    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

          Arhe Center for Marine and Coastal Studies - North Carolina State University
            Coastal Zonej
             information
               Center                    A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SOME OF CDASUSI, ZONE
                                         NORTH CAROLINA'S COASTAL INLETS

                                                                  by
                                                             Jay Langfelder, elf a(
                                                              Tom French,
                                                           Richard McDonald
                                                                 and
                                                            Richard Ledbetter

                                                         /Report No. 74-1

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             459.4
              H57
             1974

                                        A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SOME OF
                                        NORTH CAROLINA'S COASTAL INLETS

                                                       by

                                                Jay Langfelder,
                                                  Tom French,
                                               Richard McDonald
                                                      and
                                               Richard Ledbetter

                                            U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                            COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                            2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                            CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                                                Report No. 74-1

                                     Center for Marine and Coastal Studies
                                        North Carolina State University
                                                Raleigh, N. C.

                                                 January 1974

                                                                csc LibrazY
                                                  property Of

             7ZJ-

                                             INTRODUCTION

                        Inlets that exist through sandy barrier islands are subject to
                   considerable migration as a result of wave forces and littoral currents.
                   Many inlets seem to go through stages much like rivers in that they
                   change shape and location and then return to an earlier and more youth-
                   full stage. Apart from the obvious navigation problems associated with
                   changes in inlet shape and location, these migrations can cause consid-
                   erable loss of property adjacent to the inlet. The purpose of this
                   study is to review the historical record of most of North Carolina's
                   inlets as indicated by aerial photographs dating back to 1938. A knowl-
                   edge of the historical behavior of the inlets is useful when attempting
                   to predict the future migrations of these same inlets. It is fully ap-
                   preciated that the historical movements of the inlets, as indicated by
                   the aerial photographs, are certainly limited in that they merely repre-
                   sent the inlets at specific times when the photography was actually
                   made. Very significant changes in inlet configuration can occur quite
                   rapidly, and therefore, important changes could have occurred between
                   successive photographs. However, the photographs do present an accurate
                   description of the inlet at the time the photographs were made.

                        This report is intended to be mainly a photographic display of the
                   history of most of North Carolina's inlets. A brief description and
                   various measurements that were made on the inlets are also included.
                   The difficulty of numerically characterizing the changes in inlet con-
                   figuration should be recognized, since the values that are obtained are
                   highly dependent on the actual locations of the measurement points.
                   However, the data tables are considered useful for obtaining a general
                   pattern of inlet behavior.

                                            STUDY PROCEDURE

                        A series of aerial photographs were studied for each inlet,south
                   of Cape Lookout for the maximum periods 1938 to 1971 or 1972. In most
                   cases six photographs were aveilable for each inlet. Where a scale is
                   approximately the same for each photograph, the inlets have been aligned
                   in a horizontal direction so that inlet migration can readily be seen
                   on the photography. Since, in most cases, the scale is approximately
                   the same, the relative size of the inlet during any time is also readily
                   visible.

                        The table of inlet characteristics for each inlet indicates the
                   gorge width and the change in the gorge width, the channel width and
                   the change in the channel width, and the migration of both the gorge
                   and channel. The gorge is defined as the location along the channel
                   that has the narrowest cross-section. The channel is defined as the
                   deeper portion of the inlet at the gorge where the majority of flow
                   occurs. The gorge width and channel width are both indicated in terms
                   of feet, whereas the changes in gorge and channel width are indicated
                   in feet per year. The total migration can be obtained by multiplying
                   the migration in feet per year by the number of years between successive
                   photography. Net migration of the gorge of each inlet is given at the
                   bottom of each table with maximum movements occurring during any one
                   continuous period also shown.

                                                       3

                        The measurements that are included in the tables were obtained, in
                   most cases, from enlarged rectified photographs which allowed more ac-
                   curate measurements to be made. In the columns,where migration is
                   indicated the symbols S, W, N, and E are used.to indicate the direction
                   of migration. Since most of the inlets arenot actually north and south
                   or east and west, the direction corresponding closest to the direction
                   of movement has been used.

                        In addition to the above, the report presents information on each
                   individual inlet. In general, some description of the inlet, something
                   about migration trends, and future trends are included. Quite obviously,
                   the information on future trends was developed from the results of this
                   historical study and is merely intended to indicate possible future
                   trends. Certainly, more study should be made of migration trends before
                   management decisions are based on these results.

                        Figure One presents the location of each  of the inlets that are
                   discussed in the remainder of the report. The information on the inlets
                   is presented starting with the southernmost in*let in North Carolina and
                   proceeding northward.

                                                           4

                                                                              V I R G I N I A

                                                                                                HERTFORD

                                                                                                                     o*4*
                                                                                                   E A T lE

                                                                                                                                                                         OREGON
                                                                                                                   Wk3MlNGTD                                          /-INLET
                                                                                                                                   TYRRELI
                                                                                                                      N@-
                                                                                                            I AI    A@

                                                                                             CRAVEN                                                            \-HATERAS
                                                                                                                                                                   INLET

                                                                                      JONES

                                                                                                                                          \-DRUM
                                                                                                                                              INLET
                                                                                 .-C.                          ATERE T

                                                                                                         BOG EINL T              BALREDTEN
                                                                                                        BEAR IN E        LBEAUFORT
                                                                                                     BROWN INLET           INLET
                                                                                                  NEW RIVER INLET

                                                                                \-NEW TOPSAIL INLET
                                                                            \@-OLD TOPSAIL INLET
                                                                                 RICH INLET
                                                                               QUEENS INLET
                                                                               WRIGHTSVILLE INLET (CLOSED)
                                                BRUN31NICK                     MASONBORO INLET                                      rj

                                                                            CAROLINA BEACH INLET
                                                                          NEW INLET
                                                                    \\,-CORNCAKE INLET
                                                                   CAPE FEARINLET
                                                                 LOCKWOOD FOLLY INLET
                                                            SHALLOTTE INLET
                                                         TUBBSINLET
                                                        MAD INLET

                                                                 FIGURE I - LOCATION OF NORTH CAROLINA'S INLETS

                                                                                                              5

                                                                                          MAD INLET

                                  Description

                                              Mad Inlet is the southernmost inlet in North Carolina and is also one
                                  of the smallest inlets on the North Carolina coast. Its average width is
                                  approximately 400 to 800 feet. It is bounded on the south by Bird Island
                                  and on the north by Sunset Beach. Bird Island to the south of the inlet
                                  consists of a low,sandy area which is subjected to periodic flooding during
                                  periods of high tide. It generally lacks vegetative cover and appears to
                                  be easily erodible. Sunset Beach to the east general-ly consists of some-
                                  what higher ground.

                                              Mad Inlet presently has an "S" shaped configuration and is extremely
                                  long compared to its width. The major flow through Mad Inlet comes from
                                  the marshes directly behind the inlet and from two drainage channels, Blane
                                  Creek and Salt Boiler Creek, which drain the inlet and also connect with
                                  the Intercoastal Waterway to the north.

