[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]









                                                                       ORNL/CDIAC-45
                                                                             NDP-043A




     !OAI(-RIIDGE
      NATIONAL
      LABORATORY
                                           A Coastal Hazards Data Base
                                               for the U.S. East Coast






                                                        Vivien M. Gornitz
                                                        Tammy W. White







                                                  Environmental Sciences Division
                                                       Publication No. 3913























         .4
   GB459     BY
     0M1































































    .G67     1
   1992      METTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.,
             11TEO-STATES       4 A;
             T OF ENERGY


























                                                This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.

                                                Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Techni@
                                                call Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from (615)
                                                576-8401, FTS 626-8401.

                                                Available to the public from the Naflonal Technical Information Service, U.S.
                                                Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.





                                                This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of
                                                the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any
                                                agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or
                                                implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com-
                                                pleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process dis-
                                                closed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
                                                Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by
                                                trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily cons*
                                                tute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
                                                Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
                                                expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
                                                Government or any agency thereof.









                                                                                   ORNL/CDIAC-45
                                                                                        NDP-043A


                                      ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION


                          A COASTAL HAZARDS DATA BASE FOR THE
                                              U.S. EAST COAST

                                                    Contributed by

                                                   Vivien M. Gornitz
                                       National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                                             Goddard Institute for Space Studies
                                                 New York, New York

                                                   Tammy W. White
                                              Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                                             Environmental Sciences Division
                                                 Oak Ridge, Tennessee

                                             Prepared by Richard C. Daniels'

                                             Environmental Sciences Division
                                                  Publication No. 3913



                                              Date Published: August 1992


                                                    Prepared for the
                                             Global Change Research Program
                                             Environmental Sciences Division
                                        Office of Health and Environmental Research
                                               U.S. Department of Energy
                                          Budget Activity Number KP 05 00 00 0

                                                    Prepared by the
                                        Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
    T,                                  OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
                                             Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
                                                      managed by
                                     MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
                                                        for the
                                           U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                                            13-       t D   C-05 - jQV
                                                         ,Lj@@ manwomW
                                             nd-.captr6


                 'Energy, Environment and Resources Center, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee.

       Q0
       Cn
       0r)
                                     us zwWartment of Commerce
                                     NOAA Coastal Services Center 14bruy
                                     2234 South Hobson Av*nu*
       C-)                           Charleston, SC 29405-2413
       LLJ









                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                                            Page

                LIST OF FIGURES        ..................................                   vii


                LIST OF TABLES      ...................................                     ix


                ABSTRACT       .......................................                      xi



                PART 1: INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATA PACKAGE                     ........     i


                 1. NAME OF THE NUMERIC DATA PACKAGE                 ...........     :      3


                 2. CONTRIBUTORS        ...................................                 3


                 3. KEYWORDS        .....................................                   3


                 4. BACKGROUND INFORMATION             ..........................           3


                 5. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA            .......................             5


                 6. DEFINITION OF STANDARD TERMS AND CONCEPTS
                       USED IN THE DATA PACKAGE             ....................            5


                 7. ORIGINAL DATA VARIABLES             .......................             11


                       7.1 Elevation   ..................................                   11

                       7.2 Geology  ....................................                    12

                       7.3 Geomorphology    .............          .............     I ...  15


                       7.4 Sea-Level Trends    .............................                19


                       7.5 Horizontal Shoreline Displacement (Erosion)   ......             23

                       7.6 Tidal Ranges . ....................                      .....   25

                       7.7 Wave Heights    ...............................                  29









                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)



                8. RELATIVE RISK FACTORS        .........................            31


                9. THE COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX            ................       33

                10. LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE DATA             ....... o . 37

                11. DATA CHECKS PERFORMED BY CDIAC            ................       38


                12. HOW TO OBTAIN THE PACKAGE           .....................        39


                13. REFERENCES AND DATA SOURCES            ..................        40


                      13.1 Digital Elevation Data ..........................         43

                      13.2 Geologic Maps  ..............................             43

                      13.3 Topographic Maps    ............................          44



                PART 2: INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPUTERIZED
                      DATA FILES    ...................................              47


                14. CONTENTS OF THE COMPUTERIZED DATA FILES               ........   49


                15. DESCRIPTIVE FILE ON THE TAPE        ....................         53


                16. LISTING OF THE FORTRAN 77 DATA
                      RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS        .........................            67


                17. LISTING OF THE SAS'm DATA
                      RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS        .........................            73


                18. PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE FLAT ASCII
                      DATA FILES    .............................             .....  77


                19. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT:
                      FLAT ASCII DATA FILES        ........................          80


                20. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT:
                      ARC/INFOTm EXPORT FILES         ......................         83




                                                        iv








                                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)



                     APPENDICES          ......................................                                    85



                     APPENDIX A: THE DATA GROUPS: A QUICK REFERENCE                                     .....      A-1



                     APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS                          ....................                   B-1


                             GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE
                             GEOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION                      .....................                    B-3


                             GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE
                             GEOMORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION                             ..............              B-6



                     APPENDIX C: DATA LISTING OF GEOLOGIC AND
                             GEOMORPHIC DATA                  ...........................                          C-1


                             DATA LISTING OF THE GEOLOGIC DATA
                             FOR LINE SEGMENTS THAT OCCURRED
                             WITHIN A COASTAL GRID CELL                        ..................                  C-3


                             DATA LISTING OF THE GEOMORPHIC DATA
                             FOR LINE SEGMENTS THAT OCCURRED
                             WITHIN A COASTAL GRID CELL                         ..................                 C-16



                     APPENDIX D: REPRINTS OF PERTINENT LITERATURE                                    .......       D-1


                             Assessment of global coastal hazards from sea
                             level rise, by Gornitz, V. and P. Kanciruk. 1989                ...........           D-3

                             Vulnerability of the U.S. to future sea-level rise,
                             by Gornitz, V., White, T.W., and R.M. Cushman. 1991                       ......      D-19




                     ARC/INFO' is a registered trademark of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Inc., Redlands,
                     CA 92372.


                     SAS' is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC 27511-8000.



                                                                          V









                                                                 LIST OF FIGURES


                               Figure                                                                                     Page

                                 I      Grid cells (0.25' by 0.250) and identification
                                        numbers used in the raster (ASCII) and vector
                                        (ARC/INFO) files. The value shown within each
                                        cell is the grid cell identification number           ..............                 7

                                 2      Example of how geologic data codes were
                                        transferred to the 0.25' grid cells used in this NDP              ........          14

                                 3      Example of how geomorphic data codes were
                                        transferred to the 0.250 grid cells used in this NDP              . . . . . . . .   18

                                 4a     Location of the 36 tide-gauge stations and
                                        11C paleosealevel regions used in the calculation
                                        of the sea-level-trend data variables           .................                   20


                                 4b     Example of how the sea-level trend data were
                                        averaged for areas without data on a fictional
                                        coastline and transferred to the 0.25' grid
                                        cells used in this NDP         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    22


                                 5      Example of how the shoreline displacement data were
                                        transferred to the 0.25' grid cells used in this NDP              . . . . . . . .   24

                                 6      Example of how tide-gauge data were transferred
                                        to the 0.250 grid cells for the maximum tide-range
                                        variable     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .    27

                                 7      Example of how the wave-height data were
                                        transferred to the 0.25' grid cells used in this NDP              . . . . . . . .   30

                                 8      Example of how the Coastal Vulnerability Index
                                        may be used to identify high-risk coastlines in
                                        South Carolina       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .   36












                                                                             vii









                                                                  LIST OF TABLES


                               Table                                                                                     Page

                                 I      Coastal geologic classification codes assigned
                                        to the coastal geology variable          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13

                                 2      Coastal geomorphology classification codes assigned,
                                        to the coastal geomorphology variable            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15

                                 3      Mean, maximum, andmini-mum mean tide-range
                                        data by U.S. coast      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    28

                                 4      Statistical summary of maximum significant
                                        wave heights for the three U.S coasts            ................                  29

                                 5      Assignment of relative risk factors for
                                        elevation, local subsidence trend, shoreline
                                        displacement, tidal range, and wave height             . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32

                                 6      Assignment of relative risk factors for
                                        geology     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    32

                                 7      Assignment of relative risk factors for
                                        geomorphology       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    33

                                 8      Sensitivity of different Coastal Vulnerability Indices
                                        to changes in risk class from high to low assignments
                                        for one to three variables      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    35


                                 9      Variable formats for ECGRID.ASC (File 5)                 . . . . . . . . . . . .   56

                                 10     Variable formats for ECPOINT.ASC (File 9)                  . . . . . . . . . . .   61

                                 11     Variable formats for ECRISK.ASC (File 13)                . . . . . . . . . . . .   64

                                 12     Sample of the vector format used for
                                        ECOAST.ASC (File 17)            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    66


                                 13     Statistical characteristics of the numeric
                                        variables in ECGRID.ASC (File 5)               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   80


                                 14     Statistical characteristics of the numeric
                                        variables in ECPOINT.ASC (File 9)              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   81


                                                                             ix









                                              LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

                         Table                                                                   Page

                          15    Statistical characteristics of the numeric
                                variables in ECRISKASC (File 13)      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

                          16    Characteristics and size, in bytes and 512-
                                byte blocks, of ECOAST.ASC (File 17)      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

                          17    File size, in bytes and 512-byte blocks,
                                and the number of INFO data records in
                                each ARC/INFO" export file     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83









                                                          ABSTRACT


                 GORNITZ, V.M. and T.W. WHITE. 1992. A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East
                         Coast, ORNL/CDIAC-45, NDP-043A, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
                         Tennessee. 184 pp.

                         This document describes the contents of a digital data base that may be used by raster
                 or vector geographic information systems (GIS) and non-GIS data bases to assess the risk of
                 coastlines to erosion or sea level rise. The data base integrates point, line, and polygon data
                 for the U.S. East Coast into 0.25' latitude x 0.25' longitude grid cells. Each coastal grid cell
                 contains data on geology, geomorphology, elevation, wave heights, tidal ranges, shoreline
                 displacement (erosion), and sea-level trends.
                         To allow for the identification of coastlines at risk from coastal erosion or sea level
                 rise, 7 of the 22 original data variables in this data base were classified and used to create
                 7 relative risk variables. These relative risk variables may be used to calculate a coastal
                 vulnerability index for each grid cell. The data for the 22 original variables and 7 risk
                 variables, for a total of 29 data variables, have been placed into the following data groups:

                 (1)     Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data include
                         elevations, geology, geomorphology, sea-level trends, shoreline displacement
                         (erosion), tidal ranges, and wave heights.

                 (2)     Supplemental data for the stations used in calculating the sea-level trend and
                         tidal range data sets.

                 (3)     Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The risk
                         variables are classified versions of the following data variables: mean coastal
                         elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trends, mean shoreline
                         displacement, maximum tide range, and the maximum significant wave height.

                         These data are available as a Numeric Data Package (NDP), from the Carbon Dioxide
                 Information Analysis Center, consisting of this document and a set of computerized data
                 files. The documentation contains information on the methods used in calculating each
                 variable, detailed descriptions of file contents and formats, and a discussion of the sources,
                 restrictions, and limitations of the data. The data files are available on magnetic tape, on
                 floppy diskettes, or through INTERNET. This data base consists of several ARC/INFO"
                 export files and flat ASCII data files (provided to extend the use of the data to non-
                 ARC/INF6" users) with the data placed into 0.25' x 0.25' grid cells of latitude and
                 longitude. A 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. East Coast, FORTRAN and SASTI
                 retrieval files, and a descriptive file have also been provided.


                 ARC/INFO' is a registered trademark of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Inc., Redlands,
                 CA 92372.
                 SAS' is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC 27511-8000.


                                                                Xi





































                                    PART 1
                      INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATA PACKAGE









                                    1. NAME OF THE NUMERIC DATA PACKAGE


                          A COASTAL HAZARDS DATA BASE FOR THE U.S. EAST COAST


                                                    2. CONTRIBUTORS



                 Vivien M. Gornitz
                 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                 Goddard Institute for Space Studies
                 2880 Broadway
                 New York, NY 10025

                 Tammy W. White
                 Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                 Environmental Sciences Division
                 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335

                                                      3. KEYWORDS


                 Coastal hazards; risk assessment; sea level rise; elevation; geology; geomorphology; coastal
                 landforms; subsidence; erosion; accretion; tide range; wave height; geographic information
                 system.



                                           4.  BACKGROUND INFORMATION


                        Effective coastal management requires the ability to project the response of coastal
                 zones to short- and long-term climate variations, since any change in climatic processes will
                 ultimately affect the coastal zone in some way. For example, 10,500 years ago during the
                 Wisconsin glaciation, the mean global surface air temperature was 5 to 10C cooler than at
                 present. This reduced global temperature resulted in the growth of continental and alpine
                 glaciers. These glaciers fixed large amounts of water in place (as ice or snow) and resulted
                 in a reduction, from current levels, in the eustatic sea level of 110 to 120 m.
                        Variations in sea levels and air temperatures of this magnitude can profoundly affect
                 the maximum intensity and frequency of storms and, as a result, increase or decrease erosion
                 rates in coastal areas (Emanuel, 1998). The effects of coastal storms range from accelerated
                 shoreline erosion (Dolan et al., 1988) to loss of life and property (Case and Mayfield, 1990).
                 Added to these concerns is a fear that climatic change, especially that caused by an increase
                 in the world's mean global surface air temperatures (i.e., the greenhouse effect), may cause
                 the world's current rate of sea level rise to increase (Houghton et al., 1990).
                        The prediction of the future response of coastal zones to changes in sea level or storm
                 intensity requires information on the past and current state of the coast (Smith and Piggott,
                 1987). In 1987 the U.S. Department of Energy, Atmospheric and Climate Research Division,


                                                               3








                 funded Dr. Vivien M. Gornitz (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) and the Carbon Dioxide
                 Information and Analysis Research Program: Resource Analysis Project at Oak Ridge
                 National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to develop a Coastal Hazards Data
                 Base to provide information on the past and current state of the coast. As envisioned, the
                 data base would contain information on relative 'sea level trends, elevation, vertical land
                 movements, horizontal displacement (erosion/accretion), coastal geomorphology, and
                 geology. When complete, the data base would be used within a Geographic Information
                 System (GIS) to identify coastal areas of the United States (and possibly Europe, Australia,
                 Mexico, and Canada) that are currently at risk to inundation and erosion, and whose risk
                 would increase if the world's eustatic sea level increased (Department of. Energy, 1987;
                 1988; 1989; 1990; 1991).
                         The research- and data-acquisition phase of this project ended in 1991. The data
                 gathered over the lifetime of the project are archived at the Carbon Dioxide Information
                 Analysis Center (CDIAQ at ORNL. From this data CDIAC plans to produce a set of
                 Numeric Data Packages (NDPs) for the continental United States. The following NDPs are
                 available, in progress, or planned: U.S. East Coast (NDP-043A, available), U.S. Gulf Coast
                 (NDP-043B, in progress), and U.S. West Coast (NDP-043C, planned) - NDPs for Hawaii,
                 Alaska, and portions of Mexico and Canada may follow. The data for the Gulf and West
                 Coast are still in the process of being statistically analyzed and integrated into the GIS, and
                 need to be documented and quality assured before they are distributed. These data sets will
                 be released through CDIAC as they are completed. The data contained within this data base,
                 for the U.S. East Coast, is the first of these regional data sets to be made available.
                         The information presented here may be used for calculating the relative vulnerabilities-
                 of different areas on the East Coast to projected increases in air and sea temperatures, and
                 sea level. This information will be useful to researchers, government planning agencies, the
                 private sector, oreducational institutions which are trying to determine the present and future
                 vulnerability of coastal zones to erosion and sea-level rise.
                         The data base described here comprises data extracted from a variety of sources,
                 including publications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
                 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), universities, and
                 other federal and state agencies. Because of the wide variety of data sources@ used, the scale
                 and form in which data was received varied. To facilitate data analysis, the information was
                 referenced to a grid of 0.250 latitude by 0.25' longitude cells that cover the East Coast (i.e.,
                 one grid cell contains four USGS 7.5-minute Topographic Quadrangles). For the purposes
                 of this NDP the East Coast has been defined as extending from the Maine - Canadian border
                 to Key West, Florida.









                                                                4









                                           5. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA


                        This coastal hazards data base contains information on elevation (relief),      bedrock
                geology, geomorphology (coastal landforms), sea-level trends, horizontal shoreline
                displacement (erosion or accretion), tide ranges, and wave heights. These data variables weri
                selected for inclusion in this data base on the bases of the roles they play in determining the
                vulnerability of coastal areas to variations in sea level and long-term erosion.
                        When the information in this data base is used in conjunction- with appropriate
                climatological data (e.g., Birdwell and Daniels, 1991), it may be used to identify coastal grid
                cells that are at greater risk of temporary inundation from coastal storms relative to other
                aIreas on the East Coast (Gornitz@ 1990). This data base may also be used@ to identify coastal
                zones that are at risk from coastal erosion or possible changes in relative sea level in
                response to predicted global warming and local subsidence (Houghton e't al., 1990). This
                predictive capability will allow the planning process for coastal areas to begin before the
                effects of climate change are actually felt.
                        The 29 data variables in this data base effectively measure two basic risk factors,
                erosion and inundation. The inundation risk of a given grid cell may be estimated based on
                the sea level trends and elevation data; while the erosion risk may be determined on the basis
                of historical shoreline displacement trends, resistance to erosion (geomorphology, geology),
                and ocean forcing factors (tide ranges and wave heights).



                             6. DEFINITION OF STANDARD TERMS AND CONCEPTS
                                             USED IN THE DATA PACKAGE


                        The large number of data variables within this data base may cause confusion. To
                help alleviate this problem, the following standard definitions have been adopted:


                        Data variable - A single, discrete, data item within a data group or set (e.g.,
                        data set=elevation, data variable=mean elevation).

                        System variable - A variable that references or identifies data variables with
                        respect to their geographic location or the physical dimensions of the grid
                        cells or points they represent.

                        Data set - A collection of data variables that have been derived from a single
                        data source, such as the mean and maximum elevation variables.

                        Data group - A collection of data variables that have been placed into a
                        single ARC/INFO" export file and a comparable flat ASCII file.

                        Data base - All data groups within this NDP.



                                                               5








                         All 29 data variables within this data base have been placed into two primary data
                 groups and one supplemental data group (i.e., the supplemental data group contains the point
                 data used for calculating the sea level trend and, tide-range variables). The primary data
                 groups are stored in a grid of 0.25' latitude by 0.25' longitude cells. All three of the data
                 groups are available as ARC/INFCP ex       'port files or flat ASCII files. The data values in the
                 ARC/INFOTm files are point or polygon based. This implies that each grid cell that describes
                 the U.S. East Coast has a total of 29 attribute values. (An auxiliary data file containing a
                 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the East Coast has been included. The data in this file
                 were extracted from a-map originally digitized by the USGS.)
                         To allow these data to be used by a raster GIS, or a non-GIS data base, the data were
                 transformed into a raster format and stored in the flat ASCII data files. The storage format
                 for these flat files uses the same 0.25' latitude by 0.25' longitude grid used in the vector
                 (ARC/INFOTM)     files. The 0.250 grid covers the East Coast and is defined by the following
                 coordinates: 85W, 24N; 85*W, 46N; 650W, 460N; and 65W, 241N. The origin of the grid
                 is at 85'W, 24'N and grid identifiers increase from left to right, bottom to top (Figure 1).
                 The data contained within each grid cell is valid for the entire grid cell. The data for a grid
                 cell should not be construed as being representative of a "point" in the cell -be it the lower-
                 left corner, upper-left corner, center, etc.
                        . Of the 29 data variables contained within this data set., 9 contain information
                 originally derived from point data. For these variables the actual, point data have been
                 provided in the supplemental data group. The supplemental data group includes the following
                 items: station name/number, latitude/longitude location, period-of-record, and the actual
                 values used to derive the relative sea level trend, long-term geologic-trend, corrected sea
                 level trend, local subsidence trend, mean tide range, maximum tide range, and mean tide
                 level variables.
                         Upon special request a line/are version of the data used in the creation of this data
                 base is available from CDIAC. If requested, this data will be provided as an exported
                 ARC/INFOT1      coverage. This special coverage contains data for line segments, each
                 approximately 4.5 km long, that when plotted are equivalent to those found within the
                 auxiliary file (i.e., a 1:2,000,000 scale coastline map) provided with this database.
















                                                                 6








                                                           Figure 1.                                           Grid cells (0.250 by 0.25) and identification
                                                                                                               numbers used in the raster (ASCII) and vector
                                                                                                               (ARCANFO) files. The value shown within each                                                                                                                                                                                                                     D
                                                                                                               cell is the grid cell identification number.


                                                           M                                                   MM MjMMjSWI                       =16M 697416mlem Wn emlem@ffimlfflal                                                  - 6-1-IMIMM ew Mal WM 8=1=1                                                           MWjM0jMW NO SM MWIMMIMM17M
                                                           Sew Sam M" MB5JM BE)" Sam SM; mmism,                                                  magi-M                   OMS ma MW AIM elm M& me,                                    sm MM M&41MMMM                                              MM MIS &%L I M1 _QL1A _09al we W17 ems 0919 mm

                                                           M02      SM WN MM                 IM MW MM SEW 10                            Sm 1     8812 OMS13               MIS We M17 6918 681989M                             EE21    sM MM 8324 !!E SM                                           BM9 MW sm$                MW      MM WN             68M 6M           M37      MW      MW       T2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Mae

                                                  SM'      sm       SM W24 SM                IMiS ffW HZ28 SM)                          MI       I= 9MMM                           Imla SM, sm sm am                          s;llil  @ Sm @ TAs VAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 EM-E 6748                        am Wee V511,                      am sr9,           SM Wo            OW SM 97M VW

                                                  MAI      0012     55421 0SAA, DBAES        WAS 8347 BOAS SBAI? SIM                    effil    MR e5M           SM,I SMS         effil 0%, Sees Sex)                        0551    SeS2 SWI SOM               WM 0555         SOP       SMS    MW @ UPI                  OEM     eMZ1 W4           SM @             W"       ee7S    SeUll    SMS
                                                  am       Sam      Sees sm', Sam            sees     MMW7 Sam I Sees, @ .0571                   8@2 SIM          ffi@l 85IS       MM       BP7     STIS 85-70 MM             Sm,     MMI.S. .                   BESSIMM,        MV        Sees                             eem     sese esN          effis sm         ser      ems     Sam      Sew
                                                  SAS,     sm                                Nee @j eAml SAM SAW M,                              Nmj SW           45,NING5         Nm                                         smI                                                aer       Sew    MWIMIDISSI,               MIZ     86,31 ffil"       MIS MIS          ffil?    as's    MIG      OEM
                                                  &QI      elm      SIM      8424   elm      am SW             BOW 64M         8410     8411     8412 8413        S4t4jNjS         8418     807 6418 6419 6420                BQI     SAM SIM 804 8AGS                   SCS     8427      SQ8    SAM SM MI                 SM      SAM      804      64M     64M      807      am               840

                                                  6321     M3?      BM       M24    BXS      eM MV M2B MM 03M                           SMI      SM MM            MW MMM           MMM      MW               03M MQ           M41     OW 8W OW 63,15 MAS                         OW        Me     SM MM M51                 03P     MM       e3N      13355 6358       BY.7     6333    0339     MM

                                                           IWe      WAS "           MA`5 I WAS 0247            WAS MAD eme              M51      MM                        S255    MM               Wee      a2m mm           Sm,     MW MM M"_ -am Mee                          MW        Sees   Well M70 SVI                      SM)      SPA      @ WIII                    ez's    ez,I)    Wes
                                                  fte,     site     ales els"       W85 I elm MW               elm elm SIM              .11,                                                .1      .1.      .. elm           Ble,    elm elm SIN                MEWS elm        SIM       &m     SIM Ise elm               elm     elm      SIN      elm elm                   elm     SIM      -1

                                                                                                      W am-== MLAM-M ammmamuma-M&M Blot &K&M-M 1 8195 107 6108 (Meg &R 8111 = 8113 6114 ellS 8116 B117 MAAU9 Jilm
                                                  ent em SM OM4 M. am @.n! -LaR Mle W 1                                                          W21 W3 M14 MIS                    130151021171M81001918M BX!I IMM M23 M24MSW                                                    MV @!            MW MMn!L MM                       =3       W34 WE MM =7 8M DOM                                 MQ
                                                  M2I      WU SM M24 WF. MM                           SQU      SMI Sme SM Mel                    SM                                                                           MAI     m4? SN3 MA4 MIS 5NO                        M47 M40          ENO MISS M51 5R2                  MM       M54 ME M 51157 Wes 58M                              MM
                                                  8941     MQ sm M" WG sm sw                                   WAS I sm Well, M51                M62 MMI ON I ME Ems                        MV      sew      mW      me       Well    MW MW sm MW SMS                            Sep as           sees sm W71 am                    SM W4 WM WX SM SM MM                                         MM
                                                  @M,      VM MM SIN WM V011 SWIS"Bill MM                                                                sm @1@                    VM       - -'s            _3,1@                    Vmlwml@ .G wm                              Ve@ mus          Val wal vw mm                              VN l;lm                                             Mm
                                                  W1 .2!E sm MN sms M sw I so I aw                                                                                saw gar.         EW       sm? sm           59WISM           SMI     sm SMI .1                                                   .1 .1. .111 P12                   5713     .111 5715 S11. .17 1 S.71.1 6.711.1

                                                  MUM mm MD_. =a AM &=                                                                                                                                       om                                        _W_                       -M.                               ME-

                                                                    SM 7-1 SM UMB EM7 SEW SEW sma EMI SM, MW 'sm.                                                                  am Sm? sme                sma me           MAI     mv me            ED"       SNG me 00 we                     ffila    MM 6ZI SEE21 SEM                  UFA ME 59M                M5.7     SEES MM
                                                  S",                               5-6 EA4S                                   SAM @, @1 S@m                                       SAM NV @                  SlW 1;4M         54s,    rAW Nen                    Nals, Nee @ SAM                  Nm                        5@ sm                                               WEI
                                                  MBI MM MM MS* MUS SM MW SM 53M 53M W71 SM I MM I MIA SM                                                                          sm. On I SM               MM               MBI     MW SM            5384      MM 53M MW MM                     MW       MM SM            53M MW           MN M95 WEIS               SM7      SM 5399          SIM
                                                  EPBI SM MRS @ SM 5280152117 MM1 MM SM WDI MWI SJ weA sm                                                                          Sea 1 SM71 sm             sm MW            Oil,    M32 1 53M        W34       Mes M00 I MW I MISS              MW       MIS Mll IM12 W13                  MIAIMIS Is                Mi       .7MIS M19
                                                           @M WW!E!t SM IM 5207 WB                                     5209521t WI E2121 S?131 MIA 5215                            MIS      E217 !2161 52le S2W               5221    = S2M            S2        24 SM SMIM2, IMM                 m2l)     mW M:l, 1@ MM152N @ @Wsmimm                                                           .1

                                                                                                                       SIx2x=_5M SIM                              SIW SIX          S13B     SIW _@M S139 St4a                 S141    S142 M& SIM                SW@ SIM S147              S148   51V      5193 5151        5M _5= _5154 Ma 1 _51R 3M SIM                                        SIM
                                                  RjI M2 I SM I 930A MG                      SM       S047     SM      MQ 9250 SO                9&2 WM SEA SHi                    92M      9&7 RES          9M SM            SM'     92M      SM      MN        MUS mm %W                 MRS    MM       SM EWI           SP2 SM SPA W5 SM E077                               SM      W9       SM
                                                  Aml @j Ase@ AseA Am@                                         Ame     AlIM                      AM AM            AVA AM           AaIq     AW7 -Aws         Aum Asm          Aml,    'em      Asp     AQ!A      AM @ Asm,                 Aule   Asm      Ama AM,          @ Asm AMA

                                                  AM. ASS2          46M @ AMS AMS                     4SV      Affis@  Asm              -1       ASW ASM          AMA AMi          AMS      ASW     AMS      A31911           AW,     ADM      4WI     AmA       AmM@ AMD -                AGM    40W      4910 Am-         4912 AS13 IR0.,f0                          .11      ADI     10\711
                                                  421 AM2           4EM3 404 49M 49M                  ARM      481M    ARM ARIAL11               4812 A813        M14 ABIG                  15 A817 4818     ASIQ @           4821    40M      48ZI    ABN       411E 4mS AGO              AMB    AIM)     4831 AM,         AM2 8M 483U&                               ARM      4MS              ABAP)
                                                                    @M                       41M      4127     4728            473D 4731         @Mj 4MI 1",IA.                             A7.     4F. I A. Al.              .1      1.       41.     .         47. A.J@                  -11.   11.      47. 11@1         1-1521 @. 1 44@                            @1       A.               I&W
                                                  4041 A5Q          ASO             45,15    1W       AW       AM                       4051     10@1 As.         .1. . . . 1. .                                              .1      AS. Ae. .                  A., @n          41157     AIMS   `eM      @ `VI) @92 1 .1                                             4IM      AVII    ,A".
                                                  AM,      -        Asm             - Ame             Aswl -1                           @,       A@ As-nl         @1_              VS       -                --m AsM          Am,     45MIASM          AUDI      AeM 5M          AM,       AMS    AMD      - 4 4",a                                                    W        Asa,    - :d
                                                  AASI     44m      4AIKII@         AASS     AAW      AAW 1 44991 A43I                  440      AAm 4Q3          44mIj            4Alm     AAIP    4AIX     4499 AMi)        Am,     A@       AM3     AMA       ;m AMl3                   AMB    ARM      A518 ASII        1@612 A613 1                      1 AlsQ, 5;                         L
                                                           Awe@     AAm                                        @AAl 44M .10 -11                  .12 .13          AAIA .15         .16      .17     .18      -19 @                    4@               4,Q4      44M AAm         4@                        AM A<II          4@ I A44                          41.; 4<%
                                                  4                                          4=                AM 4 4M I t                       1UR 4=                                                      A3M -            -1      -        -1      - - - AN, - - - -                                                    I                                                           lees _@M
                                                  _X_l AM           4M Ar@4         AME _             15_ __           _M_              _lm_
                                                  MI                212 @@j                           A@ QAS           @ 42M            AMI 4@                    USA              42M      li@l    A2W      42% @            @l I.                    I.        A. I.                                                      AZ?2    AT3                       4Zltl;
                                                  4181     41CP 4183 AMA 4165 4108                    4167     AIM     410914170        4171     4172 4173        AIN 41r.         41`75    41@     41M      41@0 AIM         4181    41M      41M j AIN         41M AIM IV                41M    41W 410 4191              41M     AIM               41      AIM      1        41.     41.
                                                  Qm       AM 1 4003 "am            4M6      4NO      4087     40M     AM      420      42M      AM 43M           AMA QW                    4097    43M      AM 4100          4101    AIM      AIM     4104      4105 4105       4107      4108   AIM 4110 4111             4112    4113     41, E4, AIIB              117      4118    4119     41221
                                                  AM1      422 4W!% AMA             Am       AMI      4W       Am      4&0 .10          401,     .12 -W3          A2IIIIA015       4015     Q17     Q18      AW9 A0W          4WI     4V2      493     4324      AM AM5          40V       Aam    40a) 40ffli@l             AW      40M      Ae3I 42M         1031              AM      AM       AIM5
                                                  3921     XM @ SEA                          2WO      3M713M           21M ZWO          3@31     @ 3K0            XCA @            @1@                       MM 13"           2lNI    3W               2WA       @ 3WO                     3WO    MAGIZEM 3WI               3952    Zrpl Mr. W                                          was      3em
                                                  _204L.J!@k                                          SW 3M            :0Q                       IAR -IM _zre_ @                   @1@138M                   3GM1mM _X51              MW       I=      3ES.      39% "M 3W                 :lem   alm1wo                                                                                W.
                                                                    _3%2 39.                 3BAB
                                                  3781              TOM MW          3M       3M       3M7 37M          37M @            @l                                                  YM13M            VM137M                   aIm      mm      meA       wos :vea WIP              3MI3=1.

                                                                                    2866     3eStl    210V 31588       MW 3"            3em              3"                                                                   MI      25'M             S'N            mm @                 3M -l) W10 I I                   3@Z @.3          9" ff@S @16                        @18 IQ

                                                                                    3905     3M       3827 3wimm- wit                                             361A 3515                                                   3821    3%Q      3W
                                                                                                               amqi=;mm - iE@                                                                                                 -
                                                                                                                               MIS





                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I@D


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              MIS


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 All-
                                                                                                                                        Am'








                                                    Figure 1.                                        (Continued)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        D



                                               1-1 lad --I laa                -      -1              -1      1.,. -                 .11     1-1     .. 1    .1. -7          1-     .1. 7a.                                                                                                         la.   -      -       la.
                                      W21      5=1 00231 N241                 -      -1              -       1-     -1                      1-              -.1 -.7         1-     M. -           -       -        I.,     -      -.     -        -      -       ..       1-     -11 -2 ..               - I    -               al-     alla
                                                      -.1 ---1                a-     -1       --a    -       a-     -1                                      - I             .      - -            -       .-       .-a                                                                   all. alla       --I    ---I    all     -1      all                 III

                                                              3       alla    -6M    all             alla    Illa   8171    1772                    Ill     Ill    11"      a-     .1. -all                                a      .1     a-       all all                 a-     .7a,                           ..1             .1.1    .1.                 all.

                                               a- all.                        a-                             a-     III.                    a-      -l             -        a-     all.           al.              l.      -      .1.             Ill
                                               a-     -                       .                                                             -1.1    .1             .111     ....   I- I           all,             ...I    -                      I
                                                                              -L--                           ...    .1.     ..2                                                                                                                                                          -2              a-             .1.     .11             a-
                                                              Is.             a-                             a-     -,      as.             -       -.1     all.                                          I-                                                              a-     -1      -2                             -                       a-          all.

                                               a-                             a-     -1                      a-     -1                      a-      -I      - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           f4     @&              -      -       ..       .17al  .71     .1.
                                               a-     -11     ..1                                                                                                  62.7                                   .1       1.,                            1.7                                    all.      .0    a-                                     I.'-
                                               a-     -1      ..1             a-     -1                      .1.            1212    .11                     .1.    .11 .2@9-'.".j ..1 .211 1-                      -       1-1                    -7     IMB     62201    BM     =I      0232      0232                                 0234

                                                                                                                                                                                                  .... .... ....
                                                                                                             'm     als,                    a-      avall          av@ I-          all.           .11     1-                                                              a-     -11               .7$   a-     a-                      Oll
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1.7    -.1 -1                  -1      M2        ..    .-I .-1                -.7     GO . . . . I
                                                                                                                                                            -9                                                                                                                           ..2       .19   -.1 l...       .1.     .11     .1.

                                               a-                             a-     -,I      al.                           .12                     .1.     .1. -11                .1. Z-,!" .2.                                                                                                         a-     a-      -       all,            a-
                                      5721     57221  -1      -1              1-     -1       .1-1 -1               -1      5-                      !p3a    av. 573l Q             - Vb @741              5742     5743    -      5-              5717   3740    al.      I-     - 1     -2              1-     -5      al.     .11             Ill         ala.
                                      -41      --1    --1     --1                                                                                                                                                  lea,    -                                                                       .7,                                  .7.
                                                                                                                                                    7'l --., -@ 11@ I
                                                                                                                                    Lar                            .4 -gffw        ..                     ..,      -       -1     ..              -1                      l.     -1      -2
                                                                      J                                                             @P.             -aj                     a..                           a-       I.,                            l.,                            -11     .12       .11   Ill.   - 1     -1.     .-, 1   .1.     1'.         all.

                                                                                                             -w             -2      .11     1414    .11     .1.    -        1-     a.,.                            1421                           5-                             -       -1        -.1          1.11    "1.1 .17        54301   5.-

                                                                                                                                                            .1.    .31      1-                                     -3                             -
                                               l 2            l                                                                                                                                                    a--     -                      all    5256    UM       S271   -1      -         WlS   6214   E-1     62761 62"                           -a
                                               a--    -1-1    -ki                                                   .111            .17al   .174    .11     all.   I 1      .1"    111.    .1.    .1.1             .1..    .1.    .1.    al.      .1.1   .'..    I'.      I'.    .-      .1-       .1.   al.    .1..    .1.     ".                          -
                                                      5463@           -       1-     -1 alla - -                          ,         ..I     -       -       -      -        I-     -       al.    III I   1'.      .1.1    11-    .1.    al.      11.1   1-1     al.      1-1    111.    .112,     1111  1-     1111    a-      1.!'.   111.    1, 1.       1-
                                                                      .-      GOOD   -                                      .12     .1.     -4,     ... l   .1.    .11      1.1.   .1.            .21,             -1      -                      .027                               1   -2        ..1
                                      -21                     -41                    -1                                     ...1                                   -71                            -1               4 .1    4-                     -                              -       -2        4-    . ... ...              -7
                                                                                     .41                                                                           -1                                              -       -         al  -                                4-     .11     Ill.      -1    -.1    -1      .7.     .1
                                                                              .1.    -1       -      -1      477a   -       -               4-      -       47l 1  47771    4770   -91            4711    1702     -       -      Ill 700         .7al   Ill     476P     -      4-      -2        -     -      -       -       4797    170a
                                                                              -      -7       4.00   4-1 @          -1      -               -       -       -1     -71      4506@  -.1     41.            4-       -       -             .7.      -71    -9      -        4710   - 1     4712      4713  4-     -l      4716    -1      4711    171Q        -0
                                                                              .-     -1       ...    -       451D           -2      -31     -4              .1.    -ll      -1.1   -       4a.1           -        -                              -      -       4.2a     ...I   - 1     -         ..    4              -       ."      ..I     -           -
                                      -1              1=3             l-             4.1      l.                                                                                           ----1          -2                                      -7     -       -1       .-     -11     .2        .0           -5      @B      l.,     l.
                                                      -1                                                                    .12     -.1             -.1            .11             -       -      -al     -        -1                    -a       -      -al     -        Ill    -1      .12       .711         -7S     .11     .17

                                               4-                                                                                                                  .17      -l     -1.     43.            .1 4-
                                               4-             .2. .2.1               1.1      Q.                                                                   .2.1                    43     4361    -        1303    -1     1306            -1     -8               -1     1311    -2        -3    -1     131S    1310    1317            4-          43l
                                                                                     -        -      -1      .11.   - 1     -2      -               -.             -1                      -      .-      1-       -       4-1    -.1             -      12-              .-     -..     .2.2      -1    -1.    -.                              -           l4.
                                      41-      41.                                   -1       41.                                                   -ï¿½Lm    -3     4137     1138   4139    4-     4111    41QI     4143    41-1   41.1   .1.      .1471          4-       11.    41al    4111      -     4-     .111    .1$.    -               .1.         411.
                                      ..., F-                                        -!Sil-                                                         -       ...    ..,      J      -       -      -                ...     -      -      -6       -71            IIM      -      4071    '-2       1-    1-     107l    Q71     -       -1      4-          -
                                                      -11 ..1 30.1            3-     -1                             .-11        ll          3.1.    .1.     .1.    .1       1.7.   -       ..     -       -3-      -                              --,I   -a      ..       -      -1 -              ..    -      -       -.1     -1      ..1     1-1         -
                                                      -a .. -.1                      -1                                             all,    I---    all,    ala    all,     IM     -       alla   =11     -2       -                              -7     -al              1.,.   -1 1 --           .11   - I    1.1a    .1 .1   .171            '.1.1       -
                                      aa@             lal" 3al'               3-                                                    -1.1    -.1.1   -,      lal.   -11      3.1.                          -        -..l                           I.,    ...              .-     .., -1.           -     - 1            .1.1    aall@           .-          -
                                                                                                                                    .7.1    .-1     -.1     3-         @1                                 3112     3713    3741   3-     3-       31-11  1741                                                                                   a-
                                                                                              _377.          a-

                                               .2             _@4@ _@L. _L-
                                               _2___                  _              _n!l _@.                                                                                                                                                     __7

                                               3-                                                            Ill .71                .7a     1---            %11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7-7    -1                      MI



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  aal    aaa.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         all

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  all
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 all


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         @
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4' .


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -a





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                `7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        "a      I".



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                _7



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   7

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   7                                    411. .11.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   a



                                                                                                                                                                                                  -al                                                                                              7.           4.7.



                                                                                                                                                                                           41-                                                                                                                                                              4-.
                                                                                                     41                                                                                  41                                                                                                                                                                 41.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .7.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             A
                                                                       Figure 1.                                                    (Continued)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        D






                                                                            -1                                           -7                  -11                1                                                                                             3-                                                          3.1                           1- -1
                                                                                                                                    1IMB     1-1                .11            .73                                .1.  .11                                    -1-1                                                                                                                1                    3

                                                                                                              -1         -7                                                    .'1 .1.                            .1. .1. .11                                                                                             -7                   V.                                     j                .-1 -1
                                                             31.       11.  3L23                              31251 3-   3127       31M      3-        3-       3131           -3-             3-                 3135 3138 1137                              3- 3139 31" 3141 31Q 3143     3- 311 @-Z                    3117      31-8                1..                  1111     11.1             31.1 1-1               1--
                                                             -         I-1  . . . . . .                       1          -1                            3- -1                   - - - - I -     I                  -II  -                                      -I-..I ..,  --       -- -j              /                   -         -                   .-        .11        -1       -                ..74                   .1
                                                             -1        1-1  -3                                Ml         -1                                                                    2.7.               -1 .7.                                      .-1 -1      1-       [email protected]                                 2.7       -                             -1         -

                                                                                                                                                       2                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1.  .13                 111.                .1. .11
                                                                       I-   -                                 -.112-     -1                            ..'.     ...            .'I-            2.1.               .11 .1. .11                                 2.1. .1.             2-       -1                            2.7       -.1        j        - I              I   -        j                2- 2..                 -.11      .                I-
                                                             ,'I.      I-   -                                 2- 272S-   27271      2-                 2731     2-             27= 2-          -                  -S 2- M,                                    -t;.        2-       2743J    -         -1                  2747      2-         274D     -         -          -2       2763             -  -6                  -0-       -                -
                                                                                                                                                                                               2-                 --   j                                      @--.l       -        2-1      J         -1                  2-7       -          MM       2-1              1                                                                                    111.

