Identification and evaluation of coastal resource patterns in Florida pilot study in the coastal zone of Lee, De Soto and Charlotte counties : final report on contract no. CCC-01-72, between the Florida Coastal Coordinating Council and the University of Florida

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION

OF COASTAL RESOURCE PATTERNS

IN FLORIDA

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IDENTIFICATION AND
OF COASTAL RESOURCE PATTERN

Z/
IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION
OF COASTAL RESOURCE PATTERNS IN FLORIDA

Pilot study in the coastal zone of
Lee, DeSoto, and Charlotte Counties%

Findl report on contract No. CCC-01-72,
6etween the Florida Coasto I Coordinating Counci I
and the University of-Florida
/FLORIDA COASTAL COORDINATING CO'UNCIL,Room 682
Larson Building, Tallohasrsve; Florida

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM OF FACULTY AND STUDENTS
Department of Architecture, Room 39, Grove Hal I
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Orion F. Wetterqvist, Assistant Professor,
Department of Architecture

Larry L. Peterson, Assistant Professor,
Department of Architecture

Dr. Howard T. Odum, Graduate Research Professor,
Department of Environmental Engineering

Dr. Bent A. Christensen, Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering and Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering
Er. Sa uel C. Snedaker, Research Assistant Professor,
m
epartment of Environmental Engineering

Mark T. Brown, Graduate Assistant
Flay Damon, Research Assistant
Andrew J. Evans, Graduate Assistant
Stephanie E. Ferrell, Student Assistant
Grant V. Genova, Student Assistant
Richard G. Moore, Graduate Assistant
Dennis G. Pellerin, Student Assistant
Thomas D. Pugh, Graduate Assistant
Linda A. Searl, Graduate Assistant
Christopher L. Wojick, Student Assistant

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IV. PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AND EVALUATING COASTAL
RESOURCES FOR PLANNING ...................... 6

A. COASTAL RESOURCE SUBSYSTEMS ............... 6
1. Definition and identification of Subsystems .......... 7
a) Natural Terrestrial Subsystems ................ 7
b) Agricultural Subsystems ..................... 14
c) Marine Subsystems ........................ 16
d) Urban Subsystems ......................... 26
2. Mapping Subsystems ......................... 43
3. Diagramming interactions ...................... 43
VS ]Department of Commeree 4. Identification of values and sensitivities ............ 48
190AA Conntal Snrvices center Library 5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
223d
Charleston, 13 B. REGIONAL HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1 . The hydrological cycleand its processes . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
2. Sources of data ............................ 51
3. General criteria for evaluating harm to the
hydrological system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Map preparation and map criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
List of Tables and Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv 5. Overlaying maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 C. OVERALL INTERDEPENDENCE AND REGIONAL PLANNING
11. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Energetic bases of values for planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2. Regional model of sensitivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Ill. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF 3. Summary of findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
COASTAL RESOURCES .......................... 4 4. Suggestions for planning and protection measures . . . . . . 74
5. Suggestions for additional research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
A. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ..................... 4 D. STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AND
B. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINATION OF AREAS REQUIRING EVALUATING COASTAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
PROTECTION V. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ......................... 84
1. High value in existing state .................... 5
2. High sensitivity to intrusions ................... 5 VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................ 85
3. High value in interdependence of the systems . . . . . . . . 5
4. High cost of development and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . 5 VII. MAP APPENDIX ............................... 86

LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE NO. TITLE PA IGE NO. 5o Dredged and/or Scraped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5p Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1 Study Area Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 SUBSYSTEM MAP EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS- 7 SYMBOLS FOR ENERGY NETWORK DIAGRAMMING ... 44
2a Mangrove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2b Scrub ................................ 9 8 PINELANDS MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2c Dune Transition ......................... 10
2d Hydric Hardwood and Hammock ............... 11 9 MARINE MEADOWS MODEL ................. 46
2e Cypress Domes and Strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2f Pinelands ............................. 13 10 MARINE MEADOWS MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
AGRICULTURAL SUBSYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS: I I COMMERCIAL STRIP MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3a Posturelands and Citru S Farms ............... 14
3b Flowers and Truck Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12 GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE .. .......... 52
MARINE SUBSYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS: 13 EVALUATION O@IUNOF F CbEf I*ICIE NTS ....... 55
4a Marshes .............................. 16
4b Shelf Waters and Neutral Emboyments ........... 17 14 MAPS AND OVERLAYING MAPS .............. 56
4c Marine Meadows and Shallow Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . 18 HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM MAPS: COUNTY
4d Oligohaline Systems ...................... 19 15a Groundwater Salinity ...................... 57
4e Medium Salinity Plankton Estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 15b Potentiometric Head ...................... 58
4f High Energy Beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 15c Surface Runoff Coefficient .................. 59
4g High Velocity Channels .................... 22 15cl Permeability of the Topsoil ................. 60
4h Oyster Reefs ........................... 23 15c2 Percentage of Pavement .................... 61
URBAN SUBSYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS: 15c3 Slope of Terrain ......................... 62
5a Central Business District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 15d Floods ............................... 63
5b Commercial Strip ........................ 27 15e Storm Tides ............................ 64
5c City Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 15f Composite of Hydrological Processes ........... 65
5d Transportation Terminals ......... I .......... 29 ENERGY NETWORK DIAGRAMS
5e Beach Strip ............................. 30 16a Regional Energy Network Diagram I ............ 68
5f Public Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 16b Regional Energy Network Diagram 11 . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5g Private Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5h Natural Open Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 17 TENTATIVE REGIONAL EVALUATION MAP OF
5i Stable Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LEE COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
5i Senescent Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5k Mature Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 18 ECOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM EVALUATION MATRIX ... 78
51 High Maintenance Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5m Cleared and Prepared with Canals ............. 38 19 TABLE OF MARINE SUBSYSTEMS FOUND
5n Mobile Housing ......................... 39 IN FLORIDA ............................ 79

ATLAS APPENDIX 1: COASTAL RESOURCE SUBSYSTEM MAPS

Title Page and Key Map of Study Area ......................
Subsystem maps ................................. 1-12

ATLAS APPENDIX 11: HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM MAPS

Title Page and Key Map of Study Area ......................
DESOTO COUNTY MAPS:
Groundwater Salinity ............................. DA
Potentiometric Head ............................. DB
Runoff Coefficient .............................. DC
Surface Soil Permeability .......................... DC1
Percentage of Pavement ........................... DC2
Slope ....................................... DC3
Storm Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DE
Composite of Hydrological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DF

CHARLOTTE COUNTY MAPS:
Groundwater Salinity ............................. CA
Potentiometric Head ............................. CB
Runoff Coefficient ............................... cc
Surface Soil Permeability .......................... CCI
Percentage of Pavement ........................... CC2
Slope ....................................... CC3
Storm Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CE
Composite of Hydrological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CF

LEE COUNTY MAPS:
Groundwater Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA
Potentiometric Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LB
Runoff Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LC
Surface Soil Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LCI
Percentage of Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LC2
Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LC3
Storm Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LE
Composite of Hydrological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LF

1. ABSTRACT

The following is a report describing a method of procedural steps and
examples for classification of coastal areas for purposes of regional
(Qnd/water use evaluation, planning and management, with a demonstra-
tion of its application in the coastal areas of Charlotte, Desoto, and Lee
Counties. The report includes a summary of our concepts and criteria
and a statement of procedures for making a map of resource subsystems,
for preparing maps analyzing the hydrological system and subsystems,
for identifying important factors and interactions within and between
subsystems, and for locating sensitivities in order to guide planning,
protective actions, and other measures for maximizing values. Our clas-
sifications include: subsystems of the natural environments on land,
subsystems of the natural environments in the bordering seas, sub-
systems of the urban areas, subsystems of the agricultural areas, and
the network of water flows that is common and critical to all the other
systems. In our description of the procedure that one uses to make in-
terpretations and evaluations, we include examples of regional maps
with a mosaic of subsystems, examples of energy network diagrams for
the subsystems matrices of man-system impact interactions that follows
from the network diagrams, and examples of the kind of observations
which may be made about a resource system which has thus been char-
acterized. Our hydrological study includes consideration of slope, sur-
face permeability, surface runoff, potentiometric head, and storm tides,
on a regional scale. Finally, we indicate by what criteria the various
subsystems may be evaluated for planning purposes and make tentative
gross term suggestions in respect to planning and control measures in
the coastal zone.

11. INTRODUCTION

these, problems; our economy, Nelfore, and survival are at stake. This
study illuminates certain potential values I interactions and sensitivities
of the existing coastal resources, in order that their true significance to
society can be understood and duly considered.

The ultimate purpose of this research project is to help render practi-
cally useful knowledge for wise societal planning and decision making,
particularly in respect to the state's natural resources in the coastal
zone. Such decisions need to be based on comprehensive and specific
understanding of the problems and their potential solutions: In addition
to measures of the values of existing resources, to which knowledge this
project contributes, knowledge is also required in respect to the future
values of such resources, plus knowledge of the values of the combined
natural and man-made systems that would result from an analysis of a
representative sample of the full spectrum of possible alternative use
patterns projected into the future. Subsequent research proje7cts may
provide this additional knowledge.

This study has developed a procedure for land/woter resource classifi.
cation and evaluation for planning purposes. This procedure is divided
into three stages-
1. Collection of area maps and aerial photographs, identification of
subsystem types, and preparation of maps delineating these sub-
systems; this stage may be accomplished by para-professional per.
sonnel.
2. Preparation of energy network diagrams and matrix diagrams of the
subsystems and the regional system, and evaluation of these dia-
grams to determine the values and sensitivities of the systems; this
stage must be executed by a specialist in this technique.
3. Identification of areas requiring various protection measures; this
stage requires professional knowledge in environmental design.

In order that district planning offices may consider this method in re-
lation to their own region and initiate the required work, this study can-
tains instructions to complete the first stage, examples of the diagrams
This study deals with a problem well known to many: Florida's coastal and evaluations that are to be completed in the second stage, and sug-
zone is subject to rapid exploitation in a manner often disrespectful of gestions as to how the evaluations may be used to guide decision making
certain societal interests, such as the needs for long range stability in the third stage.
and survival. Many known that waters are being polluted,water resources
are being depleted, wildlife is diminishing, and that certain landscapes Our method is illustrated through application to the coastal zone of Lee,
are disappearing. But few understand the structure and magnitude of Charlotte and DeSoto Counties. This study area is shown in Figure 1.

Fig

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Study Area Limits
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Ill. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION
OF COASTAL RESOURCES

tions. Short of this, we can use models that organize our available knowl-
A. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH edge and our uncertainties.
In order to make knowledgeable decisions regarding the future use of a This project contributes to the understanding of the values, sensitivities
region, one needs to have articulate measures of the societal values of and interdependence of the coastal resource systems which knowledge
a representative sample of the full spectrum of potential use patterns. can be used both to complete the understanding and methods ultimately
Near one end of this use spectrum is "non-development"; near the other required for truly knowledgeable decisions, and to provide a preliminary
is "intensive development". The societal value is a highly complex basis for certain urgently needed governmental (state) protection mea-
composite of the interests of all affected people, which includes living sures.
and future generations, the local landowners, the developers, the local
residents, the state, the country, and the world. This value includes both In order to assess the values, sensitivities and interdependence of the
direct effects on man and his economy-and indirect effects via the vari. systems of the coastal resources, we first define, identify, and map the
ous parts of the world's life support system. A decision to restrain de. various natural ecological, hydrological and man-made systems. The
velopment enterprise through protective measures would issuefrorn knowl. natural and man-made systems are delimited on the basis of their visual
edge that such enterprise would result in a use pattern consisting of a legibility on aerial photographs and in the field, and/or their functional
combination of natural and man-made systems having a lower net societal homogeneity and distinction from adjacent areas. Hydrologically, the
value than other potential patterns (including non-development dominated study area is treated as one system.
patterns). The highest societal value should be the ultimate criterion
for determining what,protection measures are needed. The systems distinguished in this study are referred to either as re-
source systems or subsystems, depending on the context. The subsystems
It follows that, the more valuable an existing pattern is, the more likely are systems in themselves, which indeed contain other subsystems, which
it is to merit protection. It also follows that, the more sensitive to dis. are systems, etc. Analogously, the overall regional resource system, the
turbance from development intrusions an existing system is, or the rarer coastal zone of DeSoto, Lee, and Charlotte counties, is also a subsystem
a system is, the more likely it is to merit protection. And it follows of larger systems.
that, due to the intricate and essential interdependence between the
various subsystems, and desired protection effort must have sufficient We then describe the processes of each subsystem by means of maps,
breadth to have the intended effect. These observations constitute the energy, diagrams and matrices. Our study incorporates energy diagrams
bas@5 for our most important protection criteria recommendations. for three subsystems: one marine, one natural terrestrial, and one man-
made urban; and one matrice for the marine subsystem. Reference is
However, it also follows that these observations are not conclusive. made to other publications containing such information in respect to
Even existing resource patterns of relatively low value or low sensi. several other subsystems of the study area. (See Section IV.A.3, Dia-
tivity may warrant protection from relatively lower value developments. gramming Interactions)
By the some measure, a new pattern of relatively high value development
may merit displacement of a relatively high value existing resource pat. With topologically and quantitatively complete energy network diagrams,
tern. showing both the pathways and amounts of energy flow, we can quantify
system values, sensitivities and interdependences. With energy diagrams
Obtaining the knowledge of sufficient breadth and depth to make knowl- locking quantitative energy flow data, we can demonstrate the principles
edgeabie environmental planning decisions requires extensive analysis of interdependence, and sometimes estimate values and sensitivities.
of the values of all possible use patterns. Such thorough investigation The scope of this study permits inclusion of this step only in the form
is not possible currently but clearly warranted when major environmental of estimates. On the basis of which by means of the general criteria
decisions are to be made, and through appropriate research, methods may described in the following section, we can gauge tentatively the need
be developed, increasing the efficiency and warrant of such investiga. and warrant for protective measures.

B. GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DETERMINATION OF AREAS REQUIR- the possible loss of some components. The overall system's volues
ING PROTECTION are sensitive to interference or loss of energy pathways of inter-
action in which each type of subsystem serves the whole as a com-
The following general criteria are recommended for evaluation of re- ponent. Our overall regional energy network model (Figure 16) shows
source systems for purposes of identification of those areas requiring what we know about this
protection from development. They are the criteria used in our evaluation
of the subsystems defined in this study. 3. High Value in Interdependence of the Systems

1. High Value in Existing State Although clearly distinguishable, none of the systems are independent.
They are, in fact, often highly dependent upon each other, which means
Both natural ecosystems, and man-modified or man-made systems (eg. that protection of one system classification may require protection of
areas in natural state, forms or cities) may be evaluated in terms of one or many related system clas@ifi cations. In the case of coastal re-
annual work and as estimable replacement costs, the latter as the product source planning, protective measures may need to extend inland for be-
of annual energies and replacement time. It may be helpful to consider yond the boundaries of the coastal zone.
this value as a composite of two types of values:
a-. Values of indirect utility to man: This refers to work flows by natu- With an overall energy model for the town or region that shows pathways
ral systems on their own soils, vegetation and micro-climate, based of interaction among the resource subsystems, (Figure 16), the properties
on their contribution to productivity of 6iomatter as a common de. of interdependence can be objectively established, and each subsystem
nominator. These work flows and storage values are measured in can be evaluated in gross terms for its effect on the regional system as
energy units. a whole.
b. Values of direct utility to man and paid for by money payments,
This applies to man-made and aspects of man-modified systems, 4. High Cost of Development and Maintenance
and, for areas in natural states, would apply to uses such as rec.
reationai, aesthetic, buffers, filters, aquifer recharge areas, etc. The ability (or inability) of an area to accommodate developments is a
These can be measured in energy or money units. criterion which may warrant mention here. It is separate fr6m the ques-
tion of displaced natural values. Included here would be measures of
These values (ire affected by the scarcity or abundance of the system the bearing capacity of the soil, susceptibility to flooding, etc. which
being evaluated, not only within the study area* certain system clas. contribute to high cost and/or maintenance of developments. Dependable
sifications may, for example, be abundant in local context, but scarce measures for such characteristics can be objectively established.
in national or global context. Resource evaluations based on these criteria, may not by themselves
2. High Sensitivity to Intrusions lead to logical conclusions in repect to state resource protections. It
would be necessary to develop and simulate models of potential devel-
A system's sensitivity to intrusions may be evaluated in two respects: opments, and compare the values of the new developments, (combined
a. Component sensitivity: This means that certain components of a natural and man-made systems), with the values of the resource system
system may be highly sensitive and quickly destroyed by certain prior to development; if a net loss would result, a development should
intrusions while the system continues to function. These sensi- be restrained through appropriate governmental (state) protections. The
tivities are represented on energy network diagrams (Figures 8, 9a, value of the combined system of the natural andman-made systems should
10) by the pathways, and in matrix diagrams (Figure 96) by the be maximized.
intersections of system properties with development actions.
b. Overall system sensitivity: This refers to the ability of the system It is possible, however, by means of the above recommended criteria, to
as a whole to endure stress from intrusions, and to function despite discern certain tentative conclusions from evaluations of the existing

IV. PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AND EVALUATING COAST-
AL RESOURCES FOR PLANNING

resource patterns. The high value and high sensitivity ends of the value The procedure for the classification and evaluation of coastal resources
and sensitivity spectra tend to require strenuous governmental (state) occurs in three stages:
protection, while the low value and low sensitivity ends of the spectra
require less protection. Yet, due to the high degree of interdependence 1. Information acc umulation, subsystem identification, and mapping,
that exists in all areas of the state, both inside and outside the coastal Topological and navigational maps, and aerial photographs of the
zone, all areas are in need of governmental (state) proiections to some study area are acquired; hydrological data are collected; resource
degree. Our suggestions for protective measures are offered in the latter subsystems (natural man-modified, and urban) are defined, located
sections IV, C3 and 4 of this study. geographically, and mapped; hydrological data are mapped. This stage
can be performed by non-specialist personnel.

2. Diagramming and evaluation: Energy network diagrams and matrices
are produced for the resource subsystems and the overall regional
system, illustrating the interrelationships of system components and
the impact of development intrusions; numerical values are determined
for the energy flows; the diagrams are evaluated to determine the
dollar values, sensitivities and interdependences of the systems;
value spectra and sensitivity spectra are then produced from this in-
formation. This stage of diagramming and evaluation can only be ac-
complished by a specialist in this technique.

3. Employing evaluations in planning: The hydrological maps are colored
(with a tone of gray for example) to illustrate those areas most likely
to experience harm from developments; the evaluations of the resource
subsystems (values, sensitivities, interdependence) can be used as
guidelines to help determine which subsystems are most in need of
protection from development, the degrees of need of protection can
then be illustrated by tones of gray -the darkest gray indicating the
greatest need or protection; an overlay of these two toned maps gives
a regional composite, illustrating those areas which are in greatest
need of protection, which will be darker. This stage requires profes-
sional knowledge in environmental design.

In order to aid those who want to apply this procedure to their regions,
we illustrate thetechnique in our study area of Lee, Charlotte and DeSoto
Counties.

A. COASTAL RESOURCE SUBSYSTEMS

The coastal resource subsystems, as defined in this study, are those
natural and man-made elements of the land and water surface which are
systems in themselves, have geographic limits, and can generally be
identified by ground and aerial observation. Although they are function-
ally i nterdep en dent, they do not physically overlap.

NATURAL TERRESTRIAL SUBSYSTEMS

The procedure for developing criteria for evaluating the land/water sub-
systems includes definition and identification, locations of the sub-
systems on maps, preparation of energy network and matrix diagrams,
evaluation of the diagrams to determine sensitivities and values, and
translation of this information into a form useful as a planning tool.

1. Definition and Identification of Subsystems

The subsystems of the land and water surface consist of the natural
terrestrial systems the agricultural (or man-modified terrestrial) systems,
the marine systems, and the urban (or man-made) systems.

This section contains descriptions of those subsystems found in the
coastal zone of Lee, DeSoto, and Charlotte Counties. Sources of in.
formation for identifying other subsystems in the coastal zones of Florida
can be found in the STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE, Section IV,D.

NATURAL TERRESTRIAL SUBSYSTEMS*

Our region of interest is composed of several distinct ecosystem types
which are coupled together by the flows of energy and materials. The
biotic components of these ecosystems reflect very closely the physical
characteristics of the Florida landmass, which is generally extremely
permeable and of low natural fertility. The biological effects of these
two factors may be considered as environmental stresses, to which the
biological assemblages of species, and the species themselves, are
adopted. Stresses of this type are, in effect, limiting factors (e.g. water,
nutrients, etc.), of which the year-round availability of water may be
the most important on a regional basis. Thus, the ecosystems common
to the study area may be described in terms of the U'voilability of fresh
water. This includes both the local water budgets and the overall heat
balance as it relates to the evapotranspiration of water.

Following are descriptions of the natural terrestrial subsystems found
in the Lee, Charlotte, DeSoto coastal zone.

*The following descriptions are based on information found inModels for Planning
and Research for the South Florida Environmental Study, A. E. Lugo, S. C.
Snedaker, S. Bayley, H. T. Odum, August 1971.

8 Figure 2a. MANGROVE

T@ n,"I"I",

IN"
MANGROVES T/I

VA@ Mangrove ecosystems are found bordering much of the coastline around
3@
south Florida. These systems are marine-based forests which have spe-
c
I adaptations for roots growing in salt water and in anaerobic muds.
ia
Some species cleanly separate freshwater from salt, after which the
fresh water is transpired through their leaves as part of the drive for
W.,
the system. Their complex branching roots support a great diversity.of
Ii'N marine animals and their crowns carry many terrestrial animals.

The apparent zonation of the mangrove species is related to the salinity
of the water, tidal fluctuations, and contiguity to the upland areas. The
red mangrove is found in the more uniformly saline waters, and the black
mangroves in areas subjected to more extremes of low and high salinity,
black mangroves may be observed further upstream in rivers then the
red mangrove because of the lower salinity of the water.

Mangroves are very productive systems, but, the assimilated energy is
not completely used with the mangrove systems themselves. The system
returns to the water organic nutrients of certain types, producing spe-
cialized plankton, including those that cause luminescent and brown
waters. Nutrients are then carried, in the form of detritus, in to the con-
tiqUOUS eStUOTY, Where they form a portion of the detrital foodweb sup-
vj
porting the estuarine fisheries.

Mangrove forests are used for forestry purposes, but may have higher
value in sedimentation control, coastal hurricane protection, panorama,
and as buffers.

L
The mangrove systems appear to be dependent upon freshwater inputs
from the landmass, and a source of nutrients brought in by surface run-
off, tides and currents. They are sensitive to alteration in current pat-
terns which change the salinities of associated waters. Of particular
concern is the effect of parallel drainage canals which preclude runoff
of freshwater and nutrients from entering the landward edge of the system.
Also, mangroves are sensitive to water borne pollutants and wastes
which enter the system from the seaward side. Conversion of mangrove
ecosystem sites to other uses not only destroys the integrity of the Sys-
tem, but also effects the fisheries which mangroves help to support.

)CLC: 6473837 Rec stat: n
@ntered: 19800701 Replaced: 19950213 Used: 19940705
ype: a Bib tvt: m Source: d Lang: eng
@epr: Enc LvL: I Conf pub: 0 Ctry: xx
ndx: 0 Mod rec: Govt pub: Cont:
iesc: i Int LVI: Festschr: 0 Illus:
FIB: 0 Dat tp: s Dates: 1972, %
1 040 FU Ic FDA Id FDA %
2 090 HT393.F52 lb F587 %
3 090 lb %

4 049 NOW %
5 110 1 Florida. lb University, Gainesville. lb Interdisciplinary Team
Faculty and Students. %
6 245 10 identification and evaluation of coastal resource patterns in
)rida lb pilot study in the coastal zone of Lee, De Soto and Charlotte
inties final report on contract no. CCC-01-72, between the Florida Coastal
)rdinating Council and the University of Florida. %
7 260 [Gainesville?] : lb Is. n.1, Ic [1972?1. %
8 300 83, Ext] p. : lb ill, maps ; Ic 22 x 28 cm. %
9 500 Map appendix: p. Oiii-xLi. %
10 504 Contains bibliographies.
11 650 0 Coasts Iz Florida. %
12 650 0 Land use 1z Florida. %
13 650 0 Regional planning Iz Florida. %
14 710 2 Florida Coastal Coordinating Council. %

Figure 2b. SCRUB 9

Z
P@' ;"5' gpw
1'516246i @OM
'2
p& @P"
oiw
go, A,
p, 0'ZO
PA@
W:'
_`2
V

SCRUB T/2

On the more elevated areas or in areas of deep, well-drained sands, one
may find several distinct ecosystem types. One of the most uniqu .e is
the scrub, named for its dry scrubby appearance. The dominant scrub
species are adapted to prolonged periods of water stress and occasional
fire. Althouth these areas receive as much rainfall as contiguous eco-
systems, the permeable sands preclude significant water storage. The
minimal amount of water, which is not immediately drained away after a
rain, is eventually lost through evapotranspiration. Because fire and
limited supplies of water and nutrients are so important to the mainte-
nance of the unusual ecosystem type, the system is particularly sen-
sitive to alterations in the intensity and/or frequency of fire and the
availabilities of water and nutrients. Fire prevention, for instance, per-
mits the buildup of organic fuels which increases the likelihood of a
hot, devastating fire. The system is also adapted in various ways to
maintain its nutrient storage by tight internal cycling, particularly in the
decomposition of litter and the re-uptake of nutrients by roots. Thus,
disturbance of the soil interferes with this process and ultimately may
alter the composition and morphology of the systems.

10 Figure 2c. DUNE TRANSITION

This photograph not available

DUNE TRANSITION T/3

Ecosystems similar to scrub, because of the deep sand and poor water
holding ability, are the transitional areas located between ecosystems
adopted to haline conditions and those adopted to more upland conditions.
These are areas easily recognized on aerial photos. Thedune transition
ecosystems exist in an environment which is subject to periodic inputs
of sea salt. As such, they are not wholly adapted to estuarine conditions,
as are mangroves and salt marshes in the traditional sense, or wholly
adapted to a supply of only freshwater. The randomness of periodic salt
stress produces an assemblage of species which can tolerate these un-
usual conditions. As a result, the systems are particularly sensitive
to alterations in the periods of exposure to saline versus fresh water.
The classical mounded dunes are also extremely sensitive to any physi-
cal disturbance which might cause wind or water erosion of the sand
mound. Dune transitions, usually found between mangrove and upland
systems, are sensitive to upland drainage, removal of the mangrove buff-
ering effects and domestic and industrial waste products.

Figure 2d. HYDRIC HARDWOOD AND HAMMOCK

77
HYDRIC HARDWOOD AND HYDRIC HAMMOCK T/4

Not all of the regional landscape is subjected to stress due to water
AIN,
deficits, i.e., lack of freshwater. On the contrary, some areas are per-
petually or frequently inundated by freshwater. Likewise the biological
components of the ecosystems are adopted to wet conditions. Two of
N these subsystems in study area are hydric hardwood and hammock, and
cypress domes and strands.

Hydric hardwood and hammock ecosystems are the most diverse of the
terrestrial ecosystems, in both temperate and tropical species. As a
Oil system, these hammocks add to the overall diversity and stability of the
regional ecosystem and are particularly attractive to man.

The hammock ecosystem represents a climax community maintained by
the power sources: solar energy, rain, frost and coastal influences, such
as salt spray during hurricanes. As long as the system's moisture level
@ F''111

remains high, it is unaffected by fire. Frost and salt spray control the
diversity of species indicated as populations of deciduous (temperate)
and evergreen (tropical) species including the lianas and epiphytes.
Adequate moisture, seed dispersal and germination, and the closed min-
eral cycles oil serve to maintain the diversity and stability of the sys-
tem.

12 Figure 2e. CYPRESS DOMES AND STRANDS

also receive nutrients in the runoff from other, more elevated systems.
gM*?4,W -9 WIff, x-, 1 71 1 @J @11
In a sense then, the limiting factors of water and nutrients are over-
ridden.

@4
The main producers in this subsystem are cypress trees, aquatic plants,
other component tree species, and many epiphytes and herbs. These
Ai. 4, 1
producers provide both local and migratory wildlife with an abundant
n@
'wp, diversity of foods. These wildlife species are then shown to have spe-
cia
lized roles 'in the mineral cycles of the system. Also contributing to
the nutrient pool are the decomposers which do work on the pool of dead
organic matter and peat. The cypress trees are the dominant species
and have interesting adaptations and interactions with the other com-
4,
ponents of the system. The cypress knees, for example, are presumed
to contribute to high productivity by pumping oxygen into the roots (grow-
-. . . . . . . . . . ing in anaerobic conditions) and therefore stimulate mineral and water
movement through the trees. In addition, cypress trees are known to
produce hydrocarbons and dissolved organic matter (such as tannic acid)
which might be important to the system's energy economy.

Peat, wildlife components, and the hydrocar6on-dust films are the export
pathways to other systems. This emphasizes the coupling of the cypress
swamps with surrounding ecosystems.

The rather salubrious environmental conditions and the high productivity
of cypress and hy6ric hardwood systems are characteristics particularly
attractive to man. As a result, these areas are particularly susceptible
to developments of various types. These systems serve as natural filters

of surface water and their removal reduces the regional system's capacity
to process and purify surface waters.

Both hydric hammocks and cypress domes are sensitive to alterations
of the hydTopeTiod which may occur through increasing the period of
inundation or the height of the water level during inundation. These
CYPRESS DOMES AND STRANDS T/5 conditions frequently occur when the water storage capacity of the upper
watershed is reduced and runoff is increased. The hydroperiod is also
[r1__

Cypress ecosystems occur in those areas subjected either to flowing affected by drainage or otherwise lowering the local water table. Be-
water or stillwaters, such as may be found in areas of perched water cause these systems are exposed at one time or another to the majority
tables. Cypress ecosystems are distinct from hydric hardwood ecosystems of the region's surface water, water quality is important in their main-
that have other dominant species though in many areas they may he tenance. Toxic or biologically dangerous materials may be sequestered
found integrating into one another. These "wet" ecosystems exhibit a and accumulate in the wetlands with essentially unknown consequences
greater organic production because, in addition to abundant water, they for man.

Figure 2f. PINELANDS

fire, and the shallow substrate. Because of the
of fire, the litter storage is kept low even thou
replenished by programmed leaf fall.

