    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

     The Center for Marine and Coastal Studies   North Carolina State University

       Coastal Zone
       Information                                                   AUG a  1914
         Center
                        A SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA
                   BEACH EROSION BY AIR PHOTO METHODS
                                      1973

                                       By
                                   H. E. WAHLS     CDAItM  L-
                                                 INF2MApON CENTER

                                  REPORT NO. 73-1
                                     MAY, 1973

     GB
     4 59.4
    %.1

      .W33     I
     1 973

                                        CASTAL ZON
                                          |NEE~uRSOFIgTER

         A SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA
     BEACH EROSION BY AIR PHOTO METHODS
                    1973

                     by

                 H. E. Wahls'
       Professor of Civil Engineering

    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
    2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
    CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

       Property of CSC Librazy

               Report No. 73-1
              Project ERSD-464

    Center for Marine and Coastal Studies
       North Carolina State University
               Raleigh, N. C.

                  May 1973

                                  PROPERTY OF THE
                             UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
                               NATiONAL OCEANIC AND
                            ATMOSPHERIC ADMINiSTRATION

                                    For Re;enlion
                             When no longer needed, please
                             return to: Technical Processes
                             Branch - D-23

                                    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

              This project was supported jointly by the Division of Waterways and Sea-

    shores, Office of Water and Air Resources, Department of Natural and Economic Re-

    sources, State of North Carolina and the Center for Marine and Coastal Studies,

    North Carolina State University. The cooperation of Col. R. J. B. Page, Chief',

    and Dr. L. J. Langfelder, Director, of these respective agencies is acknowledged.

              Negatives of the aerial photographs for November, 1971, were made avail-

    able by the U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D. C.

    Prints were obtained from these negatives through the cooperation of the Photo-

    grammetry Section, North Carolina State Highway Commission.

              The detailed measurements and computations of erosion data were per-

    formed by Mr. Ralph Gordon, graduate assistant in civil engineering. Dr. Donald

    B. Stafford, Clemson University, who conducted the original 1968 study, assisted

    by providing useful advice and information at the start of the investigation

                                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                     Page

    List of Figures.............................. iv

    Introduction                                                                               ...............................1

    Methodology.                                                                                ..............................2

    Summary of Results............................                                              5

    References.                                                                                 ...............................6

                                                                                     iv

                                      LIST OF FIGURES

    Figure                                                                          Page

    I-i.  Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data                 7

    1.    Brunswick County
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of         8
               change (feet per year) 1938-1972.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change            9
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           10
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         11
               for previous time intervals.

    2.    New Hanover and Pender Counties
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    12
               change (feet per year), 1938-1972.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           13
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           14
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         15
               for previous time intervals.

    3.    Onslow and southern Carteret Counties
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    16
               change (feet per year), 1938-1971.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           17
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1964-1971.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           18
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         19
               for previous time intervals.

                                                                                      V

    Figure                                                                          Page

    4.    Eastern Carteret County
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    20
               change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           21
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval , 1962-1971.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           22
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         23
               for previous time intervals.

    5.    Hyde and southern Dare Counties
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    24
               change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           25
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1962-1971.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           26
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         27
               for previous time intervals.

    6.    Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
          (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    28
               change (feet per year), 1949-1971.

          (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           29
               (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1962-1971.

          (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           30
               previous time intervals.

          (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per 'year)        31
               for previous time intervals.

                                      I NTRODUCTION

             A beach is a transient feature which is continually eroding or building

    up as a result of the action of wind and waves. Knowledge of the patterns of

    coastal erosion is essential to the safe and orderly development of a coastal

    region. This is particularly true for coastal North Carolina which is currently

    undergoing rapid development. If this development is allowed to proceed without

    consideration of potential beach erosion, severe economic losses are likely to

    be incurred by both private owners and the public.

             An indication of the potential future erosion of a beach can be gained

    from a study of the history of erosional patterns along that beach. Aerial photo-

    graphs provide an ideal me ans for studying the erosional history of an area. Each

    aerial photograph records the location of the beach, as well as related cultural

    and natural features, at a specific time. Comparisons of the positions of the

    shoreline in photos taken at different times will indicate the amount of erosion

    for the time interval between the two photographs. Such investigations can be

    conducted for any time periods fo-r which aerial photography is available.

