    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

       *Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management

       MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL SUBMERGENCE PROGRAM

       Passive Retreat of Massachusetts Coastal Upland
       Due to Relative Sea-Level Rise

       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
       Michael S. Dukakis, Governor
          - ive Office of Environmental Affairs
            ;,Hoyte, Secretary
    GE !chusetts Coastal Zone Management
    4 59.4 i F. Delaney, Director
    .G5
    1 987

                      PASSIVE RETREAT OF MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL UPLAND
                                  DUE TO RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL RISE

                                   by G.S. Giese, D.G. Aubrey and P. Zeeb
                                   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
                                         Woods Hole, MA 02543

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                                           lU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                           COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
              I                                ~~~~~~~~2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                           CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413
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               ~I                             alhroj~newLPy ot    Co o <b'ay

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             The preparation of this document was funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
             Resources Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
             Department of Commerce, under a program implementation grant to the
             Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

     i � gPUBLICATION:
       .,, mApproved by the State Purchasing Agent

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       3                  ~~~PASSIVE RETREAT OF MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL UPLAND
                                         DUE TO RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL RISE

                                                     INTRODUCTION

                     Shoreline recession is recognized widely as a major environmental management issue in
    3         ~~~Massachusetts as well as in many other parts of the United States and throughout the world (Bird,
               1976). In considering this issue, it is essential to separate the retreat of coastal upland areas from
               the retreat of wetlands because of the differences between the processes involved. The retreat of a
               barrier beach, for example, may involve the landward translation of an entire feature without
               diminution in its size, but upland retreat always results in the loss of upland area. Although upland
    I         ~~~loss usually is accompanied by wetland gain, the upland lost is an irreversible loss of that area from
               those land uses for which wetlands are considered unfit. In Massachusetts these uses include, for
    3         ~~~example, human habitation, transportation and commerce.
                     Coastal upland retreat takes two distinct forms: active wave-produced erosion and passive
               loss resulting from relative sea-level rise. While a rise in relative sea level contributes to active
               wave-produced erosion, it is not possible at present to quantify the contribution to erosion made by
               sea-level rise. On the other hand, the recession of a passive shoreline as sea level rises can be
               estimated with reasonable accuracy.
                     Unfortunately, estimates of passive shoreline recession are seldom available, probably
    I        ~ ~~because upland loss due to this cause generally is considered to be small compared to that due to
               erosion. Relative sea-level rise along the Massachusetts coast over the past 40 years ranges between
    3          ~~~2 and 3 mmn. per year (Aubrey and Emery, 1983). Within recent years, however, a rapidly
               increasing body of data has appeared in support of the hypothesis that global climatic warming
    3          ~~~within the next century will cause increasing global sea level rises that can not be ignored. Hoffman
               (1984), for example, has projected global sea-level rises by the year 2100 ranging from 1.8 ft.
               ("low scenario") to 11.3 ft. ("high scenario").
                     Some emphasis in this report is placed on relative sea-level rise rather than absolute sea-level
               rise. Coastal submergence results not only from rise of ocean levels, but also from sinking of the
    I          ~~~land. In Massachusetts, nearly two-thirds of the submergence during the past century (documented
               by tide-gauge data) results from subsidence of the land. Only one-third of the submergence appears

    to be due to ocean rise (Aubrey and Emery, 1983; Braatz and Aubrey, in press). In quantitative
    terms, over the past sixty years Massachusetts has been sinking at a rate of 1.9 mm/yr (0.0062
    ft/yr) while the ocean has been rising at I mm/yr (0.003 Wtyk) on average.
          The estimates of magnitude of sea-level rise provided by Roffman (1984) do not include the
    effect of land sinking. If the higher rate of rise scenarios (averaging 28 mnm/yr) prove correct, the
    impact of land submergence is important only in the short term (the next 20-30 years). If the lowest
    rate-of-rise scenarios prove correct, however, then land subsidence will be a large fraction of the
    magnitude of sea-level rise (2 mm/yr versus 4-6 mnu/yr).
          The calculations based on hypsometric curves in the present study include the effect of landI
    submergence but the color-coded maps do not. The reader should be aware of this continental
    submergence, however, particularly if the low sea-level rise scenario is assumed to be true. Since3
    the management implications for a lower rate of relative sea-level rise are less stringent than for the
    higher scenarios, the explicit neglect of land motions on the color-coded maps is justified.I
          The study reported here was designed to quantify the passive retreat of upland within the
    coastal communities of Massachusetts due to relative sea-level rise. The losses that presently occur
    annually, and those that will occur by the year 2025 given three specified projections of future
    relative sea-level rise, are presented for each community. Also presented are data that provide the
    means for predicting the rates and cumulative amounts of land area losses due to passive retreat that
    these communities will suffer in the future given any specified future relative sea-level rise or tidal
    range change scenario. Finally, color-coded. maps are presented for the harbors of Hyannis,3
    Westport and Gloucester that display the areas that would be lost by the year 2100 given any one of
    four different sea-level rise scenarios. An appendix contains tables, graphs and figures that present
    the results of the study. A detailed description of the data analysis methodology also is included in
    the appendix.u
          The three sea-level rise scenarios presented here illustrate the potential magnitude of coastal
    -flooding from global climate warming. These scenarios are based on predictions containing
    significant uncertainties, given the lack of precise understanding of complex atmosheric chemical
    exchanges, ocean/atmosphere interactions, and effects of land albedo, for example. Consequently,
    the three scenarios presented are not necessarily the most probable sea-level rise scenarios; however
    they are commonly cited scenarios widely thought to approximate the range of possible impacts.
    One advantage of the hypsorneti-ic data is the ease with which updated scenarios can be applied to a3
    coastal town to obtain a first-order quantification of impacts on that town.
          Application of the results of this study to coastal zone management and policy is fraught with
    theoretical and practical questions. How might the Commonwealth, a coastal county, or a coastal
    town respond to these results, and incorporate them into a managment scheme? With the

                                                  2

              considerable uncertainty in the scientific basis for predicting the details of global warming, how can
    I      ~     ~these uncertainties be translated into an equitable planning or zoning process?  That a global
              warming is in process and will continue is incontrovertible. What are not known precisely are the
    U      ~     ~~magnitude and timing of this global warming, and its exact impact on sea levels.
                     The appropriate response to these issues and results on local and state-wide levels is one of
    3        ~~increasing awareness. Legislation and re-zoning may be premature. However, awareness by town
              planners, politicians, and Conservation Commissions, for instance, must be increased.
              Long-range planning could take these shoreline retreat data into account when making major land
              use decisions. Conservation Commissions could err on the side of caution in a coastal construction
              issue, mandating pile foundations in areas of critical concern. Public works could incorporate these
              data in siting wells or new sewer systems. In summary, some rational response to these sea-level
              rise issues are appropriate at this time. Major legislation and drastic changes in regulations,
    N        ~~however, may be premature and might better await a clearer consensus from the scientific
              community before enactment.
     *             ~~~~Users of the data presented in this report must be aware that passive shoreline retreat via
              inundation is not the sole effect arising from global warming to which coastal communities must
              respond. Although the present study considers only the effect of passive retreat due to inundation,
               other impacts may be equally important. For example, rising sea levels will change the base level
              for river drainage and groundwater flow. Water quality deterioration may result from this impact.
              In addition, global warming will raise the ocean surface temperature, increasing the size of the
               "warm-pool" of water that is responsible for generating tropical cyclones. Although difficult to
    I        ~~~predict in detail because of the complexities of non-linear atmospheric physics, this ocean warming
              is certain to alter storm climates along the eastern seaboard and elsewhere. If the net product is an
              increase in tropical cyclones reaching the northeast, this could result in more severe short-term
               (order of decades) economic impact than that due to simple passive retreat. While the present study
              investigates an issue of fundamental importance, the user should be aware of these other significant
              impacts, and plan their rational response to global warming accordingly.