Pines are fire adopted species, as indicated b
phenological patterns (e.g., growth) and the p
needles. Fire is also shown to stress hardw
causing heavy mortality and preventing their a
In addition, fire releases the repair specialist s
to germination in burned or otherwise severly
these species also fix nitrogen and, as a grou
the whole system. The rapid-growing produce
food and cover to a diversity of consumers ass
ecosystem. The consumers are shown to have
system through their mineral cycling work.

Pinelands, like many other ecosystems, exist
with their environment, Any shift in environm
larly the frequency of fire, permits hardwoods t
as the dominant species.

To date, a considerable amount of work has
and describing the naturally occurring terrestria
This work however, has been done on a region
is lacking for the detailed description and del
relatively small area. It is possible that, in cl
our Ft. Myers study, one may use aerial phot
such as multispectral scanning, and ground ob
ecosystems on a map. The procedure involve
coverage and becoming acquainted with the to
thereon. Once the observer is familiar with the
on the coverage sheets, he may then enter the f
eneous areas with what he observes in the fiel
for-one correlation is made, all similar pattern
can be identified. In this way then, the ecosy
delineated, the areas calculated and the impo
PINE LANDS T/6 related back to the regional system.

The dominant components of the vegetation of this subsystem are pines
(canopy) a diverse understory of palms and hardwood, and a herbaceous
layer composed of seedlings and repair (or successional) species. The 1frorn Models for Planning and Research for the
important environmental stresses are soil moisture, available nutrients, Study, Lugo, Sneclaker, Bayley, Oclurn, August 1971.

Figure 3a. PASTURELANDS AND CITRUS FARMS AGRICULTURAL SUBSYSTEMS

Agricultural areas are examples of man-modified terrestrial systems.
Maps of agricultural land use have long been made as parts of studies
and administration in agricultural economics and other resource inven-
tories and planning. Because these are well known in common education-
L
al experience, it is not necessary to write descriptions of these sub-
systems, In our study area, we delineated two subsystem types:

PASTURE LANDS AND CITRUS FARMS A/1

These areas are not differentiated because of their similar appearance
on aerial photographs.

Figure 36. FLOWERS AND TRUCK FARMS 15

FLOWERS AND TRUCK FARMS A/2

These areas are not differentiated because of their similar appearance
on aerial photographs.

Figure 4a. MARSHES MARINE SUBSYSTEMS I

the systems standing free in air part of the day, With green vegetation
4
estuarine salt waters that flood the grass usually twice a day leaving
e.

'IX A* out of the water, but with roots in wet rich sediment, marshes are among
the most productive of organic matter of all systems, The alternating

N
tidal exposure does have some aspects of stress requiring special adap-
4 @V
tations, Marsh gross and the animal populations of oysters, snails, and
J
A?, 5 "
fiddler cra6s are capable of maintaining both submerged and emergent
It
c", _5W existence, Marshes can take nutrients and wastes out of tidal water.
VV

Many special adaptations exist in the marsh. For example, some tiny
'e
S'-"' -W-4,
microscopic diatoms burrow into the mud when the tide is in and then
1%
X_ 5;' surface on the mud during outgoing tide, there receiving light for their
5-4, @w'
ey'
photosynthesis, The phenomena turns block mud a golden brown within
Ir
'V;
minutes as the cells emerge.

The marshes have been shown to export much plant matter to the es-
taurine waters where slow decomposition begins after which the soup
of organic food supports much of the food chains. Consumption by clams,
oysters, and shrimp remineralizes the fertilizer elements which are re-
leased to the marsh grass completing the cycle, Recognized now by a
court decision in Massachusetts, the marsh is an inherent and necessary
part of many estaurine ecosystems. Removal of the marsh would be tan-
tomount to removing the most productive part of the forms from a system
'N of forms and cities@ Marshes increase in importance southward in the
United States because the coastlines of intermediate tide and wave
energy and other factors of geological history develop broad sedimentary
plotforms@ Winter stress on intertidal zones is also less and although
the tops die back in winter, the root systems are available for a fast
spring growth. With their productive structures above the water, these
systems may have more capa6ilityfor survival under some waste stresses
and thus may have more capacity to serve as seif-purif i cation than some
other waters that are dependent on clear water or are not already adapted
to some stress, The patterns of two main types of grass, Spartino and
Juncus, is almost universal on the east coast@
Following are descriptions and photographs of the marine subsystems
@4'
,X

found in our study area,

MARSHES M/1 IThese descriptions are based on information found in Coastal Ecological
System of the United States. A source book for Esturine planning edited by
H. T. Odum, D. S. Copeland, Elizabeth McMahan in the report to the Federal
Where there are broad intertidal flats of soft sediment not too strongly Water Pollution Control Adminstration, Contract RFP68-128 from institute of
stressed with waves and winter cold, grassy marshes develop in the Marine Sciences, U. of N.C. 1969.

Figure 4b. SHELF WATERS AND NEUTRAL EMBAYMENTS SHELF WATERS AND NEUTRAL EMBAYMENT

Washing the outer archipelagos and along zone
is little freshwater discharge are plankton wate

In some salinity classifications, an estuary wit
out an excess of evaporation was said to be ne
was filled with water exchanging with the a
change, Neutral embayments and coastlines
waters that move in from the sea without much
the waters are no longer the deep scattering la
bottom belo7w. Also at the coast, waters receiv
tical stirring as tidal wave energies are absorbe
nels or reflected off shores. The neutral system
ton system that has more diversity than most
dominated by recognizably different species,
most estuaries, the photosynthetic zone is d
salinity and temperature less.

The neutral waters are close enough to be of
influences, such as waste outfalls, should th
system in such instances is readily transformed

With more stability of temperature and salini
sources from the open sea, neutral shorewaters
diversities and complexity of components of c
of the temperate latitudes.

Whereas high diversities tend to favor little m
component, the phenomenon of local species cl
of the high pulse stocks of shrimp and migratin
back into the high salinity zones, makes c
available there too. The coupling of a stable sal
one leads to pulses in both,

The coastal neutral waters are also the zone
fish migrations northward in the spring and ea
the fall, supported in the southward migration by
from the bays. The neutral system is thus a g
the network of food distribution and processing
with estuarine system in which man's small traw

Figure 4c. MARINE MEADOWS AND SHALLOW NURSERY

@k
VN

MARINE MEADOWS AND SHALLOW NURSERY M/3
20
00

In coastal waters where there are sediments, some current, and good
V,
light penetration, one finds the underwater meadows of turtle gross and
other plants. The broad expanses of green meadows of vascular plants
and benthic algae support a very high rate of production that is aided
by the currents that accompany this ecological system. There are many
bottom animals in these grosses, including filter feeders that work to-
words maintaining plankton too dilute to be a shading competitor. In
full tropical form the tropical turtlegross beds resemble the temperate
eelgross, but are much more diverse, have little of the sharp seasonal
cycling, and often develop white sediments because of the predominance
of calcium carbonate precipitating animals, like sea cucumber and ur-
chins, maintained in the gross system. At its more northern zones in
Texas its turtle gross beds resemble the eel gross more.

19
Figure 4d. OLIGOHALINE SYSTEMS

OLIGOHALINE SYSTEMS (Freshwater-Saitivator Mixing Zone) M/4

Studies the world over have shown that the minimum diversity of species
is found in river estuaries in the zones where the salt ranges from fresh-
water to a few parts per thousand. It is not this particular salinity that
is the species' restricting stress, for there are special estuaries of this
salinity in Florida, and elsewhere, in which the waters are spring fed
and very steady; these estuaries great diversity does develop, with com-
plex mixtures of animals one might otherwise regard as marine, and
animals one might regard as freshwater types, In the usual estuary the
0.5 to 8 parts per thousand range is the zone where there is the most
.1 "4X fluctuation of irregular surges of river water during high rains, followed
by surges of salt water back during exceptional tides and low river dis-
charge. In northern latitudes there is the additional stress of very dif-
ferent land runoff temperature contrasting with less variable marine
waters. The oligoholine regimes thus are fluctuating regimes with only
a few species of plants and animals. Clam bed and bottom subsystems
are usually important. The heavy shelled Rangia dominates the oli-
goholine zones to the south. In a state like Louisiana with predominant
phenomena of the large river discharge of the Mississippi the oligoholine
regime is the main estuarine phenomenon and Rangia clams are the main
animals inshore from the better known oyster reefs, the latter marking
the seaward margin of the oligoholine zone as we define it. The oli-
goholine regime has some freshwater and some marine fishes partici-
pating, especially during temporary periods of salinity stability.

Figure 4e. MEDIUM SALINITY PLANKTON ESTUARY
In winter, with low light, and well-stirred waters due to tidal shifting
and some turbidity from rivers, the plant cells spend much time in the
shade and stop making much food. In the spring as light conditions in-
crease, the critical condition at which the plant cells can make a net
gain is reached and there is a sudden bloom of some of the diatoms that
sets off the seasonal production sequence. During the winter season,
organic matter issues from marshes, rivers, and other storages that keep
some of the animal life going. With the rising burst of plankton growth
there are some releases of larvae from clams, oysters and barnacles,
and little water-fleasized copepods develop, The micro-crustacean zoo
plankton Acartic predominates. this system throughout the east coast.
Reproductions and migrations of shrimp and fishes that eat the zoo-
plankton are timed to coincide with the increased yields of these small
components so that the rise in stocks and consumption takes the rising
production.Most of this is entirely invisible to the man in theboat above,
unless he measures the photoplankton, some index of its activity such
as oxygen production, pulls a zooplankton net, or has some way to esti-
mate the rising stocks of fishes and shrimp.

The middle salinity estuary has species with some ability in their kid-
ney systems to deal with salinity fluctuation, some ability to switch
food intake from organic matter to plant plankton base, and an effective
temporal program for migration and reproduction so as to hook the need
for more food to the timing of appearance of more food,

Whereas the bottom clams and the special subsystems of the bay margins
are contributors, the main system is one of plankton and plankton eaters,
As the sunlight begins to decline after July, the population growth and
reproduction declines and soon many populations migrate out again
decreasing their load.

MEDIUM SALINITY PLANKTON ESTUARY M/5 Because the source of energy of this system is from photosynthesis of
microscopic plant plankton, from invisible organic contributions from the
The image most people see when one says "estuary" is the medium rivers that support bacteria as intermediates, and from energetic services
salinity, moderate depth bay, which has much fishing but not much visi- of tidal currents, rarely do persons not trained in marine science under-
ble evidence of anything else. The bays draw support from food chains stand the basis for this system and its management. The food chain is
of invisible microscopic plankton supporting the characteristic popula- out of sight and thus out of mind. The need for maintaining effective
tions of crabs, fish, and commercial shrimp, Many of our largest estu- plankton populations is not understood by the untrained resource manager,
aries are predominantly of this type, although they are often fringed and Since all the species draw from some of the some energy pools, rises
bordered by smaller subsystems of other types. High nutrient levels and in or falls in one species must be accompanied by compensating changes
good stirring mechanisms generally produce a high photosynthetic rate in others. This system, like the others, must be managed as a whole,
wherever clarity of water is maintained, although it is lower than in not species by species, or with commercial fish separate from sports
systems like the marshes which have less water depth to absorb light. considerations, etc.

Figure 4f. HIGH ENERGY BEACHES 21

ti,
_7

OU"
.......... An
41@01@ -,p@pfj@@
-Z'
41"W"
,q,@ gO,
'p
X'ie@o 'P@111`
_gO

HIGH ENERGY BEACHES
'iA,

Where wave energies are high, sandy beaches become the most common
coastal system on the front shoreline which receives breaking waves.
Sand grain sizes are self-organizing in dependence on the energy of the
waves. Surging waters are received filtered, and returned to the sea.
Very characteristic burrowing Hippo crabs, Donox clams and interstitial
k@
opolitan beach fauna participate in the massive sand filter in the
cosm
process of filtering organic matter. The beach line provides organization
to passing water mosses and serves many reproductive cycles in which
"4F @7;
eggs are deposited at the beach. The characteristic long shore current
supports many migrations, The sand may be quartz-dominated along the
northern shores or calcareous sand where terrigenous supply is low and
available hard matter is from coral reefs or other calcareous substrates,
which increase towards the tropics. Winter stress on the beaches due to
high wave energies and cold eliminate much of the biota, but just sea-
word in the surf zone, and exposed at low tides, may be surf clams, Of
all the systems receiving pollutions of surface floating wastes, the
beaches are most affected, although the capacity of a high energy beach
for processing and mineralizing wastes is also large, Where wave ener.
gies are somewhat less, additional species such as sand dollars become
important and latitudinal differentiation appears,

22 Figure 4g. HIGH VELOCITY CHANNELS

M R

HIGH VELOCITY CHANNELS

Especially where large tidal waves are absorbed in archipelagos and
inlets with deep channels, some characteristic ecological patterns de-
velop on the current scoured bottoms and in the highly turbulent plankton
waters. Even though the salinities are high and the waters much like
ook
the open sea in character, the absorption of the energy of the world tidal
wave into large tidal currents provides a special energy source and a
aj
stress, The scoured bottoms develop reef-like growths of encrusting
animals and plants. Estuarine plankton associations, not characteristic
of the open sea, develop in the moving waters. With food transported in
abundance to any organisms that can hold on, the density of attached
life is large, although not diverse. The large eddies in the channel wa-
ters support microscopic phytoplankton of large individual size. The
eddies and effects of the earth's rotation produce gyrals and other means
by which floating and swimming animals and plants can slide back and
forth with the waters. Adaptive behavior also permits populations to
develop within the zone, with reproduction balancing losses, The great
turbulence permits little opportunity for phenomena of stagnant waters
to develop. Aeration rates are high because of the rapid removal and
stirring downward of surface waters. The high current velocity channels
are often between ecological systems of much greater diversity seaward
and landward, The stress at the zone of contact between estuary and
gulf may produce low cliversity@

Figure 4h. OYSTER REEFS 23

cooling, on bars where waters circulate in estuaries, on the sides of
rocks on pilings, or on bottoms of ships. Because of their concentration
of life and structure, the reefs have been of great importance as food
for man, and the shells have become important in calcium carbonate
industries such as road building and concrete manufacture, The manage-
ment of oyster reefs has not always been done with the understanding
that the reef is based on the continuous circulation of a much larger
area of water than that over the reef itself. The planktonic form and the
organic matter from rivers that contribute support to the reef are large
in volume. The foods dispersed in a bay are controlling the amounts of
reefs, One cannot manage a bay for oysters without managing the inputs
of suspended foods and the release by oysters of minerals that return to
the plankton as a necessary step for growing more food for the oysters.

