) Ohio Revised- Code The Ohio Revised- Code does not, define the term "shoal". U@S. Lake Survey, charts use the terms reef and shoal for similar topog aphic r -'features and- are considered synonymous in -this report. - ..-The Ohio Coastal..Zohe Management Program was dev@-Ioped as a result of the Coastal Zone Management Act. of 1972 (P. L- 92 583). During the first year of effort,, the' program identified the land/water interface of -the nine coastal zone counti.es of Lake Erie along with their associated wetlands, bays, . and estuarine areas as its 'principal concern. Of the -issues and problems associated' w ith -the Ohio coastal zone' interFace 3- a number specifically,concern -the islands. Of'speciFic concern are, the -Following (ODNR, Coastal'Zone Management Program, 1 st Yr. Rpt'. 1976): 5 the lack'of information on, the Lake Erie islands 2. public versus private. development of the Lake Erie islands .3. transportation problems associated with the Lake Eric islands 4.1 Jack of information on the- ecological systems and ..significance of Sandusky -Bay 5. problem s, associated 'with agricultural rdnoff: 1) silt and sediment, runoff; 2) nutrient, runoff Thepurpose of this report is. to respond to the specific issues and problems 'assotiated with. the Lake Erie -islands, by: providing basic information and'an environmental analysis-df the island region. For the purposes of -this report, -an. environmental analysis means studying Ohio's island region: as-a @natCjral ecosystem with the understanding that the natural elements which compose the reg4on al so have a. social. Value. Descriptions and d'iscussions of the biological and.geologi@cal resources.,- eros ton' hazard areasA recr6ational areas, economic status and. opportunities,- cultural 'features,, historic events and places of the 'islands and. the surrounding island region are provided. -Particular emphasis. is placed on the identification of "critical" resource areas. These are resources judged-to be of "Critical" importance .due to their scarcity or economic value... Due to their lack of protection and vulnerability to devel.opment, the Ohio- Department of- Natural Resou*ce@s is committed to guiding the managembnt of such areas on.a statewide, local', and individual, citizen basis. The goal of this- currently evolving-guidance effort is the encouragement of orderly -economic growth and preservation of such critical resources (ODNR,- -Critical- -Resource- Areas: ODNR Policy,. 1977)". pr-im In a, g Even -reg i6n, e agricultural -land, commercial mineral strata, flood plains, forest land, hazardous geological Formations, points of significant aquifer recharge, scenic @rive rs, natural--areas' or- wetlands may. be deemed "critic@al" areas. -In the island reg,ion, natural, areas and wetlands are of particular interest for consideration,. This report presents the findings of extensive' investigations' and studles of. -the island r-@e f umber .gian o western Lake Erie.. A limited n' of previous reports have attempted comprehensive reviews of the island -region. Usdally, only a few islands served as the focal- point of interest, e.-g., THE MASTER PLAN OF-THE ERIE -ISLANDS STATE- PARK. (Behnke, Dickson & _Tkach5- '1974)'. . The latter'covered Green. Island, Kelleys..- Island and -South Bass Island'. -The-folloWing -investigations have been made as- part of this study. 6 1. An inventory and evaluation -of published information relating to the islands have been-performed. The information base is scattered 'throughout professional journals, periodicals, books and reports by-local, state, federal and Canadian provincial and federal agencies. Sources for this inventory included The Ohio State University libraries, the CLEAR research library-, and public libraries in Port Clinton, Sandusky, and Toledo, Ohio., This search revealed a wide.scope of material. ranging from qualitative observations to detailed quantitative studies of specific subjects. While- certain stud-ies were of limited value., many,were pertinent and have been integrated, where applicable into the analyses -presented. A bibliography of the literature reviewed is presented- in Appendix B. 2. A review of present "conditions and historical trends in land ownership patterns, -government facilities and a broad. range of interest areas including biology, geology, erosion hazards,. recreation,' economy, culture, and history, was conducted. 3. Field examinations of selected island sites' were conducted and numerous interviews with inhabitants, officials in the island region, and the regional agencies- whose mission involves resource management and/or- planning took place. Land Ownersh ip and Development Patterns The islands oF Lake Erie are concentrated in 'the western basin rqe gion Islands occur in both United States and Canadian Waters of this region. -The United States 'islands are located in Four counties of the State of Ohio -(Table 1). Without question., the Ohio Islands are'more extensively,devel- oped than are the 'Canadian islands of Essex County, Ontario. OF the Canadian islands only. Pelee Island., sustains 'a permanent population. - Pelee Island- is the largest in the region and is developed. as an agrqicul- tural, Fishing and tourist area.. -The size., development and physical. characteristics of each of the is lands in the region are summarized in Table 3 IF a dock, causeway or, landing strip of any kind- 'is present to allow access to an island, access' is noted. as yes in Table' 4 The Ohio. islands are: utilized in slightly d i ffer ing manners. The existing land uses--,in Catawba,,': Danbury and Put-in-Bay Townships are summarized in Table 4 Catawba Township delimits the peninsular portion of Ottawa County-often referred to as Catawba Island. Johnson Island,- in Sanqdusky Bay, is part'of Danbury Township. The latter town.- ship 'encompasses- Ottawa County's Marblehead peninsula. With -the excep- ton oF Turtle and West S is ter Is lands- in 'Lucas County and Kelleys. I I a C)m W, a) 0 m 3 M (31 cl U m so (D rD 'a < k .6 CL (@o :3 C"L (h In U) (n (D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m m rT m m 0 0 m 0 0 '0 m .x x C) o -0 M o (D K) ra j a ro ro Ln Ul (D 14@ CO CD W 0 0 -4 @4 M-3 41 ID 1 -.4 CD @4 r%) 0 01. 0) 03 co rj.0 CD z z CD 0 to Co *> a 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0- 0 0 Z, z @4 K) ro rl) 9- o o o m 0 Kyl, (a. co 1) Ul -0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1, 1 0 -4 K5 0 Ul tn al 0 0 Lq (A0 13M ul m CD M-< m 0 (D m m -M m (D -U) (1) En 0 U) (n Ch I) D 41 Lq q k - q T3 (n ev v v 9 -3.- - A,R 9 1'1 A I. S9 & R, -f i 97. I d IV! @-TABLF- 4 EXISTING AND PROPOSED LAND-USES IN ISLAND REGION TOWNSHIPS Catawba- Danbury Put-in-Bay Township Township Township Area Square miles-, 5.64 17.76 4.44 Acres 33@610 1_1-,366 2,-842 Rer Cent oF.Ottawa County, 2.22 -6.98 -1.75 Existi-ng Land -Use (Acres) Residential 1 238 2,234 546. _^gricultural 546 :3,737 1'$ 386 ManuFacturilng 1@5 13., 17.. Commercial 1.63 A-88 191: Governmental 12 so '19, Streets and h ighways 10.1 94& 1-03 Non-h ighway R/W 51, 178 :55 Recreation and open space. 407- 2,414 .458 Wate r and wetlands 77 '58 .67 -Extractive (Quarry). 0 21246 'Total 33'610 11 1366 2,842 Land Uses- Proposed. Add.itional .-Throug Ih'.197 5 (Acres) 'Residential, 360 227 28 Local Roads 63 40 5. Resort. Commercial 170 170 0. :Loca:l Park 38. 24 .0 0 Other governmental 0- @2 Total 631 499- Finkbeiner, Pettis and Strout Ltd. 1971. Vol. 2.. R&gi0nal development: plan. Ottawa County Comprehensive. Planning Program. Island in. Erie County, the remaining Ohio islands -comprise Ottawa County's Put-in-Bay Township. Green Island, Mouse Island., Starve Island and West Sister Island can be considered undeveloped and lack access. Property ownershIp of the Ohio islands has been extensively investigated -as -part -of this, study. Mailing addresses- -For shore -zone property land owners, local addresses, land uses and assessed property values For each island are presented in Appendix Assessed property value in -all.the Ohio counties- in which ilands occur is- thirty-five percent of appraised --value.The predominant land use is for seasonal -residential purposes. This. classification (Table 5), reflects -the extensive use of the coastal zone for summer cottages. Johnsons Island carries this pattern to extreme with 167 residential parcels. located along 3.3 miles of shoreline. Kelleys Island, -Middle Bass Island and South Bass Island have areas. divided-into 179, 169, and 243 residential parcels, respectively,. Many --residential par- cels on.these four islands -are, as yet, -undeveloped-. The latter obser- vation is evident in the -number of these parcels 'with a- low assessed value, Table 6. Agricultural and commercial catories describe the remaining land uses for island properties.. The number - of agricultural. and commercial parcels is very small In comparison to-. the number of residenttal -parcels. Parcels - of land. with high assessed values are either -commercial holdings such as, a motel or cottage complex or large agri- cultural*. holdings for vineyards. The number and type of- parcel are summarized in Table 5.1 The range of assessed value for these parcels is summarized -in Table 6. The- importance _ of the islands to the- peop le of the, State of Ohio is evident in large numbers- of property. owners -who reside in the,state's metropolitan center s, principally the greater Cleveland area. -The number of island property' owners using islands as their prin- cipal mailing address, i. e. local residents, is - small in- relation to th e total number of owners.The distribution of property in Ohio's metropolitan centers is summarized in -Table 5 The. -number of property owners listing out-of-state addresses is quite. Transportation Ferry Service. -The island. area is provided with regularly scheduled- Ferry service by three boat lines. Miller Boat LInes and Parker Boat (f) ;U Z- G)'- Gj U) (n 7 0, 0 . C) (D -0 .1- _a M CL :Y (D :r (D in CL v) (D < 0 to :3 :3 (n W (D (n (D (n M R) -0.0 _@z ---I __j IQ -OD - 0) 0) C 0 tQ ..t@k (D. M -3 0 (D (D 0. in Agricultural J I co -1 00 00 '1 1 -Parcels z M_: -Commercial I I- 4@- G) 1 01 0) 1 0 ..Parcels _Z ro Res,Udential. (n 0 0) -4 0) I@ @ (0 _(0 4 -1 1 0- Parcels 0 0 _;U Local M island. CO) N W I o -CO, I I 1 0- Address Z Address. Cleveland M ro 4 1 1 1 __4 1 01 Greater 0 0 Cleveland/ T'Z 01 -1 (0 1 c) t I Lorain, Area > Address Z__ U Greater Columbus 0 -1' 0 'CO I --l- -Address > z F Other Ohio P-_q M R esident. Z- CO (n G) I I I I co 1- 0" M I I I Address .0 Ottawa -Co. * Mainland, T, 0)'' 1 _1@1I 0)__' Co. OD I- I Address rq Sandusky M _(n CD (0 1-- 1- -Area- Greater Toledo Ar I I C" I I C" ro G) -1 1 ea Out-oF- State R) I 1 0 1 Co Ca 0) 1 1 Address 01 TABLE ASSESSED VALUE OF PRIVATELY OWNED SHORF70NE PROPERTY Assessed 0- 00- 6001- 8001- 10,000- 12,000 14,001 .162,001- 20V000 2001- 40 Value 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14, 0'00 16'!' 000 20,000 and. UP Island@ N N % N I % N % N % N % N % N N % 00 Bal last 2 '40 1 20 2 40 Johnson. 62 36 38 22 22 13 18 11 11 7 11 7 6 4 Kelleys 100 44 25 1 22 10. 30 13 18 8 12 5 8 4 3 1 2 1 6 3 Middle Bass (@8 38 .6' 3 '28, 15 32 18 2 1 12 12 7 3 2 1 1 4 2 .4 2 Mouse 1 100 North Bass 6 30. 5 25 3 15 2 10 1 5 1 5 2 10 Rattlesnake 100 South Bass 37 14 24 9 37 14 41 16 43 17 30 112 18 7 4 2 10 4 14 5 Starve 11 100 Sugar 1 50 1 50 Turtle 1 100 Rounded to nearest whole number 12 L ines- serve- South' B ass Island 'and Middle Bass Island. Mi Her Boat Lin-e -is the principal carrier For. South Bass Island; Parker Boat Line'is the'princ'ip'al carrier For Middle -.Bass Island'. -Neuman -Boat Lin e*s -is the only carrJer' For Kelleys Island. -The service period For. all the boat lines' extends.From the first week in-April to the third- week in, November. The characteristics , OF the vessels providing scheduled Ferry service is summarized in @ Table' 7.. Service- is dis- continued during the. intervening winter season. -Although the lake@ in this area seldom becomes ice covered bef6re late December and i's usually ice Free- in. late February Ferry service is lim.-ited -for a longer wat F 360 F period by cold water temperatures. Lake er temperatures o or below result in dangerous spray ice formation on the superstructure. The weight OF the spray ice formations results in an increased vulnera-. b1lity-to Floundering in rough water. This -Ferry -service 'provides the only means OF delivering bulk materials and other freight to the islands. Parker Boat Lines pro- vides bulk deliveries to the islands in the Bass Island group not pro-, vided with regularly scheduled service; -reservations are required. Neuman Boat Line is contracted by the Meiers Wine Co., to provide North Bass Island with near daily service during the month lo.ng.grape harvest. -The grape harvest extend s - From late September to- late Octo- ber.- The North Bass harvest is transported to Sandusky and subse- quently by rail to Silverton, Ohio For pressing and wine making. The island Ferries are busiest in the summer months of June, July, -and -A.ugust. ^11'operate extended schedules during this period. The period OF least use in every instance occurs in the mont hs of April and November. - Schedules- are abbreviated, during these months; even sol the Ferry li.n.es often operate at a'deficit during the period. @Summer users -are largely day visitors to the -island region and cot- tage owners. Very early spring users and very late Fall users are largely local res-idents.- Obviously,, -local- residents alone do not p ro@ vide sufficient volume to allow.a proFit-ma.king enterprise-. Ferry service From Sandusky, Ohio to Pelee Island and the Ontario mainland*is provided by The Pelee Island, Leamington and Kingsville. Boat Line. ' The M.V.@ Pelee Islander operates daily between Leaming ton or King@;ville, stopping at-the Pelee Island, West Dock on each pas- sage.. The schedules and rate structure, For each OF the boat-lines is listed in Appendix A.. The Crew's Nest OF Put-in-Bay offers water taxi service From South Bass Island to-the Oh-io mainland as well as the other islands. This 'service is available by reservation. Several marinas offer a similar service -during the summer season. WMIM WIM-1m M W M-M M'= TABLE 7 SUMMARY OF SCHEDULED VESSELS@ SERVING THE ISLAND REGION Rated Rated Principal Passenger Automobile Points oF Boat Line, Vessel Size Power Crew, Capacity Capacitv, Service Miller William Miller 64110" 385HP. (tat. -EXesel 3 250 10, Catawba Isl.- single screw South Bass Isl. Put-in-Bay 64110!' 220HP GM. Diesel 3 @10 Catawba Isl.- twin screw, South Bass Isl.' West -Shore 6411011, 400HP GM Diesel. 3 250 10 Catawba Isl.- single. screw South Bass Isl. Neuman, Chal lenger 70f 220HP GM Diesel 3 250 7 Sandusky- single screw Kelleys Isl. .6omm'uter 651 220H P Gt\A Diesel 2 150 9 Marblehead- single screw kell&ys Ist.. co Corsair 651 2i20HP GM Diesel 2 150 9 Reserve vessel single screw Kelley Islander 100' 680HP om Diesel. 3 150 15 Marblehead- twin' screw Kellys Isl. Parker Erie Isle 6411011 671 HP GM'Diesel 3 180 6' Port Clinton- twin screw, Middle Bass/ South Bass lsl. Yankee Clipper 64'10" Cai. Diesel 3 1'50 9' Port Clinton- single screw, Middle Bass/ Sou@h Bass Isi. 14 -The exact history of Ferry service to the Bass Islands is indistinct in the minds of those familiar with it. Miller Boat Lines originated in the, 1930's with a small tug pulling a- barge from Catawba Island to South Bass Island. Miller Boat Lines ordered the construction @of its first actual ferry -in the 1940's and this Vessel, the South Szhore was placed in service in 1945-. Miller Boat Line sold the South Shore in 1.975. Parker Boat Line represents the'effbrt oFAlfred -Parker to combine the Parker Boat Line and the Erie Isle Ferry Company. Local businessmen- principally George Lonz,'of Middle Bass Island- established the Erie Isle Ferry Company in the 19301s.' The Erie Isle Ferry Co. initially operated a wooden vessel @named the Erie Isle. This vessel was subsequently replaced by the present steel-hulled vessel of the same ne-ime.. Alfred- Par ker operated the M.V. Yankee Clipper along the -same route as the Erie Isle Ferry Co. In recent years Capt. Parker obtained control.li-ng- interest in The. Erie Isle Ferry Co. and subsequently dissolved that firm. The history of.the.Neuman Boat Lines was prepared by Ferris (1973). 'This line spans 70 years of service to the, islands and included the operatibn of eleven vessels. Airline Service. The island area is provided with regularly sche-- duled fiig'ht service by two air carriers. Sky Tours, Inc., better known as-Island Airlines, serves North,, Middle and South Bass Islands, and.Kelleys.Island .-On a regular basis. Rattlesnake Island is served by reservation only. Griffi.ng F-lying Service, Inc., serves Kelleys Island and Pelee- Island. Aircraft used to provide regular scheduled service is. listed -in Table 8. In addition to. scheduled service, both., carriers are prepared to provide charter service at non-scheduled hours. During the winter months, aircraft provide-the only--regular trans- portatjon to and From the islands., During'this period, aircraft carry all passengers, suppltes and freight to and from- the is-lands. Mail service throughout the year ts provided only by'aircraft. -Aviation buffs from throughout- the world. as well as many Ohio resi-- -dents, visit South -Bass Island.in order to fly 4board the -1927 Ford Ti-i- motor; the Famous '.@Tin Goose. Island Ai.ri.ines -officials- instituted a new pol.icy concerning thts aircraft in. 1977. This truly unique aircraft i.Is currently.being refurbished and will calrry only passengers during the tourist season. It-will no longer be used to carry freight nor will it be -flown in winds exceeding 15 knots- This,policy is -designed- to preserve th e-wbrking life of an aged, irreplaceable aircraft; M M'M M M M M M TABLE 8 AIRCRAFT PROVIDING REGULARLY, SCHEDULED SERVICE TO THE LAK E ERIE ISLANDS, IN, OHIO Passenger Points Number Capacity, Operator of Service Type of Aircraft Cessna Skyhawk 172 3 3 Sky Tours., Inc. Port Clinton All Ohio Islands d'e Havilla@n'd Otter DHC/3 10 Sky'Tours, Inc. Port Clinton All Ohio Islands de Havillan& Beaver DHC/2 1 7 Sky Tours,* Inc.@ Port Clinton- All, Ohio Islands 15 Sky,Tours@ Inc. Port Clinton- Ford Tri-motor 1 All Ohio,Islands Piper Commanche 1 Sky Tours . Inc. Port Clinton- All'Ohio: Islands Piper Aztec 2 .6 Griffing Flying -5ervice, Sa.ndus .ky - Kelleys Ist., Inc. Pelee Isl. Piper Cherokee 6 Griffing Flying Service, Sandusky - Kelleys Isl... Inc. Pelee Isl., Piper Cherokee 5 4 Griff ing lying Service, Sandusky Kelleys IsI., Pelee Isl. Piper Navajo 6 Griffing Flying Service, Sandusky Kelleys Isl., Inc., Pelee Isl. Piper Seneca 6, Griffing Flying Service., Sandusky 7 Kelleys Isl., Inc., Pelee Is.I. M 0' Q)- (D a (D r+ (D@ C+ -1 C+ C+ CL N C@- =r - , CD -h C) (D 0 rD n -(D ;o LA 0 V) L/I co iw 03 .(a rD -0) :3 (A 0) 'a 1 = 0) ;-q- M C+ V) V) 0) (n V) -0 rD o P) 0 M- C+ (D Q. M V) -V r- 0) @o 0 0 CD r- 0) C+ c-F C+ C+ m r-L m m (D (D C-) -(D V) LA CO E" W pr C) co =3 P) - oi cu. ca - I l< sw EA = V) 0) CU 0-4 . 7T, An Cl+ Ln 0 (1) (D (A -P. w w LTI M) r%) r\) r\) N) W rD Ul 4Ln --j Ln CTI (.0 C> 4D t@D --j -1i rlj N) 0000 0) Cn CDO C) Un Ln C) C) co C) CD CD- C) Ol (n C) C) C) m C) C) (D@ CD- CD CD C) C) CD C) C) 0 -cn --j C:) - C) .c) =r OD .=m m m rri -Z m m m m M m V) I X: V@ :c :z -Z V) :E: @Ln :c Ln X: -5 z-r OD c A C', co T (A 0) 0) 0) 0) (A 0) .0) 0) < 0 -.:: -< < <.o < < -5 rr C+ 0 0 0 0 M (D '(D rL @L- C@L (1) M (D. rD C., (D (D 3. . (D -J. c r-L r-L m@ a- CL CL M 0. CX 0 010 (D 'M 0 0. 0 0. M'CD '-0M (D (D (n (A Vi vi w v) (A V) V). :E (D < < < cr C-t C-+ Cl+ C+ C+ Cr r+ C-+- 0 (D (D 0 0 0 0 (D (D -CA to rD -S Lf) (D -S -5-0 fD 0 0, (D -.0 "0 0 (D (D < CD M rD a (D - ft) 0 0 CD CD CD rt CA V) (D 0-. 17 There are no large passenger airports in the island region. The general aviation airports-in Erie and Ottawa Counties are categorized as commercial. Erie. and Ottawa Counties have agreed- to mutually develop the Port Clinton Airport in Ottawa'County (Carl R. Keller Field). The largest commer cial airport i'n Erie. County is Griffing- Sandusky-, a private facility. in- the city oF,Sandusky._ The Port Clinton n airport serves as thL, point of origin For Isla d Airlines; the Sandusky airport se rves as the point of origin for Griffing Flying Service. The Kelleys Island Municipal. Airport is a small commercial facility owned by the Village oF Kelleys Is@land..* Put- in"Bay 'Airport is owned .and operated by Travelair Taxi of which Sky Tours, Inc. is a whol ly owned subsidiary. Characteristics of the 'airports in the region -are - summarized in Tdble 8. Commercial airports serve local aviation primarily with inter-island and inter-city itinerate Flying perFormed, in single-enbine aircraft oF less than. four places. -Transient aircraft average 18 flights on weekdays and 75 on.weekends.,at Put-in-Bay during the summer months. These trans ient flights originate in Kentucky, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Approximately fifty 'percent of these flights originate in Ohio. 18 GEOLOGY OF THE LAkE ERIE I S LAN D REGION Hydrography The bed of Lake Erie lying west of a line from Cedar Point (Ohio) at the mouth of Sandusky Bay to Point Pelee (Ontario) con- stitutes a distinct physiographic unit known as the western basin. This basin is seperated from the deeper central part of the lake by a belt of resistant bedrock islands and reefs. The western basin comprises 13% (1,265 sq. miles) of the total lake area but due to its shallowness it only contains 5%(5.8 cu.miles) of the total lake volume. The mean depth of the basin is only 24 feet and the bottom is quite flat except for the sharply rising islands and reefs, which are cuest-shaped erosional remnants of Paleozoic limestones and dolmites. The deepest sounding in the basin, 62 feet,was made in a small depression south of Starve Island (Herdendorf,1970). Another depression north of Kelleys Island is 54 feet deep;elsewhere in the basin depths do not exceed 45 feet. The Islands and reefs are arranged in three roughly north-south belts, with the exception of Turtle Island in Maumee Bay which is isolated From the western-basin islands. The most westerly belt ties north of Locust Point and includes approximately 12 reefs and West Sister Island. The middle belt extends from Catawba Island through the Bass Islands and consists of at least 14 -reefs and 10 islands. The easterly belt encompasses Johnson Island, Marblehead Peninsula, Kelleys Island, And about seven reefs and shoals. The areas and shore lengths oF the major islands are given in Table 9 andthe areas- and least depths of major reefs are listed in Table 10. This arrangement and the cuesta shape of the- islands are controlled by the structure and relative :resistance of the underlying bedrock. The shoreline of Catawba- Island from Rock Ledge to West Har- bor is six miles long and Consists of an alternation of rocky 'head- lands and glacial till. bluffs-.The dolomite headlands rise to above take- level-, whereas the glacial till is much, -less resistant to - erosion, and has been cut back into coves and indentations along the coast. Pebble-and cobble beaches- have Formed -locally in the coves. The Four miles of shore From.West Harbor to- Lakeside is low and bordered by sand beaches. The beaches lie on marsh deposits which Formed in the "shallow bay between CatawbaIsland and Marble- 1 See page 27 For. a discussion of cuesta. 19 TABLE ISLANDS WITHIN STUDY AREA Ar ea Shore Length I@land @.Square Miles Acres (mile S) Kelleys 4.37 2,797 11.4 South Bass 2.45 1,568 10.7 Middle Bass 1.27 813 7.7 North Bass 1. 10 704 5.Z West Sister 0. 12 77 1.3 Rattle snake 0. 10 65 1.6 Sugar 0..05 29 0.9 Green 0.03 18 0.8 Ballast 0.02 12 0.7 Mouse 0.01 7 0.5 Gibraltar 0.01 6 0.5 Starve 0.00 1 0.2 Totals 9.53 6,097 41.5- -TABLE !_0 0 REEFS WITHIN STUDY AREA Area Least Depth Reef -Square Mile s Acres (fe e t) We-st Reef 2.05 1,312 4- Niagara Reef o.96 614 3 dull Island Shoal 0.79 504 +1 Kelleys Island Shoal 0.74 4TO 2 Scott Point Shoal 0.57 362 10 Middle Harbor Reef, 0.54 346 1 Toussaint Reef 0-'49 314 3 Locust Point Reef 0. 36 230 5 Round Reef 0.34 218 7 Mouse Island Reef 0.33 .211 9 Crib Reef 0.33 210 2 Little Pickerel Reef 0.28 179 .15 Starve Island Reef 0.26 166 7 Gone- Reef o.z6 165 10 Lakeside Reef 0.02 16 12 Totals 555 -20- head Peninsula. The underlying -material is gJac i a Itill and lacus- trine clay. 'An extensive Isand deposit has accumulated in th. e-East ...Harbor area and low sand @dunes have Formed behind. the beach'. The Marblehead Pe.ninsula shore arcs for Four miles from Lake- side to the base. -of Bay Point and is I ined with limestone and d'olo- m ite bluffs, generally -less than 20 Feet above take level. -Sectio-ns of the'shore -are composed of. -thin-bedded rock which yields to wave attack;: elsewhere the'rock is massively beddea and- more resistant. to -erosion.- Glacial till commonly caps the bluffs. The narrow. pebble beaches which 1ine the shore -at. the- base of the bluffs have been largely derived From the-bedrock.' Bay Point exte,nds south- ward From Marblehead Peninsula 'For two'miles into Sandusky Bay. Th-i-s point is a compound spit that is growing From sand contributed by littoral currents m'oving along Cedar Point and-arourid the end of the Sandusky harbor' jetty. The shores-oF all- of the major islands are rockbound, chiefly -the major portio n rugged in'character, with bluffs. along s o F, the. -island perimeters. The highest e1evations are normally adjacent to the west shores, except, West Sister Island where the- bluffs are high- est along the east shore. The upland area adjace.nt to the west shore of South Bass Island (Victory Woods) reaches 'a. height of 70- Feet above' lake level@,the highest eleVation -in the 'islands. Small sand, cobble, or- boulder beaches are situated-at indentations in the- shore- tire.- The most extens-ive sand beach ties along the north bay of Kelleys. Island.- Johns on Island.,- lying inSandusky, Bay adj-ac-ent to Bay Pointp 7 -is composed of low limestone and, glacial till shores. -The' shore is bordered by discontinuous cobble beaches. -Turtle Island, in Maumee composed Bay, is the only natural island in western Lake Erle not of bedrock. Turtle Island is an elevated terminous of a sand spit that was'Formed by littoral currents. Erosion oF,this sandy maferial has reduced the size of the island from seven acres to its present 1.5. acres in the'past fifty years. The island is -now -protected by- a sedwall'and has no beaches. The reefs cons ist of subm.artne bedrock- exposures and associated rock rubble., and gravel. The topography of- the' reef tops varies from rugged -surFaces,'caused by bedrock- pi'n'nacle-s and large boulders to smooth slabs of nearly horizontal-ty bedded rock. In places the ex@posed -ock -has*the appearance of to steps" dipping bedi w stairs with the 21 slightly to the east From the -Fringe of the reefs to its crest. All of the bedrock Formations that form the reefs are carbonate rocks Which contain abundant solution cavities. Most of the reefs are conical in shape and elongated., as are many of the islands, in a northeast-southwest direction. Two factors appear to have influenced this elongation; (1) vertical -joint systems in the bedrock which are oriented parallel to the elongation- and (2) the elongation is in general agreement with the major. trends of glacial ice movements as deduced from grooves found on the islands. -Bedrock Stratigraphy T he bedrock in-the island region of western Lake Erie is sedi- mentary in orqin and was deposited as -lime muds in shallow, warm Silurian and Devonian seas,- which covered the. region from 410 to 375 million years ago. -The warm,. clear conditions of the sea can be inFerred frOm the abundant Fossil corals and other invertebrates found in the rocks on Kelleys and Johnson Islands. The abandoned limestone quarries in Kelleys Island State Park are excellent sites for fossil collecting_ and- have yielded over 70 specie's of marine organ- isms (Stauffer, -1909). A generalized section of the rocks which occur in- the island. region - is given- in Table 11 and the outcrop -pattern of bedrock formation exposed in western Lake Erie are depicted on Figures 1 and 2 The dominant structural feature of the bedrockk underlying western Lake Erie is-the Cincinnati Arch. The -nearly north south axis of -this- arch passes through the island, region and then plunges- gently to the, north. A study of the. structure of Precambrian orb asement rock of Ohio- by owens (1-967)indicated that the crest of the arch- lies a Few miles east: of West- Sister Island. As a consequence of the alignment of the arch, the overlying Paleozoic bedrock -dips to the -east at approximately 20-40 feet per mile in the Bass-7Kelleys Islands -area. For th is reason,, the oldest -rocks are exposed on West Sister Island . and successively younger Formations crop out to the east along the flank of the arch. The bedrock exposed on, West- Sister Island and on the reefs in the vicinity oF Locust Point as Far east as Niagara Reef is the lower portion of the Tymochtee- Dolormite. This formation is highly varia- ble in --its resistance to weathering, a Factor- that may explain the cn DEV091AN AM z C) Pu u 0 C+ H 0, 0 C@ m 7 0 0 Pd (D z 0 rt, (D 0 .0 CN Fq > C) (D 00 C) Qn cn. 0 zy- 0 (D 0 0 I- .P@ , m la, P- 0 '0 CL P) C+@ 1 (D c+ ". 9 w m 0 m 5 (D 0 " M, in cn 0 , C+ w m 9Z :J@ C+ -En 0 0 0 0 m n rn (D (D r) r, - r_ - U) z m H OIQ En- o C+ UQ U) 0 P,) CL (D tZI Z rA UQ 0 I-h, I-h m M, (D@ + 0- " K co+ rn 0 cn (D 0 CY UQ cn (D C) m 0 .o H 0 la. p .CL _P) 0 < CD CL .< :I cn cy- (D 0 (D rt . , .@F. H -M m F@ C+ @4 - '0 p . T m -I<- (n (.+ C+ . 0 0 :;r m (D- 0 0-uq C+ - - :1 @j 4 (D CL + P. CL o o 0 CL 0 0 @$ 0 5 0 (n En 0 M 0 M. 0 e+ (D 17) rL- PV M C+ CD- .11, CL 4 4 Cl) cn cn". CY 0 0 ::r CL - (n o M o CL tj CL M- H- (D ID 1-t 0 CL CL -4 CL cn cn SILURIAN C) En C) w 0gu 0 0P) CA 0 s@ aq 1= 4;j w 0 0 1.5 C) td tj cn cn CD CL P cr P) 0 D- 0 a" 0 (a P3 En -+ 0 0 Pd M 0 m H 0 0 C+ to- (D M 0 m a, 0 0 0 En 0 PU H 0 5 pu 0 1-1@ (n M- En cn ID r+ 0 w 01. @s - '0 OQ ID M- 4 pu Cn cn 9 L CL cr a' QQ 0 P) 0 r+ 0, @v aq 0 P.. (D (D :j 0 @71 0 PU M (D , 0, + CD 0 IL n (D @D OQ 0 En cn a o o- txl P fu CA 1-4 C) o:P P w cn CL tn C+ cn 1-4 f+ o :3 fin' 0 En H :31 En cn C+ P- CL OQ 0 J-4 u- 0 0 0 0 M rn m CL 4 C) FU C")0 po CL 9: cn W- Ia, 0 C+ 0 CL of 0 C+ C+ :j CD m 4 M cn i VU zv Zs m iv < P 0 rh CL CL :71 CL 00 4 r+ CL M, n -d I tf I 0 0 oq_ r+ rL CL, so, o gu " f+ n m 0 C+ EA rf) 24 FIGURE 1 LEGEND FOR GEOLOGIC; MAP OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE -ONTARIO Tbickness System. Formation Symbol Lithol2gy in feet -Hamilton Dha Shale 250 Delaware Dd Limestone 100 Devonian CoWmbus Dc Limestone 40 -Detroit River Dar Dolomite 250 Silurian Rdver Raisin Srr Dolomite 40 MICHIGAN Coldwater MC Shale 500 Mississippian. @Berea Mbe Sandstone -0-lzo Antrim Dat Shale IOU-1150 Ten Mile Creek Dolomite 40 Silica Dt Shale 45 Dundee Ddd Limestone 50-350 Devonian- Anderdon Limestone 25 Lucas Ddr Dolomite 200 Amherstburg Dolomite 20-50 go-Z50 Sylvania Ds Sandstone River Raisin Srr Dolomite 200 Silurian Put-in-Bay 4spl, Dolomite 50-100@. Tymochtee St Dolomite 90 Greenfield _Sg Dolomite 125, OHIO Berea Mbe Sandstone 10-50 Mississippian Bedford Mbd Shale 0 ;, 15 0- Cleveland Dcl Shale 30-7Q Huron Dh, Shale 600 Prout Dp Liinestone 15 Devonian Plum Brook Dpb- Shale 35 Delaware Dd Limestone 70 Columbus Dc "Limestone 60 Lucas DI Dolomite .30-75 Amherstburg Dah Dolomite 60-80 River Raisin Srr Dolomite 40-60 s Put-in-Bay Sp Dolomite 35-60 Silurian Tymochtee ..St Dolomite 150 Greenfield Sg Dolomite 500 Lockport S1 Dolomite 50-80 25 Mbe Dot Dt LAKE ST CLAW oat ETROIT m NDSOR Dc Dho Dt Ddd Dd 0 ARIO Dd Ddr .(j Ds Ddr Dc 42* 0 Srr sp@ ERIE Z Srr 1--Srr st Dc \st -90 Als;@% N". Sg LEDO sg S; Srr Dc sl 1@ 10 Rocky Ridge st sl 41*5 INP7 sl SAN kY 0H10 q9 Dd st Dc Dh Sg sg, sl rr. Dp Mbd SCALE IN STATUTE MILES Dpb 5 10 - _fDc@l Im L-- - - - - - - - Mb L 30, 83* od F I GURE. 1. GEOLOGIC MAP OF -WESTERN LAKE ER I E. ARIO -D a )t @Dt EDS6R@ Dd r 7Dd oil, Appalachian Niagara Plateau Escarpment Front Lake Ontario'. Lake'Erie North-south section across' the Ontario and, Erie Basins and the adjoi,ni,ng,uplands showing the'relatio'ns of the basins and u@lands to the lithol,ogy of t1he rock units. E--W South Bass Island Kelleys Island Lake Erie .j!Z, lot, 20 r"d, East-west section through South Bass and*Kelleys Is,lands showing the cuesta form of the islands, the rock units, 'and the rock structure., E--W Rocky Ridge,, Catawba Island Marblehead 'Cincil L4 East-west cross section of Ottawa County,showin'g the rock units an,d.rock structure, underlying Catawba Island and Marblehead.. FIGURE 2. GEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE LAKE' ER IE I SLAND REG I ON (Carman, 1946 and Herdodorf, 1970Y. M W M 27 lack of bedrock reefs between Niagara Reef and the Bass islands. the middle. arid, easte rn belts -of-bedrock islands- (Catawba-Bass ' and Johnson-Kelleys) are characterized by high elevations and cliffs at their western shorelines; elevations generally decrease eastward resulting in shelving rock along the eastern shore-lines. The resulting topogrqaph ic Form -is- that of a cuesta or asymmetrical ridge Where the gentle slope-agrees with the dips of- resistant -beds and- the steeper. slope is_an eroding cliff, maintained -partly -by- under-cutting., of less resistant rocks.- Because West Sister Island -ties on the- west Flank of the-- Cincinnati Arch the'-dip oF the stra tqa is also. to the west. This has- resulted in the .'development -of a cuesta with its. steep cliff on the past. sid6 oF-the island, the opposite- of- those Formed on the more easterly' islands. Catawba and the Bass Is-lands are underlain by a band, of -resis- tant dolomites of. the. Bass, Island Group. The Putqin-Bay Dolomite of this group is responsible for most of the rugged Features of the shoreline. The Tymochtee Formation, which underlies the Put-in-Bay Dolomite at.the base of the cliffs, 'is more' readly eroded by -waves and results - in the undermining of the- rock above-, which Fall away. in. large blocks, forming.nearly vertical walls. (Carman, 1946). The resistant lower beds of-the Columbus Limestone -are respon- sibl-e For the easterly chain of bedrock highs, including. Johnson and Kelleys Islands. Between -South Bass Island and Kelleys Island three Formations crop out: Raisin River, Amherstburg, -and Lucas Dolomites. All three Formations are less- resistant than the Put-in-Bay Dolomite and the Columbus Limestone which explains the'depression between the islands. Glacial and Lacustrine SedIments The unconsolidated -sediments. within the island region originated -from glacial and lacustrine deposition. Du ring the- Pleistocene -Epoch the is1ands were covered by at least -two continental ice sheets and. later by am series of glacial lakes resulting in 'the. deposition of glacial till followed by. take, sediments. The surFace over which -the glaciers advanced was a,rugged -stream-cut 'terrain with the present islands standing as hill tops'as high as- 200 Feet above preglacial- streams (Herderdorf, 1970). - The preglacial drainage system in the islands region appears to have had a trellis pattern. Th is pattern- normally develops in regions. with dipping strata of alternating resis- -28 tant and non-resistant beds. Glaciation moderately scoured this surface during ice advance and buried the preglacial topography under a blanket of till-clay as the glaciers retreated. As the ice sheets paused in their retreat, ridges or moraines of glacial till were built up at their margins, damming the natural drainage and forming large glacial lakes. Lake Erie is the rem- nant of such a lake, which at its highest stage (230 feet above pre- sent lake level) extended as far southwest as Fort Wayne,Indiana. As the ice retreated, other outlets were uncovered and new lake stages were formed the Niagara sill near Buffalo, New York, a new andfinal drainage outlet was made available. At that time however, the Buffalo area was as much as 100 feet lower that at present because of the depression it had experienced under the weight of glacial ice. This new outlet resulted in the draining of the west- ern basin and formation of relatively shallow lakes in the central and eastern basins. The outlet gradually rebounded to its present elevation and Lake Erie correspondingly rose from the low stage to its modern level. During low lake stage (11,000 to 4,000 years ago) much of the lake bottom in the western basin was exposed to subaerial erosion, which greatly altered and reshaped the till and lake sediment sur- face. In the interval since the drainage of the large glacial lakes, waves and currents of modern Lake Erie have cut into the lake deposits, locally excavating the surficial glacial depostits and expos- ing the least deeply buried bedrock. The exposed bedrock now forms the islands and reefs. Maumee Bay and Turtle Island Maumee Bay is a broad,shallow shelf sloping gently downward toward the northeast. The maximum depth is 10 feet below Low Water Datum (LWD) and the average depth is 5 feet (Benson,1975). Relief of the bay floor is low except for areas surrounding the navi- gation channel, which bisects the bay in a northeast-southwest direc- tion. The navigation channel is 500 feet wide and maintained to a depth of 28 feet below LWD. This channel passed 7000 feet to the SE of Turtle Island (Figure 3). 29 V%p -4- c. Kra n Vp ,? 51_q@o ,1, vi. .0 p AO Vo -.@X 0 42. :77 X Sand %ft%,. Grove Mud- (si It. a'clay) Stiff' Clay SCALE OF MILES- 0 01/ 0 Point R GURE 3. 130170M'S-URFACE SEDWENTS IN MAUMEE - BAY DREDGI,NG--AREAS- (Hartley, 1960). 30 Geologically, the Turtle Island area consists of a relatively thick layer of sand laying on top of a lacustrine clay layer, up to 30 feet thick. The lacustrine clay was laid down by the glacial lakes which once covered a large part of northwester Ohio and southeastern Michigan. The lake clay is in turn underlain by sandy glacial till approximately 80 feet thick with a bedrock of Sulurian dolomite below (Herdendorf and COoper,1975). Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the geologic material forming Turtle Island. Turtle Island is the terminal end of a sand spit that has formed to the northwest from Cedar Point. Figure 5 shows this sand deposit. The Turtle Island-Cedar Point spit was built by nearshore currents moving northwest between Locust Point and Cedat Point. These nearshore or littoral currents are formed by storm waves approaching from the northeast. The currents pick up sand and gravel, whick over time have built up Turtle Island and the sand spit. It should be noted that the navigation channel which passes through the spit has cut off Turtle Island from any replenis- ment, because itis severed from the littoral current system (her- dnedorf and Cooper,1975). Turtle Island lies adjacednt to a com- mercial deposit of sand and gravel which is dredged to obtain aggre- gate for the concrete industry. The primary driving forces that produce current in the Maumee River estuary are wind tides, seiches and river discharge. The estuary and harbor area of Maumee Bay are not greatly affected by longshore currents because of the sheltering effect of man-made fills (Miller,1968). The outer parts of the bay, in the vicinity of Cedar Point spit and North Cape are more strongly effected by longshore currents. Wind tides are a direct result of wind stress which pushes water toward the leeward shore, increasing the water level at that shore while it is depressed on the windward shore. As the wind force diminishes, the stress cannot maintain the gradient, resulting in a free oscillation of the lake surface or seiche. The period for a longitudinal seiche (NE-SW) on Lake Erie is approximately 14 hours (Verber,1960). WInd-produced fluctation occurring in conjuction with prevailing low or high water have resulted in water levels ranging from 7.5 feet below (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,1945)to 7.4 above (Carter,1973)LWD. The Maumee Bay shore and Turtle Island are exposed to storm waves mainly from the east to northeast to north. The maximum fetch distance for the Maumee Bay shoreline is appoximately 50 miles which restricts the development of large waves. The shallow nature of the bay causes "deep water" open lake waves to break, reform, and break again several times before they reach the shore, thus dissipating much of their energy (bBenson,1975). The maximum annual "deep water" wave height which could be developed in the western basin of Lake Depth (in feet) w 0), N 0 0 0 CD m C-) 07. 0- V) 71 m cn -cx,. a 0 * .. co CL* 0 CL 0 G)- CL on -3 0 V) F11 GU RE 5. MAUMEE BAY BATHYMLTRY, LEGEND S"bw ftt". AM C4r46w1mv%,,d;IFW,E-c-0ftw rw Nown I Face mck"Ift W4 Ngv*ron at 6 Agariall, Channel C ketroor Phown lFoo C' A@- -,d*q Aitim. S.Qff@'" of Ba"am Enman "ble, swome OW480 SaVph of R, Channel bovea -,=*It 1077 - FM Szwi%;ChWWNN o(Chmir"A. Q@Cone;Iwi- S"rm Bal@ qp Bond an IM SwAdrq' by, U.S. Lam Swwy I 47@" OTTAWA RIVER KACE MAUMEE BAY t v L .10 .0 T skft Pwo, NLES'SEACH- 31- ki, @@mm 33 Erte has been calculated by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers (1953) to be approximately 8-. 1 Feet at Monroe, Michigan during, the -ice free period of the year. The depth of water, at - which a wave breaks is approximateE/ 11.3 times, the wave height (U.S. Army, Corp@s- of Engineens, 1961). No detailed analysis of wave characteristics is available for Maumee Bay but. Benson (1915) stated the generalization that wave heights are -lower- in the bay than for the open lake due to: (1) predominately offshore winds which do not generate large near- shore waves in the bay,.. (2) fetch distances are,low when compared to other portions of the Lake Erie shoreline and (3) shallowness of the bay which precludes the Formation or translation oF-_Iarge waves. In particular he concluded 'that the spoil islands adjacent to the pavigation channel exert 'a "tremendous influence" on the wave characteristics of the bay. Waves cross-ing the spoil mounds interact with the. bottom and break, thus acting as An-offshore breakwater. offering protection to the west shore- of Maumee Say when waves are From the east or northeast and For the south shore when waves are From 'the north. or northwest. Benson also stated that the subaquaeous portion oF_th.e Cedar.Point spit, including Turtle Island,. can influence wave activity within -the, bay by buffering large open lake waves from. the north and northeast. Soils Soil, 'the thin weathered zone at the surface of the islands, is Formed at the top of either bedrock or overlying till, clay, or gravel, whichever is present at the. surface. Soil is capable of supporting -plant life -and it should not be confused with these - non- productive deposits of till, clay, or gravel. The nature of the soil. that has developed in the islands is a product of five.Factors:. c Ilimate, .parent material, to .po- graphy, effects of organisms (both plant and -animal), and the variations in these Factors throughout -the time through which the soil has been Forming (Forsyth, 1965). Most important of these Five Factors in the islands. region *is parent material or geological substrate, wh-ich may be limestone or dolomite,- glacial till, -lacustrine sed,iments, or ancient beach gravel, although topography is locally important where -it affects soil moisture. Soils mapping of the island area by the U.S. Soll Conservation Service is available for both Ottawa (Paschall- et al. 1928) and Erie counties (Redmond, et al., 1971). Many changes in so i Is . terminology have taken place since the publication of the older map. A generalized 34 interpretation of the 'modern mapping of the soils on -the islands- is presented -in Figure 6 and Table 12 Following the. modern so-i IreviS7 ions. tabulated by Hamilton And Forsyth, (1972). The Following description of the major soils groups i. n- the island region was prepared by Dr., Jane.L., Forsyth, Bowling Green State Onivers-ity@' -Romeo'soils'.- This.group occurs in areas of shallow limes-tone or dolomite where -exposures,of It is a- rich, -bedrock are common. dark,, organic soil-, with.a:--loose, crumbly structure,. which -is- hi-gh in nutriehts.and has. relatively' good -moi,sture-holding capacity where undisturbed .(Lutz and Chandler, 1,946). It, is easily destroyed by fire or by drying- and erosion -where vegetation has.been cleared. Because. of the extensive disturbance in'most areas of the islands this, soil is commonly- quite thin. In mature woods, on the other hand, this 'so.i-l may be as much as. a _f6ot or more thick, - though its average depth is not easily determined because 'of -the irregular, pinnacled . surface on the- soluble limestone or dolomite on which the soil occurs. TWO -different soils-,, the Hoytville clay loam And the Pyrmont silt* loam-' have been -developed in the glacial till of the Erie Islands. These soils differ, in the amount of clay they conta-i n and in the islands on which they occur. -Hoytville soils. This group was formed in the clay-rich till' of the -Bass, Islands and. Appears. as adense, heavy clay loam with scat- tered - pebbles- -and sand grains As a result, -water moves through can be identified by the pre"-, the so il, extremely. slowly._ Such areas -.@;ence of standing water after a heavy - rain.- --The color of this soil -is generally dark grayl a result of long-continued organic accumu- latiori"a-nd -lack. of oxidation@7 An example of such an area on South Bass Island is the box-elder woods along the, road at the northeast end of -the -island (McCormick, 1968; Hamilton and Forsyth, - 1972). Pyr-@mont -soils. This group was formed in- the till on Kelleys -Island that is not so clayey -as is the till - in which the Hoytville soil was f6rmed... Because this soil contains less clay, it is somewhat -better drained', -and -only very rarely does water stand on the surface. The topsoil is.gray, with a somewhat -looser texture than that of the @Hoytville; -and the subsoil., which is . more clayey than the topsoil, is hot as.heavy and is browner in color. 7 0 OD z 0 =r 0 M, in D CL CL ul %0 rr, EMU ca =3 CL -r-L CL 00 m cn M ;v EL CL CD (A'. C:M M co CD CL CD E3 Az lw 3:, m - (b I. ' (7- cn CL CD (n C) -D 0 -.1. cn cm CL C:(M V) v) m CD 0 CID CD < =1 C) a) in A in CD -" 0- CD a) 0 > CD M, CD 0 @:CK @a;-C TABLE 12 GENERALIZED GROUPS OF- SOILS'ONTHE, LAKE, ERIE ISLANDS Symbol s. on Mode@n Soil 0 1 d Parent Represe.ntative Loc'ations. Figure 6 Name :Terminology Material M Me'rmill Catawba' si,I't I a c u,s tri'ne This g'ro'up occurs in' small 1 o ca,,l loam S@i 1 t areas on the 1 arg6r, ts I ands especially in I iow'areas and n,e a r. swamps adjacent to ponds. (Also i nclu'des Haskins Toam, Seward fine sandy lodm, orig,inally'called C a t a wba 'fine sandy loam, and possibly some Toledo clay loam.) CO B Belmore Rodman gravel bars 'This group is only recognized 1 oam gravel where associa,ted with..alfew small narrow low'ridges on the Bass Islands ; on South Bass,Island i n' the f.ield, adjacent to and al so i n' the cemetery.at,the south end, in 'of Verduin resi:den,ce, on Kitchell Avenue (mostly. exca.vated away), and.just east of' the main road on the'north end;. on M'iddle Bass Island in very small very lo'cal,spots on the east side; and on Nor'th,@Bass Island on the east and north sides. (Also includes'Rawson gravelly loam, originally call,ed Catawba gravelly loam,.) TABLE 12, (Continued) GENERALIZED GROUPS OF SOILS ON THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Symbols on Modern,Soil Old Parent RepresentaAlve Loca-ti..ons Figure,6.- Name Teyminology Material R Romeo, Randolph shallow This-group, is v e ry common on all stony stony limestone islands: ' along, northwes:t c1iffs 1 oam loam or a,n drocky outcrop areas i hl and, on dolomite Sou.th Bass Islarid;,south 'shore, bedrock east.-central area@, and'northoast.. pointlon Mi,ddle Bass Island; and. on nor-th shore and throughout mi ddl e of Kel 1 eys Island. Cz .(Also includes Hilton silt loam) H Hoytvill,e,. Ca.tawba clay-rich, Thi s. group h.as.,moderate -e.xten,t'on clay loam loam till the Pa,ss,Islandg; part'icufarly on thenortheast end of @South Bass IsTand; the west-central .'part -of Middle Ba@ss 'Isla,nd; ahd'much of North..Bass Island., P Pyrmont' none loamy till, This.group is found on Kelleys ,silt loam I'sland; in moderat6-sized area-s in the east-west lowland near the'north shore and along the south and'south- east shores. Mermill soils. This group was deVeloped in thin lacustrine silt or fine -sand lying- on till., the soil profile locally Extending downward into the- underlying till, but. to. the- untrained eye, , it does not appear to differ greatly From -either the -Pyrmont or Hoytville soils.The Mermill soil has gray-brown topsoil that is less clayey and less dense than the Hoytville, and it lacks the pebbles found in the Pyrmont soil. The lacustrin silts in which this soil was. developed are probably thickest in the swampy Flats of northeastern Pelee Island and and adjacent to some-of the swamps-around the edges of the-ponds-on Middle Bass, North Bass., Kelleys, and Pelee Island,. Belmore soils. This group was developed 'in the gravel - of ancient cobble beaches and is restricted to a few small linear belts on 'the-. Bass -islands. The soil appears as a very dark brown gravelly loam,grading down into a loam containing increasing -numbers of cobbles (Paschall; et at.-, 1928). Where the- soil* has been plowed -or otherwise disturbed scattered- -,cobbles may sometimes, be present on the surFace, but deep plowling or local' excavation may:also expose the underlying till. Belmore soil is Fairly rich but its porosity.tends to. make this soil very droughty.The 'best example of -Belmore soil occurs on the gra- vel' ridge at the southwest end- Of South Bass Island. Caves, and, Minerals The Lake Erie Islands, including Catawba amd Marblehead, posses a rather. unusual cave and sinkhole, topography.The carbonate bedrock of these islands is soluble in- weak naturally occurring acids such as carbonic -acid and various organic acids. These acids have slowly d-issolved portions of the rock, producing caves, sinkholes and other solution Features. This process has ,taken place for -millions of years, starting soon after-the time when - the lime muds wh-ich had accumulated in the ancient ocean were drained. of sea water. The -solution process initially, resulted in sinkholes which became Filled with, -dolomite Frag- ments that had broken off the rim, :producing a rock called breccia. Exposures of these ancient breccia-Filled sinkholes are common on the west shore of South Bass Island- Solution has also occurred more recently, producing many small, caves in- the bedrock.Thirty. seven such caves have -been reported for the islands. The general locations oF caves on South Bass Green and Catawba Islands are- shown on Figures, 7 and 8 Most of the caves are the result of-solution and then the, collapse of the surrounding and LEGEND SOUTH BASS ISLAND FIGURE 7. I'Lorcorn@s M-21--22- Cedar Forest II 2:-3. Duf f's 23.-24-25. Kindt's' LOCATION OF CAVES ON N IS. 4.- Gosceyne 26. Two Tree 5. Victo@y 2-7 Lundgren's 6. Perry, s 28. Wulkowicz SOUTH. BASS ANP GREEN ISLANDS 7-8.-9. Zurb1s (Verber and Stansbery 1953) 10. Mammoth 11. John Browns GREEN ISLAND 9, Coils '12. Crystal .2 13. Cedar Forest I 14. Hole qave 15.716. 17 Brown s 18, State Park 19. Paradise SOUTH BASS IS. Scale- I"=2,00,d 2 18 5 6 GILBRALTAR 18. 24 19 2523 10 28 12 26 7 9 15 16 13 14.17 20 21 22 27 STARVE IS. MOUSE IS. LEGEND CATAWBA ISLAND FIGURE 8. 1. Semornic 2. La, Cloche LOCATION OF CAVES 3: Peitipon 4. Petite Cloche ON CATAWBA ISLAND 5. Needle's Eye 6. The Grotto 7 Smugglers. 8: Unnamed 8 7 scdie- 1% 2,000' CATAWBA IS. w a 41 overlying rock into. the void. 'The exact o rigin of the caves and sinkhole Features has been a.-ry@atter OF specula .tion. -' The most widely accepted theory OF Form. ati6n has been advanced, by Verber and Stans-- bery (1953). The theory. states that the structure OF the-'rock mater- iAls com Pined with their mineral composition and contact with water has pro .bably resulted in cave and sink Formation (Figure 9 Speci-, fically, the- Put-in7Bay Dolomite is underlain b@ the Tymochtee- Forma- tion.'which- contains lenses or pockets of anhydritle gypsum. At some -time in the past, water Filtered down -thro'ugh. the surface materials, the Put-in-Bay. Dolomite and eventually into the Tymochtee anhydrite gypsum. Anhydrite gypsum* has the property. OF swelling when. in contact with moisture. -Hydration increases the volume From 33 to 63. per-cent-. The'drastic incr-ease'oF volume- exerted approximately one ton OF pres- sure per square inch on the surrounding -materials. Such pressure caused a doming oF-the overlying Put@-;in-Bay- rock- structure. Later, the. gypsum was. dissolved away by solution leaving a large unsupported subterranean cavern.- Eventually, the roof OF the cavern collapsed- forming crescent shaiDed caves .and caverns around the perimeter. -1he - collapse generally formed large shallow circular depressions -on the land surface and created -s -mall -eaves around the margins OF these collap, se Features. In areas of Catawba and Marblehead., the lenses of anhydrite - may have been thinner and.- less extensive pro- ducing only a slight doming, and eventually 'resulting in the Formation of-a sinkhole rather than a cave.. The lower levels oF-many OF the caves, Formed either-by solution or collapse, are now Flooded by water coming in, along. cracks and.solution openings, From the lake and thus causing ground Iwater pollution-, problems. . Perry's Cave on- South Bass Island'-is the only cave OF th-Is type open. to the. public.. Crystal Cave is the most unusual cave on South Bass Island because OF its mineral deposits. The walls are-completely covered to a thickness of two Feet by beautiful blue- cel6stite crystals (S rS04) These are very large, usually ranging-From eight to Fifteen inches in length and-are tabular in Form-. The appearance 'of the interior OF. this cave is that OF an immense geode. This. cave was discovered by Gus- tav Heineman in 1891 while dig'ging a water well. The cave is -about 30 feet below ground level, and consists -OF two small connected r-ooms. It had an original height of about three Feet; crystals removed from the floor when the cave was deepened were sold to fir6works manufacturers for,the strontium (White, 1926).. Crystal Cave -is open to the- public during summer months. 42 Pu t- i n-Ba,y Do 1 om i te 14W 10.1 Tymochtee Shaly Dolomite Anhydrite Cross section-showing-anhydrite i,n pl-ace.. --Gypsum, Cross section showing upl ifiing, of-the" a- by-the anhydrite''h dration overlying-strat y -into gypsum;- Ori g i na.1' Cavern ///_7 --Cross s --s how ection. ing cavern left by gypsum going into soluti,on. Present Caves Underground Lake 'Cross section showing collapse of the overlying, strata and the formation of- new caves around the-edges. :F I GURE 9.. FORMATION OF CAVES: ON THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS- (Verber and Stansbery, 1953).- 43 In discussing- the mineral deposits of the Lake Erie islands, Langlois and*-Langlois (1948) state: "Large crystals of strontium sulphate (SrSO4, c.elestite) occurr@ in-masses in sorne known local-areas@ Strontian Island was the name applied. at one time. to the -'present Gre -en Island,_and an open pit there reveals the source of supply of some cr ystals. which -were used in clarifying - sugar and for Fireworks. - On South Bass Island crystals are exposed in many places, but the greatest known mass of them. occurs underground. 'This mass lines the inner surface of a-geode., and, -since 'it has steps-leading down i nto it, and is illuminated, it 6an be seen From'the shown to -inside. Known as '.'Crystal Cave" it has'been Visitors -each -summer since about 1895. Perry's Cave is. one of -the largest-oF numerous openings [n the@ dolo- mite, and it has been a. showplace since 1-669. Crystal, and Perry's Caves are the only caves on the Lake Erie islands. presently open to the public. Dr,. David H. Stansbery of The Ohio State University prepared the fbil6wing annotated list of minerals occurring on South Bass Island: Celestite. The most abundant island mineral appears to be celestite, the most spectacular deposit being that. in -Crystal Cave at@ -the Heineman Winery. Here it occurs as large, bluish -transparent crystals., some exceeding 15-inches in length and-.-3 inches in thick- ness. Smaller crystals of the same type are found at several places along the -west shore -and in at least one ''of the other is land caves; Several specimens taken From. Kindts' Cave were. covered with a thick layer of travertine and would have been unidentifiable to the eye but For the characteristic crystaline Form. Celestite also occurs as large white concret 'ionary masses in the massive.stratum of dolomite exposed'on the cliff face of the west shore. The mineral here is of a fibrous texture and usually milky opaque. Many of these la-tter -deposits measure several Feet in diameter and appear to be or have been almost spherical. -Several smaller celestite concretions collected along the west shore contained small bright- yellow crystals of native sulphur. Calcite.. This mineral assumes a variety of Forms on the islands. It is usually Found as "dog tooth spar" lining the inner walls of fractures and pockets exposed along the shore. Some specimens 44 exhibit a I 1-b ut-trans parent hexagonal crystals. while others are opaque granular masses. -At one -site *on the southeast, shore clear calcite has - Filled several exposed joints, and a n'um''ber of perfect- cleavage rhombs of the:mineral' have been taken there. This locality may be easi-ly located by fol,lowing"the beach until one Finds water worn snow-white pebbles of th-is mineral. E@arite. Only one barite deposit of appreciable@ magnitude has been discovered on.the island. The-crystals here -are small (0-5. mm numerous. and milky. white...- They have been Found -encasing calcite crystals indicating that-they were formed after that,miheral.. - This deposit is located in the massive dolon-31ite stratum along the west shore Just north of the present state park. Many specimens of very small transparent barite crystals-have been collected @along_ the southern por- tion of-the west shore but they were mostly -isolated depos its no -larger than 3 cm-in diameter. Quartz.- In several of the thin bedded strata of dolomite along - the west shore numerous Small cherty concretions have been- Found.- While most of these quartz deposits appear to contain a large percent- age of impurities, several held small' transparent quartz crystals. One such geode held crystals of translucent blue amethyst. Several specimens. of transparent quartz crystals'have been found along the west and'south- *shores, but none over 2 mm in length. Epsom ite. - One might expect water soluble -minerals to be absent An a-bedrock so extensively jot-nted., A single. deposit of epsom, ite was Found., however, in a sheltered pocket in the west shore' cliff near the -base of the Victory Anticline.. Several quart jars 'of this brittle Fibrous white -mineral were removed from the. recessed -deposit with.a spoon. The cliff -at-this s ite is- periodically drenched wat6r From- waves during storms. Jn view of this, with the. breaking it seems likely that. the, epsom Iite ma*@ be deposited here between storms by-local evaporation of minierallbe'Aring ground water. Travertine-. Many of the island caves exhibit stalactitic forma- tions of severa varieties. Not only is.travertine present as stalac- tites and- stalagM ites but portions of several cave Floors are covered with this "Flow stone", Travertine may also be found under s.ome overhanging. rock -ledges along'the shore. 45 Marcasite. The Tymochtee Dolomite at the base of the Victory Anticline at South Bass Island State Park has included within it small marble-sized aggregaions of silver green cock's comb crystals of marqcasite. This mineral, one of the iron sulphides, somewhat resembles iron pyrite (fool's gold) in hardness, color, and acid solu- bility. Both give the odor of sulfur when struck with a hammer but their crystalline structure is distinctly different. Perfect crystals were recovered from the dolomite by dissolving the surrounding matrix in an acid solution. Iron pyrite was not found in this study. Marcasite however, was located at several places in the cliff side between the state park and the south point light. Other Minerals. A thorough search of the is land caves and outcrops failed to reveal any gypsum deposits although it has been found at a depth of 60-100 feet in island well drilling operations. Specimens of selenite and fluorite have been found on the island, but so far as I can determine never in the bedrock. Fluorite of the type found has been recorded for nearby Rattlesnake Island (Newberry, 1873) and several Fine specimens were collected from that island in 1955. Gilert (1873) reported selenite for West Sister Island. Other minerals of igneous and metamorphic origin have been found in the glacial till but these have not been observed in the bedrock. I assume, therefore, that they were transported to the island from the Canadian shield by glaciers some 12,000 or more years ago. The manner of deposition of the island's native minerals remains- to be solved. Newberry (1873) suggested deposition by thermal springs but this does not seem, likely in view of several facts which have been discovered within the past half century. At the time of Newberry's sur- vey the nature of the deep-lying rock strata beneath Ohio's broad expanse of sedimentary deposits was not known. It was perhaps assumed that igneous masses of a molten or near-molten state lay just beneath a relatively thin sedimentary crust. Well records (Hubbard, 1932) have since shown that the first non-sedimentany rocks lie 3,000 to 4,000 feet below the surface in Ohio. These rocks are metamorphic in nature and lie immediately beneath, sedimentary strata which have not been metamorphosed. It seems unlikely that mineral bearing springs wouldrise from such a great depth in view of the fact that those strata lying just above the metamorphic rocks have not been so altered. This indicates that the underlying rocks were formed and modified before the deposition of the overlying sedimentary strata. 46 HYDROLOGY OF THE 1AKE ER1E I SLA ND REGION Water Circulation Circulation in western- Lake Erie is dominated by the large inflow of water. From -the: Detro it River :(mean flow. approx. 210,000 cFs) particularly west of the islands. The midchannel flow of- this. river. penetrates-deep -into the.- western bas in, -With a branch- that flows eastward-toward Pelee Passage on the- north 'side of -on the, sides of the Detroit River Pelee Island. Eddies occurring result- In sluggish - movement that causes-the water-to cling to- the shoreline..: Adjacent. to the Michigan, and to -a- lesser extent the' Ontario side-, these eddles tend to.. retain the water, causing A high concentration of contaminants. The Maumee River, With -an' average, -flow' of 4 700 cFs, Is, the - second- largest 'stream Flowing into the -lake-and carries 37% of the sediment loading to the lake but accounts For less than 3% of the total water drainage to. Lake Erie. East of -the dominatting - effect of -the -Detroit 'River, the pre-- vailing southwest winds produce a-clockwise surface Flow 'around the However.this surface Flow -is often alterid by changes in the -direction,' intensity and duration of the wind. -'Strong- winds From any direction can drive-the surface currents over most of the basin toward the windward shore. 'Bottom currents *have essentially the same. pattern as sur- Face- -flow in that part of the Western basin influenced by the Detroit -River. --However, 'in other parts of the. basin bottom currents,. are commonly the reverse of and compensate. 'For -strong - wind-driven currents, Current meter data indicate -that bottom currents in. the vicinity- of the islands Form a counter-clockwise. -gyre to balance.: the clockwise- surface- Flow (HerdendorF, 1975). Both the surface. and subsurface rotary Flows in the island region apear to circu- late clearer, cooler central-basin water, into- the -adjoin Ing part oF western- Lake Erie. The- -characteristics of the major. currents in western Lake Erie are outlined in Table Water level Fluctuations, seIches waves and alongshore currents are discussed Jn- the Shore Erosion -he hydrography of the western basi n, section of this report. T including the., reefs and islands, is presented, in the Geology section. 47 TABLE 13 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR'CURRENTS IN WESTERN'LAKE ERIE1 Horizontal circulation A. Natural flow (hydraulic curr-ent) 1 Is - a resul t of, hydraulic- gradient From -west to east., 2. Has net eastward movement -(unidirectional throughout water column). 3. Has low velocity _(max.imum estimate: Verber (1952) For western basin, 0.15 ft./sec.) 4. Has no compensating return Flow. 5.- Has other currents superimposed on it., often mask ing - natural -Flow. 6. Is important in.distribution of d.issolved substances, (84-percent introduced at its source). 7. Is unimportant in transport -of suspended material except in restri-cted channels. @B.@ Wind driven currents- -1. Are caused by wind stress on water surface. 2. Are variable in direction. 3.- Have high velocity (up to [email protected] ft/sec)., 4. Move large. volumes of water in short period of time (wind tide and wind setup). .5. Have -subsurface' return Flow often associated- 6. 'Are -modified by geostrophic -deflection, -remnant cur-. rents, basin topography, air and water temperatures', and -charadter-istics of the wind. C. Alongshore (littoral) currents 1. Are generated by breaking waves in'the nearshore zone. 2. Have movement generally parallel to shoreline -(con- trolled by nearshore topography). 3, HaveI-Aire. ction-at an angle to wind or wave progress. 4. Have rapid velocity (up to 4 Ft/sec).., -5. Are -capable -of transporting. sand- and gravel-sized particles (littoral -drift). Dissipate rapidly when storm subsides..' D.'. Seiche currents 1 Are created by standing wAvd -motion seiches (oscillating waves without progression). 48 TAB LE 13 CONIT. CHARACTER-ISTICS OF MAJOR CURRENTS WESTERN LAKE ERIEI 2. Are degenerated b- friction _(seldom -complete because y OF modification or rejuvenation). ax i m urn amplitude- . 3. Have minimum velocity at area OF mc Have maximum velocity at -nodal zone;., 5. Accomplish no net transport OF water (balanced -by to-and-Fro motion). Horizontal and. vertical circulation, A. '-Density currents 1. Are the result OF density differences- between lake - water and inFlowing water. .2.- Have density -differences caused by temperatureY and by di ssolved solid content dnd suspended, material content differentials. 3. Provide * mechanism for rapid distribution, of tribu- tary inputs. 4. Under-run, lake water when water. is cooler and solid_-@-laden (turbidity current). -5. Can.lover-ride -lake water whe-n warmer if solids- content'is not too high. 6.. Have movement lakeward with -no compensating -return flow OF same, water (thermal' bar, Rodgers, 1965). B . Turbulence 1. Has random motion with. horizontal- and vertical components. 2. Is associated, with. other types -OF currents (oarticu- &nd wave-gen larly pronounced with wind-driven c erate@d currents).- 3. is effective in mixing and dispersing water masses. Vertical circulation A. Temp erature -- grad ient currents 1. Are caused by heat -transfer (convection cell.). .-2- Are most important during cooling Period (Septem- ber ta January) and warming period'(March to June). 49 TABLE 13 CON'T. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR CURRENTS IN -WESTERN LAKE ERIE1 3. Are characterized by cooled surface. water sinking as warme wa s that r -ter rise to - replace t,aproces continues -until Water column reaches temperature of maximum density (40 C) or by lakeward progression -of a thermal. bar as the lake is Warmed-. B. 'Sinking and upwelling. currents 1. When sinking, are caused by 'convergence oF.horizon- tal currents,. -Forcing a downward. movement to- balance the water level. When upwelling,. are caused by divergences of hori- zontal currents, -resulting in -an Upward movement to balance the water level. after HerdendorF (1975) 50 Inflow and Discharge- The Lake Erie basin, exclusive of drainage- from the-upper lakes, comprises -about- 34,000"-square miles-, of which nearly 10,000-square m i les.are -take. surface.' The. lake receives an average replenishment of approximately 219,000 cfs of- water'from tributary streams, and pre- cipitation over the take. (Table, 14') Approximately 90 percentOF- stream - Flow. or - 80 percent of: the- total replenishment comes From the Detroit RIver, the'drainage outlet -for Lake St.. Clair and the upper takes.. The.averqe discharge- of the Detro it River' as gaged-_by U.S. Lake equivalent to 20..9 Feet of water over the sur- .-Survey,'- is 176,000 cfs face of the lake per year. Surface. runoff- From the other streams in the- basin is'estimated At 20,000 cfs, which represents- about. 25 per- cent of,the overland -preCipitations- while overtake precipitation is 23,000 cfs. 'Runoff and overtake precipitation -together yield an equqi- valent of 4-3. feet per' -year over the lake-, surface. 'The storage capacity of-Lake Erie,is approximately 2.5- times the average.annual inflow.. The shallow western basin has a volume -5.8 cubic miles and a retention time of.45 days;_the central basih has a volume. of 71.8 - cubic miles and a retention time of 559 days; and the deeper eastern basin-'has, a volume of 36.4 CUbic miles and a retention time Of 283 days. Discharge from -Lake- Erie i's through. the Niagara River at Buffalo -.and the -Welland, Canal -'diversion at Port Colborne. Combined outflow 'averages,202,000 cFs, annually equivalent to 23.3 Feet of water over the lake. Evaporation accounts for between two, and three feet of water loss annually- From the lake surface.- The water. budget For Lake Erie 'can be summarized as Follows: (1)the Detroit River- -supplies 80percet 'OF the- water to the lake, precipitAtion- on, the take surface 1.1 percent,-and 'stream runoff 9 percent'(2) Annual evaporation nearly. equals precIpitatqion on- the sur- face of the lake and- exceeds runoff, :exclusive-of the Detroit River Flow; and (3) loss OF' water - From the lake is about 90 percent outflow -and 10 percent evaporation. Water -Temperature and. Lake Ice Water temperatures in- Lake Erie undergo Wide seasonal Fluctuations, ranging - from 33F -in the winter -to about 75 F in- late summer. During severe winters, -such as 1976-1977_up to 95 percent OF -the lake is ice covered.- Frequentlythe western basin freezes -across, but only rarely 51 TABLE 14 T Cr EANAS TO LAKE ERIE RUNOFF.DATA FOR TRIBUTARY STR Estimated Estimated Drainage Average Suspended Dissolved Area Discharge Solids Solids (sq. mi.) (cu. ft/sec) @tons/year) (to ns/year) Sfr@eams in Michigan Detroit River ------- 1'76,-000 1 33,580 000 570,000 @890 570- Huron River 1, 800' Raisin River 673 4 700 91,200 Others' 1,200 720 4,000 25,000 '!E @treams in Ohio Ottawa Rive-r 180 11.9 1,-000 - 5,000 1,370-000 Maumee River- 6,586 4,740- 2,270,000 Toussaint River -.108 76 4,000 PO'rtage River 587 392 120,000- 91,_200 Sandusky -River 1,421- 1,060 446,400 Huron River 403 :3@10 1-2,000 50,000 Vermilion- River. @@272 218 9,000- 40,000 Black-River 467 388@ 15,300@, '--66,400 Rocky River'- 294 6_75 131,400 Ve 419,800 C_yahogaR`t " r 813 800-, -260,000 CHagrinRiver 267 315- 35,000 -go,oob Grand.Rive-r 712 769 212,000 1,340,000- Ashtabula River 136 1-66 5, 500 -32,000 Conneaut Creek 192-. 235.- 4,000 20,000 Others 1,1.00 880 -200,000 3001,000 Streams tn Pennsylvania Otter Creek 176 4iOOO 200. 20Y000 Others . 193 219 4,500- 25,000 Streams- in New -York Cattarau'gu ,s Creek - 500 800. 137,600: 226,700 BUffal-o, River ...-375, '-545, 74,500, 357,300 Others -39&. 488.- :60,0M.- 150,000- @32 Table 14--.(ConttnUed) Estimated Estimated, Drainage Average -Suspended Dissolved Area Discharge Sol-ids Sol ids (,5q.. mf.) (cCj.,ft/sec) '(t6ns/year) @tons/year@ Streams in Ontario Grand- River -3,Obo 2,490 375,.000 500, 000' Oth ers 3,160 21530 350,000 450,00 0 -Totals for Lake Erie- Tributaries 24,357 195,978 6,030,100 39,857,400 Municipal and Industrial -(outflovy direct td Lake Erie) ------ -------- 87,200 -179,000 Precipitation over Lake. Erie, 9,919 23,300 --- --------- Grand Totals for Lake Erie 84,2.76 2-19j, 278 - 6-11-17,,300_ @40,038,400 Data sources: U.S.. Geological Survey; Ontario Water Resources Commission; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water and; Federal Water Pollution'Con trol.Administration. 53 do the other basins freeze from shore to shore. The ice cover breaks up in March or April and gradual warming continues through the spring. Warming generally proceeds faster along the shore because of warm runoff water and, particularly along the south shore, because of the prevailing southwest winds which push the warm surface water to I the right toward the south shore (geostrophic deflection). When the near- shore water has heated to the temperature of maximum density (39.20F), a vertical thermal bar of water near that temperature forms a boundary between midlake waters that are less than 39.20 in temperature and the continually warming inshore waters (Rodgers, 1965). During a period of several weeks, as heating progresses, the, thermal bar moves toward the middle of the take in a contracting motion. As the bar moves offshore the midlake region remains nearly isothermal. In the central and eastern basins a thermocline (zone of rapid temperature decrease with increasing depth) develops in the region shoreward of the thermal bar. The thermocline separates the warmer epilimnion layer of the water from the deeper cooler hypolirnnion layer. Water Quality The water of the western basin is usually uniform in temperature, top to bottom (isothermal), but because of its shallowness it responds more quickly to atmospheric temperature changes than the other basins. Occasionally in summer the basin stratifies thermally for short periods which deprives the lower layer of water a supply of oxygen from the atmosphere leading to rapid oxygen depletion near the bottom, drastically affecting bottom organisms. Nutritional overenrichment is the single greatest water quality pro- blem in western Lake Erie. Overenrichment has caused undesirable interference with water supplies, recreation, and fishing. Nutrients (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) are generally not harmful in them- selves, but in excess they can result in tremandous overproduction of aquatic plants, especially the microscopic forms. Phosphorus con- centrations in the western basin are often 20 times or more the amount needed to trigger offensive algal blooms. (FWPCA, 1968). The common attach algae Claddophora grows in dense mats in the shallow rocky areas adjent to many of the islands. Severe storms have broken these mats loose and washed them ashore to decay on the beaches. During low water periods (such as 1964) this has been a problem at Kelleys Island State Park by rendering the swimming beach unfit for bathers. 54 In general, the, islands are Far enough away from. areas of industrial. di.scharge and - agricultural runoff that the levels of toxic substan ces, such as heavy metals and pesticides, in the water are low. Because of their locations in shallow ba s y near large com- munities, Johnson and Turtle Islands have the poorest surrounding -water qual-ity., Turbidity is 'also much higher in the bays than in the open take.. :The water surrounding North Bass and Kelleys -Islands is, the clearest,,- at times having a transparency of up to 10 Feet. The most abundant chemical constituents of Lake Erie water. are listed in Table 15 and, shown graphically in Figure 10 Lake Erie Waters are alkaline, having a total' Alkalinity of 95 ppm as CaC03. and -an.average pH of. 8.-3. Total dissolved -solids i-n- the water average 173 ppm, with the highest concentrations -along the-south shore. In general, the concentrations of the major. cations and anions increase from west. to east. Total dissolved solids,, and calcium,! sulfate, chloride, sodium'. and potassium have all increased significantly in the past 50 years (Beeton,- 1965). The rate of increase of the m ajor -is shown -in Figures ions 11. and- 12 . Dissolved- oxygen in the surface water varies. cons iderabl.y depending on the time of day. and the season - of the year. It is supplied to the"surFace water by absorption Trom the atmosph,ere (aeration) and is transferred- to the lower la ers by mixing until y the saturation level is reached For water oF-a- particular temperature. .upersaturation can occur-From a sharp -increase -in tern perature or. as a result of ph-otosyhthe isis -in aquatic plants. In- the past 15 years.several, periods of temporary thermal stratification and accompanying low, dissolved oxygen concentrations have been reported in the western basin -of -Lake Erie. Severe oxygen depletion has 'been, observed since 1958 in the bottom waters of central Lake Erie during- periods of stratification. Concentrations of less than 2 ppm. have been Found over' extensive areas. The following discussion outlines @recent water quality -trends in -the Western basin of Lake Erie, This -information was derived From' athree-year -study (1973-1975) by- the- Center- For Lake Erie Area Reseai,@ch (CLEAR) -of.The@ Ohio -State-University in.cooperation with tAne"U. S. -Environm ental Protection Agency. -'-I his study was undertaken to determine, the 'effectiveness oF water pollution abatement measures on controlling lake eutrophication.; TABLE 15 CHEMICAL CONSTiTUENTS OF LAKE ERIE,WATER Western Central Eastern Entire Water supply 1 1 1 S, basin bas in basin lakei intake' 2 Specific conductance (micromhos/cm at 250C) 300 301 291 311 Dissolved solids,, (ppm) 162 178 179 1'73 182, Suspended solids (PPM5 119 7 9 12 Total alkalinity (ppm as CaCO.) 94.2 .95.5 96.5 95.4 132 Bicarbonate,'(ppm) 113 Calcium (ppm) 33.9 39.5 - 40..5 38.0 39.0 Chlorides (ppm) 21.3 24.5 24.5 23.4 24.0 Sulfates, (ppm) 17.7 22.4 23.4 21.2 28.0 Sodium- (ppm) 9-.91 1-1.05 10.86 '10.61 Magnesium.,(ppm) 101.0 10.0 9.6 8.6 Potassium (ppm) 1.47 1.31 1.34 .1.37 wig) so lum Silica (ppm as Si02) 1.20 0'. 68 0.47 0.78' 2.0 Total nitrogen (ppm) 0.71, 0,.43 0.43, 0.:52 --- Ammonia (ppm) 0.159 0.086 0,.086 -6.11o Organic. nitrogen .