                                  Migra-tion Trends

                                              The general           trend of Mad Inlet has been to migrate from the east to
                                  the west. As the length of the Inlet becomes excessive, and probably
                                  associated with a storm condition, a breakthrough can occur to the east.
                                  This produced             *the      sand island that can be seen in the 1956 ph.otography.
                                  S.ince the general                  littoral drift in this area is to the west, this sand
                                  island eventually                  merges into the high ground to the west. The maximum
                                  gorge movement that occured during any successive increments between photo-
                                  graphy is about 2813 feet to the east or 444 feet per year between 1949-
                                  1956. This movement was caused by a breaching of the Inlet to the north.
                                  The net movement of the Inlet from 1938 to 1972 has been 610 feet to the
                                  east. It can be noted from the figure that the configuration of the Inlet
                                  in 1972 is essentially the same as the configuration in 1949.

                                  Future Trends

                                              It appears that Mad Inlet will contiOue to migrate to the west and
                                  retain the "S" shape characteristic because of the reversals in littoral
                                  drift. Based on the similarity of the position in 1949 and 1972, it
                                  appears certain that this Inlet will breech the island to the east and
                                  form a oew one as was observed in the 1956 photography.

                                                                                      INLET CHARACTERISTICS
                                  Year        Gorge      Gorge         Average        Channel       Migration   Of      Migration Of         Net Gorge        Net Channel
                                              Width      Width         Channel        Width         Gorge W side        Gorge N side         Migration        Migration
                                              (ft)       Change        Width          Change         (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                         (ft/yr)       (ft)           (ft/yr)
                                  1938        660           -9           248            7              12 W                23 W                 17 W            7 W
                                  1949        552

                                  1949        552
                                                            29           265           -7              457 N              430 E                444 E          461 E
                                  1956        736
                                  1956        736           21           333            36             162 W              128 W                145 W           91 W
                                  1961        840
                                  1961        840        -19             300           -49             204 W              223 W                213 W          237 W
                                  1�66        745
                                  1966        745           57           219              9             84 W              150 W                117 W           96 W
                                  1972        411
                                  Net Gorge   Migration  155(ft) E                                      Maximum Gorge Migration 2813(ft) E (1949-1956)

                                                                                                                6

                                                               MAD INLET

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                                                                                    TUBBS INLET

                                 Description

                                         Tubbs Inlet is located just east of Mad Inlet in Brunswick County
                                 and is approximately 1450 feet in width. Sunset Beach is located to
                                 the west, and Ocean Isle Beach is located to the east. The Ocean Isle
                                 Beach is a long, low, narrow sand spit built from the east-west littoral
                                 flow. On the Sunset Beach side of the Inlet a low unvegetated sand spit
                                 presently exists.

                                 Migration Trends
                                         From 1938 to             1966, the Inlet showed a steady westernly migration
                                 of over 1800 feet                west. During this period, the gorge of Tubbs Inlet
                                 was generally decreasing in width,'from about 1750 feet in 193@ to 719
                                 feet in 1966. In 1969, the Inlet was dredged closed and later reopened
                                 at approximately the same location as the 1938 position or about one
                                 half mile to the east. Since the Inlet was reopened in 1969 it appears
                                 to be widening.

                                 Future Trends

                                         It is difficult to                  determine if littoral drift will again cause mi-
                                 grations similar to the                      previous ones, but it is likely. When migrations
                                 occur, they probably will be similar, if not faster, due to lack of
                                 vegetation on the west boundary. Therefore, it can be anticipated that
                                 the Inlet will migrate to                        a location similar to its location in 1966.

                                                                                  INLET CHARACTERISTICS
                                 Year       Gorge     Gorge         Average       Channel      Migration Of       Migration Of       Net Gorge         Net Channel
                                            Width     Width         Channel       Width        Gorge W side       Gorge E side       Migration         Migration
                                            (ft)      Change        Width         Change       (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                      (ft/yr)       (ft)          (ft/yr)

                                 1938       1754
                                                        -66          432          11             7 E                 59 W               26 W           15 W
                                 1949       985
                                 1949       985         -66          368          -41           52 W                117 W               85 W           80 W
                                 1956       556
                                 1956       556           62         334          37           112 W                  70 W              91 W           100 W
                                 1961       865
                                 1961       865         -31          515          35           103 W                118 W              110 W           88 W
                                 1966       719
                                 1966       719         122          465          -47          *This  inlet was closed in 1969 by pumping of dredge spoil and
                                 1972       1452                                                was opened by dredging and blasting later in 1969 at approx-
                                                                                                imately the same location as it existed in 1938.
                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 1849 S/W                            Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1849 W (1938-1966)

                                                                                                8

                                                            TUBBS INLET

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                                                                                 SHALLOTTE INLET

                                Description

                                         Shallotte Inlet is bounded on the west by Ocean Isle Beach and on
                                the east by Big Beach. Its gorge has averaged from 950-1300 feet in
                                width. It is generally a short inlet compared to its width. In the
                                1972 photographs the main channel showed a marked easternly flow with
                                the offshore bar indicating a easterly littoral drift.

                                         Big Beach is a narrow island with very little vegetation, al-
                                though it has a rather substantial marsh area behind the beach. Ocean
                                Isle Beach is somewhat wider with some areas of denser vegetation
                                than Big Beach. Shallotte River, Saucepan Creek and the western branch
                                of the Intracoastal Waterway empty into the Inlet. The primary flow
                                comes from the Shallotte River and the western section of the Intra-
                                coastal Waterway.

                                Migration Trends

                                         This Inlet has moved very slowly back and                                          forth from east to west
                                with no general trend toward the east or the west. There are two char-
                                acteristics of the Inlet, however, that have changed over the last forty
                                years: the location of offshore bar and the amount of cut-back the islands
                                suffer from the Inlet. Since 1938 the direction of the main channel has
                                been shifting to               ' a more easterly direction on the ocean side of the Inlet.
                                This has caused a movement of the offshore from the west side of the Inlet
                                to the east side of the Inlet. The shoreline on each side of the Inlet
                                has experienced shoreline erosion for a considerable distance.

                                Future Trends

                                         On Big Beach, the zone of migration extends up to the area of the
                                1956 washover, and it is possible that under severe storm conditions a
                                new inlet might open here. On Ocean Isle, the zone only extends a couple
                                of hundred feet west of the present end of Ocean Isle Beach.                                                               There
                                is a potential danger of beach front erosion if the offshore channel changes
                                its direction, which it may well do. West to east littoral drift will
                                occur for a while as indicated by recent photography and will then probably
                                stabilize or reverse flow again.

                                                                                  INLET CHARACTERISTICS
                                Year     G?rge       Gorge         Average       Channel      Migration Of          Migration Of          Net Gorge        Net Channel
                                         Width       Width         Channel       Width        Gorge S/W side        Gorge N/E side        Migration        Migration
                                         (ft)        Change        Width         Change        (ft/yr.)             (ft/yr)                 (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                                     (ft/yr)       (ft)          (ft)

                                1938       1314
                                                        -46         722           -27            17 W                  58 W                  38 W            28 W
                                1949        858.