              *                                        ~~~~~~~METHODS
                     Quantification of the passive retreat of coastal upland presents special problems due to the
    3         ~~~peculiar "fractal" nature of the passive shoreline (Mandelbrot, 1977). Simply stated, the problem is
              that the complex form of the passive shoreline does not simplify as smaller and smaller segments
    3         ~~~are examined, and thus the "tangible" shoreline always remains just out of reach of the investigator
              who would measure it. In order to skirt this problem, the present study deals not with the linear
              retreat of the shoreline, but rather with the areas that are lost as the shoreline recedes. Two separate
              approaches are used, each having special advantages and disadvantages. In the first, which treats
              entire coastal communities, the distribution of the area of the community with respect to its
    I         ~~elevation is presented in the form of "hypsometric" curves, or cumulative frequency diagrams.

               I                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

    While this is a powerful tool for the analysis of such geographical units as a whole, the results give
    no information about the change at a specific point within that unit. The second approach makes use
    of color-coded maps of areas that are of special concern for the management of ports and harbors.
    For this purpose the harbors of Hyannis, Westport and Gloucester were chosen. While it is
    difficult to quantify the effects of small changes from these color-coded maps, the areas that will
    (and will not) be affected are displayed clearly.
    Hypsometrv
          As a tool for calculating the retreat of coastal upland resulting from relative sea-level rise,
    hypsometry has been discussed by Giese et al. (1985). Unlike previous work, however, the
    present study makes use of digital elevation data that permits the application of the hypsometric
    method to large areas. A separate hypsometric curve was calculated for each of 72 Massachusetts
    coastal communities.
          The initial data for the upland hypsometric calculations were obtained from the U.S.
    Geological Survey's (USGS) National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC). They consist of
    two separate types of digital information, both of which are stored on magnetic tapes. The first type
    is elevation data that consists of land surface elevations to the nearest meter arranged in
    south-to-north profiles for entire one-degree latitude by one-degree longitude areas. The data points
    within the profiles, as well as the profiles themselves, are separated by intervals of three arc
    seconds, which is equivalent to a distance of about 92 m in a north-south direction and about 69 m
    in an east-west direction at a latitude of 42 degrees (the approximate mid-point of the study area).
          The second type of digital data consists of land use and land cover codes arranged in
    west-to-east rows aligned along a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid and covering entire
    one-degree latitude by two-degree longitude areas. The UTM coordinate system is rotated slightly
    counterclockwise with respect to the geographic latitude-longitude coordinate system. The land use
    and land cover code data points, and the rows containing them, are separated by intervals of 200 m.
    The land use codes include the U.S. Bureau of the Census designation for each 200 m square;
    these data permit the assignment of each square to a specific town or city. The land cover
    classification codes are sufficient to permit exclusion of wetland and inland water areas.
          A large part of the effort for this study consisted of the programming required to combine the
    raw digital data described above to produce a single data set consisting of elevation, census code
    and land-cover code for each 3-second box within one-degree blocks. A description of the
    programs and their use is included in Appendix B.
          During the study, the accuracy of the census and land-cover codes was checked by reference
    to the appropriate U.S.G.S. 7.5-minute series topographic maps, as well as by comparing the total
    calculated upland area of individual communities with the known value of their total land area. No
    problems were encountered with either type of code. Unfortunately, the same was not true of the
    elevation data. Initial tests of these data were performed by comparing profiles derived from the
    digital data to profiles based on the 7.5-minute series maps. The results of these tests generally

                                                  4

                 were satisfactory, particularly considering the fact that the entire elevation data set for each
                 community was to be combined. However, when the cumulative distributions of elevation data
                 were completed, it was evident that the USGS data were biased toward maxima in the vicinity of 3,
                 15, 30, 45 and higher multiples of 15 m. A program was written to smooth the distributions by
                 redistributing the excessive values linearly to the depleted elevation categories between the maxima.
                 A description of this procedure is included in Appendix B. The hypsometric curve thus calculated
                 for one community (Barnstable) then was compared to the curve derived by a graphical method,
                 and found to be acceptable. Nevertheless, it must be noted that cumulative hypsometric data
                 presented in this report are less accurate than those that could be obtained using unbiased elevation
                 data.
                 Color-coded Mans
                       The three maps that accompany this report were prepared to illustrate the effect upon three
                 harbors of the relative sea-level rise predicted by four different scenarios for the year 2100. The
                 harbors of Hyannis, Westport and Gloucester were chosen for this purpose because of their
                 contrasting geological settings and because of their distribution along the Massachusetts coast.
                       These maps were generated using data derived from the digitization of selected portions of
                 the 7.5-minute series topographic maps for the three harbors. These maps have a contour interval
                 of 10 feet, which is too great to resolve the flooding that was to be shown. Therefore, a surface
                 was modelled to fit the digitized contours using a modified form of existing software. The levels of
                 flooding characterizing the four scenarios then were applied to this modelled surface. Using
                 color-plotting software and equipment, the flooded areas were displayed on color-coded maps. A
                 detailed description of the methodology employed is included in Appendix B.
                       The four sea-level rise scenarios illustrated on the maps were presented by Hoffman(1984),
                 and produce flooding of 1.8, 4.7, 7.1 and 11.3 feet by the year 2100. These values were added to
                 the NGVD elevations of the mean high water shorelines shown on the 7.5 minute series maps. The
                 shoreline elevations were assumed equal to the half-tidal range at each particular harbor plus 0.5 ft
                 to account for relative sea-level rise since 1929, the date of the NGVD datum. Local variations
                 between NGVD and mean sea level were ignored, although these data are available.
                       Two important differences between the hypsometric calculations and the color-coded maps
                 should be noted. First, while the hyposometric calculations refer only to coastal uplands and
                 wetland areas are entirely excluded, the color maps use as their basic reference level the present
                 mean high water shoreline that, in many areas, borders on coastal wetlands. Therefore, the areas
                 shown as being flooded according to the lowest rise scenario include wetland areas, many of which
                 are salt marshes. The second difference, discussed in more detail below, is that the maps include a
                 consideration of the ground water table rise that accompanies a rising relative sea level. This effect
                 is excluded from the calculations based on hypsometry.