                                                                       2-   -1                                _L-        -7                                                                    2-                 -1                                                      1-       1.,      -                             2.7                           2-               1   -2                           2-                  ..1       ..               .-I  -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  I
                                                                       2    -1                                11 11 - - - - - - - - - -                                                                                -7                                     2--         I-       I.1      -                             1'.7                          .1.       .11        @12      .13                 2111                .1. .17   .11              Ill. -
                                                                       1-   -1                                                               2- IC.                            -2 2113         2411 2@            P.   N17                                    241.1 2412-N21 2-    2Q3      2-                  2420      2427      2428                2..       -1         -1       N.               I..-                   .'M. .11  -                2-   2416
                                                             .11       2-   -                                            -1         -        -         -                       --              -1-A               =1   -                                      -1-9--      -        -3       1-                  --        -7                            1-               1            -                -  -5                  MB-                        2-
                                                             -         -                                                 -1         -        -         2-1                                     2.                      .11                                    2---        2-                                              2.1                           2-1              1            111.             2- -                   -.1                        2-
                                                             I,.,      ".   1163                              21 @j 2105 12-1       21-      21-       21-1 211.               1.-             111                1751 2170 2177                              2- 2179 2- 21811, 1 @2103     2-        2105      21 @      2167      2168       2..      21.1      2-                  11.11 1.            Il-                 I... I@ .7 21.             11
                                                                       I-   -                                 -.1 .. 1   -11        ..       -         2-                                      1                  1-   -                                      2--21. IlDl 2-       21031    2-        21-1      1'-       21.7      2'..       2..      .11.1     2.11       Il 12    1' 1. 1          1- -.1                 .11. 21.1 1' 1.            Ill. 112.
                                                                            -                                 -.112-     -7                            1...                    .1.             2.111              1. 1. .11                                   2.1. . IT-                                                  2.1                                     - 1                                  2-1-                   --7                        1-
                                                                            . . I .                           II-        ..,                           -                       -               -                  -    1.17                                   ---                                                         -                                       I ,                                  -I -                   '..-                       -
                                                                       -1                                     4-1 1 -,-  -                             -                       -               -                  III ..-                                     ---1                                                        11 -1                                   1.71       1.72     1-1              -  -                   -1.1                       1111
                                                                       I -                                    -          -                             1-1                     -               -                  -11  1777                                   1-1701      1111     -3                 17K                 1111      1.                            -          -2       1703             1 -I -                 170. 11.1 11.              1-1  -1
                                                             1-1       1-1                                    -11        1.7                                    1                                                 1@   11.7                                   111. "..    I -      1 -1               .1.       1         1.7       1-1        1 -      .11.      I'll       ".I      I'll             1- 17tS                17151 1717 171.1           111. 1 -
                                                                                                                                                                1-             -3                                 1-' @.ll                                    1.1. 1.1.-1.2. '..   .,I                ...I      -         , .,      -          '..      .-I       -          -2       -                -  ...I                --1       -1               -1   -j
                                                                                                                                                       I -      -              ".                                 -    11 , @ -                               1.. 1- 1-   1 -1     -31                -51       -         -11       -          1141     -1        -          I @      1- 1             1=4 1 -1               -15"      ISWI             -1   -1
                                                             1-        1-1  1.31                              -1 14.11                                 1 -                     -I-                                -    I . I@@                                %.J                           1-1                 1         1.1       -          14.1     -1        1.11       1472     -                1 .1.                  141.-     14.1             1 -  -.1
                                                                       1-1  1-11                              --1 11.1 1 wIM7       13"      1         1 -                     -               1371               137S 1376 1377                              4372 1381   1 XI              1                   1         1307      -          I.       I         -          1.2      1                   'J                  -13.1                      1 -  J

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1315                .311 1317

                                                             1281.     1    -3                                1-                                                                                                                                              11.                                                         1.1       ...1                1         1.1        .1       '111                'Ill                ... 1-    12.              1
                                                                                                                         1.1        12.      1-1       1111                    ",1 1,,         1'.                1-   -7                                     1"   1,     1        1..                1 -       I
                                                                                                                         1121                1 12.1    -.-i                                                       111. 1.3. 1131                              11 @. 11-1           ".1                          .1.       -7                   111.     11.       1-1        -2       11.              11. 1111               1-1       11.              H.   I

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1.14 1-                1.1.

                                                             1.,       112  111                               111 111    WI                            III      -111           112 111         174                111 111 111                                 111 .1      1.                          1.        1.        -                             1.                   .2       .1               1.                     .7        1.               -

                                                                                                              1.         .7                  1.        1.       .1             .2 1.           -                                                              I. ..       I.                                    1.        .7                                                 ..1      .1.              .1 .11                 .17       .1.              .1.

                                                             721            72.                               1.         111                 1.        1.                      732 71          734                7Z 735 737                                  735 7@j -1           7.1                          7.        1.1       1..                 1.                   751      753              1. -                   -         1.               -
                                                                                                                                             -         --                      -I              I-- I              ---  -                                      -j-1                 -                            .-        -7                                                 .12      .1.              .14-                   .1. .11   .1.              -

                                                             S.,                                                         -7         W.                 -        .71            --              -                       .-                                     .1... .              ..                           -         .1                                                 .2       ..               -  -                   .., .1    -                -
                                                                                                              4.         -                             4N       -              --              - 1                4:                                          1.-         1.       -        "         I.        -         -1        -          -1       516       511        512      513              5141 515               5,6 5,7   5,a              519  W.

                                                                                                              .4 .. 4.   .1                            .1.      -              412 .1.         .1.                41.                                         .1. 121     ..       4.       -                   -         427       428        -Q       -         .31        .32      433              4M -                   -431      -                -    -

                                                             121       111  -                                 -III       W?         =6                 -        "1             332 331         -                  1-                                                      ..2                                                                           3-        .1         .2       .3               -  -                   .. .1     1.

                                                             2.1            -                                 2.. 2.     .1         -        2..       2.       -              152-            -                                                              .1          2.       2-                           111                 111                 111       21.        111      211              -  275                 271 111   -

                                                                            1.1                               1.4 1.                                            -              III I -                                 177                                    111                                     1.        1.        111       ...        1.       1.        -          1.2      -                1. ..                  I.. 111   1.               1.

                                                                                                                         .7         1.                 1        11             12 .1                                   -                                                           1.       1.,                           1.7       ...        1.       ''.       ..,        112      .11              ". .11                 11, 117   .1.              11.  1

                                                                                                                                    1                  1.       11             1               1.                 1@ 1. 17                                    1                                                                                                                       @3               34 -                   -@7       3.               NO
                                                                            3                                 411        7                                                                                                                                    1.1





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              9
                                                             I

                                                             I

                                                             I
                                                             I







                                                             I
                                                             I

                                                             I

                                                             I
                                                                                                                                                       3





                                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                                                       3"





                                                                                                                                             3.        3

                                                                                                                                                       3_



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              $-3
                                                                                                                                    212

                                                                                                                                                                                               7
                                                                                                                                                                                               V2











                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             "    2'  '1-






                                                             21
                                                   @2



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A A@

                                                                        Figure 1.                                                 (Continued)





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1-1 1 11 3- .-1               .1.1 .11           .1. 1-
                                                                        -3                 ..1                                                                 -2 -3               34141     -51
                                                                                                                                                     -11                                                       .17                 .1. .1                   1                                 !.L,                       1.17      1. U.                                            .-I Ill   3-                  -.1


                                                                        - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                                                                                                     .111                                    111l              111. .111           3-                       11 11                             -3 1,                      3155 31.7 318B 31 SO                                       3- 3191 $192 3103 3195        $106 IIW           31 N
                                                                                                                                                     - I                                     -                 -..,                .-                       .1 .1.1                           n,"                        l, .-I I .. .1.                                            1 .. .11 1$1, 11, 1.-         11 .. 1. .1        .11. 11. 1. 112.
                                                                                                           1          -71         1-1       -11 1    -11       -                .111 .-1                       Ij--11              - - 1-1 -1               --1-                              -3 -1                      1128 -71 -.1 --                                            --1 -1 1-331                  .37                1
                                                                        =31       -41                      1          -1          -1        1- 1     -1        -12                 2-        -1                -..'                2- -.1                   --1  2..                          -...                       ---.1                                                      2- -1 -2 .. 12..
                                                                        -         ...I                     II-        -           -         2-1      - I       ..                                              2lIl                -                        -    -                            2053 IlCII ISISS           2IMD5 -7 IllI                                              2- Ill 1-2 N n2-1             2071               2070

                                                                        -         27       2706            2-         -  2-       InQ       -              1   2712             2- 2                           2177                2- 2772                  2760 2781 2782                    2783 --                    InO -7-                                                    -- 1n2 2---S                  Intl 21.7          Il. I-

                                                                                                                      -7                             In I      ..               .. .-                          _n.1                _I-                      12111-                            2- InI 2-1                 ---8      V.                                               21n 2711 2111 I'll 211 @2111  I'll-              I I  I I Inl
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   _ _.ML                                                                                                                                                                                            _E_ _n_
                                                     -1                 --1                                2-         -71                   1.'.     .11       .1.              .111 2.1.    -                 I 1-7               2611-                    -    1-                           2.31 -1-                   -I.1-     ..1                                              2-1 -1--1-1 -11               --
                                                     .21                -1 -1                              2=         M7                    -        -                             - 1       -1                                    2l. -.1                  ..1 ..1 21.                       -3 -1-                     2545 -7   .25401                                           2= -1 =2--2-1                 =1-
                                                                        -I 1-                              2-         1-1                   2..            1                       1..       -                                     I..-                     I.. 1..' 2-                       .3--                       2..-2-    1!--                                             2- Z.71-. l3 2174 2-1         2.n .1             n

                                                                        --1                                2-         -7                    2- 1     -                          2373 2374                      .7.-                21n .7                   - - - - - - - - - - -                                                                                                   2-1-2-2-
                                                                        2- -1                              -          -1 22-                2-1            1                    -  -         -                 -2211               --                       21ft -I-                          2=1 2ll'I-                 2lll 2- Ill.                                               21111-2 2313 211@             1,- -1 -11         1- 11
                                                     In,                I                                                                   111.               .12              -  1114      .1 ll             -.17                216 nIG                  -U21 -                            2-1 -- I--i                - 1                                                        2-        2.1                 --7                2-       12..
                                                     I' 1'              -1 21.    21.                      I'M        2127 21 N   2-        2-       213.      21111            2- 2-        213G              21" 2137            131 2111                 11" 21-1 2-                       2- 21.1 1' .1              1. 1-1 11.121 @                                            2- IISI 9162 21 @2- 2166      2IGl 11 @          2- 2-    21.6
                                                                                                                      -7          -         2-       - I       -                .. .-        -                 --7                 2--                      ..I ..I I-                        --..1                      1.7                                                        ...1 .711 -2 2.7. 1..         .1
                                                                                                                                                               1.12             Ill. I.I.                      I.I.-               I -I-,-                  -I-  -                            ---                        -                                                          1-1 1.11 1., 1 --
                                                     $661               1 lIR -3  16041                    1 -        1-7         1-1       1- 1     -         -2               .... I -                       -la.1               I -1.2                   1.. 1-1 1 -                       I.. I --                   -                                                          -. 1.111 1.12 1.11 1.1. 1.11  1.1. 1.11          1.1.
                                                                        II.,      -        I               I -        1.7         1 -       1.1.     161,      1612             11131 11141  111 @j            -1.17               1.11 1.1.                -11 11 1.2                        '.1-1..                    1.7                                                        1.. 1., 1.12 ... 1-1 -.1      ..1 1.17           --       1".
                                                                                                                      -71                                      1732             11-1 1-1     1 -1              13. 1737            1711 -1                  1- 17.1 1112                      1743-1715                  11 .1 In. 1-                                               1 -1.7. 1 -I..j               -.1 1 -            11.1     In.

                                                     I-                                    Il.                        -7                    Iln      1571                          1571      1575              Ill                 I ln -.1 l.              Ill,                                                         1-1 1--   1-1                                              11.2                                             l.-
                                                                                  1-       .4.                                              11.      1.1       14.              -  -         -                 -                   -I..                     -                                                            IW.       11.1                                             .-1 1.11 IIIIJ -1 11.1        1- 1117            111. 111.

                                                     1-                 1         -        IIN             1          .121        1 -       1411     111 1     1412             -1 1111      -6                1- -7               1---                     -I - 1122                         1 -"121                    1 -1121   -                                                1-1 'Il I.I I..II             -,                 -1-      1446
                                                     1-                                    11.                        Ill I..     I -       I m      1 .1      1111                                            1 Ill               I In                     -1141 1 ...                       1-11 -.1                   -114.                                                      .1                            Il.                I
                                                     1246               1242 -3   -1       1215            1 2ft      -7 -        -         1 ISO    -         I -              .2. 1 -      -1                -12S7               I Ill -9                 -1261-                            1.1 1 -12.1                1 -11251 IN8 I Ill                                         1270 1271 1272 1273 -1 127S   1218 1277          12n 12n  -6

                                                     11.1                         .1.      11..            1.         11., 11.    1 1.      1 In     1111      -                I'll 1 174   1175              1171. 1111          1 -117.                  11 SO 11.1 1 1.                   1 .1 11. ".                11 .11.1 1 -11 .                                           11.1.1 11 .1 1. 1 1..         111.1              1..
                                                     1.1                          -                        I                      I -       I        1 .1      -                   I -                         IN8 I13D7           I @-9                    11.1 11 .1 11.2                   -11. 11.                   -11.7 1 - 11.                                              111.1 -1 1- 11 Il 1 11. 1---  --1 1 1 -1         11 1-

                                                                                  I -                                    I..      I -                                              1-                          1. 1.11             1.1. 11. .1              1.. 1.21 1 .-                     II                         I -1.7                                                     1..1 .,1  1 -                 11-11              l.I

                                                     .2.                .3        .4                                                                                                                           -7                  .. In                    . 1                                                          .1. .7                                                     .1        -                   I-

                                                     .41                1-                                            .7                    1.             1          1                                        -                   W                        .1                                .4                         ..1                                                        In .11 Ill .1.-               In .1
                                                     -                                     7.                                     1.                 Ill       112              773                            778 777             In                       nQ-                               -7%1                       7861767 ne lnI                                             -n1712--  -                   n.-                1.-
                                                                                                                      .7                                                           11        -MLL15            -                                            n. n, .I                          -705                       Ill--     -nQ                                              -711 112 713 1. 71.           11.-               11. 11.  71.
                                                                                                                                  a                            .12                 .1.       .1. 1 ...         -                                            I.,-I                             -..                        -1, .2.   1 -                                              .- -1-.1

                                                     l21                523                                5M         -           l.        l.       .1        -                5. 53.                         S1, .1                                                                         511 Ill                    -         5.1                                              Ill 5511--                    lla-

                                                                                                                      .17                                      -                1. 4.        4.                                    4. 1.                    ll                                4.                                                                                    .72 413 - - - - - - -

                                                                                                                                            In       311       .,1              111,                           l1l -7                                            - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                        .12                                           .1          2-        1.       .1        ..1              2. 2-        -                 .. 2.1              1- In                    -1   -                            M3 -4 1. ..                --        -                                                ll.-..Il- Ill                 ..I                11.

                                                     2.1                                   2-                         -7          1-        21.      Ill       212              213-         Ill               21.-                "1 11.                        111                          224 22l                    -221                                                       1. 2111233                    Ill .1             2. 1.    2-.

                                                                                                                      127 1.      11        1        Ill       131              11 Ill       11                111                 1.                                                                                    1. .41

                                                                        41                                            .1 4.       1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7. 711                        n
                                                                                                                                                                                                               @7                  I




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            10
                                                     @
                                                           21
                                                     2-7                                                                                                              @27 7l









                                             7. ORIGINAL DATA VARIABLES


                         The data sets that make up this data base include the following: elevation      geology,
                 geomorphology, sea level trends, shoreline displacement, tide ranges, and wave heights.
                 These data sets were obtained in a variety of scales and formats (e.g., as point, line,, or
                 polygon data). Therefore, the methods used to enter the data into the 0.25' grid cells vary
                 by data set. The variable descriptions used in this data base were derived from annual reports
                 delivered on April 30, 1988, November 30, 1988, April 29, 1991; and personal
                 correspondence with the contributors (Gornitz, 198.8a; 1988b; 1991). The following
                 subsections provide a brief description of the data sources and the units/classification
                 methods used in compiling each data set.



                                                         7.1 Elevation


                         The elevation data for this data set were obtained from the National Geophysical Data
                 Center (NGDC), Boulder, Colorado, as digitized land elevations (to the nearest meter) for
                 5' latitude by 5' longitude grid cells. The NGDC grid cells. were then grouped into the 0.25'
                 x 0.25' grid cells used in this data base. Minimum, mean, and maximum elevation data for
                 each coastal grid cell are provided. The 0.250 cells used may contain up to nine 5' grid cells,
                 where only the 5' grid cells with nonnegative elevation values (i.e., with land within their
                 borders) have been used in calculating the data variables in this data set (all 5' cells without
                 data contained a value of -1). If only one 5' grid cell within a given 0.25" cell contains a
                 nonnegative data value, then the minimum, mean, and maximum elevation variables will be
                 the same. To calculate and transfer these data to the 0.250 grid used in this data base, the
                 variables were calculated as follows;



                         1. The number of 5' NGDC grid cells with nonnegative elevation values
                         within each 0.250 grid cell was determined.

                         2. The minimum elevation for each 0.25' grid cell was assigned by taking the
                         minimum elevation of all the nonnegat.ive 5' grid cells (i.e., from the original
                         data source) within the grid cell.

                         3. The mean elevation for each 0.25' grid cell was assigned by       taking the
                         average of the elevations from all nonnegative 5' grid cells (i.e., from the
                         original data source) within the grid cell.

                         4. The maximum elevation for each 0.25' grid cell was assigned by taking the
                         maximum elevation of all nonnegative 5' grid cells (i.e., from the original
                         data source) within the grid cell.








                        Because of the low resolution of the original elevation data files, peninsulas and small
                 islands often were not represented in the NGDC data. Because of this, the 0.250 elevation
                 data were overlaid onto a 1:2,000,000 map of the East Coast. Then, through examination
                 of the overlay, any 0.25' grid cells with land within their boundaries that had a negative
                 elevation value (i.e., indicating that the grid cell contained no land) were assigned an
                 elevation value of 0 m. In this case, the 0 value -indicates that the land within the given 0.250
                 grid cell is less than I. m above mean sea level. A limitation of this method is produced by
                 cell boundary conditions. For example,    Ian entire 0.250 grid cell is counted as coastal land
                 even when all of the component 5' data cells originally had negative elevation values. This
                 condition appears within the data files as a zero number of 5' cells used in calculating the
                 elevation variables and 0 m minimum, mean, and maximum elevations. These zero values
                 indicate that a 0.25' grid cell had no land above mean sea level within its boundaries, based
                 on the 5' grid cells in the original data source. This situation typically occurred when there
                 was a parallel alignment of the coastline with the source grid system (i.e., the coastline is
                 oriented East-West or North-South).
                        The distribution of the elevation values within the elevation data revealed important
                 differences among the U.S coasts, primarily because of differences in- the geologic history
                 of each coastal region. For example, the East and Gulf coasts are located on the tectonically
                 stable Atlantic Coastal Plain (Graf, 1987). This stability has resulted in relatively small local
                 relief along the East Coast (e.g., 28.3% of the East Coast is.:s; 3.0 in above sea level)  , This
                 is in marked contrast to the West Coast, where tectonic instability, caused by the collision
                 of the Pacific and American plates, results in only 3.4% of the grid cells having elevation
                 values less than 3 in.



                                                           7.2 Geology

                        The geologic/lithologic variable is present for all coastal grid cells in the data base.
                 By its nature, geological data are a form of nominal data. In this data set the data were
                 classified in terms of an ordinal scale based on the hardness of each mineral. For the East
                 Coast a simplified classification of coastal lithology was derived from state geologic maps
                 ranging in scale from 1:125,000 to 1:2,500,000 with publication dates from 1929 to 1986
                 (maps used are listed in section 13.2).
                        The coastal geology classification system used    'Was adapted in part from one used by
                 Dolan et al. (1975). The system contains 5 major groups with 20 subgroups (Table 1).
                 Appendix B contains a glossary of the terms used in the classification system, and Figure 2
                 shows an example of how the codes derived for the coastline were transferred to the grid
                 cells used in this data base. (Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geology codes that
                 occurred with each grid cell.) The key discriminant between the individual classes identified
                 below is the relative resistance of each rock type to physical and chemical weathering.






                                                                12








                   Table 1.           Coastal geologic classification codes assigned to the coastal geology variable.



                            Material description                                                  Code


                   I. Old Erosion Resistant Rocks (crystallines)                                  100
                            1. Igneous, volcanic
                                      (basalt, rhyolite, andesite, etc.)                          110
                            2. Igneous, plutonic:
                                      (granite, granodiorite, etc.)                               130
                            3. Metamorphic:
                                      (schists, gneisses, quartzite,
                                      serpentinite, etc.)                                         150,

                   II. Sedimentary Rocks                                                          200
                            1. Shale                                                              210
                            2. Siltstone                                                          220
                            3. Sandstone                                                          .230
                            4. Conglomerate                                                       240
                            5. Limestone                                                          250
                            6. Eolianite (calcite-sand)                                           260
                            7. Mixed or varied lithology                                          270

                   III. Unconsolidated Sediments                                                  300
                            1. Mud, Clay                                                          310
                            2. Silt                                                               320
                            3. Sand                                                               330
                            4. Gravel, conglomerates                                              340
                            5. Glacial till                                                       345
                            6. Glacial drift (fluvial-glacial)                                    350
                            7. Calcareous sediment                                                360
                            8. Mixed or varied lithology                                          370

                   IV. Recent Volcanic Materials                                                  400
                            1. Lava                                                               410
                            2. Ash, Tephra                                                        420
                            3. Composite                                                          430

                   V. Coral Reef (living)                                                         500





                                                                        13








                      . This ranking scheme is generalized; consequently, a wide range of erodibilities exist
                 for each rock type listed. The erodibility of each rock is dependent on the mineral content,
                 cementation (especially for sedimentary rocks), grain size (for unconsolidated sediments),
                 and presence of planar elements (i.e., bedding, schistosity, cleavage, and fractures) within
                 the rock. These risk characteristics cannot be deduced from the geologic maps alone, and
                 field checking would be required to obtain a more detailed classification than that used in this
                 data set.
                        Based on Table 1 all grid cells that fall on the East Coast have been assigned a data
                 value. The value assigned to each grid cell is the code with the maximum shore length within
                 each cell. For example, if the bedrock geology of a given, 0.250 grid cell contained sand
                 (330), gravel (340), and limestone (250) in the percentages 35%:40%:25%, respectively,
                 then the geologic code assigned to the grid cell would be 340, -gravel.
                        In general the bedrock geology of the East Coast is relatively uncomplicated. The
                 East Coast may be divided into three regions. The Northern region, covering approximately
                 15 % of the coast, extends from Providence, Rhode Island, to the, Maine-Canadian border.
                 This region is primarily made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks that are relatively
                 resistant to erosion. TheMid-Atlantic region covers 74 % of the East Coast and extends north
                 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This region is predominantly
                 made up of unconsolidated sediments consisting of sand and other materials with mixed
                 lithologies. The Southern region covers 11 % of the East Coast and extends from the Florida
                 Keys to Cape Canaveral'. The lithology of this region is made up of limestones and
                 sandstones overlain with recently deposited unconsolidated sediments.



                 Figure 2.      Example of how geologic data codes were transferred to the 0.25' grid cells
                                used in this NDP.









                                                           313

                                                                                       350       330

                                                    330
                           3SO              (b                                         350       330
                                5


                                                                             The grid cell v     e is  the
                             'b                                              geology co    with  the moximum
                              (b                                             shor   ength within the cell.
                          3
                          3
                      Koko                          Z
                              3 @@5
                                                                             Th   grid cel I v   e 's  the
                                                                                 O'y       with  t    ox,
                                                                             geol                he
                              lb                                             shor    eco   w , th "tm  ce
                       @3                                                            ng th         he
                                                                14








                                                       7.3 Geomorphology

                          The geomorphology variable contains data for all coastal grid cells in the data base..
                  The data values were interpreted and classified from USGS 1:250,000 topographic maps
                  (maps used are listed in section 13.3) and other published sources, such as Shepard and
                  Wanless (1971) and Bird and Schwartz (1985). The landforms identified from the 1:250,000
                  maps may omit landforms with small spacial extent. The maps used for the East Coast were
                  compiled from 1913 (for Long Island, New York) to 1972, with some revisions as recent
                  as 1987. Most of the maps used,' however, were dated 1950 or later. . -
                          The classification system used divides the East Coast into two major groups, those
                  formed by erosion and those formed by deposition (Table 2). These two groups are further
                  subdivided into several categories (e.g., marine, non-marine, glacial, non-glacial, and
                  volcanic). Appendix B contains a glossary of the terms used to describe each landform type
                  and Appendix C gives a breakdown of the geomorphic codes that occurred -within each cell.



                  Table 2.        Coastal geomorphology classification codes assigned to the                 coastal
                                  geomorphology variable.



                                                                                                Man,
                  Landform description                           Code           Beach           modified

                  1. Erosional Coasts
                   (Scoured, beaches
                   poorly developed)                             1000

                   A. Marine with wave
                      erosion and cliffs                         1100
                          1. Low          5- 30 in               1110           1111            1119
                          2. Medium 30-100 m                     1120           1121            1129
                          3. High          > 100 M               1130           1131            1139

                   B. Non-Marine (Land erosion)                  1200-1500
                     1. Glaciated coast                          1210           1211            1219
                          a. Fjord(drowned valley)               1220           1221            1229
                          b. Indented Fiard
                            (low-lying inlet)                    1230           1231            1239
                                  -mud flats                     1234
                                  salt marsh                     1235
                          c. Rocky glacial coast                 1240           1241            1249
                                  Salt Marsh                     1245




                                                                 15







                 Table 2.        (Continued)

                                                                                               Man
                 Landform description                           Code           Beach           modified


                     2. Non-glacial
                       irregular coast                          1300
                         a. Strongly embayed,
                            non-rocky coast                     1310           1311            1319
                         b. Strongly embayed,
                            rocky coast                         1320           1321            1329
                         c. Estuaries                           1330           1331            1339
                                 mud flats                      1334
                                 salt marsh                     1335
                                 mixed types                    1338

                     3. Ice coasts                              1400


                     4. Drowned karst topography                1500

                 II. Depositional Coasts
                     (Sediment accumulations
                      and well-developed
                      beaches)                                  2000

                   A. Marine Deposits                           2100
                         1. Coastal plain beach                 2110           2111            2119
                                 salt marsh                     2H5
                         2. Beach rock (beach
                            sediment cemented by
                            carbonates)                         2112
                         3. Barrier Coast                       2120           2121            2129
                                 a. barrier island              2122
                                 b. bay barrier                 2123
                                 c. mud flats                   2124
                                 d. salt marsh                  2125
                                 e. cuspate foreland            2126
                                 f. spit                        2127
                                 g. mixed                       2128









                                                                16







                 Table 2.        (Continued)

                                                                                              Man
                 Landform description                          Code           Beach           modified


                   B. River Deposits                           2200
                         1. Alluvial plain                     2210           2211            2219
                         2. Delta environment                  2220           2221            2229
                                 a. mud flats                  2224
                                 b. salt marsh                 2225
                                 c. mixed                      2228


                   C. Marine/Fluvial Deposits
                     (Lagoonal coast)                          2250           2251            2259
                         1. Mud flats                          2254
                         2. Marsh/Mangrove                     2255
                         3. Mixed                              2258


                   D. Glacial Deposits                         2300
                         1. Outwa.sh plain                     2310           2311            2319
                         2. Moraine                            2320           2321            2329
                         3. Drumlin                            2330           2331            2339
                                 salt marsh                    2315
                         4. Drift                              2340           2341            2349
                                 salt marsh                    2345
                         5. Composite                          2350           2351            2359

                   E. Biogenic                                 2400
                         1. Reefs
                           (Coral, oysters,  algal)
                                 a. fringing                   2410           2411            2419
                                 b. barrier                    2420           2421            2429
                         2. Barrier reef with an
                           associated mangrove
                           swamp                               2425
                         I Swamp/Mangrove                      2450           2451            2459

                   F. Volcanic Coasts                          2500
                         1. Lava flows                         2510           2511            2519
                         2. Tephra, ash                        2520           2521            2529
                         I Composite/caldera                   2530           2531            2539







                                                                17








          A few geomorphic features occurred in more than one coastal environment. When this
       happened, a special digit was added after the three-digit code that identified the feature. The
       special digit is used'to identify areas that are made up primarily of beach or in areas that
       have been significantly modified by human activities. Thus each geomorphological setting
       is identified by a four-digit code. An example of how these codes were transferred from a
       classified coastline to the 0.250 grid used in this data base is shown in Figure 3.



       Figure 3. Example of how geomorphic data codes were transferred to the 0.25' grid
             cells used in this NDP.








                          22



                                   1330 1330


                     2

                                   1330 2122

            1 3


             I               The grid ce Iis the
                             geomorphic co with the moximum
                             shoreIewithin the cell.
                          22
                     0@2
         @I 3
                                    I is the









































                          18









                                                      7.4 Slea-Uvel Trends

                         The sea level trend data set was derived for the U.S. East Coast from 36 long-term
                 tide-gauge stations (Pugh et al., 1987; see Figure 4a) and Holocene paleosealevel indicators
                 (Gornitz and Seeber, 1990). The tide-gauge stations used in this data base have a minimum
                 of 20 years of record (records'may contdin'discohtinuitie@)'ahdl were. measured in mm/year.
                 The 20 year cutoff was selected to minimize the effects, 'of the    18.6- year lunar nodal cycle
                 and to reduce effors, due to high interannual variability, on the regression line slope. The
                 following variables were derived from the tide-gauge records and Holocene data: a relative
                 sea-level-trend variable, a long-term geological-trend variable, a corrected sea-level-trend
                 variable, a local subsidence variable, and a variable conuaning the number of years of record
                 used in estimating these values.
                         The relative sea-level-trend variable for any given tide-gauge station represents a
                 composite of several components, among these are the global rate of dustatic sea level rise
                 and regional and local subsidence/uplift trends. Along the U.S. East Coast, these land
                 movements are largely caused by glacio-isostatic adjustments in the Earth's crust, in
                 particular, from glacial rebound and bulge collapse, with minor contributions from
                 subsidence due to local groundwater withdrawal, sediment compaction, and possible
                 neotectonism. The relative sea level trend is calculated by a linear least-squares. regression
                 fitted to the time-series of mean annual sea level elevations for each of the 36 long-term tide
                 gauge stations (Lyles, et al. 11987; Emery and Aubrey, 1991).
                         To allow for the correction of the relative sea-level-trend variable for vertical land
                 movements, for each grid cell and tide station, Holocene paleosealevel indicators were used
                 to derive a long-term geological-trend variable for each region on the East Coast. The
                 indicators consisted of coral, shell, wood, and peat materials that lived or formed within ï¿½
                 0.5 m of mean sea level within the last 6,000 years (Pardi and Newman,'1987). The
                 paleosealevel data were grouped into regions (Figure'4a) small enough to have undergone
                 a fairly uniform change in sea level but large enough to enclose several data points. Based
                 on the "C measurements available for the data points within each coastal region the geologic
                 variable was derived by fitting a least-squares regression line, or higher order polynomial,
                 to the I'C indicators as a function of time.
                         The long-term geological- trend variable was subtracted from the relative sea-level-
                 trend variable to obtain the corrected sea7level-trend variable for each gauge station (Gornitz
                 and Seeber, 1990). The average of the corrected sea level trends for each of the 36 tide
                 stations was then calculated and determined to be 1.25 mm/year. This value, 1.25 mm/year,
                 is the regional eustatic sea level trend for the East Coast.
                         To determine the relative vulnerability of each station (and by extension      the entire
                 coast) a local subsidence variable was calculated by subtracting the regional eustatic sea-level
                 trend (1.25 mm/year) from the relative sea level trend. for each station. This variable gives
                 an indication of the relative vulnerability of each 0.250 grid cell, and station, on the East
                 Coast to sea-level rise (i.e., may be used to identify areas that are subsiding faster or slower
                 than the regional average).




                                                                19








                 Figure 4a.     Location of the 36 tide-gauge stations and  14C paleosealevel regions used in
                                the calculation of the sea-level-trend data variables.




                                     Stations                              Regions

                                                            4

























                        The methods discussed above were used to obtain the data variables for each grid cell
                 in which one of the 36 tide-gauge stations fell. To derive a prediction of the relative and
                 corrected sea-level-trend variables and the local subsidence variable for cells without tide-
                 gauge stations, the following steps were taken:


                        1. The tide-gauge stations and their relative sea level trends were plotted on
                        the coast (Figure 4a), along with the 0.25' grid used in data base.

                        2. For each coastal grid cell without data, the difference in relative sea levels
                        between the two nearest gauge stations (i.e., occurring north and south of the
                        given grid cell) was calculated.


                                                             20








                         3. The difference between the relative sea levels was then divided by the
                         number of grid rows, plus one, occurring between. the grid cells,,into which
                         the stations fell. This value was called the slope factor.

                         4. The slope factor was then multiplied by the number of grid rows from the
                         grid cell being calculated to the southernmost station and added to the
                         southern stations' relative sea level trend. This produced the relative sea-
                         level-trend variable for the coastal grid cell of interest (Figure 4b).


                         The long-term geological-trend variable (from the    14 C regions previously described)
                 were subtracted from the relative sea-level trends to obtain the corrected sea-level-trend
                 variable. The regional eustatic sea-level trend (1.25 mm/year) was then subtracted from the
                 relative sea-level-trend variable to obtain the local subsidence variable for 'each grid cell.
                      . On the basis of the differences between the relative and corrected sea level trend
                 variables, it was determined that from Eastport, Maine, to Key West, Florida,            ia mean
                 subsidence on the order of 1.46 mm/year. was occurring. The maximum rates of subsidence
                 are concentrated in the Mid-Atlantic region surrounding Chesapeake Bay (Gornitz and
                 Lebedeff, 1987), and the minimum is occurring in upper New England and in the@ Florida
                 Keys.




























                                                                21









                Figure 4b.    Example of how the sea-level-trend data were averaged for areas without data
                              on a fictional coastline and transferred to the 0.25' grid cells used in this
                              NDP.









                              Data Source Grid                       Data Grid in this NDP


                                                  1.50          no data no data no data    1.50


                         ---------------r------  -------


                         no data         no data: no             1.35     1.35     1.35    1.35


                         - ------------ r------ I--------


                           1.20                                  1.20    no data no data  no data


                                        L
                                       *C
                                                                         no data no data no data


                                Data values for relative sea level (SLR) were calculated by row for
                                 grid cells without data. To calculate the value a slope factor (SF) was
                                 obtained as follows:
                                       SF = (Station2 - Station'l) / (Rows between stations +1)
                                       SF = (1.50 - 1.20) / (1 + 1) = 0.15
                                         = Long-term tide-gouge station























                                                          22








                                      7.5 Horizontal Shoreline Displacement (Erosion)

                         The erosion/accretion data used in the development of the horizontal shoreline
                 displacement data set was. extracted and modified from the Coastal Erosion Information
                 System (CEIS) developed by May et al. (1982, 1983) and Dolan. et al. (1975, 1983,, 1989)'.
                 The CEIS data is limited in extent to coastlines that open onto the ocean or large bays (e.g.,
                 Chesapeake Bay) and lacks data for the Florida Keys. The displacement data within the
                 CEIS data base was originally obtained from over 500 individuals or organizations with
                 lengths of records from as little as 20 years to as long as 465 years. The.,majority of the
                 shoreline displacement measurements, however, were made from historic maps and aerial
                 photographs that cover the U.S. East Coast for a minimum of 40-50 years. Most of the
                 information was originally obtained from published reports or from regionally available high
                 resolution data sets (e.g., Dolan et al., 1980). Of the data within CEIS 25% was obtained
                 in raw form and was converted into point measurements of. erosion. or accretion. In
                 conducting the measurement and data compilation steps of the raw data, May et al. (1982)
                 used the landward limit of wetted sand as the criteria for identifying the shoreline. This
                 definition was selected because it produced the most consistent results in the photo-
                 interpretation process.
                         By comparing present and past shorelines from maps, aerial photographs, and data
                 from regional studies, May et al. (1982) were able to obtain rates of change, expressed in
                 m/year, for coastal points @on the East Coast. May et al. (1982) then averaged and
                 extrapolated the point data into 3' latitude x 3' longitude grid cells (in locations with sparse
                 data 7.5' and 15' grid cells were used) to, minimize the problems associated with mapping
                 errors, imprecise shoreline definitions, and poor temporal resolution within the original
                 erosion/accretion data sources. These 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells were then overlaid onto the
                 0.250 grid cells used in this data base to derive the following data variables (values in
                 m/year): minimum erosion trend, mean erosion trend, maximum erosion trend, and the
                 number of 3', 7.5', or 15' cells used in deriving the data for each 0.25' grid cell. To'transfer
                 this information to the 0.250 grid cells used in this data set,' the erosion variables were
                 recalculated as follows:,


                         1. The number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells that occur in a given 0.25' grid
                         cell was determined. These 3', 7.5', or 15' cells were used to calculate the
                         minimum, mean, or maximum erosion rate variables.

                         2. The minimum erosion rate for a 0.25' grid cell is the minimum erosion rate
                         found in the 3', 7.5', or 15'. grid cells within a 0.250 grid cell.



                  Portions of the CEIS data base used in this NDP are currently being updated by Dolan and
                 others for the U.S. Geological Survey. Partial documentation of these changes may be found
                 in Dolan et al. (1990) and Dolan et al. (1991).


                                                                23








                         3. The mean erosion rate for a 0.25' grid cell is the average of the erosion
                         rates of all T, 7.5', or 15' grid within a 0.250 grid cell.

                         4. The maximum erosion fate for a 0.25' grid cell is the maximum erosion
                         rate found in the 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells within a 0.25' grid cell.



                 Figure 5 gives an,example of how the overlay process was used to transfer the data values
                 from the T, 7.5', or 15' grid cells to the 0.250 grid.


                 Figure 5.      Example of how the shoreline displacement data were transferred to the 0.250
                                grid cells used in this NDP.







                                 Data Source Grid                         Data Grid in this NDP



                                                                     no data no date no data ERNUM-10





                                                                     ERNUM-1   ERNUM-4  ERNUM-3 ERNUM-14

                                                    L         3' cell
                                   :151 cell :7.5' cell
                                                                     ERNUM-1   no data no data no data
                                           I-Oreej  ----------

                                                                     no data   no data no data  no data



                                   ERNUM     the number of "source" grid cells used to obtain the
                                             minimum (ERMIN), mean (ERAVG), and maximum (ERMAX)
                                             data variables, The mean is the average of the erosion rates
                                             that fall in a given grid cell. The minimum is the minimum of all
                                             the source grid cells, and the maximum is the maximum of all
                                             source grid cells that fall in a given output gri@ cell
                                                                    @
                                                                          Datc



                                                                          ato
                                                                     no 7d








                                                               24








                         Based on the length of record, from 20 to 165 years depending on location, and the
                  errors inherent in the data, the reported shoreline displacement trends must be seen as
                  average values that are highly variable over time; as such, rates of change less than ï¿½ 0.6
                  m/year are not considered significant. The CEIS data base, however, does indicate that the
                  general pattern of shoreline displacement on the U.S. East Coast is one of erosion. Areas
                  experiencing significant erosion, with rates > 1.5 m/year, occur in Martha's Vineyard and
                  Nantucket in Massachusetts and within Fire Island National SeaShore, New. York.


                                                       7.6 Tidal Ranges

                         The tidal range data set was. obtained from tide tables published by NOAA.'s National
                  Ocean Service (NOS) for 1,447 stations located on the East Coast .(NOS, 1988). These
                  station data were entered into the ARC/INFO" GIS as point data and are available in the
                  supplemental data group. The supplemental data group contains the name, identification
                  number, longitude/latitude, mean tide range, maximum tide range, mean tide level for each
                  tide-range station. The data for each station were overlaid onto the 0.25' grid cells used in
                  this data set. The data were then spatially averaged to derive the mean tide range, maximum
                  tide range, mean tide levels, and the number of stations used to -calculate each data variable
                  (values expressed in meters) for each coastal grid cell.
                  . @ . The mean tide range at a given tide station in this data set is defined as the difference
                  in height between mean high water and mean low water in 1988 (tide heights vary annually,
                  but their differences are relatively constant in relation to each other). The maximum tide
                  range variable contains either the "spring tide range" or "diurnal tide range". The "spring
                  tide range" is defined as the maximum range occurring semimonthly when the Moon is in
                  the full or new phase (in 1988). It is larger than the mean range when the type of tide is
                  either semidiumal or mixed and is of no practical significance when the dominant tide is
                  diurnal. If the tide in a given area is chiefly of the diurnal type the maximum range variable
                  contains the "diurnal tide range". The, diurnal range is defined as the difference in height
                  between mean higher high water and mean lower low water (NOS, 1988). The mean tide
                  level variable is defined as a plane midway between mean low water and mean high water
                  in 1988. This value is reckoned from chart datums.
                         The chart datums used in the tide tables for the mean tide level variable are. the Gulf
                  Coast Low Water Datum (GCLWD) and the Atlantic Coast Low Water Datum (ACLWD).
                  The ACLWD is used for most of the East Coast, with the GCLWD being used only in the
                  Florida Keys. The boundary between these two datums is defined more precisely as
                  extending [definition taken directly from Tide Tables 1988 -High and Low Water Predictions
                  (NOS, 1988)1:




                         1. From the intersection of the most westerly segment of the southern
                         boundary of the Key Biscayne National Monument, Florida, and the land just
                         south of Mangrove Point;


                                                                25








                          2. then @ along the southwest segments of the southern boundary of the
                          Monument to Old Rhodes Point on the southeast comer of Old Rhodes Key;

                          3. then from Old Rhodes Point to the northwest comer of the John
                          Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park;

                          4. and along the land of the northwestem boundary of the park (with the
                          exception of the coastal indentations of Largo Sound) to the southwest comer
                          Oust southwest of Rock Harbor); and

                          5. then from the southwest corner of John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
                          along its southwestern boundary and continuing straight out to sea just south
                          of, and beyond, Molasses Reef.


                  The boundary described above is graphically represented on the affected nautical charts
                  published by NOS.
                          The mean-tide-range, maxim um-tide-range, and           mean-tide-level variables are
                  available for 1,447 tide gauge stations in the supplemental data group. To transfer this
                  information to the 0.25' grid cells used in compiling this coastal hazards data set, the station
                  tide data wert overlaid onto the grid and the variables calculated, based on the stations that
                  fell within each grid cell, as'follows:


                          1. The number of tide stations that fell within each:0.25" grid cell was
                          calculated. The stations within each cell were then used to derive the mean
                          tide level, and the mean and maximum tide range for each 0.25' grid cell.

