<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<doc callnum="GB459.4 .W33 1973">
<metadata>
	<titleStmt>
		<mainTitle nfc="2"><title>A survey of North Carolina beach erosion by air photo methods, 1973</title>/<respStmt>by H. E. Wahls.</respStmt></mainTitle>
	</titleStmt>
	<authorStmt>
		<persAuthor mainEntry="y"><name type="surname">Wahls, H. E.</name></persAuthor>
	</authorStmt>
	<imprint><pubPlace>Raleigh, N.C.</pubPlace>:<pubName>Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University</pubName>,<pubDate>1973.</pubDate></imprint>
	<classStmt>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Beaches</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">North Carolina.</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Coast changes</subject>
			<subject cat="geo">North Carolina.</subject>
		</locClass>
		<locClass>
			<subject cat="top">Aerial photography in geomorphology.</subject>
		</locClass>
	</classStmt>
</metadata>

<text xml:space="preserve">
<pb n="1" />
 The Center for Marine and Coastal Studies   North Carolina State University

   Coastal Zone
   Information                                                   AUG a  1914
     Center
                    A SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA
               BEACH EROSION BY AIR PHOTO METHODS
                                  1973

                                   By
                               H. E. WAHLS     CDAItM  L-
                                             INF2MApON CENTER

                              REPORT NO. 73-1
                                 MAY, 1973

 GB
 4 59.4
%.1

  .W33     I
 1 973
<pb n="2" />

                                    CASTAL ZON
                                      |NEE uRSOFIgTER

     A SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA
 BEACH EROSION BY AIR PHOTO METHODS
                1973

                 by

             H. E. Wahls'
   Professor of Civil Engineering

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

   Property of CSC Librazy

           Report No. 73-1
          Project ERSD-464

Center for Marine and Coastal Studies
   North Carolina State University
           Raleigh, N. C.

              May 1973

                              PROPERTY OF THE
                         UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
                           NATiONAL OCEANIC AND
                        ATMOSPHERIC ADMINiSTRATION

                                For Re;enlion
                         When no longer needed, please
                         return to: Technical Processes
                         Branch - D-23
<pb n="3" />

                                ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

          This project was supported jointly by the Division of Waterways and Sea-

shores, Office of Water and Air Resources, Department of Natural and Economic Re-

sources, State of North Carolina and the Center for Marine and Coastal Studies,

North Carolina State University. The cooperation of Col. R. J. B. Page, Chief',

and Dr. L. J. Langfelder, Director, of these respective agencies is acknowledged.

          Negatives of the aerial photographs for November, 1971, were made avail-

able by the U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D. C.

Prints were obtained from these negatives through the cooperation of the Photo-

grammetry Section, North Carolina State Highway Commission.

          The detailed measurements and computations of erosion data were per-

formed by Mr. Ralph Gordon, graduate assistant in civil engineering. Dr. Donald

B. Stafford, Clemson University, who conducted the original 1968 study, assisted

by providing useful advice and information at the start of the investigation
<pb n="4" />

                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                 Page

List of Figures.............................. iv

Introduction                                                                               ...............................1

Methodology.                                                                                ..............................2

Summary of Results............................                                              5

References.                                                                                 ...............................6
<pb n="5" />

                                                                                 iv

                                  LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                                          Page

I-i.  Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data                 7

1.    Brunswick County
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of         8
           change (feet per year) 1938-1972.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change            9
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           10
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         11
           for previous time intervals.

2.    New Hanover and Pender Counties
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    12
           change (feet per year), 1938-1972.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           13
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           14
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         15
           for previous time intervals.

3.    Onslow and southern Carteret Counties
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    16
           change (feet per year), 1938-1971.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           17
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1964-1971.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           18
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         19
           for previous time intervals.
<pb n="6" />

                                                                                  V

Figure                                                                          Page

4.    Eastern Carteret County
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    20
           change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           21
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval , 1962-1971.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           22
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         23
           for previous time intervals.

5.    Hyde and southern Dare Counties
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    24
           change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           25
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1962-1971.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           26
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)         27
           for previous time intervals.

6.    Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
      (a)  Dune line and high water line.  Composite mean annual rates of    28
           change (feet per year), 1949-1971.

      (b)  Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change           29
           (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1962-1971.

      (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for           30
           previous time intervals.