                                                               5

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          u~--Upland                                                     I 00 yr.
                                                            -  -  flood

                                                                MHWS
                              ___________  _______ MHW

                            i.t~, ~ ~__--: .---_:_-.,+ MSL

                                                Fcats        _o -MLW

                  Figure I: Schematic of datum planes selected for sea-level rise scenarios.

    _m m m m ~n n m

            *                               ~~~~~~~RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
                    The hypsometric curves for each community, together with tables giving the cumulative
              distribution of upland area with respect to elevation for each, are presented in Appendix A. The first
              area value presented in each table and graph (that for 3 mi) represents the upland area that lies
              between 2.5 and 3.5 m. This interval was chosen because at lower elevations it is impossible to
              distinguish between upland and wetland in the source data, and does not imply that there is no
              upland below 2.5 m. in the community. The assumption is made throughout this study that the
              areal frequency of upland below 2.5 m. is equal to that at 3 m. No assumption is made, however,
              about the elevations of the wetland/upland boundaries within the community, other than that these
    3        ~~~boundaries, whatever their elevations, rise at the same rate as relative sea level (figure 1). It also
              should be noted that the data terminate at an elevation of 60 in., even when higher land exists
              within a community, in order to limit the size of the figures.
                    There is a striking variation between communities in the shape of their hypsometric curves,
              reflecting variation in the geological processes that formed them. For example, communities on
    I        ~~glacial outwash plains, such as Yarmouth, have curves with flatter slopes at low elevations as
              compared to those, such as Brewster, that lie on glacial moraines. Certain well-known local
              topographic features, such as the "Wellfleet Plains", also show up clearly on the figures.
                    Making use of these hypsometric data, calculations have been made of the upland areas that
    3        ~~each community would lose given particular changes in relative sea level. The results of these
              calculations are presented in Table 1. The first column in Table I lists the names of the coastal
              communities of Massachusetts, and the second column gives the upland area, in acres, of each
              community. The third column lists the percentage of upland area - and the fourth column the actual
              area measured in acres - that each community looses in response to a relative sea-level rise of 0.01
    I        ~~~ft. (3 mm), considered here to be the historical mean annual rate of rise (Aubrey and Emery, 1983).
              The following three pairs of columns give the amount of retreat, first in percent of total upland area
    3        ~~and then in acres, that will occur between 1980 and 2025 given three different sea-level rise
              scenarios. The first scenario, case 1, calls for a continuation of the historical mean annual relative
    3        ~~~sea-level rise rate of 0.01 ft/yr, giving a total rise of 0.45 ft over the 45 year period.  Case 2
              assumes that global sea level will rise 0.86 ft over the 45 year period (as given by Hoffman's
              "mid-range low" scenario) and that the local coastal subsidence rate will remain at 0.0062 ft/yr,
    I       ~ ~~giving a total relative rise of 1. 14 ft by 2025. Case 3 is based on the same assumption about local
              subsidence, but uses Hoffman's "mid-range high" global sea-level rise estimate of 1.29 ft by 2025,
    3        ~~~yielding a total relative rise of 1.57 ft.
                     'Be total Massachusetts upland loss at the historical relative sea-level rise rate is 65.4 acres
    3        ~~per year. Averaged among the 72 communities, this works out to be 0.9 acres per year per
              community. However, the variation between communities is great, covering two orders of
              magnitude: Nantucket loses 6.1 acres per year, while Winthrop loses only 0.06 acres. After

              Nantucket, other communities having large annual losses are: Wareham, 4.7 acres; Falmouth, 3.8

               I                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

                                                        TABLE 1

                                   CALCULATED UPLAND RETREAT
                         (Areas are in acres, % represents percent of upland submerged)

                                        HISTORICAL                            TOTAL RETREAT: 1980-2025
                       UPLAND  ANNUAL RETREAT    Case 1                                    Case 2             Case 3
                          AREA                 0.01 ft/yr                0.45 ft             1.14 ft            1.57 ft
                                                RISE                   RISE                RISE                RISE
    TOWN
    NAME                (ACRES)    %   AREA                            %  AREA   %  AREA  %  AREA

    ACUSHNET               11520           0.002    0.22               0.09      9.8       0.22    25.0       0.30    34.4
    AMESBURY                8052           0.002    0.13               0.07      5.8       0.18    14.7       0.25    20.2
    BARNSTABLE            30709            0.012    3.72               0.54   167.2        1.38   423.6       1.90   583.4
    BERKLEY                 9582           0.005    0.43               0.20    19.4        0.51    49.2       0.71    67.7
    BEVERLY                 9748           0.003    0.28               0.13    12.7        0.33    32.2       0.46    44.4
    BOSTON                24264            0.009    2.16               0.40    97.2        1.01   246.2       1.40   339.0
    BOURNE                23935            0.006    1.53               0.29    68.9        0.73   174.6       1.00   240.5
    BREWSTER               14110           0.005    0.72               0.23    32.4        0.58    82.0       0.80   113.0
    CHATHAM                 5250           0.020    1.04               0.89    46.8        2.26   118.5       3.11   163.2
    CHELSEA                 1217           0.010    0.12               0.44      5.4       1.12    13.6       1.54    18.7
    CHILMARK                7196           0.007    0.50               0.32    22.7        0.80    57.4       1.10    79.1
    COHASSET                3505           0.003    0.11               0.14      4.7       0.34    12.0       0.47    16.5
    DANVERS                 7866           0.003    0.25               0.14    11.3        0.36    28.7       0.50    39.5
    DARTMOUTH             34785            0.006    2.05               0.27    92.4        0.67   234.0       0.93   322.2
    DENNIS                 10622           0.024    2.51               1.06   112.8        2.69   285.8       3.71   393.6
    DIGHTON                13208           0.006    0.77               0.26    34.5        0.66    87.3       0.91   120.3
    DUXBURY                12725           0.002    0.25               0.09    11.5        0.23    29.0       0.31    40.0
    EASTHAM                 6628           0.014    0.91               0.62    41.2        1.57   104.3       2.17   143.6
    EDGARTOWN               9964           0.025    2.44               1.10   109.9        2.79   278.3       3.85   383.3
    ESSEX                   6227           0.003    0.22               0.16      9.8       0.40    24.8       0.55    34.2
    EVERETT                 1696           0.008    0.14               0.37      6.3       0.93    15.9       1.29    21.8
    FAIRHAVEN               6765           0.020    1.35               0.90    60.9        2.28   154.2       3.14   212.4
    FALL RIVER            20708            0.001    0.19               0.04      8.4       0.10    21.2       0.14    29.3
    FALMOUTH              24340            0.016    3.82               0.71   172.0        1.79   435.6       2.46   600.0
    FREETOWN               19862           0.002    0.34               0.08    15.2        0.19    38.5       0.27    53.0
    GAY HEAD                1933           0.012    0.24               0.55    10.7        1.40    27.1       1.93    37.3
    GLOUCESTER             15009           0.003    0.48               0.14    21.6        0.36    54.8       0.50    75.4
    GOSNOLD                 4327           0.013    0.58               0.60    26.1        1.53    66.1       2.10    91.0
    HARWICH                11825           0.016    1.92               0.73    86.2        1.85   218.4       2.54   300.8
    HINGHAM                 8772           0.002    0.17               0.09      7.5       0.22    19.0       0.30    26.2
    HULL                     624           0.026    0.16               1.18      7.4       3.00    18.7       4.13    25.8
    IPSWICH                14516           0.006    0.83               0.26    37.2        0.65    94.3       0.89   129.9
    KINGSTON               11415           0.003    0.35               0.14    15.9        0.35    40.3       0.49    55.6
    LYNN                    6336           0.004    0.26               0.18    11.7        0.47    29.6       0.64    40.8
    MANCHESTER              4793           0.002    0.12               0.11      5.2       0.27    13.1       0.38    18.1
    MARBLEHEAD              2353           0.007    0.16               0.30      7.1       0.76    18.0       1.05    24.8
    MARION                  6883           0.031    2.13               1.39    96.0        3.53   243.2       4.87   335.0
    MARSHFIELD             14332           0.004    0.60               0.19    27.1        0.48    68.6       0.66    94.5
    MASHPEE                13386           0.010    1.35               0.45    60.8        1.15   154.1       1.59   212.3
    MATTAPOISETT            5647           0.012    0.69               0.55    31.3        1.40    79.2       1.93   109.0