(ppm) 0.36 0.25 0.24 0.28. Nitrate (ppm) , 0.124 0.090 0.101 Iron (ppm) 6. 04 Phosphate (ppm soluble P04) 0.032 0.0.10, 0.010 0.017 Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 --- Chemical oxygen demand (ppm) 10.37 7.10 1.45 8.31 1. Average of chemical analyses of water from 1963 and 1964 Lake Erie cru'ises'. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (1968a). 2. Average of chemical analyses of water at 16 water supply intakes on the Ohio sho re of Lake Erie, September 1950 to February 1952. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water,. 200- [A -ISO- ui UPPER LAKES INPU T. 1.0 BASIN `C CENTRAL 6ASIN _j -140- U) cn V) E "EASTERN BASI N 0.8- CL 120 E 0.6- 0I '100 V CA - CL NUTRIENTS. ca .E so- 0 0.2- Z' 6' 0 z z 60- z z z 0.0- W, C E -W C 'E W C'E @W C E POTASSIUM SILICA NITROGEN SOL.PO4 40- 20- MAJOR- CONSTITUENTS. :37, 0 ME 2 W C E V C E W C@ E W C E w c E V C, E SOLIDS CALCIUM MAGNESIUM SODIUM CHLORIDE SULFATE 'F I GURE 10. CHEMISTRY-OF LAKE ERIE WATER (adapted from Federal Water Pollution -Conteo,l'.. Administration,, @ruise data) (FWPCA, 1968a). w M w 57 .,o40-- 35--. Ld -.u)--30 < 25- 0 !@i 20, 15- a .0 C) e ui 10- +Potossium ndlum -191.0- )920 _1930 1940 1950- 1960 YEAR Fl-GURE !I. CHANGES IN THE-CHEMICAL CHARACTER I STI GS OF LAKE ER I E -WATERS - (B eeto n-, -1965). 58' 71 _j 200 19 0 1'8 G cl- - 1-70- a 1.50. Tofal.-Diss,olved - Solids < .140- 19 [0 1930' 1:940.. 1"9-50 -1960. YEAR FIGURE 12. CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATI ON OF-TOTAL DISSOLVED -.-SOLIDS'IN LAKE-ERIE (Be-eto-h., -1965). - 59 Dissolved oxygen. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the western basin of Lake Erie Fell to less than 6 ppm (minimum safe level of sensitive fish species) from June to September during periods of temporary stratification. The condition effected over 50% of the basin. Carr et al, (1965) estimated that 5 days of stratification were required in 1963 to reduce oxygen concentration of portions of the western basin to 3.0 ppm, whereas, 28 days were needed in 1953. During a period of light winds, Britt (1955) reported an oxygen con- centration of 0.1 ppm at a stratified station 2 miles west of South Bass Island. He associated this observation with a large reduction in the mayfly (Hexagenia sp.) population of this area. Later, Britt et al. (1968) reported (for the same area) a drop from 3. 0 to 0.1 ppm (10-15 cm above the bottom) over the five day period 26 June to 1 July, 1966. Two CLEAR cruises (Figures 13 and 14) in 1973 show values of less than 3.0 ppm for a sampling horizon 1.0 m above the bottom. At these stratfied sites the dissolved oxygen concentra- tion rapidly fell below 1.0 ppm as the sensor neared the bottom. These areas of low oxygen were west and north of the sites sampled by Britt (1955). Additionally, unusually large quantities of silica, 21 July 1975. Although oxygen values ranged between 6 and 9 ppm at the time of the cruise, the presence of these nutrients indicates a probable regneration due to a prior anoxic condition. Total phosphorus. In late April and early May 1974 the total phosphorus (TP) near the surface was fairly high, reflecting the tur- bid nature of the water containing phosphorus-bearing suspended part- cles. The western basin was strongly influenced by the Maumee River inflow, greater than 70 ppb, while the central basin except for near the Ohio shoreline was less than 20 ppb. By early June as the water cleared the phosphorus level dropped accordingly, ranging from 10-40 ppb. In mid-August the central basin continued to deliver high concentrations of phosphorus to the western basin, whereas the Detroit River mid-channel appeared to be contributing much less phosphorus to the lake. Storms in early September caused a peak concentration of phosphorus in the western basin and shallow western portion of the central basin. Concentrations greater than 90 ppm were measured in Maumee Bay. The eastern half of the central basin persisted with levels below 10 ppm. In late October, after overturn, mix mixing caused a general moderating of the phosphorus level by lowering the concentrations in the Western basin and increasing them in the cen- tral basin. 2 40* 8 3* 30, 83*20' elo 93 a 820 0 Detroit .ONTARIO 420 R. 00'- qa@ Micld!i Sister Is. 41! so" Sister Is. Peie 13 @ Sister v 5 Bass Is. ee Bay 8 6' N Mourn 7 7 Middle Bcss Is 4 OHIO 8 G. Bass 1@.' LE OF MILES K-1 10 5 0 :.'0 SCA Z@ F I GURE 13. R. pcirloge M.Grblehead BOTTOM , DI S SOLVED 4 CRUI SE'l .,JULY, 10 12 19-73- ...... .: 6, Bay CONTOUR I NTERVAL I PPM sondus@y pa 8 30@10' 5d* 93* 30' f 83* 20, -t2- a 3* 30, 03020' 3,10, 8 0- @0, e2o .0 82 Dctroit@R. 'RIO 420 00 e'Sister (s. Middi 41 5o' E. Sister is. lee Sistei is. Mclumee Bay 5 4 N, Bass is-, 2's iddle 0- S1, IZ4 40 H (0, S. Bess SCALE FMIL S KOO Q E 5 0 @ ......... F -GURE 14. I Marbleh -01to 410 E 5 -300 '1973 CRUIS - AUG. 29 BOTTOM -01 SSOLVED OXYGEN 0 2' 'CONTOUR: I NTERVAL 1 -,PPM Boy ,dusvy .7 83030, 830 20' 8 3 fO' 83 00' G2'4C,@: 62 -T h e - tota Iphosphorus i n the bottom waters For early May and early June 1974 showed@ similar patterns to thosd found for the sur- Face waters, but the concentratio n s w ere app -t,@,ox i matel y 10 ppb higher. near th.e bottom. In m1d-August-.when stratification- resulted in 'the depletion of dissol ed. oxygen in the thin hypolimnion of the western v part of -the central basin a considerable Lincrease in the total Oho's- phorus was observed. -In* early September when the anoxic 'hypo- limnion -reached 'its maximum extent the total phosphorus -levels near -the bottom as h:igh- as 5-Fold greater than those e. -surface. -were c on th The infl,uence.of-'both. -the phosphorus-rich Maumee River and the, rela-- tive Jess . phospKo rus- laden Detroit'River mid-channel on the bottom waters oF-:the western*,bas[n, was -still apparent -at this time. In -late October the complete of thejake lowered -the total phosphorus in the bottom-.water except for a-small area northwest of Cleveland. In general, the bottom concentrations . in the western basin had expert- enced a decline and-those in the central, basin -an increase during the per@iod oF the.1974 survey_(April-Octobe*r). -Concentrations 'and quanti" -ties of. total phosphorus in the western and centr4l basins'of Lake. Erie @during six -were determ ined crulses in -1975 (F'igures 1 5-and,-16)' Co.n-,- centrations [n b6th basins were noticeably higher in 1975 when -compared meas6r6me'rits*. with .,Soluble_reacti\@e phosphorus. In' late April and early May 1974 the'soluble reactive, phosphor@us'(SR P) .-in- the surface water of the wes- tern-bas in ranged From 10-40, pp!5,- whereas- all, oF-the central'basin surface water was less than 10 ppb and most of it less than I ppb-. By earl- ALigust'phytoplankton growth hadjower6d this' concentration.'to Y_ Jess'than 5 -ppb -over most -of- the" western basin except -near' the mouth of the Maumee. River where levels-,over i!@ ppb were detected. Con@ pehtrations.'remained less -than. 1 ppb over-most of the central basin.. -Seotember the s@uthern. half of the western basin- agairl In:,early increased- in soluble reactive phosphorus wh ich - extended- eastward into the southwesterh portiory oF-the central basin.- -7he. influence b.F. the Maumee a:nd Detroit R iver.� Was again well illustrated., Most of the central- basin -rema:ined at less thah 1 ppb. 1n- late-- October, following overturn, the surface cohc.entt@%ations in thle western,basin were dra- matically decreased,, \@vherdas most of the central basin, -particularly the Ohio sida, increased to 1@5-ppb- ..Bottom soluble reactive, phosphorus _c1oncentrat ions in" late April and ear@ly May were essentially the -same as those - Found near the sur- Face except that -bottom levels near t@e mouth of, the Maumee River were. as , h igh . as -80. - ppb. However, by;mid-August, the depressed oxygen- leNiels in the thiri hypolimni'n.-in- the western central basin had (--i/o rf) NOIJ-V'dJ-N'30N'00 [email protected] IV, I O-L- M CA) --r-4 (0 4 co0 -0 z C- 0 @o C- Ln (D -4 C- 0 CD m rTl W z 0 U -Z- 0 69 FIGURE 16. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS QUANTITY IN LAKE ERI E 1973 1975 12,0001, .10,000-- Central Basin .0 U) 8'.000- 0 c co 6,000 c z 4, 000 m .0 2,000 z Basin - - - ------- 1----11" 0, 0 N D J.' F M'A J A S i A 0 N D J. F ',MA M JTT'A S@ 1973 .1974 .191 DATE 65 resulted in the regeneration of phosphorus from the bottom sediment with concentrations as high as 25' ppb. The process continued to spread throughout the central basin.as more. and more of the hypolimn- ion'became anoxic. In -early September phosphoru@ .;- was being'regener- ated at a rate to produce concentrations From 10-50 _ppb in r-host of the hypohmnion. Following overturn the bottom concentrations in the cen- tral basin, fell sharply to 1-5 ppb, but a significant net -increase had resulted over a six month period. Trends in-the 1974-1975 concentrations and quantities of soluble reactive phosphorus in-th& central and Western basins of Lake Erie are depicted- on Figures .17 and 18. Table 16 shows ten,year, trends for total and soluble reactive phosphorus and three Forms nitrogen in all three -Ibasins. of. Lake Erie. Both TP and" SRP indicate improvements in all three basins with the greatest -reduction in the western- and least in the eastern basin. With decreased loading From the Detroit River this type of cleansing pattern would be- expected. . However, data From @.the period 1970 (Burns and Ross, 1972) to-1975 show no significant change in the openlake concentration. Similar methodologies and statistical treatments have been used during this- latter period, where the 1968-1,965 s tudies -utilized different techniques. 1 he central. and western basins of Lake Erie appear to. have. stabilized at a mean. annual load of approximately 6000 metric tons oF-phosphorus. Chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, green plant pigments, essential to photo- synth9i-84�,.ccan1br- used* as an indicator of the relative algal'b.iomass in @qLh aquatic system. An analysis of chlorophyll concentrations over a period of year-is may show to ng term trends in algal po pulations. In 1967 the Federal. Water Pollution Control Administration (1*968) conducted 3 cruises on -Lake, Erie during.which chlorophyll a and b determinations were made on watersamples From 30 stations. The mean annual concentration -for the western, central and eastern basins was 23, 9: and 6 pg/l respectively. Glooschenko et at-. (1974) reported on chlorophyll determination from 10 Lake Erie cruises during the period-April to December 1970. They found the highest mean chlorophyll a values (11 pg/1) occurred -in the mid--western basin., with. a second- maximum (6 pg/1) in the east- ern. basin north of Erie, Pennsylvania. The southern shore-oF the central basin was also characterized by-high values, particularly east of Cleve- land Ohio. 'The lowest yearly means were Found in the eastern portion of the central bas@in and most of the eastern bas'in (3.jug/l).. (-l/o rf) NOIJ-V@JIN--@-ONQO dl@:]S rIj - - 0) co 0 0) '00 0 Ln (0 --40 C= CA) cci r .0 rri (D rr rt (D > al cl, w m :3 (0 --4 CD (7- > -M m C- 0 V) r > M, CT u 99 (SNO-L 0- la-L3VO NOI I lv'dIN3 ONOO cl@:iS cn- 0 cn 0 0 -4 0 co- Z. co c- rr T U3 Ln rT, po @o C-- T cri j z z Z.9 68 AE 116 TAB L T _'EAI_-@ COMPARISON -OF MEAN EN Y WATER QUALITY IN LAKE ERIE PERCENT OF PERIOD OF-OBSERVATION 1963-64 QUANTITY PARAMETER 1963 - 1965 :1-973--- 1974 - PREESENT IN tons (M m -74, tons (M) -1973 g/l - Total Phosphorus Western Basin- 0 160 3,800 0.035 839 22.1.% Central Basin 0 -.066 20)0_00 0.017 5,207 26-0 50-.0 Eastern Basin' .0.060 9,1_00 0.0P0 .4,554 Soluble Phosphorus 'Western Basin 0.-032 @-700 0.005 130 18.6. Central Basin 0..010 3,000. 0.-002 706 23.5 Eastern Basiq- 0.010 -1,500 0.005 .7.59 50.6 Total Inorganic. Nitrogen - Western Basin 0.350 6,400 O'@298- 7,090 84.4 Central Basin -.0.176- 53,000 0.157 46,663 Eastern Basin 0.1-76 26,700 0.158 23,984 89.8 Nitrate-Nitrite. Nitrogen Western Basin 0.124 2, 900 0.274 '6, 532 225.2 Central Basin 0.090 27,000 0-.143 44,416 164.5 EAste rn - Bas fn 0.090' 13,600 [email protected] 12,751 93.8 -Arnm6nia- Nitrogen Western Basin -.0.159 .-3,800, 0.024 558 14.7 16.5 Central Basin, 0.086 A-25,700 0'014 -4,247 Eastern: Basin 0.086 13,000- 0_074 11@233 86.4 Data Sources: 1963-64 Federal- Water Pollution Control Administration (FVvPCA, 1968a). 1973-74 Cente r for Lake E-rie Area Research 'Great Lakes Labor'atorY 69 I 'es by the Ce ter For Lake Erie Area Research a nly, . tigations n nd the Great Lakes Laboratory sho-we- di a dist Iinct -gradient in, chlorophyll a con- centrations from the -western basin to the eastern basin in 1973, simi- lar to that - Found. b Basin valu .es for the .y Glooschenkoet al. (1974).. period July to October are,given in Table 17. The central basin has been divided: -into -a western and eastern half to demonstrate the marked gradient, across this basin. The western.halF showed a definite transi- tion zone,due to the influence-.oF, large algal populations -in the western basin, -whereas -the eastern half was similar to the eastern basin -and contained the -lowest chlorophyll- a concentration in the, lake during the summer. -Figure 19 presents @ a graph-oF-.chlorophyll a concentrations -in the lake during the period June-.1973 to December 1-975 which demon' strateb- the. relationship of 'the basins and-the @�ea_i:ional vari@5LUons which occur each year in response to algal populations. Trends. in the chlorophyll concentration in Lake Erie surface -water is shown. in Figure 20. , Although -the @_ 1967 data contain both chloro- phyll a and b, a definite downward trend in the westernbasin biomass is- indicated when compared with the other two basins.. This trend is con sistent with;other chemical and biological parameters which also- show - a major 'improvement in the western basin' and lesser-amounts of recov- ery for the other two basins. The improvement appears to be related td th e reduction in nutrient 'loading From the Detroit. River and other tributaries which- enter the western bas' In. - Therefore, 'the nearly three-. ypar.Flus-hing rate,oF Lake Erie would be expected to slow the response to reduced. nutrients -in the down stream basins. IF'the present trend continues., increased. recovery should -be observed in'both the central and western basins.- TABLE 17 AVERAGE SURFACE CHLOROPHYLL a-IN 'LAKE ERIE 1973 UG/ L Western Central Basin Eastern Date Basin West half East half Basin M.id-July 9.36 4._59 1.90 3.28 August7Septem_be`r_ 15.08 4.92 .2.30 3.85 Mid-October 1-1.38 8.95 7.77 6.12 Annual Mean 11.94 6.15 3.99 4.42 Annual Ratio 2.70 1.46 0.90* 1.00 (31 C (0 CA) C- z '7 C 03 (D rt -,n rr.1 (D Gj rTle -,J,r -Ti- (D OL -1/ or( CA) (f) (D 0 -0 01 0 cn 4 -4 (A) -0 LO 0 0 0 0 -9 (D (D 0 (D :3 :3, OL -4 rt'0 (D .(D 0_ -3 (n D 0 rt ''I (D .0 (D (D (D 0 Tl P-4 r-r 0 M (D CL -rt p '0 -0 c r > (D '(D 73 0 m (n F > m 0 0' 3__ -7. , :3 '0 '3 rTi (D l< M 00. (D -4 m Q0 0 (D cr (D I (J) m (D -CA) 0 "0 0 0 '3- '3' -3 (D rt (D (D (0 -5 -4 rr (D l< 0 (D 0 cn (f) -4 C: *U (D "a (D 0 rr (D rr w c -0 (D 0- Co LF 90 cr __4 41 t L 72 During the period 1973-1975 chlorophyll a concentrations in the western and central basins of Lake Erie have increased (Figure 19). The peak summer concentration (volume weighted) in the western basin has risen from approximately 12 ug/l in 1973 to 21 ug/l in 1975. In the central basin the peak concentration occurs in the fall. A similar increase was observed in this peak, from 8 ug/1 in 1973 to 10 ug/1 in, 1975. Intermediate concentrations were found in, both basins in 1974. Volume weighted quantities of chlorophyll a also increased in the western and central basins from 1973 to 1975 (Figure 21). The central basin quantities increased significantly between 1974 and 1975 but the rise in the western basin was less pronounced. Table 18 shows the ratio of chlorophyll a concentrations in the western and central basins. The western basin concentration during spring and summer is normally 2 to 10 times greater than the eastern part of the central basin. In fall there is less difference in the basins. The ratios between 1973 and 1975 reveal a trend toward a decreasing dominance of concentrations in the western basin particularly in the fall. This is probably the result of a decrease in nutrient loads to the western basin Via the Detroit River coupled with the regenerated nutrient added to the central basin after fall overturn. METRIC TONS 0 0 0 0 C) rr rt, (D :3 01 CA) C < CD rT-1 rT-1 rT-1 C rT, 'TJ 0-< )C) r-, C-' r7l U@- C)- rT"l M Z- C:) 0 cn -74 -TABLE RA-1-10 OF CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION IN WESTERN. AND CENTRAL BASINS OF LAKE ERIE 1973 1975 CENTRAL 13ASIN DATE- WESTERN BASIN West Half East Half April 197.4 2 91- -1.44 1.00 1975 2.,33 1.41 1.00 June 1974 .3.'95 0.80 1.00 1975 8.78 1.1017 1.00 July .1973 4.77 2.05- 1.00 1-974- 2.23 1.00 1975 7.45 1.90 1.00 August 1974 6.,21- 2.09 1.00 September 1973 4.95 2.20 1.00 ..1974 4.75 1.92 -1975 2.57 1.62 1.00 October 1 .56. 1.08 1.00 1973 1974 1.89 1.62 1.00 1.22 0.98 1.00, Decem ber 1975 0.70 1.13 00 75 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION Lake Erie Basin The Climate of the Lake Erie basin is classified as temperate humid-continental. The location of the Great Lakes between the source regions of contrasting polar and tropical air masses gives the region rapidly changing and complex weather patterns. The average annual air temperature for Lake Erie land stations ranges between 47 F and 51 F. The highest average monthly temperature, occurs in July (70 F to 75 F) and the lowest in January (24 F to 28 F). Approximate extremes are -20 F and 100 F. The average annual precipitation in the Lake Erie basin is about 35 inches and ranges between 32 and 38 inches. The total land area which drains into Lake Erie, excluding that above the Detroit River, is only about three times the area of the water surface of the lake. The large expanse of water affords a great opportunity for evaporation, and the amount of water lost in this manner is nearly equivalent to the average precipitation over the lake. During dry periods more water may be evaporated from the lake than flows into it from all of its tributaries. Under these conditions Lake Erie delivers into the Niagara River a smaller quantity of water than it receives from the Detroit River. Of the total possible hours of sunshine for the Lake Erie basin, the amount is greatest in midsummer (70%) and least in winter (40%), even though 70% of the precipitation occurs between March and August. The proximity of the cool lake water and the large amount of moisture put into the air by evaporation cause frequent periods of fog. Lake Erie, because of its comparative shallowness, its northeast- southwest orientation, and strong winds from these directions, can raise a dangerous sea in a short period of time. Prevailing winds (most frequent direction) are from the southwest (Figure 22). The strongest winds come from the westerly quadrants with a secondary maximum from the northeast. The average monthly wind speed ranges from about 8 mph to 18 mph, with the highest average occurring during the winter months and in the eastern part of the lake. The predominant southwest and west winds over Lake Erie are explained by Powers, et al.(1960) in terms of "streamlines" of air movements in the Great Lakes region. Figure 23 illustrates the streamlines which influence wind directions in the island region. Masses of air moving from the west are abruptly shifted toward the northeast producing a southwest wind. Mileg Per, Hour: A N N U A L over, ''AVERAGE OCCURRENCE E,kl VE L 0 CITY. 15.0 - 19.9 X 10.0 14.9 '10 5.0-9.9 roo 0- .7 .4.,91- Ao PERIOD: 19487 195.7, 50 0 @N w s ko A F I,GURE 22., AVERAGE ANNUAL WINDS AT SANDUSKY, OHIO, (after Verber, M M 0 m m V) m ul CD CL) 140 ClD rM rn - rn;Q 0 rn ZO W -4z &NOW LL Lake'Erie- Islands. This section- on" th16 climate OF the Lake Erie islands was prepared. by Dr. Ronald L-.,@Stuckey_ OF The Oh-io State University. Thi's information .1 was compiled as, part of a -study of the Flora- of -the island region. The Lake Erie islands- have, a climatic variation which is unlike that-of the mainland region. around the: lake. -The -annual mean temperature range is greater, the-:daily rangq betw'ee n the maximum and minimum temperatures is smaller, the precipitation is less., wind velocities are greater, and the frost-free seasons are longer@,.- The western basi.n.of Lake Erie, the -Warmest - large. body of, water' in the Great Lakes, has e a pronounced effect upon'th 'c ate: of the islands -compared With-the climate OF nearby mainland-_s@tations (Verberl-1955). on the data for 1950 the Temperature.... Based mean'monthly temperature range.between the maximum -and minimum temperatures was 0 0 13.7 -F. for Put-in-Bay compared with 2.1.5. F for. Bucyrus, 'with"In 50 miles of the --lake (Table 19). The great thermal. stability of the water -acts as a. damper between. @sudde'n. heating or cooling. The mean temperatures for January.,' the coldest. month, and.the. mean temperature for July, -the warmest month, are given for the ftve'stations' from the islands And the--.mainlahd (Table 19). Put-in-Bay has the lowest mean temperature in January and__ the', highest mean temperature for July, accounted for -by the Frozen '-lake and- the greater solar rad-iatiom at - Put-in-Bay compared to other -.stations at the same: latitude. Precipitation. The 'i@nnual preci-pi-tation- is noticeably less on the islands than at the other adjacent mainland stations. The variati -on -in precipitation For three of the- islands and four- mainland stations compared, shows-a progressive decrease From- Bu&,yrus to South Bass Island (Table 20). Alexander (1924) reoort6 d. that North Bass, Island, for the years -recorded, had the lowest annual.amoUnt of precipitation, 27.82- -inches compared to 30.04 for South Bass. - The decrease in- summer. rainfall is due to the deflection, -of thunderstorms around, the lake rather than passing over -the islands.. The storms- that do -- c@ross the lake do not form -a . s much rain becau se higher air tei-nperatut@,es over land I can,' maintain the energy needed. to develop -thunderstorms whereas cooler temperatures over the lake do not provide enough energy. Because. of, low, rainfall, _hig@- solar radiation,, and.continued movement of the air-,, evaporation actually exceeds precipitation in June, -July, and August.'' The evaporation/precipitation 'ratio affects,-the seasonal aspect 'OF the--FLora in. that the dryness of the late -summer- and fall is reflected by the paucity pf te rrestrial- herbaceous \@egatation. 03 0 0 9) c c :3, @ rt I - @ l< - (D a - -- I 0 C. - 0 :3 0 00 (D OD Ol < :3 (D cn 00 (D -4 0 SD c (0 K) R) K) R) @C. -4 G) -4 0) 0) :3 (D (D C -4 (.0 (.0 0 00 0 (D l< 3 SD ct CA) Ck) 4@1 4 C I @D (D 0) l< M 0 (D 71 > 03 03 Ol CL) 0 @c F., 0 CTI z m -3 Ol c --0 _0 (D (n (D CD 0 0 3 ca ca Co- Cl) R) -0 0 00 0) ro IQ 00 M T (D CA) (C) -0 (o 0 (D F 0 1) 7 1+ 6 cn Ul -.k IQ (1) CYI (3) 0 - (D 41@ IQ Ol CI W 0 0- 0 W (D- 6L 03 @'u z cf) 0. C 0 0) (D -C 0 rt ct .'3 (D rt, l< 0 0 75 c :3 (D c 0, (n (n UY 77, l< l< :3 0- CA) CA) 0 CA) -4 00 00 0 0)- 0 (D UF 1\) 0) -4 IQ F\) - JQ (D N) R) co 00 --j ,- 6 -G). Ul (D (0 'o Co- co 1\) R) -1\) r0.1 ca 4 00 OD CA) N) 0) 4@, -.0) 0 R) -4 N)l (D CA) CO G) N). -R) 7(), * . - . r\j CO 0 --4 cc) 0 01 co cn .01- CA) CO G5 CO' 1\) CO (A) Ul (D TO 0 -P, CA) 0 -01 -4 (0 CA) CO CA) G) G) N) -J C (D CY) Ck) :3 10 (D 0 ro- -01. - 0 A K) 0 p, -ca ro' G) co R) CL L- I - , Co- co -r@ 4 c Z < rol. Co --4 (D OD -cp R) ro co - 1\) R) R) > (D G' - c . (D. .0 m4 -4 R) 0) co Cil i OD G) Ca ro ro 1-4 (D b@ -0 : 0 N) -j -4 rt, :T. 0 0 CO 90 4, ro CO) @f\), -0 0 (D r@. '4 0- FQ --j OD 0 Ol IQ pj R) F\) ro (D (o 0 0 U 0: ro- al (C) ro ro ro ro 0) CD- Co ro (D (D (D CA) , 0 OD' -4 0 CA) CA) CO G) CA) R), 1\) OD 0) N) r\), 00 0) (D W _(O 0 JL ; 0 ' 4, - 0) (D (0 Ol -1@1 (0 .0 :3 08 81 Growing season. Although nearly the most northern portion of the state, South Bass and the other - islands have the longest frost- free period of any area in the state of Ohio. South Bass Island has an average frost free period of 205 days, while Bucyrus has an average of 154 days (table 19). North Bass has a frost-free period of 206 days (Verber, 1955). The high heat capacity of the lake (Figure 24) prolongs the summer temperature far into fall while the small range of temperature between the maximum and the minimum daily temperature permits a long spring (Table 21). The long frost-free period, however, does not indicate a long growing season. The spring temperatures are retarded, and the threshold temperature, or temperature denoting the beginning of the blooming period of the flora, in the spring, occurs much later on the islands than on the mainland. This retardation is reflected by the average date of the last killing frost, which is around April 15 for the islands, contrasted with May 20 for the interior of Ashtabula County, nearly in the same latitude, and with April 30 as far south as Columbus. Similarily, the average date for the first killing frost in the fall is around October 30 for the islands, contrasted with September 30 for Ashtabula County, October 15 for Columbus, and October 20 for Cincinnati. Thus, the average length of the growing season for the islands is over 192 days. Microclimates. Microclimatic conditions on South Bass Island were determined by sampling at 37 different temperature stations from July 1944 to August 1948 (Verber, 1955). The following seven micro- climates were apparent: (1) high and (2) low leeward shore stations, (3) high and (4) low windward shores, (5) high and (6) low inland stations, and (7) wooded areas. Dailey temperatures showed the most significant changes. In winter, the variations between the lowfrost pockets and the high lee shore stations were as great as 18 F. During the summer the lee shore stations, especially the East Point area, were the warmest parts of the island. The frost free season for the island varied in 1945 from 187 to 251 days for the various selected microclimatic habitats. This range on the island, however, is greater than that which normally occurs between South Bass Island and Bucyrus. (D 0 (D :4 R? CF) --3 c (D -3 cl Z10 M> L- C- IT 'L- C) z 0 M C- C- 0 z 0: U) > L, C- (D '0 -0 (DC C: C -0 (D 0), (D .0 0, (D C. C: C p).7c), ID (1) (D 0 0 (D 'C,'C C '0 (D :3 0 _0 (0 :3. 0) l< 0 < 6-0 '(0 :3 0-0 .0, < t-0,(0 0 (D' (D C (D C 0 rt, C 'Z'@D '< -3 @< (D -3 U :3 :; 0 -3 'C (D U ct C C 07 (D C: 0, (D M 0 1 3 3, (D 3r, 3 3 07 (3D W3 9 3, U. 07 3 rt (D (UD (D (D l< (D (D Cr, 0 -3 u 0 a' -3 g u (D l< (D c (D :5 z z z -j OD 00 -@J' 0) 00 0), cn, '4@-: CA) CA) CL) ol -,(J), -@4 *m OD 00 (ji 61 , CA)' CA), ft (J) 21 r8 (4 4' 0) -4 ' 1 4 , CA) (C) OD (3) CD CL) ro -j cTi (ji 0 -4, CA) 0 (3) 0 00 R) (3) 0 SD - - . @4 6 - ''. . , . 11 0 , . . . . . 1, - - . .. . . . . .. Averpge Ma rt, > CA) 0 0.0) CA) & N), 0' (D (0 0 -4 CY) C31 0 0) Cn __j (D 4 j\) 0 0) Air Tedp..( (D z Ul G) (3) 0) -Ph 4 w N)- CO 6) '0 0) 0) C) 0) 4 w ro f@ CO, FQ R) 4 --jl RX w ,-P6, Ol 0) (3) CF) 4 -w 0 M 0 - 4 cn0 0 U n M cl) - -4 Cn (3) cn r-n ()l 0) 1\) (J) 0 4 4-(D 0 Average Mi c, fo (0 > > *0 ro cn. ro co b, m m cA) o b) .4 a co, oo 4, cn m q co (o -4 Ck) 41-- o -4 Air. Temp. CL) Z, Z,.z 00 OD .(D (D --4 00 -4 0) Ol 0) (30 (D (0 (D 00-0) 0) ctl 0). 0), -4 OD, OD (D (D co -4 0) 01 Cn Extreme Ma 00 (D CO 0 -4 Cn 4 N) 10 0 -P, R) 0 0 -4 cn (D 0) COP ck) CO -4 (D -j 0) -ts 0) w CD a). 0) Air Tern p Z Z 4 Cn cn C)i G) rx) I ro R) 4 '01 01 C.) ro, I N) G) -P" 01 -A. .4 GO CA) 0) 01 (D CA) 00* (D --4' '0 '.4 Cn C) 0) r,). -,J, a) o) CA) 'Extreme Mi Ul 0) rO 10 0 (D -Ul 'Air' Temp.( z z 4" R) CA) CA) N) JO 'CA) 0 W fo W 0 0 Ca 0 4 d -P, -fs 4@, R) '0 P@'ecipit@t OD (D 0 - R). (D (0 0) (OD - 0 0,0) 0 ''-4 OD 40 - 0) (to neare Cyl -4, Ol OD (0 -J Ca 0) (Dr CO -p, oo--4 -4 (n .4 (0, CO (D 10 4 Cn (n (D 0 M 4 0 01 4 CO -1@- Cn a) -4 -4 --4 Cn 4 W CO CO,W 4 0) -4 -J --4 0) Cn -PP CA) Cl) I co CL) .4 O'CY -4 -4 (3) Cil iPl CA) CO CO CO, 0 -0, -4 4 - CY) (D Q CP) -N CO (D CO - CL) QI (D Ol 4 '4 Ca W 'Cn W -4 4 0), (C) Cn (jl -J, Cj) ro Water Tem G) 4.4 CY) ro OD '(D C31 CA) @O _4 M@ _4 _4. r\) Cj M (0 - - - OD CO :0 ro 0, ul oop cn W -4 '0 -4 0 00 CO 0-4 (A) CA) 0,- 0 -P, 0 --j W M. M TEMPERATURE (0 F) N co 0 0 0 0 0 0. 07 0 0 0. Z m > 0 rn rr-I 7< 0. C: - m tz) I M z 0 ::E- 0 Pb C: 4@4 --A (D (D 3 CD (D > 0 -4- c C: G), 0 '0 M'@ -n m U.rl) 00- zo- <o- M N 00 Uj TEMPERATURE'(OC) 84 SHORE EROSION IN THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION The record high water levels in Lake Erie during the past five years have contributed greatly to increased erosion of the shores. The narrow beaches fronting the shore bluffs of the islands have been submerged exposing the bluffs to direct wave attack and ero- sion by alongshore currents. Severe storms have resulted in pro- found changes in shoreline configuration and disruption of man's use of the coastal zone. Water Levels Water level changes on Lake Erie are of two principal types: (1) long period and (2) short period oscillations. Long period fluc- tuations are related to volumetric changes of the lake, caused prin- cipally by variations in precipitation, evaporation and runoff. These changes include both seasonal fluctuations and those occuring over a period of several years. Short period fluctuations are due to a tilting of the lake surface by wind or atmospheric pressure differen- tials. Wind tides, seiches and harbor surges, which have periods from a few seconds to several days are examples of short term oscillations. Sun and lunar tides are negligible, resulting in maxi- mum fluctuations of 0.11 feet (Verber, 1960). Water levels at the ends of Lake Erie (Toledo and Buffalo) have a much greater fluctuation than near the center. Tilting of the lake surface is analogous to the up and down movement of the ends of a teeter-totter while the center is stable. High water levels coupled with northeast storms have produced a maximum rise in level of 9 feet above Low Water Datum at Toledo. Conversely, low water and southwest winds have lowered the level to 7 feet below Datum, a range of 16 feet. Under the influence of wind, currents tend to bank up water on the windward shore. This forced movement of the lake surface is known as wind tide and the amount of rise produced is the wind setup. The resulting free oscillation of the lake surface caused by the inequality of water level is called a seiche. Such free oscil- lations are nearly continuous in the islands region and most often have a period of 12 hours and amplitude of less than 2 feet (maxi- mum amplitude: 5-6 feet). The major seiches on Lake Erie are essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lake. Seiches along this axis have a period of 85 approximately. 12-14' hours. Seiche periods as-record-d -For- thr ee vater* level gauge at: Put-in-9ay -on South Bass - Island years at. a. \f indicated that longitudinal___ seiches we-re, in opQratior-T-about 44% of the year. Surface winds From the s-outhwest .or northeast are likel to- produce -such seiches -alon' the -long axis of the lake.' y 9 Wind records From Sandusky, Ohio are in agreement with the Frequency OF seiche periods; surface winds -from these directions occur approximately 150 days (42%) OF the year. Wave Action Wave action -Follows Wind action very closely on Lake Erie because OF the sha.1loWness of the -lake. Swells, however, often continue into the next- day after, a storm subsides. 7he. depth of the water and the direction, velocity, duration, and open. water Fetch OF the wind collectively determine the characteristics. of waves at a g iYen location. The - U. S. Army@ Corps OF Eng ineers. (1953) estimates that 'off -Marblehead Peninsula, with a Fetch OF 150 miles and a.wind velocity OF 30 miles per hour, the maximum wave For Lake Erie is developed in 20- hours. . Given these conditions 'a -wave 12.5 Feet high with -a 6.5 second period, -can be developed. Waves of this-height break -offshore, -but reformed waves up to 3.@5 Feetin height can reach the -shoreline OF the islands. Alongshore Currents As waves approach the shoreline the water level rises-at. the shore and- the excess. w ater escapes as -alongshore (littoral.) currents. These currents can be particularly rapid when waves approach the shore at angles other than. perpendicular (up-to 4 Ft/sec)_ and'result in - the transport OF beach materials. as large as cobbles and boulders. -the - currents are important.- agents OF erosion, transportation and deposition of.sediments in the- is-land region. All of the islands are rockbound (or protected by a 'seawall in the case' OF Turtle island) and -are -undergoing very p low erosion by scour From waves and currents. Howeyer, during the recent period of high water many large. blocks OF dolomite have fallen From the high cliffs OF several OF the Islands. This problem has -become particularly. acute at the south point OF South Bass Island in 1'976 and ne.cess-itatEid the -relocation@ oF'the U.-S. Coast Guard navigation light tower@ which was in danger of Failing. into the lake. The h igh- esi incident of erosion appears to take place, in -the spring -and Fall.- Ground'water seeping into _cracks and joints in the' rocks Freezes, expands and tends to -split -the rock From the cliffs, a process known as- frost wedging. . This process coupled with Frequent and- severe storms In - the spring and Fall -has- resulted in many offshore blocks of- dolomite which'ring 'the west shores, of several of the'islands. The - low- eastern shores have exp erienced another problem dur- -ing the high water- period, 'Floo6ing. Several h,omes and - cottages have. been destroyed_ or seve rely damaged during -northeastern storms which have caused the lake to inundate the eastern shores. Th is problem has -lessened - in, the past few years as the lake- level has fallen to a nearly normal level. -Alongshore currents; also produce excellent beaches. The best e Canadian islands. example in west rn 'Lake- Erie is on,on-e of- the Fish, Point, a spit at the southern tip .6F -Pelee Island, contains -the largest depos it - of 'sand , in the island reg ion'. It is. likely that the bulk of the sand has come,'from gladial moraine -deposits of sand -@avel lying east and- Converging. southerly and gr west of the island. currents along' the east and west. s ides of the- island, have built the nearly two-m i le -long spit. In the north bay of Kelleys.- Island at the,State Park-some local accretion has Formed a bayhead beach, the largest -sand -d'epos it., in - the Ohio islands, -The sand and gravel is mainly derived from erosion of the low glacial till -banks of the bay shore.- Rattlesnake, Isl bars. extend ing eastward breen and West.Sister ands have pebble_ From their eastern shor@es-. The bars were probably formed by strong eastward-moving currents along the north and, south *shores of the islands.., - Sand and gravel beaches occur in small pockets on Middle Bass and South Bass, Islands.-, The beaches are thin and are either residual material From the- underlying -ttl-l &r are deposits trapped between. the bedrock - headlands. Waye current action, is. vigor-. ous- th rough.out thd'istand reg-ton-. 87 B_IOTA OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAWREG ION Vegetation The vegetation of the Islands in western Lake Erie has been the subject OF many studies, the latest and most com.prehensive by Stuckey and Duncan (1977) compristng-a cataloging.of all- the vascular plants on the is-lands. Much OF the i-ndterial in this section is based ortheir findings.. Several distinctive habitats exist on the islands, each hav- ing its own characteristic species composition. -These habitats are the' woodlots, quarries, 'open fields, vineyards, pon-d-marshes, and the constantly changing shoreline areas OF wave-splashed cliffs, low' sh-elF-like rocky -shores, sandy beaches5, and gravel beaches. The islands are- unique in possessing a combinat.ion OF eastern.' western@ and southern species at the @extreme edges of their total ranges. ' Many- OF these species occur in open, naturally disturbed s ites along cliffs, sandy shores, and pond-marsh habitats, all OF which occur 'on the Erie Islands. These habitats- represent the environ- ment present most extensively- at the -time OF the retreat. OF the' late Wisconsin -glacier. Species on unglaciated lands to the - west, east., and south migrated to the then newly glaclated soils. Being able- to survive only under Fluctuating conditions, these species have. continue'd to popu- late these relic'. ever- changing -areas on the islands. Four-species in these habitats-are the only, species identified as being. endem'ic varieties from the' islands: Rubus corei (Core's blackberry).,. Rubus eriensis (Lake Erie- blackberry), Rubus gordonil (Gordon's dewberry), and Poly- gonum p6nnsylvanicum var. eglandulosum (smartweed) (Stuckey and Dun- can, 1977). VVpod-lots. The original 'Forests OF the Lake Er ,ie. island area de'vel- oped..about 1.2.,500 years ago with the retreat-oF the late.'Wiscontin glacier. The lake bottom was dfained-and became a dry Forested reg-ion. _- The dominant woody species association was spruce, Fir, hemlock@ jack pine, birch, poplar, creeping juniper-, and- white cedar.- On the- lower more rneisic sites black spr0ce, alder, and willow were dominant. When the- spruce 'died- out jack pine became the dominant member, -Followed in s.uccession by oaks -and the hardwoods common on the islands today (sugar maple, white, red, and chinquapin oaks, white and blue ash, American and- slippery elm-,. hop hornbeam, basswood-., and red cedar.). On the lower areas succession- resulted in a swamp forest association of American elm, white ash, green ash, red maple, and silver maple. These forests existed for 8000 years until the bedrock in the Niagara region began to rise, having been released from the pressure exerted on it by the glaciers. This rise in land formed a catch basin to the west which began filling with water and flooding the postglacial valleys. A stream system developed and a characteristic floodplain vegetation grew on the surrounding hills. As the water level increased these hills became isolated as islands and the existing vegetation became the virgin forests of the Lake Erie islands 4000 years ago (Forsyth, 1977). Reminiscent of their early development, the woodlots of the islands today still have many characteristic floodplain species ever though the area now bears little resemblance to a floodplain, making them unique in Ohio and perhaps in the northeastern United States. No virgin forests exist on any of the islands today. Extensive lumbering, to pro- vide fuel for lake steamers affected all the islands, and was particu- larly devastating to red cedars which once covered Kelleys Island (Dun- can, 1977). Much of the land was cleared for agriculture, vineyards, and for settlement. The major forest association on the islands is sugar maple-hack- berry and on the smaller islands this is the only association present with hackberry usually the dominant species. A distinctive feature of this association is lack of leaf litter due to large snail populations and extreme weather conditions (Duncan, 1977). Both these species have an efficient means of seed dispersal which is an important factor in their dominance on the more isolated islands. The larger islands, having been subject to greater influence by man, have several forest associations. Harmilton and Forsyth (1972) identified six community types on South Bass island: (1) sugar maple-hackberry-basswood, (2) maple-oak-hickory, (3) hackberry-blue ash, (4) young hackberry, (5) box elder-green ash-maple, and (6) cedar. The first four communi- ties represent various stages in the sugar maple-hackberry association, with young hackberry being the youngest and maple-oak-hickory being the most mature. The box elder-green ash-maple association on East Point is unique on the islands. Another forest community riot mentioned by Hamilton and Forsyth is the swamp forest association found around the edges of ponds, marshes, and in low areas. The species composition is white ash, swamp white oak, American elm, and silver maple (Duncan 1977). 