      (d)  High water line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per 'year)        31
           for previous time intervals.
<pb n="7" />

                                  I NTRODUCTION

         A beach is a transient feature which is continually eroding or building

up as a result of the action of wind and waves. Knowledge of the patterns of

coastal erosion is essential to the safe and orderly development of a coastal

region. This is particularly true for coastal North Carolina which is currently

undergoing rapid development. If this development is allowed to proceed without

consideration of potential beach erosion, severe economic losses are likely to

be incurred by both private owners and the public.

         An indication of the potential future erosion of a beach can be gained

from a study of the history of erosional patterns along that beach. Aerial photo-

graphs provide an ideal me ans for studying the erosional history of an area. Each

aerial photograph records the location of the beach, as well as related cultural

and natural features, at a specific time. Comparisons of the positions of the

shoreline in photos taken at different times will indicate the amount of erosion

for the time interval between the two photographs. Such investigations can be

conducted for any time periods fo-r which aerial photography is available.

          Specific techniques for beach erosion studies from Aerial photograph's

were developed and applied to the North Carolina coast-by Stafford in 1968. The

results of this study were presented in the report, "A Reconnaissance of Coastal

Erosion in North Carolina", by Langfelder, Stafford, and Amein. Mean annual rates

of erosion and accretion were presented for the entire time period of available

photography and for each incremental time period between successive photo-S. For

the southern coast from Brunswick to Beaufort Inlet'. photography dating back to

1938 generally was available. North of Beaufort Inlet, the earliest available

photos were made in 1945, The date of the most recent photography used in that

investigation varied with the county and ranged from 1961 to 1966.
<pb n="8" />

                                                                              2.

          Because of the demonstrated value of the beach erosion data, in the sum-

mer of 1972, it was deemed advisable to update the survey. The work was jointly

sponsored by the Office of Water and Air Resources, Department of Natural and Eco-

nomic Resources of the State of North Carolina, and the Center for Marine and

Coastal Studies, North Cairolina State University. New aerial photographs were ob-

tained of the entire North Carolina coast. For Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender

counties, excellent quality photos taken in January and February of 1972 were

available from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. For the remainder of the

coast, photos for November, 1971, were obtained from the U. S. Army Corps of Engi-

neers. These photos were generally of small scale and poorer quality than the

Department of Agriculture photos. Using these new photographs, the techniques of

the original study were employed to compute a new increment of erosion data for

the entire coast and to revise the data reported in the original study. Thus this

report includes the results of the original study as well as new data for the time

interval since the publication of the original report.

                                  METHODOLOGY

          The present study essentially used the methods presented by Langfelder,

Stafford, and Amein (1968), and elsewhere, but eliminated some measurements and

computations- which had not proven meaningful in the initial study. These techniques

and modifications will be reviewed briefly in the following paragraphs. In addition,

some of the limitations of the method will be indicated.

          To determine the rate of erosion for a specific time interval , fixed

reference points, which can be clearly- identified in aerial photographs at both

the beginning and the end of the time period, were established at approximately

1000-foot intervals along the beach. Road intersections, utility poles, and cor-

ners of permanent structures were used as reference points. The distances from

each reference point to the dune line and the high water line were measured in
<pb n="9" />

                                                                                     3.

      each photograph. The difference in the position of the dune line and the high

      water line at the beginning and end of the time interval is the amount of erosion

      or accretion during the interval. If the total change in position is divided by

      length of the time inte rval in years, the average rate of erosion or accretion in

      feet per year is obtained for the interval. This procedure was repeated at each

      reference point for each time interval for which erosi on rates were to be calculated.

                The data for a series of reference points were averaged for specific

      sections of beach between inlets or other locations for which significant changes

      in erosional characteristics were anticipated. These mean annual rates of erosion

      or accretion are reported for each section of beach for the new time interval for

      which photography was available. The results for the new time interval were then

      averaged with the results from the 1968 report to obtain a new composite mean an-

      nual rate of erosion or accretion for the entire time interval of the original and

      the new studies. All computations were done by computer using the computer program

      developed by Stafford for the original study.