                                                              8

                                                 TABLE 1 (continued)

                                    CALCULATED UPLAND RETREAT
                         (Areas are in acres, % represents percent of upland submerged)

                                         HISTORICAL                             TOTAL RETREAT: 1980-2025
                        UPLAND  ANNUAL RETREAT    Case 1                                      Case 2              Case 3
                          AREA                 0.01 ft/yr                 0.45 ft              1.14 ft             1.57 ft
                                                 RISE                    RISE                 RISE                RISE
    TOWN
    NAME                 (ACRES!)                     AREA               %  AREA   %  AREA   %  AREA

    NAHANT                    465           0.019    0.09                0.83       3.9       2.11       9.8      2.90    13.5
    NANTUCKET              23225             0.027    6.15               1.19   277.0         3.02   701.6        4.16   966.3
    NEW BEDFORD             10410           0.006    0.60                0.26    27.2         0.66    68.8        0.91    94.8
    NEWBURY                  9442           0.009    0.81                0.39    36.5         0.98    92.6        1.35   127.5
    NEWBURYPORT              4705           0.005    0.22                0.21       9.7       0.52    24.7        0.72    34.0
    OAK BLUFFS               4288           0.014    0.59                0.62    26.4         1.56    67.0        2.15    92.2
    ORLEANS                  6211           0.017    1.07                0.78    48.4         1.97   122.7        2.72   168.7
    PLYMOUTH               59264            0.001    0.77                0.06    34.7         0.15    87.8        0.20   121.0
    PROVINCETOWN             1173           0.018    0.21                0.81       9.5       2.05    24.1        2.83    33.1
    QUINCY                   8062           0.010    0.84                0.47    37.7         1.19    95.6        1.63   131.6
    REHOBOTH               27701            0.003    0.78                0.13    34.9         0.32    88.4        0.44   121.8
    REVERE                   2595           0.009    0.24                0.41      10.7       1.05    27.2        1.44    37.5
    ROCKPORT                 3715           0.004    0.14                0.18       6.5       0.44    16.5        0.61    22.7
    ROWLEY                   9184           0.002    0.17                0.08'    7.4         0.21      18.8      0.28    26.0
    SALEM                    3956           0.007    0.29                0.33     13.0        0.83    32.9        1.15    45.3
    SALISBURY                6167           0.013    0.82                0.60    36.9         1.52    93.5        2.09   128.8
    SANDWICH1              24469            0.005    1.20                0.22    54.0         0.56   136.7        0.77   188.2
    SAUGUS                   5859           0.002    0.13                0.10       6.1       0.26    15.4        0.36    21.2
    SCITUATE                 8745           0.004    0.38                0.20    17.3         0.50    43.9        0.69    60.4
    SEEKONK                11433            0.001    0.09                0.04      4.1        0.09    10.4        0.13    14.4
    SOMERSET                 4184           0.011    0.46                0.50    20.7         1.25    52.5        1.73    72.3
    SWAMPSCOTT               1931           0.006    0.11                0.25      4.8        0.63    12.1        0.86    16.7
    SWANSEA                12599            0.007    0.86                0.31    38.6         0.78    97.7        1.07   134.5
    TISBURY                  3539           0.012    0.41                0.52    18.5         1.32    46.8        1.82    64.5
    TRURO                   10734           0.006    0.61                0.26    27.5         0.65    69.7        0.89    96.1
    WAREHAM                 19822           0.024    4.70                1.07   211.4         2.70   535.6        3.72   737.6
    WELLFLEET                9127           0.011    1.01                0.50    45.6         1.27   115.5        1.74   159.1
    WESTPORT               27340            0.004    1.12                0.18    50.4         0.47   127.8        0.64   176.0
    WEST TISBURY            14466           0.006    0.90                0.28    40.4         0.71   102.2        0.97   140.8
    WEYMOUTH                 9944           0.001    0.14                0.06       6.3       0.16    15.9        0.22    21.9
    WINTHROP                  300           0.021    0.06                0.94       2.8       2.37       7.1      3.27      9.8
    YARMOUTH               12556            0.026    3.21                1.15   144.6         2.92   366.4        4.02   504.7

    TOTALS                 804246                     65.4                       2945.                7459.              10273.

    The following coastal towns loose less than 0.001% of their total upland area annually as the result the historical mean
    sea-level rise rate of 0.01 ft/yr, and therefore were omitted from this table: Braintree, Hanover, Milton, Norwell,
    Peabody and Pembroke.