                                1949        858
                                                          6         563           -4             10 W                  17 W                  13 W            18 W
                                1956        901

                                1956        901
                                                         34         456           -37            12 E                  42 E                  27 E            33 E
                                1961       1073

                                1961       1073
                                                        -29         358           -2             40 W                  66 W                  53 W            35 W
                                1966        929

                                1966        929
                                                         11         581            77            10 E                  19 E                  15 E            62 E
                                1972        993

                                Total Gorge Migration (ft) 544      S/W                          Maximum Migration     (ft) 506 S/W (1938-1956)

                                                                                               10

                                           SHALLOTTE INLET

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                                                                            LOCKWOOD FOLLY INLET

                                 Description

                                           Lockwood Folly Inlet is located in the vicinity of'Lockwood Foll                                                            y
                                 River which feeds the Inlet by way of two channels. It is bounded on
                                 the east by Long Beach and on the west by Holden's Beach. Both beach
                                 fronts are presently suffering erosion from the Inlet. In 1972 the
                                 Inlet was approximately 800 feet wide and the main channel was on the
                                 eastern side of the gorge.

                                 Migration Trends

                                           The position of the Inlet appears.to be rather stable with the
                                 west side experiencing only small movements. The east side is ex-
                                 periencing greater movements as the Inlet narrows and widens. Over
                                 the 34 year period studied, this.Inlet has averaged less than 4 feet
                                 per year in a westwardly direction with a net movement of 115 feet
                                 to the west.

                                           Between 1949-1956, Long Beach was breeched, and a new inlet was
                                 formed east of Lockwood Folly Inlet. Holden's Beach was cut back a
                                 little more, but some spoil was placed on the north-east corner. The
                                 offshore bar             diminished in size, and the channel was able to penetrate
                                 the bar.

                                           Between        1956-1961, the new inlet disappeared, and the offshore
                                 sand bar was             less pronounced. The inlet also widened during this
                                 period.

                                 Future Trends

                                           The position of this Inlet appears to be relatively stable and
                                 is controlled, no doubt, by the location of Lockwood Folly River. How-
                                 ever, since the River flow is divided by an island behind the present
                                 location of the Inlet, there is a possibility that a new inlet could
                                 again be         formed approximately in th3 location of the inlet that existed
                                 in 1956. Since this area is now developed, it would be more difficult
                                 for such         an Inlet to form than it has been in the past. It is unlikely
                                 that the          Inlet will experience considerable movement to the west.

                                                                                   INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year      Gorge        Gorge        Average       Channel      Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                           Width        Width         Channel      Width        Gorge W side        Gorge E side        Migration       Migration
                                           (ft)         Change      Width          Change        (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)       (ft)         (ftlyr)

                                 1938        870
                                                          48             648           14           4 W                 43 E                20 E            5 E
                                 1949        1430

                                 1949        1430
                                                          -95            454          -87           5 W                 99 W                52 W          49 W
                                 1956        826

                                 1956        826
                                                          24             347           70          14 W                 18 E                2 E             26 E
                                 1961        941

                                 1961        941
                                                          196            665           58          16 W               171 E                 78 E            40 E
                                 1966        1958

                                 1966        1958
                                                        -198             584          -87          26 E               173 W                 75 W            20 E
                                 1972        793

                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 115 W                                  Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 441 W       (1966-1972)

                                                                                                            12

                                         LOCKWOOD           FOLLY INLET

                                                                                                1938

                                                                                                 949

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                                                           13

                                                                                 CAPE FEAR INLET

                                 Description

                                         Cape Fear Inlet is one of the widest inlets of North Carolina with
                                 an average width of over a mile. It is fed by the Cape Fear River and
                                 is located in east Brunswick County. The Inlet is bound on the west by
                                 Fort Caswell and Caswell Beach and on the east by Smith Island.

                                          This Inlet depth is maintained by dredging. It appears to                                                          be very
                                 stable with strong flow from the Cape Fear River.

                                 Migration Trends

                                          Migration is almost negligable compared to the size of the Inlet.
                                 Most of the erosion and accretion does appear to be in the area of Fort
                                 Caswell, with the maximum accretion being 44 ft/yr between 1956-1961.
                                 The eastern side has, experienced essentially no migration due t1o a barrier
                                 provided by Smith Island. It should be noted that the migration of the
                                 Inlet has been well back of the south face of Smith Island, which tends
                                 to have a protective effect on the stability of.the Inlet.

                                 Future Trends
                                 It i,,Little change can be expected to occur in the location of this Inlet.
                                            relatively stable and is steadily maintained by dredging for pur-
                                 poses of navigation.

                                                                                      INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year       Gorge      Gorge        Channel        Channel      Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                            Width      Width          Width        Width        Gorge W side        Gorge E side        Migration       Migration
                                            (ft        Change        (ft)          Change        (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                       (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                                 1949       6015
                                                        -28            3946           5            31 E               6 W                 12 E            12 W
                                 1956       5821

                                 1956       5821
                                                        -23            3805        -64             44 E               1 W                 22 E            11 E
                                 1961       5706

                                 1961       5706
                                                         16            3354        -53              6 W               4 W                   5 W           40 E
                                 1972       5880

                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 133 E                                 Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 187 E           (1949-1961)

                                                                                                            14

                                                                                        CAPE FE,&R INLET,

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                                                                                                             15

                                                                                      CORNCAKE

                               Description
                                          Corncake was at one time a fairly wide inlet whi                                            ch began silting
                               around 1938 and was almost completely shut off by 1956. Located at the
                               southern part of New'Hanover, it is fed by the Cape Fear River and
                               is bound on both sides by low sandy beaches with little vegetation.

                               Migration Trends

                                          Corncake is presently closed. However, when it was open, it
                               experienced a strong south-westerly migration of over 1500 feet between
                               1938 to 1949, aft& which it became shallow, and flow and migration
                               seemed to cease.

                               Future Trends

                                          Corncake at one time was moving southernly at a high rate due to
                               strong littoral drift from north-east to south-west which created a
                               large sand spit. Increased silting and vegetation growth probably
                               stopped much of the flow from the Cape Fear side. Since New Inlet is
                               just to the north and was moving south at a high rate, it probably took
                               over what little flow Corncake was receiving from the Cape Fear River.

                                          New Inlet may continue moving south until it reaches the location
                               of the old Corncake Inlet. It may possibly become a new Corncake in
                               the same location if it breaches through to the north.

                                                                                 INLET CRARACTERISTICS

                               Year       Gorge      Gorge         Channel       Channel       Migration Of       Migration Of        Net Gorge        Net Channel
                                          Width      Width         Width         Width         Gorge S side        Gorge N side       Migration        Migration
                                          (ft)       Change        (ft)          Change        (ft yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                     (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                               1938       901
                                                        -8          447            -9           135 S                143 S             139 S             144 S
                               1949       814

                               1949       814
                                                        -39         243            -45           66 N                 18 N               42 N             90 N
                               1956       546

                               1956       Closed shortly thereafter

                               Total Gorge Migration (ft) 1244 S                                Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1534 S (1938-1949)

                                                                                                          16

                                                                                  CAPE             FEAR INLET

                                                                                                                                                                            1961

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                                                                                                      17

                                                                                         NEW INLET

                                  Description

                                              New Inlet opened sometime after 1938 as evidenced by 1938 photo-
                                  graphy. Early in its existence the Inlet was wide with a poorly defined
                                  channel and gorge, which have since narrowed extremely and have become
                                  better defined. The present gorge and channel are located just north-
                                  east of the old Corncake location. They are bound by low sandy areas on-
                                  both sides with sparse land and vegetation behind. Cape Fear River sup-
                                  plies the fresh water flow for this Inlet.

