[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



















   11~~~~~~~~1










































fl~~~~~~~~~pwN.~~~~~~~~~  AATJ







   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LII  0 A















      Shoreline Assessment

      Manual'






0



    Jacqueline Michel2
               3
    Ilene Byron










    1 Figures 4, 5, and 6 modified in this edition
    2 Research Planning, Inc.
       P.O. Box 328
       Columbia, South Carolina 29202

    3  Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division
       National Ocean Service
       National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
       7600 Sand Point Way NE
       Seattle, Washington 98115








*      ~TaL'e of Contents

                                                                                                            'Page

       *                             1~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Shoreline Assessment Process......................

                                       2  What is a Shoreline Assessment Program?                         ...............5

       0                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~3 Shoreline Assessment Team Responsibilities             .............7

                                       4  Roles on the Shoreline Assessment Team                          ................9

                                                Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator                     .............9
          *                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Field Team Leader...............................1I0
         *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Agency Representatives...........................10
                                                Operations Representative ........................10

          *                          S      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Shoreline Assessment Activities .....................1 

          *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S I.  Aerial Reconnaissance Survey                                         ................. 12

          *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.2 Segmentation of the Shoreline          ................ 13

          *                                  5~~~~~~~~~~.3  Pre-survey Planning and Team
                                                      Assignments............................... 15

          *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~5.4  Developing Spill-Specific Cleanup
           *                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Guidelines..................................16

          *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.5 Shoreline Surveys .........17
                   S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................
          *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.6  Submitting Reports to Planning Section .........18

                                                5.7 Post-Cleanup Inspections.....................18

          *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.8  Final Sign-Off of Cleanup Activities  ............. 19








Contents,                                         P'age0


                  6 Shoreline Survey Terminology, Codes, and Forms          ...........21

                       Field Survey Terms, Codes, and Forms..................26
                       information Flow and F5ormats........................30
                       Automated Tools to Assist in Shoreline
                         Assessments....................................34

                  7The Flexibility of Shoreline Assessment Methods............37

                       "Geographic" Shoreline Assessments ..................37
                       "Topical" or "Hot-Spot" shoreline Assessments...........38
                       Other Examples of Shoreline Assessments
                         Customized to Spill Conditions... . .................400

                  8Planning for Shoreline Assessments... . ..................4 10

                  9References ..........................................43

                    Appendices

                       A    Shoreline Assessment Equipment Checklist ........45

                        B   Brief Descriptions of Shoreline Cleanup
                            Methods.....................................470

                       C    Copies of Shoreline Assessment Forms, Codes,0
                            and Field Estimators...........................7 1

                       D  A Primer on Drawing Field Sketches                      ..............8 1








*      ~~~List of Figures                                                                          Page


     *                      I~~~~~~~ The Incident Command Structure (ICS) showing where the
                                  shoreline assessment process fits in                             .......................2

    *                     ~~ ~~~~~~~~2 Example map showing segmentation of the shoreline         ........ 14

    *                     ~~~~~~~~~~3 General endpoints for shoreline cleanup ...................20

     *                     ~~ ~~~~~~~~4 Shoreline oil terminology/codes for spills of black oil .........22

     *                     ~~~~~~~5 Shoreline oil terminology/codes for spills of light, refined
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oil ..................................................23

     *                     ~~ ~~~~~~~6 Matrix for defining terms for shoreline oiling summaries.......24

     *                     ~~~~~~7 Shoreline oiling summary form, as developed by Owens
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~~and Teal (I1990) and used by Environment Canada (I1992) . .....25


    0                     S~~~~~~~~~~A Shoreline assessment form ..............................27

                               SB Example shoreline assessment field sketch, showing how
                                  the symbology is used ..................................28

     0                     ~~~~~~~~~~9 Shoreline assessment form, with descriptors to be circled. .....3 1

     *                     I~~~~~~ 0    Example shoreline assessment report from the 1996
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Buffalo 292 spill, Galveston,Texas ..........................32

      *                    II   ~~~~~~Example shoreline assessment report from the 1996
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~Cape Mohi can spill, San Francisco, California .................33

     *~~~~~~~ 12    Example shoreline oiling summary map, from the 1996
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Julie N spill in Portland, Maine ............................35

      *                    13   ~~~~~~~~~~Example cleanup guidelines for a shoreline type .............39







Acknowledgments



                      The authors appreciate the contributions of the reviewers, Gary Petrae,
                      Brad Benggio, Ed Levine, and Sharon Christopherson of NOAAs
                      Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division; Gary Sergy,
                      Environment Canada; Edward Owens, Owens Coastal Consultants,
                      Buzz Martin, Texas General Land Office; and Lieutenant James
                      Hanzalik, U.S. Coast Guard Gulf Strike Tear0.







ï¿½  1   The Shoreline Assessment Process


0
              ï¿½  Ha    4     ~When spilled oil contaminates shoreline habitats, responders must survey the af-
                             fected areas to determine the appropriate response. Though general approvals or
                             decision tools for using shoreline cleanup methods may be developed during plan-
                             ning stages, responders must base specific cleanup recommendations on field data
                             on the shoreline habitats, type and degree of shoreline contamination, and spill-
                             specific physical processes. Shoreline surveys must be conducted systematically
                             because they are crucial components of effective decisions. Also, repeated surveys
                             are needed to monitor the effectiveness and effects of ongoing treatment methods
                             (changes in shoreline oiling conditions, as well as natural recovery), so that the need
                             for changes in methodology, additional treatment, or constraints can be evaluated.

                             This manual outlines methods for conducting shoreline assessments and incorporat-
                             ing the results into the decision-making process for shoreline cleanup at oil spills.
                             Shoreline assessment is a function conducted under the Planning Section of the
                             Incident Command System (ICS). Refer to the Field Operations Guide (FOG 1996) for
                             the ICS Command Structure.' Figure 1 shows where shoreline assessment fits into the
                             Planning Section. Shoreline assessnrent team members are Technical Specialists
                             who are trained and knowledgeable in their roles. They bring their agency's expertise
                             to the team to collect the data needed to develop a shoreline cleanup plan that
                             maximizes the rate of recovery of oiled habitats, while minimizing the risk of causing
                             more damage from cleanup efforts.

                              *  *   Potential human exposure, by direct contact or by eating contaminated seafood;
        shoreline cleanup
      *  methoed and cleanup        Extent and duration of environmental impacts if the oil wasn't removed;

           * upon the ... dpn4      Natural removal rates;
           upon the...
                              1 . Potential for remobilized oil to affect other sensitive resources; and
ï¿½*                ..... bLikelihood of cleanup to cause greater harm than the oil alone.


     Trained team memblere  Therefore, trained team members must conduct shoreline assessments. The informa-
*      conduct ehoreline    tion must meet the requirements of the cleanup operation, in that it is timely and of
  *      assessemelnt
       0  aeeeemen.   ~uniform quality and content.
0                                 
0








   ICS Organization     In Figure I, shoreline assessment teams are part of the Planning Section. They

                        generate the information that Planning uses to direct Operations in shoreline
                        cleanup. A Shoreline Assessment Coordinator manages the teams and synthesizes
                        their field data into reports used by the Planning Section to develop the daily Inci-
                        dent Action Plan (IAP). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
                         (NOAA) Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC) can help identify and coordinate staff
                        to form the 'teams and meet the data information requirements.





Figure 1.                                                      Federal
The Unified Command
Structure (UCS).                                             RP     State
Shoreline assessment
teams, Technical Spe-
cialists under the
Planning Section, collect
information on shoreline         Planning                 era            Logistics           Finance
oiling conditions to              Section                  Section        Section             Section
support cleanup
decision-making. They
can be involved in all        l
phases of the cleanup     Situation      Technical
                            Unit        Specialists
until segments are          Unit         S li
                                                            of   ,Assessment - Division
signed off as complete.                          em                         Supervisor
                                            Shoreline        Team          Supervisor
                              | Field       Assessment
                                Observer    Coordinator      Shoreline      Division
                                                           Assessment AssSupervisor 
                                                              Team         Supervisor






                        Shoreline assessment supports the cleanup objectives and mandates of the
                        response operations, as managed by the Unified Command. Appropriate staff from
                        all stakeholders in the spill response are involved in this activity. Problems arose in
                        the past when agency and responsible party representatives were unavailable to
                        support the response operational needs because of their focus on natural resource
                        damage assessment (NRDA) activities. Much of the information collected during
                        shoreline assessments directly applies to natural resource damage assessments, and
                        the data are readily shared. However, the shoreline assessment data must be


   2








   0                    ~~~~~~~collected in a timely manner because it is necessary for operational decision-making.
   0                    ~~~~~~Experience has shown that the different objectives of NRDA and SCAT are best met
   0                    ~~~~~~~when the field surveys for these activities are conducted separately. Agencies must
   0                    ~~~~~~~therefore provide trained staff representatives with decision-making authority to
                           participate in the process.

    Information needs    In the initial, emergency phase of a spill, there may be conditions when immediate
      early in the spill  information is needed on shoreline oiling in order to deploy cleanup contractors to
                           problem areas. The Unified Command can direct Field Observers, who are organized
                           under the Situation Unit, to gather such information. As well as knowing accepted
                           terminology and cleanup guidelines, Field Observers need to understand key agency
                           concerns for a spill. These concerns include the types of shorelines or resource issues
                           that need to be visited or addressed by a shoreline assessment team before any
                           cleanup activities, or the types of beaches susceptible to oil burial.

                           Because they communicate their information to other units in Planning and Opera-
   0                    ~~~~~~~tions, Field Observers submit their reports to the Situation Unit, which makes sure
   0                    ~~~~~~~that the information is available to all other users in the UCS. (See Appendix C for an.
                           example of a form for Field Observer use.) Also, the Situation Unit could direct Field
   0                    ~~~~~~observers to new areas as oil impact sightings come into the command center. Field
F0l  bsree               Observers (sometimes called a Rapid Assessment Team) should:

*  Rapid Assessment
         Team...                Are two-person teams, usually representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard and
                                 the State lead agency, which can quickly deploy to problem sites;


     *                         ~~~~~~~~~Verbally report to the Situation Unit, who then passes the information on to the
                                 appropriate units; and

                                  Become members of the shoreline assessment team, if appropriate.


   *                    ~~~~~~~At least one of the field observers on the two-person team should have an operations
   0                    ~~~~~~background, with the other member SCAT-trained. Shoreline assessment varies from
   *                    ~~~~~~~spill to spill, depending upon the spill's unique conditions and the information needs
   *                    ~~~~~~of the Unified Command.  Use this manual as a field guide as well as a training tool:
   *                    ~~~~~~Chapter 7 outlines different types of shoreline assessment methods and guidelines
   *                    ~~~~~~for when they should be used. Planning speeds cleanup decision-making during a






                  spill. Chapter 8 outlines aspects of shoreline assessment and cleanup that should
                  be incorporated into the Area Plan. The rest of the manual describes the organiza-
                  tional and technical aspects of conducting a shoreline assessment.




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4








 What Is a Shoreline Assessment Program?



                        A systematic approach that uses standard terminology to collect data on shore-
                         line oiling conditions and support decision-making for shoreline cleanup;

                         Flexible in terms of the scale of the survey and detail of the data sets collected;
                        and

                         Multi-agency, with trained representatives from all interested parties, who have
                        authority to make decisions:

                        *~ ~Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC)

                              Member of the NOAA Scientific Support Team

                               State On-Scene Coordinator (SOSC)

                        *  7K   Resource managers (state and Federal agencies)

                               Responsible party (RP)

                               Land owners




  SCAT:
WhaV'e in a        SCAT stands for Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team, a name first developed
  name?           during the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Owens and Teal 1990). SCAT programs have been
                  adopted in many areas, particularly Canada where SCAT manuals have been devel-
                  oped for the Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes, and British Columbia (Environment Canada
                  1992) The Texas General Land Office has incorporated SCAT teams into its response
                  organization. However, SCAT has different connotations in different areas. Through-
                  out this manual, we use "shoreline assessment" instead of, SCAT. But, in practice, the
                  terms are the same, as long as it is a process consistent with the basic objectives
                  listed above.











                                                                                               5








*  3   5horeline AssessmentV Team Responsibiities



                               Describing shoreline types, oiling conditions, and physical setting;

                               Identifying sensitive resources (ecological, recreational, cultural);

                        *i~   Determining the need for cleanup;

                               Recommending shoreline cleanup method(s);

                                  recommending generic and site-specific constraints for cleanup activities;

                                  determining the need for follow-up surveys if archaeological and cultural
                                  resources are present;

                                  recommending cleanup priorities;

                               ï¿½ 2  identifying safety concerns for cleanup operations;

                              *)monitoring cleanup effectiveness and effects, suggesting changes where
                                  needed;

                               . determining when cleanup operations are no longer effective; and

                              : conducting post-cleanup inspections prior to sign-off.


    Teams ehoul/               Is cleanup necessary at this site?
       answer
  these questions              Which cleanup methods are appropriate or recommended?

                               Which constraints are needed to protect sensitive resources?

                        *1~  What is the priority for cleanup at this site?

                               Are cleanup operations being conducted properly?

                               Is the cleanup method no longer effective, or causing collateral damage? Do we
                               need to try another method?

                               Should cleanup operations be terminated at this site?




                     0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~








     4   Roles on the Shoreline Assessment Team



       Team Coordinator...  The shoreline assessment team consists of a Coordinator (usually from the NOAA
                         '   Scientific Support Team or their State or Responsible Party counterpart), Team
                             Leader for each team, and team members. Roles and responsibilities follow the UCS.


      1) setsn cheduler   Coordinates shoreline assessment team response activities;
        and priorities
                                   Conducts the aerial reconnaissance survey to scope out the shoreline oiling issues;

                                   Ensures that all the teams have the necessary representation and members have
                                   the necessary training; and

                             t~     Develops the daily assignments for each team, depending upon the needs of the
                                   Planning and Operations sections to meet the Unified Command response objec-
                                    tives.

*                             *B    Coordinates with natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) concerns on
                                    shoreline assessment, to optimize data sharing;

                                   Integrates the cleanup concerns of the various resource agencies and managers
                                    into the decision-making process; and

                                    Makes equipment and transportation arrangements for the shoreline assessment
                                    teams through the Logistics Unit.

    2) leads cleanup               Leads development of cleanup endpoints considering shoreline type, ecological
       guideline                   sensitivity, recreational use, and aesthetic requirements; etc.
       development
*                             &    Leads development of cleanup guidelines for implementing each cleanup method
                                   for the shoreline types impacted, based on agency concerns;

                                   Develops a survey and reporting schedule to produce survey results in time to be
*                                  incorporated into the Incident Action Plan (IAP);
    3) reports                     Makes sure'that all teams use the proper terms and apply the guidelines uni-
                                   formly;

                            *~ b   Receives reports from the field teams and synthesizes them into a daily summary
*                                   in the IAP format; is accessible to the teams in the field if problems arise;

                                    Helps team reach consensus; reports dissenting opinions where consensus is
                                    not reached; and

                           S~ b    Briefs Planning and Operations chiefs on issues raised by the shoreline assess-
                                   ment teams, particularly where cleanup methods must be modified to increase
                                   effectiveness or decrease impacts.


                                                                                                            9
S                        








Field Team Leader...          Should be the most experienced person on the team;

                              Manages the team while it is in the field conducting surveys;

                              Completes the forms and sketches in the field;

                       -~     Guides the team toward consensus on cleanup recommendations, priorities,
                              special constraints, etc. Notes dissenting opinions;

                       ~l~  Briefs the Coordinator on the survey results; and

                              Reports cleanup issues identified by the team that need to be addressed.



   Agency Reps Help collect data on oiling conditions and special agency considerations;
  (both State and
     Federal)...
                       FeIra.  Are experts in resource sensitivity and priorities for response considerations;

                              Recommend site-specific constraints or precautions to be followed during
                              cleanup;

                              Determine the need for cleanup, considering cleanup guidelines and endpoints;

                              Recommend cleanup methods and priorities; and

                              Identify the need for surveys by archaeological or cultural resource specialists.