              Specific techniques for beach erosion studies from Aerial photograph's

    were developed and applied to the North Carolina coast-by Stafford in 1968. The

    results of this study were presented in the report, "A Reconnaissance of Coastal

    Erosion in North Carolina", by Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein. Mean annual rates

    of erosion and accretion were presented for the entire time period of available

    photography and for each incremental time period between successive photo-S. For

    the southern coast from Brunswick to Beaufort Inlet'. photography dating back to

    1938 generally was available. North of Beaufort Inlet, the earliest available

    photos were made in 1945, The date of the most recent photography used in that

    investigation varied with the county and ranged from 1961 to 1966.

                                                                                  2.

              Because of the demonstrated value of the beach erosion data, in the sum-

    mer of 1972, it was deemed advisable to update the survey. The work was jointly

    sponsored by the Office of Water and Air Resources, Department of Natural and Eco-

    nomic Resources of the State of North Carolina, and the Center for Marine and

    Coastal Studies, North Cairolina State University. New aerial photographs were ob-

    tained of the entire North Carolina coast. For Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender

    counties, excellent quality photos taken in January and February of 1972 were

    available from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. For the remainder of the

    coast, photos for November, 1971, were obtained from the U. S. Army Corps of Engi-

    neers. These photos were generally of small scale and poorer quality than the

    Department of Agriculture photos. Using these new photographs, the techniques of

    the original study were employed to compute a new increment of erosion data for

    the entire coast and to revise the data reported in the original study. Thus this

    report includes the results of the original study as well as new data for the time

    interval since the publication of the original report.

                                      METHODOLOGY

              The present study essentially used the methods presented by Langfelder,

    Stafford, and Amein (1968), and elsewhere, but eliminated some measurements and

    computations- which had not proven meaningful in the initial study. These techniques

    and modifications will be reviewed briefly in the following paragraphs. In addition,

    some of the limitations of the method will be indicated.

              To determine the rate of erosion for a specific time interval , fixed

    reference points, which can be clearly- identified in aerial photographs at both

    the beginning and the end of the time period, were established at approximately

    1000-foot intervals along the beach. Road intersections, utility poles, and cor-

    ners of permanent structures were used as reference points. The distances from

    each reference point to the dune line and the high water line were measured in

                                                                                         3.

          each photograph. The difference in the position of the dune line and the high

          water line at the beginning and end of the time interval is the amount of erosion

          or accretion during the interval. If the total change in position is divided by

          length of the time inte rval in years, the average rate of erosion or accretion in

          feet per year is obtained for the interval. This procedure was repeated at each

          reference point for each time interval for which erosi~on rates were to be calculated.

                    The data for a series of reference points were averaged for specific

          sections of beach between inlets or other locations for which significant changes

          in erosional characteristics were anticipated. These mean annual rates of erosion

          or accretion are reported for each section of beach for the new time interval for

          which photography was available. The results for the new time interval were then

          averaged with the results from the 1968 report to obtain a new composite mean an-

          nual rate of erosion or accretion for the entire time interval of the original and

          the new studies. All computations were done by~computer using the computer program

          developed by Stafford for the original study.

                    The air photo method for measuring coastal erosion is limited by the

          availability of aerial photographs, the quality of the available photographs, and

          the ability of the interpreter to identify the position of the dune line and the

          water line in the photographs. Relatively new photographs were available for the

          entire coast for the current study. However, there was considerable variation in

          the quality of the photographs. Excellent quality photographs were available for

          Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender counties. For these counties, rectified enlarge-

          ments to a scale of I" = 400' were obtained. These enlargements have been corrected

          for various photogrammetric errors so that the scale is accurate and uniform for all

          photographs. For the remainder of the coast, the photographs were of poorer quality.

    *     ~The approximate scale of these photographs was I" = 1000" and the scales varied by

          as much as 10% from one photograph to another. Smaller scale variations were pres-

                                                                                   4.
    ent within an individual photograph because of the tilt of the camera. Finally,

    the imagery was not always clear; and in a few photographs, the beach line was

    partially obscured by cloud cover. Fortunately, all portions of the coast were

    visible in at least one photograph.