                                                               9

    acres; Barnstable, 3.7 acres; and Yarmouth, 3.2 acres. In terms of annual percentage of total upland
    lost per year, the communities most affected are: Marion, which loses 0.03 1 % per year, followedI
    by Nantucket which looses 0.027 % per year, and Hull and Yarmouth, which loose 0.026% per
    year.3
          Looking forward to the year 2025, if the historical rate of relative sea-level rise were to
    remain unchanged (case 1), the total Massachusetts upland loss would be 2,945 acres. A relative3
    sea-level rise of 1. 14 ft, as projected in case 2, would be accompanied by an upland loss of 7,459
    acres, and a rise of 1.57 ft (case 3) would cost the commonwealth 10,273 acres of upland.
          When considering these figures, it is important to realize that they do not include the upland
    losses that would result from the response of ground water levels to sea-level rise. In those
    communities where bedrock is absent and the terrain consists of unconsolidated sediments, theI
    water table level over geological time periods is controlled by relative sea level. As sea level rises,
    the water table level rises with it, increasing the size of existing streams, ponds and bogs, and
    creating new ones. This effect has not been included in the hypsometric analysis discussed above,
    although it was taken into account in the construction of the color-coded maps.3
          The reader also should bear in mind that the calculated upland retreat rates are based on the
    assumption that the coastal uplands have a natural form and are not protected by engineering
    structures. Particularly in urban coastal areas where seawalls, riprap and fill are prevalent, the
    actual losses will be less than those predicted here. As the color-coded maps indicate, however,
    when large values of sea-level rise are considered, these structures are overwhelmed.
          It is of interest that the presently existing rate of upland retreat due to the passive effects of
    relative sea-level rise is much greater than the upland retreat rate due to active wave-produced3
    erosion. This may be illustrated by a consideration of the Cape Cod coast, which is well-known as
    a region of rapid erosion. While detailed estimates for cliff retreat do not exist for the entire region,3
    the rate of erosion of the outer coast is well-known (e.g., Zeigler et al., 1964), and reasonable
    estimates can be made for the remaining and more slowly retreating cliff areas. Using such existing3
    information and reasonable estimates, the annual upland loss experienced by Cape Cod as the
    result of active wave-produced erosion is about 9 acres per year. On the other hand, the annual
    loss due to the passive effects of relative sea-level rise, calculated from the figures for each CapeI
    Cod town listed in Table 1, is about 24 acres per year. Thus it is seen that even considering a
    region of rapid erosion, and excluding the effects ground water table rise, passive retreat accounts3
    for 73% of coastal upland loss under present conditions.
          Figures 2, 3, and 4 present the color-coded maps depicting the submergence patterns of3
    Hyannis, Gloucester, and Westport harbors that would accompany each of the four Hoffman
    (1984) sea-level rise scenarios for the year 2100. The maps show in red the land areas that would
    be lost given the low scenario rise of 1.8 ft, in yellow the submerged areas given the mid-range low
    scenario rise of 4.7 ft, and in green and blue the areas submerged by the mid-range high scenario

    rise of 7.1 ft and the high range scenario rise of 11.3 ft respectively. The low scenario changes are
                                                 10I

             extensive only in wetland areas, such as the salt marshes northwest of Gloucester Harbor, the sand
    I       ~~spit southwest of Hyannis Harbor, and fringing marshes in Westport Harbor. While the upland lost
             given this scenario is not extensive, the increased potential for storm wave and flooding damage
    I~~~should beof concern.
                The submergence that would accompany the other scenarios is extensive and would impact
    3       ~~severely operations of harbor facilities. In addition, the maps show locally significant flooding of
             inland areas for these scenarios resulting from elevated ground water levels. As has been discussed
             above, it should be kept in mind that the levels used in applying these scenarios do not include the
             effects of coastal subsidence, and that for the lower rise rates the increases would be significant
    I       ~~were they to be included.

                                                    CONCLUSIONS
    3         ~~~Major conclusions of the present study are:

              I1. Relative sea-level rise is the major process responsible for upland loss in Massachusetts.
     I         ~    ~~Neglecting coastal erosion and fresh water table changes, Massachusetts presently looses about
                  65 acres of upland each year due to passive submergence.
    I      ~    ~2. The rate of upland loss due to passive submergence varies widely from town to town, and
                 depends upon the geology of the region in which the town lies.
    1        ~~3. The hypsometric curves of the towns provide important basic information that permits the
                 calculation of the upland areas which those towns will lose to passive submergence as the
                 result of any given increase in relative sea-level.
             4. The total land loss by the year 2025 has been calculated for several relative sea-level rise
                  scenarios. At the present rate of rise, Massachusetts will have lost about 3,000 acres of upland
                  between 1980 and 2025. This is the same upland loss that occurred between 1935 and 1980,
                 an equal length of time. For a rise of 1. 14 ft, about 7,500 acres would be lost; and for a rise of
                  1.57 ft, the maximum Riely, over 10,000 acres would be lost. Given a nominal value of
                 ocean-front property of $1,000,000 per acre, the economic impact of this retreat is substantial.
    3        ~~5.  Color-coded maps are a useful device for depicting the specific areas that will be submerged as
                 the result of specified increases in relative sea level. These maps could be developed for each
    3           ~~~coastal town in the future, to provide guidance for land use, public works, and conservation
                 decisions.
             6. These data can be used immediately to help provide a rational basis for local response to global
                 climate warmning. Data from this report, although representing hypothetical scenarios, remove
                 the quantification of the impacts of passive retreat from the realm of speculation, placing them
                 on a firmer basis. Although enactment of legislation and major revision of regulations may be
                 premature, local communities must increase their awareness of these impacts, and begin to
    3           ~~~~incorporate these data in planning, design, and conservation issues.

    7.  Although the present study has shown that passive retreat is an important element of the
        shoreline response to anticipated global climate change, this inundation is certainly not the sole
       impact. Future research is mandated for other impacts on the coast of Massachusetts, including
       but not limited to:

           Effects of relative sea-level rise on groundwater resources.
           Effects of relative sea-level rise on marshes and other biotopes.
           Possible global climate change impact on storm climatology of Massachusetts waters.

                                    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
         This study has benefited from the contributions of many of our colleagues at the Woods Hole
    Oceanographic Institution. We are grateful for the assistance of Chris Pelloni of the Woods Hole
    office of the U.S. Geological Survey who provided coordinate translation of the numerical data.
    Jeff Benoit, of the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, provided the foresight and
    management ability which made the study a reality.

                                          REFERENCES
    Aubrey, D.G. and K.O. Emery, 1983. Eigenanalysis of recent United States sea levels.
          Continental Shelf Research, v. 2, n. 1, p. 21-33.
    Bird, E.C.F., 1976. Shoreline changes during the past century. In Proc. 23rd International
          Geographical Congress, Moscow, 54 p.
    Braatz, B.V. and D.G. Aubrey, 1987. Recent relative sea-level change in eastern North America.
          Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, in press.
    Giese, G.S., H. Bokuniewicz, G. Zarillo, M.Zimmerman, J. Hennessy, G. Smith and S.
          Tangren, 1984. Hypsometry as a tool for calculating coastal submergence rates. Proc. 4th
          Sym.  on Coastal and Ocean Management, v. 2, p. 1971-1978.
    Hoffman, J., D. Keyes and J. Titus, 1983. Projecting future sea-level rise: methodology,
          estimates to the year 2100 and research needs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA
          230-09-007, Washington, DC, 121 p.
    Mandelbrot, B.B., 1977. Fractals: Form. Chance. and Dimension. W.H. Freeman and Co.,
          San Francisco, 365 p.
    Zeigler, J.M., S.D. Tuttle, G.S. Giese and H.J. Tasha, 1964. Residence time of sand composing
    the beaches and bars of Outer Cape Cod. Proc. 9th Cont.on Coastal Engineering, p. 403-416.