                                  Migration Trends

                                              New Inlet has experienced the greatest migration of any Inlet
                                  studied. It has migrated to the south over seven thousand feet in
                                  approximately 23 years. The channel and gorge appear to be better defined
                                  and more stable than in previous times.

                                  Future Trends

                                              It appears that this Inlet will continue to migrate in a southernly
                                  direction' although the length of the inlet is becoming quite long. This
                                  would increase the probability of an inlet breakthrough to the north
                                  of the present location with the subsequent shoaling of the present
                                  inlet. The southernly migration would probably continue after a possible
                                  new inlet was formed.

                                                                                      INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                  Year        Gorge      Gorge        Channel        Channel       Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge        Net Channel
                                              Width      Wi dth       Width          Width         Gorge S side        Gorge N side        Migration        Migration
                                              (ft)       Change         (ft)         Change         (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)          (ft/yr)
                                                         (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                                  1949        603
                                                           60            283            5            345 S              287 S                 316 S           251 S
                                  1956        1016

                                  1956        1016
                                                           58            282           -8            279 S              216 S                 247 S           231 S
                                  1960        1284

                                  1960        1284
                                                          -88            164           -6            296 S              370 S                 337 S           343 S
                                  1972        300

                                  Total Gorge Migration (ft) 7112 S                                 Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 7112         S (1949-1972)

                                                                                                              18

                                                                                                                NEW INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1949

                                 _0
                                                 v N TI)
                                 -Will,

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                                   R11           R:
                                              HEM

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1956,
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                                     Als-H-13,11",
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1960

                                  U,
                                                 'X

                                    $v

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                                                                                                                                               M-1-1
                                                                    MO-

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                                                                                                                                                                         -Mu
                                                                                                                                                                                    fl "M-

                                                                                                                              19

                                                                             CAROLINA BEACH INLET

                                  Description

                                            Carolina Beach-Inlet is located in New Hanover County at the north
                                  end of Carolina Beach. The gorge of the Inlet averages about 530 feet
                                  with a width in 1972 of approximately 670 feet.

                                  Migration Trends                                                                                                                  -

                                            The Inlet is a relatively new Inlet because it was opened in 1952.
                                  From 1956, the Inlet seems to be generally moving to the north-west at
                                  about 23 feet per year. It has, however, changed its characteristics
                                  since 1956.

                                            In 1956, the Inlet had two openings separated by a small marsh
                                  island with a rim of beach sand. The northern channel was narrow and
                                  winding while the one to the south was sl-ightly wider and fairly
                                  straight. By 1960, the southern channel had shortened and widened and
                                  moved north approximately 20-30 feet. The northern channel had almost
                                  completely disappeared except for a small trickle over the beach front.
                                  South of the main channel there appeared to be several small washover
                                  areas. In 1960, the mouth of the Inlet had a funnel shape, but by
                                  1966 most of the funnel shape of the Inlet was gone. The small washover
                                  areas had also completely disappeared. There was a small amount of
                                  accretion on the north side and some slight erosion on the south side
                                  of the Inlet. By 1972, the gorge of the Inlet had moved inland, and the
                                  seaward end of the Inlet had widened considerably. There seems to be
                                  some accretion on the north side and erosion on the south side of the
                                  Inlet taking place.

                                  Future Trends

                                            This Inlet seems to be moving toward the north at about 23 feet
                                  per year. The barrier islands on either side of the Inlet are subject
                                  to occasional storm overwashes which are evident in some areas.. It
                                  would thus appear that the Inlet could move in either direction several
                                  hundred feet depending on the severity of the weather conditions.

                                                                                    INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                  Year      Gorge      Gorge          Channel       Channel      Migration Of        Migration Of         Net Gorge      Net Channel
                                            Width      Width          Width         Width        Gorge S side        Gorge N side         Migration      Migration
                                            (ft)        Change        (ft)          Change       (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                                  1956       507
                                                         -26          316            -36          35 N                16 N                25 N             29 N
                                  1960       385

                                  1960       385
                                                          32          209            -10          24 N                58 N                41 N             50 N
                                  1966       557

                                  1966       557
                                                          19          366             60            5 S               14 N                 4 N               6 N
                                  1972       667

                                  Total Gorge Migration (ft) 361 N                               Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 361 N (1956-1972)

                                                                                                            20

                                                             CAROLINA BEACH INLET

                                                                                                                                             1956

                                                                1 INMa. -Ai                               UP,

                                                                                                                                             1960

                                                                    f          tQ

                         U!'s
                                                                                                                                             1966

                                                                            i'iik
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                                                                                                            I @llm

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                                                                                                                                             1972

                          I'l- Ric

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                          UH,
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                                                                                                                                             9 @6O

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                                                                                     21

                                                                                 MASONBORO INLET

                                 Description

                                           Masonboro Inlet is located in central New HanoVer County at the
                                 south end of Wrightsville Beach. Hewlett Creek and Bradley Creek
                                 connect the Inlet to the Intracoastal Waterway. The gorge of the
                                 Inlet has varied from about 850 to 3575 feet in width and is extremely
                                 short compared to its width. The Inlet is bounded on the north by
                                 Wrightsville Beach and on the south by Masonboro Island.

                                           The south end of Wrightsville Beach has been artificially
                                 stabilized by a jetty. The north side of the Inlet has, therefore,
                                 remained relatively stable compared to the south side which has
                                 experienced considerable movement, particularly, between 1938-1961.
                                 There is evidence of storm overwash in the area south of the present
                                 Inlet.

                                 Migration Trends

                                           From 1938 to 1961, the major movement of the Inlet was in the
                                 migration of the south side which first causes the Inlet to widen,
                                 form a secondary.channel, and finally narrow. In 1965, a long jetty
                                 was constructed on the Wrightsville Beach side of the Inlet, and an
                                 artificial dune was built up on the ocean side of the island. From
                                 1961 to 1966, Wrightsville Beach was experiencing a small amount-of
                                 accretion, and-Masonboro Island was suffering erosion on the ocean
                                 side next to the Inlet. From                             '1966 to 1972, this Inlet migrated to
                                 the north with the channel presently located adjacent to the jetty.

                                 Future Trends

                                           The stabilizing jetty on the north side of the Inlet will ob-
                                 viously prevent any significant amount of northernly migration.
                                 Since the Inlet has been partially stabilized and is periodically
                                 dredged, it is unlikely that the Inlet will widen significantly.
                                 The jetty on the north significantly reduces the southern littoral
                                 flow and; therefore, relatively small southernly migration may be
                                 -anticipated in the future.