             Measurements on the individual photographs were made to the nearest

    0.00l inches, using a patented microrule. However, the actual field distance

    represented by the measurement on the photograph is significantly affected

    by the reliability of the scale. For example, if the scale of the photograph is

    1, = 1000' plus or minus 10%, a one inch distance on the photograph could repre-

    sent a real distance of 900' to 1100'. Such variability was not acceptable and

    the scale of each individual photograph was determined to a greater accuracy.

    The scale of' individual photographs was established by measuring the distance

    between the fixed reference points in the new photographs and relating this dis-

    tance to the distance between the same points in a previous photo of known scale.

              Human error is introduced by the need to interpret the position of the

    dune line and the high water line. Usually the high water line can be identified

    by the distinctive change in color tone. However, the dune line frequently was

    subject to more interpretation. The dune line generally represents a point of

    abrupt change in slope which can be observed best by using stereo pairs. In some

    areas, the dune lines are very distinct, while in other areas, the dunes may have

    been removed by development or the dunes may be quite low. In these cases, con-

    siderable judgment was involved.  In all cases, the position of the dune li ne in

    the new photograph was compared with the position in the earlier photographs to

    minimize errors due to differences in interpretation of the dune line by different

    individuals.

                                                                         5

                               SUMMARY OF RESULTS

         The significant results of the new study are combined with the

    results of the original study and presented in Figures l-6, For pur-

    poses of presentation, the coast has been divided into six sections

    which are indicated on the index map in Figure I-1, Section I starts at

    the South Carolina line and succeeding sections progress northward

    with Section 6 ending at the Virginia line.

         All results for each section are presented together in a series

    of four figures, For example, the results for Section l, Brunswick

    County, are presented in Figures I-a, b, c and d. Figure 1-a presents

    the composite data for the entire period of both studies, 1938 - 1972.

    Mean annual rates of erosion or accretion, in feet per year, are pre-

    sented for both the dune line' and the high water line, Figure 1-b

    presents the mean annual rates of erosion-or accretion, in feet per

    year, for both the dune line and the high water line for the time

    interval of the new study, 1966-1972, for Brunswick County. Figures

    1-c and 1-d are reprinted from the original 1968 report. Figure !-c

    presents the data for the dune line for' each time increment between

    successive photographs which were used in the original study. Figure

    !-d shows similar data for each time interval for the high water line.

         A similar set of 4 figures is presented for each of the six

    sections of the coast line. All results are presented in units of feet

    per year of erosion or accretion for the time intervals specified on

    the figures. In Figures 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b, the data for the most

    recent time interval are composites of the results of the new study

    and the data for the most recent time interval of the original study.

    This was done to minimize potential effects of the poor quality of the

    new aerial photographs, which were used for these sections,

                                                                         6

         The first figure for each section, e. g., Figure I-a, for Brunswick

    County, provides the best indication of long term erosion or accretion

    trends. The second figure of each set, e. g., Figure 1-b for Brunswick

    County, can be compared with the first figure of the set to determine

    whether the behavior for the most recent time interval is significantly

    different from the long-term average for the section. The third and

    fourth figures of each set provide additional historical data on the

    consistency of the erosion or accretion patterns at a specific location.

         Finally, it should be noted that the data presented in this report

    are indicative of long-term trends. However, short-term effects of

    severe storms are not indicated. Such short-terms effects could be

    studied by aerial photography if sufficient aerial photographs were

    available, This could be accomplished by having aerial photographs of

    the coast line made on an annual basis during a non-storm period.

    These photographs would provide base data on long-term trends, such as

    have been presented in this report, When the effect of an individual

    severe storm is to be studied, another set of aerial photographs would

    be made Immediately after the storm and compared with the existing base

    photos. The monitoring of coastal'erosion patterns on an annual basis

    would seem to be a highly desirable project for those agencies con-

    cerned with the control and the protection of the coastal regions.