                          2. The mean tide range for each grid cell is the average of the mean tide
                          ranges of all the stations within a given cell.

                          3. The maximum tide range for each grid cell is the largest value found
                          within the maximum tide ranges (i.e., spring/diurnal tide range) of all the
                          stations within a given cell.

                          4. The mean tide level for each grid cell is the average of the mean tide levels
                          of all the stations within a given cell.


                  Figure 6 gives an example of how this conversion from point data to area data was
                  conducted for the maximum tide-range variable.





                                                                 26








                 Figure 6.      Example of how tide-gauge data were transferred to the 0.250 grid cells for
                                the maximum tide-range, variablev






                                 Tide  Gauge Stations                      Data Grid in this NDP


                                                                       no data no data   no  data TRNUM=2

                            ---------------   ------------

                                                                       TRNUM-2 TRNUM-3    TRNUM-2  'TRNUM-4
                                              --------------


                                                                       TRNUM=l no data no dato.no data


                            -------------


                                                                       no data no data no data no data



                                    TGNUM     The number of tide-gauge stations used to calculate the
                                              mean tide range (TRAVG) and mean tide level (TRLVL).
                                              The maximum tide range (TRMAX) contains the maximum
                                              of the maximum tide ranges obtained from the gauge
                                              stations located within the given grid cell.
                                              Station location






                        The magnitude of the tidal range variables defined above has been linked to both
                 inundation and erosion hazards. Although a large tidal range dissipates wave energy, it also
                 delineates a broad zone of low-lying intertidal wetlands susceptible to inundation.
                 Furthermore, the velocity of tidal currents in estuaries depends on the tide range, as well as
                 the asymmetry of the tidal cycle and channel morphology. Therefore, when holding these
                 other factors constant, high-tide ranges are associated with stronger tidal currents capable of
                 eroding and transporting sediment offshore.
                        Table 3 provides a statistical summary of the mean tidal ranges along the U.S. East
                 Coast and compares them with tides experienced on the Gulf and West coasts. The table
                 shows that the more sheltered Gulf Coast experiences a lower tidal range than either the East
                 or West Coast. On the East Coast the highest tidal range occurs in New England, near 42N,
                 and between South Carolina and Georgia. Areas with very low tide ranges include the
                 Chesapeake Bay region and parts of southern Florida.
                                                                           Do to  Grid



                                                                           at     0  at
                                                                       no 4do n d
                            --------------



































































                                                               27








                Table 3.       Mean, maximum, and minimum     Imean tide-range data by U.S. coast.


                Region:                                            East          Gulf          West


                Mean tide range (m)                                1.37          0.72          1.55

                Standard deviation (m)                             0.91          0.21          0.57

                Maximum (m)                                        6.10          1.19          3.35

                Minimum (m)                                        0.06          0.15          0.12

                Number of stations                                 1,447         35            373
































                                                             28








                                                     7.7 Wave Heights

                        Wave heights and tidal ranges affect the development of coastal landforms; however,
                these parameters can vary independently of each other. For example, along the U.S. East
                Coast these variables vary inversely, whereas along the West Coast they vary directly. Thus
                these two parameters should be treated as independent but complementary variables.
                        This wave-height data set contains three data variables: the maximum significant wave
                height, the 20-year mean wave height, and the standard deviation of the mean (all variables
                expressed in meters). This data set was originally obtained from published.documents of the
                Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC),, U.S. Army -Corps of Engineers, Wave
                Infonnation Study (Jensen 1983). In the study CERC calculated wind speeds from,station
                histories, National Weather Service surface charts, surface pressure data, ships-at-sea
                observations, and monthly air-sea temperature gradients. The estimated wave heights were
                derived using a three phase process. The first phase hindca@ted. wind sPeeds/directibns for
                each 120 nauiical-mile-long segment along the East Coast, the second hindcasted wind speeds
                for a 30 nautical-mile-spacing, and in the third phase, the wind -data were input, into a
                transformation model that hindcasted nearshore wave heights for each 10 nautical-mile-
                segment (18.5 krn) of the East Coast (Jensen 1983; Corson et al. 1987). The wave heights
                forecast within the Wave Information Study are for the open coastand large bays (i.e.,
                Chesapeake Bay). As such, most intracoastal. areas (i.e., lagoons) within the data source
                were missing data.
                        These 10. nautical-mile- segments were then overlaid onto the 0.250 grid cells used
                within this data base,(Figure 7). The, data variables (i.e., maximum significant wave height,
                20 year mean wave height, andthe standard deviation. of the mean) were then derived for
                each cell by averagingthe data values associated with the line segments that fell on or within
                each grid cell (on average Ia minimum of 2 segments are located within each grid cell).
                        Table 4 provides a summary of the East Coast wave statistics (using the original data
                segments) and compares them with similar data available for the Gulf and West coasts. In
                general, Table 4 indicates that the West Coast has higher maximum wave heights than the
                East and Gulf coasts. On the East Coast the highest waves are found around Cape Hatteras,
                North Carolina, and the lowest are found south of Miami, Florida.

                Table 4.       Statistical summary of maximum significant wave heights for the three U.S.
                               coasts.


                Region:                                              East           Gulf           West


                Average maximum wave (m)                             4.27           3.67           7.10
                Standard deviation (m)                               0.63           0.81           0.64
                Maximum (m)                                          5.90           5.80           8.10
                Minimum (m)                                          2.40           2.30           5.00
                Number of segments                                     166            50             143



                                                              29








                  Figure 7.        Example of how the wave-height data were transferred to the 0.251 grid cells
                                   used in this NDP.







                                    Wave Height Data                            Data,'Grid in this NDP


                                                                           no data    no data no   data    4.0 m



                                              310     3.1  @n 4.1            2..6 m    2.9 m     3.0 m 3.6 m
                                      2.                   --------

                             2.5
                                                                             2.5 m    no data no data no data
                        2.3

                                                           r-----


                                                                            no data no data no data no data



                                       Data values for 20  year  mean wave height (WHAVG),     wave
                                       standard deviation  (WHSD), and the maximum significant wave
                                       (WHMAX) were derived from 18.5 km reaches along the coast.
                                       The data values for WHAVG and WHMAX were obtained by averaging
                                       the data for each reach that fell within a given grid cell.
                                               .. .......
                                                           L
                                                                                 Do    G
                                                                                        rid



                                                                                       0 at
                                                                                   to
                                                                   236               @nd
                                       --------        ..........






                                                           r





































                                                                    30










                                               .8. RELATIVE RISK- FACTORS,


                         The previous section discussed how the original 22 data -variables within this -data
                  base were obtained and entered into the GIS (i.e., as point data -sea level trends and tidal
                  ranges; line data -wave heights; or as polygons -elevation, geology, geomorphology,' and
                  shoreline displacement. These data were directly digitized from maps or copied from
                  computer tapes and'imported into the ARC/INFO" GIS, where the                 I  inform.ation. was
                  analyzed and the data values were incorporated into the 0.250 grid cells. The entry of these
                  data into a common format (i.e., the grid cell) has made it possible to relate and manipulate
                  the data to identify relationships among the different variables.
                         To simplify the manipulation process,.seven of the original data variables,(mean
                  elevation, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline displacement, mean tide range, maximum
                  significant wave height, geology, and geomorphology) were classified into seven new relative
                  risk variables. These original variables were classified into "risk" variables based on Table
                  5 (which depicts the categories used. for assigning risk values for the five'numeric data
                  variables) and Tables 6 and 7 (used for geology and geomorphology). The value assigned
                  to each grid cell, for each risk variable, may be seen as an indicator of the cell's relative risk
                  to erosion or inundation. The rationale for the value assignments used for each relative risk
                  variable has been described in greater detail by Gornitz and Kanciruk (1989) and Gornitz et
                  al. (1991). Reprints of these papers are contained in Appendix D.



























                                                                  31









                      Table 5.            Assignment of relative risk factors for elevation, local subsidence trend,
                                          shoreline displacement, tidal range, and wave height.


                      Variable:                              Very low            Low      Moderate            High very           High
                                                                 1               2            3                4                  5



                      Mean shoreline                         > 2.0               1.1        -1.0              -1.1                < -2.0
                      displacement (m/year)                  Accretion           to         to                to                  Erosion
                                                                                 2.0        +1.0              -2.0


                      local subsidence                       < -1.0              -1.0       1.0               2.1                 > 4.0
                      trend (mm/year)                        Land Rising         to         to                to          Land Sinking
                                                                                 1.0        2.0               4.0


                      Maximum significant                    0.0                 3.0        5.0               6.0                 > 6.9
                      wave height (m)                        to                  to         to                to
                                                             2.9                 4.9        5.9               6.9


                      Mean elevation (m)                     > 30.0              20.1       10.1              5. 1                0.0
                                                                                 to         to                to                  to
                                                                                 30.0       20.0              10.0                5.0


                      Mean tidal                             < 1.0               1.0        2.0               4.1                 > 6.0
                      range (m)                              Microtidal          to         to                to          Macrotidal
                                                                                 1.9        4.0               6.0




                      Table 6.            Assignment of relative risk factors for geology.


                                  Rank                                 Geology values'


                                  1                                    100, 110, 130, 410


                                  2                                    150


                                  3                                    200,   210, 220, 230, 240,
                                                                       250, 260, 270, 4001 430, 500

                                  4                                    300,   340, 345, 370

                                  5                                    310,   320, 330, 360, 350, 420

                                  See Table 1 for description of geology values.


                                                                                 32








                  Table 7.       Assignment of relative risk factors for geomorphology.



                         Rank                           Geomorphology values     a


                                                        113.0, 1139, 1210,   1219, 1220,
                                                        1229,  1230, 1239,   124.0, 1249,
                                                        1320,  1329,2510,2519

                           2                            1120,  1129,  1131@  12111 1221)
                                                        1231,  1234,  1235,  1241, 1245,
                                                        1310,  1319, 2511

                           3                            1110,  1119,  1121,  1311,4321,
                                                        1335,  1338,  2112,  2115, 2125,
                                                        2225, 2255,   2300,  2315, 2320,
                                                        2329,  2330,  2339,  2340, 2345,
                                                        2349,  2350,  2359,  2400,.2410,
                                                        2419,2420,    2425, 2429, 2450,
                                                        2459,  2500,  2530,  2539

                           4                            1111,  1330,  1339   2200,2210)
                                                        M9, 2228,     2250: 2258, 2259,
                                                        2310,  2319,  2321,  2331, 2341,
                                                        2351, 2411,   2421,  2451,2520,
                                                        2529


                           5                            1331,  1334, 2110,   2111, 2119,
                                                        2120,  2121,  2122,  2123, 2124,
                                                        2126,2127,    2128, 2129, 2211,
                                                        2220,  2221,  2224,  2229, 2251,
                                                        2254,  2311,  2521,  2531

                           See Table 2 for a description of geomorphology values.



                                       9. THE COASTAL VULNERABILITY MEX


                         The seven relative risk variables contained within this data base, may be combined to
                  obtain an index of coastal vulnerability, where the grid cells with- high index values will tend
                  to have low reliefs, erodible substrates, histories of subsidence and shoreline retreat, and
                  high wave and tide energies. (Gornitz et al., 1991). Thus an index may,be designed, using


                                                                33








                  the risk variables, to identify areas that are at risk of erosion and permanent or temporary
                  inundation. However, when several risk factors for a given area are missing data, then any
                  calculated index will underestimate the risk faced by the area in question. The methods
                  shown below for deriving such an index have been tested on a sample of 93 randomly
                  selected coastal segments and seem to be adequate for the task when the number of risk
                  factors that are missing data, for a given location, is less than three. The addition of new
                  variables to this data base in the future or the use of a different classification system for the
                  risk variables may result in index values that differ significantly from those that would be
                  produced using the formulas shown.
                          The following six formulas were proposed and tested for the derivation of the Coastal
                  Vulnerability Index (CVI). Of the CVI formulas shown CV15 was used in Gornitz et al.
                  (1991).


                          Product mean:


                                         CVII         a, * a2-@a * 94
                                                                        n
                          Modified product mean:

                                         CV12 = I al * a2-!-L/-2(a3 + a4) * 5       '/2(96 +
                                                                        n - 2
                          Average sum of squares:

                                                                   2 * a42
                                         CV13 = -C-412      a2-2-*-a3
                                                                        n
                          Modified product
                          mean (2):

                                         CV14 = A-a,       a2--*-a3 * -aA
                                                                        5 (n4)
                          Square root of
                          product mean:

                                         CV15 = I CVII V

                          Sum of products:

                                         CV16 = 4a, + 4a2 + 2(a3 + a4) + 4a5 + 2(a6 + a7)

                  Where:
                          n =variables present,                 a,= mean elevation,
                          a2=local subsidence trend,            a3=geology,
                          a4 = geomorphology,                   a,=mean shoreline displacement,
                          a6=maximum wave height,               a7=mean tidal range.


                                                                 34








                          The relative risk variables were assigned to one of five classes on the basis. of Tables
                  5, 6, and 7. Errors in the classification of any of the Yariables could result in a
                  misclassification of up to one risk class for each risk variable. The sensitivity of each of the
                  six CVI formulas to misclassification errors was tested by changing the relative risk,factor
                  of I to 3 risk variables from high to low (i.e., 5 to 1) while holding the others fixed at a
                  value of 5. The calculated sensitivity is the percentage change from the original CVI (with
                  all variables set to five), such that the greater the value the greater the percent change. For
                  some CVIs a change in two or more variables may result in more than one score; when,,this
                  occurs only the maximum value is shown (Table 8; Gornitz, 1991).


                  Table 8.       'Sensitivity of diMrent Coastal Vulnerability Indices to changes in risk class
                                 from high to low assignments for one to three variables.


                                                         Number of Variables Changed
                          CV1                            1              2               3



                          CV11                           80             96              99

                          CV12                           80             96              9.9

                          CV13                           14             27              41

                          CV14                           80             96              99

                          CV15                           56             80              '81

                          CV16                           16             32              48

                           CV16 was developed after the East Coast was initially analyzed.


                          This table indicates that CVII, CV12, and CV14 are highly sensitive to variations in
                  the classification of the risk variables, while CV13 is insensitive to classification variations.
                  CV15 seems to be relatively insensitive to variations in one risk factor,  ,while still being able
                  to produce usable results when differences occur within several factors. CV16 minimized the
                  effects of variations in one variable (in the relative risk classification system) while still
                  being sensitive to significant differences in risk factor values. Thus, in future studies CVI6
                  may be preferable to CV15.
                          An example of how the CVI, in this case CV15, may be used to identify high-risk
                  coastlines is shown in Figure 8. A histogram of the data values from CVI, was constructed
                  and three classes were developed (i.e., low-, moderate-, and high-risk), with grid cells at


                                                                 35








                "high-risk" to coastal erosion or sea level rise being defined as having an index greater than
                33, moderate-risk, 33 to 20, and low-risk, > 20. Other high-risk coastal grid cells identified
                using CVI5 are located in Cape Cod, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, and on the
                Delmarva Peninsula (i.e., Delaware, Maryland, Virginia).



                Figure 8.    Example of how the Coastal Vulnerability Index may be used to identify
                             high-risk coastlines in South Carolina.


                      El     L ow RI s It

                             Madorate Risk


                             H1 9 h 111 s It           0 a

                                                  0





                                    0


                                                                                       0 C




















                                                         36









                                 10. MUTATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE DATA


                           The 29 data variables in this data base contain no known calculation or data entry
                   errors. Because of the spatial extent of this data base the period of record, sampling
                   frequency, and scale of the source documents varied. The use of long-term averages and the
                   choice of the 0.250 grid cell as the spatial scale for these data has,minimized the error that
                   may have been introduced into this data base when these data sources. were integrated into
                   a single data base with uniform formats and scales.
                           Of the 29 data variables contained in this data base, only the slea-level-trend variables
                   (derived from long-term tide-gauge records) may have significant error. The tide-gauge
                   records used for calculating the sea level trends on the East Coast were obtained from the
                   records of the Pennanent. Service for Mean Sea Level (Pugh et, al., 1,987). These records
                   have been examined and contain no identifiable errors, are of very high quality, and have
                   been used in several sea-level-rise studies (Douglas, 1991). The sparse station network,
                   however, has made it necessary to calculate the sea level trend variables for. intervening grid
                   cells by calculating a slope line between the two closest adjacent stations. Confidence in the
                   accuracy, of the local subsidence variable and the relative and @ corrected sea-level-trend
                   variables estimated with this method decreases as the, distance from grid Pells who are
                   missing data and adjacent tide-gauge stations increases. If the distance from a g      rid cell with
                   no-data to the nearest two long-term gauge stations (i.e., that are North, and South of the no-
                   data grid cell)- exceeds - 350 km (i.e., at that distance the r' of adjacent stations is 0. 717),
                   then the sea-level-trend variable derived for the no-data grid cell may be erroneous.
                           The coastal hazards data base presented here for the U.S. East Coast omits several
                   factors that may be important when determining the risk of a. given area to inundation or
                   erosion. Other variables that may be useful in the risk assessment process are storm surge,
                   storm frequencies, storm intensities, presence of exposed infrastructure, coastal population
                   density", the role of sediment, transport,. and the risk of saltwater intrusion (Titus et al., 1991;
                   Snedaker and Sylva, 1987). Pilot studies are currently in progress that consider several of
                   these factors in combination with the variables in this data base (i.e., Daniels et al., 1992).
                   These pilot studies use an expanded CVI that is based on the seven relative risk variables in
                   this NDP and six climatic factors derived from Birdwell and Daniels (1991).
















                                                                   37










                                     11. DATA CHECKS PERFORMED BY CDIAC


                        An important part of the data packaging process at the CDIAC is the quality
                 assurance (QA) of the data before its distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in
                 perfect condition for immediate distribution, regardless of source. Reviews conducted involve
                 the examination of the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. The QA process
                 is an important component in the value-added concept of assuring accurate, usable
                 information for researchers. The following summarizes the QA checks performed on the
                 various data groups presented in this document.


                 I .    Data variables obtained from primary data sources were double-entered from
                        data sheets into a VAX mainframe computer. The generated machine readable
                        data files were then printed and compared with the original data sheets by two
                        individuals. All identified discrepancies were corrected.

                 2.     Data variables obtained from maps (e.g., geology) were classified and
                        transferred to coastal segments on working maps of the coastline. The
                        working maps were then digitized, replotted, and compared with the original
                        working maps and data sources. All identified discrepancies were then
                        corrected.


                 3.     Maximum, minimum, and mean values were generated for all data variables
                        and checked for reasonableness.


                 4.     The data values for each data variable were mapped to check for outliers and
                        identify discrepancies. The identified data items were then recalculated, and
                        corrected if necessary.


















                                                              38












                                        12. HOW TO OBTAIN THE PACKAGE


                        This document describes the contents of a coastal hazards data base intended for use
                 by vector or raster GISs or non-GIS data bases. The computerized data are available on
                 9-track magnetic tapes or IBM DOS-compatible floppy diskettes (high density, 3.5- or
                 5.25-inch diskettes), and through an anonymous File Transfer Protocol service from CDIAC.
                 Requests for the magnetic tape should include any specific instructions for transmitting the
                 data, as required by the user and/or the user's local computer system. Requests not
                 accompanied by specific instructions will be filled on 9-track, 6250 BPI, standard-labeled
                 tapes with characters written in Extended Binary Codes Decimal Interchange Code and
                 formatted as given in Part 2, Section L. Requests for this data package should be. addressed
                 to:


                 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                 OakRidge National Laboratory
                 Post Office Box 2008
                 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
                 U.S.A.



                 Telephone: (&1-5) 574-0390
                 FAX: (615) 574-2232
                 BITNET: CDP@ORNLSTC
                 INTERNET: [email protected]
                 OMNET: CDIAC
























                                                              39










                                        13. REFERENCES AND DATA SOURCES

                 Bird, E.C.F. and M.L. Schwartz. 1985. The World        .'s Coastlines. Van Nostrand Reinhold
                 Co., Inc., New York, New York.

                 Birdwell, K.R. and R.C. Daniels. 1991. A Global Geographic Information System Data Base
                 of Storm Occurrences and Other Climatic Phenomena Affecting Coastal Zones.
                 ORNL/CDIAC-40, NDP-35. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

                 Case, R.A. andM. Mayfield. 1990. Atlantic hurricane season of 1989. Monthly Weather
                 Review, 118:1165-1177.

                 Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1971. National Shoreline Study, Volume 2, Regional
                 Inventory Report, North Atlantic Region. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Vicksburg,
                 Mississippi.

                 Corson, W.D., Abel, C.E., Brooks, R.M., Farrar, P.D., Groves             ` B.J., Payne, J.B.,
                 McAreny, D.S., and B.A. Tracy. 1987. Pacific Coast Hindcast Phase 11 Wave Information.
                 WIS Report 16, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

                 Daniels, R.C., Gornitz, V.M., Mehta, A.J., Lee, S.C., and R.M. Cushman. 1992. Adapting
                 to Sea-Level Rise in the U. S. Southeast: the Influence of Built Infrastructure and Biophysical
                 Factors on the Inundation of Coastal Areas. ORNL/CDIAC-54, Oak Ridge National
                 Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

                 Department of Energy. 1987. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Summaries of Research in FY
                 1987. DOE/ER-0347, Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C.

                 Department of Energy. 1988. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Summaries of Research in FY
                 1988. DOE/ER-0385, Dist. Category UC-11, Washington, D.C.

                 Department of Energy. 1989. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Summaries of Research in FY
                 1989. DOE/ER-0425, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.

                 Department of Energy. 1990. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Summaries of Research in FY
                 19-90. DOE/ER-0470T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.

                 Department of Energy. 1991. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Summaries of Research in FY
                 1991. DOE/ER-0508T, Dist. Category UC-402, Washington, D.C.

                 Dolan, R., Hayden, B., and M. Vincent. 1975. Classification of coastal landforms of the
                 Americas. Zeitschriftj'uer Geomorphologic, Supplemental Bulletin, 22:72-88.




                                                               40








                 Dolan, R., Hayden, B., May, P., and S. May. 1980. The Reliability of Shoreline Change
                 Measurements from Aerial Photographs. Shore and Beach, 48:22-29.

                 Dolan, R., Hayden, B., and S. May. 1983. Erosion.of the U.S. Shorelines, In: Komar, P.D.
                 (ed.). CRC Handbook of Coastal Processes. and Erosion. CRC Press, Inc.-, Boca Raton,
                 Florida.


                 Dolan,.R., Lins, H., and B. Ha  den. 1988. Mid-Atlantic coastal storms. Journal of Coastal
                                                y
                 Research, 4:417-433.

                 Dolan, R., Trossbach, S.J., and M.K. Buckley. 1989. Patterns of erosion along the Atlantic
                 Coast. Coastal Zone'89, ASCE, pp. 17-22.

                 Dolan, R., Trossbach, S.J., and M.K. Buckley. 1990. New. shoreline data for the.Mid-
                 Atlantic Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 6:471-477.

                 Dolan, R., Peatross, J. and S. Robinson. 1991. Data Supplement and statistical summaries
                 of shoreline erosion and accretion, Gulf of Mexico. Shoreline change map -series
                 1:2,000,000, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

                 Douglas, B.C. 1991. Global Sea-level rise. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96C:.6981-
                 6992.


                 Emanuel, K.A. 1988. The maximum intensity of hurricanes. Journal of Atmospheric
                 Sciences, 45:1143-1155.

                 Emery, K.O. and D.G. Aubrey. 1991. SeaLevels, LandLevels, and Tide Gauges. Springer-
                 Verlag, New York, New York.

                 Gornitz, V. and S. Lebedeff. 1987. Global sea-level changes during the past century. Sea-
                 Level Change and Coastal Evolution. SEPM special publication, No. 41.

                 Gornitz, V. 1988a. Development of a global coastal hazards data base:.annual technical
                 report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

                 Gornitz, V. 1988b. Development of a global coastal hazards data base: annual. technical
                 report (2). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

                 Gornitz V. and P. Kanciruk. 1989. Assessment of global coastal hazards from sea-level rise.
                 Coastal Zone'89, Proceedings of Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management,
                 ASCE, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 1345-1359.

                 Gornitz, V. 1990. Vulnerability of the East Coast, U.S.A. to future sea-level rise.
                 Proceedings of the Skagen Symposium, Journal of Coastal Research special issue, No. 9.


                                                             41








                Gornitz, V. and L. Seeber. 1990. Vertical crustal movements along the East Coast, North
                America, from historic and late holocene sea level data. Tectonophysics, 178:127-150.

                Gornitz, V. 1991. Development of a global coastal hazards data base: annual technical
                report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

                Gornitz, V., White, T.W., and R.M. Cushman. 1991. Vulnerability of the U.S. to future
                sea-level rise. Coastal Zone'91, Proceedings of Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean
                Management, ASCE, pp. 2354-2368.

                Graf, W.L. 1987. Geomorphic Systems of North America. Centennial Special Volume 2,
                Geologic Society of America, Boulder Colorado.

                Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J., and J.J. Ephraums. 1990. Climate Change: The IPCC
                Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.

                Jensen, R.E. 1983. Atlantic Coast Hindcast, shallow water significant wave information.
                WIS Report 9, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

                Lyles, S.D., Hickman, L.E., and H.A. Debaugh. 1987. Sea-level variationsfor the United
                States, 1855-1986. National Ocean Service, NOAA, Rockville, Maryland.

                May, S.K., Kimball, W.H., Grady, N., and R. Dolan. 1982. CEIS: The coastal erosion
                information system. Shore and Beach, 50,19-25.

                May, S.K., Dolan, R., and B.P. Hayden. 1983. Erosion of U.S. shorelines. EOS, 65:521-
                523.


                National Ocean Service. 1988. Tide Tables 1988 -High and Low Water Predictions. NOAA,
                U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

                Pardi, R.R. and W.S. Newman. 1987. Late quaternary sea levels along the Atlantic coast
                of North America. Journal of Coastal Research, 3:325-330.

                Pugh, D.T., Spencer, N.E., and P.L. Woodworth. 1987. Data Holdings of the Permanent
                Service for Mean Sea Level. Bidston Observatory, England.

                Shepard, F.P. and H.R. Wanless. 1971. Our Changing Coastlines. McGraw Hill, New
                York, New York.

                Smith, A.W. and T.L. Piggott. 1987. In search of a coastal management data base. Shore
                and Beach, 55:13-20.




                                                          42








                 Snedaker, S.C. and D.P. Sylva. 1987. Impacts of climate change on coastal resources:
                 Implications for property values, commerce, estuarine environments, and fisheries, with
                 special reference to South Florida, In: Meo, M. (ed.). Proceedings of the Symposium on
                 Climate Change in the Southern United States: Future Impacts and Present Policy Issues.
                 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation.
                 Titus, J.G., Park, R.A., Leatherman  S.P., Weggel, J.R., Greene, M.S., Mausel, P.W.,
                 Brown, S., and C. Gaunt. 1991. Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: The cost of holding
                 back the sea. Coastal Management, 19:171-204.


                                               13..1 Digital Elevation Data

                 Defense Mapping Agency. ]-Degree DEM Data. ESIC, Reston, Virginia.

                 National Geophysical Data Center. ETOP05 Gridded World Elevations. Boulder, Colorado.


                                                   13.2 Geologic Maps

                 Cook, C.W. 1936. Cretaceous and.Tertiary Formations ofSouth Carolina. 1:500,000.

                 Cook, C.W. and Vernon. 1951. Surface Occurrences of Geologic Formations in Florida.

                 Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. 1982. Preliminary Bedrock Geological
                 Map of Connecticut. 1:250,000.

                 Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. 1985.    Bedrock Geological Map of
                 Connecticut. 1: 125,000.

                 Delaware Geologic Survey. 1966. Generalized Geologic Map of Delaware. 1:316,800.

                 Florida State Geological Survey. 1929. Geologic Map Florida. 1: 1,000,000.

                 Georgia Department of Natural Resources and the Georgia Geological Survey. 1976.
                 Geologic Map of Georgia. 1:500,0  00.
                 Maine Department of Conservation. 1985. Bedrock Geologic Map of Maine.. 1:500,000.

                 Maine Department of Conservation. 1985. Sutficial Geologic Map of,Maine. 1:500,000.

                 Maryland Geological Survey. 1933. Map of Maryland showing Geological, Formations.
                 1:380,160 (Also shows Delaware).



                                                           43









                 Maryland Geological Survey. 1968. Geologic Map of Maryland. 1:250,000.

                 Massachusetts Department of Public Works. 1983. Bedrock Geologic Map of Massachusetts.
                 1:250,000, 3 sheets.

                 New Hampshire Planning and Development Commission. 1955. Geologic Map of New
                 Hampshire. 1:250,000.

                 New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission. 1950. Surficial Geology of
                 New Hampshire. 1:250,000.

                 New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 1950. Geologic Map
                 of New Jersey. 1:250,000, Atlas Sheet, No. 48.

                 New York State Museum and Science Service. 1970. Geologic Map of New York, Lower
                 Hudson Sheet. 1:250,000, Map and Chart Series, No. 18.

                 North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. 1985.
                 Geologic Map of North Carolina. 1:500,000.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1986. Geologic Map of Cape Cod and the Islands, Massachusetts.
                 1:100,000, Investigation Map 1-1763.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1965. Bedrock Geologic Map of Rhode Island. 1: 125,000.

                 U.S. Geological Survey and the South Carolina Research Planning Board. 1936. Geologic
                 Map of South Carolina. 1:950,400.

                 Virginia Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 1963.
                 Geologic Map of Virginia. 1:500,000.


                                               13.3 Topographic Maps

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. Baltimore. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1965. Bangor. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Bath. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Beaufort. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.



                                                          44








                  U.S. Geological Survey. 1970. Boston. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Brunswick. 1:250,000 series. -(topographic), Reston,,,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey. 1984. Chincoteague. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1980. Currituck Sound. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1972. Daytona Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1956. Eastport. 1: 250, 000, series. (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    19.88. Fort Pierce. 1:250,000. series (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1957. Fredericton. 1:250,000 series, (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1978. Georgetown., 1:250,000 series (topographic),. Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1975. Hartford. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,.
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological   Survey.  1988. Jacksonville. 1:250,000 series (topographic),. Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U. S. Geological Survey. 1975. James Island. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1973. Manteo. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.
                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1979. New York. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                  Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1971. Miami. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.

                  U.S. Geological Survey.    1969. Newark. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston Virginia.



                                                                45








                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Norfolk. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston, Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Orlando. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Portland. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Providence. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1973. Richmond. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1982. Rock Moun. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Salisbury. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. Savannah. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1979. Washington. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1987. West Palm Beach. 1:250,000 series (topographic),
                 Reston, Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Key West. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.

                 U.S. Geological Survey. 1972. Wilmington. 1:250,000 series (topographic), Reston,
                 Virginia.












                                                               46













 I
























                                      PART 2
                  INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPUTERIZED DATA FILES









                                14. CONTENTS OF THE CONTUTERIZED DATA FUES


                          The following lists the files distributed on the 9-track magnetic tape by the Carbon
                  Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) along with this documentation. These files
                  are also available on IBM-formatted floppy diskettes as DOS ASCII                   text files and
                  through CDIAC's anonymous File Transfer Protocol -service.



                  File number and                           Logical               Block           Record
                  description                               records               size            length


                  1.      General description
                          information file                       557              8000             80


                  2.      FORTRAN IV retrieval program
                          to read and print File 5                 51             8000             80

                  3.      SAST' code to read and print
                          File 5                                   10             8000             80


                  4.      Gridded data for the 22
                          original data variables,
                          all 7 data sets
                          (ARC/INFO' export file)             120,300             8000             80

                  5.      Gridded data for the 22
                          original data variables,
                          all 7 data sets
                          (flat ASCII file)                    141080             10000           100

                  6.      FORTRAN IV retrieval program
                          to read and print File 9                 51             8000            ..80

                  7.      SAS' code to read and print
                          File 9                                    8             8000             80


                  8.      Supplementary point data for
                          the sea-level and tide
                          range data. sets
                          (ARCJINFO     TM  export file)       10,429             8000             80



                                                                   49









                  File number and                          Logical               Block            Record
                  description                              records               size             length


                  9.     Supplementary point data for
                         the sea-level and tide
                         range data sets
                         (flat ASCII file)                     2,962             10000            100

                  10.    FORTRAN IV retrieval program
                         to read and print File 13                36             8000             80

                  11.    SASTm code to read and print
                         File 13                                   6             8000             80


                  12.    Gridded data for the 7 relative
                         risk variables: elevation,
                         geology, geomorphology, sea-level
                         trends, erosion/accretion rates,
                         tidal ranges, and wave heights
                         (ARC/INFO' export file)               85,086            8000             80

                  13.    Gridded data for the 7 relative
                         risk variables: elevation,
                         geology, geomorphology, sea-level
                         trends, erosion/accretion rates,
                         tidal ranges, and wave heights
                         (flat ASCII file)                   . 7,040             8000             80

                  14.    FORTRAN IV retrieval program
                         to read and print File 17                52             8000             80

                  15.    SAS' code to read and print
                         File 17                                  16             8000             80


                  16.    1:2,000,000 digitized coverage
                         of the U.S. East Coast
                         (ARC/INFO' export file)              25,180             8000             80






                                                                  50









               File number and                   Logical            Block        Record
               description                       records            size         length


               17.   1:2,000,000 digitized coverage
                     of the U.S. East Coast
                     (flat ASCII file)              44?464          2000          20


               Totalrecords                        310,328


               1.    Tapes are 9-track, 6250 BPI, standard-labeled, with all characters written
                     in EBCDIC unless otherwise specified by the requester.

               2.    All records are stored in a fixed-block record format.

               3.    ARC/INFO' export files (Version 6.0.1) are coverages converted to flat
                     ASCII, fixed-block, files for data transfer purposes. The IMPORT
                     command in ARC/INFOTm must be used to enter these files into your
                     system.

               4.    SAS' is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC
                     27511-8000.

               5.    ARQINFO@' is a registered trademark of the Environmental Systems
                     Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, CA 92372.



















                                                       51









                                              15. DESCRIPTIVE FILE ON THE TAPE

                            The following is a listing of the first file provided on the magnetic tape distributed
                    by CDIAC. This file provides variable descriptions, formats, units, and other pertinent
                    information about each file associated with this coastal hazards data base.




                    TITLE OF THE DATA BASE


                    A@Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East Coast



                    CONTRIBUTORS


                    Vivien M. Gornitz
                    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                    Goddard Institute for Space Studies-
                    2880 Broadway
                    New York, NY 10025

                    Tammy W. White
                    Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                    Environmental Sciences Division
                    Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335


                    SCOPE OF THE DATA


                            The 29 data variables within A Coastal Hazards Data Base for the U.S. East Coast
                    are designed for use by coastal planning, research, and management agencies in combination
                    with appropriate climatological data (e.g., Birdwell and Daniels, 1991). The data base may
                    be used to identify coastal zones that are vulnerable to coastal -erosion and inundation from
                    sea level rise or storm surge.
                            This data base is comprised of the following data sets: elevation, bedrock geology,
                    geomorphology, sea level trends, horizontal shoreline movements (erosion/accret            'ion), tidal
                    ranges, and wave heights. For several of these data sets minimum, mean, and maximum data
                    values are available. These data variables may be divided into two basic classes, one that
                    measures erosion potential and one that is related to inundation risk. The inundation risk of
                    a given coastal grid cell may be estimated based on sea level trends and elevations; whereas
                    the erosion risk may be determined based on geology, geomorphology, shoreline
                    displacement, tidal ranges, and wave heights.
                            Seven of the 29 data variables in this data base are classified versions of other
                    variables within this data base. The seven classified risk variables contain "risk values" of



                                                                     53








                  one to five for each coastal grid'cell in the data base. These risk variables may be used to
                  calculate a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) that may be used to identify areas on the East
                  Coast that are vulnerable to sea level rise or coastal erosion.



                  DATA FORMATS


                          For ease of use, this data base has been divided into four data groups or coverages.
                  The 22 original data variables have been provided in data group ECGRID (Files 4 and 5),
                  the 7 relative risk variables have been provided in data group ECRISK (Files 12 and 13),
                  and the source information for the tide and sea-level-trend data variables have been provided
                  in the supplemental data group ECPOINT (Files 8 and 9). In addition, an auxiliary file with
                  a 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. East Coast has been provided in ECOAST
                  (Files 16 and 17).
                          For the data groups identified above, two different data formats were used. Each
                  format provides the data registered to a 0.25' latitude by 0.25' longitude grid [or in
                  longitude/latitude coordinates in the case of ECPOINT (Files 8 and 9) and ECOAST (Files
                  16 and 17)]. The first format is designed for use by the ARC/INFCF' Geographic
                  Information System (GIS). This format stores the data as points, arcs, or polygons (based
                  on the coverage in question). The second format contains comparable data that has been
                  converted into flat ASCII data files for use by raster GISs or non-GIS data base systems.
                          For the data sets that were originally obtained as point data (i.e., sea level trends and
                  tide ranges) the actual data variables, station names/numbers, record lengths, and
                  latitude/longitude locations have been provided in data group ECPOINT. Within data group
                  ECPOINT, data are provided on the basis of the data point, thus allowing the precise
                  location of each station used in calculating the data for the 0.250 grid cells contained in
                  ECGRID to be determined. A description of the contents of each of the data groups and files
                  included with this data base follows:



                  (1)     ECGRID: Gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables. Data sets
                          contained in this file include elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea level
                          trend, shoreline displacement, tide range, and wave heights.

                  (2)     ECPOINT: Point data for the stations used in calculating the sea-level-trend
                          and tide-range data sets. Data include station names/numbers, record length,
                          latitude/longitude location, and mean and maximum data values (when
                          available).

                  (3)     ECRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk variables. The
                          risk variables are classified versions of the following original variables: mean
                          coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean
                          shoreline displacement, mean tidal range, and the maximum significant wave
                          height.


                                                                 54








                  (4)     ECOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline of the U.S. East, Coast. The
                          coastline was extracted from a digitized map of the United States compiled by
                          the U.S. Geological Survey.


                          To improve the portability of the information in        the data  files, FORTRAN IV
                  input/output routines and SAS' input/output routines have been included with this data base
                  for each of the flat ASCII data files. These input/output routines are intended to be used to
                  read/write the data values contained in the flat ASCII data files [containing the'gridded data
                  base, the original point data (for, the sea level trend and tide range variables), and the
                  digitized coastline].
                          The data groups in this data base are available as exported ARC/INFO" coverages
                  (Version 6.0. 1). The export files must be read into an ARC/INFO' GIS using the
                  E@MRT command with the COVER option after uploading the files onto a computer.
                  These files are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which means the coverages are projected in
                  a spherical reference grid using latitude and longitude coordinates that are stored in decimal
                  degrees (DD). The flat ASCII files contain an identical version of this data base. The
                  gridding method used in this data base consists of 7,040 0.25' latitude by 0.250 longitude
                  grid cells. These cells cover the area defined by the following coordinates: 851W, 240N;
                  850W, 46N; 65W, 46'N; and 650W, 24'N. The origin of the grid is at.85W, 24'N, and
                  grid identifiers increase from left to right, bottom to top. The data contained within each grid
                  cell is valid for the entire grid cell. The data for a grid cell should not be construed as,being
                  representative of a "point" in the cell -be it the lower-left corner, upper-leftcomer, center,
                  etc.
                          The flat ASCII versions of the files have been provided to allow use of these data by
                  users who do not have access to ARC/INFO". The format and contents of each of the flat
                  ASCII files are described in the following section (the ARC/INFO" coverages have the
                  same variables and general format as described herein for the ASCII files).
                          Upon special request a line/arc, version of the data in ECGRID and ECRISK is
                  available from CDIAC. If requested, this data will be provided as an ARC/INFCF' coverage
                  (i.e., ECLINE.EOO). Coverage ECLINE contains 29 variables for each line segment in the
                  coverage; these line segments average 4.5 km length, and when plotted, are equivalent to
                  those found within the auxiliary file ECOAST.














                                                                 55










             DATA GROUP ECGRID:


                  This data group contains gridded polygon data for the 22 original data variables.
             These data variables are from the seven data sets and are as follows: minimum, mean, and
             maximum elevation, and the number of 5' grid cells used in deriving the data values;
             geology; geomorphology; relative sea level trend, long-term geologic-trend, corrected sea
             level trend, local subsidence trend, and the years of record of the gauge stations used in
             calculating these values; mean, minimum, and maximum shoreline displacement, and the
             number of 3', 7.5', or 15' grid cells used in deriving the data values; mean tide level, mean
             and maximum tidal range, and the number of tidal stations used in calculating these values;
             maximum significant wave height and the 20 year mean wave height and its standard
             deviation.
                  Thenames, of the ARC/INFOTI coverage and flat ASCII file in which these data
             variables reside are ECGRID.EOO (File 4) and ECGRID.ASC (File 5), respectively. File 5
             is formatted as follows:



              10 READ (5,100,END=999) ID, WHAVG, WHMAX, WHSD, ERAVG,
                  1    ERMAX, ERMIN, ERNUM, ELAVG, ELMAX, ELMIN, ELNUM
                  READ  (5,110) GM, GL, TRMAX, TRAVG, TRLVL, TRNUM,
                  1    SLR, SLG, SLC, SLS, SLYR

              100 F0RMAT(15,6F8.2,I4,3F8.2,I4)
              110 FORMAT(2I5,3F8.2,I4,4F8.2,I4)



             The variables in data group ECGRID (File 5) are shown in Table 9 and are listed as they
             appear in the file.


             Table 9.  Variable formats for ECGRID.ASC (File 5).

             Variable     Column         Variable    Variable
             name      start end         type        description


             ID         1    5           Integer  System variable - grid cell identifier

             WHAVG      6    13          Real     Data variable - 20-year mean wave
                                                  height experienced within each 0.25'
                                                  grid cell; values in meters





                                             56








                  Table 9.        Variable formats for ECGRID.ASC (Qontinued).