                                                12

     14000 MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL SUBMERGENCE PROJECT

     13900

     13600                                                                                                                                                              R~

     13700

     13500lo

     13400                                                     oiEli  -

     13300

     13200

     13100

     13000)

     12900

    12900

    12?2I:

    126000
    12500

    12400

    12300

    12200

    12100)

    12000

    11900

             11100~~~~~~~~~~~~

    112000

                            10900~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    10900

    107000

    10700

    105000-

    10500

    10400

    20200

    10100

    10000

    9000--

    9800

    9700

    96000

    95000

    94(0

    9300

    9200

    9100

      91000    91200  91400   910,00   91000  9--2000    92200    92402    92000   9290          030      93200   -9 402    01020    :1038c    942100   91 201    944001  94600    94800    95000
                                                                       East"ing (in.)
                         pn~tc 0 t~ dcmn    rna440 ff~~O  9s~0 t. oI*0         HYANNIS   HARBOR                          M         ~         Cat                  aaenn
                               02.00 onO 000.140 Osatano. hI~~~~~~~~~~~~r..~~.Man.KlosI   4*SC 100asoach0usetts                                Casa zone  ma~nad  Officee
              .1~~~~~~Mt u..~omrd                                                     bm. 9MI Wooit. 24

                                                                      Figure 2

                                                                          13

        MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL SUBMERGENCE PROJECT

    20400

    20200
    20200

                  :0.:",   ~ ~ ~     ~    ~ ~~~~~~~I win E

                          1~~~~~~~~~~0~~P                                   m

                          19wo~~~~~~~~~~~I!

    192,00

    16700

    16000

    16500                                                       i t

      - 0 000                                               Ann! .131

                ~~~~6100~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~1

       10OMASSACHUSETTS COASTAL SUBMERGENC  PROJECT

    09900

    99500

    99400

    00.700

    00400

    90000

    00000

    00400

    00100

    9810
    98.0000

    07700

    077000

    97500

    07100

     00700

     08000

     00500

     00400

     00300

     00200

    060000-0 25407    2002   25000   27000   26200
       24000   24200   2440    24600   240110   250204    25202                                         204110   20600U   20000   272    24200   07400   27000   0700    Oo
                                                                  Easting (in)

                      85~~ ~~s.  .1 2~~~  ~~   ~~ 4~~. 0.54WSTPOR0HARORI                                               Massachusetts Coastal Zone Managemnent office
                                    05.0 .50 COSSOSI 955504.0909.8.54 950555 ~~~~~~  .11.31  ..                                                Ridosrdf. D.1880,DJ, DO..i ...-

                                                               Figure 4

                                                                    17

    I
    I
    I

    a
    I
                    APPENDIX A

                  Hypsometry by Town:
    I Tables & Graphs

    I
    I
    I

    I
    I
    I
    a
    a
    I
    I A-1

                      ACUSHNET

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                               0.61
      4                                1.21
      5                                1.82
      6                               2.30
      7                                2.85
      8                                3.54
      9                                5;00
     10                               6.36
     11                               7.94
     12                              10.75
     13                              13.79
     14                              22.09
     15                              26.77
     16                              31.45
     17                              36.14
     18                              39.66
     19                              43.01
     20                              47.07
     21                              50.28
     22                              53.85
     23                              57.73
     24                              65.46
     25                              69.34
     26                              72.49
     27                              76.01
     28                              78.46
     29                              80.79
     30                              82.78
     31                              84.77
     32                              86.76
     33                              88.28
     34                              90.25
     35                              91.71
     36                              93.13
     37                              94.52
     38                              95.47
     39                              96.18
     40                              96.85
     41                              97.56
     42                              98.12
     43                              98.57
     44                              98.82
     45                              98.94
     46                              99.06
     47                              99.18
     48                              9930
     49                              99.41
     50                              99.50
     51                              99.60
     52                              99.68
     53                              99.74
     54                              99.81
     55                              99.87
     56                              99.91
     57                              99.95
     58                              99.97
     59                              99.99
     60                             100.00

                                        A-2

         ACUSHNET HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     o
     0-
     0-,

     O

    U O

     X-

      0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-3

                     BARNSTABLE

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                 3.96
      4                                 7.92
      5                                11.89
      6                                14.74
      7                                17.43
      8                               20.09
      9                               23.44
     10                               25.92
     11                               29.79
     12                               32.94
     13                               35.47
     14                               38.91
     15                               43.59
     16                               48.27
     17                               52.94
     18                               57.14
     19                              60.79
     20                               64.56
     21                               67.61
     22                               70.33
     23                               73.28
     24                               75A7
     25                               77.47
     26                               79.22
     27                               81.13
     28                               82.57
     29                               83.85
     30                               85.16
     31                               86.48
     32                               87.79
     33                               88.89
     34                               90.05
     35                               90.99
     36                               91.90
     37                               92.81
     38                               93.53
     39                               94.20
     40                               94.78
     41                               95.48
     42                               95.99
     43                               96.33
     44                               96.68
    45                               96.92
    46                               97.15
    47                               97.39
    48                               97.63
    49                               97.83
    50                               98.02
    51                               98.20
    52                               98.48
    53                               98.64
    54                               98.79
    55                               98.94
    56                               99.08
    57                               99.21
    58                               99.35
    59                               99.48
    60                               99.61

                                        A-6

       BARNSTABLE HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O -
     0-
     C:
    oI

    O -

      010   20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
            Percent of Upland Area

                  A-7

                       BERKLEY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                1.47
      4                                 2.95
      5                                 4.42
      6                                 5.65
      7                                 6.90
      8                                 8.21
      9                                10.13
     10                               11.68
     11                               13.45
     12                               15.88
     13                               18.16
     14                               20.83
     15                               24.38
     16                               27.94
     17                               31.49
     18                               34.85
     19                               38.26
     20                               42.09
     21                               45.17
     22                               48.32
     23                               51.94
     24                               54.61
     25                               57.33
     26                               60.10
     27                               63.79
     28                               66.77
     29                               70.38
     30                               73.67
     31                               76.96
     32                               80.26
     33                               83.29
     34                               86.07
     35                               88.61
     36                               90.89
     37                               92.92
     38                               94.69
     39                               96.21
     40                               97.48
     41                               98.49
     42                               99.25
     43                               99.75
     44                              100.00

                                        A-8

          BERKLEY HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.-+

     0o

    M-4 CO
    U  -
     -

       0  10  20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-9

                      BEVERLY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                0.95
      4                                1.90
      5                               2.85
      6                               3.64
      7                               4.91
      8                                5.98
      9                                6.93
     10                               8.46
     11                               9.94
     12                              11.47
     13                              13.32
     14                              19.10
     15                              24.88
     16                              30.67
     17                              35.69
     18                              40.09
     19                              44.02
     20                              47.54
     21                              51.49
     22                              54.81
     23                              57.88
     24                              61.28
     25                              63.76
     26                              66.63
     27                              69.14
     28                              72.44
     29                              77.00
     30                              79.51
     31                              82.03
     32                              84.54
     33                              86.79
     34                              88.85
     35                              90.84
     36                              92.53
     37                              94.07
    38                              9536
    39                              96.55
    40                              97.54
    41                              98.37
    42                              98.90
    43                              99.32
    44                              99.60
    45                              99.65
    46                              99.69
    47                              99.74
    48                              99.77
    49                              99.81
    50                              99.84
    51                              99.87
    52                              99.90
    53                              99.92
    54                              99.94
    55                              99.95
    56                              99.97
    57                              99.98
    58                             100.00