                                   REFERENCES

    1. Langfelder, L. J., Stafford, D. B., and Amein, M. (1960). "A

             Reconnaissance of Coastal Erosion in North Carolina", Re-

             search Project ERD-238, Dept, of Civil Engineering, North

             Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C,

    2. Stafford, 0. B. (1968). "Development and Evaluation of a Procedure

             for Using Aerial Photographs to Conduct a Survey of Coastal

             Erosion", Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State

             Universitv  Ralpinh  N  �

                               ]2                    czi2 <~         ~     ~  Section 5

                                       ,    -A2/

                                                         ection 4

                               X Section 3

                           s Section 2

       Figure -1. Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data.

    Figure I-1. Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data.

    SCALE:' 1 inch= 8 miles
                                               BRUNSWICK  COUNTY
                                     J.'

       SOUTH ~
       CAROL INA

                Ve        3'V f /                                                               '

                                                     0,re

                                                            ~change (feet peFerry) 1938-1972.

                                                          FiCaswell.Brunswick County
                                                                              Cornca k e

                           /p~~~~~~~ ~                                                             ~~   ,~,~

                                                                          ~~~ ~~~~~b~~~~,e''b~                  ~   ~  ~  ~  ~ ~ O

    SCALE: 1 inch= B miles
                                    BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

      SOUTH
      CAROLINA

                               lo,

        Figure 1.   Brunswick County
                    (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                        (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.
                                         3~~~~ 9  1 n  ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ I / 9`~~~~~~~L

        SCALE: l inch= 8 miles
                                        BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

           SO U TH  Do         b. .
           CAROLINA                         Z

       'Pja?�                                                         /

    Figure 1.   Brunswick County
                   previous time intervals.

    Figure 1. Brunswick County

         SCALE: I inch=8 miles
                                               BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

            SOUTH                         0,
            CAROLINA /

                                       'P

                                         .   "o,

    ,.%.
    " _---~O"                                                                                  1'"

                                                        IFort
                                                     /sw.,, '.
                                                            I    ~~~~~~    Cornca ke   o~~.~
                               'o�I               41�~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

    Figure 1. Brunswick County
                 (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                      for previous time intervals.

                                             NEW HANOVER COUNTY
    SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles
                                         'Wi lmington    tw   I
                             /t      SrF    "-'"'~, I| .  PENDER COUNTY

                            .- a

                            Dune�                3.6                        .Erosion
           Dune 0    /    /     -    ,    ,      ............ : 3 1         -0.1''
           Line    9.1    2.4          1.2                3.7   5.0                 0.1
                                                              _       |                 ~~~~~~~~Accretion

                                                               11: .    ~~~~4 ~~Erosion
           High  k                           /11IM   - 53  ? 77                     -0.5     1

                        LineI                                                             Accretion
                                       5.5                 3.4    $. 7       1.2

                  1 938-                                                                 I
                 - 1960 _                      1938- 1972 Data
                  Data  I

         Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                      (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                           change (feet per year), 1938-1972.

                                                                                                                          ix,

                                          NEW HANOVER COUNTY
    SCALE: 1 inch= 8 miles
                                        AW jilmington   ,

                                +   adz  9                �-S %.. I\,. PENDER COUNTY

             Liu~ne    5_                               9

                                                                                    ccErion

          Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                       b   Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change

                            (feet  per year) for most recent time  1-17.   -4.572.
          Fater~igure 2.//~ New Hanover                              ruAccPnerie
           Line             --n  ]h.9

                                                                                            ir~.n.~~

                                               NEW  HANOVER COUNTY
       SCALE: 1 inch= Bmiles
                                             "Wilmington
                             ffi /                 By>/-iz                PENDER COUNTY

                              19So               -6 5                                     Erosion

                      1496    83        2.       6    11 '  04      5                0.4  AccrtEion

               1938    -                                                -                  Erosion
               19496                                   -     -          41 '
                      n 10r0    10       13       00         3    8creton

    Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                      previous time intervals.
              1960- Dat a                                                          -0.1   Erosion
               1966

                                                                                          Accretion

              1956-                                                                       Erosion
              1960                                          1.3   -1.9       0.9
                              8.3        2.6      11.8 0.4             7.1       6

                                                                                          198-Erson

    Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                 (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                      previous time intervals.