87 B I-OTA -OF -LAKE ERIE I SLAND REG ION Vegetation The vegetation of the islands in western Lake. Erie has been the subject of many studies, the latest and 'most 'comprehensive -by Stuckey and Duncan (1977) comprising a -cataloging of all the vascular plants on the islands. Much of the material' in this section is based or) I their Findings. ISeveral distinctive, habitats exist on- the islands, each hav- ing its own characteristic SPeCLes composition-. These hab-itats are the woodlots-,, -quarries,, open fields, vineyards, pond-marshes, and the constantly changi-ng. shoreline 'areas -OF wave-splashed cliffs., low shelF-@-like rocky shores, sandy be-aches, -and gravel beaches. The islands, are unique in possessing.a-combinatibn of eastern, western@ and southern species- at the extreme edges of their total ranges. Many OF these 'species@ occur Iin open, naturally disturbed Y. sites along cliffs, sandy shores, and Pond-marsh habitats-, -all OF which -occur on the. Erie- Islands. These.habitats represent the en.viron- ment present-most extensively at the. time OF the retreat OF the late Wisconsin glacier. 'Species on. uhglaciated @ lands to the, west, east., and -south migrated -to. the then newly glaciated -soils. Being able to survive only under Fluctuating -conditions, these species have continued to popu- late -these refic, ever changing -areas on the islands. Four s pecies in these habitats. are -the only speciei@ identified as being e'ndernic varieties from the -islands: Rubus corei I (Core's bl6ckberry),- Rubus ariensis (-Lake, Erie blackbe,rry)., [email protected] 9'ord6nii (Gordonl.s dewberry), and Poly- gonum pennsylvanicu m. var. eglandulosum, (smartweed) (Stuckey and Dun- can, 1977).. Woodlots.- The original Forests OF the' Lake Erie. 'island area devel@ oped'about- -12,-500. -years aIgo with the retreat, -of the late Wisconsin glacier. The take bottom was drained. and became a dry'-forested region. -The dominant woody species assoclation was spruce, fir, hemlock, jack pine, birch, poplar, -creeping juniper, and white cedar. On the lower more me-isic sites black spruce, alder, and willow-were dominant. When the spruce died out jack pine became the dominant member, Followed in succession by-oaks and the hardwoods common on the islands today (sugar maple, wh -ite., red, and chinquapin oaks, white and blue -ash, American and slippery elm, P.@op hornbe-am, basswood, and red cedar). On the lower areas succession resulted ih. a swamp Forest association 88 of American elm, white ash, green ash, red maple, and silver maple. These forests existed for 8000 years until the bedrock in the Niagara region began to rise, having been released from the pressure exerted on it by the glaciers. This rise in land formed a catch basin to the west which began filling with water and flooding the postglacial valleys. A stream system developed and a characteristic Floodplain vegetation grew on the surrounding hills. As the water level increased these hills became isolated as islands and the existing vegetation became the virgin forests of the Lake Erie islands 4000 years ago (Forsyth, 1977). Reminiscent of their early development, the woodlots of the islands today still have many characteristic floodplain species even though the area now bears little resemblance to a floodplain, making them unique in Ohio and perhaps in the northeastern United States. No virgin forests exist on any of the islands today. Extensive lumbering to pro- vide fuel for lake steamers affected all the, islands, and was particu- larly devastating to red cedars which once covered Kelleys Island (Dun- can, 1977). Much of the land was cleared for agriculture, vineyards, and for settlement. The major forest association on the islands is sugar maple-hack- berry and on the smaller islands this is the only association present with hackberry usually the dominant species. A distinctive Feature of this association is lack of leaf litter due to large snail populations and extreme weather conditions (Duncan, 1977). Both these species have an efficient means of seed dispersal which is an important factor in their dominance on the more isolated islands. The larger islands, having been subject to greater influence by man, have several forest associations. Hamilton and Forsyth (1972) identified six community types on South Bass Island: (1) sugar maple-hackberry-basswood, (2) maple-oak-hickory, (3) hackberry-blue ash, (4) young hackberry, (5) box elder-green ash-maple, and (6) cedar. The first four communi- ties represent various stages in the sugar maple-hackberry association, with young hackberry being the youngest and maple-oak-hickory being the most mature. The box elder-green ash-maple association on East Point is unique on the islands. Another forest community not mentioned by Hamilton and Forsyth is the swamp forest association found around the edges of ponds, marshes, and in low areas. The species composition is white ash, swamp white oak, American elm, and silver maple (Duncan, 1977). 89 Due -to the conditions under wh I ch the original forests were Formed it--is hi ghly improbable- that the area 'will ever again support -a vedetation like the, forest. association of the Immediate post-glacial p -riod (Duncan, 1977). The . characteristic species. of the sugar e maple-hackberry association are Jisted. in- Table.22. Cliffs and low shelF-liker6cky shores.@ Perhaps the most dramatic OF the, shoreline habitats are the high rugged cliffs along. the west 'shore of South. Bass, Kelleys,-.Rattlesriake, and Catawba, Tsland.--;, the-south shore OF Middle Bass- Island, the. north"and west shores OF, Gibraltar and. Ballast Islands, and surrounding Green- and Mouse -Islands. These cliffs- have two distiritt vegetation zones, - one at the Wave splashed base of-the cliffs and the other on the drie 'r upper por- tion. . The -species inhabiting the cliff base are also common to the low shelving rocky -shores OF the. Islands-. A heavy growth of, filamentous algae.;- mainly. Clado.phora and, Bangia sp.., is. attached below the water line. Herbaceous- species are the sole survivors here and include- grasses, -and several species oFwRd Flowers (Table 23). The upper portion OF the cliffs supports a more diverse flora being less subject to the, effects OF the lake water. The thin soil along the cliff edge-sustains a population of lichens-, mosses, algae., 'and herba- ceous species such as, chickweed., -wild onion', strawberry, grasses, and sedges.. -Farther -back are tangled vines OF po ison- -ivy, Virginia cre.eper-., and -wild grape,, which -y .teld to red cedar, dogwood, and-sumac (Core, 1948). These cliFF species are. presented in Table 23. Sandy .-,beaches., Very Few sandy beaches occur on the Erie Islands. Several OF the beaches which do exist are used extensively by the pub lic For recreation and the -distinctive -beach Flora has virtuatly disappeared. The beach -environment is particularly subject to Fluctuating Water: levels, continuous wave action throughout most of the ye ar, and erosive.action by ice in. the winter. A zonation of species -exists. in the form'oF herba- --ceous species along the shore and vines on the berm and into the for ests; or-Fields -bordering the beach. Woody species of an early succes sional stage are most common here. The @;and beaches occur at Honey* Point on the southeast corner OF y North Bass Island, on@ South Bass Island east of the monument,, North Bay on Kelleys-Island,- and along the east shore of Catawba' island. The beach at Kelleys -is part OF the State Park- and the one on Catawba is extensively used,by the public. Species common to this -habitat are listed in Table @24 TABLE 22 'COMMON TREES, SHRUBS,VINES AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES OF THE,FORES' T ASSOCIATION Trees and Shrubs Vines Acer negundb (b6x elder) ICelastrus 8candens (bitteris@veet), A. saccharinum (st,lver,'maple) Humulus lupulUs. (hops) A'. saccharum (sugar;@ maple) e (moonseed) pnispermum canadens qa:rl@ya ovata, (shagbark hickory) Parthenocissus qu :niquefolia vitaitea (Virgini Celtis occidentalis (hackberry) Rhus radicans (poison, i\/y) creeper@'. F@-raxiinus americana (v,@hite ash) Sicyos, IarxjulIatus (bur cucumber) F.. pennsylvanica (gre6n,ash) Sm,ilaxrotundff6lia (greenbr,lar) F - ciuadrangulata (blue' ash) Vitis riparta (riverbank grape) Gleditsid triancanthos (honey loi::ust) Herbaceous Species Gym. nocladUs. dioica (Kentucky: coffee tree) Alliaria, offibinalis (wild:barlic') Juglans nigra. (black walnut)' Alllu'm' cernuum (wild leek), Junip6rus vir inianei (red cedar), tric'ccuu'm' (wild nodding qnion)'' 9 0 Morus :alba (white mulberry) s laevigata (rock cress) Arabi, M. , rubra (red mulberry) Arisadma atrorUbehs (Jack- in-the-p'uloit) 01 Ostrya virginiana (hop-hornbeam) parnpanula.america .na (bpllFlower) P'runus serotina. (black I cherry) Camassia- scilloides (wild hyacinth), P. virgintana (choke cherry)' Carex blanda sedge) Ptelba trifoliata, (hop-tree) Circaea quadrisulcata (nightshade) Que@r-cus alba (white oak) Geranium ro,bertiahum'(w,ild geranium) Q. bi,color (swamp white oak) Hydrophyllum appendiculatum (water-4ean Q@ poccinea, (scarlet bak) Hyi@tirix patula (bottlebrush grass) Q. ry@acrocarpa (bur oak). Osmorh iya, long istyl is (sweet Cicely) Q., muehlenbergii (chinquapin oak) Phlox divaridata (sweet William) Q. rubra (red @ oak) Phryma leptostachya (lopseed) Ribes americanum (black currant) Smilacina racemosa (false Solomon seal', R. cynosbati (wi Id gooseberry) S. stellata Sta'hylea triFolia (b,laddernut) p Trillium grandiflorum (trillium) Tilia americana (basswood) Urtica procera (nettle) Ulmus americana (American elm) Viola pubescens (violet) U. rubra (slippery elm) Data'Source: Stuckey and Duncan, (1977) TABLE 23 .,SPECIES OF SHORELINE CLIFFS AND LOW BEDROCK SHORES Lichens Herbaceous Species Biatorella Tops of-High Cliffs Continued Teloschistes Carex ebu,rnea (sedge) Dermatocarpon Cerastium arvense (chickweed) .Psora Elymus canadensts (wild rye) Fragaria yesca (wild strawber-@ry) !\Aosses' 'Geranium robertianurjn (wild get@,anium) AriiblyStegium Heucher.a'americana (alum-root',; Brachytheci6m Houstonia higricans F,issidens Panicurr@ lanudin6sYm (panic grass) Grimmia Pellea gla@>ella -(cliff"b@-ake Fern) Gym nostom, um Penstemo'n hirsutus (beard tongue) Tortella Prenanthes a,lba (white lettuce) Tbrtula Prune'lla vulgaris (self-heal) Scutellaria. parvula (scullcap'@ Aerial Algae Sedum s,armehfosum (stonecrop) Trentepohlia Sol idago'me moral. is (goldenrod), Sphenophblis infer@-meidia "(vyedge-gras@s) Herbaceous Species Viola neprophylla,(viole.t) Tops of, High'Cliffs Achillea- -mille,fblium Bas,'e of Cliffs. and Low Bedrock Shores Allium @cernuum (wild leek 'Aster pilos6.!@,(\@/Vld_aster'@ Androppgon-gerardi@ (turkey foot) Boltonia a_ttproides. Arabis pycnocarpa (rock cress) Carbx granular is' (sedde) A. drummondii (rock. tress) Geranium ro@erti4num (wild geranium) Arenaria,stricta (sandwoft), Juncus dudleyi (rus,h). Aquilegla canaden-tis (columbine). J. tenuis, (rush) Asplenitim.trichoman6s (spleenwort) Lobelia 1@,,41mjl Aster p[losus (wild as,ter) Lysimaq.hia quadriflora,(Ioosestrife) Campanula rotuhdifolia (hareb6tl) Lythrum alatum (loosestrife) TA B LE @P cb N T'i-, SPECIES QF 'SHORELI'NE @CLIFFS AND. LOW BEDROCK.SHORES Herbaceous Spedi,6s \@/oody Species Continued Base, @OF Cliffs and Low Bedrock Shore@'.. Continued. 8. interior (Willow) Panicum lanOginosum, (panic gras, Solanum dulcamara, (bittersweet), Panicum virgatum, @panic grass) Taxus canadenbis (American yew), Penstemon 'kiesutus' (beard 'tongue) Vitis.riparia (riverbank grape) Poa compressa' (Canada bluegrass) Prunella vulgar is,,(sel F-heal), Pycnan them-um virgfniAnurri. (mint) Senecio paupercul"Us (ragwprt) Solidago gram inifolia, (goldenrod) Sphenopholis intermedia, Woody Species (D ..@Amelanchler sanguinea (service-berry) ro A. spicata (se r@ vice -berry) Cornus drumrnondii (dogwood) 'C. obliqua (dogwood). Juniperus 'virginiana, (red. cedar) .,Lonicarc@ dioica,(wild -honeysuckle). -L.,' morrowi (wild honeysuckle) Qstrya virgintana (hop-hornbeam) Parthenocissus inserta (Virginia creeper) Physocarpus opulifolius (ninebark) Prunus virginiana (choke cherry)' Rtelea trifoliata hop-tree) Rhus radicans (poison ivy) R. typhina. (stagIhorn sumac) Salix bebbiaha (willow) S. discolor (willow) Data Source- Stuckey and Duncan,(1977) Core (1948) 93 TABLE 24 DISTINCTIVE SPECIES.OF SANDYSHORES Herbaceous Species Asclepis -syriaca (milkweed) Brormus tectorum (downy-chess) Cakile edentula (sea, rocket) Cechurus longispinus (fern) Cycolma atrplicifolia (pigweed) Elmus canadensis (wild rye) E. Virginicus (wild. rye) Euphorbia polygoniFolia (spurge) Mirabilis nyctaginea (four o clock) Oenothera biennis- -(evening primrose)- Panicum virgatum (panic -grass) Physalis heterophylla (ground cherry) Polanisia dodecandra (clammy weed) Salsola kali Strophostyles helvola (wild bean) Teucrium canadense (wood -sage) Tripeasts purpurea (sand grass) Xanthium s rumarium (cocklebur) Woody Species Campsis- radicans -(trumpet- creeper) Celastrus scandens (bittersweet) Cornus drummondil (dogwood.) C.oblqiquqa (dogwood) Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) Parthenocissus-quinqueFolia (Virginia creeper) Ptelea triFoliata (hop-tree) Rhus radic0qans (poison ivy) Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) Salix interior (willow) Vitis riparia (riverbank grape) Data Source: Stuckey and Duncan (1977) Gravel beaches-and'bars. The term. gravel here also includes pebble and rubble beaches as all three are sim-ilar in habitat type. Gravel'beaches occur on most of the islands and-bars are located on Middle Bass., South Bass, _Gibraltar, and Rattlesnake (see. Appendix C). . No- permanent vegetation is. found. on the parts W. the beach in direct contact with continuous wave ac 'tion. Only a Few species-.'exist Farther *up the beach where waves reach only during storms and periods of high water. The beach.- is. bordered-by,a row of vines, -and. on the larger islands by thickets of woody species. The gravel beach shoreline -areas exhibit the greatest amount of. -change in species composition of -any habitat on the islands due to- the -cons-iderable-disturbance wrought by the unpredictable Lake -levels and- weather., Characteristic species are given' in Table 25. -Quarries. Three abandoned quarries exist on-Kelleys Island and conta.in a combination oF habitats: deep ponds, shatlow pools, mud- Flats . and dry rock surface. 'This area represents a disturbance created by'man which-,has provided a habitat For survival oF species -which would not otherwise be Found on the islands (Table 26). The quarries support an interesting combination of species -which 'do not occur together in, other locations. Species characteristic of rocky cliffs, ponds, marshes., gravel becich.es, and open fields are all Found here. Another habitat has 'recently been Formed by debris collected From the Kelleys Island beaches. Quarry species are listed in Table 27. @Open Tields. The open Field habitat is also one created largely by man -and covers vineyards, fallow fields., dumps, and roads.ide areas. This habitat exhibits-a high diversity of both native and non-indigen.ous species depending on moisture conditions, disturbances'. and proximity of woodlots. At one-time the- larger -islands were practically covered with vine- yards, but many have been-abandoned at various -times since 1900. Today most of the active vineyards are on North Bass and Middle Bass - Islands with several acres still under -cultivation on South Bass Island. The active.,vineyards show a- greater spectes diversity particularly in herbaceous plants, then is seen An the-abandoned vineyards, while the abandoned vineyards and Fallow flelds, represent@va rious I stages of succession to a sugar maple-hackberry Forest association (yVerbian, 1976). Aquatic habitats . There are three aquatic habitats on the islands: open lake, bay, and pond/marsh. Stuckey (1977) records'only seven 95 TABLE 25 DISTINCTIVE SPECIES OF GRAVEL BREACHES AND BARS Herbaceous Species Asclepias icarnata (milkweed) Geranium robertianum (wild geranium) Parietaria pennsylvanica Polygonum lapathIfolium pennsylvanicum Teucrium caNadense (wood.sage) Woody Species Acer negundo (boxelder) CeLtis occidentalIs (hackberry) Cornus drummondii (dogwood) C. obliqua dogwood) Fraxinus amerLcana (white ash) pennsyLvanica (green- ash) PartHENICUSYS vitacea (Virginia. creeper) Platanus occidentalis (sycamore.). Populus deltoids (cottonwood) P. . tremuloides (quaking aspen) Rhus radicans (poison ivy) Salix alba (willow) S. amygdaloides willow) S. fragilis (wilLOW) Tilia americana (basswood) Ulmus americana -(American elm.) Vitis riparia (riverbank grape) Data Source: Stuckey and Duncan(1977) C_ cc- 0.0 0 non 0 > c SD c: .5,-3 P) U) D :3 _OC "a l< 0 0 0 c: St (rh, pi E* sD 0 0u) 0 u) D- (a -LO m Ft. '0 -0 o 3 P) X M (n (n c 0 -71 + 0 0 1 , (n 1 '0 M:3 C r+ :3 CF- m c 0 - 73 73C 1 0'(0 m c m a ID- @--O 'C _. _. 0 :3 - 0- - -3 :3 M 0 0 a - -3 - -3 C :3 3 0) ')'o - 'W - -3 < :3 :3 ID 0 0 x0) (n -:3M c c 0 (a 0) 0 ] r+ r+ (D (D -X :3 .3 (Da 0: 0 . ca e-s -. X'- 0 0 C (n -'D 0..-3 (D (n 11. + w 3 m 1 1 3 IT_/ M M r+ c c :3 -M 0. :3 OL (D 0 0 w th am r+ m W-U C (n (D (n (D SD (D Fn T z -(D -3 -C 5F 3 :3 c c :3 (D :3 z T (D u U) c D (D :3 0 1 0- Z '0 l< c 010 P) :3 z x 0 rn T rTl W '(n m m F. pi (n (n -(f) (n Ol w w ww x T2 F 7 F F F 0 r 0 "0 "0 0 0 - 0w 0 0 pi l< c (D z 0) ID 0 C - -C+ (1) ri- 0--o C -3 C+ (D -0 -5C p) 0 SD :T -0 0 r) (D I (D -0 -3 (1) -3 0 1. 0 .0 :3 :3 C(D (D r+ (0 0 (f) 0 5 Or 0) (a 0 p (D 0 0 3 < -- . -a @ < @O (D 7 '3 C (D W 0 @c (D c w -3 0 :3 -3. -0 - (D (D C: -0 < 0 0 0) (D 0) 0 E 2@ 3 'M u- (0 1 P)3 CY (1) c c :3 < C -0 -3 1 rt (n C (TC 0 ID W ct :3 U) 0- -3 C- c (D o 0 C: M ---! /--, -3 5- D 0 1 -0 (C) c (D in w d c 3 (D Z (D -, -0 C: D_ U cr C: (+ (D 'CD 3 -3 rt :-/3 -0 (h > 3. 1 CL 0 C (D 6 .(D (A 0) In -3 0. m 0 1 '0'- -, :3 0 '0 (D D7 I< in (D. (D CL 0- -96 .0 0 0 0 0 (D M fil m U _0 0 0 0 T > (D Z -0--0 C c. - . . -3 ..< . . . ,p) -, (1) rt 0 0 :3 73 m x ":z - Q o (D Or D) 0 0) CD 0 W-0 (D < (1) :T (0 (D (D 0 C - C r+ -3 0 -0 -0 -3 c 0)x :3 C-D 0 7C) :3 - M 0 <c 1 :3 (n -3 p) - 0) (D 0 3 0) - :3 @ (D C(I)- (S (cD+ :3 Cy 0-0 . 0 0 :3. 0 0 - - 9 3 (a c: (D :3 -3 -0 _C .-3 0- C C k< c c-1 r+ C (D0 @o C(l)) (D c (D C S@ c 0) 0 T (n -0-3 0 (n 0. 0 (f) -5 0 P) sb -- 1 0) M (n X :3 _0 U) 0 -3 1.0 :5- :3 :3 :3 0 .00 o a. o) in 0- '-"' in -- -0 - (1) :3 (n -C: 0 C 1+ U) (Da 0 C- SD (D W C W 0 M (D :3, c (n -0 2) rt- CL m (n 0 --:3 Co -3 'I U) :3- (n (D U) (D 3 a- :3 j FD' m .0 In (6 C: U) (D (a. (D OL M (D U 0) -a- (1) --3 :) @-w 0. . 0 0- in (() OL C (D (n 0 0 (a :3 +@ 1+ (n (D (D (D '(D -(D (D th (D c 'm (D U) l< 3. 0 c (n 'D 0- OL, 0 X (D 0 -3 (1) (D :3 @o CL < C, :3 M 0 0) (D :3 r- r r 0 r+ (D 0 0 0 -:T k< - C (D Pi 0 0), (1 7 -3 a' :3 C: - - < 3 Er 0 .a -C@ ro a- fy 0M F+ (D < -0 1 c o -0 o 0- T m @o -3 -a' 0 M 4 51 3 '5 c 0 M SD M '0 c 0 0 c: C -0 (n @o 3 C SD - - r (D. M C C -(0 M M :3 o -0 o0, 0) SD .(J) 0 9.-0 fD (0-0-. tn- I 'a c :3 pi -0 0 0) 0 -,+ m 0 (D W C W 0). (<D OC) - 0 o -3 - 43 .3 0) , - V G (o z v C 0 SD 7< rt 0 < :3 -3.- _5. < c -0 c (n- (D 0 tn (D S: 0 (D '(1) 0 C r+ C+ -0 C'r -(a :3 (D 0) (D 0 -(a-(o (D 0- (D (D 0. C c 3 cr 0 0 :Y' (D 0 -0 0 o I. I in -0 0 -3 -C - E 0) W OL <I- c 5- (n -0. o P CL 0. C7 0 P@ 7 - 'I 0 :3 0) C 0 0 M- :3 rt- (D (n 0 (D C (D (n 3 CL r+ 3 (D -3 0 0 C (D C Q- CL 0 (D (D (D l< (n "3 0 (D rt* (D 'D (f) M (f) (f) _0 70 -0 -0 -0 T -0 -0 T r- C- c- G) -11- P1 0 1 (D @:, E. . . c - w -0 l< 0- 0-0) @< '3-.0, 0 0 'M. ID P) 0 0 -0 :5 0) t< (D 0) m c SD c 0 c - - SD :3 -3 :3 :$ c (D 0) In - :3- -3 0) 0 (D (n pj - 0) 0) (D :3 0 , (D 0 0-9)- -3 (D'" C' 5-3 rt :3 C -C- X 0 :3 SD " -3-- - :3 (n - - 0 :3 0`0 :3 o-, (D- C 1: a (D C C (D :3 : 0_ :3 5 C 0 0 0 0 .0) 0) 3 -3 3 3 o..- - a- c: ID (D, C -0 0 0 (n C ,a, c 3 o E u to (n -0 SD (n o I c :3 :3 < -1 C 3 < (D -(D :3 -W3 -3 :3 U) 0 .:3 c w 3 x c o 0 (n :7 -0 3 o 0- (D (o C C (D C 0 -0 (0 < u (D 0 3 SD (D -M :3 - 0 (D to C :y (D -_3 -3- 0 0- :T (D 0 ID 0 (D u C .:3 U) o 'C ' C 0 0 C 0 C :3 (n (n- 0 -0 Ej - :3- (n o 0 :3 0 - rt 3 sD 3 @t- w- rt D a (n 0 -3- C :3 - W 3 M M ID (0 -, 9 -3 (n < M (n :3 a c (n 0 3 :r m -@ e-N c C W C 07 (D T- :3 :3 "D 0 c :3 3 (D (n CC '(D m - 2 ID u - 5D cr ? 0 W (D 0 :3 - - 3 ::: CL o c :3 --,o ID W @c rt -0 c cr 1 0 w a m 5 (D C: m w 3 p) 1 :-3 'm z (D c 3 @.o :3 m rt m (0 0 (0 @0- l< 3 l< -3 (D 0- 3 0 (D 0 l< QL a c (C) ct (D l< c 0 fri < -4 (n (n (D -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 0 7 0-0 0 :0@ ::r C 1, - 0 D- SD U) 0 0 C -5 0 (D 0 (D :Y -0 -0 0- '< c (D (D C: *0 '< -5 f-t' -3 ol :3 -3 0- -5 m 0- -3. :3 C (n - 5 1 C -- - -0 0 :3 Z t< U - 1 0) - m 0 C o t<, 0 _0 (D. l< 0) 0 -r- a 0) w - c ch (D C (D P (n -0 (D (D C U C (n -0 0 :3 (D U rt Ft 0 3' 3 (n < -03 'C3 :31 0 -01 M :r 0 ct C r -3 0 -3 < c -3 (n -0 IQ-'O m -0 0 or-O (1) - c (D (n -3 (D 0 'C3 -0 0 c (j) - (n :3 3 3 :-; '- ID.C -Q- -0 (1) D7 a (n C 0 (D - < m (D (n- (D' Q. ;:; in -0 to (D -3 < 0 3 (D 0 C :3. " -- c :3 -2 U) -0, (D o :3 0 0 0 (b. -3 0 (D 0 0- tD (1) 'D CL -U (n - -3 0 0 .3 (D c :3 l< t< 0. C -- :3 -. (1). < 0) :3 W 3 C :3 (D SD < 01 2: (n rt- C ct, 37 C (D 0) , :3 :3 (n 1 0 '0 w 0 0 0 :r SD 07 :3 0 - (a (c) 7- o (D o c 0 0) :r (D 0) 0 0 0. 3 72 :y 0- (D 0 'o 0 T < 0 3 -0 -3 0- (D T (D :r (D l< (D :3 (D 5 -0 o (n (D 0 0, .0 (D (D 0. CL ;< 3 c :3, (D 0 0 ID W '"o -0 -3 0 3 CL _0 0- (D 96 :u )o X T c a :r 0 cr (1), C. :3 :3 (n CD 0 o 00, - @t 3 cn ci, 0 0 0--5- -3 0- 1 0 I .,- a S@ 0 -W e-@ 0 M :3 $b 0- (n -3 :3 -a-:0 (f) -3 (n (0 -CT. (n 9) .3. l< -a- 0 -3 (D :3 0 -0 o (0, (D .(D C -3 -5 (D 0) U) I , 1, -33 .70 t -, 0) (D (D -a_ (T (D OJ F 66 100 species growing In thE opEn lake around the islands due to the turbidity of the. lake water (Table 28). The bays of the islands are located on the north shores of South Bass and Kelleys Islands and on the west shore of North Bass. The bay at South Bass Island has been the one most studied due to its close proximity to the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory and the State Fish Hatchery. It is comprised of three Sections Put-IN-BAY Harbor to the east Squaw Harbor in the middle, and Fishery Bay to theWESt. Gibraltar Island to the north protects the bay From-the open lake and Forms a gravel bar separating Fishery Bay froM Squaw Harbor. THE entire harbor section-is lined with boat docks and steel and concrete retaining wa A surveY by Pieters inthe late 1,800's showed .40 species of at'' va e AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS GROWING In the bay. Stucky (1977) lists only'20'oF the original species rem aining with only, two of these beIng common. Floating VEgetatION and-marsh grasses are either nonexist- ent or present on a very small scale. Dredging,-- construction of retain- ing walls, increased use -oF motor boats, dUMPING of wastes Arid domes- tic sewage, runoFF From vine Ir the bay,- and the dramatic- rise Vards nea .and FAN of water levels during the Last several years are all contribu inig Factors to the demqlse oqf the once abundant aquatic Flora (Stuckey, -Species found in the bays today -are given In.Table 29,'. The major orid/rnarsh. habitats include Carp Pond on KELLYS Island, Terwilliger's -'Pond on 'South Bass Island, Haunck's Pond on MidDle 'Bass IslAnd Smith's Pond'. Fox's Marsh, Mound Pond, and And. These ponds' are subject to:fluctua Honey PoINT ON NORTH Bass. Isla tions in the lake level and At times largely mudFlats or even completely. 'dry. Four-ponds on the islands -have - been FILLED IN OR Altered.' Fischers -For thE Burgundy Bay Pond oN Middle Bass- Island was filled in 1967 Reso rt Development It Was- the site of the only record of Acer rubrum -the (red maple)- for islands. Wehrle's Pond,, also oN Middle.. Bass, was CONverted to a marina., -The marina is rarely used -now due. to the closing. of, Lonz's -Winer -the recent high wAter the area is. reverting to pond conditions. Kelleys Pond on soutH east Kelleys Island was made Into the- Seaway Marina -in 1958, which- was, soon abandoned. The Area began to return to -pond' conditions- until -recently when it-. was again developeD as a MariNa. 'Perry's MonumeNT Former site of Chapmans -Pond, which was Filled in- in 1912 For con- struction oF the monument. Some of the, area revert to marsh between 101 TABLE 28 SPECIES OF THE OPEN LAKE Butomus umbellatus F. vallisneriiFol-ius (Flowering rush) Heteranthera dubia (mud.-plantain) /\Ayr.iophyllum exalbe-scens Potamageton nodosus (pondweed).. P, pectinatus (pondweed) P. ri6hard.@�onii (pon.dweed) Vallis'neria americana (tape-gra8s.) Data Source: Stuckpy and Duncan- (1977) 102 TABLE 29 SPECIES OF THE BAYS_ Ascleptas incarnata (swamp milkweed) BUtomus umbellatus F. vallisnerFolius (Flowering rush) Carex comosa (sedge) C. frankii SedgE) Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort) - - - Elodea canadensis Elodea nuttallii Heteranthera dub1a ( Juncustorre i (rus JuNCUSsicia americana (water- willow) Myripphylrum- exalbescens Nelumbo lutea (lotus Illy)-. Potamo4qgeton crisRus (pondweed) P& F([F6r'm"is'(po.ndweed) P. pectinatus 00o8qpdweed) 8P. pusIllusvar'. tenuissimus (pondweed) P. richardsoni (pondweed) Rumex verticillatus; (waterdock) Sagittaria -latifolia(arrow-head) Scirpus acutus (bulrush) S. ameicanus (bulrush) .-S. atrovirens (but-rush) SFluviatilis- (bulrush)-- Validus (bulrush) Sparganium eurycarpu (bur-reed) Typha angustifolia' ca ttil) Typha latif6lfa (cattail) Vallis neria -a6qmeric4qana, (tape-grass) -Zannqichelqli0qa palustris (horned ;5ondWeed) Data Source: Stuckey a n28qd Duncan (1977) 103 1973 and 1975 when high water broke the retaining wall, but the area has since been refilled (Stuckey, 1977). Common pond species appear in Table 30. Turtle Island. In the early 1800s this island was tree-covered (Thal, 1935), and when the island was sold- in. 1904 the following appeared in the Toledo Blade- "Grass does not flourish upon the island's sandy soil,'but trees and vegetables thrive -there.. -Almost the entire island is covered with trees- -and shrubbery, but a Frugal, Thrifty keeper reserved a quaRter-acre plot' For a- 6qk qi qt0qP he n garden" (Toledo Blade 12/5/04). .Evidently, some of the garden- -plants still- thrive on Turtle Island-. The present owner reports that Wild garlic (Allium vineale), dill (Anethum 'graveo ens) and soe peach.trees are present on.the island, the garlic bei.ng especially'abundant. Several trips to the island have been made by CLEAR personnel in The early spring of 1.977. At this time the island is.mostly barren -sand on the-north and northeast sides. The south and-sduthwest por- tions are-.thickly covered with staghorn sumac (Rhus typhqina and- cottonwood. trees (Populus deltoides Several cottonwoods are quite- large with- diameters oqf 3 to 3-1/2 Feet. Conclusion. Although man has done much to alter the native vegetation, oF-the Lake ERIE Islands, he has also introduced --many- new species and-created the -newly disturbed habitats necessary For their survival. in a comparison -with -earlier -surveys Stuckey and Duncan' (1977) estimate an 18,/. loss oF original. native species versus a 12% gain oqf species new to.the islands. Seventy-Five percent of the non-InDIGENOUS SPEcies are.of European origin, due primarily.to settle- ment. by German immigrants and climatic and physiogrqaphic conditions similar to.those of Europe. Some -of the well-established non-indige- nous -species are now rare in'surrounding parts of Ohio-and Ontario. Table.31. 'lists the number of species and air relative change over time. Even with all the disturbances brought by man, the islands remain 'a unique area... Efforts are -needed to preserve each habitat. 71 -u -u z Z-1 - _7 Y, T m oo > -> ()c c .(D 0 _3 -3 :3 l< :r 0 c -0 -0 m -3 3 m Kto @0 (n -0 .0-:3 m (n 0 a C -:3 -C -M 0 W a- 0 :r -_C: 0a W* 0 M 0 -0 73 SD 0,0 :3 :3 U) c :Y, 0 c -0 0 (n ;< 0 :ym 3 ID 310 P.- <C_' , - - OL c 0 - c Z c , c (.0 0- 0 C :3 0 M < 3 o :3 -a, a. m :3 .0 SD - 0 C 0 0 < c r+a r+ r+ @CL c 0 C+ to - :3 (n 3 - < U) (n SD C w o 0 cr 3- U r+ 0:3 :3- - ,0 M 1 0 0 :r 0 (D I - a OL 'D -1 W _. (n ID - :) _. -C ID _-N .0 0 1-0 @; , 0 c (A .(D C 0" (3 C C c W - su. M D 0 0 -3 (n (D OL (n - a 0 @(D (n - (D "N OL c c < 0 OL CL (D Lo SD 0) -, -:3 31 M :3 M CL- (D %_., (D 0 'a c o 'a :3 CL CL F- F- c- c- 0 -Ti- M'Mrrl 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 -0@ 00.03 cu co "0 0 (D C 3' -3 c -a o :3 --o _. CL0 :3 0 Cr -(D (n @o o "D I I C @:T< U) (D OL (D -U3) (D C: < tap) 0 (D 0 :3 0 (D OL @(D -0 _. -4 0 -3 a- c 5) c x P-3 3 3 's :3 0 C -3 C 1 :30 :Y r .0 o m (1) - (D 3 0 c (D CL 0 0 (nC D ':3 -.(o 'U)I 'CL 0 0 (t) 0)0 <- C C 0. ct :3 -3 U) @o3 _(D :7 @o (D _0 C C: 0 0 U) (ft :3 0 r+ c C :3M (D .:T e--N 0 -3 (D (0 1 3 SD 1+ 0 (D C N I I (D . :3 '0 .3. (n 0) SD @L 0 u cr ID -0 aL (D I CL (D cn 3 -C (j) 0 0 (n :T :r (T :3 - -3 0 0 :3@ 0- 0) In 0) PJ (D 0 :3 J. u) c W 0 :3 -3 3 @D 0 o C (0 :3 (n 1-" -0 a (D 0 0) C U) :3 (D :3 ic .0@ 0 .3 :3 :3 a- r+ ID 3 to- _. -3 M.0 W o .1 5D 0) (D (D (D OL -3 M_ :3 :3 (D :3 c (D U) tlo TABLE 30 CO N'T. SPECIES. OF THE POND Ass@ocfATION Species at @Edge of Pond Continued Trees Mimblus ringpns (monkey Flower) Aceir saccharinum (s.ilver maple). .Pen'thorum sedoides (.@tonecrop) Fraxinus penhsylvani'ca. (g' a h) reen s Rhalaris arundt'nacea. (canary grass) Platahus occidentalis. (syc&more*,, Polygonum @ la'pathiFol i6rr'i Populus deltoides. (cottonwood) pe persicaria Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak) P. purictatum Salix amygdalo.ides (willow) RanUnc'ulus sceleratus (,buttercup) Sorlanum dolcamara (bittersweet) .:Rorippa palustris '\@tar.. Fernaldiana (cress) Ulmus americana (American elm R; palu@stris var. hispida (cress), Rosa palustris (swamp rose) Rume@< verticillatus (Water dock) Sagittaria latiFolia (arrow-head) Cn Salix interior (willow) [email protected]'b6c,us. canadensis (elder) Scirpus atrovirens (bulrush) S. -fluviatilis (bulrush) S,. pungens (bulrush) S., val idus (bulrush), Scutellaria epil9bi,ifolia, (scullcap) S. [email protected] '(skullcap) 'Sparganium eurycarpum. (bur-reed) �t achys palustris (neftle), Typha ang6stifolia (cattail) Verbena hastata Data Source: Stuckey -and D6ncan (lG77)r. CA) rk 1) 0 T G) Z (f) ro Oz 3 (D (D = 0. 0 ;; (3* M -(D 0 $4D -:3 CL (D v I a :3 -00 U)@ Z I (D (D 1' 0 -0 0 < CD (D a (D- CT 3(n -(D 00 :r c c (D W 0- (D W0 3 :3 f 00 TM .3 -- U. < rn'p) in CO -5 3. X, - et -3 M m 9 Z;' (D 0- a- --3 g, 5 0 X 3 0 0 - 3 0 CD (n l< m @O 0 -5 r+ 0 c 0- (D (n (n, 10. co OD -(D .4 0 :3 (D (D 0 0 0' 0" -P, ro CL) 3 (D 0) OD 0 (D - - z :3 (D' rQ - cn ro 0) (D' 0 U) '3 c (D (D (n 0ID X(n r, :3 0 00 :3 (D (0 (D C+c 0 5 . I , '(0: M :3 CI- 00 DY (D 0 -P, -4 CA) CO Ol CA) -rh- CL) - 00 M' -4 M- CA) 0,C) (f) (D -'-4- 00 - lk) c) .4 0 (C) 0 m -4 0 -4 @n 04 @v a 0 a w ro 0) 0 -4 (0 0 cn a)- 0 0 1 Z' - I'll (D I I CA) 4 CA) - 00 (3) - -4 0) CL) - 0) (0 (D - 4@' 4 - Co CO 01 m (n T 4 (D M -4 -4 W -4 M W -4- 0 M- M 'CO 00 (D cyl, -4 --4 ca G) ol U) :3 -4%- 0) 0 0, - CO (0- 11 m CY" OD 0 -0 471 r+ c cn cn ro CA) 0) 9-0v 0 (n 0 (D 4 01 CA) CO -0 00 1\)@ 00- 0) CO 4 (D r\) 0 (D [\) - (C) - T - -4- x :3 14 01 A) 0 Ol OD CO 00 CO (D 0) -4 (D CO OD' Ol R) -L Ul A) > (D (0 0 (D c '0 0 -.z 00 c -4 :) X, P)- CL) CA) (C) (D Ol -4 - - -0) Ol 4 CO CO Ol -4 0 (D F h) 4h, CO 0 01 (Q 4 01 - R) -4 (3) 0) 0 rO CY) - R) 0 l< :3 - - - - cn - w -4 o- 4 m ro 4,. -0 0) cn CO" -3 :3 ca (D -U 0 -4 (D (C) C)l CA) -4 (D. OD (D '0 -C * .6 Ct) Q -I- Z :3 '1 00 CA) @n (D (D 0. 0 (D C 0).. p .1 1. (D > + (D (D r\.)- O'l 0) C'31 - - (D (D (B (D 4@ @OD AU 0 0 -4 r%) 0) :-4 co to 0) 0) (P c U) 'a -4 ca0 6 (D Cn 0) G)' -4 CO TO 0) 1\) 00 fO ---4 o) ro- v -r@6 G) oD - (D (D m :3 rt (D z -0. D7 I (D (D U) (D- c U) ca CA), (C), --L W ro R) z (D ro --L' Q :3 R) M-O (31 (D -4- M 0) 0 0) 00 (D (D 0 (D (D _. I I a . z . . . . . . - . . . . .- . o- :.L :3- (D 'I M r\) I\)- OD 0 -4 0 (31 A) (D Ol 0 (D CO P6 - N) Ul 00 4- 03 (D 0 :30 (D (D , . . . . - 0) (D e-N /-*N 1-11 /"\ e-@ U) I\) CA) @ FQ -A 1\) :3 (D 0 (D o ro oi co 4 ca 4 o) (o n) r%) (D R) (4) OD OD (3) 0 C)l 0 :3 M. C- r+ C: -'0 'm 0 0 r+ -3 (< :3 0 0 0. gol 107 type in. order to maintain rare and endangered species. Loss of additional 'native, vegetation on' the Islands will, result In reduction of the terrestrIal and aquatic Faunas which -rely on it For feeding and breeding purposes, -as w611 as a. decrease in aesthetic appeal. Areas suggested for -preservation are -DuFf-s Woods on South Bass Island representing the most mature woodlot, the unique quarry habitat in the North Quarry onKelleys Island, Carp Pond an d Haunck's Pond, Fox'-s Marsh, and Green Island., Detailed vegetation maps For each Island are presented in the. Appendix. TABLE 32. MONTH:LY MEANPHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS (organ isms/ I fter) July Aug, Sept Oct Noy Dec. .Jan Feb March 'April -May TAXA 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1974 1974 1974 1'974 1974 BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Diatoms). 'Asterionella sp. 1,3 3 4279 1588. 1906 3208 8124 6517 5048 Cyclotella- St0hanodiscus 104, Cvm topleurc-i sp. 2 7 Fragilaria,,sp, 38 '109, 95. 226 1154 1553 1809 2774 6539 48,08 .6824 Gyrosigma sp. 14 7 5 13 7 73' 32 49 @Meloswa sp. 133 96 1768 6723 9399, 7314 16512 31378 77447 34177 55275 -Naviculoid 89, 6 4 81 69 21 49 ODI S-urirella sp. 2 3 5, 44 Synedra sp. 15 133' 17 2993 ari 14 _129 372 @80T 1.436 4091' 3990 20806, Tabell ia sp. 43 7 Subtotal 415 264 1876 6980 1498710841 211191 88950, 96580 49634 90946 1,CHLOROPHYCEAE,' (Green Algae) Actinastruii@ sp, 71. Ankistrodesmus,'sp. Closteriopsis sp. 6 204 214 221, 952 220 Closterium sp. 2 2 5 0 Coe lastrum I sp, 63 @65 5 3 4 42 Cosmar-@ium sp. 20 40 Mou@eotia sp. .21 407 Pandorina sp. 13 3 3 17 49 Pedias -trum sp, 962, 1552 11239' 2090 832 261. 13 144 117 Ij (D 0 c c > > < CD Z cr (f) (f) (D Z c -4 -3 rt x (D 0 rt 0 rl- -a 0 0 (D @o ID 0 0'0 ID 0 -3 -U (ItI o u rt < C -3 W,0 0 :3 (D T _0 -3 o 0 T (o x w (D 0- (D c c (D -< U) 'l< 0 -u 0 co rt --I 05 -.0 0 rq -0 2 P tPt 3 > o U) (D lb > (D W 3 (6c (D :3 'a 0 m 0) M U) W 0 M En CT - > -0 0 M (D ^3 m co --j, . 0 -1 --L C- 0 0) co ca .4 -N (n 0) 0111-0 (D c z CO ro -.L co w -P@ -,j -a 03 Im 0) co (0 0 OD n co (0 G) 0 0) 0) cn (D -j @4 w (0 0 cn A) J\) , , -k Oll ro -11 0) a (o -i (D 0 co ro z 0 (31 CTI Co T 0 Q R) 4 Q) a CA) CA) rt (D J Z OD z 4@@ 0) (D 4 @o G) 0 44 OD OD ro Z4 :3 Ck) 0) 00- co (o :7 (D to 60L 1.10 Plankton Phytoplankton. The phytoplankton in the island area consists ma-inly of -diatoms (eacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae), and blue- green algae- (Myxophyceae). The major species present and their monthly populations -,are listed in Table 32. @Diatoms comprLse the greatest percentage of the total phytoplankton population with a major pulse In. the spring and a smaller pulse in the Fall (Reutter and Reutter, 1977). They are present almost exclusively during the winter. All the species occurring in the greatest numbers, such as Melosira, Fragilaria, Asterionella, and Synedra are indicators .of eutrophic conditions. The abundance of diatoms when graphed according to monthly populations (Figure 25) -closely rerembles the graph. of 'monthly total phytoplankton population'- (Figure-26), indicating the influence of the diatom population on the phyto plankton community (Reutter' and.Reutter, 1977). The planktonic. green algae become most plentiful during midsummer as the lake waterwarms up., -Studies conducted by Tiffany. (1934), Chandler (1940,. 1942a -&b, and 1944), Chandler. and Weeks (1945), Vila-Pinto- (1.964),-Taft- and Taft, (1971), Britt, Addis, and Engel (1,973), and Reutter and Re 'Utter (1977) Indicate Chlorophyceae as the most diverse member ..of the phytoplankton -community. The dominant species in the. most recent study is Pediastrum A fair amount of Fragments of the Filamentous, attached.' green algae,. Cfadophora glomerata which covers the rocky shorelline, also occurs in the plankton (Hartman, @1973). Figure 27 shows the monthly variation-'in Chlorophycean populations. The,blue-green algae are most common during late summer as shown inFigure '28. A bloorn of Oscillatoria and Aphanizomenon often occurs during the -"dog days" of August (Hartman., 1973). Zooolankton. The bulk of the zooplankton is composed of Copepoda, partie-ziar-ily cyclopoid -copepods., -but rotifers and cla.docerans are also abundant.. Rotifer populations arethe most diverse* A zooplankton pulse (F-igure.29) normally occurs in June with increases in rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans as depicted in Figures 30, 31 and 321, respectively- A list of zooplankwn'as record ed by Reutter And -Reutter (1975) appears -in Table 33. No of organ isms/liter 1000 C,) -4- co -0 0 N) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. C- (D c c C.) l< CR < CD (D C-) z (D m 0 :t> 0 -4 CR V) (D cr cn NP. :of ot@,gfanisms/liter X 1000 (D (D ro ul 0)' -4: 00 -3 ? : p 0 9 9 9--@.. P, 9 :3 .(0 c X CO (0 cn rr. (n (D rr rr (D < cn- (D 0 (31 C) C= M 43 r-n --i CN (D u Lon V) 3 0 Lq No_ of organisms/liter (D (D 3 0 0 0 0 0: (D -C CA) 0 (D to C-) (D cn m CTI CTI (D 0) --A :3 . _L .(D (D An U) w tun co No.- of organ isms@l Lte r. ;u (D c (D 00 ro CAX 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C) 0 0, 0 0 0 0 0 (D (D c (D C,) -4 c (D (YI 0 X 0 CTI, M. <0 0 0 0 m 0-TIO -4 00 -01 cn 0 CL Cr > m cr (D _0 cn "0 -(D C)l CA) 115 1000 ir-41vidual Sample values 9W Monthly Means Boo L 700 600 500 L 0 0 400 300 200 100 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 1.51 15 1 15 1 15 1,5 1' 1,5 1 15 :11 April May June July Aug 'Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb tNircf. 1973 IQ74. FIGURE 29 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON P0PULAT10NS AT PUT-IN-BAY: 2 APRIL.1973-29 MARCH 1974. 1000 900 Individual Sample Values Monthly Means, L Boo U) 700 E 2 C 6w 0 500 0 400 300 200 100 0 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 31 April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March 1974 FIGURE 30 ROTIFER POPULATIONS AT PUT-I-N-BAY: 2 APRIL 1973- 29 MARCH 1974. 1000 900 800- L Individua.ISaMp Is Values 700 monthly Means 600 C 0 0 400 0 z 300 .200 100. 15 15 1 15 1 15 1 -15 1 15 15 1 15 I'S 5 @1 April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 'March 1973 1974 Date FIGURE 31 TOTAL COPEPOD POPULATIONS AT PUT-.;IN-BAY: 2.APRIL -1973- 29@MARCH 1974. 