                The air photo method for measuring coastal erosion is limited by the

      availability of aerial photographs, the quality of the available photographs, and

      the ability of the interpreter to identify the position of the dune line and the

      water line in the photographs. Relatively new photographs were available for the

      entire coast for the current study. However, there was considerable variation in

      the quality of the photographs. Excellent quality photographs were available for

      Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender counties. For these counties, rectified enlarge-

      ments to a scale of I" = 400' were obtained. These enlargements have been corrected

      for various photogrammetric errors so that the scale is accurate and uniform for all

      photographs. For the remainder of the coast, the photographs were of poorer quality.

*      The approximate scale of these photographs was I" = 1000" and the scales varied by

      as much as 10% from one photograph to another. Smaller scale variations were pres-
<pb n="10" />

                                                                               4.
ent within an individual photograph because of the tilt of the camera. Finally,

the imagery was not always clear; and in a few photographs, the beach line was

partially obscured by cloud cover. Fortunately, all portions of the coast were

visible in at least one photograph.

         Measurements on the individual photographs were made to the nearest

0.00l inches, using a patented microrule. However, the actual field distance

represented by the measurement on the photograph is significantly affected

by the reliability of the scale. For example, if the scale of the photograph is

1, = 1000' plus or minus 10%, a one inch distance on the photograph could repre-

sent a real distance of 900' to 1100'. Such variability was not acceptable and

the scale of each individual photograph was determined to a greater accuracy.

The scale of' individual photographs was established by measuring the distance

between the fixed reference points in the new photographs and relating this dis-

tance to the distance between the same points in a previous photo of known scale.

          Human error is introduced by the need to interpret the position of the

dune line and the high water line. Usually the high water line can be identified

by the distinctive change in color tone. However, the dune line frequently was

subject to more interpretation. The dune line generally represents a point of

abrupt change in slope which can be observed best by using stereo pairs. In some

areas, the dune lines are very distinct, while in other areas, the dunes may have

been removed by development or the dunes may be quite low. In these cases, con-

siderable judgment was involved.  In all cases, the position of the dune li ne in

the new photograph was compared with the position in the earlier photographs to

minimize errors due to differences in interpretation of the dune line by different

individuals.
<pb n="11" />

                                                                     5

                           SUMMARY OF RESULTS

     The significant results of the new study are combined with the

results of the original study and presented in Figures l-6, For pur-

poses of presentation, the coast has been divided into six sections

which are indicated on the index map in Figure I-1, Section I starts at

the South Carolina line and succeeding sections progress northward

with Section 6 ending at the Virginia line.

     All results for each section are presented together in a series

of four figures, For example, the results for Section l, Brunswick

County, are presented in Figures I-a, b, c and d. Figure 1-a presents

the composite data for the entire period of both studies, 1938 - 1972.

Mean annual rates of erosion or accretion, in feet per year, are pre-

sented for both the dune line' and the high water line, Figure 1-b

presents the mean annual rates of erosion-or accretion, in feet per

year, for both the dune line and the high water line for the time

interval of the new study, 1966-1972, for Brunswick County. Figures

1-c and 1-d are reprinted from the original 1968 report. Figure !-c

presents the data for the dune line for' each time increment between

successive photographs which were used in the original study. Figure

!-d shows similar data for each time interval for the high water line.

     A similar set of 4 figures is presented for each of the six

sections of the coast line. All results are presented in units of feet

per year of erosion or accretion for the time intervals specified on

the figures. In Figures 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b, the data for the most

recent time interval are composites of the results of the new study

and the data for the most recent time interval of the original study.

This was done to minimize potential effects of the poor quality of the

new aerial photographs, which were used for these sections,
<pb n="12" />

                                                                     6

     The first figure for each section, e. g., Figure I-a, for Brunswick

County, provides the best indication of long term erosion or accretion

trends. The second figure of each set, e. g., Figure 1-b for Brunswick

County, can be compared with the first figure of the set to determine

whether the behavior for the most recent time interval is significantly

different from the long-term average for the section. The third and

fourth figures of each set provide additional historical data on the

consistency of the erosion or accretion patterns at a specific location.

     Finally, it should be noted that the data presented in this report

are indicative of long-term trends. However, short-term effects of

severe storms are not indicated. Such short-terms effects could be

studied by aerial photography if sufficient aerial photographs were

available, This could be accomplished by having aerial photographs of

the coast line made on an annual basis during a non-storm period.