                               Is often the FOSC representative from the U.S. Coast Guard, either from the
  Operatione
                               Marine Safety Office or one of the Strike Teams. Can also be provided by the RP I
Repreeentative...              representative or the State;

                              At times may include the Division Supervisor when the team is in his/her area of
                              responsibility (note dashed line in Figure I between the teams and the Division
                              Supervisor);

                              Helps collect data on oil conditions;

                              Evaluates appropriateness of cleanup techniques; and

                              Identifies logistical constraints and solutions, and estimates the level of effort
                              needed.



        7K              Keep the same individuals on a team for the whole event. This ensures
                       continuity in reporting and describing oil Jistribution and types of
                       oiling


  10







5     Shoreline Assessment Activities


                     The following sections describe the full range of activities normally conducted as part
                     of the shoreline assessment process:

                                  aerial reconnaissance survey
                                   segmentation of the shoreline
                                   pre-survey planning and team assignments
                                  developing spill-specific cleanup guidelines
                                   shoreline surveys
                                  submitting reports to the Planning Section
                                   post-cleanup inspections
                                  final sign-off of cleanup activities


                     The degree to which each activity is implemented depends upon the complexity of
                     the spill. Flexibility is important; activities should be modified as appropriate to the
                     spill conditions.








                             5.1 Aerial reconnaissance survey

   ObJeoctive        ~       Get an overall perspective on shoreline types and degree of contamination for a
                            gross overview;

                             Determine the areal extent of oiling on the shoreline; and

                     4b     Identify logistical constraints for shoreline access for both shoreline assessment
                            and cleanup teams
 Reeponsibility
                            Usually conducted by the Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator, though some-
                            one with local area knowledge can also be a valuable participant.
  Methodcl
                         ~ Fly entire impact area at less than 400-500 feet and not more than 80-90 knots in
                            helicopter or high-wing aircraft;

                            Use GPS if available and topographic maps, nautical charts, and other maps
                            identified in the Area Plan to record:

                             ( flight path, including date and time

                            .~. objective descriptors of shoreline oiling conditions (use standard terms in
                                 Chapter 6')

                            - location of floating oil, which could change the shoreline oiling conditions

                            ' references to photographs/video taken

                                 access points for survey teams, especially in remote areas




















                        * Modify definitions for shoreline oiling conditions recorded during aerial mapping from those shown
                        in the matrix in Chapter 6, page 29.


12








                    5.2    Segmentation of the shoreline

  Objective                Divide the shoreline into units, called segments, for recording and tracking survey
                           data and making cleanup recommendations.

*  Responsibility          Usually conducted by the Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator, though some-
                           one with local area knowledge can also be a valuable participant.

  Methods  When paper maps are used, 1:24,000-scale topographic maps provide consistent
                           coverage and show access from land. When working from boats, nautical charts
                           may be preferred;

                           Base maps can be generated from digital databases; make sure that they have
                           enough detail and landmarks so the teams can locate themselves in the field;

                    *P   Remember that the scale on nautical charts is in nautical miles, not statute miles
                           (which is the measurement on vehicle odometers). A nautical mile = 1.15 statute
                           miles;

                    *  ~P   Mark segments based on similarity of geomorphology (refer to ESI maps) and
                           degree of oiling (ascertained from reconnaissance flight); local staff familiar with
                           area should be involved;

                          Segment boundaries should be readily recognizable in the field;

                    *     Size segments appropriate to spill conditions and total area of impact. They often
                          are 0.2-2 km long. New forms are completed for each segment, so the interval
                          should not be so small that the number of forms required becomes unmanageable
                          for the size of the spill. They should not all be the same length;

                    *9)   Use divisions or names already in use by cleanup operations where appropriate. If
                           possible, develop the segment naming scheme with Operations so it is most
                           useful; and

                    N'Nv  Pre-number segments with alphanumeric code (e.g., BI-9 for segment number 9
                           on Block Island; or I-A for the first segment in cleanup zone 1). Remember that
                           the spill responders may not be familiar with local geographic names.


                    Figure 2 shows an example map with segments delineated from the 1996 Cape Mohi-
                    can, San Francisco, California spill. The scale of the maps should be a function of the
                    complexity of the area and the length of the segments. Different scales can be used
                    for different zones within the same spill-impact area. The final maps should be 8 1/2"
                    by 11" to fit into field packs and be readily copied and faxed.








Figure 2. 
Examplemap showing    CAPE MOHICAN Incident
segmentation of the                                                                    Date/Time: 04 NOV 96,1300
                            Shoreline Division& Segment Map
shoreline.                   prepared by NOAA

                             USE ONLY AS A GENERAL REFERENCE              Graphics do not show precise amounts or locations of oil



                                                                              M
                                                                       0052:Et"i                             a   -6   B1 in n 3.75 mi












                                                Pt. Diablo
                                                                                   fAngel                       . -            0









                             __37o457,i                                                                                          0






                             --37o40'N
                                                         AA

                                        Note: Division AA
                                        added 04 NOV 1300
                                   122 405 B/   each













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                                   122nfJ-04Q0X,0-0 .......SW



                                                                          .                 ,                      '-~~~~

                                                                                         iS                                     S~~~








                       *5.3    Pre-survey Planning and Team Assignments

     Obrjective               Determine areas to be surveyed, and logistical and team assignments.

   *  Reepon~ibility         The Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator.
*~
     Methodel                Revise the standard shoreline oiling codes and forms if needed to fit spill condi-
                              tions;

                              Select base maps showing the segment boundaries and names;

                              Form teams with appropriate membership;

                              Ensure that all team members have the required safety training. Each team
                              member must review and sign the site safety plan, and'discuss specific safety
                              concerns related to shoreline assessment activities;

                              Determine logistical requirements for the teams and coordinate requests through
                              the Logistics Section;

                              Assign team leader;

                              Assign survey areas (primary and backup) for each team, based on priorities,
                              logistics, local expertise, and ownership;

                              Distribute segment maps for primary and backup areas; distribute blank forms,
                              codes, and sketch maps. See Chapter 6 for forms and codes;

                       *1~  Distribute field equipment (see checklist in Appendix A);

                              Brief team on survey objectives, logistics, and safety issues;

                              Discuss cleanup options guidelines and criteria for priorities;

                       *1  *  Discuss reporting requirements and schedules; and

                              On the first day, "calibrate" by having all team members visit a segment together
                              and agree on how the oiling descriptors will be applied.








                        5.4    Developing epill-epecific cleanup guidelinee

       Object, ivee     ~      Guide Operations in conducting a specific cleanup method to minimize adverse
                                environmental impact;

                                Provide Operations with environmental and safety constraints on conducting
                                cleanup activities in a specific habitat; and

                               Identify resource-specific constraints on cleanup activities.

    Reeponeibility       W    Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator, Federal and state agency representa-
                               tives, major land owners, and Team Leaders.

      Methode       s         With Operations staff, identify feasible cleanup methods. (Appendix B briefly
                               describes current cleanup techniques);

                        The, NAEvaluate proposed cleanup methods for their potential to affect habitats or
' The NOAA/API                 resources;'
reeponee'manuale for
freehwater and Identify sensitive resources associated with the oiled shorelines that may be
marine epilis are good         adversely affected by the proposed treatment methods (e.g., rich intertidal biota
sourcee of                     on rocky shores where low-pressure, ambient-water flushing will be used);
information on
ileanup metho ds, the Note archaeological or cultural resources along the shoreline or in nearby upland
applicable habitat,            areas that could be disturbed by cleanup activities. Notify the State Historical
types, guidelines on           Preservation Office (SHPO), if necessary;
when the method
should be used, and      .     Write operational guidelines to minimize adverse impacts (e.g., restrict flushing
probable biological            operations to times when the rich biota zones are under water). Date the guide-
conetralnte and                lines in order to track revisions;
environmental effects.
Consult theee                  Develop detailed plans to monitor the effectiveness and/or biological effects of a
manuale when                   method, if needed.
evaluating cleanup
methode.                       Have the Shoreline Assessment Teams observe actual operations to confirm the
                               method's use-and that the method is not more damaging than the oil alone and
                               that it is needed; and

                                Modify cleanup guidelines as needed if the oil changes as it weathers, making the
                                technique ineffective, or when unacceptable impacts occur under actual use.


                        Responders can produce spill-specific cleanup guidelines more easily if planners
                        covered the issues in the Area Plan, identifying cleanup methods for these special
                        concerns ahead of time. However, the Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator
                        should form a work group to evaluate cleanup options and make recommendations
                        on other issues that arise during a spill. Besides reviewing published studies and
                        case histories, they can also look at on-site testing for effectiveness and environmen-
                        tal effects of the proposed method(s) under the spill's specific conditions.








                    5.5    Shoreline surveys

  *  ObJectives             Collect data on shoreline types, oiling conditions, and ecological and human-use
                           resources for specific segments;

                    0~     Reach agreement on cleanup recommendations for specific segments; and

                           Confirm that recommendations are effective and beneficial to the environment
                           (refer to the questions listed in Chapter 3).

! Responsibility     ~      Each Shoreline Assessment Team

 Metho&l{                  Confirm segment boundaries;

                    *W    Conduct survey to identify shoreline types and extent of oiling;

                           Using standard terms and code systematically describe the shoreline characteris-
                           tics, surface oil conditions, buried oil conditions, and special considerations
                           (ecological, recreational, cultural);

                           If appropriate, sketch the segment, focusing on the oil distribution and special
                           considerations;

                    ~1~  For spills of heavy oil, note presence of submerged oil in nearshore zone;

                           Log and locate all photographs taken. Note the objective of the photograph;

                           Collect oil and/or sediment samples based on identified needs;

                    *I~  Discuss and agree upon cleanup recommendations and priorities; and

                           Complete the surveys each day in time to meet reporting deadlines.



                    Shoreline Assessment Teams cannot direct cleanup contractors in the
             *  ~   field. However, the teams can document unapproved cleanup methods
                    or improper techniques. The Coordinator will contact Operations staff,
                    including division or group supervisors in the area, if possible, to rectify
                    the problem.





                  0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1








                    5.6   Submitting reports to the Planning Section



   ObJective               Provide data needed to support shoreline cleanup decisions and operations.

 Reeponsibility      b    Shoreline Assessment Team Leader

   Methodse                Check all data for accuracy, completeness, and legibility;

                          Copy all forms, sketches, and field notes for field team as needed; keep originals
                           on file;

                    @YS   Summarize cleanup recommendations by segment;

                           Debrief Planning/Operations staff on special issues, problems, recommendations;
                           and

                           Create summary maps identifying segments to be cleaned, degree-of-oiling
                           categories, or other products as needed (see Chapter 6 for example formats for
                           reporting the results to Planning, Operations, and the IAP).





                    5.7    Post-Cleanup Inspections

  Objective                Inspect the segments Operations declares are ready for sign-off before final
                           approval.
Responsibility
                    ~      Each Shoreline Assessment Team

  Methode  Operations notifies the Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator that a segment is
                          ready for inspection

                           Inspect the segment against agreed-upon cleanup endpoints (preferably the same
                           team that did the original survey). The original field sketch can be very helpful in
                           evaluating the effectiveness of the cleanup;

                           Identify additional cleanup needed, using standard shoreline assessment termi-
                           nology, forms, and sketches, or develop special forms for this purpose;

                          Recommend segment for final inspection; and

                          Recommend any longer-term monitoring or iterative procedures needed.






18








                     5.&   Final eign-off of cleanup activities

  Objective               Approve the termination of cleanup activities at each segment.

Reeponelbllity             The Sign-off Team (SOFT). Agencies must delegate sign-off authority to their
                   0       representatives on the Team. We recommend that the same staff doing the shore-
                           line assessments of an area be assigned to the SOFT if possible;
   Metho&is
                    *     A sign-off team is designated, usually with one member each from the FOSC, the
                           SOSC, and the RPR Representatives from the resource agencies or land managers
                        may be added for specific properties or resource concerns;

                           The team reviews cleanup endpoint guidelines and develops procedures for
                           interpreting them. The cleanup endpoint guidelines are revised as needed for the
                        oiling and resource conditions at the time of final inspection;

                    *W    Operations notifies Planning that the segment has passed inspection by the
                           shoreline assessment team and is ready for final sign-off;

                           The sign-off team inspects the segment against the cleanup endpoint guidelines,
                           approving those segments that meet the guidelines and recommending further
                           cleanup for those segments which do not;

                           There is usually a formal sign-off sheet for each segment, which each member
                           signs; and

                           The sign-off approval can specify maintenance activities (e.g., deploying sorbent
                           booms to recover oil sheens as long as sheens are being released, or maintaining
                           an area to remove tarballs as they wash ashore after storms), but it is important
                           that criteria for ending the maintenance activity be clearly specified.











                  0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1










Figure 3.                            OIL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS                  OIL EFFECTS                CLEANUP ENDPOINT                    CONSIDERATIONS
General endpoints for                L  RemobilizationPotential    * Reoilingofsensitiveareas         ï¿½ Nolongergeneratessheens        Degree of Exposure:
                                       (Sheenm8g)                                                     that will affect sensitive     *  High exposure speeds
shoreline cleanup. Use                          ï¿½                   * Ongoing exposure to water         areas or wildlife                 removal, breaksup
these  guidelines to                                                   surface users (e.g., birds,                                         sheens
                                                                     mammals, people). Effects                                       ï¿½  Sheltered area will sheen
develop spill-epecific                                                 from:                                                               longer, episodically
                                                                     - direct contact                                                Use:
cleanup endpointe for                                                  - transfer to early life stages                                 *  Highuse-higher
terminat-ing active                                                    - ingestion from preening                                           cleanliness
                                                                                                                                    *  Low use-more tolerant to
cleanup.                                                                                                                                  natural removal of residues
                                                                                                                                    *  Seasonal variations in
                                                                                                                                       presence of users
                                                                                                                                    ï¿½  Sensitivity of resources to
                                                                                                                                       chronic exposure

                                    IL Oil Coat/Cover/Stain
                                       Ecological Concerns
                                       *  Potential for sheening   * Same as for sheening           * Same as for sheening           *  Same as for sheening
                                       *  Sticks to organisms     * Oiling of fur/feathers/feet    * Oil removal/weathering so    *  Timing: Oil will eventually
                                           using surface           * Habitat/food loss because        it is no longer sticky          ï¿½  weather, become non-sticky
                                                                     of avoidance

                                       *  Coat/smother biota/   * Acute/sublethal toxicity          * Oil removal to allow           *  Aggressive techniques have
                                           vegetation                                                  recovery/recolonization           potential for causing greater
                                                                                                     without further disturbance       ecological impacts than
                                                                                                                                       oil alone, delaying rather
                                                                                                                                       than speeding recovery 
                                       Human Health/Aesthetic Concerns
                                       * Rub off on people/       * Human health risk               * No longer rubs off with        * Don't do more harm than
                                          property                                                     casual contact                   good
                                       * Visual contamination    * Mostly aesthetic/economic    * Depends on substrate/use           * High use-higher
                                                                                                                                      cleanliness
                                                                                                                                   * Low use-more tolerant
                                                                                                                                      to natural removal

                                       Cultural Concerns           * Aesthetic                      * Oil removal without            * Very little past experience
                                                                  * Damage to artifact fabric        causing further damage            with most types of substrates 
                                                                                                                                      and/or artifacts
                                    IlL Contaminated Sediments
                                       Ecological Concerns
                                       * Potential to release oil/  * Same as forsheeing  Sameasforsheening  Same as for sheening
                                          sheens
                                       * Direct contact by        * Acute and chronic toxicity;    * Oil removal to allow            * Oil is usually more
                                          infauna/epifauna            sublethal effects                recovery/recolonization          persistent in sheltered,
                                       * Uptake in food web by                                        without further disturbance      sensitive areas where
                                          other organisms                                                                               deanup tends to be more
                                                                                                                                      disruptive
                                       Human Use Concerns
                                       ï¿½ Dermal exposure          * Shoreline closure               * No longer rubs off             Use:
                                                                                                                                   * High use-higher deanliness
                                       ï¿½ Visual/aesthetic         * Shoreline cldosure              ï¿½ Oil removal to a stain         ï¿½ Low use-more tolerant to
                                                                                                                                      natural removal of residues
                                                                                                                                   Sediment Removal:
                                                                                                                                   * Potential for erosion
                                                                                                                                   * Replacement sources
                                                                                                                                   * Disposal options
                                       ï¿½ Seafood safety via food  ï¿½ Seafood advisories              ï¿½ Pass organoleptic testing      * Background sources of
                                          web uptake                                                                                    oil contamination
