                                                                                   INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year      Gorge       Gorge,        Average       Channel      Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                           Width       Width         Channel       Width        Gorge S side        Gorge N side        Migration       Migration
                                           (ft)        Change        Width         Change        (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                       (ft/yr)       (ft)          (ft/yr)

                                 1938        1276
                                                         +180         846             39            151 S               14 N                68 S           25 S
                                 1949        3363

                                 1949        3363
                                                          -33         917            -48             21 S               13 N                 4 S          195 S
                                 1956        3576

                                 1956        3576
                                                         -420         890             52            447 N               27 N              237 N           190 N
                                 1961        1556

                                 1961        1556
                                                           -68        495            -53             16 N               54 S                19 S           42 N
                                 1966        1205

                                 1966        1205
                                                           -61         282            48             97 N               34 N                65 N           34 N
                                 1972          846
                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 610 N                                    Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1424 N (1956-1972)

                                                                                                            22

                                                                MASONBORO INLET

                                                                                                                                           1938

                                                                    2-7

                                                                                                                                      7-1
                                                                                                                                   WX 1949

                                                           NA                                                                              1961

                                                                                                                                            966

                                                                                                                                           1972

                                                         TA

                        zd
                       W'Pk'VWd-)Cl--'MA

                                                                                   23

                                                                     QUEENS INLET (MASON INLET)

                                  Description

                                          Queens Inlet is bound on the south side by Wrightsville Beach and
                                  on the north side by'Figure Eight Island. The southern end of Figure
                                  Eight Island has recently been modified by dredging. This end of the
                                  island has minimal vegetative cover but has recently bndergone extensive
                                  development. The northern end of Wrightsville Beach has high land
                                  elevations close to the end.of the Inlet. The Inlet was about 900 feet
                                  in width in 1972 and is fed by three major channels: Page Creek, Howe
                                  Creek, and one connected only to the Intracoastal Waterway.

                                  Migration Trends

                                          Queens Inlet seems to be moving generally north to south; however
                                  the dramatic change in curvature of the Inlet indicates littoral drift
                                  is acting to influence the shape of the Inlet. From 1938 to 1949 and
                                  from 1956 to 1960, southernly migration was significant. Between 1938-'
                                  1960, the sand spit from Figure Eight Island was extending southward
                                  continuously. This movement forced the channel to the south, eroding
                                  the end of the sand spit next to Wrightsville Beach. From 1960 to
                                  1965, there was a reversal of the trend, and the Inlet migrated about
                                  230 feet to the north. Page Creek, which @uns into Middle Sound at
                                  the back of Figure Eight Island, was almost silted in by 1966; however,
                                  dredging before 1972 has reopened Page Creek. Howe Creek has a straight
                                  run through the Inlet, had a deep channel and was fairly clear of bars
                                  in 1966. By 1972, after Page Creek was dredged out almost completely,
                                  Howe Creek had begun to silt up. Thechannel is now about the same
                                  width as the gorge..

                                  Future Trends

                                           It can be expected that Queens Inlet will continue tor migrate to
                                  the south due to the predominant southernly littoral drift. F'Airly
                                  high ground exists rather close to the south of the Inlet, and the Inlet
                                  does not have a history of extremely rapid movement to the south; there-
                                  fore, it would be expected that relatively slow southernly migration
                                  can be expected to continue for some time.

                                                                                    INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                  Year       Average        Gorge          Average        Channel        Migration Of         Migration Of         Net Inlet         Net Channel
                                             Gorge          Width          Channel        Width          Gorge S side         Gorge N side         Migration         Migration
                                             Width          Change         Width          Change          (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)           (ft/yr)
                                             (ft)           (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)

                                  1938       606
                                                            129             271            7                 147 S            22 S                   85 S              86 S
                                  1949       2100

                                  1949       2100
                                                            '88             251           -19                61 S             160 S                 110 S              31 S
                                  1956       1540

                                  1956       1540
                                                            -139            162           -13                91 S             245 S                 168 S              265 S
                                  1960       892

                                  1960       892
                                                              20            141              3               37 N              48 N                  42 N                66 N
                                  1966       996

                                  1966       996
                                                            -20             356             67                4 N              15 S                    6 S               50 S
                                  1972       876

                                  Total Groge Migration (ft)     2278 S                                      Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 2471 S (1938-1960)

                                                                                                             24

                                                                                                                                                                                QUEEN S INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                        A",

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Whauki

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1940

                                                                    7g,77                                                 0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1956

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1960

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1966

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T 77,

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4:1                                                                   ..... .... . .. .... .... ... ....

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     25

                                                                                       RICH INLET

                                  Description

                                              Rich Inlet is located on the Pender,Count - New Hanover Count
                                                                                                                              y                                       y line
                                  with Figure.Eight Island to the south. The gorge of the Inlet has recently
                                  averaged about 2000 to 2500 feet in width. The Inlet is short compared
                                  to its width with the major flow through the Inlet coming from the marshes
                                  behind the Inlet and two natural channels, Nixon and Green, which connect
                                  it to the Intracoastal Waterway.

                                              The island to the north has recently become considerably more vege-
                                  tated close to the Inlet. A curved sand spit existed on the south side
                                  of the Inlet in 1972. The channel is presently (1972) rather narrow and
                                  is located on the north side of the Inlet..

                                  Migration Trends

                                              The south side of the Inlet is generally migrating to the south, even
                                  though the main channel has recently been on the north side of the gorge.
                                  Significant changes in the size of the Inlet have occurred particularly
                                  between 1949 and 1960. During this period, as well as from 1966 to 1972,
                                  there has been considerable migration of the Inlet to the south, except
                                  for the 1949 to 1956 period when migration was to the north.

                                              Between 1956 and 1960, a new inlet formed through the Island to the
                                  north about 1 mile north of Rich Inlet. By the 1966 photographs, how-
                                  ever, it was completely filled in with vegetation beginning.to form in
                                  the area.

                                  Future Trends

                                              Rich Inlet has a southernly motion on the order of 38 feet per year.
                                  It appears that this will continue unless there is some depletion of the
                                  littoral flow or a breakthrough occurs to the north after southernly
                                  migration has continued. for some time.

                                                                                     INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                  Year        - Gorge   Gorge         Average       Channel       Migration Of        Migration Of         Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                              Width     Width         Channel       Width         Gorge S side        Gorge N side         Migration       Migration
                                              (ft)      Change        Width         Change        (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)       (ft)          (ft/yr)
                                  1938        2072         -3         402             8              63 S                67 S                65 S           23 N
                                  1949        2038

                                  1949        2038
                                                            208       982              171            2 N              211 N                 106 N          93 N
                                  1956        3344

                                  1956        3344
                                                          -295        1001           -218            59 N              237 S                 89 S           52 N
                                  1960        1947

                                  1960        1947
                                                            4          400            -31            55 S                53 S                54 S            5 S
                                  1966        1965

                                  1966        1965
                                                            84         357             17           106 S                10 S                96 S           34 S
                                  1972        2460
                                  Total Gorge Migration (ft) 1277 S                                 Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1189        S (1956-1972)

                                                                                                             26

                                                                                                               RICH INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                                                1938

                                                                                                                                                                                                                1949

                                 TV,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                1956

                                                                                                                                                                                                               1,960

                                 &

                                                                                                                                                                M a
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1966

                                                                                                                                                             U!""'an
                                                                                                                                                                   qv                                           972

                                                                                                                                      @4                                                       @i

                                                                        AVEV@'

                                                                                                                           27

                                                                                          OLD TOPSAIL INLET

                                     Description

                                                Old.Topsail Inlet is in Pender County, south of-New Topsail Beach,
                                     and it is separated from New Topsail Inlet by a small sand island. It
                                     is smaller than New Topsail, averaging only 1200 feet in width. The
                                     length of the Inlet is small compared to its width.