                  Variable           Column                Variable        Variable
                  name            start  end               type            description


                  WHMAX           14     21                Real         Data variable - maximum significant
                                                                        wave height for each 0.25' grid cell;
                                                                        values in meters


                  VMSD            22     29                Real         Data variable - standard deviation of
                                                                        the 20-year mean wave height
                                                                        experienced within each 0.251 grid cell;
                                                                        values in meters


                  ERAVG           30     37                Real         Data variable - mean long-term erosion
                                                                        trend for given 0.251?,grid cell; values
                                                                        in meters


                  ERMAX           38,    45                Real         Data variable - maximum long-term
                                                                        erosion trend for a given 0.250 grid
                                                                        cell; values in meters

                  ERMIN           46     53                Real         Data variable - minimum long-term
                                                                        erosion trend for a given 0.25" grid
                                                                        cell; values in meters

                  ERNUM           54     57                Integer      Data variable - number of 3', 7.5% or
                                                                        15' grid cells used in calculating
                                                                        ERAVG, ERMIN, and ERMAX for a
                                                                        given 0.25' grid cell

                  ELAVG           58     65                Real         Data variable - mean elevation of all
                                                                        nonnegative 5' by 5' grid cells within a
                                                                        given 0.250 grid cell; values in meters

                  ELMAX           66     73                Real         Data variable - maximum elevation of
                                                                        all nonnegative 5' by 5' grid cells
                                                                        within a given 0.25' grid cell; values
                                                                        in meters








                                                                 57









                 Table 9.       Variable formats for ECGRID.ASC (Continued).

                 Variable           Column               Variable        Variable
                 name           start   end              type            description



                 ELMIN          74      81               Real        Data variable - minimum elevation of
                                                                     all nonnegative 5' by 5' grid cells
                                                                     within a given 0.250 grid cell; values in
                                                                     meters


                 ELNUM          82      85               Integer     Data variable - number of 5' by 5' grid
                                                                     cells used in calculating ELAVG,
                                                                     ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given
                                                                     0.25' grid cell

                 --------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS              -----------------


                 GM               1       5              Integer     Data variable - ordinal value indicative
                                                                     of the type and susceptibility of the
                                                                     landforms within a given 0.25' grid cell
                                                                     to inundation and erosion


                 GL               6     to               Integer     Data variable - ordinal value indicative
                                                                     of the type and resistance of the rocks
                                                                     within a given 0.25' grid cell to erosion

                 TRMAX          11      18               Real        Data variable - maximum tide range
                                                                     measured for all gauge stations that
                                                                     occurred within a given 0.25' grid cell
                                                                     in 1988 (this value may be the "spring"
                                                                     or "diurnal" tide range, depending on
                                                                     geographic location); values in meters

                 TRAVG          19      26               Real        Data variable - average of the mean
                                                                     tide range for all the gauge stations that
                                                                     occur within a given 0.250 grid cell
                                                                     ,(mean tide range is the difference in
                                                                     height between mean high water and
                                                                     mean low water in 1988); values in
                                                                     meters







                                                               58








                  Table 9.        Variable formats for ECGRID.ASC (Continued).

                  Variable           Column                Variable        Variable
                  name            start   end              type            description

                  TRLVL           27      34               Real        Data variable - the a  -verage of the mean
                                                                       tide levels of all the gauge stations that
                                                                       occur within a given 0.25' grid, cell
                                                                       (mean tide level, is,a plane midway
                                                                       between mean    low water and mean
                                                                       high water in 1988). Values were
                                                                       reckoned from chart datums (i.e., Gulf
                                                                       Coast Mean. Low Water Datum was
                                                                       used for the Florida Keys; the Atlantic,
                                                                       Co Iast Mean Low. Water Datum was
                                                                       used, for the rest of the East Coast)

                  TRNUM           35      38               Integer     Data variable - number of tide gauge
                                                                       stations used in calculating TRAVG,
                                                                       TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given
                                                                       0.250 grid cell

                  SLR             39      46               Real        Data variable - relative sea level trend
                                                                       within a given 0.25' grid cell; values in
                                                                       mm/year

                  SLG             47      54               Real        Data variable - long-term geologic-
                                                                       trend derived from    14 C data for each
                                                                       0.250 grid cell; values in mm/year

                  SLC             55      62               Real        Data variable - corrected sea level
                                                                       trend. Tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR)
                                                                       corrected for geologic trends (i.e.,
                                                                       SLG) for each 0.250 grid cell

                  SLS             63      70               Real        Data variable - the local subsidence
                                                                       trend. Tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR)
                                                                       corrected for the regional eustatic rate
                                                                       of sea level rise (i.e., 1.25 mm/year)

                  SLYR            71      74               Integer     Data variable - years of record used in
                                                                       estimating the sea level trend for each
                                                                       0.25' grid cell



                                                                 59










                 Within ECGRID missing data values are indicated as follows:


                        9999.99 - A grid cell with real data values that is missing data for a
                        given data variable.

                        9999 - A grid cell with integer data values that is missing data for a
                        given data variable.



                        A value of 0.0 is a valid value for all variables. For the elevation variables 0.0 m
                 indicates that land occurs within the given grid cell, but the maximum elevation of this
                 land is < 1.0 m. If the data variables in a given data set, such as elevation, contain data
                 and the "number" variable is set to zero (i.e., ELNUM, ERNUM, TRNUM, or SLYR),
                 then the data variables for the given 0.250 grid cell have been estimated based on the
                 methods discussed in Part I of this document.






































                                                            60









                  DATA GROUP ECPOINT:


                         This data group contains the point data for the stations used in, calculating the
                  relative sea level trend, long-term geologic-trend, corrected sea level trend, local
                  subsidence trend, mean tide range, maximum tide range,. and mean tide level variables
                  contained within data group ECGRID. Data include station names, station number, record
                  length, latitude/longitude location, and data variable values.
                         The names of the ARC/INFCF' coverage and flat ASCII file are ECPOINT.EOO
                  (File 8) and ECPOINT.ASC (File 9), respectively. A summary of the format used for
                  File 9 follows:



                   10 READ (5,100,END=9.99) ID, SLLONG, SLLAT, SLR, SLG,
                         I        SLC, SLS, SLYR, SLNAME
                         READ     (5,110) TRLONG, TRLAT, TRAVG, TRMAX, TRLVL,
                         1        TRID, TRNAME

                   100 FORMAT(I5,6F8.2,I4,A38)
                   110 FORMAT(5F8.2,I5,A45)


                  The variables listed in Table 10 are listed as they appear in data group ECPOINT
                  (File 9).


                  Table 10.       Variable formats for ECPOINT.ASC (File 9).

                  Variable          Column               Variable        Variable
                  name            start end              type            description


                  ID              1      5               Integer     System variable - Point identification
                                                                     number


                  SLLONG          6     13               Real        Data variable - longitude of the tide-
                                                                     gauge station used in determining the
                                                                     sea level trends


                  SLLAT           14    21               Real        Data variable - latitude of the tide-
                                                                     gauge station used in determining the
                                                                     sea level trends








                                                               61








                 Table 10.    Variable formats for ECPOINT.ASC (Continued).

                 Variable         Column              Variable       Variable
                 name         start   end             type           description



                 SLR          22      29              Real.      Data variable - relative sea level trend
                                                                 measured for each tide-gauge station;
                                                                 values are expressed in mm/year

                 SLG          30      37              Real       Data variable - long-term geologic-
                                                                 trend derived from C" data; values are
                                                                 expressed in mm/year

                 SLC          38      45              Real       Data variable - corrected sea level
                                                                 trend. Tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR)
                                                                 corrected for long-term geologic-trends
                                                                 (i.e., SLG); values are expressed in
                                                                 mm/year

                 SLS          46      53              Real       Data variable - local subsidence trend.
                                                                 Relative sea level trend corrected for
                                                                 the regional eustatic rate of sea level
                                                                 rise (i.e., 1.25 mm/year)

                 SLYR         54      57              Integer    Data variable - years of record of the
                                                                 tide-gauge station used in determining
                                                                 the sea level trends


                 SLNAME       58      95              Char       Data variable - name of the tide gauge
                                                                 used for determining the sea level
                                                                 trends


                 ----------------- SECOND LINE READS AS FOLLOWS         --------------------


                 TRLONG          1      8             Real       Data variable - longitude of a tide-
                                                                 gauge station used for determining the
                                                                 tide range variables

                 TRLAT          9     16              Real       Data variable - latitude of a tide-gauge
                                                                 station used for determining the tide
                                                                 range variables




                                                           62








                  Table 10.     Variable formats for ECPOINT.ASC (Continued).

                  Variable          Column               Variable        Variable."
                  name          start   end              type            description


                  TRAVG         17      24               Real        Data'variable - difference, between
                                                                     mean high water and- mean low water
                                                                     for 1988; values in meters,

                  TRMAX         25      32               Real        Data variable - maximum tide range,
                                                                     maximum- meas   ured range for the
                                                                     gauge station in 1988 (this value may
                                                                     be the "spring." or "diurnal" tide range,
                                                                     depending on geographic location);
                                                                     values in meters


                  TRLVL         33      40               Real        Data variable - mean tide level, a plane
                                                                     midway between mean low water and
                                                                     mean high water in 1988. Values are
                                                                     reckoned,from chart datums (ie., Gulf
                                                                     Coast Mean Low Water Datum is used
                                                                     for the Florida Keys; the Atlantic'Coast
                                                                     Mean Low Water Datum is used for
                                                                     the rest of the East Coast)

                  TRID          41      45               Integer     Data variable - station number (used in
                                                                     the 1988 Tide Tables) of a tide-gauge


                  TRNAME        46      90               Char        Data variable - name of a tide-gauge
                                                                     station (from the 1988 Tide Tables)




                  Within this data file, missing data values are indicated with one of the following values:


                         0.0 or 0- A    tide range or sea-level station that has not been assigned data
                         for the variable in question.

                  In this data group the sea level variables and tide range variables are mutually exclusive
                  (i.e., if tide-range data are present, then the sea-level data are missing or vice versa).



                                                               63










                  DATA GROUP ECRISK:


                         This data group contains gridded polygon data for the seven classified risk
                  variables. The risk variables are classified versions of the following original variables:
                  mean coastal elevation, geology, geomorphology, local subsidence trend, mean shoreline
                  displacement, mean tidal range, and maximum significant wave height.
                         The names of the ARC/INFOTI        coverage and fiat ASCII file are ECRISKE00
                  (File 12) and ECRISKASC (File 13), respectively. A summary of the format used in
                  File 13 follows:



                  10      READ(5,100,END=999) ID,
                       1     ERR, LSR, WHR, ELR, GMR, GLR, TRR

                  100 FORMAT(I5,7N)


                  The variables in data group ECRISK, listed in Table 11, are shown as they appear in File
                  13.


                  Table 11.      Variable formats for ECIZISKASC (File 13).

                  Variable           Column                Variable        Variable
                  name           start   end               type            description


                  ID              1        5               Integer     System variable - grid cell identifier

                  ERR             6        9               Integer     Data variable - classified version of the
                                                                       mean erosion/accretion variable (i.e.,
                                                                       ERAVG)

                  LSR            10       13               Integer     Data variable - classified version of the
                                                                       local subsidence trend variable (i.e.,
                                                                       SLS)

                  WHR            14       17               Integer     Data variable - classified version of the
                                                                       maxii-nurn significant wave-height
                                                                       variable (i.e., WHMAX)







                                                                64








                  Table 11.       Variable formats for.ECRISK.ASC (Continued).

                  Variable           Column                Variable         Variable
                  name            start  end               type             description


                  ELR             18     21                Integer     Data variable - classifiM version of the
                                                                       mean elevation variable (i.e., ELAVG)

                  GMR             22     25                Integer     Data variable - classified version of the
                                                                       geomorphology variable (i.e., GM)

                  GLR             26     29                Integer     Data variable - classified. version of the
                                                                       geology variable (i.e., GL)

                  TRR             30     33                Integer     Data variable - classified version of the
                                                                       mean tide range variable (i.e.,
                                                                       TRAVG)

                                                                                                  q



                          Values of Zero are used in risk variables to identify grid cells that are missing
                  data for a given data variable. If several "no data", values occur within the same grid cell,
                  then any calculated coastal vulnerability index that uses these relative risk factors may not
                  accurately represent the risk of the given coastal area to sea level rise or coastal erosion
                  (unless some type of corrective action is taken). Grid cells that are not in the coastal
                  zone, or are totally ocean bound, have.values of zero for all seven derived risk variables.




                  AUXILIARY DATA GROUP, ECOAST:

                          Auxiliary data group ECOAST (Files 16 and 17) contains a 1:2,000,000 digitized
                  coastline of the U.S. East Coast. Data in this coverage were extracted from a digitized
                  map of the United States (originally compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey). This
                  coastline may be overlaid onto any of the three data groups previously discussed to
                  provide locational information when plotting any or all of the data variables.
                          Unlike the other data groups within this data base, this coverage contains line
                  segments (or arcs) that describe the U.S. East Coast. The coastline provided has no
                  attribute values associated with the line segments. However, such overlay commands as
                  UNION, INTERSECT, and IDENTITY in ARC/INFO` (or other GISs) may be used to
                  transfer the gridded data values to the coastal segments, thus simplifying the
                  interpretation of any derived indices.


                                                                 65








                       The name of the ARC/INFO' coverage where the coastline resides is
                ECOAST.EOO (File 16), and the flat ASCII data file with this same information is in
                ECOASTASC (File 17). Since this file is line based, the data values in ECOASTASC
                contain the line segment name, and a listing of the points that describe each line, for
                all 934 line segments that define the East Coast.
                       The flat ASCII version of this file contains a listing of the line segments (or
                arcs) that describe the coast. An example of the format for this file is shown in
                Table 12.



                Table 12-     Sample of the vector format used for ECOAST.ASC (File 17).


                Name, Number of points


                111",-5              -Vector 1 uses 5 points to describe the line
                -71.0812,45.1245     -Start at 71.08'W Longitude, 45.30'N Latitude
                -70.6414,45.4167
                -70.9824,45.5545
                -71.0035,45.6234
                -71.0334145.7834     -End of arc
                11211,43             -Vector 2 uses 13 points to describe the line
                -71.0334,45.7834     -Start of next line
                -71.2267,45.7734
                -71.2946,45.7948
                ...                  -Continued


























                                                          66










                 16. LISTING OF THE FORTRAN 77 DATA RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS

                 What follows is a listing of the four FORTRAN 77 data retrieval.programs
            provided by CDIAC on magnetic tape, floppy diskette, or through CDIAC's anonymous
            FTP service with this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents
            of one of the -four flat ASCII data files.,
                 The first program (File 2 on the magnetic tape) is designed to read and print the
            file ECGRID.ASC (File 5).



            C* FORTRAN PROGRAM TO READ AND PRINT ECGRID.ASC (FILE 5)

                 INTEGER NLIN
                 INTEGER ID, ERNUM, ELNUM, GM, GL, TRNUM, SLYR
                 REAL    WHAVG, WHMAX, WHSD, ERAVG, ERMAX, ERMIN
                 REAL    ELAVG, ELMAX, ELMIN, TRMAX, TRAVG, TRLVL
                     REAL     SLR, SLG, SLC, SLS

            C* INITIALIZE A COUNTER AND OPEN FILES FOR INPUT/OUTPUT

                 NLIN=O
                 OPEN(UNIT=5,FILE=IECGRID.ASCI,READONLY,STATUS=IOLDI)
                 OPEN(UNIT=6,FILE=SYS$OUTPUT,STATUS=INEWI)

            C*   READ AND PRINT GRID CELL ID AND 22 DATA VARIABLES


              10 READ (5,100,END=999) ID, WHAVG, WHMAX, WHSD, ERAVG,
                I      ERMAX, ERMIN, ERNUM, ELAVGf ELMAX, ELMIN, ELNUM
                 READ  (5,110) GM, GL, TRMAX, TRAVG, TRLVL, TRNUM,
                1      SLR, SLG, SLC, SLS, SLYR

                 IF (NLIN.GT.32) NLIN=O
                 IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6f120)
                 IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6,130)
                 NLIN=NLIN+l


                 WRITE(6,105) ID, WHAVG, WHMAX, WHSD, ERAVG,
                I      ERMAX, ERMIN, ERNUM, ELAVG, ELMAX, ELMIN, ELNUM
                 WRITE(6,115) GM, GL, TRMAX, TRAVG, TRLVL, TRNUM,
                1      SLR, SLG, SLCf SLS, SLYR
               20 CONTINUE
                 GO TO 10
            C
             100 FORMAT(I5,6F8.2,I4,3F8-2,I4)
             105 FORMAT(1X,I5,6F8.2,I4,3F8.2,I4)
             110 FORMAT(2I5,3F8.2,I4,4F8.2,I4)
             115 FORMAT(lX,2I5,3F8.2,I4,4F8.2,I4)




                                           67









            120 FOR14AT(lX,3X,'IDI,3X,IWHAVGI,3X,'WHMAXI,4X,IWHSDI,
               1    3X,'ERAVG',3X,'ERMAXlt2Xj'ERMIN 111ERNUM1,2X,
               I     'EIAVGI,3X,'ELMAXI,2X,'ELMIN ','ELNUM')
            130 FORMAT(lX,2X,IGMI,3X,IGL',3X,ITRMAXI,3X,ITRAVGI,
               1     2X,'TRLVL ','TRNUMI,4X,'SLRI,5X,'SLG',5X,'SLC',
               I     5X,'SLS 1,1SLYRI)

           C*          CLOSE FILES AND EXIT GRACEFULLY


            999 CLOSE(UNIT=5)
                CLOSE(UNIT=6)
                STOP
                END














































                                          68








                 The second FORTRAN 77 program (File 6 on the magnetic tape) is designed to'
            read and print the file ECPOINT.ASC (File 9).



            C* FORTRAN PROGRAM TO READ AND PRINT ECPOINT.ASC (FILE 9)

                 INTEGER NLIN
                 INTEGER ID, TRID, SLYR
                 REAL    SLLONG, SLLAT, SLR,,SLG, SLC, SLS
                 REAL    TRLONG, TRLAT, TRAVG, TRMAX, TRLVL
                 CHARACTER SLNAME*38, TRNAME*45

            C* INITIALIZE A COUNTER AND OPEN FILES FOR INPUT/OUTPUT

                 NLIN=O
                 OPEN(UNIT=5,FILE=IECPOINT.ASCI,READONLY,STATUS=IOLDO)
                 OPEN(UNIT=6,FILE=SYS$OUTPUT,STATUS=INEWI)

            C*READ AND PRINT POINT ID, SEA-LEVEL, AND TIDE VARIABLES,*

              10 READ (5,100,END=999) ID, SLLONG, SLLAT,, SLR, SLG,
                1     SLC, SLS, SLYR, SLNAME
                 READ@(5,110) TRLONG, TRLAT, TRAVG, TRMAX, TRLVL,
                I     TRID, TRNAME

                 IF (NLIN.GT.32) NLIN=O
                 IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6,120)
                 IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6,130)
                 NLIN=NLIN+l


                 WRITE(6,140) ID, SLLONG, SLLAT, SLR, SLG, SLC, SLS,
                1     SLYR, SLNAME
                 WRITE(6,150) TRLONG, TRLAT, TRAVG, TRMAX, TRLVL,
                1     TRID, TRNAME

              20 CONTINUE
                 GO To 10
            C
             100 FORMAT(I5,6F8.2,I4,A38)
             110 FORMAT(5F8.2,I5,A45)
             120 FORMAT(lX,3X,IIDI,2X,ISLLONGI,3X,ISLLATI,5X,ISLRI,
                1     5X,ISLG',5X,ISLC-,SX,ISLSI,lX,ISLYRI,15X,ISLNAMEI)
             130 FORMAT(IX12X,ITRLONGI,3X,'TRLATI,3X,'TRAVG',3X,
                1     'TRMAX1,3X,'TRLVL1,1 TRID1,15X,1TRNAME1)
             140 FORMAT(1X,I5,6F8.2,I4,A38)
             150 FORMAT(1X,5F8.2,I5,A45)






                                           69












            C*           CLOSE FILES AND EXIT GRACEFULLY


             999 CLOSE(UNIT=5)
                 CLOSE(UNIT=6)
                 STOP
                 END



                 The third FORTRAN 77 program (File 10 on the magnetic tape) is designed to
            read and print the file ECRISK.ASC (File 13).



            C* FORTRAN PROGRAM TO READ AND PRINT ECRISK.ASC (FILE 13)*

                 INTEGER NLIN
                 INTEGER ID, ERR, LSR, WHR, ELR, GMR, GLR, TRR

            C* INITIALIZE A COUNTER AND OPEN FILES FOR'INPUT/OUTPUT

                 NLIN=O
                 OPEN(UNIT=5,FILE=IECRISK.ASCI,READONLY,STATUS=IOLDI)
                 OPEN(UNIT=6,FILE=SYS$OUTPUT,STATUS=INEWI)

            C* READ AND PRINT GRID CELL ID AND SEVEN RISK VARIABLES


              10 READ(5,100,END=999) ID,
                1     ERR,LSR,WHR,ELR,GMR,GLR,TRR

                 IF (NLIN.GT.65) NLIN=O
                 IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6,110)
                 NLIN=NLIN+l


                 WRITE(6,105) ID,ERR,LSR,WHR,ELR,GMR,GLR,TRR
              20 CONTINUE
                 GO TO 10
            C
             100 FORMAT(I5,7I4)
             105 FORMAT(1X,I5,7I4)
             110 FORMAT(lX,3X,IID-,lX,-ERR-,lX,-LSRI,lX,IWHRI,'lX,
                1      'ELRI,!X,IGMRI,lX,IGLRI,lX,'TRR')


            C*          CLOSE FILES AND EXIT GRACEFULLY


             999 CLOSE(UNIT=5)
                 CLOSE(UNIT=6)
                 STOP
                 END



                                            70








                   The last FORTRAN 77 program (File 14 on the magnetic tape) is designed to read
             and print the file ECOAST.ASC (File 17).



             C* FORTRAN PROGRAM TO READ AND PRINT ECOAST.ASC (FILE 17)*

                    CHARACTER NAME*6, ALLNAME*7
                    CHARACTER COMMA
                    INTEGER I, NUM, NLIN
                    REAL     X, Y

             C*                 OPEN FILES FOR INPUT/OUTPUT

                    OPEN(UNIT=5,FILE='ECOAST.ASCI,READONLY,STATUS=IOLDI)
                    OPEN(UNIT=6,FILE=SYS$OUTPUT,STATUS=INEWI)

             C* READ AND PRINT LINE NAME AND NUMBER OF POINTS IN LINE


               10   NLIN=O
                    READ(5,100,END=999) NAME,COMMA,NUM
                    IF (COMMA.EQ.'-') NUM=NUM*-l
                    IF (COMMA.EQ.1,1) THEN
                       ALLNAME=NAME//','
                    ELSE
                       ALLNAME=NAME//'
                        END IF
                    WRITE(6,130)
                    WRITE(6,110) ALLNAME,NUM

             C*       READ AND PRINT X,Y COORDINATES FOR THE LINE

                    DO 20 1 = 1,NUM*-l
                      IF (NLIN.GT.77) NLIN=O
                      IF (NLIN.EQ.0) WRITE(6,140)
                      NLIN=NLIN+l
                      READ (5,120) X,COMMA,Y
                      WRITE(6,120) X,COMMA,Y
               20   CONTINUE
                    GO TO 10
             C
              100   FORMAT(A6,AI,I6)
              110   FORMAT(A7,I6)
              120   FORMAT(F8.4,A1,F7.4)
              130   FORMAT(lX,INAME      NUMBER')
              140   FORMAT(1X,1X         'y 1)







                                               71













           C*          CLOSE FILES AND EXIT GRACEFULLY


            999 CLOSE(UNIT=5)
                 CLOSE(UNIT=6)
                 STOP
                 END























































                                          72









                    17. LISTING OF THE SASTm DATA RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS

                 The following pages list the four SASTm data retrieval programs provided by
            CDIAC with this data base. Each program is designed to read and write the contents of
            one of the four flat ASCII data files.
                 The first program (File 3 on the magnetic tape) is designed to read and print the
            file ECGRID.ASC (File 5).



            DATA ECGRID;
            INFILE IN;
            INPUT  ID 1-5 WHAVG 6-13 WHMAX 14-21 WHSD 22-29 ERAVG 30-37
                   ERMAX 38-45 ERMIN 46-53 ERNUM 54-57 ELAVG 58-65
                   ELMAX 66-73 ELMIN 74-81 ELNUM 82-85;
            INPUT  GM 1-5 GL 6-10 TRMAX 11-18 TRAVG 19-26
                   TRLVL 27-34 TRNUM 35-38 SLR 39-46
                   SLG 47-54 SLC 55-62 SLS,63-70 SLYR 71-74;
            PROC PRINT;
            RUN;




































                                            73








                  The second SAS" program (File 7 on the magnetic tape) is designed to read and
            print the file ECPOINT.ASC (File 9).



            DATA ECPOINT;
            INFILE IN;
            INPUT ID 1-5 SLLONG 6-13 SLLAT 14-21 SLR 22-2     9 SLG 30-37
                   SLC 38-45 SLS 46-53 SLYR 54-57 SLNAME $ 58-94;
            INPUT TRLONG 1-8 TRLAT 9-16 TRAVG 17-24 TRMAX 25-32
                   TRLVL 33-40 TRID 41-45 TRNAME $ 46-89;
            PROC PRINT;
            RUN;














































                                              74








                 The third SASTMprogram (File I I on the magnetic tape) is designed to read and
            print the file ECRISKASC (File 13).



            DATA ECRISK;
            INFILE IN;
            INPUT ID 1-5 ERR 6-9 LSR 10-13 WHR 14-17
                  ELR 18-21 GMR 22-25 GLR 26-29 TRR 30-33;:,
            PROC PRINT;
            RUN;














































                                           75








                 The last SAS' program (File 15 on the magnetic tape) is designed, to read and
            print the file ECOAST.ASC (File 17).



            DATA ECOAST;
            FILE PRINT;
            INFILE IN DLM=I, 1;
            INPUT NAME $ NUM;
            PUT 'NAME , NUMBER OF POINTS';
            PUT NAME $ NUM;
            LENGTH DEFAULT=4;
            NUM2 = NUM * -1;
            ARRAY Xf4661;
            ARRAY Yf4661;
            PUT IX          Y1;
            DO I = 1 TO NUM2;
               INPUT XJIJ YfIj;
               PUT   XfIj Yf1j;
               END;
            RUN;



































                                           76





















                                                                                                                         CD



                                                                                                                                 00



                      Sample listing of ECGRID.ASC (File 5).


                           ID  WHAVG    WHKAX    WHSD     ERAVG   ERMAX ERMIN ERNUM ELAVG        ELMAX    ELKIN ELNUM.           CA
                           GH  GL   TRKAX    TRAVG TRLVL TRNUM       SLR       SLG    SLC      SLS SLYR
                                                                                                                          v

                           1 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99       0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      01
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 9999.99 9999.99   9999.99 9999.99     0                     0
                             9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 '9999.99      0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 9999.99 9999.99   9999.90 9999.99     0
                           3 9999.99 9999.99 9999-99 9999-99 9999.99 9999.99       0 9999.99 0999.99 9999.09      0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 91999099 9999.99  9999.99 9999.99     -0
                             9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99       0,[email protected] 9999   1.99  0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 [email protected] 9099.99  9999.gg 9999.99     0
                           5 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999-99 9999.99 9999.99       0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 9999.99 9999.99   9999.99 '990.99 -0
                                                                                                                            0    >
                           6 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99       0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      .0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 9999.99 9999.99   9999.99 9999.;99 - 0
                           7 9999..99 9999.99 9999.99 9999-99,9999-99 9999.99      0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      0
                        9999 9999 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99     0 9999'.99 9999.99  9999.99 [email protected]    0
                           8 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99 9999-99 9999-99 9999.99       0 9999.99 9999.99 9999.99      0              >








            Sample listing of ECPOINT.ASC (File 9).



                ID SLLONG      SLLAT       SLR      SLG      SLC     SLS SLYR                   SLNAME
               TRLONG    TRLAT     TRAVG     TRMAX   TRLVL  TRID                      TRNAME




                 1     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    01
               -66.98    44.90      5.61     6.37     2.80   597'                                   EASTPORT'
                 2     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0.                              1
               -67.05    44.97      5.61     6.37     2.80   599'          GLEASON COVE- WESTERN PASSAGE'
                 3     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0.                              9
               -67.10    45.08      5.85     6.64     2.93   601'                                 ROBBINSTON'
                 4     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0,                              1
               -67.13    45.13      5.97     6.80     2.99   603'                         ST. CROIX ISLAND'
                 5     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0,                              9
               -67.28    45.18      6.10     6.95     3.05   605'                                     CALAIS'
                 6     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    08                              0
               -67.02    44.90      5.70     6.49     2.83   607'                DEEP COVE- MOOSE     ISLAND'
                 7     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0.
               -67.12    44.93      5.82     6.64     2.90   609'                                  EAST BAY
                 8     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00      0.00     0.00    0.






            Sample listing of ECRISK.ASC (File 13).


                 ID   ERR  LSR  WHR   ELR   GMR  GLR  TRR



                  1     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  2     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  3     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  4     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  5     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  6     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  7     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  8     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                  9     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 10     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 11     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 12     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 13     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 14     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
                 15     0    0     0    0     0     0    0









                                                         78








          Sample listing of ECOAST.ASC (File 17).



               112911, -42     -Vector 29 uses 42 points to describe    the' arc
                 67.0226,44-9002
               -67.0179,44.9023
               -67.0151,44-9039
               -67.0077,44.9008
               -67.0011,44.8964

               -66.9938,44,.8978
               -66.9911,44.8986
               -66.9884,44.9003
               -66.9878,44-9057
               -66.9880,44.9099
               -66.9903,44-9132
               -66.9944,44.9166
               -67.0013,44.9192





































                                             79








                                  19. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT:
                                              FLAT ASCH DATA FILES


                   The gridded coastal hazards data base and the original point data may be read using
            the FORTRAN 77 or SASTm input/output routines provided. After these files are loaded
            onto the system it should be verified that the files have not been corrupted during transport.
            To do this, some or all of the statistics or characteristics presented in the following tables
            should be generated. These statistics were obtained for ECGRID, , ECPOINT, and ECRISK
            using the SAS' statistical package (i.e., with PROC MEANS); @however, these statistics may
            be duplicated using other statistical packages or computer languages.
                   The information shown for ECOAST was obtained using operating system commands.
            if the file sizes differ from those presented in Table 16 by > 1 byte or the number of rows
            differs from the number of rows shown, then the flat ASCII file may have been corrupted
            in transport.
                   These statistics are presented only as a tool to ensure proper reading of the four flat
            ASCII data files and should not be construed as either a summary of the data or as an
            indicator of trends in the data.


            Table 13.      Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in ECGRID.ASC
                           (File 5)
             Variable          Number of           Mean       Standard      Minimum         Maximum
                               observations                   deviation

             ID                7040              3520.50       2032.42            1.00        7040.00

             WHAVG             7040              9819.60       1330.97            0.23        9999.99

             WHMAX             7040              9819.67       1330.47            2.40        9999.99

             WHSD              7040              9819.60       1330.98            0.36        9999.99

             ERAVG             7040              9801.11       1396.32            -7.82       9999.99

             ERMAX             7040              9801.14       1396.09            -6.40       9999.99

             ERMIN             7040              9801.08       1396.55           -24.60       9999.99

             ERNUM             7040                  0.07           0.55          0.00             6.00

             ELAVG             7040              9483.46       2212.24            0.00        9999.99

             ELMAX             7040              9483.78       2210.87            0.00        9999.99

             ELMIN             7040              9483.14       2213.62            0.00        9999.99

             ELNUM             7040                  0.22           1.20          0.00             9.00

             GM                7040              9607.43       1757.68         1230.00        9999.00

             GL                7040              9538.68       2062.81          110.00        9999.00

             TRMAX             7040              9554.04       2064.09            0.06        9999.99






                                                           80







             Table 13.      (Continued)

              Variable         Number of                Mean         Standard        Minimum          Maximum
                               observations                          deviation

              TRAVC,           7040                  9554.03          2064.16             0.03         9999.99

              TRLVL            7040                  9554.00          2064.30             0.02         9999.99

              TRNUM            7040                      0.21             1.29            0.00             36.00
              SLR              7040                  9521.43          2134.47             1.80         9999.99

              SLG              7040                  9521.36          2134.76             0.43         9999.99

              SLC              7040                  9521.36          2134.75             0.04         9999.99

              SLS              7040                  9521.37          2134.73             0.55         9999-99

              SLYR             7040                      0.27             4.12            0.00            130.00



             Table 14.      Statistical characteristics of the numeric variables in ECPOINT.ASC
                            (File 9)


              Variable         Number of                Mean         Standard         Minimum         Maximum
                               observations                          deviation

              ID               1481                    754.49           457.95            1.00         2036.00

              SLLONG           1481                     -1.82            11.56           -81.81            0.00

              SLLAT            1481                      0.93             5.94,           0.00             44.90

              SLR              1481                      0.07             0.43            0.00             4.30

              SLG              1481                      0.04             0.24            0.00             2.35

              SLC              1481                      0.03             0.23            0.00             3.10

              SLS              1481                      0.04             0.25            0.00             3.05

              SLYR             1481                      1.33             9.03            0.00            130.00

              TRLONG           1481                     -73.64           12.22           -82.87            0.00

              TRLAT            1481                     36.71             7.57            0.00             45.18

              TRAVG            1481                      1.34             0.93            0.00             6.10

              TRMAX            1481                      1.56             1.06            0.00             6.95

              TRLVL            1481                      0.67             0.46            0.00             3.05

              TRID             1481                  1965.81            866.06            0.00         3449.00






                                                              81








           Table 15.      Statistical characteristics of the numberic variables in ECRISKASC
                          (File 13)


            Variable         Number of               Mean       Standard       Minimum         Maximum
                             observations                       deviation

            ID               7040                 3520.50         2032.42            1.00         7040.00

            ERR              7040                    0.07            0.49            0.00            5.00

            LSR              7040                    0.10            0.44            0.00            3.00

            WER              7040                    0.04            0.30            0.00            3.00

            ELR              7040                    0.23            0.99            0.00            5.00

            GMR              7040                    0.16            0.78            0.00            5.00

            GLR              7040                    0.19            0.87            0.00            5.00

            TRR              7040                    0.05            0.25            0.00            4.00



           Table 16.      Characteristics and size, in bytes and 512-byte blocks, of ECOASTASC
                          (File 17)


                  Number of           Number of rows            Size in bytes          Size in blocks
                  lines/arcs

                     934                    44,464                 889,280                  1465

























                                                          82









                                                     20. VERMCATION OF DATA TRANSPORT:
                                                                  ARC/INFO'm EXPORT FILES

                                   The four ARCANFO' export files were created in ARC/INFO", Version 6. 0. 1,
                         using the EXPORT command with the COVER and NONE options. Each export file
                         contains an entire coverage and its associated INFO data files in a fixed-length,
                         uncompressed format.
                                   The exported coverages are in a GEOGRAPHIC projection, which is a spherical
                         reference system that locates positions using latitude and longitude coordinates that are
                         stored in decimal degrees. As a result of this, the reference grids in which the data are
                         stored are not uniform in size or area.
                                   After loading the ARC/INFO" export files onto a system, the user should verify
                         that the files have been correctly transported. To verify the integrity of the files, the size
                         of the export files and (after importing the data into ARCANFOrm) the total number of
                         INFO data records in each coverage should be compared with those presented in Table
                         17. If the file sizes differ from those presented by > I byte or the number of INFO data
                         records do not match,those shown in Table 17, then the coverage may have been
                         corrupted in transport. Importation of the ARC/INFO" EOO files into the user's
                         ARC/INFO' system can be accomplished using the IMPORT command with the
                         COVER option. The IMPORT command will automatically recognize that the export file
                         is in an uncompressed format (files should be EXTERNALED after being imported [e.g.,
                         ARC > external ECGRID



                         Table 17.           File size, in bytes and 512-byte blocks, and the number of INFO data
                                             records in each ARC/INFOT' export file


                         Export                       Tape       File                 File              AMINFOTm               Number
                         file                         file       size                 size                data                 of ARC/INFOTm
                         name                         number     (bytes)              (blocks)            type                 records



                         ECGRID.EOO                   4          7,534,005            14715             Pat                    7041.


                         ECP01NT.E00                   8           722,941            1412              Pat                    1481


                         ECRISK.EOO                   12         4,822,332            9419              Pat                    7041


                         ECOAST.EOO                   16         1,451,541            2836              Aat                    934











                                                                                      83





































                                    APPENDICES


































                                    APPENDIX A


                        THE DATA GROUPS: A QUICK REFERENCE












 .1









                                   THE DATA GROUPS: A QUICK REFERENCE

                       The following provides a listing ard description of the data variables and other
                pertinent information for each of the three data groups and one auxiliary data,.file. In the
                ARC/INFOT1    version of these files, each data group contains several additional system
                variables. These system variables are AREA; PERIMETER; an internal point, polygon,
                or line segment number (e.g., ECGRID#); and an external point,polygon, or line
                segment identifier (e.g., ECGRID-ID). The external grid cell identifier is present in both
                the export (.EOO) and ASCII (.ASC) files and is used to identify the 0.25' by 0.25' grid
                cell, point, or line segment to which the data record belongs.


                (1)    DATA GROUP ECGRID: Gridded, polygon data for 22 data variables.
                       from the following data sets: elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea level
                       trend, shoreline displacement, tidal range, and wave heights. (A value of
                       9999.99 or 9999 indicates no data-are available for the given data cell,for a
                       given data variable.)

                Data Variables


                       WHAVG - 20-year mean wave height calculated for each 0.25' grid cell:
                       values-, expressed in meters.

                       WHMAX - Maximum significant wave height for each 0.25' grid cell-,
                       values expressed in meters.

                       WHSD - Standard deviation of the mean wave heights experienced within
                       each 0.25' grid cell; values expressed in meters.

                       ERAVG - Average of the mean long-term,erosion trend values for a given
                       0.250 grid cell; values expressed in meters..

                       ERMAX - Maximum of the mean long-term erosion trends for a given
                       0.250 grid cell; -values expressed in meters.

                       ERAMN - Minimum of the mean long-term erosion     trends for a given
                       0.25' grid cell;% values expressed in meters.

                       ERNUM - Number of 3', 7.5', or    15' grid cells (i.e., format of original
                       data source).used in calculating ERAVG, ERMIN, or ERMAX for a given
                       0.250 grid cell.





                                                         A - 3










                 DATA GROUP ECGRID:
                 Data Variables (Continued)

                         ELAVG - Average elevation calculated from all n    onnegative 5' by 5' grid
                         cells within a given 0.25' grid cell; values expressed in meters.

                         ELMAX -.Maximum elevation of all the nonnegative 5' by 5' grid cells
                         for a given 0.25' grid cell; values expressed in meters.

                         ELNUN - Minimum elevation of all the nonnegative 5' by 5' grid cells for
                         a given 0.25' grid cell; values expressed in meters.

                         ELNUM - Number of 5' by 5' grid cells used in calculating ELAVG,
                         ELMIN, and ELMAX for a given 0.250 grid cell.

                         GM - Ordinal value indicating the type and susceptibility of the landforms
                         within a given 0.25' grid cell to inundation and erosion.

                         GL - Ordinal value indicating the type and resistance of the rocks within a
                         given 0.25" grid cell to erosion through physical and chemical weathering.

                         TRMAX - Maximum tide range measured for all gauge stations that
                         occurred within a given 0.250 grid cell in 1988 (this value may be the
                         11spring" or "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location). Data
                         values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data in data
                         group ECPOINT.

                         TRAVG - Average of the mean-tide-range values for all tide stations
                         occurring within a given 0.25' grid cell in 1988 (the mean tide range is the
                         difference in height between mean high water and mean low water for
                         1988). Data values are expressed in meters and are based on the point data
                         in data group ECPOINT.

                         TRLVL - Average of the mean-tide-level values for all tide stations
                         occurring within a given 0.25' grid cell in 1988 (the mean tide level is a
                         plane midway between mean low water and mean high water in 1988).
                         Values are reckoned from chart datum, are expressed in meters, and are
                         based on the point data in data group ECPOINT. (The Gulf Coast Mean
                         Low Water Datum was used for the Florida Keys, and the Atlantic Coast
                         Mean Low Water Datum was used for the rest of the East Coast.)







                                                             A - 4









               DATA GROUP ECGRID:
               Data Variables (Continued)

                     TRNUM - Number of tide-gauge stations used in calculating TRAVG,
                     TRMAX, and TRLVL for a given 0.250 grid cell. Data values are based
                     on the point data in data group ECPOINT.

                     SLR - Relative sea level trend within a given 0.25' grid cell; values are
                     expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data
                     group ECPOINT.

                     SLG - Long-term geologic-trend derived from 'T data for each 0.25' grid
                     cell; values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point
                     data in data group ECPOINT.

                     SLC - Corrected sea level trend derived from tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR)
                     and corrected for geologic trends (i.e., SLG) for each 0.250 grid cell;
                     values are expressed in mm/year. Data values are base& on the point data
                     in data group ECPOINT.

                     SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR) and
                     corrected for the regional eustatic sea level trend (i.e., 1.25); values are
                     expressed in mm/year. Data values are based on the point data in data
                     group ECPOINT.

                     SLYR - Number of years of record used in estimating the sea level trend
                     for each 0.25' grid cell (grid cells in which tide-gauge stations do not
                     occur have been assigned a zero value.) Data values are based on the point
                     data in data group ECPOINT.


               Data Format -     ARC/INFO` coverage and flat ASCII file with data,values for each
                                 0.25' latitude by 0.25' longitude grid cell on the U.S. East Coast.


               File Storage-     ARC/INFOTM  coverage name is ECGRID.EOO (File 4) ASCII file
                                 name is ECGRID.ASC (File 5).











                                                   A - 5









                  (2)    DATA GROUP ECPOINT: Point data for the stations used in
                         constructing the sea level trend and tidal range data sets. (Missing data
                         values are indicated by the value 0.0 for real numbers, 0 for integers, and
                         blank spaces [i.e.,       for station names.)



                 Data Variables


                         SLLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the
                         sea-level-trend variables.


                         SLLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining the
                         sea-level-trend variables.


                         SLR - Relative sea level trend for the tide-gauge station; values expressed
                         in mm/year.

                         SLG - Long-term geologic-trend derived from "C data; values expressed
                         in mm/year.

                         SLC - Corrected sea level trend derived from tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR)
                         and corrected for geologic movements (i.e., SLG); values expressed in
                         mm/year.

                         SLS - Local subsidence trend derived from tide-gauge data (i.e., SLR) and
                         corrected for the regional eustatic sea level trend (i.e., 1.25 mm/year);
                         values are expressed in mm/year.