     20








*       60  Shoreline Survey Terminology, Coties, ana Forms


 ~~~~~lllsuvytrs
             FGoIdervey anefrms,  Using standard terminology to describe and report shoreline oiling
                                 condition is the basic foundation of shoreline assessment . Ambiguous
      0                       ~~~~~~~~words, such as "heavy" oiling, do not provide the necessary detail to
                                 document the oiling condition or the need for and type of cleanup to
                                 be conducted. Figure 4 lists the terminology and codes to be used by
      *                       ~~~~~~~shoreline assessment teams. Reviewing these terms demonstrates the
                                 need for trained teams who can consistently apply these terms to the
      0                       ~~~~~~~~spill-specific conditions. Appendix C includes field estimator charts
      0                       ~~~~~~~~helpful for uniformly applying percent cover estimates. All team
                                 members must agree on how they will use these codes for a specific
      0                       ~~~~~~~~spill. Thus, a calibration field exercise, conducted jointly by all team
      0                       ~~~~~~~~members, is always necessary.


                                 You need to modify these terms as appropriate for the spill. For ex-
                                 ample, most oiling descriptors have been developed for black oils. The
                                 Shoreline Assessment Team at the 1996 North Cape spill had to modify
                                 the terms for their spill of home heating oil (a light, refined oil that is
                                 essentially No. 2 fuel oil; Figure 5). Appendix C contains copies of all
                                 forms and codes.


      0                       ~~~~~~~~You may need to report summary statistics on the number of shoreline
      0                       ~~~~~~~~miles by degree-of-oiling categories. Use the descriptors in Figure 3, if
      0                       ~~~~~~~~possible. However, if you must use terms such as heavy and moderate,
      5                       ~~~~~~~~use survey data to define them. Figure 6 shows a matrix that you can
      S                       ~~~~~~~~use to generate summary oiling descriptors, in terms of what is defined
                                 as heavy, medium, light, and very light for a specific spill. These sum-
      S                       ~~~~~~~~mary descriptors are derived from a combination of the width of the
      S                       ~~~~~~~~oiled area and the surface oil distribution for each shoreline segment.
                                 The Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator should complete this
      S                       ~~~~~~~~matrix when statistics-and maps with summary oiling descriptors are
                                 needed. However, these terms should NOT be used by the Shoreline
                                 Assessment Teams during their field surveys. Terms' such as heavy,
                                 moderate, light, and very light are only for final summaries and maps.


                        *                                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~21










                                       We have used a range of forms to record the observations of shoreline

                                       assessment teams. All of the forms refer to the standard codes and

                                       terminology in Figure 4. Figure 7 shows the Shoreline Oiling Summary

                                       Form, as modified from the Exxon Valdez SCAT surveys and used by

                                       Environment Canada (1992). This form is the most complicated and

                                       usually requires a high level of training in order to complete it properly.

                                       Operations staff also need specialized training to interpret the data,

                                       though they usually see summary reports.





       Figure 4.                          Oil Distribution                                             Surface Oiling Descriptors - Width (modify for
        horeline oil                                                                                       l-svecific conditions)_
                                           srretl   1C  Continuous         91 - 100%
       terminology/codese                     B      Broken                    51 - 90%                 Very Narrow     <     m
                                           P,    Patchy                     11 -                    Narrow           <___  m
       for spills -of black oil.         M           Sporadic                    1-10%                  Medium        -<
                                           T      Trace                        <1%                  Heavy 

                                        Surface Oilind Descriotors - Thickness

                                          PO     Pooled Oil (fresh oil or mousse > 1 cm thick)
                                          CV     Cover (oil or mousse from >0.1 cm to <1 cm on any surface)
                                          CT     Coat (visible oil <0.1 cm, which can be scraped off with fingernail)
                                          ST     Stain (visible oil, which cannot be scraped off with fingernail)
                                          FL     Film (transparent or iridescent sheen, or oily film)

                                        Surface Oilina Descrir.tors - Tvre

                                           FR     Fresh Oil (unweathered, liquid oil)
                                          MS      Mousse (emulsified oil occurring over broad.areas)
                                          TB     Tarballs (discrete accumulations of oil <10 cm in diameter)
                                           PT     Patties (discrete accumulations of oil >10 cm in diameter)
                                          TC     Tar (highly weathered oil, of tarry, nearly solid consistency)
                                          SR      Surface Oil Residue (non-cohesive, heavily oiled surface sediments, characterized as
                                                 soft, incipient asphalt pavements)
                                          AP      Asphalt Pavements (cohesive, heavily oiled surface sediments)
                                          NO      No Oil
                                          DB      Debris; logs, vegetation, rubbish, garbage, and response items such as booms
                                        Subsurface Oilina Descriotors

                                            SAP   Subsurface asphalt pavement (cohesive)
                                            OP      Oil-Filled Pores (pore spaces are completely filled with oil to the extent that the oil
                                                   flows out of the sediments when disturbed). May also consist of weathered oil, such
                                                   as a buried lens of asphalt pavement 
                                            PP      Partially Filled Pores (pore spaces partially filled with oil, but the oil does not flow out                      ï¿½
                                                   of the sediments when disturbed)
                                            OR      Oil Residue (sediments are visibly oiled with black/brown coat or cover on the clasts,
                                                   but little or no accumulation of oil within the pore spaces)
                                          OF        Oil Film (sediments are lightly oiled with an oil film, or stain, on the clasts)
                                            TR      Trace (discontinuous film or spots of oil, an odor, or tackiness)
                                            NO      No Oil (no evidence of any type of oil)

                                        Sediment Types
                                        R     Bedrock outcrops                             S      Sand (0.06-2 mm)
                                        B     Boulder (>256 mm in diameter)                M      Mud (silt and clay, < 0.06 mm)
                                        C     Cobble (64-256 mm)                           RR    Riprap (man-made permeable rubble)
                                        P     Pebble (4-64 mm)                             SW    Seawalls (impermeable)
                                        G     Granule (2-4 mm)





22











0          ~~~Figure 5.                             Surface Oil Distribution (am 5ediments and nearshore water)
0          ~~~~Shoreline oil -C                               Continuous                  91-1OO0% cover
            terminology/codele   for                   5      Droken                       51-907.
            spile of light~, refined4                  P      Patchy                        11-50V.
                                                        S     Sporadic                      <1-107.
0         ~~~~oil.                                     T      Trace                              <11%

          0                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Surf'ace and Sujbrurface Oiliria Drscrivtors - Thicknes,,

                                                       SM      Smell         No visible oil;detctable only by s~mell
                                                       FL     Film          Feels greasy when sedimm-ent  are rubbed
                                                       SH     Sheem          Visible sheen on water surfaoces
                                                       CT     Coat          Virgible coating of oil
          5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~P P0                          ooled       Liquid oil accumulated on sur-face

                                                    Surface Oilina Pescrirjtors - Color

                                                         Nome                lSrown
                                                         Shiny               Yellow
                                                         Kainbow              e

                                                     Surface Oilina Pscrictors - Width

                                                        N      Narrow       <i1 m
                                                        M      Medium        >1 m to < .m
                                                        W      Wide     >     5 m;, etimate width if Possible

                                                    Sedimenmt Types
                                                    R     Dedrock outcrops                            5      Sand (0.06-2 rmm)
                                                     13  Boulder (>.25ro mm in diameter)               M      Mud (silt and clay, < 0.06b mm)
          0                                       ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~C Cobble (64-2565 mmn)               RR    Rlprap (man-made permeable rubble)
                                                     P     Pebble (4-64 mm)                            5W    Seawalls (impermeable)
                                                    G    Granule (2-4 mm)
          0                                         S~~~~~~~~~~~~heen on Water Descriotors

                                                                                     Approx. Layer-Thicknessv                Approx. Volume per Area
                                                                                       mm              inches                 liters/km2       gallons/nrm2

                                                     barely visible                  0.00004         0.000002                      50               40
                                                    silver sheen                    0.00007         0.000003                     100               75
                                                    first color trace      .        0.0001          0.000004                     200              150
          5                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~         ~~bright colors  0.0003     0.00001                     400              500
                                                    dull colors                     0.001           0.00004                     1200            1000
          5                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~           ~         ~~~dark colors  0.003  0.0001                25600           3000

          5                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SurFacc Oilina Descrir~tors - Width (rmodifv for su~II-snerific comditlons)
                                                   Very Narrow     <  _m
                                                   Narrow      >_   __M
                                                   Meelium     >_ -__M
          5                                       ~~~~~~          ~~~~~~~~~Heavy  __m














                                      S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2








                           Use a summary oil descriptor to report the surface oil conditions along
                           the shoreline on maps and tabular summaries. These descriptors are:


                             -'  Heavy
                             ' Moderate
                             0  Light
                             O Very Light



                           We have assigned these summary oiling descriptors based upon the
                           Oil Category Width and the Surface Oil Distribution, as defined on the
                           sheet on Shoreline Oil Terminology/Codes. The Shoreline Assessment
                           Team Coordinator should obtain consensus on which combinations of
                           oil width and distribution are used to define heavy, moderate, light,
                           and very light oiling. These descriptors are only used in summaries
                           and are not used in the field by the Shoreline Assessment Team.



   Figure 6.
   Matrix for defining                                      Width of Oiled Areas
   terms for shoreline
   oiling summaries                               Wide       Medium       Narrow         Verv
   (modified from                                                                      Narrow
               ~Environment ~Canada~>6 m                     3 - 6 m     0.5 - 3 m     <0.5 m
   Environment Canada                                                 [Nro
   1992). Modify this             Continuoues
   matrix, especially the    0    91 -100%       Heavy        Heavy        oderate      Light
   intervals for width of 
   oiled areas, for your 
    pecific    s      i      l      Broken        Heavy    Mode e          Light        Light
   specific spill             P     1-90                        f 
                                 12 51 -90%
   conditions.              M                                D
                               i
                               t     Patchy    Moderate    oderate          Light     Very Light
                               r    11- 50%/
                               i

                               u   'Sporadic      Ligt         Light     Very Light   Very Light
                               t     1-10%
                               i
                               I
                               o    Trace       Very Light  Very Light   Very Light   Very Light 
                               2     <1%







24











                'Figure 7.                            SHORELINE SURVEY EVALUATION FORM                                                       Pane I of I
                         Shoreline offing      I      101Segment Name: North Beach, CC, TX    Survey                        Survey         (use military fime)
                          Shoreline oiling             iii S~~eament ID: CC-IS                  IDate: 30 July 1996         ITime: 1000 to 1100
                su mmary form, as                       I NSurveved From: (1566/ Boat I Helicopter       Weather (Sui~/Cod    o  IRan/So

                         developed by Owene         ~~~~2 Team No. 1                                   10perations: T. Revy
                amid Teal (1990) andl                   EOG : J. Michel                                 IState: B. Martin                    for~ TGLOI
                used 17y Ervironmenit                    IECO : N/A                                     IFederal: J. Perry         for- USFWS
                          Camada (1992).        ~        It o ARCH :N/A                                I1-and Manaaer~ N/A        I         for:

    0           ~~~~~completed for the                3 Ii~verhl[Ceslcto  o  IZietoe   ~dmn  Beach:                               Sdmn   lt
                                                        ~fIBedrock,  Cliff __      Platform __IBoulder-Cobble -Sand X            Boulder-Cobble      Sand-
                same conditionro as                     o Manmade: Permeable -Impem~eable            Pebble-Cobble -Pebbie-Cobble-
    *          ~~~~~Figure 8.                  ~          lMarsh/Wetlands                            ISand-Gravel                 Sand-Gravel
             1110   ~ ~ ~   ~     ~ ~~          ~~~ESecondary Share Type: N/A                                  lIlackshore Type: developed - Dark

is 4Geomorpholpoy 
                                                              Ai~lop: LowX%   Med  %  Hih    %  Vert.    fWave Exposure: Low kMediumi/Ha
                                                        lEstimated Seament Lenath:         350 m      ITotal Estimated Lenath Surveyed:. 350 m
             111011  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~       ~ ~ ~~~~~)Access Restrictions: None: nood access via two parkino areas at Dark

                                                    5 Ol0il Cateciory Width:                  I Total Pavement: -0   so.m   by -0-cm
                                                        M:id  -     ml Very Narrow      - mlPatties/Tarballs    - bans   Oiled Debris? Yes(N~o)
                                                          L~~edium-mNo Oil             - mIDebris/Amount:Log                  Vegetation
                                                        N~-.arrow 35el nuvaed           T    O                 Trash      -    Other

                                                    6.                              D
                                                        $L  AREA                    ISURFACE OIL                                            SHORELINE
                                                          U 0          ~~~ZONE     S      THICKNESS                    YP                   SEDIMENT
                                                      R C  m  m  SJI UIIMII LI  T  POICVICTISTI'FL  FRIMSITBIPTITCISRIAPiN:)    TYPE
                                                       *142   1    I  lI          b bAI    I  I   I          I  lxi    III   I  I    eand
                                                          'Aid4  iI I AI r tAI    I I                        I lI    INi IIe  and
                                                      C  Li150  1    1INlI    b  AI    I   I   I              I  IX.    III   I   I  Sand
                                                       E 440v       1Al    I    II AI    I   I   I            I   I   lINII   I   I    Sand
              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b10 l3O.5                             Al    I   b  AI    I   I   I           I  I   liN     II   I   I    *and
                                                      a0tj?5 2.5   l1                 Al    I  AI   I        I  AI li         I   I   I    eanld
                                                       I               ii                   I I                    1 1 1                     and
                                                      L.i                   l1                  111                      1      1          earnd

             0                                         P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~istrtuLlon fOIST): C -O10-91%; a  9G5-51%; P =50-11%; 5 = 0-1%: T - I%  Photo Roll # __Frames___
                                                    7 S           T          RENC oit           SUIBSURFFACE       WATER            SURFACE-    CLEAN
                                                      U N   TRENCHES        DEPTH   ZONE   CIL CHARACTER           TABLE  SHEEN  Sl.BSLHWACE   BELOW
                                                      B o. 9; uM  -IU        n             CP I PIORI CF I l7RINO    cm   COLOR  SEDIMENTS        YIN
                                                          II  Al    I   I       b    I       I 1             IN         b             sand    -
                                                      IU ;    IAI    I   I      b       U     11II1I          I AN      ib             sand 
                                                      IR zi I I    xI          10       U   I 11              IA      I1IIN-          sand     -
             0                                         P~~      ~~~~ ~ ~~~               ~~ ~~~~~~~4 1Al    I    id u       I   I  I   I  IA  i0- Usand -
                                                      A b     II I~       I 10          U    Il           lIx          I II N-         sand    -
                                                      C b      xIN I           zU       0   I  I  I   I   IA            ~ 0            6anl 
                                                      EI IN I  lx              1    U          111            IA   I10-4I              send    -
                                                      Sheen Color B = Brown   R = Rainbow   S =Silver   N =None

                                                    8 COMMENTS
                                                        High recreational use - it is a county park with swimmilng area.







110








                                       0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2








                      Figure 8A is a shorter form that contains mostly blank spaces for 
                      entering field observations. This form is us eful for medium-sized 
                      spills. The form in Figure 9 allows field teams to circle the appropriate0
                      descriptors, minimizing the need to fill in blanks and encouraging use
                      of standard terms. This form is most useful when the oiling is very
                      uniform or simple.


                      Customize these forms to the spill. In fact, forms are not always0
                      needed and are often not even included in the reports generated for0
                      Planning and Operations. They are useful as a trigger for reminding0
                      the Shoreline Assessment Team members of the types of observations0
                      they need to make during their surveys, as well as for detailed docu-
                      mentation of the shoreline oiling conditions. Operations is mostly0
                      interested in the final product of the survey: the recommendation for
                      cleanup, the cleanup method to be applied, and any site-specific
                      guidance on how to proceed. These are the priority results that must
                      be transmitted to Operations.0


Shoreline Terminiology/ The Shoreline Terminology/Codes sheet in Figure 4 lists the common
       CodIes         terms and abbreviations for describing the oil, sediments, and other
                      features on the forms and sketch maps. The team walks the segment
                      to collect field data while a team member records observations on the
                      oiling conditions. It is very important to accurately measure or esti-
                      mate-.the dimensions of each type of oil.


                      Show areas containing surface oil on a field sketch of-the shoreline
                      segment and describe them on the form. The oil locations, which you
                      can designate by letters, are described systematically on the sketch.
                      To investigate buried oil., dig trenches and record measurements of the
                      degree and depths of subsurface oil Number each trench and show
                      each location on the sketch. Use solid or open triangle symbols to
                      distinguish oiled from clean trenches.




                     76~~~~~~~~~~









Figure AA.                  ISHORELINE ASSESSMENT  FORM for  HYPOTHETICAL Spill                      Paqe 1 of 1
Shoreline assessment  AI Segment Name: North Beach, Corpus Christi, TX                Date: 30 July 1995
           fo   fo    hothetical    ISegment ID: CC-1A                              ITime:  1000  to 1100 am
form for a                   NShypothetical  [.ISurveyed From: Foot/Boat/ Weather:  Sun/Clouds/Fog/Rain/Snow
survey. Figure 51 is         : Helicopter/Overlook                      I
the field sketch that 
would accompany the          : Team No. 1
                            i Name: J. Michel   for: NOAA          IName: J. Perry         for: USFWS
survey.                      A Name: B. Martin   for: TxGLO          IName:                  for:
                            M Name: T. Ray      for: USCG           Name:                  for:

                            t Shoreline/Sediment Types: Coarse-srained sand beach
                            X Wave Exposure:  Low/Medium/HiglTotal Secment Length: 350mlLenqth Surveyed 350m
                            Pt Location Description: Off Highway 181 just past main bridge
                            li Access Restrictions: None; good access via two parking areas at park
                            Description  of oiling            4 Oil Length 4 Width '4 Type/Thickness V4 Substrate
                            conditions                       Type   V Oiled Debris
                            SURFACE OIL:
                               Two zones of oil:
                                1 ) high zone of patties, 2-3.5 m wide with trace to patchy coverage, along almost
                                   entire segment
                               2) at high-tide line, 1-1.5 m wide zone of tarballs, with sporadic to patchy
                                   coverage over entire segment length


                           SUBSURFACE OIL: _ Extent _ Thickness Clean _ Thickness Oiled _ Intertidal
                                               Location
                                               _ Sediment Type   Oil Description _ Burial _ Penetration


                               None

                           Segment-specific considerations for cleanup operations
                           _ Environmental _ Cultural 4 Degree of Recreational Use

                             High recreational use - it is a county park with swimming area

                           CLEANUP
                           RECOMMENDATIONS

                             Manual removal of all oil
                             deposits





  Field sketches are        The sketches are a very important component of the field survey data;
      important,
                           they are better than photographs at depicting overall conditions.
                           Sketches help reviewers put the tabular data on oiled area and type
                           into perspective, which helps in decision-making.  They document
                           conditions better than photographs, videotapes, or statistics, and they
                           allow better temporal comparisons. The sketches are particularly
                           useful for spills where shoreline assessment teams change over time.
                           They can be used during post-cleanup inspections of segments to
                           identify the locations of oil that were to be removed: they become the


                                                                                                             27








   co ~~~COFLFA CM'eI'>T                                                    SKETCH  MAP
Site Name NORTH f3EAC-W.BAY. TEXA5
Site No.    CC- IA
 D)ate  NO StUL'I  11995                                                                                                                 .5Li
Time       10GAAL
Names   .O~~1i



Checklist
   ...North Arrow                                                                                                                  3iR4      T
      Scale
   O.~~il Distribution."
   .~4High Tide Line                                                                                                             SC
__g_. Low Tide Line                                                                                          -E
   -.Substrate Types
   ..i.Trench Locations


Legend


Trench Number.                                                                                                                                        7
No Subsurface Oil
     2A                                                                                                                              C 
Trench Number.
Subsurface Oil: 



Photographs                                                            0
                                'I.                0~~~~'OS5f 
                                                                                                                                                             v         D~~~~~~ivvA~~~~~~~~tg.-~~~5

                                     jar,(AVA
                                           20 140 60~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                               MUM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 


                                                                                                                             NORN   SC-AC-14  PARX~~~~* 
          Figure~~~ND 81.Eapesoein    sesetfedskth   hwn    o   hesmooyi    sd








blueprint against which the effectiveness of the cleanup can be com-
pared. Appendix D is a primer on drawing field sketches. Figure 8B is
an example field sketch for the field form completed in Figure 8A.


The objective of the surveys should always be remembered: to collect
the information needed by Operations personnel and decision-makers
to formulate and approve shoreline treatment plans. An Operations
Section manager or supevisor should be able to use the data to de-
velop a detailed cleanup plan, including equipment and manpower
needs, from these surveys. Govemment agencies should be able to
use the data, along with natural resource information, to develop
cleanup priorities, identify site-specific or temporal constraints, and
understand and approve the proposed cleanup plan.


The shoreline assessment results need to be concisely and promptly
reported to the Planning Section so that they can be incorporated into
the IAP in a timely manner and distributed to other users:

                                Maps     Statistics






                                        SITUATION
                                           UNIT






SCAT Field Forms    U __i__                                COMMAND
                                                           COMMAND


                       Tabular
                      D  Summary                         OPERATIONS
                                                             SECTION








                                                                     29








      Information flow           The Shoreline Assessment Team reviews the observations and
        and formats              cleanup recommendations for each segment for accuracy and
                                  completeness. Each team member signs each form.

                           MWW   The Shoreline Assessment Team Leader compiles all of the survey
                                  forms for the day and submits them to the Team Coordinator. The
                                  Team Leader verbally debriefs the Team Coordinator on the results,
                                  issues, etc.

                           Q     The Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator compiles the survey
                                  results into summaries by cleanup Division, in a format suitable for
                                  the IAP. The Coordinator then submits the IAP to the Unified
                                  Command for approval.


                           The Team Coordinator also verbally debriefs the Planning and Opera-
                           tions Chapter Chiefs on issues identified by the field teams. At this
                           time, Operations can identify issues for the Shoreline Assessment
                           Team to address.


                           The original field forms have to be summarized. Often two types of
                            data summaries are needed: a tabular summary by segment or Divi-
                            sion for the IAP, and graphic and tabular summaries for display by the
                            Situation Unit. The Unified Command can specify the format of the
                            tabular summary. Figures 10-11 show examples of reporting summa-
                            ries used in the past. The types of data that, should be included in any
                            format are:


     SCAT forms always    Date: -For some spills, changing conditions will require repeat surveys, so
        contain this       the date of the survey is very important.