       SCALE:  1 inch = 8miles                                  NEW   HANOVER  COUNTY
                                                     f~   Wilmington         L'

                                 %�                    if                        �^               PENDER  COUNTY

                   I196 -                                                                   - /

                  Noq-      - a    -_                                                     N                                 Erosion
                    rData 20 2.2
                196 0                              -
                                                               3.1   15.4         17.4           1.5        1.1    Accrtion

                1956-      61
                          1S--                          "'A Erosion
                1960  -
                             - | ~  4.  ~2 ~        5.3           1.5   8.3    4.7       6.5  253       2.6      -09    Accretion.

                1949 -                                             -3 7  - 2   -8 7                                          Erosion
                1956                                               -3.7  -2.2  -8         7        3
                         14.9      12.4            14.8                                    6            0.3        52      Accretion

                1938 -                                                                                                         o
                1949                                                    i-                                            1 411
                         11.7       3.9             2.4                         2.7       4.4   5.5      4.4               Accretion

    Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                    (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                          for previous time intervals.

                                                                                              SCALE:   I inch = 8 miles

                                   ONSLOW  COUNTY                                           CARTERET   COUNTY

                oly Ridge        G                     6/e,'reSi �      ~�9v i       Jsl'

                                                                                                                        C

                                                                             _.in  . . .   ...................  w   ................  L .  7  Erosion
    Dune   77 7     ,        -                                  -41        /             -7
    Line      3.9         1.0    4.0    3.8    0.8       2.8             9.7    0.9      0.7   4.1   3.1  2.9  2.8    5.2          1.6  0.6
                                                                                                                                 Accretion

                                                                        Water10/////// g~  -26~~~ 777^~~~~~~77  LErosion
    Hig        h          0.      22.0                                   124    5.4      4.3
    Water                                                                     777,777/                     77,;
    Line       3.3        0.0    2.6   4.6                1.8             12.4    5.4    42.3  4.5    96                            6.4  7.0

                                                                                               _._I~j~~~                     i zo ~~Accretion
                                                                                      1953- 1958-                              1953-
                       _938-1i            D      a     t       a       1938-1971  Data -     1971  1971     Dat 1938-1971 Data         1971
                                                                   1938- 971 Data  I -Data  Data                                Data

                   Figure  3.       Onslow  and  southern  Carteret  Counties
                                  (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                                        change (feet per year), 1938-1971

                                                                               SCALE:  1 inch = 8 miles

                             ONSLOW COUNTY                                   CARTERET  COUNTY

                                                                                                              Erosion

      Li~ne 7.4 . I  4.5                                                          2.5  3.1    5,1  4.8               6.2
                                                                                                              Accretion

    High                                 -7.2 Eoi
    Water             --                                        05          -0.3  -2   l,877777
    Line      4.0             07   2.2           8.3                  6.1               0.4 0.8  2      6.2 1.6       2
                                                                                                             Accretion

                       1960-1971 Data                                         1958-1971 Data

              Figure 3.    Onslow and southern Carteret Counties
                            (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                                 (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1958-1971
                                                                                                                                 -5

                                                                                                SCALE:    1 inch  =  8 miles

                                    R   ONSLOW COUNTY                                                   CARTERET  COUNTY

                     meC~6ure -

       9/                            1            -               -1. y
    B

                                                                               oe  E- rnErosion
                -y Ridge                                                                                            Datah

       196-                                           ___11.9  9.7  12.2    201  10.8  157  103
                                                                 6r -

                                                                                                           previous time intervals.tion

                                                                                              No Erosion
                                                                1953- Data
                                                                    47.9    10 2    -.9.9                           . 5.9 .7 17.3
      1949-
               11.9 9.7 12.2 2                0.1     10.8 15.7 1'          .3
                                                                                      No No No Erosion

      1938-    - 1.7 -                         -0.4 - 2.2 -4.8                                                                                                         Accretion
      1949 mm.2
                         0. 2  26 .6                          7.--"--2

                                 (c) Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                                        previous time intervals.