                         SLYR - Period of record in years of the tide-gauge station used for
                         determining the sea-level-trend variables.

                         SLNAME - Station name of the tide-gauge station used for determining the
                         sea level trend variables.


                         TRLONG - Longitude of the tide-gauge station used for determining the
                         tide-range variables.

                         TRLAT - Latitude of the given tide-gauge station used for determining        the
                         tide-range variables.

                         TRAVG - Difference (i.e., range) in height between mean high water and
                         mean low water in 1988; values expressed in meters.




                                                               A - 6









              DATA GROUP ECPOINT:
              Data Variables (Continued)

                     TRMAX - Difference (i.e., range) in height between the highest high tide
                     and the lowest low tide in 1988 (this@value may bethe "spring" or,.
                     "diurnal" tide range, depending on geographic location); values @ expressed
                     in meters.


                     TRLVL - Mean tide level is a plane midway between mean low water and
                     mean high water in 1988; values expressed in meters. Values are reckoned
                     from chart datums (i.e., Gulf Coast Mean Low Water Datum is used for,
                     the Florida Keys; the Atlantic Coast Mean Low Water Datum is used for
                     the rest of the East Coast).

                     TRID - Station number (as given in the 1988 Tide Tables) of the given
                     tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables.

                     TRNAME - Station name (as given in the 1988 Tide Tables) of the given
                     tide gauge station used in determining the tide-range variables.



              Data Format -     ARC/INFO", coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each
                                point (i.e., station) on the U.S. East Coast.


              File Storage-     ARC/INFO" coverage name is ECPOINT.EOO (File 8) ASCII file
                                name is ECPOINT.ASC (File 9).























                                                   A - 7








              (3)   DATA GROUP ECRISK: Gridded polygon data for the seven classified
                    risk variables. The risk variables contain values ranging from 0 to 5. A
                    value of zero indicates no data are available for a given data variablej for a
                    given grid cell. When the value for a given variable is greater than zero,
                    the value indicates the relative risk of each 0.250 grid cell to inundation or
                    erosion, with 5 indicating the greatest risk.



              Data Variables


                    ERR - Classified version of the mean erosion/accretion data variable
                    (i.e., ERAVG).

                    LSR - Classified version of the local subsidence trend data variable
                    (i.e., SLS).

                    "R - Classified version of the maximum significant wave-height variable
                    (i.e., WHMAX).


                    ELR - Classified version of the mean elevation data variable
                    (i.e., ELAVG).

                    GMR - Classified version of the geomorphology data variable
                    (i.e., GM).

                    GLR - Classified version of the geology data variable
                    (i.e., GL).

                    TRR - Classified version of the mean-tide-range data variable
                    (i.e., TRAVG).



              Data Format -     ARC/INFOTI   coverage and flat ASCII file with data values for each
                                0.25' latitude by 0.25' longitude grid cell on the U.S. East Coast.


              File Storage-     ARC/INFOTI   coverage name is ECRISK.EOO (File 12) ASCII file
                                name is ECRISK.ASC (File 13).








                                                   A - 8








                 (4)    AUXILIARY DATA GROUP ECOAST: 1:2,000,000 digitized coastline
                        of the U.S. East Coast.



                 Data Variables


                        Unlike the other data groups within this data base, this coverage contains line
                 segments (or arcs) that are used to describe the U.S. East Coast. The coastline provided
                 has no dwa vafiables associated with the line segments. However, simple overlay
                 commands (such as UNION, INTERSECT, IDENTITY) in ARC/INFO" may be used to
                 transfer the gridded data values to the coastal segments, thus simplifying the
                 interpretation of any derived indices.



                 Data Forinat -      ARC/INFO` coverage and flat ASCII file containing the latitude-
                                     longitude coordinates of line segments that describe the U.S. East
                                     Coast.



                 File Storage-       ARC/INFO` coverage name is ECOAST.EOO (File 16) ASCII file
                                     name is ECOAST.ASC (File 17).




























                                                           A - 9





















 I



















                                       APPENDIX B


                                   GLOSSARY OF TERMS










































                                                          ---









                                             GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN
                                            THE GEOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION


                          What follows are a listing and definitions of the terms that appear in the geologic
                  classification system shown in Table 1. The codes used in the classification system are shown
                  in parentheses. When the classification number, given contains an "X" (e.g., IXX) it is
                  implied that the definition is valid for all subsets of the given geologic feature. This list
                  defines only those rock types. mentioned within Table I and should not be construed as a
                  comprehensive set of geologic definitions.


                  IGNEOUS ROCK (lXX) - Rock that has crystallized from a silicate                 melt at high
                  temperatures (i.e., 900 to 16000C)..

                  VOLCANIC (EXTRUSIVE) ROCK (OLD=IIX) (NEW=4XX) - Igneous rock that has
                  reached the Earth's surface as a result of eruptive processes in a molten or partially molten
                  state. Since these rocks tendto cool rapidly they are usually fine-grained.

                  ANDESITE.(110) - Grayish fine-grained volcanic rock composed of oligoclase/andesine
                  (plagioclase feldspar), with lesser amounts of hornblende,.biotite, or pyroxene. Potassium
                  feldspar: and quartz compose less than 10 % of the total mineral content (plutonic equivalent
                  is quartz diorite)..

                  BASALT (110) - Dark fine-grained volcanic rock consisting of lab.radorite (plagioclase
                  feldspar) and augite (pyroxene), with minor olivine (plutonic equivalent is gabbro).

                  RHYOLITE (110) - Light fine-grained volcanic rock composed essentially of alkali feldspar
                  and quartz, with minor biotite occasionally present (plutonic equivalent is granite).

                  PLUTONIC (INTRUSIVE) ROCK (13X) - Igneous,rock which has crystallized from
                  molten material (magma) at depth and has reached the Earth's surface through uplift and
                  erosion. Because cooling is generally slower, these rocks are coarser-grained than their
                  volcanic equivalents.

                  METAMORPHIC ROCK (15X) - Rock derived from preexisting materials (either igneou             's,
                  sedimentary, or metamorphic) when recrystallization occurs under - higher temperatures,
                  pressures, and shear stresses than normally exist at the Earth's surface.

                  GNEISS (150) - Metamorphic rock that exhibits al.ternating bands of lighter minerals
                  (quartz, feldspars) and darker minerals (biotite, hornblende, pyroxene).
                  QUARTZITE (150) -       Metamorphic rock composed essentially of quartz. It results'from
                  high-grade metamorphism of a quartz-rich sandstone in which recrystallization of silica has
                  produced a tough, hard rock with interlocking quartz grains.


                                                              B - 3








                SCHIST (150) '- Metamorphic rock characterized by a layered or foliated appearance
                (schistosity) cause by the planar alignment of platy minerals, such as mica together with
                quartz, and minor amounts of other minerals, like garnet.

                SERPENTINITE (150) - Green to greenish-yellow rock composed chiefly of the mineral
                serpentine, derived from metamorphism of iron-magnesium-rich igneous rocks.

                SEDIMENTARY ROCK (2XX) - Rock consisting of weathered or eroded fragments of
                preexisting rocks that have been cemented together as a result of chemical cementation,
                compression, or precipitation.

                SHALE (210) - Sedimentary rock consisting of very fine-grained particles (:5 0.004 mm)
                composed chiefly of clay minerals. It is distinguished from mudstone, by its ability to split
                into thin layers.

                SILTSTONE (220) - Sedimentary rock consisting of fine-grained particles in the size range
                of 0.004 to 0.062 mm. Composed chiefly of clays and fine-grained quartz with mica.

                SANDSTONE (230) - Fine to medium-grained sedimentary rock with particles in the size
                range between 0.062 to 2.0 mm. Typically composed of quartz, feldspars, and rock
                fragments, which are cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, or clay. The hardness
                or strength of this rock depends largely on the nature and extent of the cement.

                CONGLOMERATE (240) - Coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of boulders to
                granule-sized particles (>2.0 mm), which are cemented together by silica, calcite, iron
                oxide, or clay. The hardness or strength of this rock depends largely on nature of the
                cement.


                LIMESTONE (250) - Carbonate rock that can consist either of fragmental material,
                including fossils, pellets, etc., or a chemical precipitate.

                EOLIANITE (260) - Layer of wind-blown beach sand often cemented by deposition of
                calcium carbonate. Tends to occur above the mean tide level in warm climates.


                UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS (3XX) - Fragmented materials that are derived from
                the chemical and mechanical weathering process or from chemical precipitation and that have
                not yet undergone cementation and induration into a consolidated rock.

                MUD, CLAY (310) - Very fine-grained particles (!:-@ 0.004 mm) of clay and quartz.

                SILT (320) - Fine-grained particles (:!@ 0.062 mm) of clay, quartz, and mica.

                SAND (330) - Fine- to medium-grained particles (2.0 to 0.062 mm) of quartz, feldspar,
                other heavy minerals, and rock fragments.


                                                            B - 4








                  GRAVELS, CONGLOMERATES (340) - Coarse-grained rock fragments (> 2.0 mm),
                  usually rounded to some degree, depending on the amount, of transportation before the
                  fragments came to rest.

                  GLACIAL TILL (350) - Unsorted materials, ranging in size from fine-grained "rock flour"
                  to large boulders, deposited by glaciers (also known as glacial drift).-

                  CALCAREOUS SEDIMENT (360) -. Very fine-grained to fine-grained carbonate sediment,
                  which can be fragmental or chemically precipitated.

                  LAVA (410) - Geologically recent.volcanic rock that has formed by extrusion of molten
                  magma to the Earth's surface as a sheet or flow.

                  ASH, TEPHRA (420) - Tephra is the general term for all fragmental volcanic materials
                  ejected through a surface-reaching vent. Ash is unconsolidated, fine-grained ejected material
                  (coarser-grained fragments are. called bombs, scoria, pumice, etc.).

                  CORAL REEF (500) - Mass of calcareous material consisting of the skeletal structures of
                  corals, growing in situ, as well as coralline debris and chemically precipitated material.
                  Reefs are generally built of coral, but calcareous algae and shells contribute to the reef
                  structure in many areas.





























                                                              B - 5










                                              GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN
                                       THE GEOMORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION


                          What follows is a list of landform definitions and their associated classification values
                  (shown in Table 2 on page 15). The terms are defined on the basis of the descriptions found
                  in Bird (1984), Pethick (1984), Ritter (1986), Schwartz (1982), and Shepard and Wanless
                  (1971). When the actual classification number contains an "X" (e.g., 222X) in the last digit,
                  it is implied that the description is valid for all subsets of the given feature.


                  ALLUVIAL PLAIN SHORELINE (22 1 X) - Intersection of broad alluvial slope, located at
                  the base of a mountain range, with the ocean. These alluvial plains may also occur on delta
                  coasts (222X) or outwash plains (231X).

                                                        I
                  BARRIER COASTS (212X) - In its most general sense, a barrier refers to accumulations
                  of sand or gravel lying above high tide along a coast. These barriers may be partially or
                  fully detached from the mainland. A barrier beach (2121) is a narrow strip of beach with a
                  single ridge and often foredunes. A barrier island (2122) is completely surrounded by water
                  and usually has multiple ridges, dunes, and salt marshes on the landward side of the island.
                  It usually encloses a body of water known as a lagoon. Although barrier islands are the most
                  common feature off the U.S. East and Gulf coasts, they constitute 10% - 15% of the rest of
                  the world's shorelines. A bay barrier (2123) is a beach barrier built across an embayment
                  and is found in areas with low tide ranges, and high to moderate wave energies.

                  BEACH (21XX) - A beach is generally made up of sand, cobbles, or boulders and is defined
                  as the portion of the coastal area that is directly affected by wave action and that is
                  terminated inland by a sea cliff, a dune field, or the presence of permanent vegetation and
                  seaward at the breaker/plunge point (the active portion of this zone varies based on wave and
                  tide conditions).

                  BEACH ROCK (2112) - Cementation of beach sand by CaC03 in intertidal zones. Confined
                  to warm climates.


                  CLIFFED COASTS (11 XX) - Coasts with cliffs and other abrupt changes in slope at the
                  ocean land interface. Cliffs indicate marine erosion and imply that the sediment supply of
                  the given coastal segment is low. The cliffs height depends upon the topography of the
                  hinterland, lithology of the area, and climate.

                  COASTAL PLAIN (21 1X) - Sedimentary deposits formed on a trailing-edge coast. Trailing-
                  edge coasts are often associated with barrier beach systems and are commonly subject to
                  subsidence.






                                                               B - 6








                  CORAL REEF COASTS (241X, 242X) - Shoal water area built,up by secretions of CaCO3
                  by coral, marine algae, and other marine organisms. Reefs may form either fringing reefs
                  that surround the shore or barrier reefs that grow at some distance from the coast and protect
                  the coast from large waves.

                  CUSPATE FORELAND (2126) 7, Seaward projection of accumulated, unconsolidated marine
                  sand or gravel, bounded on both sides by wave-dominated coasts (indicates convergence of
                  currents in a low-tide environment).

                  DELTA (222X) - Accumulations of fine-grained sedimentary deposits at the. mouth of a
                  river. The sediment is accumulating faster than wave erosion and subsidence can remove it.
                  These are associated with mud flats (2224) and salt marshes (2225).

                  DROWNED KARST (1500) - Terrain with distinctive characteristics. of relief and drainage
                  arising from a high degree of rock solubility that was submerged at the end of the Wisconsin
                  glaciation period (i.e., geologic,substrate that is made of highly soluble, usually carbonate,
                  rock).

                  ESTUARY COAST (133X) - Tidal mouth of a river or submerged river valley. Often
                  defined to include any semi-enclosed coastal body of water diluted by freshwater, thus
                  includes most bays. The estuaries are subjected to tidal influences with sedimentation rates
                  and tidal ranges such. that deltaic accumulations are absent. Also, estuaries are associated
                  with relatively low-lying hinterlands, mud flats (1334), and salt marshes (1335).
                  FJORD (122X) - Narrow steep-walled, U-shaped, partially submerged glacial"valley.

                  FIARD (123X) - Glacially, eroded inlet located on low-lying rocky coasts (other terms used
                  include sea inlets, fiardur, and firth).

                  ICE COAST (1400) - Coast bordered by glaciers.

                  LAGOON (225X) - A shallow water body separated, fromthe open sea by sand islands (e.g.,
                  barrier islands) or coral reefs.

                  MANGROVE SWAMP (245X) - Coasts with tree vegetation of subtropical/tropical origin
                  located on muddy, peaty substrates. Occur in coastal regions with low wave energies that are
                  located in tropical and subtropical climates (occupies same ecological niche as salt marsh in
                  temperate zones).

                  MUD FLATS - Located in areas with fine-grained sediments at low ends of the intertidal
                  zone and are exposed at low tide. Found in estuaries (1334), deltaic environments (2224),
                  and areas with marine/fluvial deposits (2254).




                                                              B - 7








                  OUTWASH PLAIN (231X) - A river deposition coast. Deposits are derived from meltwater
                  from the front of a glacier. Grades from gravel near the glacier edge to sand farther away.
                  Other types of glacial deposits include moraines (2320), composed of poorly sorted till, and
                  drumlins (2330), hills sculpted by glaciers, that are composed of well-sorted till.

                  SALT MARSH - Salt-tolerant vegetation that colonizes the intertidal zones of estuaries
                  (1335), deltas (2225), and lagoons (2255). Located on slightly higher elevations than mud
                  flats, and vegetation zonation reflects subtle changes in elevation.

                  SPIT (2127) - Curved or hooked depositional feature formed by longshore drift. Often has
                  salt marshes on landward side and beach ridges marking former positions of the shoreline.
                  Very mobile landform.

                  VOLCANIC COASTS (25XX) - Coasts dominated by volcanic landforms. The coasts may
                  be built up of lava flows (251X), ash flows (252X), peninsular and island volcanoes, or
                  calderas (253X). Often may be flanked by coral reefs (241X) if the volcano has become
                  submerged.



                                                       REFERENCES


                  Bird, E.C.F. 1984. Coasts. Basil Blackwell Publishing, New York, New York.

                  Pethick, J. 1984. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Edward Arnold Publishers,
                  London, England.

                  Ritter, D.F. 1986. Process Geomorphology. William Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa.

                  Schwartz, M.L. (ed.). 1982. 77?e Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments.
                  Hutchinson & Ross Publishing, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

                  Shepard, F.P. and H.R. Wanless. 1971. Our Changing Coastline. McGraw-Hill Book
                  Company, New York, New York.













                                                             B-8






























                                    APPENDIX C


                  DATA LISTING OF GEOLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC DATA










                         DATA LISTING OF THE GEOLOGIC DATA FOR LINE
                    SEGMENTS THAT OCCURRED WITHIN A COASTAL GRID CELL


                   The geologic data contained within this data base were originally obtained from
              coastal line segments. These segments averaged 4.5 km in length. As a result, more than one
              line segment may occur within each grid cell contained- in the data base. The geologic code
              assigned to each coastal grid cell was from the geologic classification code with the longest
              total shore length within each grid cell. For example, if grid cell 416 contained two
              classification codes and one occurred over 76% of the coastline and the other occurred over
              24 %, then the geologic code and geologic risk value for the code with the largest percentage
              were assigned to grid cell 416.
                   To help the data user determine how this selection process may have affected the
              gridded data, the following table was constructed. This table shows each geologic code
              (Table 1 on page 13) that occurred in each coastal grid cell along with the shore length of
              each code, percentage of total shore length (in the cell), and the risk value associated with
              each geologic code.



                                GRID   GEOLOGY    LENGTH      COASTLINE     RISK
                                ID       CODE        (rn)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                173      250      123231.30     100.00        3
                                174      250     141635.18      100.00        3
                                175      250     156516-44      100..00       3
                                176      250      44346.69      100.00        3
                                177      250         6893.82    100.00        3
                                255      250      13776.66      100.00        3
                                257      250      42652.21      100.00        3
                                258      250      57032.94      100.00        3
                                336      250      48145.89      100.00        3
                                337      250      89270.18      100.00        3
                                338      250     158958.47      100.00        3
                                339      250     154455.27      100.00        3
                                416      370      26126.38        23.84       4
                                416      250      83469.64        76.16       3
                                417      250      41405.19      100.00        3
                                419      250      79488.76      100.00        3
                                420      250      35458.22      100.00        3
                                495      370      42332.99      100.00        4
                                496      370     139053.01      100.00        4
                                499      250      29673.70      100.00        3
                                500      250      16730.12        36.33       3
                                500      350      29321.35        63.67       5
                                573      330         1819.98    100.00        5
                                574      250      23845.44        14.06       3
                                574      330      64627.12        38.11       5
                                574      370      [email protected]        47.82       4



                                                C - 3













                             GRID   GEOLOGY     LENGTH     COASTLINE    RISK
                              ID       CODE       (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                              575      370     116248.88     100.00       4
                              576      370       4709.21     100.00       4
                              580      250      31470.42      37.34       3
                              580      350      52806.85      62.66       5
                              653      250      32387.22      46.09       3
                              653      330      37885.34      53.91       5
                              654      330       1494.36       7.91       5
                              654      250      17386.82      92.09       3
                              660      350      28520.77      43.94       5
                              660      250      36386.55      56.06       3
                              733      330      16821.55      27.47       5
                              733      250      44425.36      72.53       3
                              740      350      40772.63      48.06       5
                              740      250      44071.36      51.94       3
                              820      250      28023.17      34.04       3
                              820      350      54304.21      65.96       5
                              900      350      49551.83      47.28       5
                              900      250      55259.55      52.72       3
                              979      250      28121.32     100.00       3
                              980      250      49794.64      45.73       3
                              980      350      59105.36      54.27       5
                             1059      250      26310.03      37.94       3
                             1059      350      43040.31      62.06       5
                             1060      250       4117.34     .12.27       3
                             1060      350      29430.69      87.73       5
                             1139      250      30551.33      32.25       3
                             1139      350      64169.17      67.75       5
                             1218      350      13642.03      43.43       5
                             1218      250      17772.21      56.57       3
                             1219      250      20041.75      27.55       3
                             1219      350      52695.06      72.45       5
                             1298      250      31104.71      26.77       3
                             1298      350      85081.52      73.23       5
                             1377      250       9200.43     100.00       3
                             1378      330      13873.82       8.45       5
                             1378      250      23411.67      14.26       3
                             1378      350      126932.74     77.30       5
                             1457      250      29634.16      46.97       3
                             1457      350      33459.75      53.03       5
                             1458      330      58572.35      36.88       5
                             1458      350     100244.62      63.12       5
                             1537      330       3746.18       3.45       5
                             153.7     9999      5250.14       4.83       0
                             1537      250      17655.71      16.25       3
                             1537      350      81995.13      75.47       5
                             1538      350         244.46      1.39       5






                                             C - 4












                                    GRID     GEOLOGY       LENGTH       COASTLINE       RISK
                                     ID        CODE           (m)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    1538        330        17365.52         98.61          5
                                    1616        350         8548.31         47.80          5
                                    1616        250         9336.49         52.20          3
                                    1617        250@       24534  * 46      25.76          3
                                    1-617       350        70693.60         74 * 24        5
                                    1696        350        45395.26        ..47.41         5
                                    1696        250        50363.38         52.59          3
                                    1775        250           724.71       100.00          3
                                    1776        350        36639.17        @39.65          5
                                    1776        250        55772.12         60.35          3
                                    1855        310        10759.18         11.83          5
                                    1855        330        17010.43         1&.70          5
                                    1855        250        28859,59         31%.72         3
                                    1855        350        34353.94        @37.76          5
                                    1856        350         468,1.67       100.00          5
                                    193,5       310        30607.94                        5
                                    1935        330        59192-64         65.92          5
                                    2015        310        35832.30         29.65          5
                                    2015        330        85028.58         70.35          5
                                    2094        330        56360.75        100.00          5
                                    2095        310         1809.25         .-.1'.67       5
                                    2095        330      106291.07          98.33          5
                                    2174        330        25417.46         29.48          5
                                   .2174       .310-,@     60802.16         70.52          5
                                    2175        310        40225.12                        5
                                    2175        330        59855.76         59.81          5
                                    2254        310        67957  * 48     1100.00         5
                                    2255                   39568.65         26..64         5
                                    2255        310      108958.72          73.36          5
                                    2335        300         5216.98          3.34          4
                                    2335        330@       12129..32         7.76          5
                                    2,335       310      138924.95          88.90          5
                                    233,6       330        11130.40        100.00          5
                                    2415        300        60536.30        loo-.00         4
                                    2416        330        22980.*92        18.74          5
                                    2416        300        99653.16         81.26          4
                                    2495        300,       34485.43        100.00          4
                                    2496        320        10986.60                        5
                                    2496                   11941.04          6-.77         5
                                    2496        300      153496.45          87.00          4
                                    2497        330        22506.50         41.91          5
                                    2497        300        31193.53         5.8.09         4
                                    2576        300        33371.22        1001.00         4
                                   .2577        330         9604.71          6.73          5
                                    25'77       300@     133065.36          93.27          4
                                    2578        30G           830.77       -4.72           4







                                                        C   5













                             GRID   GEOLOGY     LENGTH    COASTLINE    RISK
                              ID       CODE       (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                             2578      330      16771.88      95.28       5
                             2657      300    108278.75      100.00       4
                             2658      9999        325.66      0.20       0
                             2658      330      19863.79      12.04       5
                             2658      300    144773.69       87.76       4
                             2659      330      19694.41      26.52       5
                             2659      300      54557.56      73.48       4
                             2737      300      13593.93     100.00       4
                             2738      300      52645.50     100.00       4
                             2739      330       4856.85       4.30       5
                             2739      300    108124.21       95.70       4
                             2740      330      32902.73      35.69       5
                             2740      300      59292.21      64.31       4
                             2741      330      13930.41      42.01       5
                             2741      300      19229.58      57.99       4
                             2820      300       5296.79     100.00       4
                             2821      330      10653.98       7.80       5
                             2821      300    125883.36       92.20       4
                             2822      300      28036.16      48.48       4
                             2822      330      29790.37      51.52       5
                             2823      300       1039.78      29.13       4
                             .2823     330       2505.20      70.67       5
                             2902      300      15754.23     100.00       4
                             2903      330      56092.58      45.10       5
                             2903      300      68294.78      54.90       4
                             2904      300      12273.83      32.13       4
                             2904      330      25931.39      67.87       5
                             2983      300      42615.96     100.00       4
                             2984      310      40412.73      40.85       5
                             2984      300      58516.48      59.15       4
                             3064      330      10154.79     100.00       5
                             3065      330      27048.51     100.00       5
                             3145      330       5970.85     100.00       5
                             3146      300      20191.19      33.86       4
                             3146      330      39432.16      66.14       5
                             3147      300      10847.07      17.24       4
                             3147      330      52085.40      82.76       5
                             3148      300      10227.30      22.27       4
                             3148      330      35695.68      77.73       5
                             3149      330      65657.13     100.00       5
                             3229      370       7758.89       5.13       4
                             3229      340      27596.50      18.24       4
                             3229      300      33409.61      22.08       4
                             3229      330      82560.38      54.56       5
                             3309      330       6411.43      39.44       5
                             3309      300       9844.43      60.56       4
                             3310      300      40798.40      32.89       4





                                             C - 6










                                      GRID     GEOLOGY.       LENGTH       'COASTLINE        RISK
                                       ID        CODE            (M)        PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                      3310         330        83255.18           67,11           5
                                      3311         300         6866.46                           4
                                      3311         330        24733.46           78.27           5
                                      3391       9999             828.83          0.50           0
                                      3391         300         8433.50            5.12           4
                                      3391         330        61937.70           37.62           5
                                      3391         350        93427.72           56.75           5
                                      3.392        350         8941.01            7.59           5
                                      3392                    34761.91                           4
                                      339  2       330        74055.68           62.89           5
                                      3393         300         8177.01                           4
                                      3393         370        17890.93           24.62           4
                                      3393       @330         46595.82           64.13           5
                                      3394                    65353.72           49.67           4
                                      3394         330,       66219.13           50-.33          5
                                                 .30.0@        1707.06            5.63           4
                                      3395         330        28622.93           94.37           5
                                      3471         350            304.84       .100.00           5
                                      3472         370         5719.34         100.00            4
                                      3473         300        32122.22                           4
                                      3473         370        53320.79                           4
                                      3474         300       140628.96         10-0.00           4
                                      3475         330        59941.07           28.83           5
                                      3475         300       147976.45           71.17           4
                                      3476         300        11686.18           28.34           4
                                      3476         330        29549e.06          71.66           5
                                      3552         370        13183.98           24.72           4
                                      3552         350        40156.43           75.28           5
                                      3553         300         7558.22           15.86           4
                                      3553         370        40093.62           84-.14          4
                                      3554       .300        [email protected]        100.00            4
                                      3555         300        69220.97         10P.00            4
                                      35 *56       330        38615.06         100.00            5
                                      3557         330        62258.49         100.00            5
                                      3558         330        40551.84         100.00            5
                                      3632         300         8513.28         1001.00           4
                                      3633       @300        116663.48         -100.00           4
                                     .3634         300       223926.17         100.00            4
                                      3635         300,                        100.00            4
                                      3636         300        56812.36         loo.6o            4
                                      3637                     5650.59         100.00            4
                                      3638         330        49539.02         100.00            5
                                      3639         330        30685..42        100.00            5
                                      3712         370        18070.16           -47.70          4
                                      3712         300        19815.86           52.30           4
                                      3713         300         3411.04         100.00            4
                                      3714         300        71085.90         100.00            4





                                                           C - 7












                             GRID    GEOLOGY    LENGTH     COASTLINE    RISK
                               ID      CODE        (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                             3715      300      24250.86     100.00        4
                             3716      300      49940.58     100.00        4
                             3717      300      64738.83     100.00        4
                             3718      330      10871.41      38.16        5
                             3718      300      17614.93      61.84        4
                             3719      330      52434.68     100.00        5
                             3794      370      17994.01      46.91        4
                             3794      300      20365.99      53.09        4
                             3795      300      41887.24     100.00        4
                             3796      300     102363.15     100.00        4
                             3797      300     109918.08     100.00        4
                             3798      300      12173.30         8.05      4
                             3798      330     138970.25      91.95        5
                             3873      370      13295.92     100.00        4
                             3874      300      19904.13      27.27        4
                             3874      370      53091.62      72.73        4
                             3875      300     108179.19     100.00        4
                             3876      300      88233.56     100.00        4
                             3877      330      42389.22      33.89        5
                             3877      300      82681.76      66.11        4
                             3878      330      58847.00     100.00        5
                             3953      370      35981.47     100.00        4
                             3954      370      30689.69     100.00        4
                             3956      300      45545.43     100.00        4
                             3957      330      95262.68      49.05        5
                             3957      300      98961.76      50.95        4
                             4036      300      24327.68     100.00        4
                             4037      300      13146.62      23.15        4
                             4037      330      43644.00      76.85        5
                             4114      350      45785.15     100.00        5
                             4115      350      22441.64      17.67        5
                             4115      330     104539.14      82.33        5
                             4116      330      86730.92     100.00        5
                             4117      330      20576.85     100.00        5
                             4193      330      41904.23     100.00        5
                             4194      330      10768.50      10.50        5
                             4194      350      91797.41      89.50        5
                             4195      350      12348.40        7.87       5
                             4195      330     144553.04      92.13        5
                             4196      330        8650.90    100.00        5
                             4197      330     127486;82     100.00        5
                             4273      330      21301.83     100.00        5
                             4274      350      30291.36      49.35        5
                             4274      330      31094.57      50.65        5
                             4275      350        3647.97       1.60       5
                             4275      330     223906.97      98.40        5
                             4276      330      30982.90     100.00        5





                                              c - 8












                                   GRID     GEOLOGY      LENGTH       COASTLINE      RISK
                                    ID        CODE          (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                   4277       330       244989.34        100.  00       5
                                   4278       330        78137.58        100.00         5
                                   4354       330        63135.51        100.00         5
                                   4355       350        23767.04         11.20         5
                                   4355       330       188355.10         88.80         5
                                   4357       330       144982.63        100.00         5
                                   4358       .330      172683.51        100.00         5
                                   4433       370          8846.00                      4
                                   4433       .330       16809*,56        65.52         5
                                   4434       330        71636:29        100-00         5
                                   4435       330       175116.54        100.00         5
                                   4436       330        45297.20        100.00         5
                                   4437       330       130340.29        1.00.00        5
                                   4438       330       147335.43        100.00         5
                                   4439                 157691.67        .100.00        5
                                   4512       370           254-31       100.00         4
                                   4513       330          1641.,14        3.18         5
                                   4513       370        50030.28         96.82         4
                                   4514       370        44879.70         32.04         4
                                   4514       330        95188.39         67.96         5
                                   4515       330          9554.02         7.59         5
                                   4515       370       116369.81         92.41         4
                                   4516       330        98609.43        100.00         5
                                   4517       370        16274.89          9.71         4
                                              330       151418.46         90.29         5
                                   4518       330           871.05       @100.00        5
                                   4519       330        69646.52        100.00         5
                                   4520       370        12568.74         15.23         4
                                   4520       330        69962.74         84.77         5
                                   4591       330        30165.17         44.94         5
                                   4591       370        36957.47         55.06         4
                                   4592       330        44197.32         40.70         5
                                   4592       .-370      64386.19         59.30         4
                                   4593       370        95003.82        100.00         4
                                   4594       370        96858.64        100.00         4
                                   4595       310          4201;41         3.13         5
                                   4595       330        24179.80         18.04         5
                                   4595       370       105652.28         78.83         4
                                   4596       370        15483.83         12.66         4
                                   4596       330       106795.58         87.j4         5
                                   4597       370        24448.40         30.90         4
                                   4597       330        54682.40         69.10         5
                                   4600       370          9288.20         6.58         4
                                   4600       330       131794,39                       5
                                   4671       370        26876.50        100.00         4
                                   4672       370        71302.77        100.00         4
                                   4674       370        10689.28         35.55         4





                                                       c  9













                             GRID   GEOLOGY     LENGTH    COASTLINE     RISK
                              ID       CODE       (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE


                             4674      310      19379.21      64.45       5
                             4675      310         695.05      0.70       5
                             4675      330       4016.21       4.06       5
                             4675      370      94133.85      95.23       4
                             4676      370    245328.63      100.00       4
                             4679      330       6354.95     100.00       5
                             ,4680     370       2998.07       2.28       4
                             4680      330    128223.59       97.72       5
                             4754      310       3017.48       3.88       5
                             4754      330       9496.14      12.22       5
                             4754      370      65205.43      83.90       4
                             4755      330       3459.35       1.86       5
                             4755      370    182569.37       98.14       4
                             4756      370    207982.63      100.00       4
                             4759      330      16626.74     100.00       5
                             4760      370      12133.38      44.86       4
                             4760      330      14911.13      55.14       5
                             4761      330      66123.89     100.00       5
                             4834      330      11196.13      10.82       5
                             4834      370      92232.40      89.18       4
                             4835      330       1549.88       1.11       5
                             4835      370    137716.61       98.89       4
                             4836      370    152927.65      100.00       4
                             4839      330      32323.68     100.00       5
                             4840      370      30576.44     100.00       4
                             4841      370      21559.36      28.65       4
                             4841      330      53692.81      71.35       5
                             4842      330      80045.55     100.00       5
                             4914      370      19790.16     100.00       4
                             4915      370    147987.18      100.00       4
                             4916      370    148468.07      100.00       4
                             4917      370      99808.59     100.00       4
                             4918      330      15125.61      41.45       5
                             4918      370      21365.41      58.55       4
                             4919      330      18129.20      34.47       5
                             4919      370      34470.21      65.53       4
                             4920      370       7908.62     100.00       4
                             4922      330      62351.14     100.00       5
                             4923      330    124318.02      100.00       5
                             4996      130       8366.81      33.@7       1
                             4996      370      16783.68      66.73       4
                             4997      370      58323.45     100.00       4
                             4998      370       8847.48      13.32       4
                             4998      310      19258.03      28.99       5
                             4998      330      38327.33      57.69       5
                             4999      330       3189.00     100.00       5
                             5003      330      65917.61     100.00       5





                                             c - 10









                                        GRID      GEOLOGY        LENG@TH.' COASTLINE             RISK
                                         ID         CODE            (M)        PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                        5004         330         92227.18          100.00           5
                                        5084         330        129643.57          100.00           5
                                        5164         310          1344.62             1.47          5
                                        5164         330         90084.08           98.53           5
                                        5165         310          3205.55          100.00           5
                                        5243         370         20165.61          100.00           4
                                        5244         370          5203.62           10,18           4
                                        5244         310.        13251.38           25.93           5
                                        52  44       330         32643.16           63.88           5
                                        5245         310.         4250.97             8.15          5
                                        5245         330         47936.36           91.-.85         5
                                        5323         370          4731.56          100.00           4
                                       .5324         270         13392.04           15.45           3
                                        5324         345         13991.00           16.14           4
                                        5324         iso         17257.07           19.91           2
                                        5324         370         42025.18           48.49           4
                                        5325         150          6033.80           .5.95           2
                                        5325         345         10654.86           101.51          4
                                        5325         370         84660.   46        83@53           4
                                       .5326         370         69127.33          100.00           4
                                        5327         370         75251.25          100.00           4
                                        5328         370         77805.17          100.00           4
                                        5329         370         40088.74          100.00           4
                                        5405         370         14170.59                           4
                                        5405         150         17158.34           31.1124         2
                                        5405         345         23589.10           42.95           4
                                        5406         345         39711.61           45.23           4
                                        5406         370         48089.02           54.77           4
                                        5407         370         65788.24          1-00.00          4
                                        5408         370                           100.00           4
                                        5409         @370        59522.96          100.00           4
                                        5410         370         89400.41          100.00           4
                                        5411         3170        75572.16          100.00           4
                                        5412         370         22821.72          100.00           4
                                        5486         345          5182.19           20.09           4
                                        5486         150         20614.15           79.91           2
                                        5487         150         30640.24          100.00           2
                                        5488         150         42424-.37         100.00           2
                                        5489         230             516,42           5.54          3
                                        5489         130          3519.96           .37.16          1
                                        .5489        150          5285.40           56.70           2
                                        5490                      1948.84           16.66           2
                                        5490         370          9748.22           8 3.34          4
                                        -.5491       370        131659.59          100.00           4
                                        5492         370         76903.0,4         100.00           4
                                        5493         @370        34397.82          100-00           4
                                        5494         345         29130.00          100.100          4





                                                             c - 11













                            GRID   GEOLOGY    LENGTH     COASTLINE     RISK
                             ID     CODE         (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                            5497     330       1855.74      100.00       5
                            .5500    330      13769.01      100.00       5
                            5501     330         865.27      36.41       5
                            5501     345       1510.93       63.59       4
                            5569     130       4538.62       15.45       1
                            5569     150       8832.08       30.06       2
                            5569     230      16012.89       54.50       3
                            5570     130       7710.23       29.74       1
                            5570     150      18218.55       70.26       2
                            5571     130      12359.18       22.11       1
                            5571    9999      18930.14       33.87       0
                            5571     150      24606.09       44.02       2
                            5572     130         570.64       1.01       1
                            5572     370       5507.40        9.70       4
                            5572    9999      11544.74       20.34       0
                            5572     150      39135.48       68.95       2
                            5573     j70       4434.02        9.64       4
                            5573     130       5687.03       12.36       1
                            5573    9999      12838.96       27.91       0
                            5573     150      23037.20       50.08       2
                            5574     130      35959.03      100.00       1
                            5575     240         270.16       0.48       3
                            5575     150      11029.29       19.59       2
                            5575     130      20685.18       36.74       1
                            5575     230      24319.08       43.'19      3
                            5576     230       1011.09        3.48       3
                            5576     150       1675.27        5.76       2
                            5576     240       3870.91       13.31       3
                            5576     130      22528.87       77.46       1
                            5577     345      28757.64       36.60       4
                            5577     330      49820.55       63.40       5
                            5578     345      23619.42       29.35       4
                            5578     330      56849.63       70.65       5
                            5579     330      36145.92      100.00       5
                            5580     345       8262.83       .12.94      4
                            5580     330      55598.31       87.06       5
                            5581     330       3803 * 18     31.94       5
                            5581     345       8104.93       68.06       4
                            5655     130       5202.62        3.57       1
                            5655     230      140664.87      96.@3       3
                            5656     150       2345.75        2.03       2
                            5656     240      18908.20       16.37       3
                            5656     130      43647.95       37.80       1
                            5656     230      50574.29       43.80       3
                            5657     150      24933.09       26.69       2
                            5657     130      68483.11       73.31       1
                            5658     330      21508.16       19.98       5





                                           C - 12












                                     GRID      GEOLOGY       LENGTH       COASTLINE        RISK
                                      ID         CODE           (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                     5658         130        23098.74                         1
                                     56-58        345        63060.55          58..57         4
                                     5659         340         4334.41                         4
                                     5659         320        11285.75          15.,82         5
                                     5659         330        55702'.20         78.10          5
                                     5660         370           565.04         .1.45          4
                                     5660         330        38421.08          98.55          5
                                     5661        9999         4421.08           6.67          0
                                     5661         320        10554.71          151.92         5
                                     5661         370                          .22.45         4
                                     5661         330        36434.40          54.96          5
                                     5735         230        30600.09         1100.00         3
                                     5736         240         7122.86          39.32          3
                                     5736         .230       10991.88          60.68          3
                                     :5738        130         1968.47           4.29          1
                                     5738         330         7839.10          17.10          5
                                     5738         300        36045.31          [email protected]         4
                                     5739         330         5842,01         1100.00         5
                                     5740         330        62254.18         1.00.100        5
                                     5741         320         3655.60           7.73          5
                                     5741         370        19243.25          .40.71         4
                                     5741         330        24364.45          51.55          5
                                     5817         130         8831.36          39.00          1
                                     5817         270        13811.39          61.00          3
                                     5818         270        11405.73          18.65          3
                                     5818         330        18578.28          30.38          5
                                     5818         130        31172.90          50.97          1
                                     5819         330         1916.66         1.00.00         5
                                     5820         330        46990-32         100.00          5
                                     5896         270        33955.01         100.00          3
                                     5897         130        27053.82          28.35          1
                                     5897         270        68386.88          71.65          3
                                     5977         110         9231.04          14.67          1
                                     5977         130        53673.83          85.33          1
                                     5978         130        58978.78         100.00          1
                                     6057         110         4252.36          .8.40          1
                                     6057         150        11813.91          23.33          2
                                     6057         130        34566.22          68.27          1
                                     6137         130         1333.57           2.43          1
                                     6137         150        53656.97          97.57          2
                                     6138         130         2431.53           4.70          1
                                     6138         150        49337.36          95.30          2
                                     6218         150        14308.59         100.00          2
                                     6219         130         7083.00         .23.17          1
                                     6219         150        23484.61          76.83          2
                                     6299         130         6376.65          23.35          1
                                     6299         110         8620.11          31.56          1





                                                         C - 13













                               GRID    GEOLOGY      LENGTH      COASTLINE      RISK
                                ID        CODE        (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                               6299       150       12315.76        45.09        2
                               6300       130        9440.94        15.40        1
                               6300       150       13257.63        21@63        2
                               6300       110       38603.94        62.97        1
                               6301       130        3323.44        14.68        1
                               6301       150       19321.37        85.32        2
                               6380       110       55178.84       100.00        1
                               6381       110       31741.35        16.64        1
                               6381       150       159026.33       83.36        2
                               6382       150      213378.67       100.00        2
                               6383       130       18109.48        24.57        1
                               6383       150       55595.98        75.43        2
                               6384       150       10597.16        48.87        2
                               6384       130       11086.45        51.13        1
                               6461       150        6594.11        28.15        2
                               6461       110       16829.36        71.85        1
                               6462       150       20279.74       100.00        2
                               6463       150          444.9.8       1.34        2
                               6463       130       32741'.26       98.66        1
                               6464       370       13171.98        16.23        4
                               6464       130       23805.46        29.33        1
                               6464       150       44193.35        54.44        2
                               6465       150       28130.37        28.84        2
                               6465       130       29628.00        30.37        1
                               6465       370       39788.10        40.79        4
                               6466       150       14713.25        15.93        2
                               6466       130       77619.67        84.07        1
                               6467       110       16125.90        25.31        1
                               6467       130       47580.70        74.69        1
                               6468       110        1947.25       100.00        1
                               6544       150        3437.69       100.00        2
                               6545       130        5242.48         3.31        1
                               6545       370       18792.17        11.88        4
                               6545       110       45775.19        28.94        1
                               6545       150       88377.96        55.87        2
                               6546       110       34592.33        27.98        1
                               6546       150       42866.89        34.67        2
                               6546       130       46182.92        37.35        1
                               6547       9999         709.06        0* 40       0
                               6547       110        5274.98         3.00        1
                               6547       130       83155.20        47.25        1
                               6547       150       86868.05        49.35        2
                               6548       110        2973.22         2.80        1
                               @6548      370        5179.43         4.88        4
                               6548       150        9664:.06        9.10        2
                               6548       130       88341.75        83.22        1
                                          370       12861.57        15.13        4





                                                 C - 14












                                 GRID     GEOLOGY      LENGTH     :COASTLINE      RISK
                                  ID        CODE         (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                 @6549       130       72162.'89       84.87         1
                                 6550        150       16175.61       100.00         2
                                 6625        130        2435.24         4-15         1
                                 6625        150       56203.32        95.85         2,
                                 6626        130        1-814.89       [email protected]        1
                                 6626        150        3000.36       @62.31         2
                                 6627        150       14593.42       100.00         2
                                 662@        130          644.61        8.63         1
                                 6628        150        6825.43        91.37         2
                                 6629        130       65825.27       100.;00        1
                                 6630        110        7575.28         7.72         1
                                 6630        150       15465.09        15.76         2
                                 6630        370       16272.56        16.58         4
                                 6630        130       58811.59        59.94         .1
                                 6631       9999          487.69        0.51         0
                                 6631        130       12827.71        13.53         1
                                 6631        110       33638.18-       35.47         1
                                 6631        370       47870.5,1       50.48         4
                                 6632        370        1174.28         4.32         4
                                 6632        130       26011.58        95.68         1
                                 6712        150        4876.08         3.49         2
                                 6712        370        6275.53         4.49         4
                                 6712        130        9395.13         6.72         1
                                 6712        110      119262.80        85.30         1
                                 6713        110        3562.84        21.45         1
                                 6713        370        5586.85        33.63         4
                                 6713        130        7463.37        44.92         1
                                 6792        150        4329.22        30.74         2
                                 6792        370        9752.05        69.26         4





























                                                   C   15










                             DATA LISTING OF THE GEOMORPHIC DATA FOR LINE
                        SEGMENTS THAT OCCURRED WITHIN A COASTAL GRID CELL


                        The geomorphic data contained within     this data base were originally obtained for
                 coastal line segments that averaged 4.5 krn in length. As a result, more than one line
                 segment may occur within each grid cell contained in the data base. The geomorphic code
                 assigned to each coastal grid cell was from code with the greatest total shore length (derived
                 from the coastal line segments). For example, if grid cell 416 contained two geomorphic
                 codes and one covered 70 % of the shore and the other 30 % , then the geomorphic code and
                 geomorphic risk value for the code with the greatest percentage were assigned to grid cell
                 416.
                        To help the data user determine how this selection process may have affected the
                 gridded data, the following table was constructed. This table shows, for each grid cell with
                 data, the grid cell identification number, the geomorphic codes that occur (Table 2 on page
                 15) within the cell, the total shore length (in meters) for each code, and the percentage of
                 the total shore length in the grid cell that is in each geomorphic code.