                                     Migration Trends

                                                The Inlet is generally moving from the north to the south. Four
                                     of the five periods studied show migration in a southernly direction
                                     with a maximum migration of 1179 feet, or'238 feet per year, occurring
                                     in the period between 1961-1966. The only period that did not show
                                     southernly movement was between 1938-1949, and this movement to the north-
                                     east was only about 408 feet. The net migration for the forty-ypar period
                                     was 2707 feet.

                                     Future Trends

                                                Future trends are difficult to define for this Inlet. since it
                                     seems to be traveling to the south so consistantly. The north side has
                                     become stabilized with vegetation as it contin                                                     -ues to move in asouthernly
                                     direction. It could be anticipated that the Inlet may migrate back to
                                     the north side of its 1949 location, and it might be expected that the
                                     southern end of the Inlet could migrate approximately 1,000 feet to the
                                     south of the 1972 location.

                                                                                            INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                     Year       Gorge        Gorge           Channel       Channel         Migration Of         Migration Of          Net Gorge         Net Channel
                                                Width        Width           Width         Width           Gorge S side         Gorge N side          Migration        Migration
                                                (ft)         Change          (ft)          Change          (ft/yr)               (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)
                                                             (ft/yr)                       (ft/yr)

                                     1938         654
                                                                71           324               -2            3 N                  68 N                  35 N               8 S
                                     1949       1466

                                     1949       1466
                                                               -73           340                 9          38 S                  109 S                 73 S              39 N
                                     1956-      1010

                                     1956       1010
                                                               -33           284               -33         145 S                  176 S                160 S             205 S
                                     1961         839

                                     1961         839
                                                                222          201                 1         350 S                  129 S                238 S             214 S
                                     1966       1938

                                     1966       1938
                                                               -120          202                 1          48 S                  170 S                109 S             118 S
                                     1972       1230

                                     Net Gorge Migration (ft)         2707 S                               Maximum Gorge Migration       (ft) 3115     S (1949-1972)

                                                                                                                       28

                                                                                    OLD TOPSAIL INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                          1938
                                                                                                         ll:!

                                                                                                                                                                                          1949

                                                                                                                     1-7

                                                                                                                                            .. . ......................

                                                                                                                                                                                          1956

                                                                      ir
                                                                                                                         12.@     141@@
                                                                                                                                  14
                                                                                                                                'Ml
                                                                                                                               PRRWHRO@Vltnmul

                                                                                            - - - - - -------

                                                                                                                                                                                          1961

                                                                                                                         a
                                                                                                                              -un

                                                                                                                                                                                          1966

                                                                                                                  n6:

                                                                                                                                                                                          1972
                                           iwumv--'l

                                                                                                           29

                                                                                 NEW TOPSAIL INLET

                                  Description

                                         @ New Topsail Inlet                   is located at the southern end of New Topsail
                                  Beach. It averages 1250 feet in width with the gorge-staying relatively
                                  perpendicular to the beach front and being rather short compared to
                                  its width.

                                            The island to the south, which is only a mile in length, is a low
                                  sandy area with sparse ground vegetation. The island to the north is
                                  21 miles long with fairly dense ground vegetation and many stands of
                                  trees, and it seems to have a generally higher elevation than the island
                                  to the south. The main channel of this Inlet is on the south side of
                                  the gorge, and it appears that the major ebb flow comes from Banks
                                  Channel and a small channel from the Intrac6astal Waterway.

                                  Migration Trends

                                            The Inlet is moving generally from north to south with five periods
                                  studied showing migration to the south of over 25 feet per year. The
                                  maximum migration occurred in the period between 1949-1956, and the net
                                  movement was 1286 feet west. The total southernly migration for the
                                  thirty-four year period was 2680 feet.

                                  Future Trends

                                            it app@ears that this Inlet will continue to migrate to the south;
                                  although, a breakthrough of an inlet several thousand feet to the north
                                  certainly would be possible. The southern migration could extend
                                  another 2,000 feet to the south where Howard Creek makes a sharp turn
                                  to the northeast.

                                                                                     INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                  Year      Gorge       Gorge          Channel      Channel       Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge      Net Channel
                                            Width       Width          Width        Width         Gorge 5 side        Gorge N side        Migration      Migration
                                            (ft)        Change         (ft)         Change        (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                                  1938       1387
                                                           57          587           -30          57 S                2 N                 28 S             65 S
                                  1949       2043

                                  1949       2043
                                                          -152         303           -36          131 S             280 S                 205 S           169 S
                                  1956       1090

                                  1956       1090
                                                           101         239             19         92 S                10 N                41 S             81 S
                                  1961       1609

                                  1961       1609
                                                         -84           545            105           3 S               98 S                50 S            -76 N
                                  1966       1195

                                  1966       1195
                                                           6           611           -73          106 S             100 S                 103 S           167 S
                                  1972       1229

                                  Total Gorge Migration     (ft) 2680 S                         Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 2680 S (1938-1972)

                                                                                                            30

                                          NEW TOPSAIL INLET

                                            715
                                           @,@3i
                                        YR
                                                          Y.
                                                                                         1938

                   7777,9,74
                                                                                         1949

                                                                                         1956

                                 NO

                                                                                         1961

                                                                                         1966

                                                 ", rfwv
                                                                                         1972

              APPROX,1MATE
                                                      31

                                                                                  NEW RIVER INLET

                                 Description

                                           New River Inlet is located in Onslow County between the south end
                                 of Onslow Beach and the north end ofTopsail Beach. The gorge of the
                                 Inlet averages about 770 feet in width with the channel.existing on the
                                 southern side of the gorge. The Inlet is fed by New River through one
                                 channel; however, some flow occurs through the tidal marshes behind the
                                 barrier islands.

                                 Migration Trends

                                           The Inlet tends to move southward, extending                                           the southern end of
                                 Onslow Beach and eroding the northern end of Topsail Beach. In 1938,
                                 New River Inlet had an unusual S-shape which broke through on the north
                                 prior to the 1949 photography. Since 1949, the Inlet has kept its
                                 shape and has been widening continuously with the exception of the period
                                 from 1956 to 1960. The most drastic increase in width occurred from
                                 1964 to 1971.

                                 Future Trends

                                           It can be expected that the Inlet will continue to migrate from
                                 the southern edge of its location in 1938 and the northern edge of
                                 i.ts location in 1949.