These photographs would provide base data on long-term trends, such as

have been presented in this report, When the effect of an individual

severe storm is to be studied, another set of aerial photographs would

be made Immediately after the storm and compared with the existing base

photos. The monitoring of coastal'erosion patterns on an annual basis

would seem to be a highly desirable project for those agencies con-

cerned with the control and the protection of the coastal regions.

                               REFERENCES

1. Langfelder, L. J., Stafford, D. B., and Amein, M. (1960). "A

         Reconnaissance of Coastal Erosion in North Carolina", Re-

         search Project ERD-238, Dept, of Civil Engineering, North

         Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C,

2. Stafford, 0. B. (1968). "Development and Evaluation of a Procedure

         for Using Aerial Photographs to Conduct a Survey of Coastal

         Erosion", Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State

         Universitv  Ralpinh  N  £
<pb n="13" />

                           ]2                    czi2 &lt;                   Section 5

                                   ,    -A2/

                                                     ection 4

                           X Section 3

                       s Section 2

   Figure -1. Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data.

Figure I-1. Index map of sections used for presentation of erosion data.
<pb n="14" />

SCALE:' 1 inch= 8 miles
                                           BRUNSWICK  COUNTY
                                 J.'

   SOUTH
   CAROL INA

            Ve        3'V f /                                                               '

                                                 0,re

                                                         change (feet peFerry) 1938-1972.

                                                      FiCaswell.Brunswick County
                                                                          Cornca k e

                       /p                                                                           , ,

                                                                               b    ,e''b                                    O
<pb n="15" />

SCALE: 1 inch= B miles
                                BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

  SOUTH
  CAROLINA

                           lo,

    Figure 1.   Brunswick County
                (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                    (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1966-1972.
                                     3     9  1 n                   I / 9`       L
<pb n="16" />

    SCALE: l inch= 8 miles
                                    BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

       SO U TH  Do         b. .
       CAROLINA                         Z

   'Pja?·                                                         /

Figure 1.   Brunswick County
               previous time intervals.

Figure 1. Brunswick County
<pb n="17" />

     SCALE: I inch=8 miles
                                           BRUNSWICK  COUNTY

        SOUTH                         0,
        CAROLINA /

                                   'P

                                         "o,

,.%.
" _--- O"                                                                                  1'"

                                                    IFort
                                                 /sw.,, '.
                                                                       Cornca ke   o  .
                           'o·I               41·                                                            4

Figure 1. Brunswick County
             (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                  for previous time intervals.
<pb n="18" />

                                         NEW HANOVER COUNTY
SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles
                                     'Wi lmington    tw   I
                         /t      SrF    "-'"' , I| .  PENDER COUNTY

                        .- a

                        Dune·                3.6                        .Erosion
       Dune 0    /    /     -    ,    ,      ............ : 3 1         -0.1''
       Line    9.1    2.4          1.2                3.7   5.0                 0.1
                                                          _       |                         Accretion

                                                           11: .        4   Erosion
       High  k                           /11IM   - 53  ? 77                     -0.5     1

                    LineI                                                             Accretion
                                   5.5                 3.4    $. 7       1.2

              1 938-                                                                 I
             - 1960 _                      1938- 1972 Data
              Data  I

     Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                  (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                       change (feet per year), 1938-1972.

                                                                                                                      ix,
<pb n="19" />

                                      NEW HANOVER COUNTY
SCALE: 1 inch= 8 miles
                                    AW jilmington   ,

                            +   adz  9                °-S %.. I\,. PENDER COUNTY

         Liu ne    5_                               9

                                                                                ccErion

      Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                   b   Dune line and high water line.  Mean annual rates of change

                        (feet  per year) for most recent time  1-17.   -4.572.
      Fater igure 2.//  New Hanover                              ruAccPnerie
       Line             --n  ]h.9

                                                                                        ir .n.
<pb n="20" />

                                           NEW  HANOVER COUNTY
   SCALE: 1 inch= Bmiles
                                         "Wilmington
                         ffi /                 By&gt;/-iz                PENDER COUNTY

                          19So               -6 5                                     Erosion

                  1496    83        2.       6    11 '  04      5                0.4  AccrtEion

           1938    -                                                -                  Erosion
           19496                                   -     -          41 '
                  n 10r0    10       13       00         3    8creton

Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                  previous time intervals.
          1960- Dat a                                                          -0.1   Erosion
           1966

                                                                                      Accretion

          1956-                                                                       Erosion
          1960                                          1.3   -1.9       0.9
                          8.3        2.6      11.8 0.4             7.1       6

                                                                                      198-Erson

Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
             (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                  previous time intervals.
<pb n="21" />

   SCALE:  1 inch = 8miles                                  NEW   HANOVER  COUNTY
                                                 f    Wilmington         L'

                             %·                    if                        °^               PENDER  COUNTY

               I196 -                                                                   - /

              Noq-      - a    -_                                                     N                                 Erosion
                rData 20 2.2
            196 0                              -
                                                           3.1   15.4         17.4           1.5        1.1    Accrtion

            1956-      61
                      1S--                          "'A Erosion
            1960  -
                         - |    4.   2          5.3           1.5   8.3    4.7       6.5  253       2.6      -09    Accretion.

            1949 -                                             -3 7  - 2   -8 7                                          Erosion
            1956                                               -3.7  -2.2  -8         7        3
                     14.9      12.4            14.8                                    6            0.3        52      Accretion

            1938 -                                                                                                         o
            1949                                                    i-                                            1 411
                     11.7       3.9             2.4                         2.7       4.4   5.5      4.4               Accretion

Figure 2.   New Hanover and Pender Counties
                (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                      for previous time intervals.
<pb n="22" />

                                                                                          SCALE:   I inch = 8 miles

                               ONSLOW  COUNTY                                           CARTERET   COUNTY

            oly Ridge        G                     6/e,'reSi °       °9v i       Jsl'

                                                                                                                    C

                                                                         _.in  . . .   ...................  w   ................  L .  7  Erosion
Dune   77 7     ,        -                                  -41        /             -7
Line      3.9         1.0    4.0    3.8    0.8       2.8             9.7    0.9      0.7   4.1   3.1  2.9  2.8    5.2          1.6  0.6
                                                                                                                             Accretion

                                                                    Water10/////// g   -26    777^      77  LErosion
Hig        h          0.      22.0                                   124    5.4      4.3
Water                                                                     777,777/                     77,;
Line       3.3        0.0    2.6   4.6                1.8             12.4    5.4    42.3  4.5    96                            6.4  7.0

                                                                                           _._I j                        i zo   Accretion
                                                                                  1953- 1958-                              1953-
                   _938-1i            D      a     t       a       1938-1971  Data -     1971  1971     Dat 1938-1971 Data         1971
                                                               1938- 971 Data  I -Data  Data                                Data

               Figure  3.       Onslow  and  southern  Carteret  Counties
                              (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                                    change (feet per year), 1938-1971
<pb n="23" />

                                                                           SCALE:  1 inch = 8 miles

                         ONSLOW COUNTY                                   CARTERET  COUNTY

                                                                                                          Erosion

  Li ne 7.4 . I  4.5                                                          2.5  3.1    5,1  4.8               6.2
                                                                                                          Accretion

High                                 -7.2 Eoi
Water             --                                        05          -0.3  -2   l,877777
Line      4.0             07   2.2           8.3                  6.1               0.4 0.8  2      6.2 1.6       2
                                                                                                         Accretion

                   1960-1971 Data                                         1958-1971 Data

          Figure 3.    Onslow and southern Carteret Counties
                        (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                             (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1958-1971
                                                                                                                             -5
<pb n="24" />

                                                                                            SCALE:    1 inch  =  8 miles

                                R   ONSLOW COUNTY                                                   CARTERET  COUNTY

                 meC 6ure -

   9/                            1            -               -1. y
B

                                                                           oe  E- rnErosion
            -y Ridge                                                                                            Datah

   196-                                           ___11.9  9.7  12.2    201  10.8  157  103
                                                             6r -

                                                                                                       previous time intervals.tion

                                                                                          No Erosion
                                                            1953- Data
                                                                47.9    10 2    -.9.9                           . 5.9 .7 17.3
  1949-
           11.9 9.7 12.2 2                0.1     10.8 15.7 1'          .3
                                                                                  No No No Erosion

  1938-    - 1.7 -                         -0.4 - 2.2 -4.8                                                                                                         Accretion
  1949 mm.2
                     0. 2  26 .6                          7.--"--2