Because oysters are built with shells, have wide salinity tolerance, and
have abilities to suspend operations for long periods, they are adopted
to great variations in water level, salinity and temperature in the river
mouth estuaries or in the intertidal zones, Where stresses are less, more
diverse communities replace the oysters, doing so by spread of drilling
snails and action of diseases that eliminate the oysters, as the con-
ditions become more stable enough for the competing communities. Al-
though the diseases and carnivores are often the agent of replacement
of oysters by more diverse ecosystems in the course of a season or in
year to year changes, the ultimate causes are related to the changes in
regime that allow more stable, higher salinites and more uniform tem-
perature conditions that foster the complex systems, Many disease epi-
demics have their ultimate cause as the stress of wastes or interruption
of food resources@

The management of oyster reefs has to be related to the programming of
OSYTER REEFS river control, towards maintaining oscillations, and insuring adequate
volumes of suspended food particles, Leasing bottoms may not be enough
Wherever there are strong current systems bringing suspended material to provide good management, unless the whole bay system in leased and
that may serve as food, filter feeding animals may concentrate into managed, as it is now done in a few states.
dense, exposed cities protected by hard masses of their skeletons. The
reefs built by various species of oysters are the most common types, Solt water mussels form enormous reefs especially in northern latitu4es,
but reefs of animal consumers also include great sheets of mussels, where they hang on the rocky substrates. Since they form rigid structural
serpulid worms and other animals. Oyster reefs are consumers requiring mats of animals, they too are consumer reefs@ Among the most interesting
organic food in particulate form. The conditions for consumer reefs are of ancient geological records are those left by ancient consumer reefs
very different from coral reefs, which are mainly based on their use of that begin now to yield their information about ancient estuaries as we
light in photosynthetic food production within their tissues.Oyster reefs learn how to interpret the whole estuarine system's interactions from
develop in the intake pipes of industrial plants that use salt water for the nature of the fossil reef subsystem,

BLUE WATER COASTS

The deep blue waters of tropical seas have a characteristic pattern of
deep light penetration, sparse plankton-based food chains associated
with a generally low nutrient availability, and some fast recycling of
nutrients by tiny cells and many diverse specialists among the animals,
Blue tropical waters of this type bathe the Hawaiian Islands, Puerto
Rico and the southeast coast of Florida in the Gulf Stream. The blue
water system has the stresses of vertical mixing and low nutrients, but
has little stress in temperature and salinity or other ranges. Such waters
become the province of this summary of coastal systems where lands drop
off steeply into the sea and blue water flows along the shore. Except for
the special condition of low concentrations of nutrients, the blue waters
have less stress than most plankton waters. With deep mixing, there are
adaptive problems ofmaintaining plankton within thelight zones.Although
sparse in mass, the small plankton are in vast diversity with many shift-
ing combinations possibly forming delicate adaptations to slight differ-
ences in conditions of these tropical waters. The low nutrient character
makes these systems very sensitive to change by wastes. Fairly clear
green waters from the open seas bathe other portions of the United States
at other latitudes, but the plankton populations there are seasonably
programmed, and different in character,

MAN MODIF

At this stage in the classification and study
associated with characteristic wastes and distu
only include those types that have been studie
presence of something new in the pattern of
doubt the number of emergent new waste type id
efforts to identify them increase, and as industri

Alth-ough the types of waste and disturbance,
estuaries of America are of many types, most are
Apparently, decisions as to the location of was
industries have been much influenced by the
outlets, With passing patches of man's effluents
to be of endless variety. However, the alternot
chemical solutions do develop some common
different kinds ore represented.

The only man-modified marine system isolate

WASTE OUTFALL GENERATED SYSTEM

The discharges of raw sewage and the rich
secondary treatments inject high levels of or
enormous increases in the trace nutrients re
photosynthesis, The nutrient ratios of such e
phosphorus in the wastes of a city have som
vary depending on the industries using the samc
wastes tend to support both producers and cons
in the unmodified marine system. The small red
of ocean outfolls of sewage are one charact
more attention has been paid to the survival
affected estuaries than to the nature of the e
growth of cities will tend to convert more and m
system compatible with these flows. Case h
produce bases for characterizing these emergent

FIGURE 5a: CENTRAL BUSIN ESS DISTRICT URBAN SUBSYSTEMS*

6#'S
N

The subsystems of man's development, as seen from aerial photographs
A
and maps which indicate flows of energy, patterns of architectural com-
plexity, and densities of population and urban structure, may be classi.
fied into system types which can be outlined and mapped as one does the
zi;
vegetation types of natural areas. In this study, urban subsystems were
delineated primarily from aerial photographs at I" = 2000' and su6stanti-
ated by field acquired knowledge of the areas on the ground. Delineating
the subsystems of the urban fabric in this fashion requires new term.
inology and definitions which describe the physical features of the urban
s.the resultant of the patterns and frequencies of the energy flows
area a
within the urban system. A brief discussion of these definitions is con-
tained in Section V, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS.

N@ 97 W,
The urban subsystem types as defined in the Lee, Charlotte, and DeSoto
Coastal zone are as follows.

i t1L CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT C/I

-7 The central business district is a subsystem with high energy flows, a
high power density, a high population flux, and a regular urban structure
to open space texture. It requires high energy flows for maintenance of
structure and, if this is not provided, will generate decay and blight. It
also requires high energy flows to provide facilities for public circulation
systems and safety, e.g. police, fire and health protection. It has the
highest urban structure density in the city, and the least available access
to a rural open space.
A7

*These definitions of terms and subsystem descriptions are based on information
found in Towards a General Theory of Planning Design, L. Peterson, et al,
Southeast Florida Planning Team, Department of Architecture, University of
Florida, in publication.

FIGURE 56: COMMERCIAL STRIP 27

p-r; -; atgo,
V

COMMERCIAL STRIP C/2

The commercial strip develops adjacent to a high energy traffic arterial
moving a high density population flow. There is a high energy exchange
in input and output of goods, service and information. Maintenance energy
is moderate, the urban structure edge index is low, and the structure to
open space texture is regular.

28 FIGURE 5c: CITY SERVICES

X 4,

x
p
PA-

qp,
"N
i Me

CITY SERVICES C/3
City service and utility locations are subsystems with a htih9aehtrmeeannleerrggxy
input and output and a high power density. There is a high
change in power production and inefficient operation means
lost must be absorbed by surrounding subsystems. If they cannot absorb
this energetic "noise" cis quickly as it is produced, then the energy is
11 stored" by the system and easily recognizable as "pollution" by man.

FIGURE 5d: TRANSPORTATION TERMINALS 29

..................

.............

-------- --

TRANSPORTATION TERMINALS C/4

Transportation terminals are elements which focus regional scale, or
larger, activities comprised of the termination, dissemination, or shift in
transportation mode of people and goods into and out of the urban area.
These locations have large potential amplifier value in the urban energy
budget, in that they provide access to transportation links of global scale.
Airports, harbors and marinas, railroad stations, and bus stations are
included in this classification.

30 FIGURE 5e: BEACH STRIP

-4"

'9t

V01

BEACH STRIP C/5

The beach strip commerical development is a classification of those
areas reliant upon access to the ocean and beach. These areas have a
high transient population density, high urban structure density, a high
power density, and require high energy for maintainance of structure,
grounds and beach areas.

i4N

m
Vgf

nn a:

:70

0- tr

CL ko
toc

32 FIGURE 5g: PRIVATE RECREATION AREA

"k,

or, @441,@
4,

PRIVATE RECREATION AREAS R/2

Private recreation areas require high energy maintenance in equipment
and grounds upkeep. They have a high power density for the population
density served.

FIGURE 5h: NATURAL OPEN SPACE 33

'nww'"'r vv'W@ 60

NATURAL OPEN SPACES R/3

Natural open spaces require no energy su6sidy for maintenance. They
a6sor6 energy stresses from adjacent su6systems and can process some
types of stresses more efficiently than man, at no energy charge to
society.

34 FIGURE 5i: STABLE HOUSING

P
V-lk

STABLE HOUSING H/1

Stable housing subsystems require high energy flows for maintenance.
They are diverse in structure and vegetation types and have a relatively
low power density. They usually exhibit an irregular structure to open
space texture.

FIGURE 5j: SENESCENT HOUSING 35

SENESCENT HOUSING SUBSYSTEMS H/2

Senescent housing subsystems usually have a medium power density and
high energy flows but not to replace the deteriorating structure. They
have a low urban structure edge index, a diverse structure to open space
texture, and a high urban structure density.

36 FIGURE 5k: MATURE RESIDENTIAL

(--7

-ILL"

J
NOW

MATURE RESIDENTIAL H 3

Mature residential subsystems have high power densities, and medium
maintenance energy flows, They have a regular urban structure to open
space texture. The urban structure edge index is high, and the urban
structure density is low.

vp qw. tim -f

0 U3
M
(D
:3 CL. 3
(D a

x
c

Cl- m
CI- &- M
a 0 = X
- = ii, m
0

a c
n rr m
V, z

>
(D m
cl- 3

<
Cl.
cl-

(D
to
<

0
wa

(D :r 14

38 FIGURE 5m: CLEARED AND PREPARED WITH CANALS

1A J

46 -A
@ f

CLEARED AND PREPARED WITH CANALS H/5

This subsystem includes those areas which have been cleared and pre-
pared for residential development, and include canal configurations. The
characteristics are similar to D/1, in that they are subject to wind ero-
sion by wind and water, and often have city services installed (streets
and power lines) which require maintenance.

FIGURE 5n: MOBILE HOUSING 39

"Y'
W-3;
W- t,
'e;

@"J a'@

;WK

MOBILE HOUSING H/6

Mobile housing subsystems have high energy flows, a low urban structure
edge index, a regularized structure to open space texture, and a high
structure and population density. Rapid deterioration of units leads to a
high unit regeneration rate.

40 FIGURE 5o: DREDGED AND/OR SCRAPED

S r4j
4

5-
-Z

_-Z

DREDGED AND/OR SCRAPED D/1

Land areas which have been either dredged and filled or scraped of
vegetation, and which show patterns of potential housing development
are in this subsystem. Having no urban structure or vegetation, they are
subject to erosion by wind and water, and often have city services in-
stalled, e.g. streets and power lines, which must be maintained to pre-
vent deterioration.

-1 an S

A'STY,
Th,

VAX,
'EM

MR
uAll

I CIA -
.00
M.

AA
C3
0
c

C to
LA =-
(D

3 0

<
0
c
(D

tA
c
a-
LA

FIGURE 6. SUBSYSTEM MAP EXAMPLE

-----------

t
2

LEGEND
t/I - Mangrove Lux C.0.
t/2 - Scrub
t/3 - Dune transition
t/4 - Hydric Hammock
t/5- Cypress Dumes and Strands
t/6 -Pine Lands
o/l -Posture Lands and Citrus
o/2 -Flower and Truck Forms
h/1 -Stable Housing
h/2 -Senescent Housing
h/3 -Mature Residential
h/4 -High Maintenance Residential
h/5 -Cleared and Prepared with Canals
h/6 -Mobile housing

SCALE - I" = I mile

2. Mapping Subsystems The energy flows are a measure of the value of each component. In gen-
eral an energy flow that displaces existing patterns and values is hardly
The identification of subsystems existing in an area, and the location measureable at one percent, becomes serious at 10% and disastrous to
geographically of those subsystems, are two steps which may happen existing patterns 50% to 100%.
simultaneously. Data and mapping materials must first be accumulated to b@ Matrix
provide the information for identifying and locating the systems:
Terrestrial Systems: Aerial photographs, descriptions of potential The system may also be represented in columnar tables sometimes called
subsystems, energy diagrams if possible, geological survey maps, and a matrix. The system of the marine grassy meadows in Figure 9 is given
ground observation provide the necessary information for mapping these also in the tabular form in Figure 10. The existing stocks, structures,
systems. and flow process pathways are given along the left side, The possible
Marine Subsystems: Navigational charts that have depths, salinity additional actions and new pathways due to man's actions are given
measurements that include seasonal ranges, aerial photographs, de- across the top. Then at the intersection is given symbol indication of
scriptions of potential subsystems and energy diagrams if available, some idea of the positive or negative effect of that interaction which
some ground observation, and remote sensing study of underwater plants must be considered to avoid unexpected actions,
if available, are used for mapping marine subsystems@
Urban Subsystens: Aerial photographs, maps showing energy flows, These piece by piece considerations of actions and factors help one to
population density and structure density and patterns, coupled with understand the system and its interactions with man, Where effects have
descriptions of typical subsystem descriptions (many of which correlate been identified and there are still conflicts of interests as to which of
conventional zoning divisions) are required to map this group of sub- two competing alternatives should be considered, the magnitude needs
systems. to be evaluated on an energy basis and then converted todollar estimates
using a factor such cis 10,000 calories/dollar,
Generally, the systems are identified, located, then drawn on a trans-
parent sheet, using the aerial photographs for the locations, A step-6y. Network diagrams have now been done for most of the main eco-system
step procedure for accomplishing this is given in Section IV, D. Figure 6 types of Florida at least on a preliminary basis. These can be found in:
shows an example of a subsystem identification and location map; the
complete set of subsystem maps are contained in Atlas Appendix I and, 1. ''Models for Planning and Research for the South Florida Environ-
in a reduced size, in Section VII, Map Appendix, in this volume,. mental Study,'' by A. E. Lugo, S. C. Snedaker, S. Bayley, and H. T,
Odum, August 1971
3. Diagramming Interactions 2. ''Energy Circuits in Chemical Cycles", Model Symposium on Chem-
istry of the Sea, H. T. Odum, 1971
a. Energy network diagram (model) 3. ''Towards a General Theory of Planning Design," Southwest Florida
Planning Team, Department of Architecture, University of Florida,
The main components and causal controls of a subsystem can be shown in publication
in a diagram of energy flows of a system using the symbols illustrated
in Figure 7. In the energy diagram for the system of shallow water marine Thus it is possible now to give some consideration to all the factors and
grassy meadows (Figure 9 ), causal actions that are part of the normal processes that have so far been included in these diagrams, In addition
life of the system in its interaction with natural forces of weather are to the Marine Meadows Model and Matrix, energy diagrams of a terrestrial
shown by the pathways; some are amplifier actions, somehave time delay ecosystem (Pinelands, Figure 8), and an urban subsystem (Commercial
effects, and some involve complex interactions and feedbacks. The action Strip, Figure 11), have been done as a part of this study.
of sun, waves, natural fertilzer flows, and food chains are natural flows.
Also shown in the network are the actions of man that might be consider- For a complete explanation of energy network diagrams, see Environment
ed, such as dredging, filling, harvesting, polluting and fishing. Power and Society, H. T. Odum, Wiley-Interscience, 1971.

44 FIGURE 7: SYMBOLS FOR ENERGY NETWORK DIAGRAMMING*

FLOW OF ENERGY SWITCH ON ACTION
WITH CAUSAL FORCES WHEN THRESHOLD
IS REACHED

OUTSIDE ENERGY SWITCH OFF ACTION
SOURCE WHEN THRESHOLD
FORCING FUNCTION IS REACHED

SELF-MAINTAINING MULTIPLIER EFFECT
CONSUMER WORK GATE

INSIDE STORAGE A RETARDING EFFECT
ON THE FLOW

PHOTOSYNTHESIS DOLLAR FLOW

HEAT SINK

'See Odum, H. T., Environment, Power and Society, Wiley, 1969; or Models for
Planning and Research for the South Florida Environmental Study, (page 7),
Lugo, Snedaker, Bayley & Oclum, 1971.

FIGURE 8: PINELANDS MODEL' 45

Sol I
Moist- Nutrient Oufside
ure Forces

STRESS
Pine
Canopy
Litter Fire

Palms

SUN Hardwoud
Understur Food Outside Nutrients
Cover Cons. In Air

Herba,-eous
Layer

Sub-
R o o ts strate
Seed!ir!r,s

RAIN Wolier
STRESS Level
@:ire Successionals Seeds
STRESS in
Stor.