                                                                                   INLET CIARACTFRISTICS

                                 Year      Gorge       Gorge        Channel       Channel       Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                           Width       Width        Width         Width         Gorge S side        Gorge N side        Migration       Migration
                                            ft)        Change         (ft)        Change        (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                       (ft/yr)                    (ft/yr)

                                 1938       330
                                                         39           253          12            195 N               235 N               215 N           203 N
                                 1949       774

                                 1949       774
                                                         24           443          38             16 S                52 S                64 S            44 S
                                 1956       925

                                 1956       925
                                                         -48          494         -29               9 S               62 S                36 S            46 S
                                 1960       694

                                 1960       694
                                                         18           486          38               1 N               22 N                11 N            16 N
                                 1964       750

                                 1964       750
                                                         51           489         -21              35 S                6 N                15 S            58 S
                                 1971      1142

                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 1818 N                               Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 2472        N (1938-1949)
                                                                                                 *Since 1949 migration has been primarily S

                                                                                                            32

                                                                                                                     NEW RIVER INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1938

                                                                         7@11"lill' 77
                                            'k

                                                 Yl@'
                                                 Al                NV

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1949

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              956
                                                           ARI
                                                                M

                                   N
                                                                            NA

                                                                                                                                                                                                          %

                                                                                                                                    A
                                                                                                                                                                                           V"
                                                 i'wv                                                                                                                                                                                      1960

                                                                                                                                                        NY F
                                                                               k
                                     11          o
                                                                N',

                                                                  IM", PM

                                                 v-,
                                                 5, Lm @-.N
                                                                                                                                                                10 1,
                                                                                                                                                                    vo                                                                     1964

                                        N
                                         t'N'vlw

                                                                                                                                                               77
                                                                     ... . .... ...                                                                        _77,

                                                                      ,k'41'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1971

                                                                                                          M-1

                                                              A@'
                                                           At
                                   Pkil

                                     wo

                                                 Ol

                                                             7 7--

                                                                                                                                           33

                                                                                       BROWN INLET

                                 Description

                                            Brown Inlet is located in northern Onslow County. It is one of the
                                 smaller inlets and averages only 875 feet in width. The main channel of
                                 the Inlet is fairly straight and recently averaged less than one third
                                 the width of the gorge. The Inlet is fed by two primary channels: the
                                 south channel which is an extension of Freeman's Creek, and the north
                                 channel which extends just up to the Intracoastal Waterway.

                                 Migration Trends

                                            Brown Inlet has moved south steadily in every period of study ex-
                                 cept one, which was between 1949-1956, when the Inlet only widened and
                                 did not move at all. The 1938 photograph shows a large sand spit
                                 extending from the end of Onslow Beach, possibly indicating that the
                                 Inlet was.moving north prior to this time.

                                            The Inlet seems to maintain a rather funnel-like appearance with
                                 the main channel projecting more or less directly into the area.

                                 Future Trends

                                            The Inlet will probably continue to move southward. The 1971
                                 photography shows Onslow Beach eroding and the island to the north be-
                                 coming more stable due to increased vegetation.

                                            One of the channels connecting this Inlet to the Intracoastal
                                 Waterway is located some distance to the south, and the history of
                                 movement due to littoral drift is also in this direction.

                                            There is a possibility of a breakthrough where the western channel
                                 approaches the east side of the island. Accreted land to the north is
                                 becoming more heavily vegetated and is, therefore, much more stable
                                 than in the past history.

                                                                                   INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year       Average        Gorge       Average         Channel     Migration Of        Migration Of         Net Inlet      Net Channel
                                            Gorge          Width       Channel         Width       Gorge S side        Gorge N side         Migration      Migration
                                            Width          Channel     Width           Change      (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                            (ft)           (ft/yr)     (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)

                                 1938        490
                                                           26           344            5            55 S                35 S                45 S            60 S
                                 1949        786

                                 1949        786
                                                           77           311          -21            36 S                36 N                0.0             37 S
                                 1956       1257

                                 1956        1257
                                                           -59          178          -29            33 S               -98 S                65  S           21 S
                                 1960          970

                                 1960        970
                                                           -31          174            41           61 S              -103 S                82  S            2 S
                                 1964        870

                                 1964        870
                                                           -1           257            4            43 S                44 S                43 S            15 S
                                 1971        863

                                 Total Gorge Migration (ft) 1431                                    Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1431

                                                                                                            34

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       BROWN INLET

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1949

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        35

                                                                                        BEAR INLET

                                  Description

                                             Bear Inlet is located at the northern end of Onslow County and is
                                  bound on the north by Bear Island. It is a moderate size inlet averaging
                                  about 15bo feet in width. Four primary channels feed this inlet with
                                  the one farthest south being Bear Creek and the other three channels all
                                  extending from the Intracoastal Waterway.

                                  Migration

                                             Bear Inlet has a fairly stable location; however, the shape has
                                  varied considerably during the period of study. The net motion from
                                  1938 has been 179 feet east. Bear Inlet does not seem to be moving a
                                  great deal in either direction. The Inlet appears to move in a north-
                                  south cycle, eroding possibly several hundred feet of the ends of the
                                  islands and then replacing the material on the next cycle.

                                  Future Trends

                                             There is an area several hundred yards southwest of the end of
                                  the south is-land that might be endangered by severe storm conditions.
                                  The Inlet is unvegetated. Since 1956, the wind has been moving sand
                                  across the inlet and depositing it in the channel behind the island.
                                  During a very heavy storm, this would be a potential washover area with
                                  the possibility of forming a new inlet.

                                                                                      PI&ET'CHARACTERISTI CS

                                  Year       Gorge      Gorge          Average       Channel       Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge        Net Channel
                                             Width      Width          Channel       Width         Gorge S side        Gorge IN side       Migration       Migration
                                             (ft)       Change         Width         Change        (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)             (ft/yr)            ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)        (ft)          (ft/yr)

                                  1938       2560
                                                        -103           320            -1            90 N                14 S                38 N              60 S
                                  1949       1395

                                  1949       1395
                                                        -65            361              13          47 N                28 S                 9 N              15 N
                                  1956         991

                                  1956         991
                                                          158          379            -10          116 S                48 N                34 S              23 N
                                  1960       1752
                                  1960       1752       -137           506              94          40 N                78 S                19 S              96 S
                                  1964       1310

                                  1964       1310
                                                        -17            45U            -54            2 S                20 S                11 S              76 S
                                  1971       1178

                                  Total Gorge Migration      (ft) 179  N                            Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 488        N (1938-1956)

                                                                                                               36

                                                                                                                                                                 BEAR INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1939
                                                Ut1%  VW,@ W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                '1949

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                                                                                                                                                                                        37

                                                                                      BOGUE INLET

                                 Description

                                            Bogue Inlet, one of the largest North Carolina inlets, is located
                                 at the mouth of White Oak River near Swansboro, North Carolina. It is
                                 bound on the east by Bogue Banks and on the west by Bear Island with
                                 Dudley Island existing directly behind the Inlet. The Inlet has two
                                 primary fresh water sources, White Oak River and Queen Creek. The
                                 Inlet mouth is formed by two crescent shaped spits of sand. These spits
                                 are relatively unstable and are continuously in motion as is the entire
                                 gqrge of the Inlet. The motion of the entire gorge is, however, much
                                 slbwer than that of the sand spits. The sand spits may shift radically
                                 in just a few months or even a few days under severe storm conditions,
                                 but the gorge shifts usually occur over a period of years.

                                 Migration Trends

                                            During the period of study the net trend in migration ior Bogue
                                 Inlet was to the east. The Inlet swings.from east to west with the
                                 longest motion in the east direction, producing a net travel of approxi-
                                 mately 1300 feet. This Inlet has always been extremely wide compared
                                 to the channel flow which is from the east and the west. The 1949
                                 -photography shows two main channels which may indicate the excessive
                                 width of the gorge.

                                            Bogue Inlet has recently undergone a large-scaled, short-term
                                 shift. The eastern spit has extended a great distance out into the gorge
                                 and has been cut from the main body of Bogue Banks, thus creating a new
                                 inlet.