                             (c) Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                                    previous time intervals.
<pb n="25" />

                                                                                                   SCALE:    1 inch = 8 miles

                                  ONSLOW COUNTy
                                                                     ONSLOW COUNTY           CARTERET  COUNTY

B                                                                                      B-clue

                                    I .8 15 Eion
                                    196                                            -         UE
                                           u LEJEU                                                        Data                            =     at

  1949                                                                                                                                                     AccIncre-on
                                                                 1958-                -I.6

            3.2         2.9     5.2      6.2               9.7
  196for previous time intervals.
                       2.8 0.8         0.0 9     .3      1     .5 3.4
                                                                                                                                         Erosion

                                                                 19586                                                                 -
                                                                      23.5      9.2 0.1    3.4 9.2 6.0                               5.0 20.0
  1956     -0.9                                                                                               ccrctAon
            5.8         2        .8       .  9    .6.                4

                                                                 1939-               D    ata   Data   - Data

  1938-                                      16.5   11.1 9.7                                                        3.      2 4.9    18.0    8.7
  1949                                         WOMMOW        -    &amp;--.a4.6                                                                                 Accretion
            3.2 2. 9                         5.2 6.2 9.7

                              for previous time intervals.
<pb n="26" />

                    CARTERET COUNTY                   Cedar           'tJ

    SCALE: I inch =8 miles  Dh'rs/"/,¾                       n '( ?-.A                        D

                                   CORE          Atlantic
                                                        SOUND        / rtsmouth  ,  HYDE
                   _ C                                 "   COUNTY
C -- -a pAens                       CORE                           BANK'S /                   Ocracoke
            Inlet                                                                              Inlet

Lookout                                                                                   D

                                                 Dune '// 'X777                        Erosion
       Dune -.3-3-5.7              -4.6   -5.3     / 77               /77777 7 -32.5
  Line       ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___        17.7   3.0     6.8       1.7

                                                                                    Accretion

 Higieh                                                  // . %//        g                  g , X &lt; Erosion

 Water
 Line    5.3    6.3       6.1       10.8   10.2  13.9   8.1      6.8       4.7      0.7

                                                                                    Accretion
        1945 -
        1971
        Data        1955- 1971 Data                           1945- 1971 Data

  Figure 4.    Eastern Carteret County
                (a)  Dune line and high water line.   Composite mean annual rates of
                      change (feet per year), 1945-1971.

                                                                                                                      Mr
                                                                                                                      o
<pb n="27" />

                                            Cedar
                 CARTERET COUNTY                 Islar Pe

   SCALE: I inch = 8 miles                     At

                              CO RE               SOUND  HYDE
                                                 C SOUND  mj  - .  COUNTY
  C   - C  ad ens   CCORE                                  BAK                       c  oA
          fIflet /r/ R'r Eo tB A N K SInlet
Cape                                                                              b
Lookout

 Dune  7       7,,//, //77                         -23.7   -23.6          -47.7
 Line    3.8   3.4      2.4       7.0   7.3  5.5
                                                                        Accretion

                                               7

 High   -1.8                                  4 38.8
 Water          13.5    103       92    17.2  24.5  14.1    0.9
                                                                        Accretion

                                1960-1971 Data

    Figure 4.   Eastern Carteret County
                (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of charge
                     (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1960-1971.
<pb n="28" />

                           CARTERET  COUNTY                              Island

     SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles                                                                              .

                                                                  CORA t lan tic                    P                     HYDE
                                                        CORE                SOUND                                          COUNTY
                    -       C                                                         BANKS N Ocracoke
                IC  B   ens                   COARE                                                                   /,   Inlet
Cope                                                                        e                                          o
 Lookout

    Incre -
     ment                                                                                              I

     1960 -
     1965              -                                                   - _ _

                       =CO%=                                             '"Erosion
              1960-
              1962
                      44.1         37.3         67.9      69.7   58.0    47.6        41.7       188.6      191.0
                                                                                                                    Accretion
                                                                                                                    Erosion
             1958-  -13.4         -8.4         -0.3      -36.6  -56.5   -9.0         0.8        - 39.4     -62.9
             1960
                                                                                                                    Accretion

     1955-
     1960                                                    _
             11.7

                                                                                                          No        Erosion

                                                                                                      -9A.11 -  4.319Erosion
             1955- -  9 417.3                  -.       f195
             19581955 -