         information
                            Segment Number(s), Name, Division Number: Use the appropriate
                            terms to refer to the shoreline segment. Group segments by Division.

                            Summary of oiling conditions: The oiling condition can rapidly change.
                            You need to describe the oiling condition when the cleanup recommenda-
                            tion was made. The cleanup supervisor can determine whether the
                            cleanup is no longer applicable and request a new assessment.

                            Cleanup recommendations: Use standard terms, as listed in the cleanup
                            guidelines.

                            Site-specific constraints: Clearly identify these as to location and refer
                            to unambiguous conditions in the field (e.g., do not allow cleanup crews
                            to enter marshes).

30











Figure 9.                         G  SegmentName:                                   jDate:
                                E  Segment ID:                                     Time:                   to
Shoreline assessment              N I Surveyed From: Foot / Boat / Helicopter / Overlook    I Weather: Sun / Clouds / Fog / Rain / Snow
form, with descriptor             T 
to be circled.                     E  Name:                    for:                 IName:                     for:
                                A I Name:                   for:                  I Name:                   for:
                                M I Name:                   for:        ]           Name:                    for:

                               SHORELINE TYPE(S) PRESENT: Circle all that apply. Add P = Primary and S = Secondary shoreline type
                                 1A I Rocky Cliffs                            6B  Riprap
                                  B   I Exposed Man-made Structures           7    Exposed Tidal Flats
                                 2   I Wave-cut Platforms                    8A  | Sheltered Rocky Shores
                                 3   I Fin6-grained Sand Beaches             8B  I Sheltered Man-made Structures
                                 4  ] Medium- to Coarse-grained Sand Beaches   l 9  I Sheltered Tidal Flats
                                 5  l Mixed Sandand Gravel Beaches           10  I Wetlands
                                 6A  I Gravel Beaches                         _   ] Ofher

                               WAVE EXPOSURE:   LOW /MED / HIGH         DEBRIS OILED: Y/N:  TYPE        -    VOLUME
                               SEGMENT LENGTH:         (m)     (ft)     PERCENT OF SEGMENT OILED _          %
                               OIL PRESENT IN:    SUPRA / UPPER / MID / LOWER / SUBSTRATE TIDAL ZONE(S)
                               OVERALL DEGREE OF OILING:  NONE / VERY LIGHT / LIGHT / MODERATE / HEAVY (SEE MATRIX)
                               CIRCLE ONE OR WRITE IN UNDER EACH COLUMN; SUMMARIZE FOR ENTIRE SEGMENT OR SUBSEGMENT:
                                    Oil Band        Surface Oil Cover   Surface Oil     Surface Oil           Sediment
                                    Width       L(within the oiled band)   Thickness     Type        Penetration/  Burial
                                 <0.3 m    <1 ft         <1%         I    Film     I Fresh Liquid       <1cman    Clean Layer
                                 03-1 m     1-3 ft |    1-10%        |    Stain    | Mousse            I1-5cm            cm
                                 1-3m      3-10 ft I   11-50%             Coat     I Tarballs          5-10cm    Oiled Layer
                                  >3m     >10 ft l      51-90%            Cover    I Patties            >10cm            cm
                                 _  m   I_  ft l       91-100%           Pooled    I Asphalt Pavement I
                                               [* I               | _ cm _ in I __   Other

                                 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES? Y/N         CULTURAL ISSUES? Y/N            RECREATIONAL ISSUES? Y/N



                               CLEANUP RECOMMENDATION / SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS



                                          CROSS-SECTION SKETCH                             SHOW: El High Tide
                                                                                              [3 Low Tide
                                          HT-[ -Surface Oil
                                                                                               Buried Oil
                                                                                              [] Other Significant Features



                                          LT_

                                                   Supratidal             Intertidal            Subtidal




                              You can also graphically represent shoreline assessment data on maps

                              and as statistical summaries. Use maps to show the distribution of

                              oiled shoreline and the degrees of oiling. Figure 12 shows a shoreline

                              oiling map prepared for the 1996 lulie N spill in Portland, Maine.  Stan-

                              dardize definitions for the shoreline oiling categories (modify your

                              definitions from Figure 6). Use computer mapping software to tabulate

                              the number of kilometers (or miles) of shoreline by oiling degree and

                              cleanup status. These are important measures for reporting the

                              progress of the cleanup.




                                                                                                                         *31










     Figure 10.                            Operational Period:    3-21-96/2100 to 3-22-96/2100
     Example shoreline                      Shoreline segments visited: (See attached maps for segment locations)                                                        1
     assessment report                              Fort Point (FP)
     from the 1996 Buffalo                          Big Reef Park (BRI, BR2, BR3, BR4)
                                                 South Jetty (BR5)
     292 spill. Galveston,                          NE Pelican Island (PI)
     Texas.                                         Pelican Island, Sea Wolf Park (SP1, SP2, SP3)
                                                 Goat Island (GIl, G12)
                                                 North Ferry Landing (NFL1, NFL2)
                                         Shoreline segments requiring no cleanup action at this time (barring future impact).                                        O
                                         Many of the segments visited by SCAT on 3-20-96 require no cleanup action at this time.                                     1
                                         SP1 -  Oily film and trace tarballs in swash zone. RECOMMENDATION:  No cleanup
                                                 recommended. 
                                         SP2 -  Trace to sporadic tarballs in swash zone. RECOMMENDATION:  No cleanup
                                                 recommended.
                                         SP3 -  No oil present.
                                         FP -   One spot of rip-rap near Big Reef impacted. 10 yds long, broken <5% coverage 200 yards
                                                 due west from interchapter of Seawall Blvd. and shoreline. RECOMMENDATION:  No
                                                 cleanup recommended, but watch for oiling on front and back of rip-rap with tidal change
                                                 over next 2 days.

                                         Shoreline segments requiring cleanup action. See attached reports for more detail.
                                         BR1 -  Reimpacted, sporadic mousse and tarballs with 10-15% coverage, no subsurface impact.
                                                 No cleanup activity present. RECOMMENDATION:  Revisit by cleanup crew doing
                                                 manual recovery, revisit daily.
                                         BR2 -  Reimnacted, continuous to sporadic with 10% coverage of film, mousse, and tarballs, no
                                                 subsurface impact. No cleanup activity present. RECOMMENDATION:  Revisit by
                                                 cleanup crew doing manual recovery, revisit daily.
                                         BR3 -  Continuous to patchy oiling with 20% coverage more evenly dispersed as compared to
                                                 yesterday, no subsurface impact. Small cleanup crew (approx. 15 people) present.
                                                 RECOMMENDATION:  Continue cleanup.
                                         BR4 -  10-15% coverage, continuous to sporadic, no subsurface impact. Cleanup activity in                                    1
                                                 progress. RECOMMENDATION:  Continue cleanup operations.
                                         BR5 -  Oil still leaching from South Jetty, snare being deployed and tended.
                                                 RECOMMENDATION: Maintain snare on both south and north side of South Jetty with
                                                 frequent tending to ensure effective capture of oil leaching from riprap.                                            1
                                         EB -   No oil, but some type of film is present on surface, (maybe organic), some snare is starting
                                                 to float up on East Beach near the jetty. RECOMMENDATION: Visit by cleanup crew for                                 0
                                                 manual recovery of snare and other oily debris washing up.
                                         P1 -   Trace to sporadic tarballs stranded in water and upper intertidal zone, film cover in wide to
                                                 medium width with 100 yds of patchy tarballs trapped within, no subsurface.impact.
                                                 RECOMMENDATION:  Manual removal with snare placed in swash zone.

                                         SCAT was performed at low to mid tide. High tide may relocate observed oil.                                                 O
                                         202 ICS 3/80             Prepared by:                           Approved by (Incident Commander):




                                        NOAA is developing automated tools for managing and reporting - 

                                        shoreline assessment results. Key chapters of the field forms are                                                             S

                                        entered into a database manager that can be used to generate various                                                          S

                                        reports and then linked to computer mapping software. There are also                                                          0

                                        commercially available software packages.                                                                                     0


                                        While it is clear that shoreline assessment teams should not direct                                                           0

                                        cleanup contractors in the field, the team can meet with the Division                                                         S

                                        Supervisor when conducting surveys in his/her division. The team can

                                        invite the Division Supervisor to:


32                                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                                                                             0









*             Figure 11.                              SCAT  Cleanup  Priorities and  Methods                                Page 1
             Example shoreline
             assessment report                             SEGMENT NAME:           Ocean Beach
             from the 1996 Cape                            DIVISION:               O
             Mohican spill, San                           OILTYPE:                Tarballs
             Francisco, California.                        OIL EXTENT:             1 m wide by 4.7 miles long
                                                         OIL LOCATION:          The high tide zone along the entire length of
*                                                                                   Ocean Beach
                                                         CLEANUP TECHNIQUES:
*                                                                                   Small crew needed with a lawn roller and
                                                                                sorbent pads. The roller wrapped in pads
                                                                                picks up the tarballs from the beach. Tarballs
                                                                                mixed with vegetative debris in wrack line.
                                                                                The federally threatened snowy plovers
                                                                                (birds) have been oiled. A National Park
                                                                                Service representative should be on-scene
                                                                                during cleanup. Recommend 1 crew for
                                                                                manual removal.'


                                                         SEGMENT NAME:           Muir Beach
                                                         DIVISION:               S
                                                         OILTYPE:                Tarballs
                                                         OIL EXTENT:             1 m wide by 1,600 m long
                                                         OIL LOCATION:          In the high tide swash of the sand beach
                                                         CLEANUP TECHNIQUES:
                                                                                Manual removal of tarballs. Rakes, shovels,
                                                                                and plastic bags required. Need 6 men.


*' ~SEGMENT NAME:                                                                   China Beach
                                                         DIVISION:               H-2
                                                         OIL TYPE:              Tarballs
                                                         OIL EXTENT:             Entire length of beach
                                                         OIL LOCATION:
                                                         CLEANUP TECHNIQUES:
                                                                                Trace tarballs scattered on beach.  No
                                                                                further cleanup required. Ready to be
                                                                                examined for sign-off.






                                         1 accompany them on their survey (which is unlikely for most spills
                                                  because of time demands on the Division Supervisor);

                                         *       accompany them on a quick walk-through after the survey is
                                                  completed, going over the team's recommendations; or

                                         *       meet after the survey to go over their recommendations.



                                          Direct communication with the Shoreline Assessment Team gives the

                                          Division Supervisor immediate feedback and a better understanding of
                                          the agency concerns, the details of which are lost as the survey reports



*                                                                                                                                     33
0








                            are filtered through the IAP and the chain of command. However, this
                            means that the Shoreline Assessment Team must be very concise
                            during their debrief with the Division Supervisor and not burden that
                            individual with unnecessary technical detail.


                            Responders are testing and using various automated tools to support
                            shoreline assessment activities. Using such tools during res'ponse
                            should be based on their ability to support response objectives, rather
      Automated Tools      than using them for the sake of technology. The most promising
     That Help shoreline    applications include:
        Assesseeements

                            Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS):
                               With the coast-wide availability of differential correction provided by
                               the U.S. Coast Guard, DGPS units can be used to generate locational
                               information for most types of field observations. They can be used to
                               determine segment boundaries, measure oil dimensions, and locate
                               buried oil layers. They are most effeCtively used when integrated with
                               Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping applications.

                            Pen-based computers for field recording of observations: Shoreline
                               assessment forms can be loaded onto rugged, waterproof and shock-
                               proof, pen-based computers to allow direct entry of observations in
                               the field. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection has
                               found this system to be feasible (Rubec et al. 1996). NOAA has also
                               developed a pen-based computer application for recording overflight
                               observations of floating oil (Simecek-Beatty and Lehr 1996).

                            Wireless communications for data transfer:
                               Wireless communications can be used with field computers for near
                               real-time transmittal of shoreline assessment data directly to the
                               command center. This application is particularly useful for teams
                               working in remote areas where a daily return to the command post to
                               submit data would be inefficient. Cellular phones would also be used
                               to debrief the field teams.



                            Where shoreline assessment data are available digitally, linking to GIS
                            mapping technology becomes more realistic. Most GIS applications
                            require significant staff and equipment resources, making them appro-
                            priate only under certain conditions.





34








 Tanker JULIE N Incident

 Shoreline Oiling Map                                                                                     Date/Time: 04 OCT 96, 1000
 prepared by NOAA

 USE ONLY AS A GENERAL REFERENCE                                                         Graphic does not represent precise amounts or locations of oil


                              % N _    Heavy -   Continuous black oil on entire intertidal zone (ITZ)  Bathron  Bathron             Zone
                              %      Medium -  Discontinuous black oil on part of ITZ             Works-     W"
            I ,{  1 2 "E           % 5  Light -    Stain, dark patches on part of ITZ               Repair   Drydock
                                /     - Shoreline Zone boundaries
  .            Congress Ave. Bri           Heavy  Medium  Light  TOTAL                                                                        
                      Zon  2    Zone I (vessel)                               Marsh Oiling         Pier
                               n Zone 2   2.75    0.90     3.6    7.25       Heavy    3 mi.
                    N. 2D       Zone 3   3.6        0       0.6    4.20        Medium  1 mi.
                               Zone 4   0.4       0.2      1.6    2.20       Light    4 mi.
           ~'~ ..                Zone 5   0          0        0
          2xx\             2A   Totals:   6.75       1.1      5.8   13.65 mi.


                                                                              Tenninal     WulfN
  43\39'0"N   ..Gulf Oi
                                                                                                                   Terminal
              Zone2                                                                                        Z: w 
                                                           \@   ï¿½  3Bo    I                            '               Portland    Portland
                      2xP Marine                                                                                                       PierI2

                                                                                                                   South
                                                                                                                  Portland
  43ï¿½38'30'N .....

            Long Creek A    /         Terminal            (vessel)




                  7001 8'0"W                   7017'0W                      706'0"W                      7015'0W                      70'14'0"h\
                                -_~~~~~~~~~~~~~                          ~~~~~CJH

Figure 12. Example shoreline oiling summary map, from the 1996 Julie N spill in Portland, Maine.
w~~~~~2x. 
        v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mrril








    *     7  ~The Flexibility of Shoreline Aseesmetit Methocle




*                                   The shoreline assessment process should be modified to fit the spill
         *                         ~~~~~~~~conditions, it should be as simple as possible, yet comprehensive
                                     enough to address all of the issues and concemns of shoreline cleanup.
         *                         ~~~~~~~~It must not be a large, slow process upon which Planning and Opera-
         *                         ~~~~~~~~tions must wait for key data.. When this occurs, Operations will get the
         *                         ~~~~~~~~information it needs on its own, and the work products of the shoreline
         *                         ~~~~~~~~assessment teams will not be used. Two types of shoreline assess-
                                     ment are outlined below, representing a range of complexity. Many
         *                         ~~~~~~~~spills will require some elements of both: detailed surveys of specific
         *                         ~~~~~~~~problem areas and application of general guidelines for cleanup of
         *                         ~~~~~~~~shorelines with simple cleanup requirements.

                'Geographir,"       This assessment approach generates site-specific recommendations
                   Shoreline        on resource protection and cleanup methodology.
    0         ~~Asessements...

                  involve...              Completing forms and sketches for each segment; and

                                         Making detailed cleanup recommendations unique to each seg-
           0                             ~~~~~~~~~~ment, identifying specific locations to be cleaned.

    *         ~~~use them for...          Very small spills where all sites can be readily inspected by the
                                            same team;

           *  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~    ~~Very large spills where many teams are required;

           *                              ~~~~~~~~~~Sites where many different shorelines types have been oiled; and

                                         Areas where full documentation of oiling conditions is required,
                                            such as:

           *                              ~~~~~~~~~~Spill conditions where cleanup problems are not readily apparent
                                           (e.g., buried oil that has to be located by digging, and when re-
                                           peated surveys are need to make sure that removal was complete)

                                         Areas with lots of resource constraints that need to be specifically
                                           identified in the field





                            *                                                                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~37







  'TopicaI" or     This assessment approach is based on the assumption that the Division0
ahe-po"eeo elinte   Managers (division supervisors are responsible for directing the cleanup
                   in a specific geographic area using several types of resources, such as
                  task forces) can successfully implement spill-specific, but not site-spe-
                   cific, cleanup guidelines. Most often, this approach is appropriate when0
                  the degree of oiling is relatively uniform or uncomplicated, or when the0
                  shoreline is not particularly sensitive, such as man-made structures. The0
                  guidelines should be quite detailed to prevent confusion about their use.
                  Terminology used in -the guidelines should reflect that in local practice
                  (e.g., use "seaweed" rather than "brown algae" or "Fucus " if that is what
                  the cleanup workers call it). Figure 13 shows an example general cleanup
                  guideline.


   involve.,. .           Conducting familiarization surveys by the team to identify oiling
                         conditions and cleanup issues for each shoreline type or resource of
                         concern;0

                      Developing spill-specific cleanup guidelines for each shoreline type,
                         to be implemented in the field by Division Managers;

                      *  Meeting with Division Managers to make sure that they understand
                         the cleanup guidelines, what leeway they have to implement them,
                         and the key issues of concern to the resource agencies;0

                      Spot-checking cleanup operations for compliance with cleanup
                         guidelines; and

                      *  Responding to requests from Operations to resolve "hot spot"0
                         problems encountered during cleanup activities.

  use them for...         Small-volume spills that spread over very large areas (such as strand-
                         ing of tarballs on Gulf of Mexico beaches);0

                         Man-made shoreline types, such as seawalls, with few site-specific0
                         sensitive resource issues; and0
                      *  Cleanup work t hat continues for very long times because of chronic0
                         re-oiling or seasonal changes in shoreline oiling.0




                    38~~~~~~~~~~~







         Figure 13.            GUIDELINE5 FOR HOT-WASH OF OILED RIPRAP/BULK-
         Example cleanup                              HEADS
         guidelines for a
         shoreline type.                   Julie N spill, Portland, Maine
*                                                October 4, 1996
                                *  * Water temperature of hot wash not to exceed 40CC

                                *  * pray nozzle will be held at a distance of 6 inches or
                                   greater from the surface. All spraying/flushing will be
*                                  into water for collection.

                                 *  No attached seaweed will be sprayed with hot water.

                                 a Once the water level reaches the seaweed, hot water
                                    washing will be terminated.

                                *  Once hot water washing is terminated, all released oil
*                                 will be recovered immediately. Cold water flushing of
                                   the seaweed is allowed when oil has accumulated in it.

                                *  Removal of heavily oiled seaweed will be allowed in speci-
                                   fied areas to be identified by the shoreline assessment
                                   team. If seaweed is to be cut, the root attachment
                                    and a 12 inch stem will be left.

                                ï¿½ Cold water flushing will be conducted until no more oil is
                                   'mobilized.

                                 o  Hot wash will be repeated until no free oil is released by
                                    the hot wash and no more than a stain (can't be
                                    scraped off with a fingernail) remains on the surface.

                                o*   5rbents will be deployed along areas where sheens are
                                    being released from the shoreline.

                             *  THESE GUIDELINES WILL BE REVISED, AS NEEDED, IN
                             RESPONSE TO CHANGING CONDITIONS AS THE OIL
                              WEATHERS.




*                                                                                      39








      Other shoreline    The cleanup of the Buffalo 292 spill it Galveston, Texas in March 1996 was
       aseeeementes
     customized to spill  divided into two phases: the first 12 days of the spill, when much of the
         conditions      oil stranded along the upper Texas coast near Galveston; and the next
                          several weeks, when tarballs spread to the mid- and lower-Texas coast,
          Tarlbvall      beyond Corpus Christi (Martin et al. 1997). During the first phase, a full,
    aeeeeessments during
      the Buffalo 292    geographic shoreline assessment was effectively conducted. However,
        (Galveeton)      the approach changed when the spilled oil started to strand as tarballs
                          on remote beaches with few structures, roads, or other landmarks to
                          reference during surveys and communications. Instead of filling out
                          forms and making sketches, the team:


                                Established mile marker stakes at one-mile intervals on the beach;
                                the operational zones and shoreline segments were then redefined in
                                terms of the mile markers;

                                Recorded the concentration and distribution of tarballs between the
                                mile markers, using the standard terminology;

                                Used surveyors' flags to mark buried oil locations for the cleanup
                                crews;

                         b    'Reported the shoreline impact descriptions by cellular phone to the
                                Command Post (they did not have to drive back for face-to-face
                                briefings); and

                          *    The Coordinator generated tabular reports that were submitted to
                                 Planning and then Operations.


    Buried oil during the  Buried oil is a site-specific problem that must be delineated by labor-
       13ouchard 155
       h(Tampa  1ay) an  intensive digging to determine the areal extent of the buried layers. The
     (Tampa Bay) and
        Buffalo 292      presence of buried oil is noted on the form and delineated on a sketch
     (Galveeton) Spilli   map. However, depending on the skill of the sketcher and the complexity
                          of the segment, cleanup crews may not be able to locate the buried oil
                          from the forms and maps. Another approach, used during both the
                          Buffalo 292 spill in Texas and the 1993 Bouchard 155 spill in Tampa Bay, is
                          to provide the survey team with surveyor's flags to mark the location of
                          buried oil to be removed.





40








       8   Planning for Shoreline Asseesments



             Pereonnel:         Plan ahead for shoreline assessments through the Area Committee.
          Define the Roles      The Area Contingency Plan can identify the personnel, process, and
*         ~~~in the Area Plan
                                logistics to be used for shoreline assessments before a spill. It can
                                also pre-approve the use of cleanup methods for special problem
                                areas. This kind of pre-planning should include:


                                      Identify Shoreline Assessment Team Coordinator (NOAA SSC or
                                      state counterpart)

                               ~1~  Identify a pool of state and Federal personnel who can represent
                                      their agencies' concerns and be available to do shoreline assess-
                                      ments for the duration of a spill

                                These personnel must1 be trained in shoreline processes,
                                terminology, and cleanup methods


             Proces s                Adopt a Shoreline Survey Evaluation Form

                                      Develop a strategy for segmenting shorelines in your area on maps
                                      or charts

                                      Pre-approve the use of cleanup methods for each shoreline type.
                                      Form workgroups to identify special cleanup concerns (e.g., cutting
                                      of oiled seaweeds, use of shoreline cleaning agents, recovery of
                                      submerged oil), research the cleanup options, and make recom-
                                      mendations on their use for inclusion in the Area Plan.

                               *1~  Develop general guidelines for cleanup endpoints

                                      Explain how to transition Shoreline Assessment Teams into Sign
                                      off Teams

             Logietice        -    s        Identify and acquire shoreline assessment equipment

                                            Identify the need for air boats, boats, or special vehicles,
                                            particularly in remote areas

                                            Identify the types of communications needed by field teams
                                            (e.g., radios, cellular phones)




                                                                                                       41








9   References



Environment Canada. 1992. Oilspill SCAT Manual for the Coastlines of
British Columbia. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Techndlogy Development
Branch, Conservation and Protection. 245 pp.


Martin, R.D., I. Byron, and R. Pavia. 1997. Evolution of shoreline
cleanup assessment team activities during the Buffalo 292 oil spill.
Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, April 7-10, 1997, Fort.
Lauderdale, Florida.


NOAA and American Petroleum Institute. 1994. Options for minimizing
environmental impacts of freshwater spill response. Seattle: Hazardous Materi-
als Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration. 130 pp. + appendices.


NOAA and American Petroleum Institute. In press. Marine oil spill
response options for minimizing environmental impacts. Seattle: Hazardous
Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.


Owens, E.H. and A.R. Teal. 1990. Shoreline cleanup following the
Exxon Valdez oil spill-field data collection within the SCAT program.
Proceedings of the 13th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar,
June 6-8, 1990, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 411-421.


Rubec, P.., A. Lamarche, and A. Prokop. 1996. A pen-based shoreline
cleanup response system: Linking GIS, GPS, and wireless communica-
tions. Eco-Informa '96, November 4-7,1996, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. 6
PP.

Simecek-Beatty, D.A. and W.l. Lehr. 1996. Improving oil spill observa-
tions with a personal digital assistant. Proceedings of the 19th Arctic and
Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 12-14, 1996, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, p. 1523.