100 individual Sample Values Monthly Means so. 70 U) E -80 C 50. 0o 40- 0 0 z 30 20. 0 10. .0 .40 7 1 "15 16 j 1'5 1'5 15-1 April MAy June July Aug Sept Oct Nov -Dec Jan Feb' March 1973 1974 Date ..,FIGURE 32 'TOTAL,CLADOCERAN POPULATIONS ATPUT-IN-BAY: 2 APRIL 1.973- 29. MAR.CR -1974. 117 TAE3LE.33 @ZOOPLANKTON OF WESTERN LAKE- ERIE ROTIFERA CLADOCERA Asplanchna giroldi Alona sp. Asplanchna priodonta Bosmina sp. Brachionus angularis Camptocerus sp. Brachionus calyciflous Ceriodaphnia sp. Brachionus- havanaensis Chydorus sp. Brachionus patulus Daphnia galeata Brachionus quadridentatus Daphnia retracurva 'Brachionus urceblar-is Diaphanosoma sp. Chromogaster ovalis Holopedium gibb'erium Cono@_-hiloides sp. Leptodora kindtii Euchlanis sp. Fillnia, terminalis Hexarthra mira Kellicottia longispina Keratella cochlearis Keratella quadrata Lecane luna Lecane, lunaris Lepadella patella Mytilina sp. Notholca acuminata No-tholca squamula Pleosoma sp. Polyarthra sp. 'Pompholyx --sulcata Synchaeta sp. Trichocera, civtrfdrica Tricho-cera multicrinis COPEPOD.A Diaptomas sp. Eurytemora sp. Immature calanoid copepods Cyclops sp. 'Mesocyclops sp. Immature cyclopoid copepods Nauplii Data Source: Reutter and Reutter (1975) 118 Benthic Organisms The bottom community of the lake and ponds around the Erie Islands is an accumulation of diverse and abundant organisms occurring on several different substrates: mud, sand, clay, gravel, and rock. The species and abundance of organisms present are dependent upon substrate, water quality, and dissolved oxygen. Oligochaetes and chironomids (midges) occur most often and most universally. The tubificid oligochaete, Limnodrils, dominates the bottom fauna comprising 61% of the total fauna, particularily in soft mud which is the most common sediment. Chironomid larvae make up less than 20% and sphaeriid clams 10% of the benthos (Britt, et al., 1977). The remaining percentage of the benthic community includes leeches, amphipods, polychaete worms, mysids coelenterates, flatworms, mollusks, crustaceans and caddisflies. The aquatic isopod, Asellus r. racovitaz, accounts for most of this remaining percentage. At certain times of the year huge gelatinous colonies of bryozoans are found along the bottom and occassionally wash up on the beaches (Scholl, 1965) Britt et al. (1973) designates the benthqic population as representative of eutrophtc but not grossly polluted waters. Table 34 presents a list of the benthic orgnisms found the island area. Turtle Island lies on the outer fringe of Maumee Bay. A study of the Maumee Bay benthos was conducted by Herdendorf and Cooper (1975). The dominant organisms here were also found to be oligochaetes and chironomids with oligochaetes comprising 90% of the total population and chironomids 9.2%. At the station nearest to Turtle Island, some pelecypods (Pisidium and Sphaerium) were found to compose 4% of the sample. Freshwater mussels occur in small numbers throughout most of the island area, with more extensive populations found in the more sheltered habitats. One such area of concentratton is Fishery Bay on the north side of South Bass Island, which has been the site of extensive investiga- tions by Brown, et al.(1938 and Stansbery (1960). Brown et al. (1938) collected 24 species in Fishery Bay and Stansbery (1960) identified 27 species as occurring in the bay. The species around the islands are found predominantly on gravel bars in shallow water. Some freshwater mussels are also found on silt bottoms in deeper water, but they are generally smaller and slower growing than those of gravel bars. The lake mussels appear stunted when compared with their stream counter- parts and were formerly thought to be separate species (Stansbery, 1960). 119 TABLE 34 BENTHIC MACROINVETEBRATE ORGANISMS OF LAKE ERIE ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA Hirudinea Gastropoda Helobdella elongata Physa sp. H. stagnalis Heliosoma sp. H. Fusca Amnicola sp. Glossiphonia complanta Buimus tentaculata G. heteroclita Valvata sincera Erpobdella punctata V. tricarinata Polychaeta Campeloma sp. Oligochaeta Goniobasis sp. AUlodrilus limnobius Somatogyra s. A. pluriseta Pelecypoda Branchiura sowerbyi Ligumia recta 11yodrilus templetoni Lampsilis radiata luteola Limnodilus cervix Leptodea sp. L. cervix variant Pisidium sp. L. claperedeianus Pisidium ompressum L. hoffmeisteri Sphaerium sp. L. maumeesis L. spirallis COELENTERATA L. udekemianus Hydra sp. Peloscolex ferox P. multisetosus PLATYHELMINTHES Potamothrix moldaviensis Planaridae P. vejdovskyi Rhabodocoela Tubifex tubifex Dero digitata ECTOPROCTA Pectinatella magnifica ARTHROPODA Crustacae Asellus r. racovitzai Gammarus fasciatus Insecta Oecetis sp. Oecetis eddlistoni Chironomnus plumosus C. riparus C. (Cryptochironomous) sp. Coelotanypus Data Source: Procladius sp. Britt et al. (1977) Tanypus sp. 120 Terrestrial Invertebrates Published studies of terrestrial invertebrates from the LAke Erie islands are limited in number. Horwath (1964) compiled a list of insects Found on GibraltAr Island. This study related species, encounter- ed to habitat. The dominant groups present were Trichoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (Appendix A). It is assumed.that these species also occur in similar habitats on the other islands and that many additional species occur on the larger as well as the less developed islands. Kennedy(1922) studied the distribution of dragonfly species encountered in the vicinity of the island wetlands. Table 35 lists the species found and their preferred habitats. A distinct species preference was noted for wetlands in different successional stages, with Put-in-Bay harbor being the most open area and Fox's Pond (marsh) being the most advanced successional area studied. The distribution of spiders on the Lake Erie islands (Table 36 has been studied intensively by Beatty (1971). This effort has resulted in a CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS which records species, frequency of occurrence, and collection site. This checklist is presented and summarized in Appendix A. Dr. Beatty. has collected spiders in the island region annually since 1959. The long term goal of the study is a contribution to the field of island biogeography. Most publications dealing with the terrestrial mollusks of the islands were prepAred forty to fifty years ago--Allen (1915), Clapp (1916), Goodrich (1916) and Ahlstrom (1930). All of these publications, describe a large number of snails covering the ground throughout their respective study areas. Duncan (1977) attributes the lack of leaf litter in the island woodlots to the large local snail populations and to extreme weather conditions. Goodrich (1916) indicates that the islands support a number of unique subspecies: "We hope at some future date to pay a more lesurely visit to these Islands and make a more thorough study of, the geology and botany. with the idea of getting additional light on their age, at this may indicate how long it takes a species, such as Pyramidula solitaria (Anguispira kochi)-which goes back to Inter IF not pre-glacial time unchanged From its present typical form- to change to distinct, and strongly Marked races, as on the islands." Taft (1961) records nine species of snail as occurring only in the island area (Table 37). One species, Triodopsis albolabri's goodrichi, was found only on South Bass Island and Kelleys Island. Anguispira kochi strontiana is currently confined to Green Island. The land snails known From the island reg ion are listed in Appendix A. 121 TABLE 35 @..'@@SUCCESSION OF-DRAGONFL Y SPECIE S- AS -ISLAND PONDS DEVELOP.AND AGE TAXA Open ate'r 4. dosed .-Pond - L 0 .0 - .0 L . f, L -c >; 0 "0 0 C 0 0 iL :4) 0- c- ca 4j , (L - c - - .0 L a) (n L 0) C E c c 0- .0 -x - :3 L C (0 0 E 0 W T- LL (f) Gomphus -pjagiatu-ii, KXX KXX Gornp hus-. @/a istus ><Xx. >@x - - Neuro-cordulia yam&�kensis ><XX">< X-X ><X. Macroma- iffi-noie n-sis X ><XX Argia. moesta X-X>< xx @ xx Enallagna carunculatum XX><XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Enallagr?a exs@ulans XX),<XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX>0<X Ischnura vertic&llis X> IIXX> @'XXXXXXXXXXXXXX> XX>< Enallagna. .-ebrium-,.. X,<Xx"<Xx/%,/Xxxxxxxxxxx>, Trameia, lacerata: X@l <x><,N <XXXXXXXXXXXN Anax junius- X" <XXll (XXXXXX>0<XXX> lIX Enallagna signaiturn XXN XXXXXX>O<X>O<X Libellulc@ pulchella x XXXXXXXXXXKX L ibellula luctuosa - XXN XxXxxxxxxxxx XXXXXXXXXXXXX -Lestes r@ectangularts: X, LeuQcirrhinia. intacta, XXXXXXXXXXXX Erythemis simplicicollis kxxxxxxxxxxx: N-ehalennia' irenO XXX>O<XXXXXX Pachydiplex -longipennis XXXXXXXXXXXXKX Lestes forcipatus Xxxxxxxxxx@<XKXX Syrnipe@ru'm - obtrusum Xxxxxxxxxxxx><xx. Sympetrum vicinurn XXXXXXKXXXX>0<X Syr,npetrum -rubicuridulum =(Xxx>0<xxxx><xx Lestes- uncatus: Xxx XXI Lestes unquEculatus xxx xx, Data Sour'ce: Kenn6dy (1922) 1 2R -'TABLE ABUNDANCE OF SPIDERS ON THE'LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Island - of Species-, South Bass Gibraltar- 130 Xelleys North"Bass'- 62 Middle Bass 67 Green 51 Rattlesnake' 42 -Ballast 25 East.. Sisitdr' .20 West Sister -35 -76 Pelee. Sugar- -13 -Starve large- Rattle small Rattle 5 Ballast .12 Mg, Chicken -,6. Data _S ou rce: 8 eatty (197 1 Beatty,'. pjersonal communication (1.977) 123 TABLE 37 LAND SNAILS OF OHIO FOUND ONLY IN THE ISLAND AREA Allogona profunda strontiana Anguispira alternata eriensis A. kochi albina A. kochi mynesites A. kochi roseo-apcata A.kochi strontiana Mesodon inflectus medius Succinea higginsi Triodopsis albolabris goodrichi (only on South Bass and Kelleys) Data Source: Taft(1961) Fish The western basin has long been considered to have the most valuable fish spawning and nursery grounds in the lake and is the site of extensive sport fishing. Ninety-five species of fish have been reported from the lake waters surrounding the Islands. These species have differed in abunddance and dominance throughout recorded time. When the area was first settled lake sturgeon, cisco, whitefish, blue pike, and walleye were the most important members of the fish community. Dominant species today are perch, bass, channel catfish, alewife, gizzard shad, carp, goldfish, freshwater drum, and emerald shiner (Scholl, 1970). Hartman (1973) attributes the change in species dominance to the following conditions: 1) an intense, opportunistic, ineffectively controlled commercial fishery, 2) changes in the watershed, such asa erosion and siltation of stream beds and inshore lake areas, and construction of dams in tributaries, 3) nutrient loading, destruction of biota, and reduction of dissolved oxygen, and 4) the competitive and predatory activities of invading species. The damming and draining of many tributaries and marshes made spawning grounds inaccessibl to the sturgeon and sager. The decline of hte lake sturgeon was also a result of unprecedented killing by fisherman for damage caused to fish nets. Since the sturgeon does not spawn until it is 20 years old, this senseless killing greatly reduced its numbers. Introduced species such as the carp and goldfish have readily established them- selves in the western basin. The areaa is no longer fished commercially to any great extent; almost all fishing is recreational. Smith, et al. (1973) lists 16 species in the "Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of Ohio" as seen in Table 38. Commercially important fish species and sport fish are given in Tables 39 and 40, respectively. ` Sauger (S. canadense)were stocked in Sandusky Bay during 1974, 1975, and 1976 by ODNR, Division of Wildlife. A complete table of the Erie island species is found in the Appendix. Fisheries. The Turtle Island area and Maumee Bay are important spawning and forage areas for many commercially important fish. The species utilizing the bay as a nurser area are, in order of abundance: gizzard shad, freshwater drum, yellow perch and white bass. (Herdendorf and Coopr, 1975). Adult catches in the bay region are dominated by rough fish species. The gizzard shad was the most abundant rough fish species captured. Other rough fish contributing signifiatly to the total catch are: alewife, carp,and freshwater drum. Forage fish include spottail shiner and emerald shiner (Herdendorf and Cooper, 1975). 0 125 TABLE 38 RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION Endangered BIRDS ACCIPITER STRIATUS VELOX Sharp-shinned hawk Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle Rallus e. elegans King rall Sterna h. hirundo Common tern FISH Acipenser fulvescens Lake -sturgeon Lepisosteus oculatus Spotted gar Hiodon tergisus Mooneye Coregonus artedii Great Lakes Cisco Esox m. masquinongy Great Lakes muskellunge Notropis emiliae Pugnose minnow Moxostoma valenciennesi Greater redhorse Erimyzon sucetta Lake chubsucker Lota Iota Burbotexile Etheostoma exile Iowa darter Percina copelandt Channel darter Stizostedion vitreum glaucum Blue pike Possibly Endangered FISH Cottus ricei Spoonhead sculpin Stizostedion canadense Sauger Rare FISH Coregonus clupeaformis Lake Whitefish Data sources: Smith, et al. (1973); Ohio Department of Natural, Resources, Division of Wildlife Publication No. 316 (1976). TABLE, COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH S@PECiES- OF THE LAKE ERIE JSLAND REGION Apiod.i'notus grunniens- Freshwater@, dru M* Carassius. auratus -Goldf[sh Catastoma-sp.,and:Moxos@o,ma-sp. Suckers arp Cyprinus carpio Ictallurus punctatus- Channel Catfish Ictalurus -,sp.- Bull-heads -Morone -chrysops White Bass Perca Flavescens 'Yellow Perch Stizostedlon-. vitreum Vitreum Walleye' Data Source@ Ohio Department of-Natural Resources, Div. Wildlife (1975) 127 TABLE 40- SPORT FISH SPECIES OF THE LAKE ERIE -ISLAND REGION Ambloplites rupestris Rock'bass Esox lucius Northern pike Eso-x masquinongy Muskellun-ge Ictalurus punctatus Channel catfish L6pomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Lepomis macrochirus -Bluegill M-icropteruls ddlom'ieui Sm'--allmouth bass Micropterus salmoides L-argemouth bass Morone chrysops White bass Oncorh:@n,6us kisutch Coho'salmon Perca Flavescens Yellow perch- Pomoxis annularis White crappie Pomoxis nigromaculabus-- Black crappi.e Stizostedion canadense Sauger Stizostedion vitreUm, vitreum Wal I-eye Data Source: Ohio -Department -of Natural Resources, Div.'Wildlife (1975) 0 128 Important commercial and sport fish in thebay area include: walleye, yellow perch, white bass, and channel catfish (Herdendorf and Cooper, 1975). The fish community structure of Maumee Bay as revealed by gill net sampling in the spring of 1974 is shown in Figure 33. To determine if environmental conditions in Maumee Bay excluded any fish, Fraleigh, et al. (1975) surveyed Scott and Crossman (1973) to develop a list of species that would be expected in the spring in the bay based on the present species in Lake Erie (Table 41). The only species on the list not found in sampling by Fraleigh, et al. was the mooneye(hiodon tergisus). However, during 1975 several specimens of larval mooneye were taken with an ichthyoplankton net in the north bay area near Turtle Island (Herdendorf and Cooper, 1975). This indicates that Maumee Bay is a relatively healthy ecosystem in terms of the fisheries found there. C') IE- (D =r @-a Ia. :0 CL ID. En c+- Cn @l q 0CD c+ CD (D m 0 pa --h W. < -h0 ID , - -3 W- :3- U H. :E (D a P3 c+ A) @t CD (n 0) 0 0 (0 -h 0) :3 0) N (D 0 - $ - :s (A 0 C CD 9) r- p - 9 C) :3 Ef) (D 77 -0 @+ 0 m c 0) 'Eli 0) :3 CD :5 (D c FL (D 0 77 (D -5 CD 1, 0 *1 ID @-F 92L a M i c C c 78 H_ (D (D rz -3 cn 0) w m c 0. w - 0 - .1 P. . :T c CD (D a 0) En 0 -0 IE :3 ID :I- --h C 0 P) :r.(D 0) CD 0) 0 W 0 CL :3 0) P. (D La -3 :3 CD X", R X, 0 CL (D Fp Oa. ll@ c+ ID, (D (D 7r l< -30 cn l< -C 0 0 0 0 a a cr < -1 CD IF is 0 - c :3 0) W(1) 1 G) 0 0 (D 9 G) CD rj) Q. CL :3, .::3 =- 2& ,3 a) 3 1@ :3 CD 3 0) CL.0 0-0 (A En 0) c (1) CL Lo W ID m .1 < -5 :3 co l< 9 -S It- ."I (D CL (D a- D) 0 0 H. co H. rh 0 < H. < < CL -W CD (D I- (D ri) X, 1: (D 9) 0) (D a. 13 +. 0- 0 > 0 co m Iff0 le 0 -3 IE CD _3 -01 A, H I: (D t W. I@t 0 iwo La La- ol o -03 0 LO 18, 0 0 0 0 cli, 0 (D (D 0 (D (D Z (n + (p V) :r 1+ Z, =r Z (D 0 (D 0 0 0 w 0- CD CD -T 0 0 0 0 :3 0- CL 2) (D rt 0 C+ (A @+ L 0 - 0 < < 0 -3 3 0 0 0 0 a 0 (D a 0- (D (D (D T -4 -;@- m c+ 0 0 SR. (D P) 0'o 0 0 (D :5 0 :3 a -0a Z 0CD cl- a (n < 0 a Q-,a 0-0 a-S 3 1 0 a 0 r- a 0 (D (D 03 -3 c+ -3 ID (D -0 -3 - @+ c+ -3 z .1 0. - PL 0) (D 0. U) 7 0@ 1 a.- cl- a 0 :3 = H (D a 0 0 m 0 (D 0 fn 1@ p fu a - - =$ CL = T- = M :5 CD 03 C) P. (D 5 0 UY D) --h 1 0 0- CD Q) ID 1 0 - - - . @. 0 , a :3a m (n -0 a 0 0 < (D -3 CD co CD m m 3 -3 (n .@F (A , (D -h w 0 0 -0,w W. (D :3 0 0 o (A m CL 0 In 0) se 0 :3 Z, CL (D C: 0 0- co P) -5 F1 0 0 63L TABLE 41 -continu6d ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FISHES CAUGHT IN MAUMEE. BAY IN THE SPRING OF 1974 Spawning Adult Fish Feeding Importance to Man Tim Niche Gizzard shad probably over sarid Late spring phytoplankton Small gizzard shad are an Dorosoma cepedianum or gravel bottom to summer -feeders important forage fish.for game .(Lesueur) and commercial species.'. Alewife shallow beaches, Spring zooplankton Generally conside@ed a,nuisance 41osa pseudoharengus ponds and quiet feeders due to annual die- .offs but can, TW-11-on) rivers be an important forage fish for. game and'commercial species. Rainbow trout fine gravel in a @.@..;Spring' predato r on fish one of the top five sport fish Salmo gairdneri riffle above a pool, in North America co Richardson in a small stream or 0 outlet o@ such a stream Northern pike in weedy flood plains Early Spring fish predator important but rare commercial Esox luCI*US of river's and in and sport fish LinnaZ s mar-shes and weedy bays Mooheye pools in turbid river's, Late spring to omnivore minor commercial and sport fish Hiodon tergisus backwater lakes and early summer 17esueur' ponds Emerald shiner midwater Late spring to.' plankton major food item,for' several sport Notropis atherinoides, summer fish; used as bait.minnow by ran Rafines'que Spoitail shiner over sandy shoals Spring and early' omnivore an important forage fish; used 'Notropis hudsonius summer. @is bait minnow,by man (Clinton) Logperch sandy inshore Late spring benthic carnivore unknown importance as forage fish Percind.caprodes shallows for game and Commercial species (Rafinesque) Data Source: Fraleigh, et al (1975); Scott and Crossman (1973) M M 131 80- EAST AREA 70 60-. M ALEWIFE a GIZZARD-.'SHAD 50 CARP aGOLDFI.SH CHANN'tE r AT Ili 30 - Wl 04 20 NX BA 10 6 13 2-0 25 APRIL MAY- JUNE FIGURE 33. NUMB ER @01` F-I S,H CAPTURED WITH.GILL NETS IN THE EASTERN PART OF- MAUMEE BAY, SPRI.NG -1974 (F,RALEI-GH-, ET AL. , 1975) 132 Amphibians and'Reptiles-* The amphibians and reptiles of the island Fauna are, -found In the open lakes', ponds,. marshes, caves, along the shore, and on dry-land.. The mudpuppy is fairly- common in the open water.9 burrowing into. the muddy bottom. Several species of salamanders-, Frogs, toads, and newts are Found., in a variety of habitats. At one. time the islands supported a dense population of snakes. Many journals of early explorers and settlers tell of such great numbers oF'rattlesnakes that one could practically tread on one with every step. After years of being- slal"Qhtered on sight and hunted by herds of hogs shipped to the islands., the tim ber rattlesnake has not been sighted since 1951 and- has probably- been extirpated (Langlois, 1964). Also, mentioned was a '.'hissing snake" which -was said to blow a nauseous wind upon -its..victim that could prove fatal if inhaled. - This snake has been compared to the common water snakes (Natrix sipedo )of the area which bite viciously -when attacked and secrete, a fbul smelling substance from musk glands as a defense mechanism (Frohman., 1971). The inland water -snake (Natrix sipedo insularum) remains fairly com mon around the -islands, particularly the Uninhabited ones,_ and can be seen swimm.ing along the shore With its head above -water or sunning on the -Flat - rocks distinctly banded or vegetation near the waterys edge. In contrast to the pattern- of the northern water snake (N..s. sipedon), large specimens of -the Lake Erie water snake. are usually' a uniform green-brown pat- tern. The s hift towards unbanded pattern types on the rslands*has been attributed to strong post-natal selection, 'demonsitrabLe without regard to, selective agent (Camin and Ehrlich, 1958). Populations of rare triploid salamanders of the genus Ambystoma sp. ex ist on Kelleys, Middle Bass, and North Bass Island. - The North Bass Island population is particularly unique in that hybrid, individuals occur. This complex population is Fairly well -established -in the vicinity of Fox's Marsh and is rarely disturbed.. Ambystoma- sp. -and. A. texanum occur-in the wetlands of Middle Bass. The Middle Bass Island populations are threatened by habitat destruction.. These populations have been under study For several years by Dr. Floyd Downs of Wooster College. A list of the amphibians and reptiles and their habitats recorded fbr the.islands appears. in Table 42. A complete list by island is given in Appendix A. 133 TABLE 42 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE LAK'E ERIE ISLANDS SPECIES HABITAT (Common Na@ne) Lake Pond Shore -MArsh Cove Terrestrial Noctu rus m. maculosus (rnUd1:z-PPY) x Arnbystorra jGfFers nianurn (Jerfers on salarnand@Tr-) x Ambystoma maculatum (spotted salamttnder) x Ambystoma, texanUM (small-;mo6th salamander) X. Arnbystoma t. ttgrinum (eastern tiger salama.der) X- bi@mictylus v. vtr@descens 3 (red-spotted newt) x x Plethodon c. cinet'C'U'S (red-backed salamander) x Sufo 6. americanus (Ame ri can toad) x Rana ca-tesbeiann (bullfrog) x Rana p. pipien (northern leopard frog) x Chelydra s. -4 - serpentina (common snapping tu rtl a) x Emycfoidea biandingi (Blanding's turtle) x Graptemys gdographica (map t;@rtie) x GraEtc@-ys eicta Marginata (midland.painted turtle) Natrix- kirtlandi (Kirtland's water Snake) Natrix s. sipedon (northern water snake) x Natrix sipedon Ins"Ularum '(Lake Erie water snake) x Storeria d dekayi (no,-t@e-r@ brown snale) x Thamnophis a. strtalls (eastern garter snake)- x Heterodon contortrix (hog-nose snake) x Diadophis punctatus udwardsti (northern ringneck snake) x Coluber c. constrictor =a@k racer) x Colube constrictor flaiventris (eastern yellow-bellied rac3r) x Coluber constrictor f6xi (blue raci@r) x Elaphe vulpina qj&A (eastern fox snake) x Elaphe o. 'obsoleta (black rat snake) x Crotalus h. horridus x x After Langlois (1964). Formerly prt!sent; current status uncertain, probably absent' Birds The 'islands in western Lake Erie have a wide variety of- birds and waterfowl. 'These - fall into - four categor-ies': permanen t residents, winter -visitors (most often found only -in winter), half-,hardy- birds (transients or- summer residents which sometimes,stay --through the winter), and a&cidenta.1'1.vi_�itors. (Table 43). Bird. watching- -is- a popular sport on -the islands for -visitors and islanders alike. A i--ook&ry. of black-crowned night herons, common egrets.,- great blue herons, and green herons- exists on West Sister Island .which is a National Wildl ,ife Refuge.. :Thousands of birds -nest here every yearY occupying nearly every available space.- With s'uch a- concentrated population in this sn@all_ area, the birds- are forced to go great distances to feed and are seen -feeding in the mainland marshes and around the other islands. An occasional nest- will be found on the other. islands, particularily - the uninhabited ones but. never to the extent of the colonies on West Sister.. Rocky,'. largely -barren Starve Island was a'-favorite' nesting site for common. terns until they were crowded out by the herring -gulls... Ligas (1952) reporte .d that 1052 -tern -nests were counted in, 1939" bLit in 19'64 the island was reported to be'completely taken-over by the herring gulls -(Langlois, 1964).- 'It is- interesting to note that in 1926 there was only one herring,gulf nest on 'Starve. Island and no record of herring gulls' nesting anywhere along the Ohio.shoreline (Shipman, 1927). Other" favored. nesting sites: include the Rattles off Rattlesnake Island, Lost Ballast, .and several. rock outcroppings occurring arou.nd the islands. - The. nearby Canadian islands are -also- popular nesting areas for herons, gulls, egrets, and cormorants. -An -occasional tern can be seen amid the flocks of gulls following theJerry boats, but their numbers have been drastically reduced s@ince_ the. arrival - of the herring gulls.. Critical nesting and- migration -areas are given -in Table 44. In 192-1 the ring-necked pheasant was -stocked. on South Bass Island by the, Ohio Division'of Fish and Game (Langlois, unpub1ished manuscript). -The multiplied and have- become a nuisance to the Farmers and grape growers, but are a great attrz@ction for hunte rs-in late fall. The other islands. also- support. a fairly large pheasant population -and together with the northern marshes -in the state. represent the only sites of any significant -numbers of ring-necked pheasants ret@naining in Ohio (Trautman and Trautman- 1968.), Rattlesnake: Is'lahd- was stocked 'with -g-olden pheasants and wRd turkeys about-thtrty years ago (Ross,. 1949), but neither. remain today although the ring-rie.cked -'Pheasant is still common. As defined. in "Rare and Endangered- Vertebrates--of Ohi611 .135 (Smith, Pt. al., 1973) no end angered species nests on the'islands (Table 38)-, Several years a Igo single nests of the-northern bal.d eagle were located on South Bass', Green, Kelleys, Rattlesnake, and West -Sister Islands'.. -but todEiy there'. are -no. known active nests.on the islands. The following species Found in the area -are considered to be rare by Sm ith, et a-1 - (1973): common egret, least bittlern,. hooded merganser, king rail, common tern, and orchard-orlote. Ten species common to the islands 'are -listed as- being of undetermined status due to noticeable decreases in populationsin recent years and bear further surveillance. These species include: pied-billed grebe, American -bittern, ring-necked pheasant, common gallinule, black tern, purple martin, -crow, warbling vireoI baltimore oriole., 'and rough-winged swallow. A list of birds reported for each island appears in the Appendix. 136 TABLE 43 BIRDS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Permanent Anas rubripes Common black duck Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus Northern bald eagle. Phasianus colchicus torquatus Ring-necked pheasant Larus argentatus Herring gull Otus asio Eastern screech owl Dendrocopus pubescens Northern downy woodpecker Corvus brachyrhynchos common crow Thyothrus indovicianus Carolina wren Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing Sturnu vulgaris vulgaris Starling Passer domesticus domesticus House sparrow Richmondena cardinalis Cardinal Melopiza melosia Song sparrow Winter Glaucionetta clangula americana Common goldeneye Larus marinus Great black-backed gull Nyctea scandlaca Snowy owl Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay Parus atricapillus Black-capped chickadee Sitta carolinensis White-breasted nuthatch Certhla familiaris Brown creeper Regulus satrapa satrapa GQlden-crowned kinglet Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina Evening grosbeak Carpodacus purpureus purpureus Purple finch Junco hyemalis Slate-colored junco Spizella arborea arborea Tree sparrow Half Hardy (Transients or summer residents) Gavia immer Common loon Colymbus auritus Horned grebe Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Pied-billed grebe Phalacrocorax auritus Double-creasted cormorant Ardea herodias Great blue heron Casmerodius albus egretta Common egret Butoides virescens virescens Green heron Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned night heron Botaurus lentiginosus American bittern Ixobrychus exilis exilis Least bittern 0lor columblanus Whistling swan 137 TABLE 43 (Con't) BIRDS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Half Hardy (Continued) Branta - canadenis Canada goose Chen hyperborea Snow goose Chen caerulescens Blue goose Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Mallard Aix sponsa Wood duck Aythy americana Redhead Aythya collaris Ring-necked duck Aythya valisineria Canvas-back Aythya affinis Lesser scaup duck Glaucionetta albeola Buffle-head Anas discors B1ue-winged teal Mareca americana Bald pate Spatula- clypeata Shoveler Melanitta perspicillata Surf scoter Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded merganser Mergus merganser americanus Common merganser Mergus serrator Red-breasted merganser Cathartes aura Turkey vulture Accipiter striatus velox Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk Buteo plat Broad-winged hawk ypterus platypterus Buteo lagopus Rough-legged hawk Circus cyaneus hudson1us Marsh hawk Pandion haliatus carolinensis Osprey Falco sparverius Sparrow hawk Rallus elegans elegans King ra i I Rallus limicola limicola Virginia rail Porzana carolina Sora rail Gullinula chloropus cachinnans Common gallinule Fulica americana American coot Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris Semipalmated plover Charadrius vociferUs vociferUs K illdeer Squatarola sqUatrola Black-bellied plover Arenaria interpers morinella Ruddy turnstone Philohela minor Woodcock Capella gallinago delicata Common snipe Philohela minor Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Hudsonian curlew Actitus macularia Spotted sandpiper 138 TABLE 43 (Con't) BIRDS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Half Hardy (Continued) Tringa solitaria solitaria Solitary sandpiper Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Willet egs Totanus melanoleucus Greater yellowl Totanus flavipes Lesser yellowlegs Caladris canutus rufus Knot Erolia maritima Purple sandpiper Erolia minUtilla Least sandpiper Limndromus griseus Dowitcher Ereunetes pusillus Semipalmated sandpiper Crocethia alba Sanderling Steganopus tricolor Wilson's phalarope Larus delaware Ring-billed gull us philadelphia Bonaparte's gull Lar Sterna hirundo hirundo Common tern Hydroprogne caspia Caspian tern Chlidonias nigra surinamensts Black tern Zenaidura macroura Mourning dove Coccyzus amertcanus americanus Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Black-billed cuckoo Tyto alba pratincola Barn owl Aegolius acadica acadicA Saw-whet owl Caprimu1guS vociferus Whip-poor-will Chordeiles minor Common night hawk Chimney swift chaetura pelagica Archilochus co lubris Ruby-throated hummingbird Megaceryle alcyon alcyon Belted kingfisher Colaptes aurates Yellow-shafted flicker CentUrus carolinus Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes e. erythrocephalus Red-headed woodpecker Sphyrapicus varius varius Yellow-bellied sapsucker Tyrannus tyrannus Kingbird Mylarchus crinitus Great-crested flycatcher Sayornis phoebe Phoebe Empidonax Flaviventris Yellow-bellied flycatcher Empidonax trailli trailli Alder flycatcher Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher Contopus virens Wood pewee Eremophila alpestris alpestris Northern horned lark Eremophila alpestris practicola Prairie horned lark Iridoprocne bicolor Tree swallow 139 TABLE 43(Con't) BIRDS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Half Hardy (Continued) Rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Barn swallow Purple martin Progne s ubris subris Parus carolinensis Carolina chickadee Parus bicolor Tufted titmouse Troglodytes troglodytes hiemalis Eastern house wren Troglodytes bewickli Bewick's wren Telmatodytes palustris Long billed marsh wren Cistothorus platensis stellaris Short-billed marsh wren Dumetella carolinensis Catbird fum Toxostoma rufum ru Brown Thrasher Turdus migratorus Robin) Hylocihla mustelina Wood thrush Eastern he rmit thrush Hylocichla guttata faxoni Hylocichla ustalata swainsonii Swa inson's thrush Hylocichla minima Gray-cheeked thrush Hylocichla fuscescens Veery Sialia sialia Eastern bluebird Polioptila caerulea caerulea Blue-graygnatcatcher Regulus calendula calendula Ruby-crowned kinglet Anthus spinoletta rubescens American Water pipet Lanius excubitor borealis Northern shrike Vireo solitarius Solitary vireo Vireo olivaceus Red-e'yed vireo Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia vireo vireo gilvus qilvus Warbling vireo Dendroica petechia Yellow warbler SeJurus aurocapills Ovenbird Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla Northern yellow-throat Setopha ruticilla A merican redstart Species Unknown Warbler Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink Sturnella magna Eastern meadowlark Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird Icterus spurius Orchard oriole Icterus galbUa Baltimore oriole Quiscalus quiscula versicolor Common grackle Molothrus ater ater Brown-headed cowbird Piranga olivacea Scarl et tanager Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted grosbeak 140 TABLE 43(Con't) BIRDS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Half Hardy (Continued) - Passerina cyanea Indigo bunting Spinus pinus pinus Pine siskin American goldfinch spinus tristis tristis White-winged crossbill Loxia leucoptera- leucoptera Pipilo erthrophthalmus Eastern towhee Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah sparrow Amodramus savannarum Grasshopper, sparrow Passerherbulus henslowii Henlow's sparrow Poaecetes gramineus gramineus Vesper sparrow Junco oreganus Oregon junco Spizella passerina passerina Chipping sparrow Spizella pusilla pusilla Field, sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow Plectrophenadx nivalis nivalis Snow bunting Accidental Visitors Colymbu,s nigricollis californicus Eared grebe Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus Glossy ibis Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger Urialomvia Iomvia Thick-billed murre Seiurus motacilla Louisiana waterthrush Data Sources: Langlois. and Langlois (1964a) Trautman and Trautman (1968) aM TABLE 44 CRITICAL BIRD NESTING AND MIGRATION AREAS ISLAND, NE @T I'k G 0EAS 'GRAf IDN, AR@EAS; REMAR'kS Wett'Sitter #eat..blUe. heron,, green., 100 nesting egrets heron, t,[email protected]'o.wned nigJit heron, common egret Catawba East,Harbor waterfowl West Harbor Middle Ha.rbor. Resting area for, migrating, waterfowl Starve 'herri n' gull@ 9 'Green herring gull -passerine, -P. South. Bass' black-.@cr6wned night passerin e Cedar roost.west:of Put,-in-.Bay, heron, owned @b@- @H,ei,nem6n"s Yinery6 i,s major stopover for blackbirds. North Bass .bl.ack-croWned, night waterfowl Major blackbird, -robin, and blde.jay fligh ts p*ov6r here from Point Pelee. heron@ waterfowl, shorebirds sto Bal I a st herring' gu,l 1,, ring- billed-q4ll .Gu 1.1 Island Shoal he rr,i ng.: g u I I Only during low water years. Kelleys waterfowl waterfowl; Marsh nearly filled i n.. passerine @=r- ca M, m (D -> : = -(D C-) CA CD- r cL (A C+ (D (D V) C+ rD' C/) CD :3 =r@ =r =r 0 =r (M 0 0 0@ (M. Cr - (1) (D rD -1 CD c 0 -5 a 5 -5 -5 (D -S 0 a W to @ a I , CD =- 0 -1@ --I (,s) -5 ::E- (D (D C+ fD =5 (D = = (D mun a- CD- CD M m 0-- (D -5 -1, -to to 0 (M U3 0 m 0 pi, a r- 0 r- -1 --:3 'Cl 1+ - C+ Cr cr C) 0) 0 rD (D 0' =5. CD -C.+ 0- -S 0 1 M Q. (D An (D C+ (D -n CD (D X ;o . .:3 0 m (D CL C+ CL - rn CA Cn 7 143 Mammals The species diversity of mammals 1nhablting the islands is understandably low considering their isolation From the mainland and the- small area. involved. - Only thirteen speci es have-beenrecorded as being permanent residents and these are all small animals. Raccoon, red Fox, and muskrat occur in small numbers due. to lack of suitable habitat. Several species of mice exist, usually In areas of human popu lation (Fall et al,_ 1968). The Nor-way rat is particularly dependent upon -human habitation as its main center of repopulatio'n is the-'dump. An exotic population of the eastern woodrat is Found'on Gibraltar Island. It -is known- in Ohio only in the southern portIon of the state. It is suggested that a pregnant Female arrived with a shipment oF equipment delivered to the F.T. Stone Laboratory on the island, and the popula- tion-became established in 1973 when the lab was relatively unoccupied (CLEAR, 1974). Its _contin'ued'exi8tence on Gibraltar Island is unconfirmed. A,gampaign to -e I im tnate the h tgh- number of rats on South Bass Island. by poisoning in 1052 severely -depleted'the population of eastern gray- squirrels. Concerned islanders -imported several black squirrels from Be.1le Isle -Park in Detroit to help reverse- this situation (Langlois, unpublished manuscript). The* two species. interbred to the extent that the only squirr6ls: present to day are. melanistic eastern gray squirrels. The cottontail -rabbit accounts For a large percentage of the mammal population of the- islands. little brown bat is a permanent resident of the Islands., but its secretive, nature prevents it from being _obvtous. It remains dor- mant throughout the winter and is. able to withstand extreme cold. temperatures'.. -Empty cottages, boathouses, sheds, barns and caves provide-an abundance of sites suitable for habitation. A herd of African Mountain sheep- roam wild on Rattlesnake IE;Iand where they were introduced -a number -of years ago (Faris, 1976). Dur- ing the severe winter of -1-976-1977 the herd. was reduced From nine to three (Larry Wilson, personal communication). A small number of deer live in the remaining' wild areas of Catawba Island and the adjacent Marblehead Peninsula. During cold winters when the lake free.zes over -they 9ccas; iorially cross the ice to some of the islands. Several were sig.hted.on Kelleys, Island in December,- 1976 .soon after the ice had formed (Schutte,' personal communication). A I ist of mammals, presently occupying the islands is found in Table 45 144 TABLE 45 MAMMALS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS Blarina brevicauda (short-tailed shrew) Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole) Mus musculus (house mouse) Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat)* Ondatra- zibethica (muskrat) Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) Peromyscus manLculatus bairdil (deer mouse) Procyon lotor(raccoon) Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) Sciurus carolinensis (eastern gray squirrel.) Sylvilagus Floridanus (cottontail rabbit) Vulpes Fulva (red Fox) Data Sources: Fall, et al. (1968) CLEAR (1974) Langlois (unpublished manuscript) * Unpublished, probably nonextant 145 -HISTOIRY OF THE LAKE ER,IE ISLAND REGION Historical Background Due largely to use of the Ottawa River system across Canada as, a route between the St. Lawrence River and the upper lakes and the ferocity of the Iroquois Indians occupying the territory to. the south-P Lake Erie -was the last of, the Great Lakes to be discovered by European man. The Frenchman Louis. Jolliet is the first to have recorded* seeing Lake Erie.