                                      A-10

          BEVERLY HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O

     co

    o    :
     10A

     0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

               Percent of Upland Area

                       A-li

                       BOSTON

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                               2.92
      4                                5.85
      5                                8.77
      6                              1133
      7                              14.42
      8                              16.71
      9                               18.85
     10                              21.43
     11                              23.54
     12                              25.99
     13                              28.21
     14                              30.97
     15                              34.13
     16                              37.30
     17                              40A7
     18                              42.93
     19                              45.45
     20                              47.84
     21                              50.31
     22                              52.46
     23                              54.53
     24                              56.93
     25                              58.86
     26                              60.91
     27                              62.75
     28                              65.16
    29                              67.23
     30                              68.99
     31                              70.75
    32                              72.51
    33                              73.94
    34                              75.33
    35                              76.60
    36                              77.70
    37                              78.85
    38                              79.87
    39                              80.85
    40                              81.90
    41                              82.79
    42                              83.89
    43                              84.83
    44                              85.93
    45                              87.10
    46                              88.28
    47                              89A5
    48                              90.43
    49                              91.22
    50                              91.98
    51                              92.64
    52                              93.32
    53                              94.01
    54                              94.53
    55                              95.00
    56                              95.57
    57                              95.96
    58                              9637
    59                              96.62
    60                              97.95

                                      A-12

           BOSTON HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      O   -
     oC

     co:
    *O

    D o

    *  Cr

       0  10  20 30 40 50 60  70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-13

                       BOURNE

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                               2.09
      4                                4.18
      5                                6.27
      6                                7.94
      7                                9.41
      8                              10.85
      9                               12.75
     10                              14.09
     11                              15.70
     12                              17.41
     13                              18.73
     14                              20.12
     15                              21.95
     16                              23.79
     17                              25.62
     18                              27.34
     19                              29.04
     20                              30.87
     21                              3230
     22                              33.66
    23                              35.32
    24                              36.64
    25                              37.90
    26                              39.10
    27                              40.64
    28                              42.00
    29                              4326
    30                              45.24
    31                              47.21
    32                              49.18
    33                              51.15
    34                              52.95
    35                              54.54
    36                              56.08
    37                              57.62
    38                              59.03
    39                              6031
    40                              61.66
    41                              63.02
    42                              64.20
    43                              65.25
    44                              66.36
    45                              67.86
    46                              69.35
    47                              70.84
    48                              72.51
    49                              73.86
    50                              75.07
    51                              76.15
    52                              77.43
    53                              78.49
    54                              7936
    55                              80.45
    56                              81.29
    57                              82.13
    58                              82.98
    59                              84.13
    60                              85.22

                                    A-14

             BOURNE HYPSOMETRY
           CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3mnt�

        o

        o/

        0-

          30  o 20 30 40 50 60  70 80 90 oo
                Percent of Upland Area

                       A-15
    I~_ '

                      BREWSTER

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                 1.68
      4                                 336
      5                                 5.03
      6                                 6.11
      7                                 7.24
      8                                10.72
      9                                14.05
     10                                15.91
     11                               17.80
     12                               20.52
     13                               22.63
     14                               25.24
     15                               29.72
     16                               34.19
     17                               38.66
     18                               42.84
     19                               46.98
     20                                51.28
     21                                54.78
     22                                57.83
     23                                61.32
     24                                64.18
     25                                66.85
     26                                69.19
     27                                71.85
    28                                73.97
    29                                76.13
    30                               78.92
    31                                81.71
    32                                84.51
    33                                88.79
    34                                93.32
    35                                94.88
    36                                96.23
    37                               97.49
    38                                98.14
    39                               98.67
    40                               99.13
    41                                99.48
    42                               99.74
    43                               99.92

                                      A-16

         BREWSTER HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O_-

     0-

     0  to  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
      *       ~~Percent of Upland Area

         3CO ~~~~~A-17
    ~~01   0304   06  7   09   0
      F:~ ~ ecn o  padAe

        ''i C3~~~~~~A1

                      CHATHAM

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                   6.48
      4                                  12.95
      5                                  19.43
      6                                 24.58
      7                                 28.69
      8                                 33.32
      9                                 38.44
     10                                 42.10
     11                                46.40
     12                                51.06
     13                                55.05
     14                                59.56
     15                                 64.50
     16                                 69.43
     17                                74.36
     18                                 78.72
     19                                 82.57
     20                                 86.02
     21                                 89.01
     22                                 91.31
     23                                 93.43
     24                                 95.19
     25                                 96.70
     26                                 97.85
     27                                 98.70
     28                                 99.27
     29                                 99.58
     30                                 99.64
     31                                 99.70
     32                                 99.76
     33                                 99.79
     34                                 99.82
     35                                 99.85
     36                                 99.88
     37                                 99.91
     38                                 99.94
     39                                 99.97

                                       A-18

           CHATHAM HYPSOMETRY

         CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      CD -
      -
     o--

    3                    -1
    O O-
    r-'  C

    o

        0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
                Percent of Upland Area

                        A-19

                       CHELSEA

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     3.23
      4                                     6.45
      5                                     9.68
      6                                    12.52
      7                                    16.39
      8                                    19.74
      9                                    22.19
     10                                   25.55
     11                                   29.16
     12                                   34.71
     13                                   43.87
     14                                   49.03
     15                                  54.19
     16                                  59.35
     17                                   65.42
     18                                   69.68
     19                                   73.81
     20                                   77.55
     21                                   81.42
     22                                   84.77
     23                                   87.74
     24                                   90.06
     25                                   91.61
     26                                   93.16
     27                                   94.71
     28                                   95.48
     29                                   96.00
     30                                   96.65
     31                                   97.29
     32                                   97.94
     33                                   98.32
     34                                   98.84
     35                                   99.10
     36                                   99.48
     37                                   99.61
     38                                   99.87
     39                                  100.00

                                     A-20

         CHELSEA HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0-

    O_

      -
     0-

                  A-21

                      CHILMARK

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                  3.21
      4                                  6.41
      5                                  9.62
      6                                 11.89
      7                                 14.05
      8                                 15.90
      9                                 19.15
     10                                20.31
     11                                21.62
     12                                22.61
     13                                23.83
     14                                24.59
     15                                25.84
     16                                27.10
     17                                28.36
     18                                29.84
     19                                31.26
     20                                32.73
     21                                33.86
     22                                35.02
     23                                36.67
     24                                37.88
     25                                38.96
     26                                40.11
     27                                41.56
     28                                42.58
     29                                43.47
     30                                45.33
     31                                47.18
     32                                49.03
     33                                50.84
     34                                52.74
     35                                54.14
     36                                55.62
     37                                57.08
     38                                58.46
     39                                59.72
    40                                60.91
    41                                62.34
    42                                63.44
    43                                 64.56
    44                                65.55
    45                                67.42
    46                                69.29
    47                                71.15
    48                                73.50
    49                                74.94
    50                                76.47
    51                                77.89
    52                                79.76
    53                                80.86
    54                                82.18
    55                                83.91
    56                                84.85
    57                                86.00
    58                                86.87
    59                                88.12
    60                                89.25