                                                                         43








*       ~Append~ix A: Shoreline Asessement Eqjuipment Checklist



                                    survey Gear
      0~~~~~~~~~~~ MapsE or charts of the, survey area
      *                              0~~~~~~~~1  Cliptboards and rubber  ad
      0                              0 ~~~~~~~~~ Pencils, erasers, waterproof markersv
      0                              0~~~~~~~~~1  Field forms (code sheets, shoreline form, sketch sheets, photo logo)
      0                              0 ~~~~~~~~~~ Field estimation charts (sandi size, gravel size, percent; cover)
                                    0       Field notebooks (waterproof)
                                    03      Segment map sheets
                                    10      Dase sketch maps, if available
      *~~~~~~~~~1 0                            hovelso
      *                             ~~      ~~~~~~~0 Camera (35 mm) and color print film (ASA 64 and 100); extra
                                            1batteries
                                    0       Videocamera and video tapes, if reqjuired; extra lbatteries
                                    0       Photo scale (15 cm)
      *                              0~~~~~~~~1  Tape measure (30 m) and ruler
      *~~~                                  ~~~~~~~ R  ange finder
      *                             ~~      ~~~~~~0 Hand-held GPS5
                                    03      Compass, preferab~ly Drunton
      *                              0~~~~~~~~~1  Field pack
      *                             ~~      ~~~~~~~0 Communication device (egradio or cellular phone)
      *                              0 ~~~~~~~~~ First-aid kit.


      0                             ~~~~~~~~Personal Gear
                                    0]      Good rain gear
                                    03      Knee-high, rubb~er boots or hip waders
                                    03      Work gloves
                                    0       "Tar-off" towelettes or similar hand cleaner
                                    0       Hat
                                        0    uns~creen
      *~~~~~~~~~~7 0Drinking water
      *                             0 ~~~~~~~~~ Personal Flotation EDevice (PFl?),if traveling b'y water/helicopter
      *~~~~~~~~~1 0    Personal day pack


                          0                                                                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~45







* ~Append~ix 13: Lbrief Descriptions of Shoreline Cleanup Methodse



      0                         ~~~~~~~~Shoreline Cleanup MethoeI0
 0~~~~ntouto
      *      Introeluction      ~This section describes methods currently in use during cleanup of oil
                                 spills in marine environments and habitats. For each method the
                                 following is provided: a summary of the objective in using the method,
      *                         ~~~~~~~~a general description of the method, applicable habitat types, condi-
                                 tions under which the methods should be used (constraints com-
                                 monly applied to the use of the method to protect Isensitive biological
                                 resources), and the environmental effects expected from the proper
                                 use of the method. Some of the methods listed require special autho-
                                 rization for use during a spill; appropriate agencies must be contacted
                                 about the need for special approvals.

                                 A problem which occurs after all major oil spills is that there is a large
      *                         ~~~~~~~~quantity of oily wastes and debris that is generated and must be dealt
                                 with as part of the response action. A cleanup strategy that minimizes
                                 the impact to all the sensitive aspects of the environment plus mini-
                                 mizes the amount of oily wastes is the most optimal overall. History
                                 has shown that oily wastes or debris that has been buried inappropri-
                                 ately can result in formation of leachates that contaminate surface and
                                 groundwater resources. Each cleanup option should be examined with
                                 the problem of waste generation and disposal in mind.








                        0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4







    Natural Recovery

          ObJective        In order to minimize impact to the environment, no attempt is made to
                            remove any stranded oil. It is also an option when there is no effective
                            method for cleanup. Oil is left to weather naturally.

         Desoription       No action is taken, although monitoring of contaminated areas is
                            required.

          Appioable      All habitat types.
         Habitat Types
         When to Use       When natural removal rates are fast (e.g., the evaporation of gasoline
                            or highly exposed coastlines), when the degree of oiling is light, or
                           when cleanup actions will do more harm than natural removal.'

     Biological Constraints  This method may be inappropriate for areas used by high numbers of
                            mobile animals (birds, marine mammals) or endangered species.

    Environmental Effects Same as from the oil alone.
























48







Barriers/Berms

       Objective        To prevent entry of oil into a sensitive area or to divert oil to a collec-
                        tion area.

     PDecription       A physical barrier is placed across an area to prevent oil from passing.
                         Barriers can consist of earthen berms or filter fences. When it is neces-
                        sary for water to pass because of water volume, underflow or overflow
                        dams are used.

  Applicable Habitat    At the mouths of creeks or streams to prevent oil from entering from
         Type0i         offshore, or to prevent oil from being released from the creek into
                        offshore waters. Also, on beaches where a high berm can be built
                        above the high-tide line to prevent oil from overwashing the beach
                        and entering a sensitive back-beach habitat (e.g. lagoon).

   When to Use         When the oil threatens sensitive habitats, it is the most effective tool
                        to use in order to exclude oil from an area.

Diological Constraints   Minimize disturbance to bird nesting areas, such as shorebird nesting
                        sites on beaches. Placement of dams and filter fences should cause
                        excessive physical disruptions to the site, particularly in wetlands.

Environmental Effects   May disrupt or contaminate sediments and vegetation adjacent to the
                        creek mouth. The natural beach profile should be restored, which may
                        take months on gravel beaches.















                                                                                                49








    Physical Herding
           ObJective      To free oil trapped in debris or vegetation on-water; to direct the
                            movement of floating oil towards containment and recovery devices;
                            or to push oil away from sensitive areas

          Description      Plunging water.jets, water or air hoses, and propeller wash can be
                            used to dislodge trapped oil and divert or herd it to containment and
                            recovery areas. May emulsify the oil. Mostly conducted from small
                            boats.

      Applicable Habitat    In nearshore areas where there are little or no currents, and in and
            Types          around man-made structures such as wharves and piers.


         When to Use       In low-current or stagnant water bodies, to herd oil towards recovery
                            devices. In high current situations to divert floating oil away from
                            sensitive areas.

    Biological Constraints  When used near shore and in shallow water, must be careful to not
                            disrupt bottom sediments or submerged aquatic vegetation.

    Environmental Effects  May generate high levels of suspended sediments and mix them with
                           the oil, resulting in deposition of contaminated sediments in benthic
                            habitats.


















50








    Manual Oil
Removal/Cleaning

       ObJective       To remove oil with hand tools and manual labor.

     Description       Removal of surface oil by manual means (hands, rakes, shovels,
                        buckets, scrappers, sorbents, etc.) and placing in containers. No
                        mechanized equipment is used. Includes underwater recovery of
                        submerged oil by divers.

  Applicable Habitat    Can be used on all habitat types.
        Typee

       When to Uee     Light to moderate oiling conditions for stranded oil or heavy oils that
                        have formed semisolid to solid masses that can be picked up manu-
                        ally.

Biological Conetraints   Foot traffic over sensitive areas (wetlands, tidal pools, etc.) needs to
                        be restricted or prevented. There may be periods when shoreline
                        access should be avoided, such as during bird nesting.

Environmental Effecte   Minimal, if surface disturbance by crew movement and waste genera-
                        tion is controlled.





















                                                                                               51







    Mechanical Oil
    Removal

          Objective       Removal of oil from water surface, bottom sediments, and shorelines
                           with mechanical equipment.

         Description      Oil and oiled sediments are collected and removed using backhoes,
                           graders, bulldozers, dredges, draglines, etc. Requires systems for
                           temporary storage, transportation, and final treatment/disposal.

     Applicable Habitat    On land, possible wherever surface sediments are both amenable and
           Types          accessible to heavy equipment. For submerged oil, used in sheltered
                           areas where oil accumulates. On-water, used on viscous to solid oil
                           contained within booms.

         When to Use      When large amounts of oiled materials have to be collected and
                           removed. Care should be taken to remove sediments only to the depth
                           of oil penetration. This can be difficult when using heavy equipment on
                           beaches or dredges on submerged oil. Should be used carefully where
                           excessive sediment removal may erode the beach.

    iiologilal Constraint;
                           Heavy equipment may be restricted in sensitive habitats (e.g., wet-
                           lands, soft substrate) or areas containing endangered plants and
                           animals. Will need special permission to use in areas with known
                           cultural resources. Dredging in seagrass beds or coral reef habitats may
                           be prohibited.

    Environmental Effects  The equipment is heavy, with many support personnel required. May
                           be detrimental if excessive sediments are removed without replace-
                           ment. All organisms in the sediments will be affected, although the
                           need to remove the oil may make this response method the best
                           overall alternative. Resuspension of exposed oil and fine-grained oily
                           sediments can affect adjacent bodies of water.







52
                                                                                                            S








SorbenVs
        Objective       To remove floating oil by absorption onto oleophilic material placed in
                         water or at the waterline.

      Description      Sorbent material is placed on the water surface, allowing it to absorb oil.
                         Forms include sausage boom, rolls, sweeps, and snares. Efficacy
                         depends on the capacity of the particular sorbent, energy available for
                         lifting oil off the substrate, and stickiness of the oil. Recovery of all
                         sorbent material is mandatory. Loose particulate sorbents must be
                         contained in a mesh or other material.

  Applicable Habitat    Can be used on any habitat or environment type.
        Types

     When to Use        When oil is free-floating close to shore or stranded on shore. The oil
                         must be able to be released from the substrate and absorbed by the
                         sorbent. Often used as a secondary treatment method after gross oil
                         removal and in sensitive areas where access is restricted. Selection of
                         sorbent varies by oil type; heavy oils only coat surfaces, requiring a
                         high surface area to be effective, whereas lighter oils can penetrate
                         sorbent material such as sorbent boom.

Biological Constraints   Access for deploying and retrieving sorbents should not be through
                         soft or sensitive habitats or affect wildlife. Sorbent use should be
                         monitored to prevent overuse and generation of large volumes of
                         waste. Sorbents should not trap migrating wildlife such as turtles
                         returning to sea, or fish coming in at high tide. Sorbents left in place
                        too long can break apart and present an ingestion hazard to wildlife.

Environmental Effects   Physical disturbance of habitat during deployment and retrieval.
                         Unattended or "orphan" sorbent material can crush or smother sensi-
                         tive substrates.








                                                                                                 53








            Vacuum

            Objective       To remove free oil pooled on the substrate or from relatively calm
                            water.

           Description     A vacuum unit is attached via a flexible hose to a suction head that
                            recovers free oil. The equipment can range from small, portable units
                            that fill individual 55-gallon drums to large supersuckers that are truck-
                            or vessel-mounted and can generate enough suction to lift large rocks.
                            Can be used with booms and herding to move the oil toward the
                            suction head. Removal rates from substrates can be extremely slow.

      Applicable Habitat    Any accessible habitat type. May be mounted on barges for water-
            Types          based operations, on trucks driven to the recovery area, or hand-
                            carried to remote sites.

          When to Use      When free, liquid oil is stranded on the substrate, concentrated in
                            trenches dug by responders, trapped in vegetation, or pooled on the
                            water surface. Often used as a type of rudimentary skimmer to recover
                            floating oil. Usually requires shoreline access points.

    Biological Constraints  Special restrictions should be established for areas where foot traffic
                            and equipment operation must be limited, such as soft substrates.
                            Operations in wetlands need to be very closely monitored, with a site-
                            specific list of restrictions. If used in vegetated areas such as wetlands,
                            care must be taken not to remove vegetation or disturb plant roots.

    Environmental Effects  Minimal, if foot and vehicular traffic is controlled and minimal sub-
                            strate is removed.












54








Debris Removal

     Objective         To remove contaminated debris from the shoreline or water surface.
                        Could also include removal of shoreline debris in anticipation of oil
                        stranding onshore.

    Description        Manual or mechanical removal of debris from the shore or water
                        surface. Can include cutting and removal of oiled logs.

 Applicable Habitat    Can be used on any habitat or environment type where access is safe.
       Types

   When to Use         When driftwood and debris are heavily contaminated and provide a
                        potential source of chronic oil release, an aesthetic problem, a source
                        of contamination for other organisms in the area, skimmer clogging
                        problems, or safety problems for responders. Also used in areas of
                        debris accumulation on beaches prior to oiling to minimize the
                        amount of oiled debris to be handled.

Biological Constraints   Foot traffic over sensitive areas (wetlands, spawning grounds) needs
                        to be restricted. May be periods when access should be restricted
                        (spawning periods, influx of large numbers of migratory waterbirds).

Environmental Effects   Physical disruption of substrate, especially when mechanized equip-
                        ment must be deployed to recover a large quantity of debris.


















                                                                                               s55








        Sediment
    ReworkinglTilling

          Objective       To rework oiled sediments to break up surficial oil deposits, increase
                           its surface area, and mix deep subsurface oil layers, which will expose
                           the oil to natural processes and enhance the rate of oil degradation.

         Pescription      The oiled sediments are rototilled, disked, or otherwise mixed using
                           mechanical equipment or manual tools such as rakes and shovels.
                           Along beaches, oiled sediments may also be pushed to the water's
                           edge (surf washing) to enhance natural cleanup by wave activity. The
                           process may be aided with high-volume flushing of gravel.

      Applicable Habitat   On any sedimentary substrate that can support mechanical equipment
            Types          or foot traffic.


         When to Use       On sand to gravel beaches with subsurface oil, where sediment re-
                           moval is not feasible (due to erosion concerns or-disposal issues). On
                           sand beaches where the sediment is stained or lightly oiled. Appropri-
                           ate where oil is stranded above normal high water.

    Biological Constraints  Avoid use on shores near sensitive wildlife habitat, such as fish-
                           spawning areas or bird-nesting or concentration areas because of the
                           potential for release of oil and oiled sediments into adjacent bodies of
                           water.

    Environmental Effects   Due to the mixing of oil into sediments, this method could further
                           expose organisms that live below the original layer of oil. Repeated
                            mixing over time could delay reestablishing organisms. Refloated oil
                           from treated sites could contaminate adjacent areas.










56








             Veget~ation
          cuttinlo/Removal

 *            ~~~~Objective      Remove portions of oiled vegetation or oil trapped in vegetation to
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~prevent oiling of wildlife or chronic oil releases.

 *            P~~~~escription    Oiled vegetation is cut with weed wackers, blades, etc. The cut vegeta-
      *                         ~~~~~~~~tion is picked or raked up and bagged for disposal.

*        ~~Applicable HabitVat   Wetlands composed of emergent, herbaceous vegetation and floating
      *         Typee           ~~~~~aquatic vegetation.