                                 Future Trends

                                            Bogue Inlet has-a migration zone stretching 1500 feet from the
                                 edge of the vegetation on the east and the west banks. Long-term mi-,
                                 gration is relatively small, but rather large short-term movements may
                                 be anticipated,in the future.

                                                                                    INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year       Gorge      Gorge          Channel      Channel      Migration Of        Migration Of        Net Gorge       Net Channel
                                            Width      Width          Width        Width        Gorge W side        Gorge E side        Migration       Migration
                                            (ft)       Change         (ft)         Change         (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                       (ft/yr)                     (ft/yr)

                                 1938       2532
                                                         346.         1059            71           75 W                270 E            97 E             284 E
                                 1949       6519

                                 1949       6519
                                                       -187           4246           291            6 E                185 W            90 W             219 W
                                 1956       5327

                                 1956       5327
                                                       -300           2206         -473           379 E                 70 E           224 E             11 E
                                 1960       3911

                                 1960       3911
                                                       -15            698          -246            93 E                 60 E            76 E            323 W
                                 1964       3862

                                 1964       3862
                                                       -72            1104           208           39 W                110 W            75 W            137 W
                                 1971       3308

                                 Total Groge Migration (ft) 1274 E                                 Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1300 E        (1938-1964)

                                                                                                           38

                                              BOGUE     INLET

                                                                                       1938

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                                                                                      1949
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                                                      39

                                                                                 BEAUFORT INLET

                                 Description

                                            Beaufort Inlet is a major inlet in North Carolina that separates
                                 Bogue Banks to the west and Shackleford Banks to the east. Newport
                                 River to the south and the North River from the north supply the fresh
                                 water flow to this Inlet. Fort Macon is located on the western side
                                 of the Inlet and has been stabilized with a number of short groins a'nd,
                                 fairly recently, with a major jetty. Shackleford Banks to the east*is
                                 undeveloped, and historically there has been a rather significant sand
                                 spit extending from the vegetated areas to the east of the Inlet.
                                 Beaufort Inlet is one of the widest inlets in North Carolina averaging
                                 over a mile in width.

                                 Migration Trends

                                            Since 1953, Beaufort Inlet appears to be continually narrowing in
                                 width principally through accretion of Shackleford Banks on the east
                                 side of the Inlet. The location of Morehead City Channel through the
                                 Inlet varies; however, it generally seems to exist on the western side
                                 of the Inlet. There seems to be a tendency for deposition of sand on
                                 the east side during the ebb flow condition. The 1964 photography indi-
                                 cates that the elevation of this sand has risen above the water level
                                 and has now become a part of Shackleford Banks. The 1971 photography
                                 indicates that some vegetation is beginning to form on this sand spit,
                                 and in fact, the sand spit is continuing to migrate to the west.

                                 Zone of Migration

                                            Due to the construction of the protective works on the east side of
                                 Fort Macon, it is anticipated that, unless a major storm produces a
                                 breakthrough, the west side of Beaufort Inlet can be expected not to
                                 migrate any significant distance. The 1971 photography indicates a zone
                                 of possible overwash on the east side, and it is possible that during a
                                 major weather event a breakthrough could occur several thousand feet to
                                 the east of the present Inlet. This would at least temporarily produce
                                 two inlets with a sand island between them. The zone of migration for
                                 Beaufort Inlet might extend approximately from an area where the heavy
                                 vegetation exists on the east side in the 1939 photography to the pre-
                                 sent location on the west                          side.of the Inlet.

                                                                                    INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                 Year       Gorge      Gorge         Average        Channel     Migration Of        Migration Of         Net Gorge      Net Channel
                                            Width      Width         Channel        Width       Gorge W side        Gorge E side         Migration      Migration
                                            (ft)       Change        Width          Change       (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)              (ft/yr)        (ft/yr)
                                                       (ft/yr)       (ft)           (ft/yr)

                                 1939       7132
                                                         69          1802           39             63 W              7 E                 28 W            35 E
                                 1953       8144

                                 1953       8144
                                                       -283          2507           165            10 W            290 E                 140 E           83 W
                                 1958       .6723

                                 1958       6723
                                                       -496          2956           13              1 E            501 W                 250 W           43 W
                                 1964       4131

                                 1964       4131
                                                       -51                                         70 E             27 W                 22 E
                                 1971       3739

                                 Net Gorge  Migration (ft) 836 W                                 Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 1308 W (1958-1964)
                                 *These data cannot be determined from the photograph

                                                                                                           40

                                                              BEAUFORT INLET                                                                                                                          BEAU

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                                                                            41

                                                                                 BARDEN INLET

                                Description

                                          Barden       Inlet is located northwest of Cape Lookout                                        where-the general
                                orientation           of the shoreline changes from essentially north-south along
                                .Core Banks to essentially east-west along Shackleford Banks. The
                                southernly migration of Cape Lookout-has extended the                                                  Cape-well below
                                Barden Inlet. The ebb flow comes from Back Sound and                                                   Core Sound which
                                feeds the Inlet through Lighthouse Channel. The Inlet is approximately
                                1800 feet wide with the main channel located on the east side of the
                                Inlet. However, at the location it enters the ocean, it curves to the
                                west and away from the Cape to follow the coastline southward.

                                Migration Trends

                                          Barden Inlet has generally widened from 1945 to the present time;
                                although, from 1965 to 1971 it did narrow somewhat. The east side of
                                the Inlet has generally sh                       'own a history of migration to the east with
                                the west side migrating both to the east and to the west. The net migra-
                                tion of the gorge during the period of study has been to the east. The
                                main channel of Barden Inlet has always been on the east side and is,
                                no doubt, producing this easternly migration. It appears possible that
                                a continued easternly migration of Barden Inlet will produce a breakthrough
                                along Core Banks resulting in the formation of a new inlet and the sub-
                                sequent closing of the present Inlet.

                                Zone of Migration

                                          The zone of migration is difficult to predict for Barden Inlet.
                                Because the Inlet has been moving steadily to the east, it seems reason-
                                able that the westernly side should be considered more or less stable.
                                As noted previously, it is possible that the Inlet will eventually cause
                                a breaching of Core Banks on the ocean side, resulting in the formation
                                of a new easternly directed inlet. If this should occur, the southern
                                end of Core Banks will become a separate island.

                                                                                 INLET CHARACTERISTICS

                                Year      Average       Gorge        Average       Channel        Migration Of       Migration Of      Net Inlet       Net Channel
                                          Gorge        Width         Channel       Width          Gorge W side       Gorge E side      Migration       Migration
                                          Width         Change       Width         Change         (ft/yr)            (ft/yr)           (ft/yr)         (ft/yr)
                                                        (ft/yr)                    (ft/yr)

                                1945       918
                                                          49          633           8             23 W               25 E                1 E            -1 E
                                1953      1329

                                1953       1329
                                                          84          829           60            34 W               49 E                7 E           -24 E
                                1958       1782

                                1958       1782
                                                           8          963           -8            -20 E              27 E               23 E           -27 E
                                1965       1835

                                1965       1835
                                                          -9          506            6             9 E                   E               6 E             I W
                                1971       1766

                                Total Gorge Migration (ft) 251                                     Maximum Gorge Migration (ft) 251

                                                                                                         42

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       BARDEN INLET

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1945

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1'95 3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  955

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           v%

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1958

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1,965

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         MW

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    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