                                      GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH                   COASTLINE         RISK
                                        ID        CODE             W           PERCENTAGE VALUE


                                        173       2459          12323.30          100.00            3
                                        174       2459           1217.98             0.86           3
                                        174       2450         140417.20           99.14            3
                                        175       2425          19933.86           12.74            3
                                        175       2450         136582.58           87.26            3
                                        176       21425         44346.69          100.00            3
                                        177       2425           6893.82          100.00            3
                                        255       2450          13776.66          100.00            3
                                        257       2450           4614.30           10.82            3
                                        257       2425          38037.91           89.18            3
                                        258       2450           1044.58             1.83           3
                                        258       2425          55988.36           98.17            3
                                        336       2255          15848.32           32.92            3
                                        336       2450          32297.57           67.08            3
                                        337       2255          31772.13           35.59            3
                                        337       2450          57498.05           64.41            3
                                        338       2425          13898.01             8.74           3
                                        338       2255          60976.74           38.36            3
                                        338       2450          84083.72           52.90            3
                                        339       2450              269.73           0.17           3
                                        339       2255          70489.97           45.64            3
                                        339       2425          83695.57           54.19            3
                                        416       2450          32714.41           29.85            3
                                        416       2255          76881.61           70.15            3
                                        417       2255          41405.19          100.00            3








                                                            C - 16









                                 GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH"           COASTLINE       RISK
                                   ID       CODE                   PERCENTAGE VALUE


                                   419      2450       39507.33       .49.70         3
                                   419      2425       39981.43        50.30         3
                                   420      2425       35458.22       100.00         3
                                   495      2255        4736.76        11.19         3
                                   495      2122       12044.29        28.45         5
                                   495      2450       25551.94        60.36         3
                                   496      2122        8347.09          6.00        5
                                   496      2450       18628.20        13.40         3
                                   496      2255       112077.72       80.60         3
                                   499      2259        4157.86        14.01         4
                                   499      2450       25515.84        [email protected]        3
                                   500      2425        6637.35        14.41         3
                                   500      2259       11879@99        25.80         4
                                   500      2129       27534.13        59,79         5
                                   573      2122        1819.98       100-.00        5
                                   574      2122        4495.38          2.65        5
                                   574      2127        6828.20          4...03      5
                                   574      2255       29519.72        17-.41        3
                                   574      2450       128718.60       75-.91        3
                                   575      2122        8164.80          7.02        5
                                   575      2255       22208.56        19.10         3
                                   575      2450       8587-5.52       73.87         3
                                   576      2255        4709.21       100.00         3
                                   580      2259       27244..24       32.33         4
                                   580      2129       57033.03        67.67         5
                                   653      2255       15817.72        22.51         3
                                   653      2122       25821.11        36.74         5
                                   653      2121       28633.73        40.75         5
                                   654      2122        1494.36          7.91        5
                                   654      2255       17386.82        92.09         3
                                   660      2129       13373.00        20.60         5
                                   660      2259       23013.55                      4
                                   660      2122       28520.7   7     43.94         5
                                   733      2121        9098.21        14.85         5
                                   733      2255       52148.70        85.15         3
                                   740      2122       41607.99        49.04         5
                                   740      2259       43236.00        50.96         4
                                   820      2122       11002.02        13.36         5
                                   820      2129       21986.71        26.71         5
                                   820      2259       49338.65        59.ï¿½3         4
                                   900      2129        1342.04          1.28        5
                                   900      2259       15415.29        14.71         4
                                   900      1330       22484.78        21.45         4
                                   900      2122       24909.15        23.77         5
                                   900      2250       40660.12        38.79         4
                                   979      1330       28121.32       i0o.00         4
                                   980      2125        9001.36          8.27        3





                                                    C - 17













                            GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH       COASTLINE     RISK
                             ID"    CODE         (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                               980    1330     20164.92      18.52       4
                               980    2122     29477.21      27.07       5
                               980    2250     50256.51      46.15       4
                             1059     2122     14730.27      21.24       5
                             1059     2250     26077.58      37.60       4
                             1059     2125     28542.49      41.16       3
                             1060     2250      4117.34      12.27       4
                             1060     2125     13225.35      39.42       3
                             1060     2122     16205.34      48.30       5
                             1139     2250     29319.29      30.95       4
                             1139     2122     29398.02      31.04       5
                             1139     2125     36003.19      38.01       3
                             1218     2126      3683.28      11.72       5
                             1218     2125      8473.80      26.97       3
                             1218     2250     19257.16      61.30       4
                             1219     2122      9637.30      13.25       5
                             1219     2126     14062.99      19.33       5
                             1219     2250     20041.75      27.55       4
                             1219     2125     28994.77      39.86       3
                             1298     2125     17991.93      15.49       3
                             1298     2126     37427.26      32.21       5
                             1298     2250     60767.04      52.30       4
                             1377     2250      9200.43      100.00      4
                             1378     2126     72631.08      44.23       5
                             1378     2250     91587.15      55.77       4
                             1457     2259      1722.71       2.73       4
                             1457     2255     28896.00      45.80       3
                             1457     2250     32475.20      51.47       4
                             1458     2255     10357.49       6.52       3
                             1458     2126     66591.26      41.93       5
                             1458     2250     81868.22      51.55       4
                             1537     9999      1542.42       1.42       0
                             1537     2255      9061.95       8.34       3
                             1537     2250      9651.43       8.88       4
                             1537     2259     38429.74      35.37       4
                             1537     2126     49961.62      45.99       5
                             1538     2126     17609.98      100.00      5
                             1616     2250      3089.43      17.27       4
                             1616     2259      6247.06      34.93       4
                             1616     2122      8548.31      47.@O       5
                             1617     2259     19313.58      20.28       4
                             1617     2126     19410.23      20.38       5
                             1617     2250     23326.02      24.49       4
                             1617     2122     33178.23      34.84       5
                             1696     2259     15648.62      16.34       4
                             1696     2250     22291.01      23.28       4
                             1696     2122     57819.01      60.38       5





                                            c  18












                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH              COASTLINE       RISK
                                     ID       CODE            (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    1775'     2250'           724.71       100.00          4
                                    1776      2250         41068.75         44.44          4
                                    1776      2122         51342.54         55 .56         5
                                    1855      2255          3439.11           3.78         3
                                    185.5     2125          8995.64                        3
                                    1855      2259         18244.02..       20.05          4
                                    1855      2122         25406.65         27..92         5
                                    1855      2250         34897.72         38.36          4
                                    1856      2250          1317.07         28.13          4
                                    1856      2122          3364.60         71.87          5
                                    .1935     2122         28820.51         32i.09         5
                                    1935      2125         30372.13         313.82         3
                                    1935      2255,        30607.94         34@,,08        3
                                    2015      1335         16104.37         1 .3.32        3
                                    2015      2255         20303.75         [email protected]         3
                                    2015      2125w        33639.14         27.83          3
                                    2015      2122        .50813.62         42 ..64        5
                                    2094      1335         15125.35         26;.84         3
                                   .2094                   41235.40         73-16          0
                                    20 95     9  999-      14233-55         13.17          0
                                    2.095     1335         29258.91         27.107         3
                                    2095      2122.        29661.28         .27.44         5
                                    2095      2125         34946.58         32,33          3
                                    2174      9999            395.81          0-46         0
                                    2174      2125          1384.37         .1.61          3
                                    2174      1335         84439.04         97.93          3
                                    2175      9999.         3332.04                        0
                                    2175      2122         27550.75         27.53          5
                                    2175      2125         32845.92         32.82          3
                                    2175      133.5        36352.17         36.32          3
                                    2254      1335         67957.48        100.00          3
                                   .2255      1339          5418.49           3.65         4
                                    22@5      2125         23902.9@6        16.09          3
                                    2255      2122         41501.23         27.94          5
                                    2255      1335         77704.69         52.32          3
                                    2335      2122         13154.84           8.42         5
                                    2335      1335        143116.41         @9'1.-58       3
                                    2336      2122         11130.40        loo.,00         5
                                    21415     1335         60536.30        1100.00         3
                                              2122         25688.28         20-95          5
                                    24 16     1335         96945.80         79.05          3
                                    2.495     1335         34485.43        10,0.00         3
                                    2496      2122         11941.04           .6.77        5
                                    249.6     1335        164483.05         93.23          3
                                    2497      2122         22098.78         41.15          5
                                    2497      1335         31601.125        58'.85         3
                                    2576      1335         33371.22        100-00          3





                                                       c - 19












                              GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH           COASTLINE     RISK
                                ID      CODE         (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                              2577      1334       10091.04         7.07        5
                              2577      2122                      10.41         5
                              2577      1335      117721.12       82.51         3
                              2578      1335        1214.68         6.90        3
                              2578      1334        6766.77'      38.44         5
                              2578      2122        9621.20       54.66         5
                              2657      1330        6100.38         5.63        4
                              2657      1335      102178.37       94.37         3
                              2658      2121        1472.51         0.89        5
                              2658      2122        8390.13         5.09        5
                              2658      1334       10592.15         6.42        5
                              2658      2255       33079.62       20.05         3
                              2658      1335      111428.73       67.55         3
                              2659      2125        1806.69         2.43        3
                              2659      2255       18792.61       25.31         3
                              2659      1335       24939 * os     33.59         3
                              2659      2122       28713.59       38.67         5
                              2737      1335       13593.93      100.00         3
                              2738      1335       52645.50      100.00         3
                              2739      2125        4856.85         4.30        3
                              2739      1335      108124'.21      95.70         3
                              2740      2125       11988.13       13.00         3
                              2740      2122       17061.98       18.51         5
                              2740      1335       63144.83       68.49         3
                              2741      2122       14128.89       42.61         5
                              2741      1335       19031.10       57.39         3
                              2820      1339        5296.79      lob.oo         4
                              2821      1330       10196.97         7.47        4
                              2821      1335       27820.25       20.38         3
                              2821      2122       46451.31       34.02         5
                              2821      1339       52068.81       38.14         4
                              2822      2255       28036.16       48.48         3
                              2822      2122       29790.37       51.52         5
                              2823      2122          451.45      12.73         5
                              2823      1335        1039.78       29.33         3
                              2823      2121        2053.75       57.93         5
                              2902      2255       15754.23      100.00         3
                              2903      2255        1722.08         1.38        3
                              2903      1330        6303.56         5.07        4
                              2903      2122        8302.37         6.67        5
                              2903      2121       10451.24         8.40        5
                              2903      2125       23365.14       18.78         3
                              2903      1335       74242.97                     3
                              2904      2125        5315.26       '13.91        3
                              2904      1335       15010.13       39.29         3
                              2904      2122       17879.83       46.80         5
                              2983      9999        1657.51         3.89        0





                                                C - 20












                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH              COASTLINE       RISK
                                     ID       CODE            (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    2983      1330         14720.44         34.54          4
                                    2983      1335'        26238.01         61.57          3
                                    2984      1330          3110.27           3.14         4
                                    2984      2121          6307.83           6.38         5
                                    2984      2122          8884.24           -8.98        5
                                    2984      2125          9238.86           9.34         3
                                    2984      9999.        14107.07         14.26          0
                                    2984      2111         16209.29.        16.38          5
                                    2984      1335         41071.65.        41.52          3
                                    3064      2111          3796.94         37.39          5
                                    3064      2121          6357.85         62.61          5
                                    3065      2111         27048.51@        100.00         5
                                    3145      2111          5970.85         1100.00        5
                                    3146      21722         4531..97                       5
                                   .3146      2121,         8894.76         14.92          5
                                    3146      2111         11986.39         20.10          5
                                    3146      2251         16883.83         28.32          5
                                    3146      1330         17326.40         29.06          4
                                    3147      2111          9267.41         14.73          5
                                    3147      2122         14103.40         22.41          5
                                    3147      1330         14801.65,        23.52          4
                                    3147      2251         24760.01         39.34          5
                                    314-8     9999          2032.09           4.42         0
                                    3148      2125          4149.26           9;.*04       3
                                    3148      2126          5302.34.        11.55          5
                                    3148      2121          7209.50         15.70          5
                                   ..3148     2111,        12055.12..       26.25          5
                                    3148      1330         15174.67         33-04          4
                                    3149      2121          3038.96           4.63         5
                                    3149      1330         13963.82         21.27          4
                                   .3149      2125         23787.38         36.23          3
                                    3149      2126         24866.97         37.87          5
                                    3229      9999          2092,56           1.38         0
                                    3229      1339          6288.04           4,16         4
                                    3229      2121          6825.71           4-51         5
                                    -3229     2126         12173.08           8-.04        5
                                    3229      2122         26238.03         17.'34         5
                                    3229      2250         28682.43.        18.95          4
                                    3229      1330         30342.37                        4
                                    3229      2255         38683.16         25 @6          3
                                    3309      2122.           988.52          6:08         5
                                    3309      2255          5082.34         31,26          3
                                    3309      2250         10185.00         62.65          4
                                    3310      2124          9928.83,          .8.00        5
                                    3310      2255         36063.22         [email protected]         3
                                    3310      2122         36123.74         .29.12         5
                                    3310      2250         41937.79         3.3.81         4





                                                       C   21













                            'GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH         COASTLINE     RISK
                              ID      CODE         (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE

                             3311     2250        6866.46       21.73        4
                             3311     2122       11100.31       35.13        5
                             3311     2124       13633.15-      43.14        5
                             -3391    9999         779.70        0.47        0
                                      2124        4505.84        2.74        5
                             3391     2125       10253.71        6.23        3
                             3391     2255       11580.06        7.03        3
                             3391     2122       16508.51       10.03        5
                             3391     2250       20757.45       12.61        4
                             3391     1330      100242.48.      60.89        4
                             3392     9999         531.51        0.45        0
                             3392     2255        8385.63        7.12        3
                             3392     2250       17343.61       14.73        4
                             3392     2122       20946.57       17.79        5
                             3392     2125       27571.68       23.41        3
                             3392     1330       42979.60       36.50        4
                             3393     1330        1323.71        1.82        4
                             3393     2125        5120.12        7.05        3
                             3393     2250       24744.23       34.05        4
                             3393,    2122       41475.70       57.08        5
                             3394     2122       13828.35       10.51        5
                             3394     1330       24913.62       18.94        4
                             3394     2250       38532.21       29.29        4
                             3394     2126       54298.67       41.27        5
                             3395     2250        1707.06        5.63        4
                             3395     2126       28622.93       94.37        5
                             3471     1330         304.84       100.00       4
                             3472     1330        5719.34       100.00       4
                             3473     1330       85443.01       100.00       4
                             3474     2250        6317 * 90      4.49        4
                             3474     1335       15635.15       11.12        3
                             3474     1330       118675.91      84.39        4
                             3475     2122        7896.24,       .3.80       5
                             3475     1330        8669.87        4.17        4
                             3475     2250       29820.14       14.34        4
                             3475     2255       39351.99       18.93        3
                             3475     2126       52044.83       25.03        5
                             3475     1335       70134.45       33.73        3
                             3476     1335       11686.18       28.34        3
                             3476     2122       29549.06       71.66        5
                             3552     1335       12423.63       23.29        3
                             3552     1339       15632.85       29.31        4
                             3552     1330                      47.40        4
                             3553     1330       23664.21       49.66        4
                             3553     1335       23987.63       50.34        3
                             3554     1330       81584.15       44.03        4
                             3554     1335       103705.43      55.97        3





                                              C - 22












                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH               COASTLINE       RISK
                                      ID       CODE           (M)        PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    3555       1330          1621.80           2.34         4
                                    3555       1335         67599.17.        97.66          3
                                    3556       2122         38615.06        100.00          5
                                    3557       2126            895.59          1.44         5
                                    3557       2122                          98-56          5
                                    3558       2126         40551.84        10:0.00         5
                                    3632       1335@         1725.1.1        20.,26         3
                                    3632       1330          6788.17         79.74          4
                                    3633       1335         42563.78         36.48          3
                                    3633       1330         74099.70         63.52          4
                                    3634       1.330        44830.64         20.02          4
                                    3634       1335        179095.5,3        79.98          3
                                    3635       1335'       152395.67-       100,00          3
                                    3636       1335         14216.67         25.02          3
                                    3636       2'255        42595.69,        @74.98         3
                                    3,637      2255          5650.59        100,00          3
                                    3638       2126         49539.02        100.00          5
                                               2126         30685.42        1,00.00         5
                                    '3712      1339          4968.30         13,11          4
                                    3712       1330          8062.19,        21.28          4
                                    37-12      1335         24855.53         65.61          3
                                    3713       1330          1588.82         46.58          4
                                    3713       1335          1822-22         53.42          3
                                    3714       1335         71085.90        100.00          3
                                    .3715      1335                         100.00          3
                                    3716       1335         49940.58        100.00          3
                                    3717       1335          1610.55           2.49         3
                                    3717       2250          8662.34         13.38          4
                                    3717       2255         54465.94         84.13          3
                                    3718       2250          3157.72         11.09          4
                                    3718       2126         10871.41         38.16          5
                                    3718       2255         14457.21         50.75          3
                                    3719       2126         52434.68        1-00.00         5
                                    3794       1331          7953.37         20.73          5
                                    3794       1330         11948.40         31.15          4
                                    3794       1335         18458.23         48.12          3
                                    3795       1330         11788.04         28.14          4
                                    3795       1335         30099.20         71.86          3
                                    3796       1335        102363.15        100.00          3
                                    3797       2255          4292.79           3.61         3
                                    3797       2250.         8959.50           8.@15        4
                                    3797       1335         96665.79         87.94          3
                                    3798       2250          6145.44           4.07         4
                                    3798       2126          8827.85           5.84         5
                                    3798       2122         62208.31         41.16          5
                                    3798       2255         73961.95         48..93         3
                                    3873       1335          3499.01         26.32          3





                                                        C - 23













                                GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH             COASTLINE       RISK
                                 @ID       CODE          (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE


                                3873       1330         9796.91        73.68         4
                                3874       1335         5075.77         6.95         3
                                3874       1330       67919.98         93.05         4
                                '3875      1330      108179.19.       100.00         4
                                3876       1330       88233.56        100.00         4
                                3877       2125         1071@46         0.86         3
                                3877       1335         8286.61         6.63         3
                                3877       2254'      10862'86          8.69         5
                                3877       2255       22983.32         18.38         3
                                3877       2122       30454.90         24.35         5
                                3877       1330       51411.83         41.11         4
                                3878       2125         4935.38         8.39         3
                                '3878      2122       53911.62         91.61         5
                                3953       1330       14331.03         39.83         4
                                3953       1335       21650.44         60.17         3
                                3954       9999           740.91        2.41         0
                                3954       1330       14091.05         45.91         4
                                3954       1335       15857".73        51.67         3
                                3956       1335         2308.15         5.07         3
                                3956       2255       12263.84         26.93         3
                                3956       1330       30973.44         68.01         4
                                3957       1330       12270.72          6.32         4
                                3957       2125       16437.89          8.46         3
                                3957       1335       17440.02.         8.98         3
                                3957       2254       25984.58'        13.38         5
                                3957       2122       49907.05         25.70         5
                                3957       2255       72184.18         37.17         3
                                4036       2255       24327.68        100.00         3
                                4037       2125       10322.83         18.18         3
                                4037       2255       17214.51         30.31         3
                                4037       2122       29253.28         51.51         5
                                4114       1330       45785.15        100.00         4
                                4115       1335         3888.79         3.06         3
                                4115       1330       31402.59         24.73         4
                                4115       1339       91689.40         72.21         4
                                4116       2122         1706.49         1.97         5
                                4116       1339       85024.43         98.03         4
                                4117       2122       20576.85        100.00         5
                                4193       1339         3602.92         8.60         4
                                4193       1330       38301.31.        91.40         4
                                4194       1339         4835.55         4.71         4
                                4194       1330       97730.36         95.29         4
                                4195       1339         1041.27         0.66         4
                                4195       1330       76163.55         48.54         4
                                4195       1335       79696.62         50.79         3
                                4196       1330         8650.90       100.00         4
                                4197       1330       12833.76         10.07         4





                                                   C  24











                                    GRIDGEOMORPHIC         LENGTH       COASTLINE       RISK
                                     ID       CODE           (M)        PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    .4197     2122         20578.84         16.14          5
                                    4197      2125         41324.31         32.41          3
                                    .4197     2255         52749.91         41.38          3
                                    4273      1330         21301.83        100.00          4
                                    4274      1330         61385.93        100.00          4
                                    4275      1335         39744.58@        17.47          3
                                    4275      1330        187810.36         82.53          4
                                    4276      1335          4721.72         15.24          3
                                    4,276     1330         26261.18         84.76          4
                                    4277      2122         10957.98          4.47          5
                                    4277      2125         11895.74          4.86          3
                                    4277      1330,        74187.49         30.28          4
                                    4277      2255        147948.13         60.39          3
                                    4278      2122         33945.58         43-.44         5
                                    4278      2255         44192.00         56.56          3
                                    4354      1330         63135.51        100.00          4
                                              1330        212122.14        10.0.00         4
                                    4357      2255          2592.05          1.79          3
                                              1335          2952.19          2.04          3
                                    4357      1330        139438.39         96.18          4
                                    4358      2125          7656.30          4.43          3
                                    4358      2122         20753.57         12.02          5
                                    41358     2255        144273.64         83.55          3
                                    4433      1330         25655.56        100.00          .4
                                    4434      1330         71636.29        100.00          4
                                    4435      1330        175116.54        100.00          4
                                    4436      1335          2264.34          5.00          3
                                    4436      1330         43032.86         95.00          4
                                    4437      1331          8179.54          6.28          5
                                    4437      1330          8584.58          6.59          4
                                    4437      1335        113576.17         87.14          3
                                    4438      2125          9423.62          6.40          3
                                    4438      2255        .38188.79         25..92         3
                                    4438      1335         99723.02         67.68          3
                                    4439      2125         14506.83          9.20          3
                                    4439      2127         17845.25         11.32          5
                                    4439      2122         19432.43         12.32          5
                                    .4439     2255        105907.16         67.16          3
                                    4512      1331            254.31       100-.00         5
                                    4513      1330         17780.07         34.41          4
                                   .4513      1331         33891.35         65.59          5
                                    4514      1330        @52993.20         37.83          4
                                    4514      1331         87074.89         62.17          5
                                    4515      1331          6698.08         .5.32          5
                                    4515      1330        119225 * 75       94.68          4
                                    4516      1335         10609.25         10.76          3
                                    4516      1330         88000.18         89.24          4





                                                       C - 25













                           GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH        COASTLINE    RISK
                            ID      CODE        (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE

                           4517     1331       4493.10       2.68       5
                           4517     1330       4755.63       2.84       4
                           4517     1335     158444.62      94.48       3
                           4518     1335         871.05    100.00       3
                           4519     2122       2660.91       3.82       5
                           4519     2125       7762.60      11.15       3
                           4519     2255      59223.01      85.0        3
                           4520     2255      20839.54      25.25       3
                           4520     2122      25941.00      31.43       5
                           4520     2125      35750.94      43.32       3
                           4591     1331      14763.32      21.99       5
                           4591     1330      52359.32      78.01       4
                           4592     1331       5492.98       5.06       5
                           4592     1330     103090.53      94.94       4
                           4593     1331       2467.62       2.60       5
                           4593     1330      92536.20      97.40       4
                           4594     1330      96858.64     100.00       4
                           4595     9999       4201.41       3.13       0
                           4595     1331      14019.59      10.46       5
                           4595     1330     115812.49      86.41       4
                           4596     1330      43869.34      35.88       4
                           4596     1335      78410.07      64.12       3
                           4597     1335      79130.80     100.00       3
                           4600     2123       5367.94       3.80       5
                           4600     2122       8486.07       6.01       5
                           4600     2121      15539.62      11.01       5
                           4600     2255      18605.18      13.19       3
                           4600     2125      29030.76      20.58       3
                           4600     1335      64053.02      45.40       3
                           4671     1330      26876.50     100.00       4
                           4672     1330      71302.77     100.00       4
                           4674     9999       4770.36      15.86       0
                           4674     1330      12221.43      40.65       4
                           4674     1331      13076.70      43.49       5
                           4675     9999         695.05      0.70       0
                           4675     1330      96150.06-     99.30       4
                           4676     1339      10389.88       4.24       4
                           4676     1330     234938.75      95.76       4
                           4679     1330       6354.95     100.00       4
                           4680     2111       3893.47       2.0        5
                           4680     2123       7731.46       5.89       5
                           4680     2121      18909.39      14.41       5
                           4680     1330      48591.07      37.03       4
                           4680     2250      52096.27      39.70       4
                           4754     1330      77719.05     100.00       4
                           4755     1331      27894.23      14.99       5
                           4755     1330     158134.49      85.01       4





                                           C - 26











                                    GRID. GEOMORPHIC LENGTH             COASTLINE       RISK
                                    .ID        CODE          (M)        PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    4756       1330      207982.163        100.00          4
                                    4759       1335        16626.74        100.00          3
                                    4760       2127         4964.33         18.36          5
                                    4760       2111         5323.73         19.69          5
                                    4760       1331         7369.34         27.25          5
                                    4760       1335         9387.11         34.71          3
                                    4761       2129         7274.00         11.00          5
                                               2122        11837.11         17.90          5
                                    4761       1330        12993.44                        4
                                    4761       2125        14359.59         -21.72         3
                                    4761       22,55       19659.75         29.73          3
                                    4834       1339        48272.77         46.67          4
                                    4834       1330        55155.76         53.33          4
                                    4835       1331        30655.11         22.01          5
                                    4835       1339        37226.58         26.73          4
                                    4835       1330        71384.80                        4
                                    4836       1330      152927.65         100.00          4
                                    4839       1335        32323.68        100.00          3
                                    4840       @1335       30576.44        100.00          3
                                    4841       2122         3798.75          '5.05'        5
                                    4841       1330         8436.30         11.21          4
                                    4841       2125        16852.43                        3
                                    4841       1335        20569.09        .27.33          3
                                    4841       2255        25595.60         34,.01         3
                                    4842       2125        22126.86         27;64          3
                                    4842       2122        26849.33         33.54          5
                                    4842       2255        31069.36         38.81          3
                                    4914       1339        19790.16        100.00          4
                                   .4915       1339        41531.88         28.06          4
                                    4915       1330      106455.30          71.94          4
                                    4916       1330      148468.07         100.00          4
                                    4917       1330        99808.59        100.00          4
                                    4918       1330        108711.26        29.79          4
                                    4918       1335        25619.76         70.21          3
                                    4919       1335        52599.41        100.00          3
                                    4920       1335         7908.62        100.00          3
                                               2129         2755.38                        5
                                    4922       2120         5950.46           9.54         5
                                    4922       2122         6583.36        @10.56          5
                                    4922       2125        14546.10         23.J3          3
                                    4922       2255        32515.84        -52.15          3
                                    4923       2129        15218.69         12.24          5
                                    4923       2122        17685.40         14.23          5
                                    4923       2250        23347.12         18.78          4
                                    4923       2255        29577.64         23.79          3
                                    4923       2120        38489.17         30.96          5
                                    4996       1330        25150.49        100.00          4





                                                       C   27













                            GRID GEOMORPHIC    LENGTH     COASTLINE    RISK
                             ID'     CODE        (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE


                            4997      1330     58323.45      100.00      4
                            4998      1339     12360.36      18.61       4
                            4998      1335     13223.77      19.91       3
                            4998      1330     40848.71      61.49       4
                            4999      1330      3189.00      100.00      4
                            5003      2122      2674.60       4.06       5
                            5003      2120      4980.82       7.56       5
                            5003      2250      6931.69      10.52       4
                            5003      2255     51330.50      77.87       3
                            5004      2121      6956.23       7.54       5
                            5004      2250     12631.43      13.70       4
                            5004      2122     20553.34      22.29       5
                            5004      2255     24770.00      26.86       3
                            5004      2120     27316.18      29.62       5
                            5084      2250     14262.94      11.00       4
                            5084      2121     27953.73      21.56       5
                            5084      2120     30295.74      23.37       5
                            5084      2255     57131.16      44.07       3
                            5164      2121      9495.89      10.39       5
                            5164      2120     11739.85      12.84       5
                            5164      2119     22730.28      24.86       5
                            5164      2255     47462.68      51 , '91    3
                            5165      2119      3205.55      100.00      5
                            5243      2329      2119.60      10.51       3
                            5243      2119      4263.90      21.14       5
                            5243      1339     13782.11      68.34       4
                            5244      2127      4209.50       8.24       5
                            5244      1119      6472.50      12.67       3
                            5244      2119     19362.67      37.89       5
                            5244      1339     21053.49      41.20       4
                            5245      1119      1571.38       3.01       3
                            5245      2121      8234.96      15.78       5
                            5245      1339     13013.36      24.94       4
                            5245      2127     13801.34      26.45       5
                            5245      2119     15566.29      29.83       5
                            5323      2329      1503.53      31.78       3
                            5323      1339      3228.03      68.22       4
                            5324      2129      3004.12       3.47       5
                            5324      2349     16430.88      18.96       3
                            5324      1129     17806.08      20.55       2
                            5324      2329     49424.21      57.03       3
                            5325      2122        948.30      0.94       5
                            5325      1129      6033.80       5.95       2
                            5325      2329      8369.83       8.26       3
                            5325      2255     11357.75      11.21       3
                            5325      2319     32586.65      32.15       4
                            5325      2129     42052.79      41.49       5





                                            C  28










                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC         LENGTH@,. POA     'STLINE"- RISK
                                      ID       CODE            (M)       PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                    5326       2319         12652iO4          18.30          4
                                    5326       2125         14733.13          21.31          3
                                    .5326      2315         17902.3   3       25.90          3
                                    .5326      2122         23839-.83         34.49          5
                                    .5327      2315          6537.43           8.69          3
                                    5327       2319,        16865.51          22.41          4
                                    5327       2125         22066.28          29.  32        3
                                    5327       2122.        29782.0.3         39.58          5
                                    5328       2125          1473.49           1.89          3
                                               2315         30063.97          38..64         3
                                    5328       2122         46267.71          .59.47         5
                                    5329       2315          4110.85-         1.0.25         3
                                    5329       21.22        35977.89          89.35          5
                                    5405       2340.        .1902.22                         3
                                    5405       1249          6015.   51       10..95         1
                                    5405       1129         16526.40--        310.09         2
                                    5405       2329         30473.90          55.49          3
                                    5406       2329           432.   80        O.A9          3
                                    5406       2127          7463.05           8.50          5
                                    5406       2321          9579.50          10.191         4
                                    5  406     2320         14162.23          16.13          3
                                    51406      1249         15840.27          18-04          1
                                    5406       2340         40322.78          45.93          3
                                    5407       2321          7665.03          11.65          4
                                    5407       2127         27498.77          41-80          5
                                    5407       2320         30624.44          416.55         3
                                    5408       2315            680.50          1.17          3
                                    5408       2321         13176..26         22.60          4
                                    .5408      2127         44441.21          76.23          5
                                    51409      21212        11287.80          18.96          5
                                    5409       2321         21148.39          35.53          4
                                    5409       2315         27086,77          45.51          3
                                    5410       2321,        14434.75          16-15          4
                                    5410       2315         16463.68          18-42          3
                                    5410       2320         25772.63          28.83          3
                                    5410       2121         32729.35          36.61          5
                                    5411       2321,         2666.58           3-53          4
                                    5411       2123          4499.13           5.95          5
                                    5411       2311:         9680.23          12.81          5
                                    54 11      ,2121        13469.69          17.62          5
                                    5411       2310         14827.58          19.62          4
                                    5411       2320         30428.95          40.26          3
                                    5412       2321          1291.11           5.66          4
                                    5.412      2311         21530.61          94.34          5
                                     @5486     1249         25796.34         100.00          1
                                    5487        .1245        3048.17           9.95          2
                                    5487       1241          9599.85          31.33          2





                                                        C - 29













                              GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH         COASTLINE     RISK
                               ID      CODE         (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE


                              5487     1249       17992.22       58.72        1
                              5488     1330        2201.34        5.19        4
                              5488     1245        3712.66        8.75        2
                              5488     1241        6943.52       16.37        2
                              5488     1249        7247.38       17.08        1
                              5488     1339        8958.01       21.12        4
                              5488     2121       13361.46       31.49        5
                              5489     2341        4036.38       43.30        4
                              5489     1249        5285.40       56.70        1
                              5490     1240        1948.84       16.66        1
                              5490     2321        9748.22       83.34        4
                              5491     2121       11643.58        8.84        5
                              5491     2321       16845.87       12.80        4
                              5491     2320      103170.14       78.36        3
                              5492     2121        1587.68        2.06        5
                              5492     2311        1677.44        2.18        5
                              5492     2321       13239.66       17.22        4
                              5492     2320       60398-.26      '78.54       3
                              5493     2311        1078.75        3.14        5
                              5493     2321       33319.07       96.86        4
                              5494     2320       29130.00       100.00       3
                              5497     2321        1855.74       100.00       4
                              5500     2341         870.11        6.32        4
                              5500     2311       12898.90       93.68        5
                              5501     2341        2376.20       100.00       4
                              5569     1249        2761.79        9.40        1
                              5569     1339       11420.05       38.87        4
                              5569     2341       15201.75       51.74        4
                              5570     1240        1984.62        7.65        1
                              5570     2345        5264.31       20.30        3
                              5570     2341       18679.85       72.04        4
                              5571     1240        6740.19       12.06        1
                              5571     2341       23094.64       41.32        4
                              5571     1330       26060.58       46.62        4
                              5572     1330        6514.03       11.48        4
                              5572     1241         7422.15      13.08        2
                              5572     2320         9439.34      16.63        3
                              5572     1339        12435.87      21.91        4
                              5572     1240        20946.87      36.91        1
                              5573     2127         4232.74       9.20        5
                              5573     2121        10912.27      23.72        5
                              5573     2320        15239.50      33.13        3
                              5573     1240        15612.70      33.94        1
                              5574     1330        13711.35      38.13        4
                              5574     2121        22247.68      61.87        5
                              5575     2121         1124.79       2.00        5
                              5575     1249         8380.04      14.88        1





                                               C  30











                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH               COASTLINE        RISK
                                      ID       CODE                      PERCENTAGE      VALUE


                                    5575       1241          11976.40        21.'27         2
                                    5575       1240          34822.48        61-.85         1
                                    5576       1330              947.85        @.26         4
                                    5576       2121           6228.61        21.41          5
                                    5576       1240          10830.35        37.24          1
                                    5576       2123          11079.33        38.09          5
                                    5577       2320          29405.17        37.42          3
                                    5577       2321          49172.42        62.58          4
                                    557P       2311           7169.95          8.91         5
                                    55  78     2123           7765.24          9.65         5
                                    557S       2321          13713.83        17.04          4
                                    5578       2310          23513.92        29.22          4
                                    5578       2320          28306.11        35-.18         3
                                    5579       2310           1189.99          3.29         4
                                    5579       2121           2528.90          7.00         5
                                    ..5579     2122           5972.13        16'.52         5
                                    5579       2127           6495.79        17-97          5
                                    5579       23,11         19959.11        55.22          5
                                    5580       2j2l           8655.52        13.55          4
                                    5580       2311          20708.31        32.43          5
                                    5580       2127          34497.31        54,02          5
                                    5581       2127           21-22.00       ..17-82        5
                                    5581       2341           9786.11        82.18          4
                                    5655       1249@:         4443.95          3.05         1
                                    56-55      lj39          49672.11        34.05          4
                                    5655       1240          91751.43        i52.90         1
                                    5656       2123           2997.75          2.60         5
                                    5656       2121           4168.85          3.61         5
                                    5656       1,339          5853.70          5.07         4
                                    5656       1249          13245.39                       1
                                    5656       1330          37509.26        32.48          4
                                    5656       1240          51701'.24       44.77          1
                                    5657       2121           5196..62         5.56         5
                                    5657       1239          28268.52        30.26          1
                                    5657       1230          59951.06        64.18          1
                                    5658       2320           3253.82          3.02         3
                                    5658       2321           5150.22          4.78         4
                                    5658       2311          23093.84         '21.45        5
                                    5658       2350          35414.40        32.89          3
                                    5658       1230          40755.17        37*.85         1
                                    5659       2121           6132.79          8.60         5
                                    5659       2341           7309.15        10.25          4
                                    5659       2125           7516.44        10.54          3
                                    5659       2111           7771..98       10.90          5
                                    5659       2255          10837.34        15.19          3
                                    5659       2311          31754.66        44.52          5
                                    5660       2315              565.04        -1.45        3





                                                        c   31










                            GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH        .COASTLINE     RISK
                              ID      CODE        (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE

                              5660     2255      1315.96       3.38        3
                              5660     2341      3435.10       8.81        4
                              5660     2122      5771.88       14.80       5
                              5660     2319      7397.55       18.97       4
                              5660     2111      7922.30       20.32       5
                              5660     2311     12578.29       32.26       5
                              5661     2311      9599.76       14.48       5
                              5661     2315     12308.24       18.57       3
                              5661     2121     22117.03       33.36       5
                              5661     2122     22271.71       33.59       5
                              5735     1339     30600.09      100.00       4
                              5736     1339      1320.79        7.29       4
                              5736     1330     16793.95       92.71       4
                              5738     2111      3919.45        8.55       5
                              5738     1240      7348.94       16.03       1
                              5738     2127     10891.85       23.75       5
                              5738     2321     23692.64       51.67       4
                              5739     2111      5842.01      100.00       5
                              5740     2111     15759.55       25.31       5
                              5740     2341     21991.98       35.33       4
                              5740     2127     24502.65       39.36       5
                              5741     2315      4775.60       10.10       3
                              5741     2121     11499.93       24.33       5
                              5741     2341     14341.89       30.34       4
                              5741     2345     16645.88       35.22       3
                              5817     1241      8831.36       39.00       2
                              5817     2359     13811.39       61.00       3
                              5818     2255      6503.81                   3
                              5818     1241      8183.03       13.38       2
                              5818     2121     10975.66       17.95       5
                              5818     1240     12785.85       20.91       1
                              5818     2127     22708.56       37.13       5
                              5819     2127      1916.66      100.00       5
                              5820     2341      8071.32       17.18       4
                              5820     2127     38919.00       82.82       5
                              5896     2359     33955.01      100.00       3
                              5897     1249        544.62       0.57       1
                              5897     1241      4045.30        4.24       2
                              5897     1230      9183.59        9.62       1
                              5897     2127     16661.61       17.46       5
                              5897     2359     65005.58       68.11       3
                              5977     1230      3346.51        5.32       1
                              5977     1240      7954.24       12.64       1
                              5977     2121      7953.88       12.64       5
                              5977     1249     16958.81       26.96       1
                              5977     2255     26691.43       .42.43      3
                              5978     2121      2883.99        4.89       5





                                             C  32












                                    GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH'.            COASTLINE        RISK
                                     ID        CODE            (M)      PERCENTAGE VALUE

                                     5978       1240        4249.95           7.21          1
                                     5978       2255        7692.47         13.04           3
                                     5978       1230       44152.37         74'.'86         1
                                     6057       1339        5682.33         11.22           4
                                     6057       1330        9555.85.        18.87           4
                                     6057       1241       12269.90         24.23           2
                                     6057       2121       23124   41:      45.67           5
                                     6137       1241          574  60         1-.04         2
                                     6137       1330       54415.94         98.96           4
                                     6138       1241       11143  *49       21 *  53        2
                                                1330;      17488.38*        33.78           4
                                     6138       1240       23137.02         44.69           1
                                     @6218      1241       14308.59        100.00           2
                                     6219       1241        2048.62           6.70          2
                                     @6219      2111        4641.98         15.19           5
                                     6219       2127        9286.27.        30.'38          5
                                     6219       1240       14590.74         47e73           1
                                     6299       1241        3496.75         12.80           2
                                     6299       1249        6376.65         23,.,35         1
                                     6299       2111        7699.26         [email protected]          5
                                     6299       1240        9739.86,        35.66           1
                                    @:6300      1249       12935.50         21.10           1
                                     6300       1240       22072.77         36.01           1
                                     6300       1230       26294-24         42.89           1
                                     6301       1230                       1001.00          1
                                     -6380      1240     -.18985.12         34.41           1
                                     6380       1230       36193.72         65.59           1
                                     6381       1330       34396.24         18.03           4
                                     6381       1230     156371.44          81-97           1
                                     6382       1330       40380.98         18.92           4
                                     6382       1230     172997   *69       81.08           1
                                     6383       1230       73705.46        100.00           1
                                     6384       1230       21683.61.       100.00           1
                                     6461       1330       23423.47        100.00           4
                                     6462       1330       20279.74        100.00           4
                                     6463       1230       33186.24        100.00           1
                                     6464       1230       81170.79        100.00           1
                                     6465       1230       97546.47        100.00           1
                                     6466       1230       92332.92        100.00           1
                                     6467       1235        2979.36           4.68          2
                                     6467       1230       60727.24         95.32           1
                                     6468       1235        1947.25        100.00           2
                                     6544       1230        3437.69        100.00           1
                                     6545       1230     158187.80         100.00           1
                                     6546       1231        4883.02           3.95          2
                                     6546       1234        8253.74           6.68          2
                                     6546       1230     110505.38          89.38           1





                                                       C - 33












                            GRID GEOMORPHIC LENGTH       COASTLINE    RISK
                             ID     CODE         (M)     PERCENTAGE VALUE

                            6547    1235       2954.03        1.68       2
                            6547    1231       5327.52        3.03       2
                            6547    1220       16838.74       9.57       1
                            6547    1230      150887.00      85.73       1
                            6548    1234       3893.79        3.67       2
                            6548    1230      102264.67      96.33       1
                            6549    1235       5728.10        6.74       2
                            6549    1234       17234.50      20.27       2
                            6549    1230       62061.86      72.99       1
                            6550    1230       16175.61     100.00       1
                            6625    1230       21665.93      36.95       1
                            6625    1330       36972.63      63.05       4
                            6626    1330       1676.87       34.82       4
                            6626    1230       3138.38       65.18       1
                            6627    1230       5467.30       37.46       1
                            6627    1231       9126.12       62.54       2
                            6628    1230       7470.04      100.00       1
                            6629    1230       20319.91      30.,87      1
                            6629    1234       45505.36      69.13       2
                            6630    1235       10730.61      10.94       2
                            6630    1234       31287.37      31.89       2
                            6630    1230       56106.54      57.18       1
                            6631    1231       5618.36        5.93       2
                            6631    1235       11618.81      12.25       2
                            6631    1234       23569.53      24.86       2
                            6631    1230       54017.39      56.97       1
                            6632    1231       2288.89        8.42       2
                            6632    1230       24896.97      91.58       1
                            6712    1231       1 464.12       0.33       2
                            6712    1230      139345.42      99.67       1
                            6713    1231       5275.72       31.76       2
                            6713    1230       11337.34      68.24       1
                            6792    2122         586.72       4.17       5
                            6792    1230       13494.55      95.83       1




















                                           C - 34



































                                    APPENDIX D


                         REPRINTS OF PERTINENT LITERATURE







                                      Ri,prinirdfrom Proceilding.k of Kull Smlposium
                                        on Coastal and Occan ManagementlASCE
                                          Jul.%, 114. 1939;'Charleston, SC





                        ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS FROM SEA      LEVEL RISE
                                    Vivien Gornitil and Paul Kandiruk2



                      ABSTRACT


                             A global coastal hazards data base that            contains
                      topographic, geologic, geomorphic, erosional and subsidence
                      information i  's being developed in order to predict the
                      coastal- 'segments at greatest risk to a rise in sea level
                      caused by future climate warming.         .High risk 'areas are
                      characterize-6--Ey -Iow '-c-o-as-tail relief, an erodible
                      substrate, past and present evidence of subsidence,
                      extensive shoreline retreat and high wave/tide energies'.
                      Data have been assembled for the U.S.A. and are being
                      extended to the rest of North America.         Severalhigh risk
                      areas have been tentatively identified and include the
                      central Gulf Coast, South Florida,          the North Carolina
                      Outer Banks      southern Delmarva 'peninsula, 'and      the    San
                      Fr ancisc'o,Bay area.
                      INTRODUCTION

                             Recent studies predict     that global climate warming'
                      caused by     accumulation of     "Greenhouse"    gases   in the
                      atmosphere could lead@to a sea level ri"se of between 50 and
                      150 cm within the next century (Ramanathan, 1988; NAS,
                      1987).     Such a rise would endanger human populations,.
                      cities, ports and wetlands in low-lying coastal areas. It
                      becomes important, therefore, to classify and map the
                      coastal areas that will be most vulnerable to future rise
                      in sea level, and to select high-risk shorelinesfor more
                      detailed studies.