                                                                                                       SCALE:    1 inch = 8 miles

                                      ONSLOW COUNTy
                                                                         ONSLOW COUNTY           CARTERET  COUNTY

    B                                                                                      B-clue

                                        I .8 15 Eion
                                        196                                            -         UE
                                               u LEJEU                                                        Data                            =     at

      1949                                                                                                                                                     AccIncre-on
                                                                     1958-                -I.6

                3.2         2.9     5.2      6.2               9.7
      196for previous time intervals.
                           2.8 0.8         0.0 9     .3      1     .5 3.4
                                                                                                                                             Erosion

                                                                     19586                                                                 -
                                                                          23.5      9.2 0.1    3.4 9.2 6.0                               5.0 20.0
      1956     -0.9                                                                                              ~ccrctAon
                5.8         2        .8       .  9    .6.                4

                                                                     1939-               D    ata   Data   - Data

      1938-                                      16.5   11.1 9.7                                                        3.      2 4.9    18.0    8.7
      1949                                         WOMMOW        -    &--.a4.6                                                                                 Accretion
                3.2 2. 9                         5.2 6.2 9.7

                                  for previous time intervals.

                        CARTERET COUNTY                   Cedar           'tJ

        SCALE: I inch =8 miles  Dh'rs/"/,�                       n '( ?-.A                        D

                                       CORE          Atlantic
                                                            SOUND        / rtsmouth  ,  HYDE
                       _ C                                 "   COUNTY
    C -- -a pAens                       CORE                           BANK'S /                   Ocracoke
                Inlet                                                                              Inlet

    Lookout                                                                                   D

                                                     Dune '// 'X777                        Erosion
           Dune -.3-3-5.7              -4.6   -5.3     / 77               /77777~7 -32.5
      Line       ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___        17.7   3.0     6.8       1.7

                                                                                        Accretion

     Higieh                                                ~ //~. %//        g                  g , X < Erosion

     Water
     Line    5.3    6.3       6.1       10.8   10.2  13.9   8.1      6.8       4.7      0.7

                                                                                        Accretion
            1945 -
            1971
            Data        1955- 1971 Data                           1945- 1971 Data

      Figure 4.    Eastern Carteret County
                    (a)  Dune line and high water line.   Composite mean annual rates of
                          change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

                                                                                                                          Mr
                                                                                                                          o

                                                Cedar
                     CARTERET COUNTY                 Islar Pe

       SCALE: I inch = 8 miles                     At

                                  CO RE               SOUND  HYDE
                                                     C SOUND  mj~ - .~ COUNTY
      C ~~- C  ad~ens   CCORE                                  BAK                       c  oA
              fIflet /r/ R'r Eo tB A N K SInlet
    Cape                                                                              b
    Lookout

     Dune  7       7,,//, //77                         -23.7   -23.6          -47.7
     Line    3.8   3.4      2.4       7.0   7.3  5.5
                                                                            Accretion

                                                   7

     High   -1.8                                  4 38.8
     Water          13.5    103       92    17.2  24.5  14.1    0.9
                                                                            Accretion

                                    1960-1971 Data

        Figure 4.   Eastern Carteret County
                    (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of charge
                         (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1960-1971.

                               CARTERET  COUNTY                              Island

         SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles                                                                              .

                                                                      CORA t lan tic                    P                     HYDE
                                                           ~CORE     ~          SOUND                                          COUNTY
                        -       C                                                         BANKS N Ocracoke
                    IC  B   ens                   COARE                                                                   /,   Inlet
    Cope                                                                        e                                          o
     Lookout

        Incre -
         ment                                                                                              I

         1960 -
         1965              -                                                   - _ _

                           =CO%=                                             '"Erosion
                  1960-
                  1962
                          44.1         37.3         67.9      69.7   58.0    47.6        41.7       188.6      191.0
                                                                                                                        Accretion
                                                                                                                        Erosion
                 1958-  -13.4         -8.4         -0.3      -36.6  -56.5   -9.0         0.8        - 39.4     -62.9
                 1960
                                                                                                                        Accretion

         1955-
         1960                                                    _
                 11.7

                                                                                                              No        Erosion

                                                                                                          -9A.11 -  4.319Erosion
                 1955- -  9 417.3                  -.       f195
                 19581955 -

                                                                    14.1      6.2        5.3        26.7       18.5       Accretion

    Figure 4.   Eastern Carteret County
                       (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                              previous time intervals.