*See Models for Planning and Research for the South Florida Environmental
Study, A. E. Lugo, S. C. Snedaker, S. Bayley, & H. T. Odum, August 1971.

46 Figure 9. MARINE MEADOWS MODEL

auseways Sewage and Poisons Off Shore
Changesin Septic Ton Fertilization Irrigation and Reproductio
Circulation Pesticides

igration
Circulation Attached Algae Larvae 2 Way
and Wind Set Nitrogen
and Tide
Fresh Phosphorus tress I Shrimp
Water Pesticides
and Mullett
Poisons
Sewage %S it
3.5%S
Waste

Sediment
Dissolved Small
02 Fish
Salt Water TURTLE GRASS Food
and Other Bottom 2
6 Jurbidity Plants 4 3
in Water 4 Commercial
2 Fishing

Sun

Organic Sports Fish
Run-off Turbidity Matter 3 Boats

Plankton Algae
Microbes Sports
Fishermen

Vegetation
Clearing

Drainage Channels a Solid Waste Thermal
Improvement Filling Boal Docks in Water Waters

Figure 10. MARINE MEADOWS MATRIX 47

marine
inendows
c;
matrix X
r
r
0 C .2 E 0 0 0
-0 100, 112-
.2 a 0 '@
E E
0
E :9 ?L
-0 .21 0
X a a ;Z j CL
system properties a b 0 U if U. U U 1:10 go
Phosphoru; + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Nitrogen + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + +
Turbidity + + + 0 X + + + + + + + +
Attached Algae + + -i- - + + + +
Turtle Grass :E t
Plankton Algae + + -11- X + + + + + 4-
Toxic Residues + + -f- 0 + 0 + X + + + +- + 4- +
C)rganic Matter + + -f- - + + + + + + + 4- + + + + 4-
Small Fish Food X + + + + X + + +
Larvae X X X + X X - X X X
Shrimp, Mullet X X X )< - X X X
Sports Fish X X X - + X 4- +
Salt Water (salinity) + 0 0 + + 0 0 0
Circulation 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + + 0
Oxygen Variation (range) + + + 0 +
It is very difficult to represent the energy network diagram by the use of the matrix. The matrix
+ Stimulant is alineal tool and lends itself to describing only limited kinds of systems. The energy network
- Depressant
0 No Effect diagram however, if modeled on the analog computer identifies the interactions of all components of

t
X Further Study Needed a system, including secondary, tertiary, and indirec effects of the model

A plus, or Stimulant, to any system (or component) may not be a positive value to that system. Over
stimulation may have long term adverse affects to a system, suhsystew, or cause negatives elsewhere.

4. Identification of Values and Sensitivities meadows have the power of absorbing considerable nutrients as long as
the concentration is not so great that the planktonic turbidity algae take
The sensitivities of the systems can be read from the energy network over. The shallower beds are more resistant to the shading but less
diagrams (Figures 8, 9 , 11) as the points of intersection between one of resistant to the disturbance by boats, dredging, etc. The rich beds are
the causal actions of man and the inside features of the system. Many the nurseries for many species that when larger, occupy the deeper
of these interactions are multiplier actions, so indicated by the multiplier waters. Thus no kinds of toxins to animal life should be added. One of
symbol. The system is particularly sensitive when the coefficient for the the best ways to test the stress on the beds is to make a diversity count.
multiplier action is large such as a poison interacting with a fish popu- The general productivity may be estimated by oxygen measurements or
lation. Not only are the fish displaced, but the pathways in which the biomass of green stuff per square foot.
fish are multipliers are also changed by large factors. Ultimately, the
pathways of the diagrams were chosen from experience of observed Whereas considerable knowledge exists on the levels of energy flow in
situations of interaction. The diagrams are a shorthand way of summariz- the work of ecosystems in contributing to value, the model in Figure 16a
ing at a glance these experiences of the post along with our theories as suggests that the work done depends on the interactions with other sys-
to how and why the interactions developed. tems in the region. Thus, the metabolic energies considered alone may
be misleading, In general, the wetland systems have metabolic work
The sensitivities of the network are also represented in the tabular process rates of 30 to 70 kilocalories per square meter per day, whereas
matrix form (Figure 10) which has an intersection between forcing func- the drier systems with limiting factors such as water, holding the metab.
tions on the sides and the system components insidethe energy diagrams. olism down to 5 to 30 kilocalories/m2/day. These energies are as high
A serious short coming of the matrix, however, is its inability to illus- as those of residential districts but less than high energies of industrial
trate the true dynamic nature of the behaviors of a growing system. districts, heavily-traveled highways, and downtown business districts.
Since ener gy is continually flowing in all pathways and storages of the The capital energy values of the systems with big trees may be very
system, the matrix, at best, can only show primary interactions in a two high, derived from multiplying the rates by the age of the system required
dimensional array; and these interactions may or may not be of signifi- for replacement. In any particular case, the pathways of interaction may
cance to understanding the behaviour of the system. be calculated, although little of this has yet been done. Very high physi-
cal energies are involved in values of beaches, strong tidal channels,
Based on the energy analysis, the consideration of sensitive pathways and in river ecosystems.
and the magnitudes, it becomes possible to provide some guidelines for
retention of value while adding new uses where this is deemed more A map of existing metabolic values should be used with caution. It is not
valuable on an energy basis considering the stresses introduced. For a map that indicates values of developments or areas which will increase
example, consider the marine meadows: (Figures 9 , 10). in value If developed. 7-ones of high metabolic values need to be saved,
but these high value zones may also be the ones which have high ampli-
Since the main energy bases for these rich nursery waters are the moder- fier value with some development activities of man that do interfere with
ate currents plus sunlight, no action should cut off or divert the currents the system (to which they are relatively insensitive.)
or cause tur6idities that will shade out the productive bottoms. Dredging,
silting, adding wastes with high BOD that grow bacteria turbidity, or
heavy nutrient fertilization that adds algal shading, will damage this
system. Dredging or filling will alter this system, which requires a set
depth in relation to sun and waves. The system can probably take con-
siderable bout traffic, growing back the grosses eliminated by propellers.
There are many areas that could be made more fertile if waters were
shoaled back to their predredging levels, or if access to currents and
gentle wave motions could be restored or developed anew. These fertile

Figure 11. COMMERCIAL STRIP MODEL 49

_--Interest

Other
Site
Images

People

People
Vehicles Comm.
Structur

Energy Roads
Budget
Informati

Sun Traf f ic
Weather Water
Wind
.00,

Raw Green
Materials Space

Wastes
G
ods
o
Goods Services

5. Bibliography: Coastal Resource Subsystems

Lugo, A, Sneclaker, S,, Bayley, S_ Odum, H. T., Models for Planning and
Research for the South Florida Environment Study, August 1971.

McHarg, Ian, Design with Nature, Natural History Press, 1969.

Oclum, H. T , Copeland, B. J , McMahan, E. A., Coastal Ecological
Systems of the United States, report to the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Administration, 3 vols., 1969.

Oclum, H. T Environment, Power and Society, Wiley, 1969

Peterson, L et al, ''Towards a General Theory of Planning Design,''
Southwest Florida Planning Team, Department of Architecture, University
of Florida, in publication.

B. REGIONAL HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM of such paving on the natural recharge, and thereby on the salinity, of
1. The Hydrological Cycle and its Processes the coastal aquifers. Likewise, development or preservation will have
insignificant influence on the precipitation. This may be verified by the
Development of any coastal zono constitutes a manipulation of the most fact that the spatial variation of precipitation over the state of Florida
sensitive part of the total (global) hydrological cycle (Figure 12), namely, is less than 20%, and that this relatively small variation cannot be
the one that pertains to the direct exchange of fresh and saline water correlated with present development in the state.
between land, aquifers, and oceart. For this reason, and since the hydro-
system of any zone, coastal or inland, is of great, if not vital importance The data relating to the listed processes that must be known in order
to all life systems (including man's activities) in that zone, it is impor- to estimate the relative impact of development on the hydrosystem of the
tant that the hydrological system be defined and mapped, and its sensi- coastal zone may be categorized as follows:
tivities determined, when development of the coastal zone is proposed. A. Ground Water Salinity
For an in-depth discussion of the hydrological cycle and the hydrological
processes, the reader is referred to Butler (1), Eagleson (3), Linsley et B. Potentiometric Head
al. (6), Meinzer (7), and de Wiest (8, 9) in the bibliography.
C. Surface Runoff Coefficients
The system of water inflows, storages, and outflows may be represented
by five processes, each of which is an important route or storage of D. Floods
water. The processes and the quantitative information describing them
are listed as follows: E. Storm Tides

1. GROUND WATER RUNOFF These data are to be presented on five individual Maps Of the coastal
1.1 Quality (Salinity) zone that is being considered. These maps are shown in Figure 14 where
1.2 Quantity the method developed in this study is demonstrated on a ficititious coast-
a. Potentiometric Head al zone and in Figures 15a, b, c, d, and e for the coastal zone of Lee,
b. Aquifer Extension and Permeability DeSoto, and Charlotte counties. Maps of these counties are identified by
c. Surface Permeability and Slope prefix L, D, and C, respectively in the following Section 4, on transparent
2. SURFACE RUNOFF paper and placed on top of each other, after criteria for development of
2.1 Runoff Coefficients preservation have been drawn on each map. From the composite map it
2.2 Surface Water Divides will be possible to identify areas that should be preserved, conserved,
2.3 River Discharge or may be developed. Inasmuch as hydrological and geohydrological
2.4 Floods zones, i.e. areas with constantor nearly constant hydrological parameters,
3. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION usually are extensive, it is recommended that the method be applied on
the macroscale, i.e. when coastal areas of a substantial size, such as
4. PRECIPITATION are involved.

5. STORM TIDES 2. Sources of Data

In developing the five maps required for characterizing the hydrological
These hydrological processes may not all be of great importance in the system and its processes, data are needed which are often found in
planning stage. For instance, it may be expected that the influence of technical papers and reports of water management agencies of the state
increased evaporation due to pavedareas during rainstorms in the coastal or the federal government, industrial reports, county surveys, and univer-
zone may be neglected completely when it is compared to the influence sity studies. The sources of data relating to the five maps outlined

52 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

ATMOSPHERE

Evapotranspiration

TranspiraTio7nj Evapora Precipitation Evaporation

Continental
Bias here

CONTINENTS OCEANS

Surface Run-Off

altwater
@Intrusion
Infiltration Spri ngs

Groundwater
Run-Off

above, and used in the evaluation of the coastal zones of Charlotte, Lee, a. In areas where the potentiometric heac
and DeSoto Counties are as follows: developments that include pumping of
Map A -Ground Water Salinity: U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Division discouraged in order to avoid excessive
of Geology Reports. aquifer(s). Exceptions are as given in 1.
Map B - Fotentiometric Head: U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Division b. A low value of the runoff coefficient is
of Geology Reports. natural groundwater recharge area. De
Map C -Surface Runoff: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Aerial Photo- paving should be prevented in such or
graphs; U.S. Soil Conservation Service; U.S. Geological Survey, will stop the natural recharge of the grou
Florida Division of Geology Reports. ments involving roofing and paving are c
Map D - Floods: U.S. Geological Survey, Ocala, Florida; U.S. Soil sary in these areas, they should be loco
Conservation Service, Gainesville, Florida. distance from any water course on the
Map E - Storm Tides: Corps of Engineers Report, U.S. Army: "Flood storm water draining directly into a body
Plain Information, Charlotte and North Lee Counties", Florida never return to the groundwater or anot
May 1968. forcing the storm water to flow the lo
permeable land at least partial aquifer re
3. General Criteria for Evaluating Harm to the Hydrological System The runoff coefficient, which to a la
permeability of the surface deposits, th
For each of the processes of the hydrological system, criteria for evalua- of existing pavement and housing, and t
tion of possible harm due to development actions by man may be listed is used in this study as a measure for p
as follows: recharge.
1. Ground water runoff 2. Surface runoff
1.1 Quality
a. No development with pumping for water supply or drainage should 2.1 Floods
be permitted in regions with relatively high salinity of the ground- Areas that are exposed to frequent flo
water, since such development will further increase the saltwater should not be developed. Chemical-i
intrusion in the aquifer substantially. In other words, lowering of the especially be barred from such areas,
potentiometric head should be avoided in such regions. Exceptions facility in most cases will result in se
are cases where saltwater intrusion is prevented by establishment and coastal waters. Also, nuclear and
of a fresh water "barrier" of high potentiometric heads between the should 6e6arred from these areas unless
ocean and the site where drainage of the aquifer takes place. Such a contamination of the environment are tak
"barrier" may be created by a series of recharge wells.
b. Aquifer recharge with waste water (in some cases not even after 3. Evapotranspiration
tertiary treatment) should not be allowed in aquifers with high per- This parameter is probably of minor i
meability. An analysis should always be made of the seepage time making in the development of the coastal
from the recharge area to the nearest or most exposed water supply
well. 4. Precipitation
c. Developments using septic tanks should be avoided in regions with This parameter is of minor direct import
a coarse top soil connected to an aquifer or a water course, to course, of great indirect importance thro
avoid contamination of otherwise potable groundwater or surface mentioned previously.
water. Such developments should also he avoided in regions that are
subject to flooding due to rainstorms or storm tides from the ocean. 5. Storm tides
1.2 Quantity Development, especially of chemical-indu

should be avoided in areas subject to frequent flooding from the If the proposed development does not interfere with the natural
ocean due to hurricanes, storms and tides, for the same reasons groundwater lable(s), this map may be omitted,
that development should be excluded from areas that are exposed to Map C: Surface Runoff Coefficients (Figures 14 and 15c) Contours of
frequent fresh water flooding. constant runoff coefficients should be drawn for values of
0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. Since the runoff coefficient is a function
4. Map preparation and mop criteria of the permeability of the topsoil, the percentage of pavement
of the considered land, and the slope of the terrain, the pre.
The five maps needed for the final evaluation of a coastal zone as for paration of this mop will require three other maps showing the
as the hydrosystern is concerned are prepared as outlined inthe following. distribution of:
The recommended values of the five mapped parameters that define areas a- permeability of the topsoil (Mop Cl) (Figure 15cl).
where precautions should be taken are, of course, subject to change in b. percentage of pavement (Mop C2) (Figure 15c2),
individual cases, depending on the degree of conservation and/or pre- c, slope of terrain (Map C3) (Figure 15c3),
servation that is desired, The final surfac@ runoff mop is prepared by use of these three
maps and Figure 13, which shows how the runoff coefficient
The maps are all prepared at the some scale on transparent material depends on the aforementioned parameters and the rain intensity,
(mylor for example), On each map, the region in which there is some Since the accuracy of Figure 13 exceeds the requirements of
potential for harm due to development should be uniformly colored with a the present study, it is proposed that the fairly slight influence
translucent dye(grey), which must hove the somedensity on all five maps, of the rain intensity be neglected, and that the four bonds
shown in the figure be represented by the circled values 0.2,
Each map will show one of the following: 0.4, 0.6,ond 0.8 respectively, Aerial photos may serve as an
Map A: Ground Water Salinity (Figures 14 and 15o)Contours of constant aid in the preparation of Mop C, Howe (5), In some cases the
chloride content should be drawn for instance, for values of 50, evaluation of the runoff coefficients may require the services
100, 250, and 500 ppm (parts per million), The region including, of an engineer specializing in the fields of hydraulics and
say 250 ppm and higher values of the salinity should be colored. hydrology.
This is the region where most developments may be of harm. In The region including, for example, coefficient 0.2 and lower,
cases where developments not incorporating artificial lowering should be colored, This may be considered as a potential
of the groundwater table are considered, and when the water groundwater recharge region.
supply is piped in from outside the coastal zone, Map A may Mop D: Floods (Figures 14 and 156) The boundaries of floods due to
be omitted. rain storms in the drainage area of any watercourse entering
Mop B*. Potentiometric Head (Figures 14 and 15b) Contours of 1, 5, and the coastal zone corresponding to 10, 25, and 50 years frequency
10 feet of potentiometric head should be drawn. The critical of occurence should be drawn. In cases where this information
region is the one including, for instance, 5 feet and less, This is not directly available (based on observations), the prepara.
region should be colored, However, the limiting value of the tion of Map D may require a complete flood routing analysis
potentiometric head must depend on the type of development, of the watercourse as described by Chow (2) and Henderson
In cases where heavy pumping of the ground water resources is (4). It is recommended that such an analysis be carried out by
involved, the suggested 5 feet limit may not be sufficient, but a hydraulic engineer. The analysis will require runoff data
values in excess of 20 feet may be proposed, This is in part from, in most cases, large areas outside the coastal zone,
due to thehigh sensitivity of thelocation of the soltwater/fresh. showing the substantial influence inland areas have on the
water interface to drawdowns of the groundwater table, A one coastal zone.
foot drawdown of the groundwater table may in many cases The region flooded, for instance, by a 10 year storm, should be
result in a forty feet rise of the saltwater/freshwater interface. co I a red.
The adverse consequences of such a rise seem to be obvious.