                                                                14.1      6.2        5.3        26.7       18.5       Accretion

Figure 4.   Eastern Carteret County
                   (c)  Dune line.  Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                          previous time intervals.
<pb n="29" />

                         CARTERET  COUNTY                      Cedar
                                                               Island          P

      SCALE: I inch = 8 miles .                                                                            D

                                               CORE tlantic                  PortsO   I                    HYDE
                                            C                        SOUND                    mo-th
                          C             _D                               _ --)                               COUNTY
        C-- aIens  CORE                                         O           BANKS              '     &gt;/ Ocracoke
 Cape          '
  Lookout                                                                                               O
     Incre -
      mont

      1960- -14.1
      1965

             1960-                                                                                      Ers
             1962
                     38.4       17.6        10.0   62.9  111.   91.9       42.6      0.4       0.8Er ion
                                                                                                       Accretion
              1956S8-      7 1 -1 6                                                                      Erosion

                                                                 246       _         15-Accretion

             1958-

     1960      4                                  -                      -  1.

                        1955 8=                          -56 1                                -DaNDota    Erosion
                           26.0  42 7 162          74       _    27       278        7.1
                                                                                                       Accretion
                                                        1  , ,

       14-194S5                                                      1- nErosion
                                                                                                  .1  Accretion

     1955                                         19-_
             23                                           46N9    20E5    369         36        01      A     ion

Figure 4.       Eastern  Carteret County
                (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                      for previous  time  intervals.
<pb n="30" />

                                              SCALE I inch =8 miles

                             HYDE COUNTY    DARE COUNTY                                     0e    %
            Orcoke

                                     /PAMLC                SOUND

                                                    Hattero s                     50Daa

Dune         Dt                                         94 9

                           (a)Due lnean  hih  atelne   Compoiemaanulrtsf
                               chang  (fe2e.6a)   94-91
<pb n="31" />

                                         SCALE: 1 inch= 8 miles

          /      *HYDE COUNTY
                                               DARE COUNTY

                                   PAMLICO             OUND

   |t/ eratteros

                             '/'

                                                                                               IEosion

Figure 5.   Hyde and southern Dare Counties

                    (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                                   'n.2                                                              t io n

                                  ec                                         .o                      crettonI

         Figure 5.   Hyde and southern Dare Counties
                    (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                        (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1958-1971.
<pb n="32" />

           n0                                  SCALE: 1 inch = 8 miles                   O

                        HYDE COUNTY                  DARE COUNTY
                                    ke              Oe
              Ocrocoke                                         ; 11 '            "

                 / „.    , ./  ,PAMLICO                     SOUIND

          | |`                                                              t  XOttro

                       1  o'7X;5-_ \       I
  Inc,,                                    d. \tterci
                                                 %

       )9Jp,                       $:      ,  4         "      95                  64        3 .
       1'961 26.4      L                          96

                           previous    time    i t v l
1953-                               11.8  la"'

                     ;II. 5   1962                                               -6.4   196

                                                                                7.$

                       '955                   195
                            955                                                                              c
                                                       Eroxi 19;   6.                Eo
                                                                 7 ..3
                                              1953                \955
            Z 14.4                1955

                                  previous time interval   _ s.o
                    11    .8
                                       ACccretlen
                                              4955    ·

        Figure 5. ·Hyde and southern Dare Counties
                   (c} Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                        previous time intervals.
<pb n="33" />

                                             SCALE: I inch   8miles

         s%           HYDE COUNTYDAECUT

                                    PAMLICO                SOUND

                                                     H                            actteras

                     1962                                     -
  Fiue54yeadsuhr   aeCute
             (d)  High waEroln.Ma   nulrtso   hne(ee   e er
936                   frpeiostm  itras
<pb n="34" />

            DARE COUNTY                                                          SCALE:  Iinch  8 miles

                                             5. .                                        ,

                                                                                                             Erosion
       Dune 7=1             3. 4       -32      -5.-5.            3 .7          -1.9         -1.0+

                                                                 - -                                                       Accretion

                                                                                                             Erosion
High      M              2      0      -.        2   3   -.      28-0.1I
Water                               ______
                         Line 6.5   0.5                                                                               0. 7