-in 1569. In -1@379, on a trip across the lake aboard the Griffin, the Famous explorer Robert de LaSalle stopped at- Middl -e Bass Island- where Father Louis Hennepin cele- brated the First Catholic mass in the midwest. This was also the First recorded visit by white man to the islands-. The succession of ownership and habitation of the islands Is rather confusing due to conflicting reports and lack of accurate records. Reports show the.land to be simultaneously claimed by the French, British, Am-ericans (including several states), and the Indians.. After the War of 1812 there was still -some. confusion as to which islands were Canadian and which were American. A com- mission established by the Treaty of Ghent determined ownership of the islands as Follows: Middle, Pelee, Hen and Chickens, East and Middle 'Sister, and North Harbor - Canadian; -South Bass, Middle Bass, North Bass, West -Sister, Kelleys- Sugar, Green, Ballast Rattlesnake, -and Gibraltar - American.. A definitive -boundary was not set until 1913 when the International Waterways Commission establ.ished the boundary as a series of straight lines determined in reference to Fixed objects on the. islands. Archeological excavations on Kelleys Island- indicate -occupa- tion as eariy-as. 3000.B.C. (Behnke et al, 1974). Inscription Rock tells the story oF..the Erie Indians, 9_fteF"_\mhpm'the lake was named, and pictures -the Final annih.ilation of the tribe by the Iroquois. It is -thought that none of the other islands served as permanent rest- den ces for any Indian tribe, ra ther. they were used For hunting grounds and resting points for travel across @he take. The.Ottawa Indians Frequented the area until 1831 and are the subject and source of many legends about Catawba Island. 'A large part of r@orthe'rn Ohio and Pennsylvania was granted to -Connecticut in 16.62 by Charles It of England. All but .3,000-,000 acres along the lakeshore, the Western Reserve, were Felinquished in 1-786 when Congress designated the Northwest Territory (Hatcher, 1,46 1945).- In 1793 Connecticut deeded 500,000 acres-of the Western Reserve to the people who had been burned out during the Revolu- tionary War"and it became known as the Firelan'ds..- Another tract -OF the Western Res-erve,: including most of the islan-ds., was sold to, the, Connecticut Land Company. South Bass) Middle Bass,- Gibraltar, Sugar, Baflast, Green and Starve Islands- Fell to the lot OF stock- holder Pierpont Edwards. The heirs of Edwards began-lumbering on the islands- and clearing land For agri-culture.- In .18540 Jose Rivera St. Jurgol bought the,islands, surveyed- and -sold parcels. OF land and, actually began the establishment OF a community on South -Bass Island (Stuckey and, Duncan., 1977). After Ohio gained statehood. in 1803 and the Fort Industry Treaty OF 1805 rescinded all Indian claims to the south shore OF Lake Erie.' setti iernent OF the northern, part OF the - state'- accelerated and Ottawa County was. organized in 1'840. Permanent settlement on -the islands did, not occur until. the mid 19th century.. South Bass - Island South Bass is the most widely known OF the -islands due to the military exploits OF Commodore. Oliver H. Perry in the'war OF' 1812. A - monument commemorating his famous victory was dedicated in 1931 and !declared a national peace memorial in 1-935 (Froh -man-, 1971 a). - The earliest known use OF the island was as a -hunting -ground and stopover for journeys,across the lake-by the Indians. Records as- early as 1776 show the island Frequented by French traders to col lect furs, hides, beeswax and honey, and French squatters were living here- when P ierpont' Edwards became the owner in 1807.. Agents for the .Edwards fam-ily'attempted to raise wheat And: Flocks OF sheep,, but the most profitable venture was lumbering. - . F-irewood was @ in great on the lake, and the abundance OF the 'demand@, by @ the steamships -Bay Harbor made supply . coupled with the protection offered by Put in it an ideal fueling station, Much OF the:high quality'lurnber was also -sent to. the mainland,cities For shi-pbuild,ing- (Huigihs, 1943). In 1854 the- island was purchased by Rivera whose-mAin priority was. deve lopment of the islands. He encouraged settlement on South Bass by having the land surveyed and divide@d into parcels which he sold to the early inhabitants. Rivera's First venture was raising_ sheep For which the rocky, cutover land-seemed- well suited. Seeing. 1' Jose Rivera St, Jurgo- is, referred. to by the nan@p Riverd through- out this text. 147 the success of viniculture on Nor@%th Bass, Middle 'Bass and Kelleys Islan d G Rivera was instrumental in influencing German immigrants to come to South Bass and plant vineyards. By. 1858 the vineyards were we'll.established and several wineries were in operation. Vini- culture flourished in the. late 1806's but gradually declined under the influence of Rrohibition, mainland competition, erosion and depletion of the soil. Only one winery remains in operation on the island today and only a Fraction of- the Former acreage is cultivated. as vineyards. The late 1800's were also peak years For the resort Industry. People. would Flock to the Island on the large excursion steamships of the period and- the island saw a' succession of grand hotels catering to affluent, society. The most Famous of the, - island- hotels was the elegantly Furnished Victory Hotel boasting a capacity 9F 600 guest rooms and dining space for 2000. It..was. surrounded by spacious - wooded-gardens landscaped with native .1-imestone,.-elaborate statues- and fountains,, pavilions and a large swimming'pool. - An electric- railway, 1ine "ran From the hotel to the. Bay (business district)... --The. original", Intention of the owner. was to establish the hofel as a conv'en- tion center, but this dream.was-never realized and the hotel was only open, erratically For the 27 years It existed.. Although opened -in 1892, it was not completely 'Finished until 1896.. The hotel closed in 1909 due to financ.ial difficulties, b 'ut was remodeled and reopened, For the summer season in .1919'. 1In 'Augyst of that year a disastrous fire completely destroyed the ill-,fated hotel (Frohman, 1971a). Ruins of the- Famous hotel can still 'be seen in -the state park on the- I-stand's west -shore. - Most of the other large hotels also fell victim to devastating Fires. or were demolished, after years of disuse. The vil.lage of i:1ut-in'-!--Bay -was incorporated on the [stand in- 1-877, a'nd- the name 'Put-in-Bay is commonly used to -refer to the. whole island. The Inter Lake Yachting Association. has. held an ann 'ual regatta here since 1884 and prompted.the organization of the Put-in-Bay Yacht Club In 1886 (Dodge, -1975). In 1889-the federal government built a fish hatchery on Peach Point on 0-.60-acres of -land purchased From Rivera. The- State of Ohio built a hatchery adjacen't to. the Federal building in 1907. -1 he state building burned -to the ground. in 1914. and was re'placed._with the -brick building housing the present hatchery. -The Federal hatchery discontinued operations in the mid 1930's and the facilities- Were transferred to the state With the development of Gibraltar Island as a biological Field -148 station by Oh io State University, the. old Federal hatchery was con- verted to laboratory space 'For researchers -and, is so used today. Peach Point was also the site of the- Forest City Ice Company which had several 'large warehouses at the end of the point in the late 1800's and early 1900's. During winters of thick, clear ice, fields were laid out and blobks cut and hauled, Into the-warehouse For. storage. Still a popular summer retreat,-the visitorslare no longer pri- .marily From high society. Many summer cottages are located on the island, particularly along -the west shore. The island is serviced by two Fe rry lines and an airline, and has accommodations for pri- vate boats and airplanes. Several -histories of South Bass Island have been written by Langlois and Langlois (1948), Frohman (1971), and Dodge (1975) which describe- in great detail life on -the island-, cultural background, and historic events. Middle Bass Island Middle Bass has the distinction of being the site of white man's First recorded visit to the islands. Robert de LaSalle stopped at the island on a trip across the - lake aboard the Gr iff in in 1679, and the First Catholic -service in the mlidwest was celebrated by Father Louis Hennepin.' The Frenchmen were so enchanted by the abundance and beauty of the -natural flora that they named the island Isle des Fleur, Island of Flowers. Middle Bass Island fe I to the lot of Pierpont Edwards in a draft o F' the Connecticut Land Company, -and agents For the Edwards family lumbered the Island, In 1854- it was sold,to Rivera who sold. it to three Germans: Count William' Rehburg, Andrew Wehrle, and a Mr. - Caldwe-11. -Finding the island soils and climate ideal eor vine- yards, they planted grape'-vines and induced other German immi- grants to-do the same. The island was soon covered with vineyards and in 1884 the imposing Lonz's Winery was built on the south shore (Ross, 1949). In the 1870's a group of Toledoans- organized the Lake Erie Boating and Fishing Association" and built a club at Ten Mile.Creek near -Maumee Bay..- The group Fished regularly off Middle Bass.and s oon decided the island would make a better-location for their organi- 149 zation. In 1880 the group leased land from Count Rehburg and built a clubhouse, private .6ottages, dance hall, boat houses, a central dining area' and a small- chapel 'and became'knoWn as the Middle Bass C lub. - Member shlip was. limited.to 200 and included Toledo socialites and prominent citizens of the period (Frohman, 1973). Presidents Hayes, 'Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison :and Taft all . spent time here and Taft later built a summer home on the island (Ross, 1949). For years viniculture and -wine-making were. the- only .-industries on the island, and when Lonz's Winery became prominent many tour- ists began to.Frequent the area- promoting a -resort business. Some cottages@ are rented and private summer homes _are utilized,. but with the recent -closJng of the Winery the trade has declined. North Bass Island Reminiscent of the French in@fluence when North Bass Island was crossed by the intern ational boundary between Canada and the United 'States, the island wa's called Isle St. George For many,years__ and is still so listed by the post office. An official concrete, inter- national boundary was not Fixed until. 1913, placing North Bass entirely in the United States (Frohman, 1971 a). The-first court records showing- island -ownership were filed in, 11840 with the sale of the island to Horace Kelley,(OF the K,Plleys 'sland family) by Mrs. Abigail Dumming. In 1853 Simon and.Peter Fox y bought 500 acres and, inspired by the number of wild grape- vines covering the island,, planted grapes. Within.two years the island was covered with vineyards (Ross, 1949). Roswell Nichols was the first permanent settler-, moving to the island in 1844 (Core, 1948). The vineyard industry peaked [n.1890 and steamers stopped there- regularly to carry grapes and wine to mainland cities. Today over half the.island is owned by-Meiers Wine Cellars, Inc.. of Silverton, Ohio and cultivated as vineyards. North 'Bass Island is serviced by Island Air-4ines, but no ferries stop at the island as there is no resort development.. 150 Kelley,� Island of earl Kelleys Island has more evidence y -occupation by the Indians than-any of the other islands. -, Artifacts have been unearthed indicating s-ettlement as'early 'as 3000, B. C. *(Behnik@e et al, 1974). Indian Village sites -dating back to the 1600's have been. discovered and.one OF-the best examples OF American Ind-ian, petroglyphic art is located on the s6uth shore. Known as Inscription Rock, the petroglyph was Found. by .Charles, Olmstead in 1833. , The strange carvings on. @the.. rock have been translated as the history of the Erie Indians, and- their, final slaughter Un .1655 by the -Iroquois-(Fisher.1 1922). In the'early 1800's- the islandwas known as Cunningham's, Island -after, a French Canadian fur trader living there. After the War of 1812 several families- moved to the 'island, selling the red cedar wh-ich covered the island- to-.-passing. steamers for firewood. Kelleys .,was so extensively lumbered that-by the 1820's' it had practically been stripped OF Woody vegetation. 'Datus-and Irad Kelley bought. the island in 1833 and -it has since been known -as'Kelleys -Island. They form ed the Kelteys Island. Lime and transport Company in, 1886, quarrying limestone For building materials,- lime and crushed stone. Besides the many- local build- ings the limestone was -used in construction- OF. churches in Detroit., office build-ings; in Cleveland, and the Poe Lock at the Soo (Ross, 1949). Gradually, the, industry began to decline and Finally shut down in 1941 being unable to compete with 'ore conveniently located M_ -quarrLes.-on the mainland. @ Only the abandoned' lime kilns-, loading -docks, and quarries remain -as evidence o .f the once _profitable industry. In the process of quarrying, impressive- glacial grooves were uncovered along the north shore. Some of, the deepest grooves were removed before their "historical significance was realized, but a number OF them have been preserved and are now under state protection. Theyare located on -the north-- shore near the state park public beach. As;[email protected] the'other inhabited islands viniculture. also flourished on Kelleys,, but it was' never as economically important as the quarries. Seven hundred acres of-grapes were' -cultivated from 1850 to the early 19001s, but -under pressures _Frbrn, Prohibition,: over-utilization of the soilY and competition From mainland growers-mlost of the vineyards were abandoned. No vineyards remain under cultivation today.- The re--sort business was never developed on Kelleys to the extent that 4t was on -South Bass.- The island economy depended 151 upon the quarries, vineyards,. and fisheries which supported a peak population of 1200 in 191-6.- Today a permanent population of approxi- mately_ 150. peop'le depends upon the tourist trade during the summer season.-as the mainstay -of its economy. Mouse Island The First recorded visit to Mouse Island was during the War oF 1812 when-a Captain Bonner and his men spent the night there, describing-it as the best -accommodations the wilderness could offer. In 1860, Mr. and Mrs. Clark Neal. bought the island from Waldo Converse and-E.B. Sad-ler. -They operated a small commercial Fishery on the island For several. years. When.. Rutherford B. Hayes returned to his -estate in Fremont, Ohio- after servi-ng as president of the United States, he bought the island as a retreat for his Family and friends. -1"he island remadned in the hands of the Hayes estate until Marianna H. Mercer of Rocky- River, Ohio bought it in 1966. The only evidence of habitation remaining is an old stone hearth and chimney standing alone amid the dense Forest covering the island. Rattlesnake Island There is some controversy as to whether the name Rattlesnake Island was derived From the number-of rattlesnakes once inhabiting the island or because -its shape, with the two small islands at the northwest end resembling rattles, is similar-to that of a rattlesnake. The island was once the pri.va-te summer home of Hubert Bennett, a prominent Toledoan, who stocked the island with wild turkey and golden and ring-necked pheasants (Ross, 1949). Later the- is-land was operated as a Fishing and hunting lodge For private parties. Closed,in 1970, the resort reopened in 1976 and the restaurant and one lodge are open year-round on a reservations basis only. The island is also noted among* stamp -collectors For its- unique stamps. In 1966 the island initiated its own local post and puts out a new issue stamp annually, with a mailing list of 2200 customers -(Larry Wilson, personal communicatio,n). 152 G ibraltar. -Island Gibraltar,..so named. because -OF @its resemblance'to the rock - at the mouth of the -Med.iterranean - Sea, was part of the original traci owned by- Pierpont Edwards. It went - to Rivera i.n. 1854, who in turn sold it to Jay Cooke, Civil War Financier,"- Cooke built.a large, impressive, Victorian summer home on the iisland which *he called the castle. Many Famous men OF that time including Presidents Hayes, Cleveland., -and Benjam fn. Harrison, - senat Or.s, generals, and Financial magnates were. lavishly entertained'at the castle. Be@ing OF strict religious- bearing-, Cooke invited -many clergymen too poor to aFF6rd -their,-.6vtin vacations for weeks OF Fishing, sailing and relaxing throughout 'the'summer (Ross, 1949). While, Rivera still, owned Gibraltar he offered to donate- half of the island For erection of a monument to Perry's victory in the War OF 1-812. A- base was laid in 1-858 but.-the monument was never built. Being an ardent admirer oF.Commodore Perry, Cooke had a monu- ment built on the existing base when he bought the island. 7he monument is at the northeast end of the island near Lookout Point where Perry reportedly stationed.. lookouts to observe the British- -fleet-'in the distance.. Between 1873 and 1879 -Jay Cooke's company. experienced Finan- cial difficulties and Gibraltar went into receivership. . By 1879 Cooke had rebuilt his.Fortune,. repurchased Gibraltar from the trustee in -bankruptcy and reopened his beloved castle (Frohman,.1971a). in 1925 Cooke's heirs sold the island to Julius Stone who. donated it to-Ohio State- University'-in memory oF-his Father., Ohio 'State erected the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory building and seVeral*othe'r buildings-and utiliz'edl-the -.castle as dormitory space for summer students. Green island Green Island is known on earlier m aps as Moss Island and tronttu"m Island. Large.deposits oF,strontium were FoUnd there, but the bulk of the high quality mineral was -removed before 1900 (Stuckey and Duncan, 1977). As on- all the other islands, Green was lum- bered -in the 1800's (Behnke et- at., 1974). In 1853 Green Island was purchased 'by the- United- States govern- ment From -the heirs of P[6rpont Edwards For the purpose of erecting 153 a lighthouse. Keepers and their families occupied the island. From 1860. to 1915, but after a tragic Fire during the winter OF 1863 the island was only inhabited during the navigation season (Stuckeyand Duncan, 1977). In 1915 the government transferred the light to the Put-in-Bay lighthouse and installed a light. with an- electri- cally controlled beacon (Ross, 1949). With the, exception of several summer residents prior to World War 11, the island has been unin- habited since 1919 (Stuckey_ahd -Duncan, .1977). Ballast Island- Ballast island was so named because Commodore Perry is said to have removed boulders From its- shore For use as ballast in the. -ships of-his'fleet.- While owned by Rivera, the islandwas quarried For gravel. In 1869 he sold the island to a private interest (Stuckey and Duncan@ 1977). A large ice housFe,. For storing blocks cut from the Frozen lake, was built in, 1874 together with a. dock For the landing OF small steamers. Plans.were made to develop-,a resort community with 25 cottages, a dining hall, kitchen -and recreational facilities, but only ten of'the cot- tages were ever, built (Frohman,, 1974). A home was built at the ed'e OF the dock- For use as-a residence -9 for a,year-round caretaker. James Fullerton, known more often as Uncle Jimmie, was caretaker.for a number of years and lived a her- m it-l ike existence com ing -to the mainland only once - oil- twice a year For supplies. Year after year Uncle Jimmie would watch the great steamers pass on their way-to South Bass Island and finally, in the spring of 1882, he decided, to book passage on one. For. an- excursion to Sandusky. On @the return trip, aboard' the American Eagle, a boiler exploded killing six passengers, the 79 year old Oncle Jimmie among them. He was buried on South Bass Island (Dodge,, 1975). Today the, island is privately owned and inhabited only -during the'summer season. The old caretaker's- house lies. dangerously close.to the rising waters OF the lake and may soon be undermined by the Force 6 F the waves 154 Starve Island Starve Island is I ittle More than a gravel covered slab of Put- in-Bay dolomite rising just high enough above the lake level to support a Few woody species., lichens, and algae., 'A. legend that a human skeleton was fbund.on its shore many,years ago, apparently having starved to, death., accounts For the name. Formerly a Favored nesting-area For terns, the- island has been taken over, by thousands OF herring gulls For the rearing OF their young. The island-has never been inhabited by man. Sugar Island This 'island- was among the origi-nal group owned by Pierpont Edwards. Rivera bought it- in 1854 and sold lit soon thereafter in -1859. It derived its name From,the abundance OF sugar' maple trees on - th -e island. Today the entire island. is owned by Gebhard Kenny.oF Colum- bus Oh io and Js ma intained as'a summer reside nce. Catawba Island Now a peni-nsula, Catawba Island was once separated from the'. mainland by the Portage River which then emptied into the lake northeast OF the island. Ris'i-ng @ake.-Ievels decreased the gradient OF the old river Forcing it--to Find another outlet Farther west (Finkbeiner, Pettis and Strout, Since the relocation OF the river. mouth in the late -1971). 1800's much OF the marshland occupying the old river bed has been drained or Filled joining the' island with the mainland. A causeway. across' the eastern end of West+4arbor connects Catawba with Marble- head Peninsula. The island is called Catawba after the grape devel- oped in the Catawba, North- Carolina region and- Found to thrive on the' islands. The Ottawa Indians roamed the area for many years and evidence OF villages and burial grounds have been unea'-rthed. The Tndians, left -behind many legends, many OF them centered on sites along the shore OF Catawba Cliffs. -One such legend explains the Face OF an Indian chief carved into a cliff Facing'the I -ake shore. Nabagon, a m ighty chieftai.n. OF the Ottawa Indians and much beloved by his people,, was attacked by a Fierce panther and lay dying For, many days.. 'The @ Great Spirit was in need OF Nabagon's valorous soul -to protect h Im - From @155 enemy gods, and the Indians believed the-panther the Great Spirit was himself coming. to personally claim -the so 'ul of their chief... To appease the grief of the tribe the Great Spirit promised to carve -the head of Nabag9n in rock 'to guard the destihy of the island throughout eternity. The next morning an Indian profile appeared: carved on -the cliff'face- with a cedar tree at. the crest Form ing the resplendent heddress ofa great warrior (Presc .o.tt, 19_:@2).-Although worn by yea'rs.oF weather and loss. of the cedar headdress., the @face of Nabagon- is still visible gazing out across Lake. Erie. The tribe, left the area in 1831 leaving behind a squaw, Mo John, and- her chil-dren.. Betsey Mo John, bne of the, squaw's children, married -a man who- built a'hand!-he\&,n log cabin which still stands on the island today. With the departure of the Ottawas many settlers began moving into the area.ih the tmid-1800!s, most-of them -coming From -southern Ohio- and Hanover, Germany (Hardesty, 1874). .-1 he island soils were Found to be ideal for 'raising -fruit, and Catawba- became a major pro- ducer of peaches., grapes.9 and apples. The island.-became famous. For the quality- of its peaches-. -Three wine companies prospered on the island Catawba' Wine 'Company, -Gideon S. Owen Wine Cellar, and -the.Mon Am i. After more than 100 years, the- - Mon Ami is the only winery still in existence. During' the- peak years of the Fruit industry a: small village- known as Ottawa City was -Formed at the north end of Catawba. Alarge dock. at the 'site of the present'Miller Ferry Dock was operated by the Catawba Island Fruit Company and lake steamers' transported tons oF'peaches and grapes every summer across the lake to- De,tr6 it, 'Just west of- the Fruit -dock was another large dock and @ warieho- use ow Ined by the Booth Fish Company. Ottawa'City h ad its own post office, general store, - school, chapel and a number of -hotels and boarding 'houses -to serve summer visitors. Planning to draw - more. settlers into Ottawa- City, J.R. James built a lime kiln and a cooper Factory- along the northwest shore in 1850 for. the express purpose of -manufacturing cement. Limestone was -quarried along the lake shore just north of the kiln For Five years, but.the indus- try did not prosper. The old quarry and-Jime kiln are still- visible today just inside the north entrance, to Catawba Cliffse With improved-, land -transportation and- new markets For the island produce, the steamers no longer Found, business at the'Fruit dock and Ottawa City was abandoned. Another small village, Peach,ton., 'also existed at one time- near the 'cen- ter of the island (Carroll et al, 1071.). 156 in the early 1900's the area along the west shore, Catawba Cliffs, was developed as a private housing complex popular with- the wealthy of that period for summer homes.. All of the original homes still exist and present unique architecture blending beauti- fully with the- natural setting. -The J.H. Bellows Company, the "Firm- instigating the developm ent, was instrumental in a proposal to declare - the - area along the west. shore From the Cliffs to Sugar Rock. as a perpetual state bird sanctuary, but the proposal was. never accepted The present state- park is located, on the site of the former G. W. Snyder and, Son Fish copmpany. A monument commemorating the. site oF a, corner stake marking the boundaries of the western. Reserve is found in the park Today the island is mostly residential and surrounded by marinas heavily used by boaters during the summer. West Sister Island - There are Few historical records available For West Sister Island. Of all the Lake Erie islands, West Sister has perhaps had the least use as a site for private dwelling. Indians. and early explorers. and travelers are presumed to have used the island.during storms and as an occasional resting spot. How- ever, the first mention of the island in history is Also its most Famous.- This. took place on September 13, 1813 following the Battle oF Lake Erie, 'when- Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British Fleet- in a decisive battle of the War of 1812. In a letter datelined "OFF Western Sister Island Perry sent his Famous message of victory: "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Both the British and American common' seamen killed in the battle were buried just' off West Sister by being sewed up in their hammocks with a cannon ball at their Feet. (Dodge, 1975). West Sister remained undeveloped until 1848 when a lighthouse was constructed on the southwest corner of the island. A photograph of this light and its dock is included in the appendix. The" light keepers journal from West Sister For the years 1880- 1895 is in. the Local History Department of the Lucas'County Public Library. . This journal offers a rare glimpse into the day-to-day life of the lighthouse keeper and his Family. Entries were. made each- 157 day concerning weather and wind conditions. There are also notations of shipwrecks in the area and of the assistance given by the keeper. The lighthouse was made automatic in. 1937. making it unnecessary to, have a keeper on-the island. The Coast Guard still maintains a navigation light atop the old lighthouse tower. The island was made a National Wildlife Refuge by an executive order of President Roosevelt on August 9,1938 (Toledo Blade, 8/12/ 38). - The Island is a nesting ground, for - large numbers of black- crowned night herons, great blue- herons and common egrets. During World WarII the island was used. For bombing practice by naval pilots from the Grosse Ile. (Michigan) Naval -Air Station. In 1967 West Sister was removed From the bombing list- (Toledo Blade, 5/12/67). Johnson Island Indians of the Sandusky Bay region once used Johnson Island as A torturing ground For their-captured prisoners (Ross, 1949). The First historical record of the island occurred during the War of 1812 when a group of settlers were attacked by Indians (Peeke, 1916). The First owner of Johnson island was Epiphras W. Bull of Danbury, Connecticut and until 1852 the island was known as Bull's Island. Mr. Bull received the island as a part of. the Firelands settlement Three men built log cabins on Bull Island in 1811 and a village was plotted out. However, the plan to erect a town on the island was abandoned. In 1852 Bull sold the island to L.B. Johnson and the island's name was changed to Johnson Island (Peeke, 1916). During the Civil War-Johnson Island was - leased by the govern- ment for use as a confederate prisoner of war camp. in 1861, Colonel William Hoffman visited all of the Lake Erie islands to select a suit- able location For such a prison. He thought that the wine industry on the Bass Islands and Kelleys Island would,be too great a temptation to the prison, guards. He chose Johnson Island because it was unin- habited and near to. Sandusky which would make supplies easier to- obtain (Frohman, 1965b). 0 158 The prison was completed on February 1, 1862 and prisoners arrived a month later. The prisoners held on Johnson Island were special in that all were officers in the Confederate Army. Thus, the island became infamous in the South as the prison where many of the leading men of the day were incarcerated. The island never held more than 2500 men at a, time. but dur- ing the period of the war some 10,000 men passed through the pri- sons gates. the 206 men who died on the island are buried in a small cemetary, which is still maintained by the government. For a detailed account of the prison and the cemetary see. Frohman (1965b). Following the Civil War the prison was abandoned and the build- ings and prison items were sold at a public auction. On June 8, 1866 the' island was completely evacuated by the government and an Orchard was planted, on a 150 acre tract. The rest of the island was in oak, hickory and black walnut (Frohman, (1965b). A resort was, opened on the east end of the island in 1894, but it was soon abandoned after a fatal shooting incident for which the resort company was sued. A second resort was begun in 1904, however,, it was soon Acquired by a competing resort and its buildings were moved to Cedar Point(Frohman, 1965b). For a time the island was quarried on a small scale and planted in orchards by its new owner Phillipine Dick of I Sandusky. Only one Family lived on Johnson Island until the 1940's (Toledo Blade, 5/31/38). In 1956 the Dick estate sold Johnson Island to a group of Cleve- land developers For $100,000 dollars The purchase group Was headed by Cleveland Heights realtor Shirley Auslander with three builders as partners:Clifford Reichwein, Walter Zaremba- and Herbert Luxem- burg. The developers, divided the island into 1/4'acre plots all with water frontage. They agreed to preserve the cemetary and to build nothing near it (Toledo Blade, l/6/56). In- 1974 the Johnson Island developers completed a private. cause- way to the island From Marblehead Peninsula (Toledo Blade, 7/8/73). Today, little remains of the old prison except the earthworks for the centrally located Fort Hill (see picture in appendix). The cemetary is maintained by a government caretaker, and is the only. area accessible to the public. "The remainder of the island is ringed by privately-owned cottages. 159 Turtle Island Because no composite history of Turtle Island has ever been written, this section describes *in greater detail events. relevant to Turtle Island From Indian occupation through the Revolutionary. War- through the i.tToledo War" to..the present.- Most of.the information has been.c6mpiled From Toledo 91-ade newspaper articles, lighthouse records., the yearbook of the Associated Yacht.Clubs of Toledo, and, interviews with the present owner, James Arvanit'is. Just north of Maumee Bay in western Lake Erie ties a small. mound of sand called Turtle Island. This- small 'island, today con- taining only one.and a half acres,, has had a rich 'Indian and military history. The-. IrOquois.9 Erie, Ottawa and. Miami.tribes all roamed or settled inthe- Maumee Bay area (Eckert, -1967 and. Fassett., 1961) and probably periodically visited or lived on Turtle Island. Early settlers to the area told of annual visits by Indians to gather the -eggs, of sea- gulls -(Thai, - 1-935). Ruins ofa 1ighthouse can be seen on the island today and the "Toledo War;," even left its mark on the small - isle.. -Fo understand how Turtle Island bt@@came a, part of the United States and- Ohio it Js necessary to go back to the turbulent period of the Northwest Territory Following the Revolutionary War. 'turtle' Island was named for Little Turtle, great chief of. the- Miami tribe in the late 17001s; Little- Turtle. is best remembered as th e conciliator between the Indians and General Anthony Wayne- at the Treaty of Greenville in 1795., However, prior to the signing of the Greenville Treaty, Little Turtl(@ was the Fierce -leader of the -Wabash Indian- Confederacy consisting of the. Piankeshaws, Weas and Miamis. In 1786 Little Turtle had 5000 warriors under his command (Eckert, 1967). The, Miarnis had long been an ally of the British forc.es Jn their struggle, with the French for control- of the Northwest Territory. This friendship with- the Br.itish continued -through the. Revolutionary War when Little Turtle and -his Miamis Fought against- the.Americans on the.western frontier. Following - the Revolutiona ry@ War, - even -though Ohio was granted to Ahe Americans -by -the 1783 Treaty. of Paris4 'the- British -continued to support -Little -Turtle's Confederacy. Little Turtle. was supplied with guns and ammunition by the -British and -encouraged to -harass the American settlers of the Ohio Territory. -President George Washington was con- Fronted early in his leadership of the. new country with bringing an end t _th@ o Frontier harassment and British influence- among the Wa6ash i-ndians. 160 In 1790 Washington. ordered General Josiah Harmer to march From Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) and destroy Little Turtle's village's At the, junction of the St. Joseph and. St. Mary's Rivers (pre- sent site of Fort Wayne, Indiana). Harmer's expedition was soundly defeated by Little. Turtle's warriors. The next year, 1791, saw General Arthur St. Clair attempt the same march against the Wabash. Confed- epracy This expedition ended In the worst defeat in American mili- tary history". OF St. Clair's 920 men, 622 were killed and 264 wounded. Added to this was the massacre of 200 women and children Camp Followers" (Eckert, 1967). It,wasn't until General Anthony Wayne's campaign of 1793-1794 that Little Turtle's forces were defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (near present day Maumee, Ohio). This battle led to the signing of the Greenville. Treaty in August, 1795 Also, in 1794 the British built two Forts in the Maumee Valley on territory that they- had ceded'. to the Americans in 1783. Fort Miami was built. at the head of navigation on. the Maumee River (present day Perrysburg, Ohio)the other Fort was located on Turtle Island in, Maumee Bay., twenty miles northeast of- Fort Miami. With these Forts the British hoped to keep a foothold in the Ohio Territory and use them As a chain to the Fort at Detroit. A letter written by Lieutenant Governor Simcoe of Canada to Secretary of War Lord Dorchester on April 29,1974 gives us an idea of what Turtle island Fort looked like: I have directed a Log House defensible against, musquetry to be built at Turtle lsland, and another at River aux Raisens, and melons of Logs In the Hog pen manner to be provided at those posts which being filled as occasion shall require will give the means of speedily erecting adequate Batteries, and in the mean time these houses will become intemediate deposits, absolutely necessary to the security of the navigation" (Thai, 1935). (A merlon is the solid part oF a battlement between, two openings.) The Battle of Fallen Timbers,took place near the British Fort with General Wayne Forcing the Indians up to the, gates of the fort. While the Americans under Wayne and the British garrison in- the fort did not actually Fire upon one another.' nevertheless relations between the two countries deteriorated after the battle. Accordingly, in the fall of 1794 the British constructed six gunboats "for patrolling the river (Maumee) and communicating with Forts Turtle' Island and Miami" (Thai, 1935). In a letter dated one week after the Fallen 161 Timbers action Simcoe wrote to a Henry bundas: "The report in Wayne's Army is that he has positive orders to reduce our posts at the Miamis in the spring to attack Detroit. "I have detached Captain, Bunbury of the 5th Regiment to occupy, Turtle Island at the entrance to the Miamis Bay, hoping by a combination of our Gunboats and Vessels at that place to prevent an access to the Miamis River or egress from it" (Thal, 1935). Tensions between England and the United States in the Northwest Territory ended as the result of a treaty negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The Jay Treaty required the British to turn over Fort Miami and Fort Detroit to the Americans in July of 1796. Turtle Island is not mentioned in the Jay Treaty but it can be assumed that it also was included (Knapp, 1872). We can also speculate that the island was abandoned by the summer of 1795 from a disbursement record made by a Lt. Col. R. England on June 13, 1795: ... charge of five pounds, seven shillings and six pense, occasioned by removing on sleighs, provisions from Turtle Island to Fort Miamis" (Gibson, 1958.). Even without the Jay Treaty the United States acquired possession of Turtle Island as the result of the Treaty oF Greenville, August 3, 1795. This treaty set a boundary line-- between the lands of the Indians and those of the United States. Roughly, the Greenville Line went From present day Cleveland to near Cincinnati. The Indians territory fell north of this line and the Americans to the south. In addition to this General Wayne claimed sixteen tracts of land within the Indian territory for government reservations Article of the treaty states that one of these tracts shall: be "six miles square at the mouth of the Maumee River , where it empties into the lake"(Knapp, 1872). This tract includes Turtle Island and the present site of Toledo. As he signed the Treaty of Greenville Chief Little of Turtle said, I am the last to sign it and I will be the last to break it" (Tebbe l,) 19725. Little Turtle kept his word and never again took up arms against the whites. He received a government annuity in his old age and traveled in the East meeting with President Washington. He died at the site of his old village on July 14, 1812 and was given a military burial at Fort Wayne. 1'62 The United States government held the island until 1827 whe n it was sold at public auction in Monroe, Michigan. The buyer-. was an Edward Bissel of Lockport, New York who -settled in Vistula,'.0hio' (now a part, of T-61edo)i. -,At the time of this sale -the island was com- puted to- contain 6.68 acres -(Thal, 1935). e Toledo, which at,this time consist'd of threo villages: Port Lawrence, Vtstual and Manhatte,n, showed signs of becoming an impor- tant lake'port.. However,- boats entering the Maumee River from Lake -Erie,. had to Follow the. gentle S'curve, of the natural channel that passed --to 'the 'south oF,- Turtle I Island. Realiz,ing the necess ity of a I I ighthouse on Turtle 'Island-to guide mariners through this passage, the govern- ment repurchased Turtle Island from Edward Bissel For $300. -On March, 31 831 Congress appropriated,. $6000 For a I ight- house (Lt. House Papers,- U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 183-1-1904, hereafter, referred to as LH Papers") -which Went into operation in the summer -of 1831. Soon after going into service- as a light station.