                             The coastal data base described here contains
                      relevant topographic, geologic, geomorphologic, erosional
                      and subsidence information, which are-Integrated into a
                      Geographic Information System (GIS), to screen out high-
                      risk shorelines.     These latter areas are characterized by
                      one or more of    Ithe following conditions: - 1) low coas.tal@

                            INASA GSFC institute    for Space   Studies and Columbia
                      University, New York, NY 10025
                           20ak Ridge National      Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak
                      Ridge,,TN.37831-6335.



                                                      1345




                                                    D - 3









                   1346                     COASTAL ZONE '89


                   relief, 2) an erodible   substrate (e.g. sand, unconsolidated
                   sediment) , 3) present   and past evidence of subsidence, 4)
                   extensive shoreline retreat,          and 5)    high wave/tide
                   energies.

                          Information on at least eight variables relating to
                   the coastal zone is being compiled and entered into the
                   ORNL ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS) . These
                   variables include the following: 1) relief (elevation) , 2)
                   lithology (rock type), 3) coastal landforms
                   (geomorphology) , 4) vertical land movements (relative sea
                   level changes), 5) horizontal shoreline changes (erosion or
                   accretion) , 6) tidal ranges, 7) wave heights, and 8) storm
                   frequencies and intensities.

                          Data compilation for the first seven variables has
                   been completed for the U.S. and is being extended to North
                   America, with ultimate global coverage planned.             Storm
                   frequency data are being collected, for a related study, by
                   others.

                          In this paper, we briefly describe the components of
                   the data base, treatment of data, entry into the GIS, and
                   development of a Coastal Vulnerability Index.          Procedures
                   are still under development, and the outline presented
                   here provides a demonstration of the approach rather than
                   a final assessment.       Preliminary results are given for
                   individual variables in the U.S., and an overlay is shown
                   of several components for a section of the U.S. East
                   Coast.


                   DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS DATA BASE


                   Survey of Data Base Components

                          Coastal hazards, in the context of rising sea levels,
                   fall into two major categories: 1) inundation, both
                   permanent    and   episodic,    and   2)  erosion.   Among the
                   variables    considered here,     relief and vertical        land
                   movements    (particularly subsidence)       provide a direct
                   measure of   inundation risk, the other factors contribute
                   to the erodibility risk. Bedrock             lithology, shore
                   materials and coastal landforms vary substantially in
                   their resistance to erosion.         Tidal currents and wave
                   action can erode and modify the shoreline. Important
                   coastal processes, outside the scope of the present study,
                   include the sediment budget, and storm surges and
                   frequencies, which contribute to episodic flooding.          (The
                   latter data are being compiled       by others in a related
                   study). Economic and demographic     factors are not presently
                   considered, but can be added later to the GIS.

                          Coastal relief, or elevation, provides a first order
                   approximation of the extent of inundation. Global digital
                   elevation data exists at 5' latitude-longitude resolution
                   (ETOPO5 Gridded World Elevations, National Geophysical Data
                   Center, Boulder, CO). Higher resolution coverage (such as




                                                 D - 4










                                             GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                   1347


                        the U.S.G.S. DEM) is incomplete, worldwide.        A measure    of
                        rel-ief should extend beyond the immediate shoreline.          In'
                        this -,study, the measure of relief used, is the average
                        elevation of 51 land,data points, grouped into        1/4 degree
                        coastal cells., The absence of globally uniform       map scales
                        and contour     intervals ' render unsatisfactory alternate
                        indices, such as elevation at a fixed.distaince       inland,,or
                        distance inland to a fixed contour.

                              Lithology is interpreted directly     from geologic maps.'
                        A simplified geologic classification        is used (modified
                        from Dolan et al.,      1975), which differentiates between
                        resistant crystalline rocks, sedimentary rocks and
                        unconsolidated sediments (Table 1).         Each rock   type is
                        assigned a 3-digit code.


                                 Table 1.    Coastal Geologic.Classification


                                    I. OLD, RESISTANT ROCKS -(crystal  lines)

                                        A. Igneous, volcanic (basalt, rhyolite,
                                          andesite, etc.)
                                        B. Igneous, plutonic (granite, granodiorite,
                                          etc.)
                                        C. Metamorphic (schists, gneisses,
                                          quartzites, serpentinite, etc.)

                                    II. SEDMENTARY ROCKS, CONSOLIDATED


                                        A. shale
                                        B. siltstone
                                        C. sandstone
                                        D. conglomerate.
                                        E. limeslone
                                        F. eolianite (calcite cemented sand)
                                        .G. mixed or varied lithology

                                    JII. SEDIMENTS, UNCONSOLIDATED

                                        A. mud,  clay
                                        B. silt
                                        C. sand
                                        D. gravels, conglomerates
                                        'E. glacial till
                                        F. calcareous sediment (inclu.d.  coquiria')
                                        G. mixed or varied lithology

                                    IV;. VOLCANIC, Quaternar@

                                        A. lava
                                      ,..B. ash, tephra
                                        C. composite

                                    V. CORAL REEF (living)



                                                    D - 5










                   1 @48                  COASTAL ZONE '89


                        Coastal landforms are interpreted and classified from
                   the U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000 topographic map
                   series.    This scale represents a compromise between
                   completeness of international coverage at a uniform scale,
                   and the ability to identify coastal landforms.       Coastlines
                   are divided here into those formed primarily by erosion
                   (marine, non-marine), and by deposition (marine, non-
                   marine), and assigned a four-digit code (Fig. 1). The last
                   digit designates shore features that occur in more than one
                   environment (i.e. beach, or salt marsh).




                    Cliffed

                       coo'.1
                   10                                                          Blewtied
                                                                               Coldera
                                                                     V         2550
                                                                     '*_   _s!
                   Vol                                                25;0'
                   2.2                               Gloctol Deposits
                                                                       A.1 fibow@ AO
                                                             Drw"
                                  2255              Moraint      ... Lovo Hollis 25W
                                           2225     2320       330  251WO
                           Aq
                          V.\ 0,0 , L<                  outwash PIM     mongrovi
                           lbo.  tp       rbo             230             Cow
                         lb05091 se -0116 12 11@ 2224 Deilo 2220   Ftingirg  2450
                              I                                         ky
                                %\                                  reef.  'i
                                                                    2410  Barlier
                                                                         rest 2420






                   Figure 1. Schematic classification of shorelines.

                        Records of sea level (SL) change are obtained from a
                   worldwide network of -1000 tide-gauge stations (Pugh et
                   al., 1987), of which around 300 have usable record lengths
                   greater than 20 years (Gornitz and Lebedeff, 1987). U.S.
                   tide-gauge data are given in Lyles et al. (1987).           The
                   relative sea level change at each locality includes the
                   eustatic   component    (around  1-1.5 mm/yr,     Gornitz   and
                   Lebedeff, 1987; Barnett, 1983, 19841,, as well as glacio
                   isostatic, neotectonic and local subsidence components.
                   Subsiding areas (RSL @ 2 mm/yr), regardless of ultimate
                   cause, are subject to greater inundation hazards (see
                   below).

                        Historical U.S. shoreline changes have been digitized
                   and averaged into 31 cells (CEIS data base; Dolan et al.,
                   1983). Continuous coverage extends from Long IslAnd to Key
                   West, and from Apalachicola, FL to Mexico border, with some
                   gaps in New England, West Florida and the Pacific Coast.
                   No CEIS data are currently available for Alaska and Hawaii.

                        Worldwide tide range    data 'for around 6,000 stations
                   are listed in the annual    Tide Tables (NOS, 1988).       Both
                   mean and spring tide ranges are given.




                                                 D - 6
                                                                            , tAO
                                                                            let








                                          GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                     1349

                         U.S. wave data come from the Wave Information Study
                    (WIS) conducted by the Coastal Engineering Research Center
                    (CERC) , U.S. -Army Corps of Engineers.       Only Phase I deep-
                    water coverage (120 n.mi) exists for the Gulf of Mexico,
                    which does , not accurately represent @the near shore,
                    environment.     Phase II data, at 30 n. mi spacing, exist
                    for Southern California (Corson et al., 1087), and -Phase
                    III data (30 n. mi) for 166 stations 2along the East Coast,
                    and 134 stations along the West Coast (Je       Insen, 1983).    The
                    calculated 20 yr mean and maximum wave heights are used for
                    these stations.

                      Data entry into the Geographic Information System (GIS)

                    The seven components of        the coastal hazards data base
                    discussed above     include data in a variety of formats and
                    spatial    resolutions:     1)   Point data     (e.g.    tide-gauge
                    stations), 2)     Line or arc data (lithology, landfo          'rms,
                    waves),      3)  Polygons     or cells      (relief,     shoreline
                    displacements)..    The data are entered into the ARC/INFO
                    (ESRI, Inc.) GIs at ORNL.

                         The ARC/INFO GIs software can relate and manipulate
                    point,' line and polygon data at different scales.          Each.of
                    the coastal components forms a feature class (coverage) ,
                    encoded within ARC/INFO, which can be displayed
                    graphically.     After each coverage has been formed@, the
                    various classes can be overlaid and areas with a common set
                    of attributes can be identified.         Various modules within
                    ARC/INFO allow transformation of different spatial
                    projections to a common format and superposition of the
                    various individual feature classes.        A major advantage of
                    the GIS is the ability to display spatially-referenced data
                    graphically, highlighting relationships'among the different
                    variables,. comprising the individual data sets.               i

                         Some-of the data sets ate continuous, whereas others
                    .are point data that must be averaged or interpolated to
                    eliminate discontinuities.       For the conterminous U.S. -at
                    least, all the variables, except for sea level trends, are
                    continuous,   or nearly so.      The high spatial variability
                    present in    the CEIS shoreline displacement data can be
                    reduced by    using 3-5 point running       means.      sensitivity
                    tests can be made to establish optimum values.

                         Sea   level trends, which are          point data can be
                    averaged   over coastal segments of         uniform geology or
                    tectonic  setting, and where stations are closely spaced.
                    Alternatively, in regions with fairly good coverage, or
                    where variability of sea level trends is not too great (as
                    along the East Coast) , best-f it linear interpolations can
                    be made in a straight line between stations, with the value
                    projected to the nearest location along the coast.
                    Geologically significant systematic variations in sea level
                    trends could be lost by averaging schemes.                 However,
                    different approaches may be required for different regions.




                                                     D - 7









                       1350                     COASTAL ZONE '89

                       Development of a Coastal Vulnerability Index

                             A coastline vulnerable to sea level rise exhibits one
                       or more of the following characteristics. I)Iow relief, 2)
                       an erodible substrate,      3)  present or past history of
                       subsidence, 4) history of shoreline erosion, 5) high wave
                       energies and/or tide ranges. A coastal vulnerability index
                       (CVI) can be derived that will comprise some combination of
                       the   inundability variables        (relief,   subsidence)    and
                       er9dibility variables (lithology, landform, wave height,
                       tide range).

                             Each variable is assigned a rank, from I to 5, with 5
                       the most vulnerable class.      The rationale for the ranking
                       scheme for each variable is now briefly reviewed
                       (summarized in Table 2).

                       1. Relief (elevation)-- inundation risk

                             Projected sea level rise within the next 100 yrs is
                       estimated to range between 0.5-1.5 m (NAS, 1987). Clearly,
                       this elevation zone faces a high probability of permanent
                       inundation.    The coastal strip within 5 m of present MSL
                       lies at high risk to higher than normal tides, or storm
                       surges.      The next 10 m may show some increased
                       vulnerability to extreme storm events.              The hazard
                       decreases progressively for higher average elevations
                       (Table 2).

                       2. Lithology (geologic rock type) -- erodibility risk

                             The relative resistance of rocks to erosion depends
                       on the chemical and physical breakdown of rocks
                       (weathering), which in turn depends on mineral composition,
                       rock texture    (grain size),    fabric (presence of planar
                       elements) , cementation, climate (especially precipitation
                       and   temperature),    and   finally   removal   of weathering
                       products. A rock weathering sequence has been adapted from
                       the mineral sequence (Berner and Berner, 1987, p.153), and
                       consideration given to responses under different climatic
                       regimes (Loughnan,     1969; Carroll,    1970).     As a rule,
                       consolidated sedimentary rocks are more erodible than
                       crystalline rocks.    Unconsolidated sediments are the least
                       resistant to erosion -- the finer-grained sediments the
                       least so.    The presence of a pronounced layered structure
                       (bedding, slaty cleavage, or schistocity) and jointing also
                       facilitates erosion.     Chemical weathering, and removal of
                       weathering products is accelerated in hot, humid climates.
                       A generalized sequence of rock resistance to erosion is
                       shown in Table 2.

                       3. Landforr (geomorphology) -- erodibility risk

                             Landforms are the resultant of weathering processes
                       acting upon topogra-Dhy and geology.     in general, high risk
                       landforms are mobile or unstable, hence underlain by
                       unconsolidated material.      In addition, these usually show




                                                  D   8









                                         GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                 1351


                     low relief (e.g. barrier coasts          estuaries, lagoons,
                     deltas, etc.      At less risk are landforms with harder
                     substrates and higher relief. (e.g. fiords, rocky coasts;
                     Table 2).

                     4. Vertical land movement (relative sea level   change) -7
                        subsidence risk (inundabilit,y)
                          Relative SL change at each locality can 'be compared
                     with the eustatic trend of 1-1.5 mm/yr (Gornitz -and
                     Lebedeff, 1987; Barnett, 1983, 1984)w     Stable regions have
                     trend's close to the eustatic range'.   Subsiding areas have
                     SL trends > 2.0 mm/yr (high risk), while upl"ifting areas
                     experience SL trends of <1.0 mm/yr (low risk,   Table 2).

                     5. Shoreline displacement -- erodibility risk.

                          Rates within t im lie within the measurement error.
                     Such shorelines can be considered stable.         Shores with
                     displacement rates greater than +lm/yr are accreting, . and
                     are thus at relatively low risk.     Conversely, shores with
                     rates of -1m/yr or less are eroding, and are at relatively
                     higher risk (Table 2).

                     6. Tidal ranges.-_,erodibility risk

                          Coasts with.- a tidal range of < 2m (microtidal) are at
                    .low risk, while those with ranges over 4m (macrotidal) face
                     a higher-risk (Table 2).

                     7. Wave heights -- erodibility risk

                          The ranks shown in Table 2 are based on maximum wave
                     heights.

                          After each variable, for each portion of coastline,
                     has been ranked, as described above, the ranks can be
                     combined into a coastal vulnerability index, CVI, which is
                     the product of the inundability and erodibility variables.
                     A simple method of determining high risk -coastlines is to
                     flag the high and very high risk classes (Table 2), for
                     each individual component, separately.'     Then the 'various
                     components are overlaid in the GIS, and shore segments
                     identified for which four or more of the c*omponents fall
                     into the high     and very,. high risk categories.          An
                     application of the procedure to the U.S. East Coast is
                     shown below.


                     PRELIMINARY RESULTS


                     Individual components

                          Differences in plate tectonic se,:.ting's among the U.S.
                     coasts exert a strong influence on the regional variations
                     in average values of several of the @data base components
                     (Inman and Nordstrom, 1971).





                                                D - 9









                                                   1351,                                                COASTAL ZONE '89


                                                                                           Table 2.           Q911W VulnerabilitY


                                                          PAW          I      V-Y LOW                                          ftxierate        I        Kigh           I Very high ruikl


                                                   I    VARTAMP        I          1                           2          1          3           1          4            1

                                                                                                                                                       S.1-10.0
                                                   I Fial ief lial     I      >30.1            1       20.1-30.0         1                                                       0-5-0

                                                   1    p4x* type      JPl1ftDrLiC             JLOi-@ metimax.)YAwt swilmentary1coarse and/or                           I Fins  un=i-
                                                   I    (ralative      lValcarLic    (lava)    I Sandstcre and                                  I p-ly-morted           I qoltgut-j
                                                       reniirtance     Inigh-madium gradel ccrig1cmerats                                        I unmwlidwt             I sediment
                                                    to arpoicnI        I NKAIDGWM              I (well-cepantaill        I                      I sediments             1voicitnic ash         I

                                                                       JF=ky, cliffed          lNedium cliffs            I LCW cliffs           I B-chas (pabblem) I Barrier beadhem I
                                                        tarliform,     I amsts                 I Irdented 00mirts        lGlacial drift         I Effbary               I D-ld- (Gand)         I
                                                                       Iriards                 I                         I Salt manih           I Laga-                 JMdflatm               I
                                                                       Iriards                 I                         I Doral Pleefs         JAlluvial    Plains     JWtax                  I
                                                                                                                         IFAn3ruw               I                       I

                                                        Vertical
                                                        a-i-mint       I      el -1.1               -1.0 - 0.99          1    1.0 -    2.0      1     2.1 - 5.0                     5.1
                                                   I(Ralative Sea      I                       I                         I                      I
                                                   I I-el dharge)      I   Land risirq         I                         1within range of       I                          UVd eirkirq         I
                                                   I
                                                   f
                                                       Shmeline        1      2 2.1            1      1.0 -   2.0           -1.0 - +1-0         1  -1.1 - -2.0                 S -2.0
                                                     displacement      I                       I                                                I
                                                   I    hwlyrl         I      Aocretion        I                                 Stable         I                                              I

                                                   Tidal Raw,       of            0. 99        1      1.0 -   1.9              2.0 - 4.0        1    4.1 - 6.0                 @ 6.1
                                                        (mean)         I                       I                                                I
                                                                       I   14icrotidial        I                               Nesmidal         I

                                                   lWave height,    al        0 - 2.9          1      3.0 - 4.9                5.0 - 5.9        1    6.0 - 7.9                 @ 7.o


                                                             The East and Gulf Coasts are on                                                trailing              plate edges.
                                                   The West Coast, on the other hand, undergoes plate
                                                   convergence, north of the Mendocino triple junction, and
                                                   transcurrent motion along the San Andreas fault system, to
                                                   the south.


                                                             Thus, the East and Gulf Coasts are generally low-
                                                   lying, as shown by the % of coastal elevation points within
                                                   the first 10 m of MSL (from the digitized ETOPOS data set):
                                                   55.6% and 82.0% respectively (Table 3).                                                               By contrast, on
                                                   the West Coast, only 6.8% of the elevations are 5 10 m.
                                                   Southern Alaska lies near the intersection of three major
                                                   plates.              Much of the coast consists of steep fiords; only
                                                   2.7% of the elevations lie within 10 m. The corresponding
                                                   figure for Southern Alaska is 10.3%.                                                           On the other hand,
                                                   the western and northern coasts of Alaska lie on trailing
                                                   plate edges,                      with largely deltaic, coastal plains and
                                                   barrier island landforms.                                        In these two regions, 16.7% and
                                                   21.1% of the coastal elevations, respectively fall within
                                                   10 Tn or less (Table 3).                                         Hawaii consists of a group of
                                                   volcanic islands, that ha,.-e been eroded to varying degrees.
                                                   Although beaches are widt--spread, the coast is cliffed in
                                                   any places.                    Thus, only 9.4% of coastal elevat@dons are !On
                                                   or less.

                                                             Both East and Gulf Coasts are subsiding (Table 4).
                                                   Anomalously high subsidence in the Gulf Coast, west of the
                                                   Florida panhandle (6.68 ï¿½ 4.30 mm/yr, Table 4) is caused by
                                                   high sedimentation/compaction rates at the Mississippi
                                                   delta, and oil/gas withdrawal (Gabrysch, 1984).





                                                                                                              D- 10







                                                 GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                            1353


                               The average sea level change for the West Coast (1.04
                         ï¿½1.07mm/yr, Table 4) reflects the prevalence of subsidence
                         in the vicinity of most tide-gauges' with some localized
                         uplift.       This. stands in contrast to long-term .(late
                         Quaternary-Holocene) evidence for regional uplift based on
                         raised marine      -terraces (West and McCrumb, 1986; Lajoie,
                         1986).      Negative sea level trends at Neah Bay, WA;
                         Astoria, OR and Crescent City, CA indicate ongoing.uplift.
                         Further inland, subsidence is demonstrated by positive
                         (rising) SL trends at Friday Harbor and Seattle, WA (Lyles
                         et al., 1987).

                                                Tal"de 3. Summary of Elevation Data


                               REGION                 ELEVATION s 10m          ELEVATION  5 100m.



                               East Coast                     55.6                         98.5

                               Gulf Coast                     82.0                         100.0


                               West Coast                      6.8                         34.5


                               SE Alaska
                                                               2.7                         12.8

                               ,South Alaska-                 10.3                        .30.2,1.

                               Aleutian Is.                   12.6

                               West Alaska                    16.7                         62.4


                               North Slope,  AK                                            84.3

                               Hawaii                          0.4                         22.6



                               Although deformation in          southeast     Alaska is, largely
                         NNW  right lateral      motion, uplift also        occurs, as     shown by
                         raised and warped beach' terraces (Plafker et al.                     1980,
                         Molnia 1985), and       unusually negative SL trends: Juneau
                         -12.4 mm.yr; Skagway -17.3 mm/yr, Yakutat, -4.6 mm/yr, and
                         Sitka -2.2 mm/yr (Lyles et al; 1987) .                 However, some of
                         this uplift may be caused by' isostatic rebound from
                         glacial retreat within the last              100 years (Shepard * and
                         Wanless, 1971).

                               Erosion is predominant        along the East and Gulf Coasts.
                         Areas experiencing significant erosion r-ates over 2m/yr
                         include Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Fire Island, much of
                         the rid-Atlantic Coast, the southern Delmarva peninsula,
                         South Carolina to Georgia.

                               The central Gulf Coast region (Louisiana:and'parts of
                         Texas) has the highest average erosion rates in the U.S.
                         Furthermore, the area is characterized by anomalously high
                         subsidence (see -above).         These factors, coupled with@ very
                         low-lying topography and an 'erodible substrate
                         (unconsolidated alluvium or sand) make it one of the most
                         vulnerable regions in the conterminous U.S.





                                                              D








                         1354                     COASTAL ZONE '89


                                  Table 4. Regional Average Sea-Level Trends
                                            (from,Lyles et al., 1987)


                                          Average Sea-level
                         REGION             Change, mm/yr                                 N


                         East Coast               2.69                 0.78             33


                         Gulf Coast               6.68                 4.30             12


                         West Coast               1.04                 1.07             13


                         Alaska                   -6-49                6.09             8


                         Hawaii                   1.40                 1.60             5




                              Along the West Coast, erosion rates are generally
                         lower, and some areas of accretion can be identified, often
                         associated with influx of river sediments. The contrast in
                         shoreline displacements along East and West coasts is
                         another indication of fundamental geologic and tectonic
                         differences (Inman and Nordstrom, 1971).

                              The South Alaska coast, a glacial outwash coast, is
                         accretionary in general, despite intensive wind and wave
                         erosion, because of tectonic uplift, glacioisostatic
                         rebound,   and an abundant sediment supply from glacial
                         meltwater and rivers.         Erosion has been recorded for
                         several areas,     including the upper Cook Inlet and the
                         northwest coast of Kodiak Island.        Shoreline displacements
                         for other parts of Alaska are sparsely documented (National
                         Shoreline Study, 1971).

                              In general, mean and maximum wave heights are higher
                         along the West Coast than along the East Coast.            However,
                         variable, but below average wave heights for the West Coast
                         are concentrated between San Francisco (37'N) and Pismo
                         Beach (35*N).      Along the East Coast, the highest wave
                         heights are associated with the exposed Cape Hatteras; the
                         lowest waves appear in Southern Florida (south of Miami)
                         (Fig. 2).

                              On the E-ist Coast, macrotidal conditions occur north
                         of 42 'N (espc :_ial ly Maine) .    South Carolina and Georgia
                         also have relatively high tidal ranges, whereas Florida and
                         the Gulf Coast are microtidal. The maximum tide ranges on
                         the West Coat are found in the Puget Sound and San
                         Francisco Bay.     Much of the Alaska coast is resotidal to
                         macrotidal, except within a microtidal environment (NOS,
                         1988).







                                                    D - 12








                                           GLOBAL.COASTAL HAZARDS                   1355


                            6
                                 East Coast
                          E

                                                     -- -----------
                                                                  m
                            4-   z                               U U
                                 my L
                                 -----------------------------
                                                            W-               Nr
                                                   2
                            3 -
                                 4.1
                            21   211     A 1 1 1   Z'  1 1         1     1  1
                                 010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

                            9
                                 West Coast

                          E
                            8 -



                                 0-


                                                                          0
                                 e-----------------------------           CX


                                                                          0,2

                            50L  10 20  30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
                                                Station Number
                      Figure 2.  Regional variations  in maximum  wave heights, East
                      and West   Coasts.  - Heavy lines are the regional means,
                      dashed lines are,,ï¿½ 1 a.



                      Overlay    of  several components'

                            This section  illustrates  the  GIS overlay approach to
                      the determination of high-ris.k coastal segments for the
                      U.S. East Coast.        Variables considered here include
                      relief, lithology,  landform and  shoreline change.

                            The  very    high  risk   category,    for the present
                      demonstration,   comprises shore segments that have mean
                      coastal relief between 0-5m, consist of mud, clay, silt,
                      and sand, and located on coastal plains beaches, barrier
                      beaches (including spits, barrier islands), mud flats and
                      deltas.    Mean erosion rates exceed -2m/yr.     The high,risk
                      category includes relief between 5-10m, consists of
                      gravels, conglomerates, glacial till, and mixed or varied
                      sediments., and landforms such as pebble or cobble beach,
                      and more sheltered environments such as estuaries and
                      lagoons.   Mean erosion rates fall between [email protected] and -1.1
                      m/yr.

                            An example of the GIS overlay for four components is
                      illustrated for the southern half of         Chesapeake      Bay
                      (Fig. 3). The barrier islands of the southern Delmarva






                                                 D - 13







                  1356                   COASTAL ZONE '89






















                                                        4b     VERY HIGH RISK

                                                               HIGH RISK















                  Figure 3.    The southern half of Chesapeake Bay, showing
                  very high  and high risk coastal segments, based upon the
                  criteria discussed in the text for fc,-.Ir components of the
                  data base.











                                            D - 14









                                            GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                     1357

                      Peninsula fall into the very high risk category,                 as
                      defined above.     The southwest shore of Chesapeake Bay,        to
                      Northumberland Co., VA; Tangier Island, and Crisfield,           MD
                      are all at high risk.        Other very high risk shorel:ines
                      along the East Coast (not illustrated) include southern NJ,
                      Cape Hatteras and the outer banks of NC, portions of the
                      South Carol ina-Georgia coast, Jupiter Island,, Ft 'and parts
                      of South Florida.



                      SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

                           This report has outlined the preliminary stages in the
                      compilation and development of a global coastal hazards
                      data base, designed to identify high risk shorelines in the
                      face of future sea level rise, in terms of Vulnerability to
                      both inundation -and erosion, and to establish priorities
                      for   more -detailed       studies    at    higher     resolution.
                      Furthermore, 'this      data    can   contribute     to ' programs
                      monitoring      global  environmental    change,    such as 'the
                      International Geosphere-Biosphere Program.         Because of the
                      intended global coverage, the resolution is relatively
                      coarse. However, the approach outlined here        can be adapted
                      to serve local planners by scaling.to higher       resolution.

                           Summaries are presented for coastal relief, lithologic
                      types and landforms, relative' sea level changes, tide
                      ranges and wave heights.           Mean differences 'in these
                      coastal properties, for the U.S., are attribute                  to
                      fundamental differences. in plate. tectonic settings (Inman
                      .and Nordstrom, 1971).        Mean elevations, even at the
                      relatively coarse spatial resolution of 0.25* vary
                      sufficiently to distinguish among geomorphologic/geologic
                      environments.


                           Methods of averaging or smoothing data over longer
                      segments are being implemented. Each variable is assigned
                      a rank, ranging from 1 to 5, based on the relative risk
                      factor.    These risk factors are then combined into an
                      overall    coastal    vulnerability    index,   CVI.       Although
                      implementation of the CVI is still incomplete, preliminary
                      results,:from consideration of individual variables suggest
                      that the areas most subject to inundation in the U.S.
                      include: 1) the Louisiana-Texas coast, 2) southern Florida-
                      Everglades, 3) portions of Chesapeake Bay and. the North
                      Carolina Outer Banks,, 4) the North Slope of Alaska, and
                      5) the Stockton - Sacramento area, east of San Francisco
                      Bay, CA.    The latter area, although situated well inland,
                      is at or close to sea level, and is connected to San
                      Francisco Bay*by the Sacra.-iiento and San Joaquin Rivers,.and
                      'by  canals.   , .Even    if  not   directly     inundated,     the
                      agricultural   potential of this valley could be adversely
                      i-.-ipacted by increased salinization due to salt water
                      1.ntrusion.


                           of the   areas at high risk t@) inundation beca@_ise of
                      low  relief, the Louisiana-Texas coast is additionally




                                                    D- 15








                       1358                    COASTAL ZONE '89


                       vulnerable because of anomalously high subsidence rates in
                       part due to oil, gas, groundwater withdrawal (Garbysch,
                       1984), and to high beach erosion rates. The Cape Hatteras
                       area is additionally at risk to erosion because of
                       relatively high wave heights.        The Everglades, although
                       very low-lying, are not subsiding substantially.
                       Furthermore, they can be expected to undergo less erosion
                       because of the protective mangrove vegetation (Kelletat,
                       1989), and the low wave-energy and microtidal environment.
                       As these p---eliminary findings suggest, application of the
                       CVI to low elevation areas should enable further
                       discrimination based upon these other factors.

                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                            This research was sponsored by the U.S. Dept. of
                       Energy, Office of Energy Research, under contract DE-AC05-
                       840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. and
                       Subcontract MRETTA 19x-91348V with Columbia University.
                       Thanks are extended to Dr. D.T. Pugh, Director, Permanent
                       Service for Mean Sea Level, Bidston Observatory, England
                       and Dr. J. Hubbard, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Rock-
                       ville, MD for providing tide-gauge records; Dr. S.D. Hicks,
                       NOS, Rockville, MD for sending a complete set of Tide
                       Tables; and Dr. J. Hubertz, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                       Vicksburg, MS for sending Wave Information Study (WIS)
                       data. A tape of CEIS shoreline displacement data for the
                       U.S. was obtained from Prof. R. Dolan, U. Virginia, Char-
                       lottesville, VA.     Programming assistance was provided by
                       Mr. Ting Fan Dai and Mr. Jack Jia.        Appreciation is also
                       expressed to Mr. W. Masters and Ms. Tammy White, ORNL, for
                       GIS data entry and analysis, and to Mr. Robert M. Cushman,
                       ORNL, for his helpful suggestions and encouragement.

                       REFERENCES

                       Barnett. T.P. 1983.    Recent changes in sea level and their
                            possible causes. Clim. Change, 5: 15-38.
                       Barnett, T.P., 1984.     The estimation of "global" sea level
                            change: a problem of uniqueness. J. Geophys. Res., 89:
                            7980-7988.
                       Berner, E.K. and Berner, R.A., 1987.          The Global WAte
                            Cycle, Geochemistry and Environment. Prentice-Hall,
                            Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., p. 153.
                       Carroll, D., 1970f Rock Weatheting. Plenum Press, New
                            York, 203 p.
                       Corson, W.D., Abel, C.E., Brooks, R.M., Farrar, P.D.,
                            Groves, B.J., Payne, J.B., McAreny, D.S. and Tracy,
                            B.A., 1987, Pacific Coast Hindcast Phase II Wave
                            Infor-ration, WIS Report 16, USAE, CE, Vicksburg, MS.
                       Dolan, R., Hayden, B. and Vincent, M., 1975.
                            Classification of coastal landforms of the Americas.
                            Z. Geomorph. N.F., Suppl. Band 22:72-88.
                       Dolan, R., Hayden, B. and May, S., 1983.         Erosion of the
                            U.S. shorelines, in CRC-H-a-n-A-book of Coastal Processes
                            and ErQsi-qn.    P.D. Komar, ed., Chap 14: 285-299f CRC
                            Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.





                                                 D- 16








                                        GLOBAL COASTAL HAZARDS                1359

                    Gabrysch, R.K. , 1984. Ground-water withdrawals and land-
                         surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region,
                         Texas, 1906-80, Texas Dept. Water Res. Report 287: 64
                         p-
                    Gornitz, V. and Lebedeff, S., 1987. Global sea level
                         changes during the past century, in Nummedal, D.,
                         Pilkey, O.H.,and Howard,J.D., eds., sea Level
                         Fluctuation and Coastal Evolution. SEPM Spec. Publ.
                         No. 41: 3-15.
                    Inman, D.L. and Nordstrom, C.E., 1971. On the tectonic and
                         morphological classification of coasts. J. Geology,
                         79: 1-21.
                    Jensen, R.E., 1983. Atlantic Coast hindcast, shallow
                         water, significant wave information. WIS Report 9,
                         USAE, WES, CE, Vicksburg, MS.
                    Kelletat, D., 1989. The question of "zonality" in coastal
                         geomorphology - with tentative application along the
                         East Coast of the USA. J. Coast. Res., 5(2); 329-344.
                    Lajoie, K.R., 1986. Rapid tectonic uplift near the
                         Mendocino Triple Junction recorded by emergent marine
                         strandlines. GSA Abstr. & Prog., 67(44): 1224.
                    Loughnan, F.C., 1969. Chemical Weathering of the Silicate
                         Minerals. American Elsevier Plubl. Co., New York, 154
                         P.
                    Lyles, S.D., Hickman, L.E., Jr. and Debaugh, H.A., Jr.,
                         1987. Sea-level variations for the United States.
                         1855-1986. NOAA Nat'l Ocean Serv., Rockville, MD.,
                         182 p.
                    Molnia, B.F., 1985. Evolution of the Gulf of Alaska
                         coastal plain: Cape Suckling to Icy Point. GSA Abstr.
                         with Prog., 17: 666-667 (abstr.).
                    National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council,
                         1987. Responding to Changes in Sea Level, Engineering
                         Inplications. Washington, D.C., 148 p.
                    National Ocean Service, 1988. Tide Tables 1988. NOAA, U.S.
                         Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
                    Plafker, G., Hudson, T., and Rubin, M., 1980. Holocene
                         marine terraces and uplift history in the Yakataga
                         seismic gap, Alaska. EOS, 61(46) 1110 (abstr.).
                    Pugh, D.T., Spencer, N.E. and Woodworth, P.L., 1987. Data
                         Holdings of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level.
                         Bidston'Observatory, England.
                    Ramanathan, V., 1988. The greenhouse theory of climate
                         change: a test by an inadvertent global experiment.
                         Science, 240: 293-299.
                    Shepard, F.P. and Wanless, H.R., 1971. Our Changinq
                         Coastlines. McGraw Hill Book Co., NY, 579 p.
                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971. National Shoreline
                         Study, vol.2, Regional Inventory Report, North
                         Atlantic Region. 2 pts.
                    West, D.O. and McCrumb, D.R., 1986. Uplifted Pleistocene
                         marine terraces along the Wash i ngton-Oregon coast and
                         implications regarding the nature of underthrusting
                         alone the Cascadia subduction zone. GSA Abst. and
                         Prog., 18(12): 197.






                                               D - 17












                                                               Reprinted.from Coastal Zone '91
                                               Proceedings of 7ih Symposium on Coastal & Ocean Management
                                                           ASCEIL.ong Beach, CAIJuly 8-12, 1991






                                        VULNERABILITY OF THE U.S. TO FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE

                                                                                       2
                                              Vivien Gornitz,      Tammy W.      White,    Robert M. Cushman



                                  ABSTRACT


                                          The differential vulnerability of the conterminous United States to future
                                  sea level rise from greenhouse         climate warming is assessed,         using a coastal
                                  hazards data base.        This data base contains information on seven variables
                                  relating to inundation and erosion risks. High risk shorelines are characterized
                                  bylow relief. erodible substrate, subsidence, shoreline retreat, and high wave/tide
                                  energies.
                                          Very high risk shorelines       on the Atlantic Coast (Coastal         Vulnerability
                                  Index 2! 33.0) include the outer coast of the Delmarva Peninsula, northern Cape
                                  Hatteras, and segments of New Jersey, Georgia and South Carolina.                  Louisiana
                                  and sections of Texas are potentially the most vulnerable, due to'anomalously
                                  high  relative sea level rise and erosion, coupled with low elevation and mobile
                                  sediments.    Although the Pacific Coast is generally the least vu:nerable, because
                                  of its rugged relief and erosion -resistant    substrate, the high geogfaphic variabI111%
                                  leads to se%eral exceptions, such as the San Joaquin -Sac ramento           Delta area, the
                                  barrier   beaches   of Oregon     3nd Washington,       and p@irts of the Puget Sound
                                  Lo%kidnds.


                                  INTRODUCTION


                                          Projected sea level rise, based on models of greenhouse clim3te warming,
                                  could reach 0.66 m by the year 2100 (Warrick and Oerlemans, 1990), which '@kould
                                  represent an Ircrease of up to 7 times present rates. Locally, increases could be
                                  still greater, depending on land subsidence factors.




                                   NASA GSFC Institute for Space Studies and Co@urribla University, New York, NY 103-"3.


                                   En, ironmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge. TIN 37S31.


                                   Ibid.