 *           ~~~~When to Use     When the risk of oiled vegetation contaminating wildlife is greater
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~than the value of the vegetation that is to be cut, and there is no less-
                                  destructive method that removes or reduces the risk to acceptable
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~~levels.

*    ~~~iological Constraints   Operations must be strictly monitored to minimize the degree o f root
                                  destruction and mixing of oil deeper into the sediments. Access in
      *                         ~~~~~~~~bird-nesting areas should be restricted during nesting seasons. Cut-
      *                         ~~~~~~~~ting only the oiled portions of the plants and leaving roots and as
                                  much of the stem as possible minimizes impact to plants.

         Environmental Effects   Vegetation removal will destroy habitat for many animals. Cut areas
                                  will have reduced plant growth, and in some instances, plants may be
      *                         ~~~~~~~~killed. Cutting at the base of the plant stem may allow oil to penetrate
      *                         ~~~~~~~~into the substrate, causing subsurface contamination. Along exposed
      0                         ~~~~~~~~sections of shoreline, the vegetation may not regrow, resulting in
      *                         ~~~~~~~~erosion and habitat loss. Trampled areas will recover much more
      *                         ~~~~~~~~~slowly.





                         0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5










      Objective        To wash oil stranded on the land surface to the water's edge for collec-
                        tion.

     Description       A perforated header pipe or hose is placed above the oiled shore or
                        bank. Ambient-temperature water is pumped through the header pipe
                        at low pressures and flows downslope to the water. On porous sedi-
                        ments, water flows through the substrate, pushing loose oil ahead of it
                        (or floating oil to the water's surface and transporting the oil down the
                        slope for pickup). Oil is trapped by booms and is recovered by skim-
                        mers or other suitable equipment. On saturated, fine-grained sedi-
                        ments, the technique becomes more of a flushing of the surface.

  Applicable Habitat    All shoreline types where the equipment can be effectively deployed.
        Types          Not effective in steep intertidal areas.

    When to Use        In heavily oiled areas when the oil is still fluid and adheres loosely to
                       the substrate, and where oil has penetrated into gravel sediments. This
                        method is frequently used with other washing techniques (low- or
                        high-pressure, cold-to-hot-water flushing).

Biological Conetraints   Special care should be taken to recover oil where nearshore habitats
                        contain rich biological communities. Not appropriate for muddy
                        substrates.

Environmental Effects   Habitat may be physically disturbed by foot traffic during operations
                       and smothered by sediments washed down the slope. Oiled sediment
                       may be transported to shallow nearshore areas, contaminating them
                        and burying benthic organisms.








  Low-Pressure,
 Ambient-Water
     Flushing

     OiObjective       To remove liquid oil that has adhered to the substrate or man-made
                        structures, pooled on the surface, or become trapped in vegetation.

     Description       Ambient-temperature water is sprayed at low pressures (<10 psi),
                        usually from hand-held hoses, to lift oil frdm the substrate and direct
                        it to the water's edge for recovery by skimmers, vacuum, or sorbents.
                        Can be used with a flooding system to prevent released oil from re-
                        adhering to the substrate downstream of the treatment area.

  Applicable Habitat    On substrates, riprap, and solid man-made structures, where the oil is
        *  Types       still liquid. In wetlands and along vegetated banks where oil is trapped
                        in vegetation.

    *  When to Use     Where liquid oil is stranded onshore or floating on shallow intertidal
                        areas.

Biological Constraints   May need to restrict use so that the oil/water effluent does not drain
                        across sensitive intertidal habitats and mobilized sediments do not
                        affect rich subtidal communities. Use from boats will reduce the need
                        for foot traffic in soft substrates and vegetation. Released oil must be
                        recovered to prevent further oiling of adjacent areas.

Environmental Effects   If containment methods are not sufficient, oil and oiled sediments
                        may be flushed into offshore areas. Some trampling of substrate and
                        attached biota will occur.











                                                                                                59








      High-Pressure,
      Ambient-Water
          Flushing

          Objective        To remove oil that has adhered to hard substrates or man-made
                            structures.

          Description       Similar to low-pressure flushing except that water pressure is 100-1,000
                            psi. High-pressure spray will more effectively remove sticky or viscous
                            oils. If low water volumes are used, sorbents are placed directly below
                            the treatment area to recover oil.

     Applicable Habitat    On bedrock, man-made structures, and gravel substrates.
           Types

        When to Use        When low-pressure flushing is not effective at removing adhered oil,
                            which must be removed to prevent continued oil release or for aes-
                            thetic reasons. When a directed water jet can remove oil from hard-to-
                            reach sites.

    Biological Constraints   May need to restrict flushing so that the oil does not drain across
                            sensitive habitats. Released oil must be recovered to prevent further
                            oiling of adjacent areas.

   Environmental Effects   May drive oil deeper into the substrate or erode shorelines of fine
                            sediments if water jet is improperly applied. If containment is not
                            sufficient, oil and oiled sediments may be flushed into offshore areas.
                            Some trampling of substrate and attached biota will occur.














60







  Low-Pressure,
    Hot1-Water
      Flushing
        Objective      To remove non-liquid oil that has adhered to the substrate or man-
                        made structures, -or pooled on the surface.

       *  Pescription  Hot water (90ï¿½F up to 170ï¿½F) is sprayed with hoses at low pressures
                        (<10 psi) to liquefy and lift oil from the substrate and direct it to the
                        water's edge for recovery by skimmers, vacuums, or sorbents. Used
                        with flooding to prevent released oil from re-adhering to the substrate.

  Applicable Habitat   On bedrock, sand to gravel substrates, and man-made structures.
         Types

    When to Use        Where heavy, but relatively fresh oil is stranded onshore. The oil must
                        be heated above its pour point, so it will flow. Less effective on sticky
                        oils.

*iological Constrainlte  Avoid wetlands or rich intertidal communities. Use should be re-
                        stricted so that the hot oil/water effluent does not contact sensitive
                        habitats. Operations from boats will help reduce foot traffic in soft
                        substrates and vegetation. Released oil must be recovered to prevent
                        further oiling of adjacent areas.

Environmental Effects   Hot-water contact can kill all attached animals and plants. If contain-
                        ment methods are not sufficient, oil may be flushed into downstream
                        areas. Some trampling of substrate and biota will occur.













                                                                                                 61








      High-Pressure,
        Hot-Water
         Flushing

          Objective       To mobilize weathered and viscous oil strongly adhered to surfaces.

         Deesription       Hot water (900F up to 1700F) is sprayed with hand-held wands at
                           pressures greater than 100 psi. If used without water flooding, this
                           procedure requires immediate use of vacuum or sorbents to recover
                           the oil/water runoff. When used with a flooding system, the oil is
                           flushed to the water surface for collection by skimmers, vacuum, or
                           sorbents.

     Applicable Habitat    Gravel substrates, bedrock, and man-made structures.
            Types
        When to Use       When oil has weathered to the point that warm water at low pressure
                           no longer effectively removes oil. To remove viscous oil from man-
                           made structures for aesthetic reasons.

    Biological Constraints  Use should be restricted so that the oil/water effluent does not drain
                            across sensitive habitats (damage can result from exposure to oil, oiled
                            sediments, and hot water). Should not be used directly on attached
                           algae or rich intertidal areas. Released oil must be recovered to pre-
                           vent further oiling of adjacent areas.

    Environmental Effects  All attached animals and plants in the direct spray zone will be re-
                            moved or killed, even when used properly. Oiled sediment may be
                           transported to shallow nearshore areas, contaminating them and
                            burying benthic organisms.












62








Steam Cleaning


     ObJective         To remove heavy residual oil from solid substrates or man-made
                        structures.

    Description        Steam or very hot water ( 170ï¿½F to 212ï¿½F) is sprayed with hand-held
                        wands at high pressure (2000+ psi). Water volumes are very low com-
                        pared to flushing methods.

 Applicable Habitat    Man-made structures such as seawalls and riprap.
        Types

   When to Use         When heavy oil residue remaining on a shoreline needs to be cleaned
                        for aesthetic reasons, and when hot-water flushing is not effective.


Biological Constraints   Not to be used in areas of soft substrate, vegetation, or high biological
                        abundance directly on or below the structure.

Environmental Effects   Complete destruction of all organisms in the spray zone. Difficult to
                        recover all released oil.
























                                                                                               63








        Objective        To remove heavy residual oil from solid substrates or man-made 
                       structures.
                                                                                          0
      Pescription         Use of sandblasting equipment to remove oil from the substrate. May 
                       include recovery of used (oiled) sand in some cases.

     Applicable Habitat    On heavily oiled bedrock, artificial structures such as seawalls and              0
          Types           riprap. 
                                                                                          0
        When to Use       When heavy oil residue remaining on the shoreline needs to be 
                       cleaned for aesthetic reasons, and even steam-cleaning is not effective. 
                                                                                          0
   Biological Constraints   Not to be used in areas of soft substrate, vegetation, or high biological
                       abundance directly below or adjacent to the structures.

   Environmental Effects   Complete destruction of all organisms in the blast zone. Possible 
                       smothering of downstream organisms. Unrecovered, used sand will                   e
                       introduce oiled sediments into the adjacent habitat.




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64                            .5










                   Objective    To change the physical state of spilled oil from a liquid to a solid.

                  ~e~criptionChemical agents (polymers) are applied to oil at rates of 10-45 percent
                                -or more, solidifying the oil in minutes to hours. Various broadcast
                                 systems, such as leaf blowers, water cannons, or fire suppression
                                 systems, can be modified to apply the product over large areas. Can be
                                 applied to both floating and stranded oil. Can be placed in booms,
                                 pillows, sausages, etc. and used like sorbents, although this type of
                                 solidifier application has not been used operationally.

0        ~~~ApplicablIe Habitat  All water environments, bedrock, sediments, and artificial structures.
 *            ~~~~Types
            When to Urge        When immobilization of the oil is desired, to prevent refloating from a
                                 shoreline, penetration into the substrate, or further spreading. How-
     0                        ~~~~~~~~~ever, the oil may not fully solidify unless the product is well mixed with
     0                        ~~~~~~~~the oil, and may result in a mix of solid and untreated oil. Generally
                                 not used on spills of heavy oil because the product canno t be readily
                                 mixed into viscous oils.


        13101001cal Constraints   Must be able to recover all treated material.

        Environmental Effects   Available products are insoluble and have very low aquatic toxicity.
                                 Unrecovered solidified oil may have longer impact because of slow
                                 weathering rates. Physical disturbance of habitat is likely during
                                 application and recovery.






                        0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6








    Shoreline Cleaning
           Agents                                                                                         0


           Objective       To increase the efficiency of oil removal from contaminated substrates.


           Description      Special formulations are applied to the substrate, as a presoak and/or
                              flushing solution, to soften or lift weathered or heavy oils from the -
                              substrate to enhance flushing methods. The intent is to lower the
                              water temperature and pressure required to mobilize the oil from the
                              substrate during flushing.

      Applicable Habitat    On any habitat where water flooding and flushing procedures are
             Types          applicable.


          When to Use      When the oil has weathered to the point where it cannot be removed
                              using ambient water temperatures and low pressures. This apprqach
                              may be most applicable where flushing effectiveness decreases as the
                              oil weathers.

    Biological Constraints   The released oil must be recovered from the water surface (and will not
                              chemically disperse into the water column). Use may be restricted
                              where suspended sediment concentrations are high, near wetlands,
                              and near sensitive nearshore resources.

    Environmental Effects  The toxicity and effects on dispersability of treated oil vary widely
                              among products. Selection of a product should consider the toxicity of
                              the product.














66








       Nutrient
      Enrichment
       Objective         To accelerate the rate of loss of oil hydrocarbons due to natural micro-
                           bial processes by supplementing with nutrients.

       Description       Water-soluble nutrients are applied by a spray irrigation system, daily if
                          the impacted area gets completely submerged by tides and waves and
-                         if maximum biostimulation is desired. Slow-release granular or encap-
                          sulated nutrients or oleophilic fertilizer require less frequent addition,
                          but time-series monitoring of interstitial pore water nutrient levels is
                          needed to ensure target levels are being maintained.

  Applicable Habitat     On any habitat type with access and where nutrients are deficient.
        Types

      When to Use        On moderate to heavily oiled substrates, after.other techniques have
                          been used to remove free product or residues too high to support
                          significant biological activity; on lightly oiled shorelines where other
                          techniques are destructive or ineffective; and where nutrients limit
                          natural.attenuation. Most effective on light to medium crude oils and
                          fuel oils (asphaltenes tend to inhibit biodegradation). Less effective
                          where oil residues are thick.

  1Biological Constraints   Use of ammonia-based fertilizers at highly elevated concentrations
                          should be avoided because of the toxic effects of un-ionized ammonia
                          to aquatic life. Nitrate is a good nitrogen source without the toxicity.
                          Sodium tripolyphosphate is a better phosphorus source than ortho-
                          phosphates because it is more soluble in seawater. If nutrients are
                          applied properly with adequate monitoring, eutrophication should not
                          be a problem. Only nutrient amendments that have been previously
                          proven to be nontoxic and effective in either the laboratory or field
                          should be used. Contact toxicity of oleophilic formulations may restrict
                          areas of direct application. Toxicity test should be evaluated carefully,
                          as other chemicals in the product could be more toxic to aquatic
                          organisms in the presence of oil.

  Environmental Effects   Physical effects from access by workers for application (unless nutri-
                          ents are sprayed from a nearby barge or from the air).

                                                                                                  67







     Natural Microbe
          Seeding


           Objective       To accelerate the rate of natural microbial degradation of oil hydrocar-
                            bons by adding high numbers of living microorganisms with oil-
                            degrading abilities.

          Description      Formulations containing specific hydrocarbon-degrading microbes and
                            nutrients are added to the oiled area, based on the assumption that
                            indigenous hydrocarbon degraders are low in number or those that are
                            present lack the ability to degrade the oil effectively.

      Applicable Habitat    On any habitat type where safe access is allowed and additional mi-
            Types          crobes are needed.


          When to Use      On moderate to heavily oiled substrates, after other techniques have
                            been used to remove free product or residues too high to support
                            significant biological activity; on lightly oiled shorelines where other
                            techniques are destructive or ineffective; and where existing microor-
                            ganisms are not present or effective (unlikely). Most studies have
                            shown microbe seeding to be ineffective for oil spills, compared to
                            simple nutrient addition.

    Biological Constraints  If the product contains fertilizers, use of ammonia-based fertilizers
                            should be avoided because of the toxic effect of un-ionized ammonia
                            to aquatic life. Nitrate is just as good a nitrogen source without the
                            toxicity. If the product containing nutrients is applied properly with
                            adequate monitoring, eutrophication should not be a problem. Toxicity
                            tests should be evaluated carefully, as other chemicals in the product
                            could be toxic to aquatic organisms. The release of genetically engi-
                            neered microbes into the environment is still a controversial subject.

    Environmental Effects   Physical effects from access by workers for application (unless nutri-
                            ents are sprayed from a nearby barge or from the air).




68








  In situ Burning


      Objective        To remove oil from the water surface or habitat by burning.

      Deecription      Oil floating on the water surface is collected into slicks at least 2-3 mm
           -           thick and ignited. The oil can be contained in fire resistant booms, or
                        by natural barriers such as ice or the shore. On land, oil in the habitat
                        is burned, usually when it is on a combustible substrate such as
                        vegetation, logs, and other debris. Oil can be burned off nonflam-
                        mable substrates using a burn promoter. On sedimentary substrates,
                        it may be necessary to dig trenches for oil to accumulate in pools thick
                        enough to bum efficiently. Heavy oils are hard to ignite but can sus-
                        tain an efficient burn. Emulsified oils may not ignite or sustain a burn
                        when the water content is greater than 20 to 40 percent.

 Applicable Habitat    On most habitats except dry muddy substrates where heat may impact
       Types           the biological productivity of the habitat. May increase oil penetration
                        into permeable substrates. Use in marshes should be undertaken
                        using special precautions. Not suitable for woody vegetation such as
                        mangroves and hardwood swamps.


   When to Use         On land, where there is heavy oil in sites neither amenable nor acces-
                        sible to physical removal and it is important to remove the stranded
                        oil quickly. In wetlands and mud habitats, a water layer will minimize
                        impacts to sediments and roots. Many potential applications for spills
                        in ice. There are many operational and public health limitations.

 Biological Constraints   The effect of smoke on nesting birds and populated areas should be
                        evaluated.