                1949 -1971 Data...                           1952 - 1971 Data                       D-  Aceto

        Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                       (a) Dune line and high water line. Composite mean annual rates of
                             change (feet per year), 1949-1971.
<pb n="35" />

       DARE  COuNTy                                        CRITC   CUT  SCALE:  1inch   8 miles

          91.            .0                C1

                       0'  1       .4/

                                                                                      Erosion

High                       -2.3          -0.1       -30      -3.2        -2.9          -7.1-1.
Water
L ine    4.7    2.3
                                                                                      Accertion

           195B                    1955-1971 Data             .1961-1971 Data
      1971-
     Data

         Figure 6.    Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                     (b) Dune line and high water line. Mean annual rates of change
                         (feet per year) for most recent time interval, 1955-1971.
<pb n="36" />

                                                                                                             SCALE:  1 inch    : 8 miles
               DARE COUNTY                                                        CURTUCK COUNTY

                                                                                  teo      CURRITUCK    COUND              Isynd

                                                                                                                                              RI N IA
       E                                                                                   8

                                                                              Incre-
                                                                              moent
mrent -                                                                                                                                        E rosion
                                                                               1961                                                          --
                                                                               1965
                                                                                             16.0               29.5             21.7
                                                        1955 -
                                                        1961
1958-                                                                0.1        0.1
1962     316                                                                   1958 -                                                         Erosion
                                                                                     -1961  10.9                               5.6
                                                                                                                 1.6
                                                                                                                                             Accretion
          1955-
          1962
                    10.5            5.8              7.4
1955-  -13.2                                                                   1955-                                                          Erosion
1958                                                                          1958                             0                                 9
                                                                                                               6.8              10.4         Accretion

                                        1952 -                                                                                                Erosion
                                                     -2.3                                   -5.0              -                  7.7

                                                                    2.7       2.7
                                                                        52.7  2.7                     _Accretion
1949-              -5.9
1955
          1.7 _

  Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
                      (c) Dune line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year) for
                             previous time intervals.
<pb n="37" />

                                                                    SCALE: 1Inc      ie
         DARE COUNTY                                 CRIUKCUT

                             ant  Island      on

            ic                      nre -           95        .

                                                                                         Acretion
                                       1955-   11 -. 217- 25

1959o -                               19615

1962  --E

                      1955-                                                                  13.6    1.8
      1962
       -   .            3.3         8.1

                                                  1955 -                                   Erosion

                                                          6.2         13.8       24.0     Acrto

1955                       192--0614                                                              -Eoso

1958  -  -1955 - a__________
               -               162    -53    7 .                          3.9         0.6    Accretion
1949 -                                       16      2 5.     5.7
1955

Figure 6.   Northern Dare and Currituck Counties
            (d) High water line. Mean annual rates of change (feet per year)
                 for previous time intervals.
<pb n="38" />

                 PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHED
                               By
            THE CENTER FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES

Wave-Current Force Spectra, C. C. Tung and N. E. Huang, Report No. 72-2,
     December, 1972

A Survey of North Carolina Beach Erosion by Air Photo Methods, H. E. Wahls
     Report No. 73-1, May 1973

Sediment Movement in Tubbs Inlet, North Carolina, Robert P. Masterson, Jr.,
     Jerry L. Machemehl and Victor V. Cavaroc, Jr., Report No. 73-2,
     June, 1973

Influence of Current On Some Statistical Properties of Waves, C. C. Tuna
     and N. E. Huang, Report No. 73-3, December, 1973

CTD Sensors, Specific Conductance and The Determination of Salinity,
     C. E. Knowles, Report No. 73-3, August, 1973

Planning for North Carolina's Coastal Inlets - An Analysis of the Present
     Process and Recommendations for the Future, William S. Tilley,
     Report No. 73-4, September, 1973

A Preliminary Study of Storm-Induced Beach Erosion for North Carolina,
     C. E. Knowles and Jay Langfelder and Richard McDonald, Report No. 73-5,
     October, 1973

A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets, Jay
     Langfelder, Tom French, Richard McDonald and Richard Ledbetter,
     Report No. 74-1, January, 1974

Statistical Properties of Kinematics and Dynamics of a Random Gravity
     Wave Field, C. C. Tung, Report No. 74-2, June, 1974
</text>
</doc>