                                                                             2354

                                                                          D - 19











                                                            FLITL'RE SEA LEVEL RISE                                    2355


                                   Potential    impacts of this accelerated          sIea level rise (SLR)         include
                          inundation,     increased   shoreline    retreat, and saltwater       intrusion   into coastal
                          aquifers and estuaries.       The coastal zone will be permanently inundated to an
                          elevation equivalent to the vertical rise in sea level. However, episodic flooding
                          from storm       waves and high surges could penetrate                much further inland.
                          Enhanced erosion rates would threaten beaches and coastal structures.                    Finally,
                          increasing salinization of coastal aquifers, and upstream penetration of saltwater
                          resulting from the SLR, could contaminate drinking water supplies and adversely
                          affect agriculture. The effects of the global SLIR on the shoreline will be spatially
                          nonuniform      because    of the presence        of local vertical crustal movements,
                          differential resistance to erosion, varying wave climates and longshore currents.
                                  The coastal hazards data base is designed to evaluate the differential
                          vulnerability of shorelines to inundation and erosion, on regional to global scales,
                          and to classify and map the spatial distributions of high-risk coasts, in order to
                          screen out targets for more detailed study.
                                  The data base integrates information on seven variables, including: (1)
                          relief   (elevation),       (2)   lithology    (rock    type),      (3)   coastal    landforms
                          geomorphology,       (4) vertical land movements (relative          sea level changes),       (5)
                          horizontal shoreline changes (erosion and accretion),              (6) tidal ranges, and (7)
                          wave heights. Although not specifically dealt with here,           data on storm frequency
                          and intensity have been compiled independently (Birdwell and Daniels, 1991).
                          Storm surges and sediment transport, although also important factors, have not
                          been included at the present time. However, as the data are incorporated into
                          a Geographic       Informations      System    (G IS),  these    layers can be added            as
                          information     becomes     available.      The GIS approach          also allows eventual
                          integration with other climatological and socioeconomic              data sets.
                                  Climate change will also affect such variables as winds, waves and storm
                          surges.   For example, hurricane intensity may increase In a double - C02 world
                          (Emanuel, 1987). Because of the complexity of modeling the response of these
                          variables to climate change, the determination            of their effects on the relative
                          vulnerability of coastal areas lies outside the scope of this paper. However, any
                          detrimental consequences        will only be exacerbated by rising sea levels.
                                  This paper briefly discusses the development              of the data base for the
                          conterminous United States. Results for the individual            variables are summarized
                          for each coast. The application of the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) to the
                          U.S. Atlantic Coast is illustrated as a test case. Extension of the CVI analysis to
                          the Gulf and Pacific Coasts is still in progress, and the procedures are being
                          refined.    Thus the outline presented         here serves as a demonstration           of the
                          approach    rather than a final assessment.


                          DATA BASE COMPONENT'S AND RISK CLASSES


                                  A vulnerable coastline is characterized by low coastal relief, an erodible
                          substrate (e.g. sand, unconsolidated         sediment), present and past evidence of





                                                                        D - 20













                                      2356                                         COASTAL ZONE '91



                                      subsidence,       extensive      shoreline         retreat     and high A-ave/tide                 energies.         The
                                      rationale for the ranking            scheme is summarized in the following- paragraphs.
                                              Among the variables considered here, relief and vertical land movements
                                      (particularly subsidence), are primarily indicators of inundation 'risk. The average
                                      elevation of 5' latitude- longitude land data points (from ETOPOS Gridded World
                                      Elevations, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO) aggregated into 1/4*
                                      coastal cells, provides an approximate measure of inundation, appropriate for a
                                      global scale. While the elevation zone within I m faces the highest probability
                                      of permanent inundation, the coastal strip within s m or present SL is also at high
                                      risk to above normal tides from severe storm surges.                                   The hazard decreases
                                      progressively for higher average elevations (Table 1).


                                                                      Table 1.


                                        WK               very low                    LrW               Mbdaz ta               Kiqb           Very high risk


                                      VXRL%-"Z               1                        2                     3                    4                    5


                                      PAlief (a)             30.1                 20.1-30.0            10.1-20.0            5.1-10.0                0-5.0


                                      Pcck tyin     Plutmic                Lw-grads         I     Hos sedimentary Couve and/or               Fine   mricon-
                                      (ralative     Volcanic (lava)        Sandstone aid            m  r4-               p-ly-sortsd             801
                                      r"sixtance    Kigh-tedium grude oanglowersta                                       Unl3mmlidatad
                                      to erDsim)        MetamorpKics         (wall-cumvtod)                              sadixonts           VoicanLic ash


                                                    Fbcky,   Cliffed       HediUM Cliffs          law Cliffs           beaches (pabbl as)    BuTier beaches
                                      lArdfam       obasts                 indented oossts        G]W-JAI (brift       IfftLJAXY                        (san:*
                                                    Fiords                                        salt omrsh           Lagoon                Midflats
                                                    ?lards                                        coral Poefs          AIIVVI&I plains       Delta&



                                      Vertic2a
                                      ap"Exalyt           S -1.1              -1.0 - 0.99             1.0 - 2.0            2.1 - 4.0                 4.1
                                      (ML ch-qe)
                                       (Wyr)            Lard riX ing                              within range of        Land ∈"
                                                                                                   shistatiC riA16



                                      Shoreline           1 2.1                1.0 - 2.0            -1.0 - +1.0          -1.1 - -2.0              S -2.0
                                      SPLACEMM-It
                                      (111/yr)            Aametion                                      Stable                                    ErC184M


                                      Tidal Rwqb             0."               1.0 - 1.9               2.0 - 4.0          4A - 6.0                  6.1
                                      a @Mmn)
                                                        Mcrotldal


                                      Mw@m height,      0    2.9               3.0     4.9             1@ 0 - S. 9        6.0    6.9              Z 7.o
                                      a :Max.)















                                                                                                  D    21














                                                            FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE                                   2357



                                    Vertical land movements for the U.S. are deduced from relative sea level
                             trends, from a network of 76 stations (Lyles et al., 1987; Pugh et al., 1987). The
                             relative sea level (RSL) change at each locality is a composite of the eustatic
                             component (1-2 mm/yr, Gornitz and Lebedeff, 1987; Peltier and Tushingham,
                             1989), as well as other vertical land motions. Subsiding areas, or those with RSL
                             in excess of the eustatic range (>2 mm/yr), regardless of ultimate cause, face
                             greater inundation hazards (Table 1).
                                    The other variables of the data base are associated with erodibility risk.
                             Bedrock lithology, shore materials, and coastal landforms vary substantially in
                             their resistance to erosion. A generalized scale of lithologic and geomorphologic
                             resistance to erosion is discussed in Gornitz and Kanciruk (1989). Because these
                             factors are difficult to quantify, they are ranked into classes of increasing risk
                             (Table 1).
                                    Digitized historical U.S. shoreline changes, are derived from the CEIS data
                             base (Dolan et al., 1983, 1990). Rates within ï¿½ I rn lie within the measurement
                             error and are considered at relatively low risk. Shores with rates of - I m/yr or
                             lest. (more negative)    are eroding, and at relatively higher risk (Table              1).
                             Conversely, shores with rates > + I m/yr are accreting, and at correspondingly
                             low risk.
                                    Waves and tidal currents actively transform the shoreline.          Wave heights
                             are proportional to the square root of wave energy, which is a measure of the
                             capacity for erosion.    U.S. wave data come from the Wave Information Study
                             (WIS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Jensen, 1983:                Corson et al., 1987;
                             Hubertz and Brooks,       1989). (The ranks assigned in Table I are based on
                             maximum significant wave heights).
                                    The tidal range      is I)-.iked to both    inundation    and erosion      hazards.
                             Although a large tidal range dissipates wave energy, limiting active erosion to
                             high tide, it also delineates   a broad intertidal zone, susceptible      to permanent
                             inundation following SLR. Furthermore, the velocity of tidal currents in estuaries
                             is proportional   to the tidal range (Pethick,      1984).   Therefore,    other factors
                             remaining constant  '  high tidal range is associated     with stronger tidal currents,
                             capable oferoding and transporting sediment. Therefore, macrotidal coasts (>4
                             m) will be more vulnerable than those with lesser ranges (Table 1). Tide range
                             data are listed in the annual Tide Tables (NOS, 1988).


                             COAS TAL VULNERABILITY INDEX


                                    Because    the data base comprises       qualitative, as well as quantitative
                             information, at different scales and units, each variable for each coastal segment
                             has been assigned a rank from I to 5, with 5 representing the most vulnerable
                             class (highest risk, Table 1). These individual risk classes can then be combined
                             into a Coastal Vulnerability Index, CV1 which can be computed as either the sum
                             or product of the variables.     The product has the advantage of expanding the
                             range of values.   On the other hand, it may be quite sensitive to small changes



                                                                    D - 22













                                  2@58                                      COASTAL. ZONE '91



                                  in individual ranking factors. Therefore, it may be necessary to introduce a factor
                                  to dampen the extreme range. For the purposes of this paper, the CVI is taken
                                  as the square root of the geometric mean, or the square root of the product of
                                  the ranking factors, divided by the number of variables present.

                                            CVI - [1/n (a, x a2 x ... a.,)1112                              (1)

                                  where a, - variable and n - total number of variables present.
                                            The total range of CVI was divided into four equal parts, and the upper
                                  quarter, or CVI 2: 33.0 was taken as "very high risk coastline.'


                                  DATA 'ENTRY           INTO THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)


                                            IThe ARC/INFO GIS (ESRI, Inc.) software at ORNL can relate and
                                  manipulate data in various formats and spatial resolutions, such as (1) point data
                                  (e.g. tide-gauge stations), (2) line or arc data (lithology,- landforms, waves), (3)
                                  polygons )r cells (relief, shoreline displacements, Gornitz and Kanciruk, 1999).
                                  Each      vai iable   forms a feature          class (coverage),        which can be displayed
                                  graphically.       Individual feature classes can be superposed,                   and areas with a
                                  common set of attributes can be identified.


                                  COMPARISON OF U.S. COASTS


                                  Atlantic Coast


                                            Elevail,:)ns along the Atlantic Coast range from 144 m in Maine to -0 m
                                  a'ong b3rrier beaches.         Around -,',.0% of the '-ind lies within 5 m of sea level, and
                                  5 5.6 c@i lies within 10 ml (Table 2).



                                  Table     2.       Summary of Elevation Data for the U.S.

                                  Relief    (m)           2! 30.1           20.1-30.0         10.1-20.0         5.1-10.0          0-5.0

                                  East Coast              19.3%             10.0              15.1              22.6              33.0


                                  Gulf Coast              4.2               4.0               9.8               23.9              59.1


                                  West Coast              85.3              4.2               3.6               2.6               4.2






                                  *In terms of the popu@ation of 5' cells





                                                                                  D    23












                                                                FUTURE SEA LEVEI., RISE                                    2359


                                      Estuaries    represent    the dominant      landform along the Atlantic Coast
                             (41.9%     of the shorelength),      folio-,4-ed by barrier coasts (18.2%)         and lagoons
                             (15.3%).      Rocky, glaciated coasts occupy 141.3% of the shore, while glacial
                             deposits form 6.0% (Gornitz, 1990). The East -Coast, south of New England, lies
                             on poorly consolidated to unconsolidated            Mesozoic to Holocene Coastal Plains
                             sediments.     Long Island, like Cape Cod, is formed largely of glacial moraine and
                             outwash deposits. While unconsolidated sediments underlie only 24% of the New
                             England shoreline, they constitute -90%              of the Coastal Plains, south of New
                             England (the remainder is mainly limestone, in Florida).
                                      Around two-thirds of the Atlantic Coast is relatively stable (shoreline
                             displacement within ï¿½ I m), with 25.2%, eroding and 7.7% accreting (based upon
                             shorelength for which data are available).           However, erosion rates are extremely
                             variable, particularly near tidal inlets.       High erosion (more than 2 m/yr) affects
                             parts of Long Island, New York, central New Jersey, and especially the Atlantic
                             shore of Maryland- Virginia, where several barrier islands are retreating at rates
                             exceeding 10 m/yr. Other highly eroding coasts include northern Cape Hatteras
                             and parts of Georgia         South Carolina (Gornitz, 1990; Dolan et al., 1989). In
                             contrast, erosion rates in South Florida are relatively low, except between the St.
                             Lucie and Jupiter Inlets (average erosion rate - 1.8 m/yr).
                                      The entire Atlantic Coast is subsiding.           Rates of relative sea level rise
                             exceeding 2 mm/yr affect 89.0% of the region.                   The mid-Atlantic region is
                             characterized by above average rates of sea level rise (> 3 mm/yr).                 These rates
                             are 1.5-2 times the global eustatic range of 1-2 mm/yr. Around half of the sea
                             level rise can be attributed         to continuing     glacial-isostatic   subsidence     of the
                             peripheral bulge (Peltier, 1986,         Gornitz and Seeber, 1990).
                                      Mean tidal ranges decrease progressively southward from northern Maine
                             to Chesapeake       Bay.   The Chesapeake        Bay estuary lies in a microtidal (<2 m)
                             environment,      in spite of the highly indented          shoreline.     Mesotidal     (2-4 m)
                             conditions prevail in Georgia, becoming microtidal further                south, especially in
                             southern Florida.
                                      The highest regional maximum significant wave heights occur on the
                             exposed Cape Hatteras (5.9 m), southern Cape Cod (5.2 m) and the southern
                             Delmarva Peninsula (5.2 m). The lowest waves appear south of Miami, Florida
                             (2.4 m).
                                      The Coastal Vulnerabilit@ Index, CV], is calculated for the Atlantic Coast,
                             according to (1).      Values of CVI for the East Coast range between ).79 and
                             46.29. Around 40k, of the East Coast shoreline, predominantly along the outer
                             barriers, has a CV] score of 33.0 or greater (*very high risk' coastline).                    The
                             median value is 10.12, while the upper and lower quartiles are 15.12 and 6.87,
                             respectively.    Figure la-d shows the distribution of CVI values 2: 33.0 for four
                             representative  , areas of the East Coast (Cape Cod, the mid-Atlantic region, Cape
                             Hatteras, and    southern Florida).      Other *very high risk' coasts, not shown in Fig.
                             I include Jones        Beach,    Long Island, and segments           of the coast between
                             Wilmington, North Carolina, south to Jacksonville, Florida.



                                                                          D - 24











                            2360                          COASTAL. ZONE '91






















                                                                         ell





                            A. Cape Cod area                          S. Micl-AflontjC region





















                                                                                             .110



                           C. Cape Hctleras- Myrtle Beach             D. Southern   Florida

                          Figure 1. Distribution of CV] values  greater than or equal to 33.0 (heavy line).
                                                                                4















































                                                              D - 25












                                                         I'LiTI.IRE SEA LEVEL RISE                              2361



                         Gulf Coast


                                 The Gulf Coast is generally low-lying. The maximum elevation Is 90 m.
                         Around 58% of the coast lies within 5 m, and 82% within 10 m of sea level
                         (Table 2).
                                 The Texas coast is characterized       by barrier-lagoon complexes, including
                         estuarine bays.    The chenier plains of western Louisiana grade eastward into
                         deltaic plains, with some outlying barrier islands that are the eroded remnants of
                         abandoned     and submerged      deltaic lobes (Penland      et al., 198 1 ).   Eastward,
                         barrier-lagoon    complexes   extend into northwest        Florida.  The west coast of
                         Florida includes mangroves, reefs, as well as barrier systems. With the exception
                         of some limestone outcrops in Florida, the rest of the Gulf Coast is underlain by
                         Quaternary     to Holocene      unconsolidated    sediments.     In terms of the risk
                         classification (Table 1), all Gulf landforms fall into classes 3-5,and rock types in
                         classes 4-5, with a fairly high proportion, in each case, lying in class 5.
                                 Nearly half of the Gulf Coast is eroding, with 40% retreating at rates
                         greater than 2 m/yr. Around 47% is stable, and only 4% accreting.               The most
                         severe erosion (rates > 8 to 10 m/yr) occurs on the Louisiana barrier islands (see
                         also Ritchie and Penland, 1989, Dolan et al., 1985). Other areas of high erosion
                         include the coast northeast of Galveston Bay, southwest of Freeport, Texas and
                         also south Padre Island, Texas.
                                 The Gulf Coast west of the Florida Panhandle, displays the highest rates
                         of relative Sea level rise in the U.S. (Fig. 2).     Sea level trends over the period
                         1931-1988 for 20 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ticle-gauge stations in Louisiana
                         range between 3.4 to 17.7       mmlvr, with an average value of 8.1 mrn/yr.            The
                         highest rates are associated    \A,'ith the delta plains (Penland   and Ramsey,      1990).
                         Rates in excess of 2 mm/yr represent land subsidence.            Based on regional sea
                         level trends (Fig. 2). nearly   the entire coast falls into risk classes 4 and 5 (Table
                         I ).
                                 Mean tidal ranges throughout the Gulf Coast are microtidal (< 2 m),
                         failing into risk classes I and 2 (Table 1). Average significant wave heights are
                         generally under I m, except along the Texas coast.              The regionally     highest
                         maximum significant wave heights (5.5-5.8 m) lie off the Mississippi Delta; the
                         regionally lowest values cluster offriorthwest Florida. Thus wave heights fall into
                         classes 1-3 (Table   I


                         Pacific Coast


                                 The Pacific Coast undergoes plate convergence north of the Mendocino
                         triple junction, and transcurrent motion along the San Andreas fault, to the south.
                         As a consequence      of this tectonic activity, the relief is much greater than on
                         either Atlantic or Gulf Coasts.     Maximum elevations, near the coast, attain 1250
                         m (48* N, 124' W, Olympic Mts., Washington).             Only 4.2% of the shore lies
                         within 5 m of sea level, and only 6.8% lies within 10 m (Table 2).




                                                                   D - 26











                            23 0 2                        ('0ASTAL ZONL '91









                                A

                                                           AR

                                                                   MS        AL         GA
                                        TX                 LA

                                                Sabine Pass         I
                                          Galveston  13-@         .0  ,j   Pensoco lo
                                        Freeport        Eugene                2.4 Cedar Key   FL
                                                        Island 9.7  Gran Isle        1.9
                                           Rockport 4.0               10.       Si Pv rsburg
                                                                                        2.3
                                   N      Pad@@Is 5.1
                                          Port Isobel 3.1


                                                                                        Key West
                                                  LOUISIANA                                2.2

                                                                                     4.5


                                                                                 36


                                                                 12.              'CIA
                                   5.7           8-
                                                                7.7 16 9.8 10.9

                                                             11.70


                                                                                                   9.4





                           Figure 2(A). Sea level trends in mm/yr, for tide-gauge stations along the Gulf
                           of Mexico (after Lyles et al., 1987; Pugh et al., 1997). (B). Sea level trends in
                           mm/yr for tide-gauge stations in Louisiana (from the U.S. Army Corps of
                           Engineers network; based on Penland and Ramsey, 1990).









                                                             D - 27













                                                             FL7URE SEA LEVEL RISE                                   2363



                                     Rocky or cliffed coasts, with pocket or fringing beaches, constitute the
                             predominant landforms on the Pacific Coast. C6astal plains deposits outcrop in
                             the Los Angeles, Ventura areas, around Monterey Bay and near Eureka,
                             California.    In the Pacific Northwest, several low-lying areas interrupt the
                             generally cliffed coast.    These include the stretch between Coos Bay and the
                             Siuslaw River, Oregon, and Tillamook Head, northern Oregon to the Copalis
                             River, Washington,     These areas have the longest extent of barriers and lagoons
                             on the Pacific Coast. The Puget Sound Lowlands are underlain mainly by glacial
                             drift, and thus are potentially vulnerable to erosion (Table 1).
                                     In view of the generally high relief and prevalence of consolidated rocks,
                             around 83% . of the Pacific Coast is relatively stable, 5.6% eroding and 11.6%
                             accreting.   In contrast to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, most of the barrier
                             beaches in the Pacific Northwest, are either accreting or stable.                However.
                             pockets of intense erosion are associated with barriers. or spits at Tillamook Bay
                             (5 m/yr), Columbia         Beach, Oregon (2 m/yr), Westport,              Grays Harbor,
                             Washington (3.9 m/yr). The shore between the Quinault River to Hoh Head,
                             Washington    is retreating at an average rate of 1.1 m/yr.         it consists of low to
                             medium cliffs cut into Tertiary continental and marine sediments, ove-fain by
                             Quaternary glacial deposits.     South of the Mendocino triple junction, sea levels
                             are generally rising at rates comparable to the eustatic rise (av. 1.5 1 0.5 mm/yr,
                             N-8).    To the north, negative sea level trends along the outer coast (Crescent
                             City, CA to Neah Bay, WA) indicate land emergence, while positive trends
                             (Seattle, 2 mm/yr; Friday Harbor, 1.4 mm/yr) show submergence of the Puget
                             Lowland.    Sea level data are consistent with eastward tilting of the Oregon and
                             Washington    Coast Ranges, attributed to continuing subduction of the Juan de
                             Fuca plate (Ando and Balazs, 1979).          However, more recent geodetic leveling
                             surveys suggest a more complex situation. Although the area around Neah Bay,
                             Washington    (west) is   uplifting with respect to Seattle      (east), the outer coast
                             subsides toward the south, around Grays Harbor WA, and then rises further south
                             toward Astoria (Holdahl et al., 1989, Shipman, 1990).
                                     Microtidal environments (< 2 m mean tidal range) are prevalent along the
                             open coast. However, in major embayments, such as Puget Sound, the mean tidal
                             range can exceed 3 m. In general, maximum wave heights are greater that along
                             either the Atlantic or Gulf Coasts. The coast between southern Oregon and Pt.
                             Delgada, CA has maximum wave heights over 7.5 m.


                             DISCUSSION


                                     Examination of individual data base components suggests that Louisiana
                             and parts of Texas, on the Gulf Coast, will rank among the most highly
                             vulnerable shorelines in the conterminous Uillted States. Most of the Gulf Coast
                             is characterized by low elevation (Table 2), presence of unconsolidated sediments,
                             and unstable landforms.      Around 40% of the Coast is retreating at rates greater
                             than 2 m/yr, with the most se@ere erosion concentrated              along the Louisiana




                                                                    D - 28












                             2364                             COA STA L ZONE '91


                             barrier islands. These barrier islands are not just migrating landward, they are
                             decreasing in area as well. For example, between 1890 and 1979, the Louisiana
                             barriers decreased in area by 37%, from 92 to 58 square kilometers.              Between
                             1897 to 1985, the Isles Dernieres, along the central Louisiana coast, shrank by
                             63%, from 48 to IS square kilometers (Sallenger et al., 1987).
                                    Louisiana is also subject to the highest rates of relative sea level rise in the
                             nation (Figure 2). The state-wide average sea level rise of 8 mm/yr can be
                             attributed to a combination of factors in addition to the eustatic rise, including
                             compaction of Holocene deltaic sediments, subsurface fluid withdrawal (oil, gas,
                             water), sediment deposition in upstream dams, and, channel dredging (Penland
                             :
                             nd Ramsey, 1990; Boesch et al., 1983). The anomalous subsidence is largely
                             nthropogenic    in origim    late Holocene (< 3000 years BP) rates average -3
                             mm/yr; the phase of rapid increase only began around 150 years ago (see Fig. 57,
                             Penland et al., 1988).   The high subsidence and erosion         rates have resulted in
                             land loss rates of over 102 km  2/yr in the Mississippi delta    plain (Gagliano et al.,
                             1981).
                                    Extensive portions of the Atlantic Coastal Plains,        particularly along the
                             outer barriers, are also highly vulnerable (Fig. 1; also parts of South Carolina -
                             Georgia,  not illustrated).     In South Florida, however, the combination              of
                             relatively low erosion rates, microtidal and low wave energy environments leads
                             to an apparently lower vulnerability rating than for the above-mentioned areas.
                                    Incorporation    of information     on storm frequencies        or surges, and
                             population densities into the CVI could lead to revision of this vulnerablility
                             assessment.    For example, southern        Florida   has a 12-14% probability of
                             experiencing a hurricane (winds > 119 km/yr) in any given year, as compared to
                             a 12-16-5% probability along Cape Hatteras.            While these prcbabilifies       are
                             roughly comparable, the area at risk is much more extensive in southern Florida
                             (Birdwell and Daniels, 1991). Florida has the highest shoreline density (coastal
                             population of each state divided by the tidal shorelength) south of New Jersey
                             (Culliton et al., 1990; Table 3). Thus, if these two additional risk factors are
                             included, Florida could rank ahead of the other high risk areas on the East Coast.
                             California, because of the high degree of urbanization, also ranks high in terms
                             of exposed population (Table 3).


                             Table 3. Coastal Population Density per Shoreline Length
                             State or Region              Population                    Population Density/
                                                          Density/Shoreline    Mile     Shoreline Kilometer
                             ATLANTIC COAST
                             New England (av.)            2,306                         1,433
                             New York                     6,738                         4,188
                             New Jei-sey                  3,998                         2,423
                             Delaware                     1,733                         1,077
                             Maryland                     1,027                            639
                             Virginia                     1,133                            704



                                                                       D - 29












                                                                     FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE                                        2365



                                  North Carolina                     202                                126
                                  South Carolina                     303                                188.
                                  Georgia                            158                                98
                                  Florida                                                             LM
                                                   WT. AV.
                                  GULF      COAST
                                  Florida                          1,064                                661
                                  Alabama                            Soo                                497
                                  Mississippi                        928                                577
                                  Louisiana                          352                                219
                                  Texas                            J.U 7
                                                   WT. A V.
                                  PACIFIC     COAST
                                  California                       6,551                              4,071
                                  Oregon                           1,140                                709
                                  Washington                       LM                                   2a
                                                   WT. A V.        IJ21


                                          The   Pacific Coast is the least vulnerable, because of its high              relief (only
                                  6.8%   less   than 10 m), resistant          lithologies.   cliffs, low erosion        rates, and
                                  moderately    low to negative sea level trends.            However, the relief and relative
                                  resistance to erosion are highly variable, because of the complex tectonic history.
                                  Low-lying areas, such as the San Joaquin -Sacramento Delta, east of San Francisco
                                  Bay, face potential       inundation     hazards, if sea level rises.          In addition, the
                                  agricultural potential of this valley could be adversely. affected by increased
                                  salinization due to saltwater intrusion.         Although the barrier beaches of Oregon
                                  and Washington are for the most part either stable or accreting, at present, these
                                  areas risk future inundation and increased erosion.


                                  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS


                                          The differential vulnerability of the conterminous United States to future
                                  sea level rise is assessed.      Highly vulnerable sections of the U.S. Atlantic Coast
                                  (CVl Z- 33.0, "very high risk") include the outer coast of the Delmarva Peninsula,
                                  northern Cape Hatteras,          parts of New Jersey (Fig. 1), Georgia and South
                                  Carolina.     The apparently lower vulnerability rating of south Florida could
                                  increase   if additional     risk factors, such as storm frequency and p)pulation
                                  diversity were considered.
                                          Louisiana and parts of Texa-,. are potentially the most vulnerable shorelines
                                  in the United States.        In this region, at least five out of the seven variables
                                  considered    here fah    into the "high* to 'very iiigh" risk classes.            In particular,
                                  Louisiana is characterized       by anomolously        high rates of relative sea level rise
                                  (Fig. 2; Penland and Ramsey, 1990). The state-wide average sea                    level rise of 8
                                  mm/yr is close to that projected globally for year 2100 due to greenhouse- induced





                                                                            D - 30










                               2366                               COASTAL ZONE '91



                               climate warming (Warrick          and Oerlemans,       1990).     Therefore, the present
                               situation in Louisiana anticipates conditions that could 6ccur worldwide along
                               highly vulnerable coastlines in the near future.
                                       Although the rugged relief, and erosion- resistant           substrate reduce the
                               overall vulnerability rating of the Pacific Coast, the highly variable topography
                               and geologic/geornorphologic         setting provide numerous          exceptions.      Some
                               examples include the low-lying San Joaquin -Sacramento            Delta area, some deltas
                               and estuaries in the Puget Sound Lowlands, and the barrier beaches of Oregon
                               and Washington.


                               ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                                       This research was supported by the Atmospheric and Climate Research
                               Division, U.S. Dept. of Energy, under Contract No. DE -AC05 -840R21400 with
                               Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. and Subcontract MRETTA 19x -91348V
                               with Columbia University. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. S. Penland, Louisiana
                               Geological Survey and to Dr. R.A. Morton, Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin,
                               Texas for their helpful suggestions and copies of their papers.                Programming
                               assistance was provided by Mr. Z.Y. Zhang. Thanks are also extended to Dr.
                               P.L. Woodworth,      Director, Permanent        Service for 'Mean Sea Level. Bidston
                               Observatory, England for sending tide-gauge records. to Dr. J. Hubertz. U.S.
                               Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS for sending Wave Information Study
                               (WIS) data, and to Mr. R. Daniels, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
                               TN, for providing storm frequency maps. A tape of CEIS shoreline displacement
                               data for the U.S. was obtained from Prof. R. Dolan, U. Virginia, Charlottesville,
                               VA and the tape of ETOP05              digital relief data came from the National
                               Geophysical     Data    Center,    Boulder,     Colorado         Publication    No.     3647,
                               Environmental Sci. Div., ORNL.


                               REFERENCES


                               Ando, M. and Balazs, E.I., 1979. Geodetic evidence for aseismic subduction of
                                       the Juan de Fuca plate. J. Geophys. Res., 84: 3023-3028.
                               Birdwell, K. and Daniels, R.C., 1991. A Global Qeostraohic Information System
                                       Data Base of Storm Occurrences              and Other Climatic Phenomenj
                                       Affecting Coastal Zones.         ORNL/CDIAC-40,           NDP-35.      Oak Ridge
                                       National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. (In press).
                               Boesch, D.F., Levin, D., Nummedal, D., and Bowles, K., 1983. Subsidence in
                                       Coasta I Louisiana:    causes, rates. and effects on-wetlands.           FWS/OBS-
                                       83/26. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. Interior, 41 p.
                               Corson, W.D., Abel, C.E., Brooks, R.M., Farrar, P.D., Groves, B.J., Pa@ne, J.B.,
                                       McAreny, D.S. and Tracy, B.A., 1997. Pacific Coast Hindcast Ph-ase III
                                       Wave Information, WIS Report 16, USAE, CE, Vicksburg, MS.






                                                                         D - 31










                                                            FT7TL;RL SEA 11"I'v1`1 RISE                            2163



                             Culliton, T.J., Warren, M.A., Goodspeed, T.R., Remer, D.G., Blackwell, C.M.
                                     and McDonough, J.J. Ill, 1990. 50 Years of Population Chanj@e Along the
                                     Nation's Coasts, 1960-201-Q. NOAA Nat'l Ocean Service, Rockville, MD.
                                     4 1 p.
                             Dolan,  R., Hayden, B., and May, S., 1983. Erosion of the U.S. shorelines, in CRC
                                     HandboQk of Coastal Proces5es and Erosion. P.D. Komar, ed.,. Chap. 14:
                                     285-1.99, CRC. Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
                             Dolan, R., Anders, F., and Kimball, S., 1985.         Coastal erosion and accretion.
                                     National Atlas, Dept. Interior, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1: 7,500,000 (map).
                             Dolan,  R., Trossbach, S.J. and Buckley, M.K., 1989. Patterns of erosion along the
                                     Atlantic Coast, in Barrier Islands:        Process and Management.           D.K.
                                     Stauble, ed.: 17-22, Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, New York, NY.
                             Dolan, R., Trossbach, S., and Buckley, T., 1990. New shoreline erosion          data for
                                     the mid-Atlantic coast. J Coastal Res., 6(2): 471-477.
                             Emanuel, K.A., 1987. The dependence of hurricane intensity on climate.            Nature,
                                     326: 483-485.
                             Gagliano, S.M., Meyer-Arendt, K.J., and Wicker, K.M., 198). Land loss in the
                                     Mississippi -deltaic plain. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. Geol. Soc., 31: 295-300.
                             Gornitz, V., 1990. Vulnerability of the East Coast, U.S.A. to future sea level rise.
                                     J. Coastal Research Spec. Issue No. 9: 201-237.
                             Gornitz, V. and Kanciruk; P., 1989. Assessment of global coastal hazards from
                                     sea level rise. Coastal Zone '89, Proc. of the 6th Symp. on Coastal and
                                     Ocean Management:        1345-1359, Am. Soc. Civ    'il Eng., New York, NY.
                             Gornitz, V. and Lebecleff, S., 1987,      Global sea level changes during the past
                                     century, in D. Nummedal, O.H. Pilkey, and J.D. Howard, eds., Sea Level
                                     Fluctuation and Coastal Evolution.      SEPM Spec. Publ. No. 41: 3-16.
                             Gornitz, V. and Seeber, L , 1990.       Vertical crustal movements along the East
                                     Coast, North America, from his-,orical and late Holocene sea le,@el data.
                                     Tectonophysics,   178:   127-150@
                             Holdahl, S.R., Faucher, F. and Dragert, H., 1989. Contemporary vertical crustal
                                     motion in the Pacific Northwest, in Slow Deformation and Transmission
                                     of Stress in the Earth.     S.C. Cohen. and P. Vanicek, eds., Geophysical
                                     Monograph 49: 17-29, Am. Geophys. Union, and Int'l Union Geod. and
                                     Geophys.
                             Hubertz, J.M. and Brook       s, R.M., 19,89.      Gulf of Mexico hindcast wave
                                     information, WIS Report 18, U.S. Army       Corps Eng., WES, Vicksburg, MS,
                                     420p.
                             Jensen, R.E., 1983.     Atlantic Coast hindcast, shallow water, significant wave
                                     information. WIS Report 9, U.S. Army Corps Eng., WES, Vicksburg, NIS.
                             Lyles, S.D., Hickman, L.E., Jr. and Debaugh, H.A., Jr., 1987. Sea-level variations
                                     fjr Lht_Vni!e.d Stat s. 1855-.1986. NOAA Nat'l Ocean Service, Rockville,
                                     MD, 182p.
                             National Ocean Service, 1988. Tide Tables 1988. NOAA, U.S. Gov't Printing
                                     Office, Washington, D.C.






                                                                   D    32











                          2368                               COASTAL ZONE



                          Peltier, W.R., 1996. Deglaciation- induced       vertical motion of the North American
                                  continent and transient lower mantle rheology.            J. Geophys. Res., 91:
                                  9099-91.13.
                          Peltier, W.R. and Tushingham, A.M., 1989.               Global sea level rise and the
                                  greenhouse effect: Might they be connected?            Science, 244: 806-810.
                          Penland, S. and Boyd, R., 1981.         Shoreline changes on the Louisiana barrier
                                  coast. Oceans, 81: '4109-219.
                          Penland, S., Ramsey, K.E., McBride, R.A., Mestayer, JT. and Westphal, K.A.,
                                  1988.     Relative   sea level rise and delta-plain        development      in the
                                  Terrebonne Parish region. Coastal Geology Tech. Rept. No. 4, Louisiana
                                  Geol. Survey, Baton Rouge, LA, 121p.
                          Penland, S. and Ramsey, K.E., 1990. Relative sea-level rise in Louisiana and the
                                  Gulf of Mexico:     1908-1988. J. Coast. Res., 6(2): 323-342.
                          Pethick, J., 1984. An Introduction to Coastal GeomorphoLm.               Arnold, London,
                                  260p.
                          Pugh, D.T., Spencer, N.E. and Woodworth, P.L., 1987. Data Holding's of the
                                  Permanent Service for Mean 5ta Level. Bidston Observatory, England.
                          Ritchie, W. and Penland, S., 1989. Erosion and washover in Coastal Louisiana,
                                  in Barrier Islands: Process and Management, D.K. Stauble, ed.: 253-264,
                                  Am. Soc. Civ. Engineers, New York, NY.
                          Sallenger, A.H., Jr., Penland S., Williams, S.J. and Suter, J.R., 1987. Louisiana
                                  barrier island erosion study.      Coastal sediments '87, Proc. of Conf. on
                                  Advances in Understanding Coastal          Sed. Processes, New Orleans, LA:
                                  1503-1516, Am. Soc. Civil Eng., New        York, NY.
                          Shipman, H., 1990. Vertical land movement          in coastal Washington.      Washington
                                  Geol. Newsletter, 180): 26-33.
                          Warricl,, R. and Oerlern3ns. J., 1990. Sea         level rise, in Climate Chzinge - the
                                  IPCC S,:ientific Assessment.         J.T. Houghton,      G.J. Jenkins and J.J.
                                  Ephraums, eds.: 257-281, Cambridge Uni%erslty Press, Cambridge, U.K.























                                                                       D - 33









                                                                                                  ORNL/CDIAC-45
                                                                                                         NDP-043A



                                                     INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION



                         1.   T. A. Boden
                         2.   J. B. Cannon
                         3.   J. H. Cushman
                         4.   R. M. Cushman
                         5.   R. C. Daniels
                         6.   M. P. Farrell
                         7.   D. E. Fowler
                         8.   C. W. Gehrs
                         9.   S. G. Hildebrand
                        10.   P. Kanciruk
                        11.   D. E. Reichle
                        12.   F. E. Sharpies
                        13.   D. S. Shriner
                        14.   S. H. Stow
                        15.   R. 1. Van Hook
                        16.   T. W. White
                     17-216.  CDIAC
                       217.   Central Research Library
                    218-221.  ESD Library
                       222.   Information Analysis Library
                   223-224.   Laboratory Records Department
                       225.   Laboratory Records, RC
                       226.   ORNL Patent Office
                       227.   ORNLY-12 Technical Library



                                                     EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION


                       228.   S. S. Alexander, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Geosciences, 50-3 Deike
                              Building, University Park, PA 16802

                       229.   J. H. Allen, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical
                              Data Center Code E/GC2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303

                       230.   D. Alvic, EERC/UT, Pellissippi Office, Ste. 100, 10521 Research Drive, Knoxville, TN
                              37932


                       231.   R. C. Barry, University of Colorado, World Data Center A, Glaciology, CIRES,
                              Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309-0449

                       232.   Cory Berish, Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, 345 Courtline, NE, Atlanta,
                              GA 30365










                      233.   Bill Breed, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Protection, PE-63,
                             Forrestal Building, Room 4G-036, Washington, D.C. 20585

                      234.   Doug Canning, Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program, Washington
                             Department of Ecology, PV-11, Olympia, WA 98504

                      235.   M. A. Chinnery, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
                             Geophysical Data Center Code E/GC2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 8030-3

                      236.   Cameron Coutts, Research Officer, Salamanca Road, Wellington 1, New Zealand

                      237.   Roger C. Dahlman, Global Change Research Program, Environmental Sciences
                             Division, Office of Health and Environmental Research, ER-74, U.S. Department of
                             Energy, Washington, DC 20585

                      238.   Robert Dolan, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Clark
                             Hall, Rm 101, Charlottesville, VA 22903

                      239.   W. Draeger, EROS Data Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198

                      240.   M. Dryer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Space Environmental
                             Lab., ERL/OAR, R/E/SE, 320 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 '

                      241.   J. Filson, National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver
                             Federal Center, P.O. Box 20546, Denver, CO 80225

                      242.   Jerry F. Franklin, Bloedel Professor of Ecosystem Analysis, College of Forest
                             Resources, University of Washington, Anderson Hall (AR-10), Seattle, WA 98195

                      243.   David J. Galas, Office of Health and Environmental Research, ER-70, U.S.
                             Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585

                  244-248.   Vivien Gornitz, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space
                             Flight Center, Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025

                      249.   S. Graves, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters Code SED,
                             600 Independence Avenue, Washington, DC 20546

                      250.   J. L. Green, National Space Science Data Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight
                             Center, Code 630.2, Greenbelt, MD 20771

                      251.   Thomas J. Gross, Global Change Research Program, Environmental Sciences Division,
                             Office of Health and Environmental Research, ER-74, U.S. Department of Energy,
                             Washington, DC 20585

                      252.   K. D. Hadeen, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NESDIS/NCDC,
                             Federal Building MC E/CC, Asheville, NC 28801









                       253.   R. C. Harriss, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Science and
                              Engineering Research Building,- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 0-3824

                       254.   W. J. Hinze, Purdue University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
                              West Lafayette, IN 47907

                       255.   G. Y. Jordy, Director, Office of Program Analysis, Office of Energy Research, ER-30,
                              G-226, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585.

                       256.   D. Lauer, EROS Data Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, SD 57198

                       257.   Jae Lee, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, GIS
                              Laboratory, Bloomington, IN 47405

                       258.   S. Levitus, NOAA/Natiohal Oceanographic Data Center,.1825 Connecticut Avenue,
                              NW, Washington, DC 20235

                       259.   M. S. Loughridge, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
                              Geophysical Data Center, Code E/GC3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303

                       260.   H. M. McCammon, Acting Deputy Director, Environmental Sciences Division, Office
                              of Health and Environmental Research, Office of Energy Research, ER-74, U.S.
                              Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585

                       261.   Ashish Mehta, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of
                              Florida, 336 Weil Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611

                       262.   R. H. Olsen, Vice President for Research, University of Michigan, Medical Science
                              Building 11, #5605, 1301 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620

                       263.   J. T. Overpeck, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
                              Geophysical Data Center, Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway E/EC, Boulder,
                              CO 8030-3


                       264.   Ari Patrinos, Director, Environmental Sciences Division, Office of Health and
                              Environmental Research, ER-74, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585

                       265.   S. Ichtiaque Rasool, IGBP Data and Information System Office, Universite Paris,
                              Tour 26, 4 Etage, Aile 26-16, 4 Place Jussieu, 75230 Paris, Cedex 06, France

                       266.   Bill Renwick, Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056

                       267.   Michael R. Riches, Global Change Research Program, Environmental Sciences
                              Division, Office of Health and Environmental Research, ER-74, U.S. Department of
                              Energy, Washington, DC 20585

                       268.   S. Ruttenberg, Univ. Corporation for Atmospheric Research, CSNET, P. 0. Box 3000,
                              Boulder, CO 80307-3000









                     269.   A- L. Shumbera, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, YVDC-A for
                            Meteorology, National Climatic Data Center, Federal Building MC E/CC, Asheville,
                            NC 28801


                     270.   Peter Stokoe, Institute for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University,
                            Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3E2

                     271.   F. Webster, University of Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958

                     272.   F. J. Wobber, Environmental Sciences Division, Office of Health and Environmental
                            Research, Office of Energy Research, ER-74, U.S. Department of Energy,
                            Washington, DC 20585

                     273.   L. W. Wolf, National Research Council, Commission on Geosciences, Environment,
                            and Resources, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418

                     274.   Office of Assistant Manager for Energy Research and Development, U.S. Department
                            of Energy Oak Ridge Field Office, P. 0. Box 2001, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-8600

                  275-284.  Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P. 0. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831

























                                                                      11101,11111ml        !
                                                                        3 6668 00003 8309 1 1