Environmental Effects  Temperature and air quality effects are likely to be localized and short-
                        lived. Toxicological impact from burn residues have not been evalu-
                        ated. On-water, bum residues are likely to sink. On land, removal of
              -        residues is often necessary for crude and heavy oils. Limited data on
                        burning oiled wetlands indicate recovery of wetland vegetation will
                        depend on season of burn, type of vegetation, and water level in the
                        marsh at time of burn.
                                                                                                69



0
0
0
*      Appendix C: Shoreline AssessmenV Forms, Codes, and Field
*                   EstimaVors
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                                                         71
0






*       ~~~SHOREUNE SURVEY EVALUATION FORM                                                        Page -_ of _
*        1 GJ 1 Segment Name:                        Survey                      Survey         (use military time)
 *         El ~~~Segment ID:                        I Date:                      Time: _____   to-I
            NSurveyed From:  Foot IBoat I Helicopter        Weather: Sun I Clouds /Fog I Rain /Snow

  *     2 TITeam No.                                        loperations:
 *         EI~~~~OG:                                        IState:                              for:
          A~j EGO:                                         IFederal:                             for:
*         MI~~AARCH:                                        ILand Manager~                       for:

*       ~~~3 SiealCasfitonorUT-eetoe                    IdietBeach:                  Sediment Flat:
            HJBedrock:  Cliff           Platform __      Boulder-Cobble -_ Sand __ Boulder-Cobble __Sand_
 *         01 ~~Manmade: Permeable __Impermeable __Pebble-Cobble -Pebble-Cobble _
*         RI~~~ Marsh/Wetlands                           Sand-Gravel __Sand-Gravel _
          ElSecondarv Shore Type:                                  Isackshore Type:

*    ~~14l Geomorphology
 *        I AiSlope: Low  _%   Med.  _%  High ___%  Vert. Iwave Exposure: Low / Medium / High
            NiEstimated Segment Length:             m       JTotal Estimated Length Surveyed:
           i~Access Restrictions:

*      ~~5 Oil1 Category Width:                     ITotal Pavement:         sq.m   by       . cm
 *          ~~~~Wide -__  m Very Narrow           mlI PattiesiTa rballs      bags   OiledDebris? Yes/No
           I.Medium  -m No Oil                   miDebris/Amount: Logs       . .Vegetation
 @    1     ~~~~Narrow~     Unsurveyed            ml                Trash _ __Other              ___

        6D
*~~~ ' SL  AREA                                              SURFACE OIL                          SHORELINE
          U 0 ma            ZONE        S      THICKNESS                   T   .~ YPE             SEDIMENT
*        ~~~RCm mnr SU Ul MIi LT PO CV CTSTFL FRMS TB PT TC MAPNO   TYPE
 *        ~~F
          A
          C
 *~~~

*       ~0

          L

          Distribution (DIST): C =100-91%; B =90-51%; P =50-11%; S =10-1%; T ='<1%  Photo Roll # __ Frames___
              7 S  ~ ~TRENCH  OILED                  SUBSURFACE          WATER            SURFACE-    CLEAN
*~~~~ N   TRENCHES               DEPTH   ZONE      OIL CHARACTER        TABLE  SHEEN SUBSURFACE   BELOW
          83 0. Si  U   MLl  U    c     cm-cm   CP  FP CR  CF TR  NC) cm    COLOR sEDimem~T            YIN

 *        ~U


          A


          Sheen Coior B =Brawn   R =Rainbow  S= Sliver  N =None

  *    8 COMMIENTS






SHORELINE ASSESSMENT FORM for                            Spill                   Page _  of _
GI Segment Name:                                                 |Date:
E Segment ID:                                                   ITime:            to
NlSurveyed From: Foot / Boat / Helicopter/Overlook  IWeather: Sun/Clouds/Fog/Rain/Snow

TITeam No.
El Name:               for:                   I Name:                    for:
AIName:                for:                   IName:                     for:
MI Name:               for:                   I Name:                    for:

Li Shoreline/Sediment Types:                                                                    I
Al Wave Exposure: Low/Medium/High    ITotal Segment Length:        mlLength Surveyed          m I
NI Location Description:                                                                        I
.DIAccess Restrictions:

Description of oiling conditions       _ Oil Length _ Width _ Type/Thickness _ Substrate Type
SURFACE OIL:                           _ Oiled Debris







SUBSURFACE OIL:         _ Extent _ Thickness Clean _ Thickness Oiled _ Intertidal Location
                         _ Sediment Type _ Oil Description _ Burial _ Penetration












Segment-specific considerations for cleanup operations
_ Environmental _ Cultural _ Degree of Recreational Use








CLEANUP RECOMMENDATIONS





                                     SHORELINE ASSESSMENT FORM
I*>GA Segment Name:                                      I Date:
   Segment ID:                                            Time:                     to
   N  Surveyed From: Foot / Boat / Helicopter / Overlook  ] Weather: Sun / Clouds / Fog / Rain / Snow

]*  STeam No.
    Name:                        for:                    I Name:                       for:
X  Name: -                       for:                    l Name:                      for:
I| IName:                        for:                    I Name:                      for:

SHORELINE TYPE(S) PRESENT: Circle all that apply. Add P = Primary and S = Secondary shoreline type
  1A    Rocky Cliffs                                6B   Riprap
  1B   Exposed Man-made Structures                  7   Exposed Tidal Flats
   2    Wave-cut Platforms                          8A   Sheltered Rocky Shores
   3    Fine-grained Sand Beaches                   8B   Sheltered Man-made Structures
   4    Medium- to Coarse-grained Sand Beaches       9   Sheltered Tidal Flats
   5    Mixed Sand and Gravel Beaches                10   Wetlands
  6A   Gravel Beaches                                     Oler

WAVE EXPOSURE:   LOW / MED / HIGH             DEBRIS OILED: Y/N:   TYPE                VOLUME
SEGMENT LENGTH:            (m)      (ft)      PERCENT OF SEGMENT OILED                %
OIL PRESENT IN:    SUPRA / UPPER / MID / LOWER / SUBSTRATE TIDAL ZONE(S)
OVERALL DEGREE OF OILING:  NONE / VERY LIGHT / LIGHT / MODERATE / HEAVY (SEE MATRIX)
CIRCLE ONE OR WRITE IN UNDER EACH COLUMN; SUMMARIZE FOR ENTIRE SEGMENT OR SUBSEGMENT:
      Oil Band          Surface Oil Cover     Surface Oil       Surface Oil              Sediment
      Width         (within the oiled band)    Thickness          Type         Penetration /  Burial
  <0.3 m    <1 ft            <1%                Film       Fresh Liquid           <1 ncm     Clean Layer
  0.3-1 m    1-3 ft         1-10%               Stain      Mousse                 1-5 cm            cm
   1-3m     3-10 ft         11-50%              Coat       Tarballs              5-10 cm     Oiled Layer
   >3 m     >10 ft          51-90%              Cover      Patties               >10 cm             cm
     m          ft         91-100%             Pooled      Asphalt Pavement
                                              cm _  in                Other

  ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES? Y/N              CULTURAL ISSUES? Y/N               RECREATIONAL ISSUES? Y/N




CLEANUP RECOMMENDATION / SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS




             CROSS-SECTION SKETCH                                   SHOW: 0 High Tide
                                                                         o Low Tide
             HT- -                                                        b Surface Oil
                                                                         0 Buried Oil
                                                                         El Other Significant Features




             LT - -

                       Supratidal        |       Intertidal      |Subtidal
  *                    ~~~~~~~~~Supratidal  I     Intertidal      ISubtidal






 Field Observer Form for Quick Shoreline Assessment
  1. I Shoreline Area Name:              Zone          Division    I Date:                  ITime:

  Segment ID or location -description:                             Tidal Conditions (e.g.: high, falling)

  GPS Coordinates (if available)                                   Surveyed by: _Foot        Boat

                                                                                  Vehicle --Aircraft
  Team I.D.     Name:              for                          Name:               for:



 2. Any shoreline impact observed? (circle)            Yes       No
 3.. If "Yes", provide approximate length & width of impact.  Length                       Width
 4. Was oil observed in the nearby water? (circle)   Yes            No
 If 2 and 4 are "No," STOP HERE.

  5. Impacted Shoretypes &                                              OIL COVER ESTIMATION CHART
  Materials                        Check                      SPORAc    r           P^AT  m             coCmt=
                                   below if                   1.1%                              %
                                    Shore-                                                              X
                                    type or                      7  ,V[l
                                  Material is               1%                ,  ,.0    Ni ,  0       .  ,0%
                                   P resent


  marsh/swamp
  tidal flat
  riprap
  sand or shell beach
  clay bluff
  dune
  bulkhead, manmade structures
  debris (trash, driftwood, etc.)
  other vegetation


 6. Oil Condition Check oil types present _Fresh Oil  _Mousse  _Tarballs  _Tarpatties  _Tar  _Asphalt
                                                                    (<10cm)      (>10cm)

 7. Oiled Wildlife  Check any observed impacted wildlife _birds  _fish  _invertebrates  _other?
                                                                            (crabs, etc.)

3. Access Restrictions:


). Cleanup Recommendations & Other Comments (make flagging notes here):






;aution: presence of marsh or tidal flat requires visit by SCAT prior to undertaking any cleanup action.








                                                               SKETCH MAP
Site Name
Site No.
Date
Time
Names



Checklist
  - North Arrow
- Scale
  Oil Distribution
    High Tide Line
  Low Tide Line
  - Substrate Types
    Trench Locations


Legend
    IA
Trench Number.
No Subsurface Oil
   2A
Trench Number.
Subsurface Oil
   #o-o
   #0
Photographs






                       GRAIN SIZE
                    (After Wentworth, 1922)


                        SAND <2 mm
                                   i   i
             \\\\\m

               E        GRANULE
               E
               C o        2-4 mm


                         PEBBLE  I
                 . 4-64 mm 








                    BOULDER >256 mm
1 cm
I inch
                     o                 0~~~~~







      Grain

     Scales: cont.
0



      *ï¿½   .. ~~Comparison Chart For Visual Percentage
      *()~ ~~~ Estimation (After Terry and Chilingar, 1955).
S
                           0
*)                        /  1                            3%







                            \~~~~~~~~IY ,ï¿½                          .~
                          20  30%






      '~~~~~~~~~~~4






                           [4                                    d ''    ,
                      f              Itt               Al
0                             5%                                10%
                     Stk ,,               
                           CI~~~~                    _

0                                                                          V
                                                      4



*              _0 -~-~ -~                                      30%  \
                          ~~~~~~     I~~~~~~~I,
        ~~~r* .2'i .0                                                r    4
   5,  -e a                                             -2          J
0

                      4.i                            .

      *~L    ~LYI 40                             ~

       ~~~~Cb ~ ~   ~     ~       










                      OIL COVER ESTIMATION CHART

    SPORADIC             PATCHY                   BROKEN          CONTINUOUS
      1*-10%              11-50%                   51-90%           91-100%





   1%     10%      20%     30%     40%      60%     70%    '80%      91%






*TRACE = <1%













      ~~ e  ~ I, ï¿½ ~~b o e  ~~ ~ ~ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ cr, ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ~~~~~ ï¿½ ï¿½ ~~ ï¿½  ~ o ï¿½ ï¿½ o ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½~~-










Appendix D: A Primer on Drawing Field 5ketchee




                 The field sketch is an important component of the SCAT process for two principal

                 reasons: (1) it provides a focused picture of the oil distribution within the entire

                 segment, or subsegment, on a single piece of paper (or image); and (2) it adds disci-

                 pline to the field observation process, because it forces the person doing the sketch

                 to make detailed mental notes of all the relevant features.



        Step I  Once you arrive at the segment, imagine yourself held aloft 200 feet by a balloon as you
                 quickly walk around the entire segment. This will give you the mental overview of the
                 spatial distribution of all the relevant features in the segment that should be included in
                 the sketch.

        Step 2   Determine the dimensions of the segment and dig trenches to look for subsurface oil.
                 Divide duties among the team members (e.g., one to sketch, one or two to pace or tape
                 distances). Pace (or tape) the length and width of the intertidal zone and the size of
                 some of the more conspicuous features, such as groins or seawall segments. Using a
                 pencil, lightly sketch these measurements on the field sheet, as shown below. Orient the
                 longest dimension along the long axis of the paper. Add scale and north arrow (use
                 English or metric units, as dictated by the situation).





                                                 SKETCH MAP
                    sile Heome  TEXASA&MDOCK
                    Sie No  P  -
                    Date  8SEPT.1996
                    To   11:30AM
                    Name..  MOHIJM







                                                                N       B



                                _~~~~~~~~~~ScaleX  
                    Oil DSrb.oKOi
                    ....Sob.InsO Type e



                      IA
                    No Spaed. Dil  0 i'
                    Tooi Nor.o  \1\  
                    T..io N-ot..
                    Sobsa.c Oil

                     *  F~te:.il.                ANorth

                                      *e>ï¿½G  No                        ~arrow
       0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                                                    ic,0  20








                                                                                                 81








            Step 3   Lightly sketch in the outline of the intertidal zone or habitat being surveyed. Show in 
                    final form (i.e., heavy pencil marks) the areal distribution of the oil, using a hatched
                    pattern. The oil distribution should be the most conspicuous feature on the sketch.

                                                                                                          0
                                                SKETCH MAP
                        S   TNe     uEXASA&MDOCK
                            F1-1
                        '.. .SEPr 1996
                          raw 1IMIAM
                       Nlame.  MOH/JM

                         ___SuI_ '_____      e
                                             S.W~~~~~~~
                                                              0X\1~ ~ ~ ~




                         Oil                                                                                                S
                        I-V-
                        ::&..-                                                                                            ï¿½ 

                                            ZA~~~~.
                       Teh ---. NO/Ad 



                                            \                   ~~~No
                                                              0 la 20

                                                                                                         O




           Step 4   Identify critical elements of the sketch, using the following symbology: 
                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                          0
                                                                                                          .

                                                     -  This oiled zone has tarballs in a patchy 
                                                        distribution. It averages 0.6m in width
                                                   .68M  and is 80 m long. All oiled zones
                                                        should be labeled in this fashion, using
                                                        the standard codes and terminology.

                                     1 A   - Trench with no subsurface oil 
                                    2 A   - Trench with subsurface oil

                                    #o    - Location of photographs taken. 
                                            Arrow points in direction photographer
                                        #   was looking. No associated arrow means a
                                            ground photograph (sediment surface or 
                                            trench). Frame number next to the dot.








82
                                                                                                         e
                                                                                                         0
                                                                                                         e
                                                                                                         e
                                                                                                         e
                                                                                                          Sl








*            ~~~~Step S   Fill in the rest of the details of the sketch, showing highlights of the morphology (e.g.,
  0                    ~~~~~~~beach berms, tidal channels); conspicuous features, such as fences, large logs, and
                         seawalls that would help identify the site; zones of vegetation; and access points, such
                         as roads and parking areas.


*             ~~~~Step 6  (Optional) Where appropriate, draw a topographic cross-chapter of the intertidal zone,
                         showing significant topographic breaks (e.g., beach berm crests) and oiled zones.



*             ~~~~Step 7  Make sure form is completely filled in with site location, date and time of survey, and
                         names of survey team members. Review checklist on left side of form.



                         Figure D-lI is an example of a completed beach sketch. Figure D-2 is an example of a
                         field sketch map for a detailed survey of subsurface oil at the Exxon Valdez spill site.
                         The exact location of the subsurface oil was surveyed in and identified with perma-
                         nent markers (i.e., stakes just above high-tide line), because of the expense of remov-

                         ing the overburden.
















                       0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8






                                                          SKETCH MAP
Site Name Te04ts AN~ Dark~
Site No.  PI-lG
Date   8 Sei.*. Iqq9 I6..
Time   JI:3oPT
Names   AdH/2r-TM


Checklist
 k North Arrow
  JLScale
 &..Oil Distribution                                                                                                                    vgl
 X. High Tide Line
..X. Low Tide Line
X Substrate Types
X.. Trench Locations                                                                                                                       rop


Legend
                    IA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,e&NFX
Trench Number.
No Subsurface Oil
   2A
Trench Number.
Subsurface Oil



Photographs










                                                                                 to to


 Figure D-1. Example of a complete b~each sketch.







                                                                                      SKETCH MAP
 Site Name RD;IS filltit. PW~ A
 Site No. kAl-*wOSA (ueaa.OAH4 ~tI-)
 Date   #  r,, 1Iqq
 Time                                                                     5UBSURFAC.E OmL REVIew.
 Names V. kellyI(ExxzA-Al~. Crai~q                                            A 



 Checklist                                                                 ~JT~LN
  X North Arrow
      Scale
   ..X.Oil Distribution
   -High Tide Line
   -Low Tide Line
   -Substrate Types
   ...Trench Locations


Legend                                                                                                                                                          o
                                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IA
Trench Number.                                                                                                                                                 MO
No Subsurface Oil
     2A                                                                                                  /MiI TR
Trench Number.                                                      N                                                         7
Subsurface Oil                                                                             -
                                                                           MC~~~~~~ ~A

Photographs                                                                                                                   0






                                                                kaill%                                                                    iA



                                                                                                i(4BEACH DEPOSIS




   Figure P-2. Example of a field sketch mar for subsurface oil survey at ExX01n Valdez.