- Tur- tle Island began to erode in the wind--dnd waves of Lake Erie. An edi-, torial in the Toledo Gazette on July-2., 1836 described the -erosion. of the isle:, Turtle Island, upon which the lighthouse- is erected at 'the entrance to'Maumee Bay, was since our recollection, -suff I- ciently large for a farm of moderate size, and a considerable portion of it covered with wood-. Before the -ere6tion,of the lighthouse (1831)0 it was reduced-to about two acres- Not- withstanding,- the -government has.' been vigilant in - Fortifying it For.the.past two or three-seasons,- it is now reduced to some- what less- than. an: acre', -and is gradually wasting, -in so much that the structure Is in danger, without the immediate care .,0F the- government-. @ The immense increase of commercial bustness@ in this river (Maumee) demands some prompt action on the part oF.the-citizens:oF. -Toledo" (Thal, -1935). 'Evidently, this -editorial @spurred -some action for the-government, $16 000 by July, 1838- in -the -construction -of erosion control spent measures. A plan For 'the island's protection was drawn up-by Isaac' S. Smfth@ -\&4)o had built the pier and lighthouse at -Buffalo,. Smith proposed to ".draw. a cont.inuous row. of- poles around the island, in close, contact, - and- to fill in behind with stone- and brush For the -space of twenty feet in-ward, -the island to 'be reduced in size, and the sand From 'the area outside of the piles to be- thrown over to the area enclosed' and the whole -to be covered with good :soil" (LH Papers, 1837@ 163 The money spentFor erosion control was considered well spent. 'by the Lighthouse Board, For in the -annual . report the Following is Fo und:- "Thi's light is situated at the entrance of Maumee Bay and is -highly useful. It is advantageously situated for dirpcting vessels into this important.bay, and no pains or expense should be spared -in securing the small island.on which it stands From,being destroyed by the action of the lak-eft (.LH Papers, 1838) The report, further states that the water level attained by Lake Erie in 1838 was an all-time record. Table 46 Itsts.the changes in the size of turtle Island through 9 the years. The Island has-rever been-btgger that-2'.5 acr'es since, the construction of the lighthouse. By 1839 it was -believed that the land loss was under control.- Isaac Sm.ith- had nearly completed the pile driving and stone Filling. The I ighthouse report - Fo r the year was able to state: Turtle - Island lighthouse is lighted with eight lamps Fixed; the number belong ing to the establishment is eleven', with as many bright reflectors.. The lamps-are in bad pond..ition, From long,use. The tender seems to have perFormed his duty Faithfully. This is certainly one of the most - impor- tant lights on the lake, -not only on its 'Proximity to, the Maumee River, -,without which At would be difficult to -approach the ports of Toledo and Manhattan, (both thriving villages, whi&h, possessing, the advantage of unexceptionable harbors, and with, the internal- improvements of railroads, etc., some of- which are already. in operation, must. soon- acquire a rank among the most favored ports on the shores of Lake Erie) but as a gen- eral landmark to the mariner on his passage through the lake. The -measures Already taken by the -government -for preserving this island wili undoubtedly be -amply adequate to- the -object. 2 The work is -progressing rapidly, and will soon 'be completed- The island does not., at this time, embrAce more than-three- fourths of an acre of ground. -1 he -new channel into the Mau- mee Bay, which is on the south side of this island, has of late been surveyed,.-and IbUoys have been planted, -designating the channel, by Capta-In Dobbins,,of the. U.S. revenue cutter. The best route through the bay has also been bwoyed.out.1 (LH Papers, 1839). 164.. TABLE 46 THE CHANGING SIZE OF TURTLE ISLAND 'Date Acres Data Source 1827, .6.68 Th&lj 19.35 1836 "somewhat - less than 1.01, Thal, 1-935 i 837 1.5. Lt. 'House Papers, 1837 1839 "not -more, -than @_O. 7511 Lt., House Papers, 1.839.* 1885 Photostat oF Deed, Toledo Public -Library "about- 2.511 Toledo News See 12/-6/1.904 1935' 'IIAoproximately 1,011 Thal, 1935' "about 0-.511 Toledo B lade- - 9/21/57 1958 less than 2. 011 Toledo Blade 6/1/58 1964 11 less than,1.011 -Toledo Blade: 9/6/64 -1970 11 less than 2.011 Toledo BlAde'8/10/70- 1977- 1.5 lnte@vtew with present owner 8/77 165 After the year 1839 and until the Civil War period the island presented no further problems to the government, and continued the routine business, of providing navigational aid: At that time it was reported that the original wood tighthouse was dilapidated and would have to be replaced. In 1866, when congress turned to peaceful pursuits, $12,000 was appropriated for "repairs and rennovations at Turtle Island light-station" (LH Papers, 1866). The new light tower and keeper's dwelling were constructed of "Milwaukee Brick" and were considered to be one of the finest lighthouse structures on the Great Lakes. Light from the new tower was first seen on the night of September 12, 1866. it is the ruins of this brick lighthouse that are still visible, today of the island. Problems with the elements do not enter into the Turtle Island records again until the 1870's and 1880s. The following entries are made: "The piling and shore protection of part of this island were severly damaged by the great gale of May 15, 1876. Another such storm mightseriously endanger the light. New piles and riprap will be put down. without delay" (LH Papers 1876) "The pile protection of this island has been much damaged by storms and ice and should be renewed. This can be done at an estimated cost of'$3000"(LH Pagers, 1881) "The piling and shore protection of part of this island were severely damaged by the spring gales, several such storms might endanger the light. New piles and riprap, at an estimated cost of 15,000 are needed" (LH Papers, 1882) As a final effort to bring wave and ice damage under control the government constructed a concrete, circular, retaining wall aroung Turtle Island. This wall is 561 feet long with a diameter of 190O ft. At its base the wall is over five feet thick. Figure 34 from a survey of 1885 shows this wall in relation to the light tower and dwelling. In 1892 a straight channel was dredged into Maumee Bay making the Turtle Island Light-obsolete (Herdendorf and Cooper, 1975). Plans were made For dismantling the lighthouse as soon as the new Toledo Harbor Light was completed. FIGURE 34. MAP-OF TURTLE] SLAND, C I RCA 1885. -4 4 e. 4 G '4414 va q 0 0 A! AIP4 V 4 9444 4' 9 4 '0. -r 0 1 4 q 6 .1 -4 J..40, C% 0 &A 4.4 1 . 4 A& 0414-1 d, 4., jjj C, & j@, :j@i low 0* @_4 4-4 "ailp 47 A A AhA. 4 as 0 To 40 WILD - sk Xft I 4 Concrete' IL& 4L - a$ Sea Wa 11, ACV A&- v Brick Tower and Dwelling- -04L- Peg 1V44 m.. L %W Ice- House ID 13 4 -A& tt. -4is&%V AbID ) Lac. b `8 A Bodt House 41,1V mv e4 - , q too, A16 4 A lab 'o 167 The last entries are of interest: "This fourth-order white light was, on May 15, 1904, perman- ently discontinued. Its Fourth-order lens was dismounted, and packed and with the rest of the illuminating apparatus, was taken to the Maumee Ranges light-station to be shipped, to the Buffalo lighthouse depot" (LH Papers, 1904). [Fourth order light was a term used, in the days of kerosene lamps. It was the lowest power used and visible under clear conditioms for a distance of six miles.] "The light was discontinued, and this property was on December 6, 1904, sold at public auction" (LH 5). Papers, 190 A newspaper story about the sale of the island began: be "What the washing waves have left of Turtle Island will offered For sale at auction at the Toledo customs office at noon tomorrow" (Toledo Blade, 12/5/1904). At this sale Turtle Island was purchased for $1,650 by A. H. Merrill representing George Craig. The sale included all buildings which, besides the 1-1/2 story brick dwelling and tower, included a boathouse,. ice house, and woodshed. The deed also included. the riparian rights (Toledo NewsBee, 12/6/1904). The speculation at the time of the sale was that the island-. would be turned into A summer resort. However, nothing wasdone with Turtle Island by its new owners between 1905 and 1933. The build- ings soon fell into ruins with vandals aiding in the process by "steal- ing everything that could be salvaged From the structure, except the grim, bare walls" (Toledo Blade, 2/15/29). During this time the island was used by an occasional Fisherman and as a rendezvous For boating parties. In May, 1933 the Associated Yacht Clubs of Toledo leased the island For "the purpose of establishing a Yacht Club, and a harbor of refuge" (That, 1935). The lighthouse was restored and the island -became a focal point for area yachting activities until 1937 when the, lease was not renewed. Before, the island was returned to its owner,, A. H. Merrill,the Associated Yacht Club proposed that the state pur- chase the island for coversion into a state park and harbor of refuge. However, the State Conservation Council rejected the idea on the grounds that "the tract would not be of sufficient public benefit to justify the purchase" (Toledo Blade, 6/24/36). 168 The State of Ohio did,however make use oF Turtle Island as a monument point marking the boundary btween Michigan and Ohio. The two states had experienced a boundary dispute since the time of the "Toledo War" in 1836 when both Ohio and Michigan claimed area (for the Full story see, George,1971). In an effort to the Toledo end uncertainty concerning the boundary, the legislatures of Ohio and Michigan in a joint resolution dated June 8, 1933(Senate Joint Reso- lution No. 25,90th Ohio! General Assembly) established the boundary as a "line drawn south Forty Five degrees west through the center of Turtle Island", and the center of the wall the boundary in Lake' Erie shall extend north Forty-Five degrees -east 'until it shall intersect the international boundary between the United States and Canada". Tu chan rtle Island, ged hands again in, the late 1950's when it was purchased by the Toth Motorship Transportation Company of Toledo. The Toth Company dredged in the vicinity oF the island; but did not make any actual use of the island. The' company did, however, lease the island for two seasons (1958-1959) to a Toledo concessionaire Russel Kisseberth,who sold beer and sandwiches to boaters. Kisseberth constructed a boat dock, but made, no other Improvements (Gibson, 1958). The present owner, James Arvanitis oF Toledo, acquired the Island From the Toth Company In August, 1969. Arvanitis was stockholder in, the Toth Company and received Turtle Island when the company was, unable to repAy a $20,000 loan. Arvanitis currently pays $420 annually in taxes on Turtle Island. Interestingly, he pays $330 to Monroe Ohio;. Turtle Island County, Michigan and only $90 to Lucas County, is exactly one-half Michigan and one-half Ohio. 169 DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC SETUNG OF THE LA KE ERIE ISLAND REGION Population People are an important resource in any area. This is no excep- tion in the island area. The local population serves as-a labor for(@e and- determ ine s the number of housing u'nits,required. and the service enterprises which- can function profitably in the ar .ea. Population records p and projections for island area- townships' and incorporated villages .are presented in, Table 47., -T .-he trend of the period 1940-1970 is one of general decline . on -the islands- proper (Put-i-n-Bay Twp.) - and one, of increase in the adjacent maintand- area (Catawba Island Twp.)- Population projections developed -by the consulting firms of V- inkbeiner, Pettis and Strout, Ltd., of Toledo For Ottawa County and Parkins, Rogers & Associates, Inc.. of Detroit for Erie County indicate a gradual increase through 1990. 'Jo date, the actual populations have failed - to keep pace with the projections. These inconsistencies are the result of failure of the methodology. employed to predict trends because of. the specialized nature of the -Lake Erie Islands. The islands tan be -expected: tp'-support a Jarger permanent population only with the developMent of additional nd employment opportunii- rou ties. - Inspection -of recent population, character istics of island' townships (Table 48) indicates a disproportionate number of young @and e Iderly in the islands proper, Thi-s condition is the result of the necessity for numbers of the wage-earning age group to- seek employment in other areas. The general trend is an out-migration of this segment of the population. In the period 1940-1970, the demise of commercial fishing, quarry- and winery enterprises has @ accelerated the out-m igration process. The -high proportion of elderly, i.e. retired, persons residing on the islands proper compared to the adjacent mainland is evident in the- lower person per household statistic in Table 48.,, Schools Kelleys Island, North Bass Island, Middle Bass Island and South Bass Island voters elect local boards of education and@ support local schools. -Public schools serving island- residents are characterized *in Table 49. In the Bass Islands., only Put-in-Bay School provides high school (grades 9-12) ed ucation. Students From the other islands are transported by air, to South Bass Island during- their high-school years.- North Bass Island School's enrol Im ent- varies with the number-of migrant Farm. workers employed -on the island during the school year. Schools in the Bass Islands TABLE 47 POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND RECORDS BY: TOWNSHIPS AND INCORPORATED COMMUNITIES, 1940 1995 19402 i950@ 1960" 2 :1970 2 19,75 1980 1985 1990 1995 Townships j Catawba Island 462 780 1.1,769, 2,882, 3,550 4,000, 4'66o 4 '900 5,100 Danbury Townshipi 2$483. 3 "222 3.,j 526 760 -4 @050 4,100, 4,600 5 000 .4,800 Put-in-Bay 609. 598, 462 507 .550 600 650 a5O, 700 Incorporated 3, ,Communities 4 5 564 324 1 A 130 170 200 250 320' Kelle@s Island Pu .t-' in-Bay1 NA 6 NA NA 140 150 160 170] 180:' .200' G6neral Implementation Study and Ho using Recommendation. Finkbeiner,' Pettis and Strout, Ltd. 2 Actual Census Count 3 Figures rounded to nearest ten 4 Comprehensive Development Plan Erie Region, Ohio. 1970. Parkins, Rogers and Associates. 5 Overall Economic Development Progran. 1963. Kelleys, Island Redevelopment Area Organization 6 Not Available :3 C- 3 CL (D 0) .- 1) c 0* ct z (D c :3 ro (D 4 1: 'a _0 0 0 (D (D- ro CA) CD 0 c -7 z CL 00- R) 0 0 0. (D 0-0 > cc 0 r\) (D CO cn :3 (D (D M Ul (D- al -4 (D (D CD rt (D -j (D (D- TABLE 49 INVENTORY OF -ISLAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS$ 1961-1977 Size of No. Grades Site Enrollment Teachers School Townshio Inclusive (Acres) 1961 1'971 1q772 (K-8) (K-4). (K-3) Catawba Elementary Catawba'Island K-3 .2.,5 33@ 175 185 8 School Clay Center Elementary Catawba Island K"6 48 Closed Village of ro Estes Kelley Kelleys island K-12 3 25 19 3 Middle Bass- Plut-in-Bay K-8 0.8 4 10 9 North Bass Put@in@Bay K-8 0.7 10 12 .1 Put-in-Bay Put-in-Bay K-12 2 64 89 74 (2, part-t-irnq Jan., 1977 173 are administered as part of the Ottawa County Board of Education while the one on Kelleys Island is adm inistered by the Erie County Board of Education. Each local board is supported by property taxes voted by local resi- dents. The maintenance of local school systems is, in part, due to the large number of cottages owned by residents of other communities. This influx of, tax -dollars from other than purely local sources permits millage levels lower than otherwise. required for the support of local schools. North Bass Island School is-supported large part by Meiers Wine Cellars, Inc. Employment The island region is unique in that seasonal recreation activities contribute significantly to the economy in terms of incomes and employ merit(Comprehensive Development Plan, Erie County), Services, amuse- merit,recreation and retail trade show dramatic increases from May through September with the peak period extending from mid-June to Labor Day. Cottage owners, boating enthusiasts and tourists, on extended- vaca- tions increase the local population during this period. The resultant increase in seasonal, employment in the retail trade and service indus- tries is largely due to this large population influx. During the remainder of the year, many local residents are unemployed or self-employed on part, to full-time basis utilizing self-developed skills in a variety of service enterprises. During the summer season, most island families are fully occupied in income-earning activities. Full-time employment, for the most part, is provided only by pub- lic institutions maintaining facilities and/or services on the islands. The relatiely large resident population on South Bass Island is the result of two factors.: (1) the large number of governmental Facilities sited on the island, and (2) both ferry companies serving the Bass Islands 'are head- quartered on the, island rather than on the mainland (Table 50). The wineries on Middle-Bass and South Bass Island are supported almost entirely by on-site visitors. Only a small portion of the production of these wineries is sold outside the island region. TAB LE 50-- PRINCIPA'-L 7 EMPLO"YERS IN THEASLAND REGION spring/ 'summer- 'f a.1 I wi nter State- of -Ohio Catawba Sfate- -.Par-k East-Harbor-Stat e' Park (48)'l- Kelleys.'Isl.an 'd S*tate Par,k- 9 .-2 2-- :.Oh-lo.'Stat@eAbiversity .5'0 12 -12- South Bass I'sla-nd- State Park 1.0 4 4(.3 -CETA-) -United-States--Government I s l-e -St. @Georg6,'Pos-t Offi ce .1 Kelleys.- Island- Po-st Office - 2 1 (j pt.. tm. (1, pt.tm.) Middle Bass P-o'st Office. P-erry's Monument .-18 6(,l- CETA) 6(l 'CETA Put-in-Bay-P-ost Offi-ce 2 10 -pt.-tni.)- 1(1 p tt m . 'Tbwbships,, and'.Village's- -Estes .Kel;ley Schoo'l 4 4 -mi.dd"l:e' Bass School Pu t-in B 6y Scho-ol North@Bass SchooV 1 1-0(1 CETA) 1D(.1 CETA) [email protected] Pol-ice 2 2 P-ut-in"-Bay Streets-and' Highways .5 5 5, Kelleys.Island,:Streets a nd H.i,g h w a-y s 3 .3 1'. Airl,ines r if-fin '-F.ly-ih� Service's 9 9 $'ky T.ourt-, _Inc.. :5 (.g)- 1 '(9), -1 ..-Boat Lines Mil'I.er-Boat Li nes- "A 6 -(2) -12 (1) Ne'uman Boa t. L i n-e s 1 2 5,) 1 (1-0). -P a, r k e r Boat li nes- 6 .(3) 3 (2) Wineries Bretz Winery (Middle Ba-s s 3 .6 Meier's Wine Co. -(No-rt.h-- Bass) 6 .1-2- 6 He i,nema,n Winery (South Ra s s') 8 4 4- Mainland-based empl.oyees denoted by par'entheses,. 175 Housing A major Factor affecting the population in the island reg ion is the total number and the condition of housing. Residential housing on the islands proper(Put-in-Bay Twp.) is almost entirely 1 or 2 Family units. Land use for housing purposes is summarized in Table 51. Very few multiple Family, -i.e. apartment, dwellings occur in the area (Table 52). Local zoning severely limits. the number and dispostion of mobile homes. The majority of residential units are summer cottages unsuitable for year-round habitation. The number of all year housIng units is limited. Individuals and, families moving to the islands proper discover very few year-round units available. The condition of existing (l971) all-year housing units is summarized in Table 53. The islands are underlain by limestone bedrock at depths of a few inches to several feet. As a result residential development on the islands is limited by. shallow rock. Sewage treatment in the islands is almost entirely of the single unit, septic tank variety. Local public health regulations severely limit residential development with individual sewage systems in shallow bedrock areas. In addition, residential development is limited by soil wetness problems in the vicinity OF wetlands (Compre- hensive Development Plan, Erie County, 1970). Postal Service The U. S. Postal Service maintains post offices on Kelleys , North Bass, Middle Bass, and South Bass Islands. Mail is delivered by air to these, post off ices on a contractual basis by Sky Tours,Inc. All postal service is classified as Non-City-Delivery, i.e. residents must pick-up mail at the post office. On Middle Bass and North Bass Islands the post off ice is located in the postmaster's home. The North Bass Island post office maintains its historic continuity with Isle St. George as its official name. Rattlesnake Island is not served by the U.S. Postal Service. The owners of this island annually issue a series of stamps For th e private mail service to the island. Over 2000 philatelists subscribed to the 1977 issue. In FAct, the island maintains a post office box at the Port Clinton Post Office. -176 TABLE 5f EXISTING LA-Nb USE SURVEY 1070 -(IN ACRES) Catawba is., P u-t-in-Bay Township'- Township_ Total .'Area (@f 0 Residential 1-2 Famil 544 y _1,227 multiple- 2- Employment Areas and Centers Agricultur@al: (General) 1,484- 880 506 Agricultural, (Specific) 62 ManuFacturi Lng -15 16 Extractive 0 1 Commercial 163' .191 Governmental & Inst.. 19 Movement' Systems- Township highways -32 6.5 County -hig@ways 23, 27- 46 State highways Non-.@-highways R/W 51.- 55 Recreation and'Open Space. Local. Community Parks _11 Non-local recreation &-open-space 348 332 59. 115 Wboded'&reas Swa@m 26 63- p- Marsh ve inkbeiner, Pettis.-and- Vol.: 2, R_egional De loornert Plan. -Strout, Ltd.. C;) 0 : (n 3 0 rt rt, I< U) 57 rQ (D m c _cn CP 0 0 OD -0)- C, (D - 1. SD < (D '0 .(D rt m 0 0 .0 m -C .(D "I :3 :3. rt CA) (D (D :3 (D r@ 5' (D (D -Ti (D > F OD (D- (D -(0 CL :3 CTI -0, W (D, rt (n. @T I co ro (D co (D CL ro Z C c -rt c :37. K) rt - c > :3 (D 4 .(n (D (D (D '(D' (3) CA) 0 m 0 K) co :3 Co- -178 7ABLE, 53 CONDITION OF HOUSING- IN ISLAND, -70WNSHIPS, NUMBER Off DEFICIENCIES PER TOWNSHIPP 1970 2 Catawba P6t--:(n,8ay- DeFiciencies Township Townsh LP Major Items' mb I.. Walls out or. plu' 2 2. -,Sagging- rooV 3. Foundation out oF level.or breaking,up 1 -2 Minor -Item's: -1. Loose or missing wall materials 16 11. Windows broken orlboarded up -8 4@ 3. Shingles rnissing'From- rooF. _16@ .-17 _-4. Structure in need of'paint 1,9 52 5-.- Gutter ahd/i@r downspoUtsi rusted through - or Fall-ing-off - 2'. -6. Porch or. stairs rottIngi out oF -level or :6, 4. pulling away 7. Chimney,lean-ing and/6r-p-art miss"[ng- 3 @4 8. Exterior stairway &.substantial he ight without. railing 9. Doors. in -need oF repair 2 S wmmary I J%Ainor repaiirs@ subtotal +'3- -C ."57 A. 4-- C-Aotals'added Composite 'score 60 317 .3-. Number 6F pe rm-an'e nt re s-1 de rice str@uctures., 15 .1.1 .6 .84 4. Per- cent oF- deFict-enctes per -permanent, residence., -structure. 3%- 5% -Develcipm ent Pl-an; Finkbeiner, ett[s and, Strout', Ltd Vol. 2.'_ Regional 1' 7 Field Surveyi @9 1 179 RECREATION IN THE ERIE ISLAND REGION The Lake Erie islands possess a number of the attributes required of an important recreation/vacation area: (1) pleasant scenery (2) availability of outdoor activities, (3) minimal- pollution, and (4) low crime rate. Visitors to the islands leave behind a number of features common to more urban areas.: (1) diversified shopping facilities, (2) availability of a diversity of social, cultural, and educational activities. The latter are largely lackig in the islands. The major recreation use period is the summer season, extending from Mermorial Day in- May to Labor Day in September, the peak use months being July and August. The number of visitors to the islands during the remainder of the year is comparatively very small. This study has, identified 4 categories of summer recreational users:(1) day visitors (2) individuals whoare spending one or more nights camping, (3) individuals who are spending one or more nights at a privaqe resort/pottage, and (4) summer-long residents who usually reside in a retirement-type residence. These categories are ranked in order of frequency: The latter two categories of visitors are most important in terms of their contribution to the local economy. The islands offer the opportunity for fishing, camping, hiking, picnicking, power boating, sailing, sightseeing, sunbathing, and swimming during the summer season. Points of origin for island visitors is summarized in Table 54. The recreational opportunities found in the island region are by no means limited to the summer season. The principal activities are listed by season: (1) winter: iceboating, ice fishing, ice skating, sledding, and snowmobiling (2) spring: fishing, sightseeming (3) fall: fishing, hunting Individuals attracted by the winter, spring and fall opportunities are largely day visitors, the exception being cottage owners who frequent the islands in the spring and fall. Summer Camping. Kelleys Island and South Bass Island State Parks, along with the adjacent mainland areas of Catawba Island and Marblehead peninsula, attract family campers. In addition, several groups conduct 0 b 0 0) 0 7 0 0), 40 :31:3 3 :3 -1, C (D - -3 2 0 (D< a (n 0) rt D c -.4 0 0(D CL (D :3 :3 in ok Q ct 0 -:3 (D l< CL CL (n c R) CA), (D - CO ro -4 cn -4 a -4 (D c -4 R) (D - 0) R) - 0) ww 0) 14(o r%) '4" -' Ft' l\) (p -A "T I 0) (D -Ph OD r%)0 0 @4 (.0 -4 -0 G) -4 (0 0- -4 R) 0CAY (r) 4 q- (n z (D (D OL :3 :3 m :3 (n U-0 1. 0 0) 'D f1p 0) 0, CD CD ';@ (n 0 c c CD m 0- 03 (D 0 (D :3 :3 :3 cr (D c :3 OL CD (D U) IQ N) 03 (D -0, 00 OD Cn 0) cn -AC 4Cn 00) --4 0) -A (n --a .0) 10 0- (n ro a. al @'-j OD :3 (D T (D t :3 (n0 0-0 1-0 C :3 0 :3 0 P) (nc CL- c < :T0 - C). :3 o CD cD 77 a .2. CT -.- 3. a (D- :3 C 0) (D (P - ri '+ :3 + o 03 b :3 (D .':3 C, .0 JQ - -'CD ro W Co _0 TO ro OD c (D 0 ft) CA) (D. U) ro (0 ra R), 4 -N R) C+ p. ." ,(n E co ro A6 0- -1 0@ CP0 cn -4 organized youth camps in the island area. The principal destination points For Family campers are the. state parks of the regior-f. Organized youth camps are-located., with one exception, on Kelleys Island. The largest and' most popular state'park in the region is East Harbor State Park. 'Park visitation Figures nted in Tabl @re prese es 55-58. These visitation Figures are estimates designed to include Iscenic dri-vers' and must be considered,maxima. -Faciliti-es at island parks are summarized in Table 59. During the Memorial- Day, Fourth of July and Labor Day holiday- periods, all the parks in the region-fill to capacity- and are Forced -to turn- campers away... Inspection of.park p -f areas registrations, indicates the major-ity of 'users ar-e from. metro olitar in northern., central and southwestern "Oh io.* Oui-oF-state. registrants' are 'uncon1mon. Two.private camps, Camp Patmos and the Kelleys Island 4-:--H Carnp, currently operatd during 'the summer months, on Kelleys Island. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History and the. Great Trait's Council, &.S.A... own property on Kelleys Island. The latter two groups would like to establish summer youth - camps on their'properties but are -currently prevented by shortages of development IFunds. The- Ohio State Music Camp attracts talented high school age-,musicians and music teachers to the summer program conducted annually-on South-Bass island. Fishing- Anglers From throughout Ohio and several neighboring states make periodic- Fishing trips to the island region during. the summer months. Many rent dock space and,moor boats at Catawba Island -marinas. Others tow small boats- and rent cottages or camp at-the State Parks- The- chteF attraction is perch, walleye and bass Fishing on -the. island reef areas. During the Memorial Day,-- Fourth of July and Labor Day periods,. thousands- of boats concentrate on the reeF areas- * The most popular reefs are- Mouse Island reef near Catawba Island; . Gull'Island reef and Kelleys Island Shoal near Kelleys Island; West-Reef-near North Bass Island; -Buckeye Island and Starve-I-sland reef hear South .Bass Island;: and the Niagara/Toussaint- reefs west. of the Bass. Islands. A number of large -"party" boats operate from Port Clinton and Sandusky and transport groups of fishermen to the reef- areas almost daily during the summer months. Rental cottages in the island area are-.used largely- by-family and -C-ommunity groups on fishing vacations. The largest-number of.rental cottages are located on Catawba Island. On the islands proper, rental cottage complexes are. located -on Kelleys Island (11), Middle Bass Island _(1), and South Bass Island (6). :A -disproportionate number of dottage rentals are made by southern- Ohio residents - (f) C_ o. (D C- c c ID (V 0 c (D CD o C (D :3 Co 4@.: 4 CTI Cl) 0) T __4 OD 0)*, - 00 -4 -4 OD 0 :3 ro (X) _4 a)- co 0 ca _.L (o 0 CA) 0) '03 (D -4 a)- _j Ol -CA) -4 CA) PL- .9h - 0 (D 0 OD (D 01, C) C) _4 Q 0) Co 0) 0) GI 0 0) 0) 14" co ro 0) ro 0) '00 G) -4 Cl cn M.- .0) OD 0) (D w ro ca (D -4 0 (0 rO ro R) a rnL 0 (0 0) 0 a)' . L t (D Cyl -Co L CY) 0) R) K) J'' R) R) 10 _(D OD. -4 4 (A) R) R-) .0 (C) 6) Ol 0) A.) - 0). co 4 K) 10 CO 0 0 00 -4 4 -4 .0 (D W 4- -4 10 (Z' --A! M, (0 8 _.L 'Jl ro, 4. 0- CO -4 ro ro -4 -4 in w ul (D C) -4- -4 - (D L ca -4 w 0 0 CR ro R) 0) cn 0), -@ . -4 0' _& CP 4 -4 -4 " v 0. R), " (D 0 - ro r\) a) 4 C) _a) K) - 01 4 -4 0 'a) L r.0 r@)' -ro Cn m G) rO CD .0 Cn -4 0) 0), 0) U ro w ro & -4 - CO --4. - rO __4 co, ro co 0 G) .4 (0 ca ro fo, @) _4, _4 00 G) C) _.& L. .4_ m (D OD M Co. 00 (D A) -4 -cn ro 0) w Wn W W, oil a -TABLE 56 EAST HARE30R STATE PARK MONTHLY VISITATIONS (1974 1976). 1974 1975 '1976 January 1,0779 12605 10850 February 25909 26301 .26210 March 29752 35000 April 65801 4.2010 80000 May 94630 135720 1215ob Co C0 17998 .8 233410 238232 June July 419998 489171 304842 August 351785 34,8240 355280 Septerriber. 87396 926.76 105459 October 29778 31450 November 19071 19750 1 19860 December 6181 17342 19860 0. Cf) 0 0 (D C c c < 0 m (D C 3 3 m :r c m CD cr 0 C ro 0 ca (n m ro- co ca (0 ro m :3 1. co OD cn -(0, -4 (0 ro -P, ca 0)- OD co co cn (0 Ln co 0 ro ca 0 (0 0 0. 0 -4 0) 0 (D G) -4 (3) R) -4 --4 -A, _u: 0) co m co 0 0 (A) 0, -01@ G) CL) Q- R) Q .4 .0 CD N) (D -0. R) ()l (D (D 0 (31 CYI -0, 0 cn CO -4 --4 4 4. OD 0) -4 0) Cil 0 R) 4 P. QI (D 0 (D (D ro co al. (D ro @OL 0 R) C71 CY) -4 CO. OD GY w -4 0 4 CO CAY 00 _4. 00 _4 4, 0 (0 -4 - -4 ro. 0 4 @00 w 0) ft) CD -4 -4 cn (0 0) N): ca R) N) w 0) 0) ca CO ro ro -L 0 -A 01 1\)' CA) R) CTI 4 (0 0 co -4 01 TO IQ (D CY) ll@ cn, `4 CA) -0) W- 0 4 4 03 -4 0-) _0 (D ZO 00- ((Df) > > (s c c 0 < rt 'a (D (D 0. rl- c c (D In 0 a c (D - P) -(T U -73 -3 (D (D (D l< .0 0 c (1) (n N) CA) CO 0) rt (D 00 CA) Ck), .00 a CTI OD -4 CA) t6 ft) Ul 0- CA) N) cn R) - cli ro 0) cn QD 00 00 -4 CA) OD (D 0- -CA) R) CA) IQ 00 0 4 (D GO -J CA) (D OD OD Ul --4 -P. 0 (C) Or IQ 'CA) (C) (D --4 (D ul -J, G) a' 0 0 G) - -4 Ul -Ph. cn -CO 1-4 CAI CA) 0 P,, I cl)@ N) K) K) OD (D CA). (3) (D -J, CL) (A al G) t" 0 0 G)- Ul CD ro o CD Ul w 0 w OD w OD Cl) ()I Ul .(.0 - N) CO -4. 4 CY) Ul 0 ro R) al -0 00 0 CL) .4 .0 - -4 Ln (D 0 0 N) K) -4 -4 (A U co -.0) 0 Ul A.) Co -(Jl - J) -4 OD (0--. 0 - CL) -4 N) cy)- - CA) ft) 4 - , -j - ICYI 1 00 0) R) CTI co 0 -4 (D OD 0) L -4 0 cl) C))*- -4 (D -G) OD (D _rl J\) .0 CAY 0 0 cy)- _x 0. (D -4 Im OD r\)-.- :3 -4 G) 0 cl) -4 00 0) -4 R) 0 - -P, - 0 'K). ro 186 TABLE 59 -S-TA-TE PARK FACI LITI ES Facilit'ies .-Kelleys- Island - South 'Bass Island Campsites- .150 125 Rent-a-Camp - 0 -(Fully.equipped -campsites) 2- Rental cott.ages 0 2 (6, 8people) Boat 'launching ramp, YES YES Overnight --boat docks 0 15 -(3Q) Bath ing- 'beach' Sand, guarded, dusk Cobb.le unguarded 5/3-b-9/6 C@hange booth .@br bathers YES NO Electric-Power NO Restrooms Vablt-type latrine Vault-type latrine -picnic Facilities. 'F ire rings,- grills,. F ire . rings, @ -gr i I Is-J, picnic- tables- picnic.tables Showers: NO.: NO- drinking Water aFe dr.inking -water Water.-- Safe S on tap off@ tap $2 25/campsite Fees $2.25/camps.ite .-Organized groups -$.25/person Restrictions@ No pets No. pets No alcoholic beverages No alcoho 1. ic beverages Emer en NO g cy boat YES - d 187 Hiking. The island region is not a backpacking area. The only opportunties for genuine day hiking are found in the quarried on Kelleys Island. The hiking and exploring of these quarries is enhanced by the abundant fossil fauna to be uncovered in the exposed strata. The lime- stone strata and fossil fauna of each quarry are listed in Appendix A. Picnicking. Facilities for picnicking are limited. The state parks and village parks on Catawba Island, Kelleys Island, and South Bass Island are developed to allowed picnicking activities. Local families on these islands are designed to encourage visitors to use local food con- cessions rather than picnic. Power boating. A major influence in the growing interest in the Lake Erie Islands has been the expansion of recreational boating. Recrea- tional power boating falls into two disctinct, although occassionally overlapping classes: fishing and cruising. In both instances, activity is centered in the island region. The islands are located 35 miles from Lorain Harbor Light, 29 miles from Detroit River Light and 28 miles from Toledo Harbor Light. These distances make the islands favored destination points for power cruisers located in these metropolitan areas. Approximately 5000 power boats are moored at West Harbor/Catawba Island marinas during the summer months (Table 60). The principal use use for 70% -to 80% of these boats is reef Fishing. The remaining 20% to 30% are used for cruising.The boating boom has caused problems in the island area. The noise of high-powered vessels speeding along the islands destroys the desirability of shoreline properties as quiet places. The huge concentration of power and sailing craft located at West Harbor marinas creates hazardous conditions at the only entrance, Gem Beachm to West Harbor. Local marina owners are universally, anamantly, in favor of opening another channel to the West Harbor area in order to relieve the congestion at the privately, maintained Gem Beach channel. This situation, in part, contributes to making the Marblehead Coast Guard Station one of the two bussiest stations on the Great Lakes, in terms of distress calls. Sailing. Although not as common as power boats, a variety of sailing craft are used as recreational vessels in the island region. Put- in-Bay Harbor is used by numerous Lake Erie yacht clubs as a destina- tion point for week-end sailing races. Most importantly, the associated members of the Inter-Lake Yachting Association hold the Association's annual, regatta, at Put-in-Bay. Participant's from associate clubs in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Ontario sail marked, courses in the vicinity of the Bass Islands throughout the first of the week, in August. This event, known as the "Interlake", is sometimes advertised as the world's largest freshwater regatta. -0, T T F, r- I- G) G) 0 0 0 c (D 0) 0 0) (D -3- m 0 1 CD rr ct COL- (OD 3 x -3 :3. - < M M- U) a 0 03 0 U) z T 0 :3 0 @x (w 0 CD (D 03 .(D- CL 0 (D -o (n cn * :@ o -.o (D o cn 0' w o 0 AD 0 o 0) .0) -0) C (D C CL c ID ID c m (D Q- _a (I)D cr rr CL cr U) ft ) , (,) (n OL r"r rr rt- rr @rr :r cr cr (n (D 0 aj 00 17 : 0) P) -,D P) (n 1 0) '3 ID > (T (1) (1) (n cr (1) U) (n Lo o 0 U@ 0) P) . -3 :3- :3 CL. 0.3 CL CL 00) 0 CA) 0 0 77 R) -9@- (A) 0- ca 0 Cl fi) C) 0 0 0 OD 0- -ul 1 4 0 0 0*1 - -1 -' - . 0 , 0 .A), 0 .0 -01 (n.: m Z H. '0 -0.0 0- 0 0 0 0 0) F@ @+ @: 0 0, @o 0 0 A) CD tD CD 0) (D :3M :3 (D m P) :7 '(D 0) (D m 3 CL * (D CD 0 -3 c 0 cr <o < o < <m < < 3 0 m m m In 0@< 0. 00 p cn C: :03 P) :3 0) W ID (D 0), -3 :2- Iz- W. aw 0 0 0 3 o (f) C) 0 -0 (D cf) (1) -0 _0 E- 0. 0 -3 w cr -1) - T - - 0 0 3 w o 0 -0 o 1) -. R LL 'T r- I1@ (D 0 C-- C 02 c @c M. c E m .3 0 < a- .-3 X- (D 3S) 3 3 3 -3 En 0CD 0) Ao 70) u a (D @n cr c c c C. 0 0 @(D U) 0 :3 m CL (D Q cn U) 3(D m CD 0) < _0 cr (D 0 0 G) 71 0 -9. G) I G) Z G) G) u) -n z 0 (D c c 0) SD ii) ID C r 0. 0 0 0 3 0 (n 0) (n .0 o U)o in 0 in in :7 U) -' (D w %a 0 Lo , 0) X, 3 U) (n (n a- -- (f) (D P) M- (D 3 < -3 0 c :r 0 m m T 1 0 -3 0 0 M < m * D < m 3 13 3 .0- w I '.. 0 0 ) 3 o * :m < 0- M -0 -0 0 "a' 0, 0 1 1 ;, 8 M .0 S' 0 M- 0 1 0 g (D 0 r CD T 0 c c 0 rt, cn 's 0 0- --C 0 , 0 @3 Cor 0' @.- 1 -0 0 . iP) SD (D 2" 3 0) 730 0 0 rr@ 0 -0. -3 (+ - 0 rr (D (D In :r I -- :3 p) R) (D 0 er 8 (D (o rr 0 (D 1@ _, %. (T (1) m 1 0 - -- 0, CL- ID U) (D fn CT I - 9 (20 0 !-("), (D 0 cr 0- 0 (D (D rt - . -a 0 (D Z :3 -3 %. .- C @O =-a a-wo n n TABLE 60 CON'T. MARINA AND OOCK FACILITIES OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION. Principal Marina 'Location: Docks Points 6F Origin' Service South Bass- Island Cleveland, Columbus, Do,6ks@ latrines, picnic' State Park South Bass 30 Toledo tables Cle.\@Eiland, Sandusky Gas. boating -supplies Seaway Kelloys Island 200 local Gas,' mechanical, dry sto,rage, Sugar Rock Catawba Isla'nd 150 Columbus, local boating supplies' Mansfield, Columbus, T.reasure Cove 'Catawba Island 30 Youngstown, Penn. Gas, 'mechanical. West Catawb@a Catawba Island 110 N. A. Gas, hoist, storage 00 .190 Sightseelng.- In the -island region, -Kelleys Island- and South @s land a Bass re the principal Islands where sightseeing1s an impor- tant recreational activity, As. a result, only these islands, along with Catawba Island, are developed as public resort areas. Sight- seeing opportunities in the remainder- oF't.he island region are of minor importance. The remaining islands are largely'pri-vate-ly: owned and developed as retreats or as agricultural areas, -Scenic po, ints in- the island region are summarized in Table 61. The sceKic. Features not open to -public inspection are. noted.. On South Bass Island the principal points of visitor- Interest are Crystal Cave/ Heineman Winery and- Perry's, Monument. Some visitors come to South.,Bass Island- to vis-it one or the-other site only. Other visitors attempt to s-ee- as many points of interest as the length of their, visit perm-its. Inevitably., - PLit"In-Bay village attracts many who initially intend the trip to. the island -as avisit to 'Perry's Monument or the Winery., On Kelleyl.s Island the glacial groove Area and. inscription, rock are'the-princ'tpal points of scenic interest. Rental bicycles are the most common Form of transportation. For those vis-iting scenic Fea- tures For a da@/. in terms 6F'public interest, Perry's Monument Is best considered ii' regional rather than a national site. Inspection oF"the monument guest register-.on-any given day reveals an overwhelming.,preponderence. of Ohio residents (90%). Residents of neighboring states compose the remainder. of the visitors. Visitors. from -Michigan are. almost- entirely waterborne. Young -people (18-24)-.predominate on-weekends while family groups are most common *during. weekdays. -Monthly attendence figures are presented - in Table 62. Attendence Figures. are computed OF visitors taking- the elevator ride to the observa- as the actual count tion deck plus 20% of that Figure For visitors to the grounds who do not, -visit -the observation -deck. The -staff conducts a vari.ety _oF informative presentations during the evening hours throughout the.summer months. The Monument is op,@n tothe public From early May to- late October (C White, Chief Ranger, personal communication). The Ohio Divist-on'of Wildlife Fish Hatchery staff conducts visitors through'ihe Facility- weekdays from.1:00 to-4:00 p-.m. and by reservation .