                             CARTERET  COUNTY                      Cedar
                                                                   Island          P

          SCALE: I inch = 8 miles .                                                                            D

                                                   CORE tlantic                  PortsO   I                    HYDE
                                                C                        SOUND                    mo-th
                              C             _D                               _ --)                               COUNTY
            C-- aIens  CORE                                         O           BANKS              '     >/ Ocracoke
     Cape          '~
      Lookout                                                                                               O
         Incre -
          mont

          1960- -14.1
          1965

                 1960-                                                                                      Ers
                 1962
                         38.4       17.6        10.0   62.9  111.   91.9       42.6      0.4       0.8Er ion
                                                                                                           Accretion
                  1956S8- ~  ~ 7 1 -1 6                                                                      Erosion

                                                                     246       _         15-Accretion

                 1958-

         1960      4                                  -                      -  1.

                            1955 8=                          -56~1                                -DaNDota    Erosion
                               26.0  42~7 162          74       _    27       278        7.1
                                                                                                           Accretion
                                                            1  , ,

           14-194S5                                                      1- nErosion
                                                                                                      .1  Accretion

         1955                                         19-_
                 23                                           46N9    20E5    369         36        01      A     ion

    Figure 4.       Eastern  Carteret County
                    (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                          for previous  time  intervals.

                                                  SCALE I inch =8 miles

                                 HYDE COUNTY ~~~DARE COUNTY                                     0e    %
                Orcoke

                                         /PAMLC                SOUND

                                                        Hattero s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~50Daa

    Dune~~~~~~~~~Dt                                         94~9

                               (a)Due lnean  hih  atelne   Compoiemaanulrtsf
                                   chang  (fe2e.6a)   94-91

                                             SCALE: 1 inch= 8 miles

              /    ~ *HYDE COUNTY
                                                   DARE COUNTY

                                       PAMLICO             OUND

       |t/ eratteros

                                 '/'

                                              I                                                    IEosion

    Figure 5.   Hyde and southern Dare Counties

                        (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                                       'n.2                                                              t io n

                                      ec                                         .o                     ~crettonI

             Figure 5.   Hyde and southern Dare Counties
                        (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                            (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1958-1971.

               n0                                  SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles                   O

                            HYDE COUNTY                  DARE COUNTY
                                        ke~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Oe
                ~ Ocrocoke                                         ; 11 '            "

                     / �.    ,~./  ,PAMLICO                     SOUIND

              | |`                                                              t  XOttro

                       I   1  o'7X;5-_ \~~~~~~~I
      Inc,,                                    d. \tterci
                                                     %~~~

           )9Jp,                       $:      ,  4         "~~~~~~95                  64        3 .
           1'961 26.4      L                          96

                               previous    time    i t v l
    1953-                               11.8  la"'

                         ;II. 5   1962                                               -6.4~~~196

                                                                                    7.$

                           '955                   195
             1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~955                                                                              c
                                                           Eroxi 19;   6.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Eo
                                                                     7 ..3
                                                  1953                \955
                Z 14.4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1955

                                      previous time interval~~~_ s.o
                        11~~~~.8
                                           ACccretlen   ~
                                                  4955    �

            Figure 5. �Hyde and southern Dare Counties
                       (c} Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                            previous time intervals.

                                                 SCALE: I inch   8miles

             s%           HYDE COUNTYDAECUT

                                        PAMLICO                SOUND

                                                         H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~actteras

                         1962~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
      Fiue54yeadsuhr   aeCute
                 (d)  High waEroln.Ma   nulrtso   hne(ee   e er
    936 ~ ~    ~    ~     frpeiostm  itras

                DARE COUNTY                                                          SCALE:  Iinch  8 miles

                                I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~

                                                 5. .                                        ,

                                                                                                                 Erosion
           Dune 7=1             3. 4       -32      -5.-5.            3 .7          -1.9         -1.0+

                                                                     - -                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Accretion

                                                                                                                 Erosion
    High      M              2      0      -.        2   3   -.      28-0.1I
    Water                               ______
                             Line 6.5   0.5                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0. 7

                    1949 -1971 Data...                           1952 - 1971 Data                       D-  Aceto

            Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                           (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                                 change (feet per year), 1949-1971.