In cases where the region is so flat that well-defined contours FIGURE 13 EVALUATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS
corresponding to the aforementioned flood frequencies cannot
be established, it may be recommended to let Map D be re-
presented by a completely grey area in the final analysis. This
has been done in the case of the coastal zone of Lee, Charlotte,
and DeSoto Counties.

Map E: Storm Tides (Figures 14 and 15e)
The boundaries of floods from the ocean due to storms and tides
having statistical frequencies of occurrence of 10, 25, and 50
years should be drawn. The regional flood by, for instance, a 1.0
10 year storm tide should be colored.

5. Overlaying Maps 0..

When the five maps are placed on top of each other, various regions can
be noted where two or more colored areas overlap. The more overlapping, 0, 0.6
C
the more susceptible to harm is the region. There are two approaches to =1
weighing the degree of harm. The first is to manually count the number
0
of overlaps and apply the following scale: -C 0.4
LU

4-
NUMBER OF COLORED OVERLAYS CLASS

0
0 (clear) A-development 0.2
I - 4 B - conservation (development
with environmental safe-
guards permitted) 0
5 C -preservation 0 2 4 6 8
average rainfall intensity 6/hr.
The second approach is to illuminate the composite maps with a uniform EM bond I -steep, barren, impervious surfaces
light source from behind and survey the resultant light flux passing band 2- rolling barren in upper band values
EM flat barren in lower part of band
through the overlays with a photo cell, In this case, the degree of harm steep forested & steep gross meadows
is inversely proportional to the amount of light passed through the com-
posite, and can be appropriately scaled. pq band 3- timber lands of moderate to steep
slopes, moutainous, farming
Figure 14 demonstrates the weighing scale outlined above, The region
shown in the figure is fictitious and for illustration only. This method is MM band4- flat pervious surf aces, flat farmlands,
applied on the coastal zone of DeSoto, Lee, and Charlotte counties as wooded areas and meadows
shown on the maps of Atlas Appendix 11 (and in Section VII, MAP
APPENDIX, in a reduced size). The reduced maps of Lee County from
this Atlas are shown in Figures 15a through 15f.

56 FIGURE 14 MAPS AND OVERLAYING MAPS

.-XXXXXXXXXXV:

7@1
99

13,

Map A Map B Map C Map D
GROUNDWATER SALINITY POTENTIOMETRIC HEAD SURFACE RUN-OFF COEFF. FLOODS

L_j 0 OVERLAY
El I OVERLAY

D
[CONSERVE
2 OVERLAYS

3 OVERLAYS
........ . .
04 OVERLAYS
4A)
Map E COMPOSITE MAP 5 OVERLAYS jPRE3ERVE
STORM TIDES

FIGURE 15a: GROUNDWATER SALINITY 57

-'MM =0-

Nal,

WAR
'nu

. . . . . . . . . .

i'm

T2,
@Z

]DECEbumn 31,
SOXYT14WES-r 3FX-0]RX13A3PEAT4r4lr4G x1ofM70
3[)EPAIR-rMEWT OFAIRCIRITECTURE, CROXMM WATEH SAXMqXTV im 12 E::-@-
0 I.L
IUMIVERS17Y 01F FI-OrtIDA SCAIM: Jr. "@ W;l, rl
. . ..... . . ...

58 FIGURE 15b: POTENTIOMETRIC HEAD

V,.V.
pi", Rat&

Nor"t COUNTY
Gulf
Z,@ -N; i
Of
m
ic
ex 0

AIR.CfflTJPi@CTTJRR POTEZ4710MISTIUC *JUAD@ nortl,
oF FLOUIDA
. . . ..........

FIGURE 15c: SURFACE RUNOFF 59

gNp
N%,

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war

'-W

54P

N"
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A
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.X
]DEPAnTMEM-r OV AIRCHITECTUIRE SUILFACH 3ELIUIqOPF COZFFXC13ECr4T
UXIVERSITY OP ]PEOIRIDA imor*U 0
SCAL3E:t I

60 FIGURE 15cl: PERMEABILITY OF THE TOP SOIL

-- -- ---------

-4.

41.

Ook-

Im
J@

A4o

kv,

d
f4
4

A
-6 i:, @-:

........ -----

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FIGURE 15c2: PERCENTAGE OF PAVEMENT 61

de,

@17 ..0

Gulf
Of
p"Xico

------------

FT@ORMA3PEA nl;c@@ 31,
]DIEPAIRTmEww 03FAJFtCH17ECTUHE:
.u. a PAVEDANZA ilortu FDS2,29. NZ
MIVERSITY 03F ]F3LOR113A SCAJ.X: L

62 FIGURE 15c3: SLOPE OF TERRAIN

_@^nLOTTV [email protected]
ic

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00,;
vo
0

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SOUTIR WEST 3ErX-03RID,[email protected];TEAr,4
IDEPAIRTMEXT OF ARCHITECTURE 63LO3PR OF TZRRA124
north
UIqlVERS31TY 0Xr ]FILORMA

FIGURE 15d: FLOODS
This map is not needed in the present example. It is to be represented
by a completely grey area.

1XI

14,

100
lip
Al
C

-oxico

,40
gt
zz,z,2,@

kl: . . . . . . .
'Ar'.
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FIGURE 15f: HYDROLOGICAL COMPOSITE MAP 65

2@
UWE;
5 5

kv@

R@
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im
Po

gm;,,

3
... . ......I
"AN,
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uu

.. . ........
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tt
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.... .. .

.. ........ -----------

03FAIRcHITECTURE Cop4poslTz nowfti
UNIVEELSITY OF F3LORXX)A

. . . .....

6. Bi6liography: Hydrological System

1) Butler, Stanley S., Engineering Hydrology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1957.

2) Chow, Ven T., Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, New York,
1959,

3) Eagleson, Peter S., Dynamic Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.

4) Henderson, F. M. Open Channel Flow. McMillan Co., New York, 1966.

5) Howe, R. H. L., The Application of Aerial Photographic Interpretation
to the Investigation of Hydrological Problems, Photogrammatric
Eng., Vol. 26, No. 1, March 1960,

6) Linsley, R. K., Kohler,M. A. and Paulhus, J. L. P.,Applied Hydrology,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1949.

7) Meinzer, 0. E., (editor), Hydrology Physics of the Earth, IX, Dover
Publications Inc., New York, 1942.

8) De Wiest, Roger, J. M., Geohydrology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, 1965.

9) De Wiest, Roger, J. M., Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, I.nc., New
York, 1967.

C, OVERALL INTERDEPENDENCE AND REGIONAL PLANNING the energy inputs from the left. If these are stressed or eliminated, the
right hand system has to do more money costing.
1. Energetic Bases of Values for Planning
Natural inputs necessary to maximize the regional values are decreased
In Figure 16a, is an energy diagram that shows the bases of societal when land is transferred from the natural sector to the developed sector
value including those accompanied by money transactions and the great B, or when developments begin to stress (drain energies) from the natural
majority which are not. The following discussion explains the several sector as at S. The money costing increasing substitution at technology
flows of this diagram that require consideration in land decisions to (T) for natural life support actions at L are negative characteristics that
maximize regional, state, and national values. are competitive only when the outside energies are in ample supply
during a period of expanding economics, When there is shortage in the
The overall criterion for value may be the long range stability and sur- supply of P the best overall system clearly has a balance of distribution
vival of the whole nature/man system, and a decision about land manage- of land in the two systems using both W and A. If either A or B is elimi-
ment may be a good one that fosters a mosaic of patterns and interactions nated the combined system is less valuablc.
of man and nature that has survival ability, The structures of the region
and the flows of work are derived from two types of causal sources, At this time unfortunately the optimum ratios between land areas in
those of the natural inputs of sun, wind, waves, geological phenomena, various natural (not subsidized by man) and unnatural (subsidized by
etc. on the left, and those of special development by man deriving ener- man) use are not known. Yet available knowledge clearly indicates that
gies from outside power of fuels, electricity, immigrations, manufactured conventional ratios are highly undesirable.
goods, etc. (these latter often called economic development) on the right
in Figure 16a. In our opinion the State would assume an unwarranted and dangerous risk
The whole regional system's ability to survive and stabilize under com- if it were to permit land use patterns to develop which do not afford a
petitions of alternative subsystems probably maximizes when the total positive interrelationship between all parts of the regional system, It is
energies are maximized into system- stabil i zing services and structures, our judgement that the State should foster a land use pattern in which
man-subsidi zed areas (urban, suburban, andintensive agriculture) occupies
Clearly this occurs when the energies of the natural sector are combined less than half of the land, square mile by square mile; the other portion
with those of the outside support andespecially when the two areblencled should be in unsubsidized state (natural or in very low intensity use by
to yield additional interactive flows in which one serves to release the man; areas which hove their own self-maintaining ecosystems generating
other's latent potentials into the service of the overall system. There is natural values).
then balance and inter-designing of the two, which contribute to survival
and stability- Also included in Figure 16a is the stress of the natural systems on the
man-developed components at F such as hurricane tides and floods.
Whereas, it is possible to develop an area with a man-derived (fossil Maximization of total regional value requires that developments be
fuelbased) system and to maintain it almost exclusively with outside guided so that they not only do not stress the natural systems, but also
power inflows, such a system does not generate as much service per do not allow the natural systems to stress the man made systems.
unit of scarce fossil fuel as one also employing nature's original ener-
gies- If and as man's fossil energies become more and more scarce, In addition to local values in each land use there is the special value of
exclusively fossil fueled systems may lose their ability to compete interactive values that emerge when there are several systems in close
economically with systems that are better designed in a mosaic to use proximity. Interactions increase as the square of the number of subsys-
both kinds of energies. tems adjacent to interact. If, as we believe, the interactions are positive
in generating survival value, interactions values are maximized where
Whereas, money transactions occur only in the right hand part of the there is an intricate mosaic with high diversity of components including
system the economic vitality of that part of the system thus depends on the man made and natural ones. Examples of such interactions are tour-

68 FIGURE 16a: REGIONAL ENERGY NETWORK DIAGRAM I

A B
T- Land R
Lon
E D
Div.

H N, V3 V2 V4
V

Nature Local l5evelopment Regional
Values Values

Model of main kinds of energy flows developing or detracting from value including natural values (VI), local
development values (V2), local interactive value M), 1. Sunlight, weather and natural inputs. W, Natural climatic
energy drives including water; A, Natural lands; E, natural systems; B, Developed lands; DIV, Diversity of
mosaic of subsystem areas; P, outside energy inputs based on outside power; R, Pressure of outside regional
users; F, stress on developments by natural energies such as floods; S, stress on natural systems by developments;
M, land and power management policies determining the partition of natural and developed lands; V3, values emerging
from interactions of local subsystems; T, technology for substitution of natural areas when L is small due to diminishing
system E; C, recycled wastes (W).

<D
CD

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ism, high quality of residential life buffer actions of life support, the 2. Regional Model of Sensitivities -Principles
favorable fertilization of weak eutrophications of the sea and utilizations
of the sea by the land systems. Thus, in Figure 16a, the interactive Whereas the model in Figure 16a gives some principles of maximizing
components of value are indicated by V3. value for any land area including its regional value interactions, a more
detailed model of subsystem interactions is needed to indentify the
If there is a subsystem that is becoming very scarce in a region, its direct and indirect actions that follow from changes in water, land use,
value for use and interaction by the others becomes much increased. and economic developments. Such a diagram for the subsystems of water
Examples are the increased values of beach access as existing beaches and land is given in Figure 16. Both Figures 16oand 16b are only qualita-
become prompted or polluted. Each classof a natural subsystem achieves tive guides at th 'is stage helping the decision maker to understand the
very high values as it becomes scarce since it is a genetic resevoir, a kinds of changes that may follow elsewhere in the complex system from
recreational focus, and a seeding basis for system use in the future. The changes at a local place. In time, as numerical evaluations are made on
value that a subsystem has when in short supply extends for beyond specific examples, coefficients will be placed on the flows and multi-
local situations. Thus, cypress swamps which were relatively unusual in pliers so that quantitative predictions are also shown on the diagrams.
Florida now have high values as multipliers for beyond their local con- Thus, these regional models are impact statements which are qualitative
siderations because they are scarce on a larger scale. now and may become quantitative later. Ultimately, evaluated models
can give simulations to show the kinds of time trends to be expected
In Figure 16bi the action of land management agencies is shown at J from trends or proposed actions affecting the forcing functions or internal
controlling the partition of land between A and B and providing energy structure of pathway relationships. At the present stage of the regional
controlling subsidies to the natural systems at K. In the post the total model, it may be used to answer the questionwhat kinds of repercussions
money involvement at L has been the conventional criterion whereas the does the proposed action cause in other parts of the system.
preceding discussion suggests the correct criterion is the sum of total
self serving work, V, in ratio to P. Any actions that increase S, F, T, 3. Summary of Findings
unnecessarily will decrease the above ratio. In other words the criterion
for land management is proposed to be the maximization of the flows of The following tabulation and map (Figure 17) summarizes our findings.
self-serving energies calculated in units of calorie equivalents such as They are based on the hydrological findings reported above coupled with
food and fuel. our ecological observations. The ecological considerations are the
result of evaluations using the criteria set forth above on the basis of
In considering different areas, some natural systems have higher energy currently existing knowledge. For each subsystem the controlling criteria
flows than others and thus may be contributing more to the system of the are given as reasons in the tabulation.
whole. These systems can take a higher percent of interaction with man
before they are stressed, but if eliminated by overuse by man, the value The terms "preserve" and "preservation" are used in the sense defined
loss is the greater. Examples are beaches, and coastlines. In some areas by the Coastal Coordinating Council: ''ZONING CATEGORY: PRESERVA-
the natural energies are small as in the very dry areas, the systems being TION. No development permitted except in cases of overriding public
water limited from full flow of natural metabolism. Low energy systems interest as determined by the Florida Cabinet and/or the Legislature.
are easily trampled by man and there is the tendency to regard them as The subcategories included are those physical features which are essen-
low value. On a regional basis, however, they have high values in the tial to preserve the ecological balance, especially of marine life, and
water system for aquifer recharge and as they become scarce, have a protect the physical integrity of the coastal zone, thereby enhancing the
high value in the wildlife and recreational usages. The some difficulties amenities, aesthetics and quality of life for residents and tourists. Pre-
with drying make the costs of their use in such systems as housing high, servation zoning is deemed to be of statewide significance and therefore,
requiring irrigation and land management by man from regional supplies. a state-level responsibility."
Development of such lands changes their role from a plus to a negative
on the water system. The terms "conserve" and "conservation" are used to indicate that an

RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING PROTECTION FROM INTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE
COASTAL ZONE OF LEE COUNTY ACCORDING TO A REAL EXISTING SUBSYSTEM

Symbol Name of System Recommendations Main Reasons

M/1 Marshes Preserve all; reconstitute those lost a-f

M/2 Shelf Waters No development possible 9

M/3 Marine Meadows and Nursery Allow no development h, i, b,
c, q
M/4 Oligohaline System Reduce pollution and conserve. Consider changing water regimes to more steady
pattern or couple fish harvest to existing sharp pulse of salinities

M/5 Medium Salinity Plankton Leave alone, don't dredge g, k
System

M/6 Tidal Channels Leave alone, don't jetty g, k

M/7 Sewage Waste Zones Keep dilute, sanitary, and filtered through land systems first m

M/8 Intertidal Beach Don't develop, allow room for accretions and recessions; a I low no rock n
constructions; remove existing ones

Above Tide Beach Don't develop, keep vehicles off n, a, d,
el f, g

REASONS:

a. coastal protection; b. nursery function; c. waste amelioration; d. shore protection; e. coastline panorama; f. regional diversity value; 9. too expensive to protect
developments; h. nursery important to other systems; i. high existing productivities; j. existing regime erratic flushing of freshwiters alternating with saline condi.
tions; k. maintain self-generating current and wave equilibria on sediments and organisms; 1. health values; m. excess fertility produces instability and detrimental
values of low oxygen; n. regional beach values depend on continual steady pattern of beach maintenance by currents and transport; a. self-maintaining vegetation is
delicate; p. beach dune fresh waters serve to protect salt water intrusion and normal beach slope equilibria maintain sea front protection; q. recreation and fishing;
r. recharge needed without paving; s. dry soils if developed, require excessive irrigation to use; t. wildlife and diversity; u, regional water storage; v. scarce region-
ally; w. diverse land production values; x. buffer all developments

Symbol Name of System Recommendations Main Reasons

T/I Mangroves Preserve all; reconstitute those lost a, b, c I d,
e If ,g, h,

T/2 Sc rub Preserve the bonds along coast, preserve at least half of 01 d, e, p,
larger inland areas r, S,

T/3 Dune Transition Preserve at least half, if any development is permitted do a, d, e, p,
not disturb vegetation r, S,

T/4 Hydric Hardwood and Preserve all of these wetlands C, f, 91 U,
Hammock t

T/5 Cypress Domes and Strands Preserve all C, f, g, U,
t,v

T/6 Pinelands Preserve, square mile by square mile, at least 50% of land S, t, X, C,
in natural state (not subsidized self maintaining) condition.1 f,t
Any developments to be conditioned on hydrological considera-
tions as shown on map in figure 17.

A/1 Posturelands and Citrus Provide, square mile by square mile, at least 50% of land in f, W, X, c
and natural (not subsidized, self-maintaining) condition.1 Areas
A/2 Flowers and Truck farms with high concentration of pesticide runoff requires special
study, Any developments to be conditioned on hydrological
considerations as shown on map in Figure 17.

H, C, Urban and Housing Areas Provide, square mile by square mile, at least 50% of land C, f, il t,
& R in natural (not subsidized, self-maintaining) condition.1 U, W, x

D Bare and Scraped Areas Don't leave bare; provide, square mile by square mile, at least i, cl f, W,
50% of land in natural (not subsidized, self maintaining) x
condition.1 Any developments to be conditioned on hydrological
considerations as shown on map in Figure 17.

Note: We also suggest that additional natural zones be established regionally of sufficient size to providefor the perpetual survival of a full spectrum of all
species of wildlife. Additional research is required to identify such areas.

I Certain low intensity agricultural activities, which are low in subsidy or runoff, after appropriate study and with appropriate safeguards may prove able to perform as natural

a reas.

FIGURE 17: TENTATIVE REGIONAL EVALUATION 73
MAP OF LEE COUNTY

777-,

2:- 77t7@:

f4 "M SVC, p
Nk
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in tl--k@
41,
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3C)RIPARTMEWT OF AXW31UTECTUNUM
TjZqXV3EC3EtSXTY OF F1.03EtXDA

area is not suitable for conventional intensive development and that a) Exclude certain uses from coastal locations
after thorough study it may prove possible to admit limited developments These would be uses which do not require coastal locations. Emphasis
designed with strong environmental safe guards. should be placed on those that are especially destructive of the
environment and those incompatible with major appropriate uses. Ex-
4. Suggestions for Planning and Protection Measures amples of such uses are: certain industrial and agricultural uses and
certain types of urban developments. Such uses would constitute mis-
It is now well established that all the Earth's land/water areas must be use of a land resource in short supply. Further study is required to
subject to communal concern and require vario 'us measures of communal identify such uses and developments.
protection from uses which would be detrimental to the communal good. b) Exclude uses from areas unsuitable for such uses
The State of Florida, through the Coastal Coordinating Council, has a For example, urban/suburban developments should not take place in
large portion of the responsibility for instituting appropriate protection of areas subjected to flooding, in areas with poor drainage, or in areas
Florida's coastal zone. As a State Agency, the CCC must of course with poor water supply. Areas which are exposed to river flooding or
represent the State's immediate interests, but it cannot neglect the larger hurricane storm flooding need to be protected from developments so
interests of the Notion and the World. that there are not economic losses from high maintenance and replace@
ment costs as well as loss of portective services of the natural
Florida's coastal zone is in particularly urgent need of protection for ecosystems adopted to the special energies. Beaches, swamps, and
the following reasons 1) Developmental pressure in the coastal zone is stream margins are examples. Such areas are identified on maps in
steadily increasing. 2) Developments in the coastal zone tend to be Atlas Appendix I and 11 to this study and in Section VII, Map Appendix,
predesigned (planned) by a developer and thus are not self-designing. Another example is areas with poor soil bearing capacity. Areas with
Shortcomings in their design are at first latent and not experienced bythe such limitations may be appropriate for other uses according to the
developer who divests himself of the property, but will be experienced principles set forth below.
with unusual rigor by the inhabitants as the developments are con- c) Preserve andlor conserve areas having particular value in existing
summated. 3) The natural ecosystems and the hydro-systems of the state
coastal zone, by virtue of their indispensi6le role in the worldecosystem, This category would include those areas found at the high value end
are highly valuable to man. 4) These systems are relatively easily of the value spectrum in our tentative table of value forthe subsystems,
destroyed by conventional developments. calculated from energies, shown in Figure 11. The locations of the
subsystems are shown on maps I - 12 inAtlas Appendix 1, and reduced
From whatever viewpoint, the State, the Notion, or the World, environ- in Section Vil, Map Appendix. Other areas of important value in their
mental coastal measures needed to be based on knowledge of the societal existing state are areas of critical function in the hydrological sys.
values of future environmental alternatives not yet available. Short of tems, as identified by the hydrological maps in this study.
such knowledge, our suggestions for planning and protection are based
on the research performed in this project and our various previous ex- Some areas are important parts of the regional water system. Some of the
perience. They represent only certain viewpoints and do not purport to sandy uplands serve as recharge and if developed cause runoffs or
constitute a complete set of appropriate control principles. require irrigation for vegetation, both effects detrimental to the water
system. Sandy dune areas along the coast maintain local water storages
First, let us submit that the so-called coastal zone, although a useful and block salt-water intrusions provide storm wave and flood protections.
concept in certain respects, is arbitrarily delimited from ecological and Freshwater swamps provide w-ater storage and time delays preventing
hydrological view points. Both the ecological and hydrological systems floods and water loss to the sea. For each foot of above sea level water
transcend its boundaries and need to be considered as wholes. It is table rhaintained there is 40 feet of freshwater lens maintained in the
entirely possible to have coastal zone control measures rendered futile rocks below keeping out salt water intrusions from below.
by inappropriate developments inland.
A subsystem which is rare in the region, a remnant, is a 'Contributor to

the regional diversity, to gene pools, to repopulations, to recreation, to We believe that substantial contiguous areas should be retained in
aesthetic enjoyment, and to historic values, and merits preservation. natural state whether or not they are ''suitable for developments.'' These
Examples are cypress remnants, coastline panorama subsystems, and should be of sufficient size to provide for the perpetual survival of a
reef s. full spectrum of all wildlife. Such areas may also be used for wild area
recreation. Additional research-planning is required to identify such
A natural subsystem area merits preservation if it contributes to the areas.
diversity of system types available in the radius of an individual move-
ment as in a residential district. These systems have special value if Protection/conservation areas may be used cautiously. Beaches may be
they buffer, insulate, and diversify urban developments, absorbing storm used for swimming, and coastal waters for fishing, but protection/con-
runoffs, do recharging, support wildlife, etc. This category of areas of servation areas should also be protected from damaging recreational
high value in existing state also includes areas of aesthetic value in facility development and use such as excessive boating, which can
their present state. Panorama of ecosystems is essential to the tourism disturb the bottom plant life and destroy a marine nursery meadow. Each
and residential activities. It is most difficult to identify such areas with subsystem has its own tolerance to various recreational activities, as
reasonable objectivity. At this stage we would propose that areas strong- can be seen from the energy diagrams and matrices.
ly associated with waters designated for any recreational use should be
considered. They could be unequivocably identified as being within a It appears that most protection/conservation areas, together with buffers
certain distance, such as 1000', from the high tide water line, or an and scenic easements tend to have their focus in water areas and to
appropriately longer distance from the center line of certain streams. extend fingers inland for extended interface with other areas-
Such a principle could be combined with a principle that areas within
view of a normal sized pedestrian standing at the water's edge should d) Restrain necessary but destructive developments
be preserved in their natural state. Necessary developments (together with their environmental impact
zones), which by necessity are highly destructive of the environment
In discriminating between areas of different warrant for this kind of into which they are introduced, should preferra6le be located in areas
protection, one finds reasons for the most strenuous immediate efforts in where they will result in the least net loss of value.
areas still least disturbed by man, richest in wildlife, and suitable for
the quietest forms of recreation. It is important that the impact on both the site itself and on surround-
ing areas be considered. The structure of such developments should
Other candidate areas for preservation measures are those which, by be designed so as not to destroy the hydrological and ecological
virtue of their location, have particular value for the people of the region, processes in their vicinity. Such designs would include ample buffer
These should be identified in conjunction with planning for the region in zones.
accordance with the principles set forth below. It should be noted that
miany people and economic activities that were attracted by the presence Only careful and thorough modelling and analog simulation can assess
of open land in more or less natural state would suffer from disappear- the impact of these high energy developments on the neighboring
ance of open space through their own uninhibited expansion. subsystems.

It is most important that any attempt thus to preserve certain areas in- Examples of development in this category are airports, disposal
clude appropriate restraints on the surrounding areas. Some areas need facilities, power plants, and high density urban clusters. Highways and
protection from developments that might provide stress and change on harbors should also be subject to this principle.
other adjacent systems. By means of energy diagrams and hydrological e) Seek compatible, natural and man-made system combinations
mapping, the interdependence between various areas may be understood, Where other developments and uses of various kinds are envisaged,
so that appropriate controls may be formulated. (Please refer to the compatible combinations between natural and man-made systems
preceeding Section.) should be pursued.

In certain situations this is a matter of separating incompatible sub- In any combination of man subsidized (urban, suburban, and intensive
systems. In others a one-sided or mutual positive relationship may be agriculture) and unsubidized (natural or in very light use by man)
achieved. systems we recommend that the former be required to constitute less
than half of the land, square mile by square mile. Such a mix use
Two different techniques may be employed to this effect: intermixing, affords reciprocal benefits for both kinds of systems.
in which case the man-made and natural systems will coexist acre by
acre; and juxtopositioning, in which the man-made and natural systems 6. All developments and uses allowed should be restrained both during
occur essentially separately on relatively large areas. These two and after construction so that their impact on the natural environment
techniques may be used in combination. is kept within tolerable limits.

The following principles are suggested to permit man-made systems to These limits vary, depending on the ecological and hydrological charac.
be intermixed with natural systems without causing destruction of the teristics of the areas. Ecological energy diagrams and hydrological maps
latter: furinsh guidance in respect to required restraints. Most important would
1) The denisty of the energy flow of the man-made system should not be limits on extraction of water, discharge of sewage, and disturbance of
exceed the density of the energy flow of the natural system. the storm drainage system. The latter involves both flooding and aquifer
2) The natural systems should be disturbed as little as possible; as recharge.
much of existing vegetation as possible should be retained; the
land should be left as natural as possible. 6. Suggestions for Additional Research
3) Some of each subsystem should be retained to protect the value of
the complexity of the entire system and to permit reseeding of General:
vacant areas. This means that ecosystems which are rare or are
becoming relatively scarce require protection. 1. Develop energy diagrams for all resource subsystems figuring in
4) Those ecosubsystems which require a long time for reconstitution Florida, and introduce field verified measurements of significant
should be subject to particular protection. The structure of the energy flows.
man-made systems should be so designed as not to interfere with
the processes of the hydrological and energetic natural systems. 2. Refine the regional resource model and introduce field verified mea-
sures of various flows. This work entails work with both the ecological
If the man-made systems are to be juxtaposed with natural systems and hydrological (see below)aspects including separate and integrated
without destruction of the latter, the following principles should be mathematical and physical modeling.
employed:
1) A pattern of development must be sought which retains the integ- 3. Refine criteria for planning-management decisions in respect to what
rity of the regional eco- and hydro-systems and leaves some of alterations the regional system could tolerate. Such research could
each natural subsystem. satisfy some of the state's critical planning-management needs as
2) The density of the energy flow from the man-made systems adjacent they emerge on the basis of currently pending state land use legisla.
to the natural system should be kept under the density of the tion.
energy flow of the natural system. Where this is not possible, a
buffer zone should be provided in which the energy flow is dis. 4. Evaluate wholistically a spectrum of representative samples of poten-
sipated. tial regional use patterns projected into the future. Knowledge derived
3) Areas of particular value in their natural state and subsystems from such research would constitute the best possible basis for state
with long reconstitution time should be protected. planning-management decisions.
4) The man-made systems should tend to occupy lower value areas
and thehigher value naturalareas shouldbe appropriately protected. Hydrological:

Future research oriented towards the refinement of the methodology from the USCGS navigation charts.
which is developed for evaluation of the relationship between hydro-
system and development in the present report is highly desirable and Step three: Obtain recent aerial photographic coverage of your area from
should be oriented towards a better understanding and control of this the U.S. Department of Agriculture Ashevii1e,N,C, (scale 1''
relationship. This goal may be achieved through establishment of models 2000') It is important to have these at some scale as USGS
of the aquifers in the coastal zone upon which the constrains of planned maps,
developments may be imposed and the effects studied directly, Such
models may be either numerical models for digital computer simulation or Step four: Trim and mount each section of the aerial photos and code for
actual physical models of the Hele@Shaw type which have been used easy identification in the field.
successfully in a recent study of the Long Island Aquifer System., A
proposal for development of such a model for Florida conditions has Step five: Affix to each aerial photo an overlay of clear acetate. Delin-
been submitted recently by the writer to the Florida Water Resources eate boundaries between each subsystem of the natural and
Research Center, agricultural ecosystems including only those areas greater
than 500' radius.
Ecological: Step six: Identifying subsystem types:
a) Marine: Major marine subsystems can be easily identified
The following blank tabulation indicates how emerging data relative to from aerial photographs, viz., channels, marsh.es, beaches,
the ecological aspects may be summarized for convenient use in legisla- shallow nurseries, etc, Differentiation of open water and
tion, planning, and management. estuarine subsystems requires additional data on water
depth, from the USCGS maps, and salinity, from U. S. Fish
D. STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AND EVALUAT. and Wildlife Service Bulletins, Man modified marine sub-
ING RESOURCE SUBSYSTEMS AND THE HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM systems are difficult to identify because data indicating
the locations and amounts of disturbances is not easily
This section contains directions in detailed steps, Also, how a regional available, Reports and studies of specific locations and/or
planning office, for example, would classify subsystems, map them, have types ofdisturbances mustbelocated for each coastal zone.
evaluations made, and illustrate the evaluations, Sources of information Correlate this information with the descriptions of marine
for maps, photographs, subsystems cl@scriptions, existing diagrams, etc,, subsystems found in Florida located in this report: section
are noted in these steps. IV, A, 1,c. Figure 19 shows those marine subsystems found
in Florida,
COASTAL RESOURCE SUBSYSTEMS 6) Terreserial subsystems:
Identify those subsystems delineated on the aerial photo.
STAGE ONE: IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING SUBSYSTEMS graphs and verify by data obtained in the field@ Descriptions
of terresterial ecosystems in the coastal zone may be
Step one: Obtain United States Geological Survey maps and United found in section IV, A, 1, a. Descriptions of other terrester-
States Coast and Geodetic Survey navigation charts of your ial subsystems may be found in Models for Planning and
coastal zone from local USGS and USCGS offices. (scale 1" Research for the South Florida Environmental Study, A. E@
=2000') Lugo, S. C. Suedaker, S. Bayley, H. T. Odum, August 1971.
Agricultural subsystems are easily identifiable and are
Step two: Overlay USGS maps with mylar (matt finish both sides). Draw described in Section IV, A, 1, b, of this reporL
in coastline and all land formations. Then draw in all land c) Urban subsystems:
elevation contours and ocean bottom contours at 3' intervals May be tentatively identified on aerial photographs by
to 12 feet below coastline. Water depth data may be compiled delineating the areas having similar texture and edge

78 Figure 18. ECOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM EVALUATION MATRIX

Scale of Values Criteria - - - - - - - - - - Value in Sensitivity Value in Interdependence Cost of Develop.
and Sensitivity Current State to Intrusions of Subsystems ment &Maintenance
I Low c
C .0 0,
2 a S -0 0 C -
3 Medium E > Z C 11
a > 0 c .2 > U >
0 0 C r Z@ 0 0
0 0 r= 0.
4 .2 E
Er
-0 0 0
> -0 U z > 0 0 a -a
5 High a
C 0 a E >
- 0 E- 3: -a 0 0 t:
> 0 0 -0 -0 -D ;6- -0 -a E
E
E Z, a - i ;E a = . r a
0 a a 0 -0 -0 0
ECOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM Z U! 8 E E a a ts and
u u E Commen
0 6 - - o - i@ E 0
0 :1 a, 0 0 @; tP a a
0 U V U E -aa- 4w, -40' U u C C 3t 3: 3: a 0, x op aa 0 Recommei
- 2, U 41 "a U --idations

M1 Marshes

M2 Shelf Waters

M3 Marine Meadows

M4 Oligohaline System

M5 Med. Sol. Plankt.

M6 Tidal Channels

M7 Sewage Wqste Zone

M8 Intertidal Beach

Above Tide Beach

T1 Mangrove

T2 Scrub

T3 Dune Transition

T4 Hydric Hardwood & Hammocks

T5 Cypress Dome

T6 Pine Land

Al Posture & Citrus

A2 Flower & Truck Form

D Bare & Scraped Area

FIGURE 19: TABLE OF MARINE SUBSYSTEMS FOUND IN FLORIDA 79

A classification of coastal ecological systems and subsystems according to characteristic energy sources.1 Those systems
found in our study area are marked with an asterisk.

CATEGORY NAME OF TYPE CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY
SOURCE OR STRESS

Naturally stressed systems High Stress Energies
of wide latitudinal range

*High energy beaches breaking waves

*High velocity surfaces strong tidal currents

Oscillating temperature shocks of extreme
channels temperature range

Sedimentary deltas high rate of sedimentation

Hypersaline lagoons briny sali'nities

Natural tropical ecosystems Light and Little Stress
of high diversity
*Mangroves light and tide

Coral Reefs light and current

*Tropical Meadows light and current

Tropical inshore plankton organic supplements

*13lue water coasts lightand low nutrient

Natural temperate ecosystems Sharp seasonal programming
with seasonal programming and migrant stocks

Bird and Mammal Islands bird and mammal colonies

*Marshes lightly tidal regimes
and winter cold

80 FIGURE 19 (continued)

CATEGORY NAME OF TYPE CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY
SOURCE OF STRESS

*Oyster reefs current and tide

Worm and clam flats waves and current,
intermittent flow

Benthic vegetation
(Eelgrass and benthic
algal bottoms) light and current

*Olighaline systems saltwater shock zone,
winter cold

*Mediurn salinity plankton mixing intermediate
estuary salinities with some
stratification

*Neutral em6ayment and shelfwaters at the
shore waters shore

Emerging New Systems Asso. New but characteristic man-made
ciated with man energy sources and/or stresses
*Sewage waste organic and inorganic enrichment

Seafood wastes organic and inorganic
enrichment

Pesti cides an organic poison

Dredging spoil heavy sedimentation
by man

Impoundment blocking of current

Thermal pollution high and variable temperature
di scha rges

Paper mills waste wastes of wood processing

CATEGORY NAME OF TYPE CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY
SOURCE OF STRESS

Phosphate wastes wastes of phosphate mining

Oil shores petroleum spills

Pilings treated wood substrates

Multiple stress alternating stress many
kinds of waste in drifting
patches

Artificial reef strong currents

Migrating subsystems Some energies taxed from
that organize areas each system

IThis table is exerpted from a recent report to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, by Odum, Copeland, and McMahon, 1969.

characteristics, These boundaries can be verified by ground Step three: Overlay acetate (or Mylar) sheets on geological survey Map.
data. This can be acurately done on photographs at a scale Trace the following information on the sheets: shade the area
of 1" 2000'. Large scale photographs (1- 300') are some- critical sensitive to harm from development. The criteria
times available but are not desirea6le for a macro scale mentioned here are examples of possible criteria:
overview, Finely detailed delineation requires additional Map A) Draw contours of constant chloride content for values of 50,
data and maps not readily available from governmental 100, 250, and 500 ppm. Shade the area of 250 ppm and higher,.
agencies, viz, energy flow maps, maps of population density Map B) Draw contours of 1, 5, and 10 feet of potentionmetric head.
and urban structure density, traffic frequencies and densi- Shade the region of 5 feet and less.
ties, etc. Descriptions of many typical urban subsystems Map C) (1) Surface soil permeability (map Cl) (figure 15CI)
are contained in this report, section IV, A, 1, a. More de. (2) Paved Area (map C2) (figure 15C2)
tailed descriptions of urban subsystems, defined according (3) Slope of terrain (map C3) (figure 150) -
to energy flows and power densities are not presently Using information in these three maps, and figure 13, Surface
available; butarebeing researched by theSouthwest Florida Runoff, draw runoff coefficient 0,,2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. Shade
Planning Team, Department of Architecture, University of the region of coefficient 0.2 and lower.
Florida. Ma p D) Draw flood boundaries corresponding to 10, 25, and 50 year
frequency. Shade the area flooded by a 10 year flood fre.
Identify and label each ecosystem type on the aerial photo quency.
overlays. Ma p E) Drawn boundaries of areas flooded due to storms of a 10,
25, and 50 year frequency. Shade the area flooded by a 10
Step seven:Assemble the aerial photos into sections corresponding to year storm tide.
those sections of the USGS maps, Update and correct USGS Step four: Overlay Maps A, B, C, D, and E, Count overlays and reproduce
overlays. Trace all subsystem types onto the USGS overlays. these overlapping gray areas on a clean sheet of mylar shad.
ing in five tones of gray to indicate the five possible numbers
HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM of overlays.
(or)
STAGE ONE AND TWO: Identify processes, locate data, map data and Illuminate the five maps from behind with a uniform light
critical areas: source and survey the resultant light flux passing through the
Step one: Get United States Geological Survey Map of region of be overlays with a photo cell.
studies,, 1" 2000' The darker areas are the ones most sensitive to harm from
Step two: Collect data for the following 'maps: development.
Map A) Ground water salinity: U. S. Geological Survey, Florida
Division of Geology Reports HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM AND COASTAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS
Map 13) Potentiometric Head: U. S. Geological Survey, Florida IN COMBINATION
Division of Geology Reports
Map C) Surface Runoff Coefficients: (includes slope of terrain, STAGE THREE: EVALUATION OF COMPILED DATA FOR PLANNING
percentage of pavement, permeability of topsoil): U, S. De- AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSES
partment of Agriculture, Aerial Photographs; U. S. Soil
Conservation Service; U.. S. Geological Survey, Florida This stage requires knowledge presently not fully articulated and there.
Division of Geology Reports fore cannot be performed by personnel not having an educated under-
Map D) Floods: U, S. Geological Survey, Ocala, Florida; U. S@ Soil standing of the workings of the phenomena in question. In the above
Conservation Service, Gainesville, Florida. described research project we relied on the professional judgement of the
Map E) Storm Tides: Corps of Engineers Reports members of the research team.

In principle the following steps are required: The values and sensitivities
of the various ecological subsystems need to be assessed in local,
regional, and larger contexts. Using such knowledge as exists in respect
to the ecology of the area some of which is in the form of energy network
diagrams and metabolic energy values we mapped natural ecosystems we
knew to be of high value and/or to constitute highly sensitive essential
components in the regional system and requiring strong protection
measures, We also identified systems which due to their values and
sensitivities we jidged in need of a less degree of protection (able to
accept developments). We then layed that map over the hydrological
composite evaluation map and drew a final composite map incorporating
both hydrological and ecological considerations.

Further research will yield more articulate and commonly useful value
sensitivity knowledge. For suggestions in respect such research see
section on suggestions for research.

'Collins, M. A. and Gelhar, L. W., ''Some steady state and transient character-
istics of the Long Island Aquifer System as determined by a vertical Hele-Shaw
Model Study." Presented at the 19th Annual Specialty Conference of the
Hydraulics Division, ASCE. Iowa City, Iowa, August, 1971.

V. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

COMPARTMENTS (of a system) -a component of a system having inde- altered by its presence. Power density is commonly expressed in
pendent properties of stress, action, inherent programs, etc. kilocalories/meter2/day.

ECOSYSTEM -ecological system which in this report, is used to include RESOURCE SYSTEM -a system of man or nature which is of significant
zones of a city as well as of the countryside. value for resource planning.

ENERGETICS-the concepts of energy conservation and flow, sometimes SENSITIVITIES -(of a system, between systems)-large responses to
called thermodynamics small changes and impacts.

ENERGY FLOWS-any action due to a causal force of group of forces; SOCIETAL VALUE -a measure of the ultimate significance to the human
all such processes are accompanied by energy flows. In defining urban community of a subsystem of subsystem alteration. This value includes
subsystems Energy flows are generally classified into two categories- both direct effects on man and his economy and indirect effects via the
energy for building new structures, and energy for maintenance of various parts of the world's life support system.
existing structures, and are defined in terms of energy flow in a system
per unit of time (k i loco lori es/day). SUBSYSTEM, or RESOURCE SUBSYSTEM-a small component of a
larger system.
ENERGY NETWORK DIAGRAM-a model, based on principles of force
and energy, that shows pathways of causal relationships, valuable URBAN STRUCTURE DENSITY -a ratio of the volume of useable space
structure, and points of storage. defined by architectural structure to the area of land it occupies-meter3
/meter2.
IMPACT MATRIX-o table where intersections show action of system
components and outside influences. URBAN STRUCTURE EDGE INDEX-a measure of the complexity of
either urban or architectural structure. The number of edges generated
INTRUSIONS -alterations of a system, usually by man, sometimes and maintained by a system have a direct relationship to the power
causing stress. flows within that system. An edge index can be expressed as edges/
building; edges/person; edges/meter3; edge/ki loco I ori e/m eter2, etc.
MODEL-o simplification that contains the important concepts, causal
actions, and influence points necessary for the human to grasp a com- URBAN STRUCTURE TO OPEN SPACE TEXTURE-a measure at
plex phenonema. In this report we use energy network diagrams, impact macro-scale of the urban pattern's variability within a subsystem. The
matrix representations, and simplified maps. Simplified views are the energetic budget to construct and maintain an irregular structure to
basis for decision making judgments. open space texture is larger than for a regular texture. This hypothetical
concept is currently being examined in close detail by the South West
PATHWAYS - (of a system) - lines of action and energy effects including Florida Planning Team, Department of Architecture, University of
flows of fuels, light, material, money, information, and services. Florida.
For this study, only two classifications were made from the I"= 2000'
POPULATION DENSITY -the number of persons per unit area. aeria I photograph s-irregular and regular texture.

POWER DENSITY -the energy flowing in a system divided by the spatial
area occupied by that system. The energy flow in any system is the
total energy flow of its processes from all sources. This additional
absorbed energy may be detrimental as "noise"; or stimulative as an
energy "boost". In either case, the original system is affected and

V1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors of this report wish to acknowledge the efforts of others who
assisted in initiating this study and provided access to the necessary
data. Martin Gunderson, past president, Southwest Florida Chapter of the
American Institute of Architects, initiated an earlier investigation of the
Ft. Myers - Estero Bay area with the Deportment of Architecture which
collected and compiled much of the base data for Lee County. William
Hammond, Science Coordinator for Lee County Schools proved a valuable
source of data for this study and also helped to establish contact with
other agencies in the area. Maurice Bigelow, County Commissioner for
Charlotte County, showed enthusiasm and interest in this study and
provided access to information and data for Charlotte County.

V11. MAP APPENDIX

Included on the following pages is a reduced version of the full
scale mapappendixes which areonfile withtheCoastal Coordinating
Council and the University of Florida.

A. Atlas Appendix 1: Coastal Resource Subsystem Maps.
B. Atlas Appendix [I: Hydrological System Maps.

112

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