-at.other times. Individual tours vary and center around the particular activities ongoing at the hatcheryat the. time. The number of 'visitors, (Table 62-) would be much higher IF the Facility were open to the public during the.weekend period. Operiing- the7hatchery on. the weekend would be,alrpublic relations enterprise.. unrelated to its primary Function as.a s it For'Fish propagation. 191 TABLE 61 SCENIC POINTS OF INTEREST Catawba Island South Bass Island Catawba Cliffs/Nabagon Head Battle of Lake Erie Catawba Island-State Park Coast Guard Lighthouse marinas/boats Cooke Mansion Mon Ami Winery/Restaurant Dollar Mansion 2 Gibraltar Island/Stone Laboratory Heineman Winery and, Johnson Island Crystal Cave Island Airlines Ford Tri-motor Confederate Officer's Cemetary airplane lime kiln 2 Miller Mansion Kelleys Island Perry's Cave Perry's Victory Monument and glacial grooves International Peace Memorial Inscription Rock Put-in-Bay harbor/boats Kelleys Island State Park Put-in-Bay villagepark Kelleys Island Wine Cellar ruins Put-in-Bay, village bars/restaurants/ quarries shops quarry docks Ohio Division of Wildlife Fish village pavilion Hatchery rocky ctiffs South Bass Island State Park/ Marblehead Peninsula Victory Hotel site ruins Marblehead lighthouse2 quarries Middle Bass Island 2 Lonz Winery building vineyards 1 public access by boat only 2 no public-access or controlled access 0 (C) (D W 0 0 Q 0 (D (D (C) (D (D (1) (D (D (D (Yl Ol Ol Cl C) 0) 0) @0) (j) (3) (3) 0) C)_C) -J -4 -4, -J -J -J -4 (3) -4 OD. Q 0 - R) CA) Ul -4- CO (C) 0 - CA)4 01 0) CL) G) G) A) -ro N) R) rO GO CA) CO 4- CO CO R) 4s al C.) CO - TO - OD 4@, (D 0 0 (31 1\) 0) 0) 00 00 - -A ro rt- SD CO -P, rx) Co CTI 4 R) (3) -4 0 -N 0 al - CA) 0 00 CA) K) 0) rt- o rr CO (D 4 co 4 OD 4 R) 4 0 00 " T 40 a 0 0 cn a 0@0 00 4 0 0 cn 4 0 -0) R) -N 0 Pi _'3 7 (n CL _n La (n m Z z It _Z. (D CA) 4 00 > co R) -j -N 9 ft 0 Ck) 00 %. v cn al 0 CA) CD CA) __L 0 cn 0 @cn (D ft co 0 @u co -j d) ro (n co (D cn m P) v v . . . v v %. %. rt r". 0) .2 -CA). CA) -4 4 0) _gS 00 (D (D M 0) ro cn m -4 0) 0) 0) I< M 4 0 -4- M 0 0 -0 -U (n - SD 7 (n _P, cn M,Q) @0) 0) CY) -4 -4 -4 OD OD OD -4 (.0 (D (C) (C)0 0 0 (D Pt (D ro 01 -4 L (A) 0) - (D -AL -OD (D CO -J cli 00 F\) -0, 0 -4 - -4 0) ,CD -3 V@.@ @. L%' V U V . %. %. %. %. -A U 0 1 ca _j 0 _j OD 0) CY) 0 (D 0 [\) 0 (D OD CTI co CL) a) ck) (D -4 (D :3 co Go (D 0 CY) -4 TO 00 _j (D (D 4 CTI. .01 m 0 m w w _N -P. SD 0 (D C) C)IL -4 cn al Ca 0 0 M W M, -4 V m u, ai c (D 0 < Z 3 0 :3 CL w 0 w m ro w w w w cn UL al -4 0 o- -4 4 M 0 0 -4 (D K) (3) 00 D) c v %. u :3 rt ro M -4 -4 N) W 0 M 0 a " CD :F 0) 0 R) 0) CA) (1) -4 0 (D OD K) 00 _PL -4 N) (3) -4-4 -0 0 -4 OD -4 CY) 00 al En P.4 ro R) 0i U) z r\) ca I T (D m Z Z 4 Z Z 0) -- r-f- z m . . co rlt U) 0) 0 t@.> Ca 0 07 -4 (D l< 193 Heineman's Winery is a major island attraction. In addition to tours of the winery p roper and the "wine sampling" room, tours of Crystal Cave, located beneath the Winery, - draws -many -visitors. Nearby is. -Perry's Cave, allegedly used by Commodore Perry and his- men dur- ing the War of 1812. Perry's. Cave is currently operated as a'tourist attraction A number oFold mansions and ruins of once prominent structures are scattered throughout the -islands. The Victory Hotel ruins are located within the limits -of South Bass Island State Park. Put-In-Bay Village Park offers a picturesque view of the island specialty shops, the harbor and Gibraltar Island. 'On"weeken.ds and during i,4e0atta'.the harbor And village docks are filled with sailing craft and power boats. . The scenery along the, west shore of South Bass Island dominated by hi Cliffs.. Another drawing force to the islands is the "myth of the wine festival ".. Across the State of Ohio there. persists the idea that the Bass Islands sponsor a "wine Festival" each -year. Th is idea is most prevalent in the minds of the youthful 18-24 year-old. age group. This myth is probably the -result of the huge .Memorial Day -,tourist influx, stori es. or accounts of which- eventually lead to the conclusion in the minds of the. uninitiated that a wine festival is sponsored on the islands. Visitors to, Ke.1leys Island are drawn by - the glacial grooves and Inscription Rock. A visit to the grooves' usually entails a tour through the State Park and along the sand beach borderi .ng the north shore. The@ old quarries and their related kilns and docks -are. also of interest to sightseers.* Located- along the south- shore -of the island.,- Inscription Rock stands as a monument to the Indians once' Frequenting the area. Carved in 1625 by the Erie Indians., the rock is now partially protected, by a wooden roof-erected by the Ohio Historical Society. The picto-w- graphs depicting-the annihilation of the Erie tribe by the Iroquois are now barely visible. For years people were attracted to Middle Bass'Island by the Facilities And unique atmosphere afforded by the Lonz Winery. With the closing of the winery in 1975/76, -few tourists make the trip to Middle Bass Island. On -the mainland- Catawba Island and the Marblehead ar are ea, -popular sightseeLng *areas with. well developea tourist sites.- The Catawba Cliffs- provide a scenic ride for cyclists -as well as a' point of intEPrest 194 to those involved in local history and legend. The 150 year--old Mon Ami Winery still operates at the south end of the Island, offering tours through the wine cellar as well as an excellent restaurant. Marblehead offers a scenic drive around the quarries and one of the oldest lighthouses on the Great Lakes. Johnson Island in Sandusky Bay is the site of the Confederate Civil War Cemetary. The Cemetary is the only area on the island open to the public and public access is by boat only. Sunbathing. Beach areas for sunbathing are extremely limited. As a result sunbathers are most commonly seen on boat decks, lawns, and rocky cliffs. Few Visitors come to the island region with the pri- mary intention of sunbathing. Swimming Better water quality result in clearer water in the islands proper than near the adjacent mainland. The beach area along the north shore of Kelleys. Island is the principal swimming area in the island region. In recent years high take levels during the summer months have severely limited swimming and associated water-related activities at East Harbor State Park on Marblehead Peninsula. The only sand beach area on South Bass Island is a 30-yard area next to the grounds of Perry's Monument. This, area is maintained by the vil- lage of Put-in-Bay,it is unguarded and is not used extensively. The unguarded cobble beach area at South Bass Island State Park is some- times used by campers although swimming is discouraged by park offi- cials. Swimmers frequently use selected areas of the rocky cliffs along the west shore of South Bas's Island, often to the consternation of property owners. Sand beaches exist on the north shore of Middle Bass. Island and or the southeast corner of North-Bass Island. These beaches are not well-known and are used in freqently for swimming activities. SCUBBA diving. The turbid waters of Lake Erie are not favored by SCUBA divers. In the island region, a few shipwrecks and sunken pleasure craft attract cottage dwellers and occasional visitors with SCUBA training. Spring Fishing. During the spring season, the island region attracts perch fishermen to the reefs. More important, during the month of May considerable numbers of anglers fish the nearshore zone of the islands in pursuit of small mouth bass. 195 Sightseeing. Sightseeing during the spring is largely liimited to school visiting groups Crystal Cave, Perry is Monument and the Ohio Division of Wildlife Fish Hatchery. Fall Fishing The reefs and nearshore areas of the island region continue to attract anglers through the month of October. The number of anglers is considerably reduced from the summer Period. The fish of choice during this period is perch, and to a 1esser extent, small- mouth bass and walleye. Hunting- The opening of the pheasant season in November attracts dozens of hunters daily to each of the larger islands. Small private hunts are arranged on Rattlesnake Island. The islands provide some of the finest habitat for pheasants, in Ohio. The shortage of areas open to public hunting severely restricts hunters who have not made prior arrangements with local landowners. This shortage of available public areas results in a period of considerable disturbance and abuse of private property. Winter Ice-boating. Several local residents, own small ice sailing boats and utilize their recreational craft during periods when the frozen take is free of snow cover. Ice fishing the Lake Erie islands, including Sandusky Bay, are the Focal point of ice fishing activity for this hardy breed of Ohio angler. Locally, ice fishing is the focus of much activity in the local communities. Several island residents supplement their annual income by serving as ice fishing guides. Ice fishing guides provide transporta- tion, shanties and bait to day-visitors at fees ranging From $6 to $12/day. Guides are busiest on weekends. The number and location of shanties were surveyed during this study (Appendix C). During the 1976-1977 season, transient anglers caught approximately 21,000 yellow perch in the vicinity of the Bass Islands (D. Hair, Ohio Division of Wildlife personal communication). A survey of ice Fishing guides indicates the principal points of origin of transient anglers are the metropolitan areas of Cleveland and Columbus, Cincinnati/Dayton and Toledo. 196 Ice skating and sledding. During the period oF Ice cover, ice skating and sledding are the principal outdoor recreation pursuits of local young people. Snowmobiling. Snowmobiles are not common in the island region. During severe winters, snowmobiles serve as valuable means of transportation on the more remote islands Where snow removal equipment if limited. In. addition, snowmobiles provide transportation between islands, over the ice. 197 RESOURCE ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REG I ON Aspects. of the Island Experience As defined, the coastal zone is a narrow region, existing as the edge between two quite diFferent and complementary environments. It pro- vides a set of resources unavailable on either land or water alone. Throughout, the coastal zone is under pressure for many uses, indus- trial and commercial, on the one hand, and recreational on the other. Islands, especially, are areas having 'increased demands for recrea- tional Facilities, second-homes and various associAted supporting ser- vices. Islands provide an esthetic experience that is conducive to recrea- tional pursuits and vacation retreats. It is the shoreline in particu- lar that is, the. Focal point of these activities. Rocky cliffs, beaches, quaint cottages and the ever-changing. condition of the. water itself, From placid to stormy, all provide important and desired attributes. The esthetic force of water seems to be just as strong whether the activity involved depends directly on water for participation or is sim- ply enhanced by its nearness (Carts, in Harper & Warbach, 1976). The islands are unique in that they are removed From easy access and the main body oF human activity, Uniquenes's indicates the paucity of similar zones -exhibiting. the same elements as that under inspection. The relative scarcity or uniqueness" oF an esthetic quality is of inc reasing importance and value to society. The rationale that Underlies this description of the islands is that: "landscape that unique either in a positive. or a negatIve way is of more significance than one that is common" (Leopold, 1969). The unique. attraction of islands is their detachment both From the mainland and From mainland, routine. Cros- sing water to reach land becomes a symbolic act of leaving behind too Familar activ ities and unsolved problems (Islands of America, 1970). Islands in general constitute some of the nation's Finest reservoirs of unspoiled land. In the Ohio coastal zone, the islands contain some of the best remaining natural resources. for recreation and other pub- lic use. Ohio's islands include over 6000 acres of land with vineyards, open fields and some scrub growth that is steadily succumbing to the 198 InfrIngement of summer homes. This is especially true of the more accessible islands, principally South Bass, Middle Bass and Kelleys Islands. Outside of South Bass Island and Kelleys Island, the others are relatively unknown and unavailable for public use. Island land values, are high. It Is important to consider that once an island's remoteness or inaccessibility is reduced, it is drastically changed. Once developed, it is nearly impossile to retain all the esthetic qualities which con- tribute to Its unique desirability as a retreat. Crowding and development are major points of concern in the coastal zone. Recreational resources are best and most meaningful at the land/ water interface where they are most limited. In this interFace area, resources' are better measured in terms of length of the resource zone than in terms oF overall area. Of Ohio's 262 miles of Lake Erie shore- line, approximately 37 miles is island shoreline. Island shoreline is the exception of marshland, in- least crowded and least developed, with the the Ohio coastal zone. That portion of the Ohio shoreline From Conneaut west to Vermilion is almost completely developed. The competition for se in urban/subu communities has resulted in consider- shore line u rban able pressure on available bathing beaches, boating and associated facilities. Equally important., development of supporting facilities often detracts from the natural character of the coastal zone. The most heavily used public beach Facilities, in the U.S. are within a two hour drive of an urban area (Outdoor Recreational Resources Review. Commission No. 4, 1962). Four urban centers (Cleveland; Detroit, Lorain/Elyria, Toledo) with populations totaling over seven million are at or within a 50 mile radius of Ohios Lake Erie Islands. Along most of Ohio's shoreline, sites. for new state recreational areas are non- existent. The islands represent a significant percentage of the relatively- undeveloped, esthetically fulfilling shoreline., Between 1965 and 2000, the demand For outdoor recreation was pre- dicted to increase 2-1/2 times. Growth was predicted to be even more dramatic in,those activities For which islands are best suited: swimming, picnicking, boating,, and -Fishing as well as hiking, camping, and nature. study (Islands of America., 1970). A 1973 statewide survey of Ohio resi- dents resulted in forecasts of outdoor recreation 'demand between 1975 and 1980. Of the 18 outdoor recreation activities surveyed, swimming., Fishing, picnicking, and boating were ranked in order with the highest 1975 household participation rates, (Outdoor Recreation for Ohio. 1975- 1980 Executive Summary. Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, ODNR, 1975). The growing demand for coastal zone and water-based recreational opportunities indicates a need for planning and mana with the goal ging of,protecting existing island resources. Planners and managers should consider the effect oF crowding and development on the nature and quality 199 of the recreational experience in an island environment. The Lake Erie Islands currently serve, in part, in the legendary role as places of escape and as sanctuaries for recreation and renewal. It is this esthetic experience provided by an island visit that is especially vul- nerable. and development apparently have a variable effect on a Crowding recreational experience. Development which conForms to those uses For which. an area is best suited does not reduce. preference for the area in any consistent. manner. In an island environment, hiking- trails., boating Facilities, picnic tables, points which. offer scenic vistas, etc., often enhance an area. Major,departures from the. natural landscape.and developments that do, not conForm with the best uses of an area play a major role in reducing its desirability. The absence of people in an area should not always be considered a desired condi- tion. The need for personal space during an island visit varies From time to time, location to location and person to person (Carls, in Harper and Warbach, 1976). Carls (loc. cit.)cities growing evidence that esthetic Factors, such as the number of people. sharing a coastal zone development, have an important, influence on use of the area. People tend to select those places with- lower levels of crowding and development. At present, South Bass Island- and Kelleys Island suffer From crowding, during the, holiday periods of Memorial Day, the Fourth oF July and Labor Day as well. as during the- ILYA Regatta. During these periods of high use, visitors produce a considerable strain on local facilities and result in local enterprises. and governmental agencies controlling access to the islands, restricting visitor activities and instituting reservation require- ments, often in a seemingly uncoordinated, and haphazard manner. Dur- ing these periods, crowded conditions and the holiday atmosphere are considered an attribute by many, but-not all, island visitors. The recreational value of a small island, i.e., ten acres or less- in Size, varies according, to the different experiences it produces in those who use it. This experience might well be termed the "island aspe" Baldwin, 1964). This "Island aspect" is a unique awareness Or knowledge of being surrounded by water. This awareness derives from the special effort required to reach the island, an effect quite different from the more commonplace modes of driving or walking. In addition, the awareness oF the nearness of water brought about by seeing water on-all sides contributes to the unique experience derived from a visit to a small island. The "island aspect" is largely lacking islands of Kelle on the larger ys, Middle Bass and South Bass. 0 200 Equally important, vistas of undeveloped islands inthe vicinity of a more extensively developed region offer the promise of the new and unexplored to the viewer. Green and Mouse Island are undeveloped. These islands serve as harbingers which emphasize the sense of the remote and the inaccessible in people utilizing the Bass Islands as an area of retreat. Living on an island for any period of time almost always results in the development of a unique sense of belonging. The isolated geo- graphical situation results in frequent contact with other residents. This frequent contact with familiar faces produces a genuine sense of community. Local residents become quite familiar with the activity patterns of their fellow island dwellers. The sense of community is well developed among cottage owners who are seasonal or occasional residents at best. Most cottage owners reside in large metropolitan areas where per- sonal relationships with neighbors maybe limited or entirely lacking. Metropolitan area dwellers frequently maintain friendships over a rela- tively large geographic area. Quite often, interaction with service people, such as clerks, merchants, etc. is interpersonal. The opposite of these observations is true in an island community. Cottage owners frequently state that they feel more a part of the island community thantheydo of their permanent residence. This feeling is equally strong among the children of cottageowners. Local island residents express a strong bond of allegiance with mostcottage owners. Cottage owners support the local community in several tangible ways. Development of the islands with sufficient tax base to support a local school system with an independant school board. The large influx of tax dollars from outside the local community results in a local tax millage much lower than otherwise possible. Local residents are acutely awareof this fact. Any government effort to remove property from the tax base, especially property owned by cottage dwellers who support the community as tax payers and service customers will be met with local opposition. The boat lines which serve the island region are supported in the spring and fall largely by cottage owners visiting their property. In general, the operators of these services are opposed to any government plan or action which proposes to buy and eliminate island cottages. Potentially, the loss of a sufficient number of cottage owners due to public acquisition oftheir land could result in curtailed ferry service. 201 Critical. Areas -in the -island reg.ion, several sites. includ'ing prime -agricultural land, --commercial- mineral strata, hazardous geological formations, natural areas and wetlands have been identified as, "critical" areas. -Due to their scarcity'or economic_ value, combined' with the lack of protection now afforded -these vulnerable -areas, -the Ohio. Department of Natural- Resources is -committed -to guiding the management _of areas deemed of cr'ttical- importance to a local community or'to tine people of the State of Ohio at large. -In a few instances, sites of regional [nterest -extending nd- the- borders of the State of Ohio have been. identi- beyo, Fied in this report. The extended growing -season with its lengthy- frost-FrOe -period pro- vtdes.-the. island region.with the proper climafological conditions fo r viticulture and orchards. Unfortunately, this prime -agricultural land occurs' in an@ area in considerable - demand--for summer home and resort development. The value -of such land as orchard or vineyard. pates before its value as sites for commercial 'or residentla.1 -development. Resort development' has resulted -in the loss. of corysid-erabie orchard' acreage -o.n Catawba Island. The. importance 'of the orchards and vine- yards *is considerabld -6h a statewide- basis. '-- Thousands of people tra- vel the. island region-'bach. -year with th(@ specific i-ntention of sampling locally produced fruit -and- wine-. In addition, the'Isle St. George label of Meier-Is Wine Co. identifies, wine produced by North Bass Island vineyards and marketed' nationally. An extensive' portion of Kelleys Island and a small -portion of John- son' Island have been- -developed as commercial mineral sources, i. e. limestone. quarr'ie's.. Quarry activity ceased on Kelleys Island in 1975- The quarry on Johnson Island- has not been in commercial production For. many -years. The potential - for Further development of the K-ell6ys -Island site is considerable. Further -deve-lopment is- -dependent on demand - and, favorable economic conditions. The- Kelleys- Island 'quarries are of potential importance to enterprises -requiring large volumes oF.stone. Water transpor t is the only econon@)ically-fe@(sible. method of delivering 0 this high volume, -16w@unit price material. It-is particularl%@ attractive for shoreline construction. The *celestite crystals forming the floor oF'Crystal Cave on South -eass Island were sold. for use as fireworks ingredients soon after the discovery of the cave. Subsequently,,, the site has been effectively developed as- a tourist attraction. The importance -of this unique geo- logical. formation -as a .,natural phenomenon is, national in scale. Develop- ment of Crystal Cave as a commercial -mineral site is most unlikely. under current ownership. 202.. Nineteen of the natural areas identified in -the. island area are of local-- interest. Although '-attractive For the most. part, . these s ites are not * Focal points, of statewide Interest- although they are very important in the composition of an aesthetically pleasing island setting. Eleven I areas-are considered oF'statewide Interest. Of the -latter, -Four* sites.- including the 'mineral formation. of Crystal Cave, are- con- T sidered'of. regionat and/or national interest. hese.,natural areas are summarlzed@ in Table Ten wetland areas-occur in the. islAnds..- The. extent, and nature of these wetlands- is:summarized in Table 64 -., Although -.the wetlands in the islands ar .e. small in comparison with the marshes of'the Erie, Otta\t@a and..Luca.s County -rn&-.Inlahd, they must be considered to. have statewide -effectivet importance. Due to their ease of development, three have been, y destroyed as. wetlands.'TIhe latter currently exist only as marina boat basins. - Special Attributes- Within. the island region are a diversity of points of interest people, placies." things which are -both -unusual in their own. right and uncommon on either a local, statewide or, regional basis. The points of Interest with spei:ial attributes identified- during this study are summarized.in Table 65'. Eleven of the 33 paints of Interest are known to- and utilized -by--local 'residents.. The -remaining 22 points. -compose, a constellation of attributes w1hich single out the :island area as a Focal point For Ohio citizens in,-search of the unusual within moderate' distance. 'Locally., Catawba Cl iffs Drive is an impressive scenic drive along a high promontory along-the west side of- Catawba -Island. The Johnson Island causeway is the only -bridge connecting an Erie -Island with a mainland- point. The- Colonial Hall in the village of- Put-In-Bay serves as a Focal -point of community activity d-uring -the winter months.-. During this period, many local residents- -participate -as members of one or more@ boWl-ing teams. The winter, leagues use- the Colonial Lanes, the- -only bowlli!ig lane in the island. area. The Golden Pheasant Inn on Rattle- snake Island provides a small resort Facility- with an intimate, remote atmosphere. . Although. not well known, the -Golden Pheasant Inn caters. to cottage owners and local -residents of Middle Bass and South Bass Island. The Kelley.-M-Ansion on Kelleys Island is@used@as a local com- munity center. The Dollar and Miller Mansions on South Bass Island are private dwelling --constructed in the grandiose manner of the late 18001s. 203 TABLE 63 NATURALAREAS IN THE LAKE ERIE ISLANDS REGION IMPORTANCE ISLAND LOCAL STATEWIDE REGIONAL- BED-ROCK FEATURES Shore C-l,iffs Catawba X Sou.th Ba.ss X Gibraltar X Rattles,nake X_ -Glac-ial Groove-s Kelleys X X South Bass X Gibraltar X .-C'ataw,ba X Caves South Bass X X Catawba X Mineral Formations.South Bass- X X -Green X, West Sister X F o s s i 1 S Kelleys' X Johnson X Virgin Island Gr,een X West Sister X X -Mouse X WETLANDS Fox's Marsh North.Bass, X Ca,rp. Pond- Kelleys X Smith's Pond North Bass X Terwilligeris Pond South Bass X Haunck-'s Pond. ..Mliddld-Bass X WOODLANDS Victory Woods South Bass X Lighthouse Wood-s South Bass X OSU Wildlife Sanctuary South Bass X Duff's'Woods South,Bass X S-tate Reserve Kel 1-ey-s _X Rattlesnake Rattlesnake X Ma.rsh.Woods, North Bass X TABLE 64 WETLANDS. IN THE LAKE ERIE ISLAND REGION AREA -USE, NAME I SLAN D 1900 1977' ORIGIN PRESENT (a cres 1. Terwilliger's Pond South Bass 4 Bedrock scour Natural educatior 2. Armbruster's Marsh South Bass 0 2 -,Man excavation Natural educatior 3. Monument Marsh South Bass 0, Isthmu's bar@ Fifled,-historic memorial .4. 'Fischer's Pond Middle Bass 8 3 Barrier'bay Marina, resort (Burgundy@ Bay Marina) development 5. Haunck'@-Pond Middle Bass 5, 5 Isthmus,bars Natural area@(fo solid waste.dis site) 6. 'Mehele's Pond Middle Bass. 10, 7 Barrier bar Marina, (abandbnec (Lonz Mariba) .7. Fox,' s Ma rsh North Bass 10 .10 Baym6Pth bar Natural area 8.,,.Smith's Pond North'Bass 5 5@ Barrier bar' NaiurAl.are'a 9. , -Carp Pond Kel I oys 8 8 Baymouth bar Natural area, (Stz (North Pond) 10. Xelleys Pond Kelieys 25 10 Barrier bar Marina (partiall@ .(Seaway Marina) abandoned) TOTAL 80 __@47 Ten (10) being most naturally pleasing; I bei ng the most highly disturbed. 205 TABLE 65 SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE LAKE ERIE- ISLAND REGION I'MPORTANCE FEATURE LOCAL STATEWIDE REGIONAL l.. Archeological (Kelleys -Isl.)- .2. Catawba -Cliffs,@scenic road x 3.'tauseway (Johnson Island-) x 4. Colonial Hall (P-ut-in-Bay).' x 51. Confedera-te Cemetery x x 6. Crystal-Cave (South-Bass Island) x x @7. Fish.-Hatchery, (South Bass, Island) x 8. F. T. Stone Laboratory/Coo-ke's Castle x 9. Glacial Grooves (Kelleys Island) x x 10. Golden Pheasant Inn (Rattlesnake Isl.) x 11. Historical aircr'aft (Ford Tri-Motor.) x x 12. H-istorical mansions 13 Historical ruins (wineries &-hotels) X _x 14. Ice fishing x 15. ILYA-Regatta (Put-in,-Bay) x x 1-6. Inscription Rock -(Kelleys Island) x x 17. 1 *nter-island ferry boats x 1 *-8. Lighthouses x 19. Limestone quarries x 20. Ohio State-Music.Camp K -21. Perry's Lookout (,Gibraltar Isl.) x 22. Perry's Victory & Intern.' Peace Mem. x X 23. Put-in-Bay harbor x 24. Put-in-Bay,village x X, 25. Rare taflamander-Oorth.Bass Island) x 26. Rare snai,l (Green I.sland) x 27. Rattlesnake Island postage-stamps x x --28.- Reef fi-shing x -29. School systems x 30. SCUBA diving, shipwrecks x 31 ' Tabl-e Rock (Kelleys Island) _x 32. Turtle Island x 33. Wineries and vineyards 206 The winery ruins on Kelleys Island, the Lonz Winery Building on Middle Bass and the foundation ruins oF the Victory Hotel on South Bass Island are points of interest to those who acquire a knowledge of the history of the islands. The limestone quarries on Kelley's Island are a point of local interest for future economic utilization. Perry's Lookout on Gibraltar Island is a high vantage point providing a fine vista of the Bass Islands to Ohio State University students attending Stone Laboratory. Several sunken vessels in the area are exarmined by local SCUBA diving enthusiasts, principally cottage dwellers. Table Rock on the northeast point of Kelleys Island is a scenic outlier attracting local interest. Turtle Island in Maumee Bay, has had a comparitively large history for such a small island. Residents of the Toledo area seem to place a special importance on Turtle Island both for its role in local history and for personal memories of visits to the island. When the island is mentioned in local newspaper accounts, it is usually in reference to fishing or picnicking trips. Most Ohio residents have never heard of Turtle Island. Its importance for the citizens of the State of Ohio rests with the role marking the boundary between Michigan and Ohio. A number of island attributes are of 1imited local interest but of considerable importance on a statewide/regional basis to special inter- est groups. Among these are the archeological sites on Kelleys Island and the Confederate Officer's Cemetery on Johnson Island. Stone Lab- oratory on Gibraltar Island is the oldest freshwater biological station in the Un1ted States. A diversity of students and visiting scientists utilize its facilities during the summer months. Ice fishing activity attracts hardy sportsman from throughout the state during the months of January and February. During the summer months, reef fishing again attracts these sportsmen. The Interlake Yachting Associations Annual Regatta attracts sailing enthusiasts and a diversity of sailing vessels each August. Put-in-Bay Harbor provides a focal point of interest to power boat enthusiasts based in Cleveland, Catawba-Marble- head, Toledo and Detroit. The Ohio State Music Camp held on South Bass Island each summer attracts talented high-school age performers from across the state. The intensive learning experience provided each camp group culminates with a recital performance open to the public. Local residents and cottage owners provide large and receptive audiences. The snail, Anguispira kochi strotiana, is unique to Green Island. This is the only known habitat for this subspecies. North Bass Island provides habitat for a rare population of triploid salamanders, Amby- stoma texanum. Over 2000 philatelists subscribe to the annual Rattlesnake Island issue. 207 A number of attributes of the island region are oC broad interest ,and general a0peal. Largp.numbers of visitors tour-Crystal Cave, Hi-neman's Winery the -Ohio State Fish Hatchdry Perry's Cave, Perry's Monument . and -the Village of Put-i-n-Bay *on South -84ss I"sland. Considerable', numbers* visit the -Glacial Grooves area -and I.nscription. Rock on Kelleys Island. Most. visitors are enthusiastic about,the opportunity to -ride aboard one of the ferry boats serving the islands or -to fly to South Bass Island aboard the Ford Tri-.;.motor Aircraft. . The lighthouse structures 'on South Bass Island- and at Marblehead@ Point add a romantic 'to the island region, and -serve. as -.points of interest'for many aura visitors. Many visitors question local residents.about the local school s-@stems.. The obvious remoteness of the island situation combined-with the small permanent population serve -as topics'of intrigue.. The fact that such small . independent school systems continue to -function in. the- state is met. with amazement And occasional disbelief. 208 RECOMMENDATIONS The U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's (1970) publication ISLANDS OF AMERICA provides an important overview of policies and recommendations that serves as the framework for the recommendations of this study. Two major goals were recognized as necessary to protect America's islands: 1) public control of representative island areas sufficient to meet public recreation, scenic, wilderness, historic and scientific needs. 2) restoration and maintenance of the environmental quality of all American Islands. Concerted action in the public and private sectors both locally and state- wide are necessary to achieve these goals. The Lake Erie islands are important assets to the recreation and scenic resources of the State of Ohio. These island resources are especially vulnerable to unwise devel- opment practices. Specific considerations outlined in the fede ral report are considered below: State Actions 1. Include specific analysis of the Lake Erie Islands in the comprehensive statewide-outdoor recreation plan. The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (P. L. 88-578) provides for matching grants to the states, and through them the local governments, for the purchase and development of outdoor public recreation areas. Funding is also available through Sect. 315.2 of the Coastal Zone Manage- ment Act of 1972. In this context, a recreation potential exists for Turtle Island in Maumee Bay as a stopping place for boating enthusiasts and as a local historic site. The acquisition and development of Turtle Island and its integration into Maumee Bay State Park is recommended. 2. Title to State-owned Islands should be perfected to protect and develop those with recreation and related values. The State of Ohio currently holds title to Gibralter Island and Green Island, as well as portions of Kelleys Island and South Bass Island. 3. Provide statewide zoning for island conservation. Underwater protective zones around islands selected for public recreation should be established.. The reefs of the island region are intensively fished by Ohio anglers during the spring, summer, and fall months. Protection of these sites should be ensured. 209 4. Enforce regulations to control dredging and filling. Dredging and filling activities destroy natural features, reduce recreation space, and reduce fish and wildlife habitat. In recent years, several island wetlands have been lost as natural features and as fish and wildlife habitats in favor of their development for recreation, i.e. marina space. 5. Recreation use or potential of islands should be considered only within the limits of State standards and regulations governing water quality. Sewage pollution from recreation vessels and faulty or inadequate quat septic systems is a continuing problem in the island area. 6. Acquire or otherwise obtain public access to islands suitable For recreation and conservation purposes. a. The U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation recommended the following action: "State acquisition of several sites on North, South and Middle Bass Islands, and Kelleys (sic) Island for small craft harbors and adjoining recreation areas. The local government and private sector should be joint guardians of the scenic values on these islands (U.S. Department of Interior, 1970)." The development of large private marina facilities on Kelleys Island and Middle Bass Island have been failures or only marginally successful to date. b. Small islands are of greatest value if kept in their natural condition (Baldwin, 1965). This report emphasizes the importance of Green Islan , Mouse Island, and Starve Island in enhancing the appearance of the island region. The vista provided by these islands contributes to scenic values of the larger islands and the adjacent mainland area. It is recommended that Mouse and Starve Islands be acquired by the State of Ohio and maintained in their natural condition as much as is possible.- Failing acquisition, the use of conservation or scenic easements, zoning, custodial arrangements, and other protective measures should be explored with island owners semi-public, charitable, private or other groups interested in the preservation of the natural beauty of these islands. A "scenic easement" provides that the island be kept perpetually in a natural state. Easements cost the taxpayer nothing, preserves the island and protects the owner from excess taxation (Baldwin, 1965). In addition, Green Island should be designated as an area of special interest for ecological research. @210-- C. The Fund@ing- oF- one or- more workshops'.des ign6d- to provide access'For i's I a n'd businessmen to expertise -of inidividuals concerned with recreation on- a regional and -statewide bas is...-Topics' for such a Workshop sh-ould include pricing- and Financial manaoemetit, market groWth@- local- resource base and' promotional-pol itical-orga-nizati6nal aspect..oF -successful recreation businesses. (Wnahan,-_1976). Local, Action 1. Adopt long-range 'plans, backed by effective zoning -and other necessary ordi,nances, to conserve island resources.. The large Islands and-" several, small - ones -are already occupied by camps,. cottages,, and.other developments, all of whi ch are- s imilar to developed shorefront* property. Public interest 'is the same For all shorel-ine- uses-attractive development, good sanitatIon, -and proper consi'deration For good use oF-land and bordering water areas (Baldwin, 1965). Local. planning and ordinances should emphasize these - values. 2-.:- Ac.quire,'is land. property for recreation,. open. space, and conservation. 3., Assure public access to ,�hot-@el ines by acquisition, purchase of easements . tax Incentives-,, and by other @me'ans. 211 REFERENCES CITED Ahlstrom,E. 1930. Mollusks collected in the Bass Island region, Lake Erie. Nautilus 44(2): 44-48. Alexander,W.H. 1924. A climatological history of Ohio. Bull. 26. The Engineering Experiment Station of the Ohio State Univ. Columbus. 745 p. (Also Ohio State Univ. Bull. 28(5):1-745.) Allen, J.A. 1915. Shells of Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. Nautilus 29(2):18-20. Baldwin, H.I. 1965. Islands of New Hampshire. New Hampshire State Planning Project,_Land Water Recreation Rept. No. 15 Concord, N.H. 90 p. Beatty, J. A. 1971. Checklist of spiders of the Lake Erie Islands. Unpublished manu. Beeton, A. M. 1961. Environmental changes in Lake Erie. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90(2):153-159. Beeton, A.M. 1965. 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