           DARE  COuNTy                                        CRITC   CUT  SCALE:  1inch   8 miles

              91. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.0                C1

                           0'  1       .4/

                                                                                          Erosion

    High                       -2.3          -0.1       -30      -3.2        -2.9          -7.1-1.
    Water
    L ine    4.7    2.3
                                                                                          Accertion

               195B               ~~~~~1955-1971 Data             .1961-1971 Data
          1971-
         Data

             Figure 6.    Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                         (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                             (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1955-1971.

                                                                                                                 SCALE:  1 inch    : 8 miles
                   DARE COUNTY                                                        CURTUCK COUNTY

                                                                                      teo      CURRITUCK    COUND              Isynd

                                                                                                                                                  RI N IA
           E                                                                                   8

                                                                                  Incre-
                                                                                  moent
    mrent -                                                                                                                                        E rosion
                                                                                   1961                                                          --
                                                                                   1965
                                                                                                 16.0               29.5             21.7
                                                            1955 -
                                                            1961
    1958-                                                                0.1        0.1
    1962     316                                                                   1958 -                                                         Erosion
                                                                                         -1961  10.9                               5.6
                                                                                                                     1.6
                                                                                                                                                 Accretion
              1955-
              1962
                        10.5            5.8              7.4
    1955-  -13.2                                                                   1955-                                                          Erosion
    1958                                                                          1958                             0                                 9
                                                                                                                   6.8              10.4         Accretion

                                            1952 -                                                                                                Erosion
                                                         -2.3                                   -5.0              -                  7.7

                                                                        2.7       2.7
                                                                            52.7  2.7                     _Accretion
    1949-              -5.9
    1955
              1.7 _

      Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                          (c) Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                                 previous time intervals.

                                                                        SCALE: 1Inc      ie
             DARE COUNTY                                 CRIUKCUT

                                 ant  Island~~~~~~on

                ic~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nre -           95        .

                                                                                             Acretion
                                           1955-~~~11 -. 217- 25

    1959o -                               19615

    1962  --E

                          1955-                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13.6    1.8
          1962
           -~~~.            3.3         8.1

                                                      1955 -                                   Erosion

                                                              6.2         13.8       24.0     Acrto

    1955                       192--0614                                                              -Eoso

    1958  -  -1955 - a__________
                   -~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~162    -53    7 .                          3.9         0.6    Accretion
    1949 -                                       16      2 5.     5.7
    1955

    Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                     for previous time intervals.

                     PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHED
                                   By
                THE CENTER FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES

    Wave-Current Force Spectra, C. C. Tung and N. E. Huang, Report No. 72-2,
         December, 1972

    A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods, H. E. Wahls
         Report No. 73-1, May 1973

    Sediment Movement in Tubbs Inlet, North Carolina, Robert P. Masterson, Jr.,
         Jerry L. Machemehl and Victor V. Cavaroc, Jr., Report No. 73-2,
         June, 1973

    Influence of Current On Some Statistical Properties of Waves, C. C. Tuna
         and N. E. Huang, Report No. 73-3, December, 1973

    CTD Sensors, Specific Conductance and The Determination of Salinity,
         C. E. Knowles, Report No. 73-3, August, 1973

    Planning for North Carolina's Coastal Inlets - An Analysis of the Present
         Process and Recommendations for the Future, William S. Tilley,
         Report No. 73-4, September, 1973

    A Preliminary Study of Storm-Induced Beach Erosion for North Carolina,
         C. E. Knowles and Jay Langfelder and Richard McDonald, Report No. 73-5,
         October, 1973

    A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets, Jay
         Langfelder, Tom French, Richard McDonald and Richard Ledbetter,
         Report No. 74-1, January, 1974

    Statistical Properties of Kinematics and Dynamics of a Random Gravity
         Wave Field, C. C. Tung, Report No. 74-2, June, 1974