                                       A-22

         CHILMARK HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O 0

    3) C:

    3,

     o

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                    A-23

                      COHASSET

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                  1.00
      4                                  2.00
      5                                  3.00
      6                                  3.74
      7                                  5.22
      8                                  6.28
      9                                  7.56
     10                                 9.30
     11                                11.01
     12                                13.50
     13                                16.43
     14                                23.31
     15                                30.19
     16                                37.06
     17                                43.59
     18                                49.02
     19                                53.95
     20                                58.57
     21                                63.42
     22                                67.82
     23                                71.50
     24                                75.24
     25                                78.72
     26                                81.43
     27                                84.17
     28                                86.85
     29                                89.81
     30                                90.93
     31                                92.04
     32                                93.15
     33                                94.07
     34                                94.92
     35                                95.75
     36                                96.71
     37                                97.12
     38                                97.72
     39                                98.23
    40                                98.57
    41                                98.86
    42                                99.14
    43                                9934
    44                                99.43
    45                                99.49
    46                                99.54
    47                                99.60
    48                                99.66
    49                                99.71
    50                                99.77
    51                                99.83
    52                                99.86
    53                                99.89
    54                                99.91
    55                                99.94
    56                                99.97
    57                               100.00

                                     A-24

        COHASSET HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    o

    O-
    0-

             Percent of Upland Area
     OA-25
    O -
    3  O

             Percent of Upland Area

                    A-25

                       DANVERS

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                 1.04
      4                                 2.08
      5                                 3.11
      6                                 4.27
      7                                 5.81
      8                                 7.19
      9                                 8.62
     10                               10.72
     11                               12.79
     12                               15.21
     13                               18.26
     14                               21.74
     15                               25.21
     16                               28.68
     17                               31.94
     18                               34.83
     19                               37.43
     20                               40.16
     21                               43.03
     22                               45.35
     23                               47.78
     24                               5034
     25                              52.83
     26                               55.45
     27                               58.26
     28                               62.20
     29                               66.93
     30                               69.62
     31                              7232
     32                               75.01
     33                               77.15
     34                               7930
     35                               81.74
     36                               83.19
     37                              84.99
     38                               86.55
     39                              88.20
     40                               89.64
     41                               90.76
     42                               92.00
     43                               92.81
     44                               93.67
     45                               94.27
     46                               94.87
     47                               95.47
     48                               95.85
     49                               96.29
     50                               96.67
     51                               97.01
     52                               97.37
     53                               97.82
    54                               98.06
    55                               9832
    56                               9854
    57                               98.76
    58                               98.94
    59                               99.00
     60                               99.44

                                      A-26

          DANVERS HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0-

    > CO-
     Q-

    I  o
     4)  -

       -/

       0  [0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-27

                    DARTMOUTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                1.92
      4                                3.85
      5                                5.77
      6                                7.38
      7                                8.91
      8                               10.51
      9                               12.54
     10                              14.24
     11                              15.93
     12                              18.58
     13                              20.75
     14                              23.21
     15                              25.53
     16                              27.84
     17                              30.16
     18                              32.61
     19                              34.66
     20                              37.01
     21                              38.91
     22                              40.70
     23                              42.81
     24                              44.48
     25                              46.27
     26                              48.03
     27                              50.34
     28                              52.47
     29                              54.70
     30                              58.05
     31                              61.39
     32                              64.74
     33                              67.83
     34                              71.06
     35                              73.68
     36                              76.17
     37                              78.80
     38                              80.88
     39                              82.86
     40                              84.54
     41                              86.44
     42                              87.79
     43                              88.96
     44                              89.92
     45                              90.86
     46                              91.79
     47                              92.73
     48                              93.67
     49                              94.40
     50                              95.04
     51                              95.62
     52                             96.18
     53                             96.61
     54                             96.96
     55                             9738
     56                             97.67
     57                             97.88
     58                             98.05
     59                             98.25
     60                             98.41

                                       A-28

       DARTMOUTH HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O
     -

     A-29
    3

                       DENNIS

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                7.75
      4                                15.50
      5                               23.25
      6                               28.62
      7                               33.18
      8                               37.64
      9                               4259
     10                              46.34
     11                              49.60
     12                              53.21
     13                              55.68
     14                              58.25
     15                              61.87
     16                              65.49
     17                              69.11
     18                              72.64
     19                              75.72
     20                              78.77
     21                               81.42
     22                               83.84
     23                               8622
     24                               88.09
     25                              89.77
     26                              91.01
     27                              9234
     28                              93.25
     29                              94.02
     30                              9458
     31                              95.15
     32                              95.72
     33                              96.13
     34                              96.71
     35                              97.10
     36                              97.41
     37                               97.85
     38                               98.09
     39                               98.37
     40                               98.65
     41                               98.86
     42                              99.10
     43                              99.21
     44                               99.43
     45                               99.49
     46                               99.55
     47                               99.61
     48                               99.67
     49                               99.72
     50                               99.76
     51                               99.81
     52                              99.85
     53                               99.88
     54                              99.91
     55                              99.94
     56                               99.96
     57                               99.97
     58                               99.99
     59                              100.00

                                      A-30

                 DENNIS HYPSOMETRY
            CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

         O-
    *~
         c.O

       Oo
    U~~~~~~
    *
       -C -

      rT]
         /

          lii I      I   I         II       11   I      I         I       II   II   II   11)111111 III  II
           0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                     Percent of Upland Area

                               A-31

                       DIGHTON

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                  1.91
      4                                 3.83
      5                                 5.74
      6                                 7.18
      7                                 8.43
      8                                 9.65
      9                                11.29
     10                                1253
     11                                13.81
     12                                15.57
     13                                16.85
     14                                18.13
     15                                19.90
     16                               21.67
     17                                23.44
     18                                25.14
     19                                26.51
     20                                28.29
     21                                29.66
     22                                30.94
     23                                32.57
     24                                33.80
     25                                35.06
     26                                36.51
     27                                38.62
     28                                40.19
     29                                42A5
     30                                48.56
     31                                54.67
     32                                60.78
     33                                65.74
     34                               70.32
     35                               73.78
     36                               76.49
     37                               78.84
     38                                80.72
     39                               82.49
     40                                84.12
     41                                85.67
     42                                86.93
     43                                87.89
     44                                88.76
     45                                89.47
     46                                90.18
     47                                90.90
     48                                92.10
     49                                93.15
     50                               94.00
     51                                94.65
     52                                95.54
     53                                96.10
     54                                96.70
     55                                9733
     56                                97.62
     57                                97.90
     58                                98.18
     59                                9853
     60                                98.76

                                       A- 32

         DIGHTON HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    0
    O
    O-

    O         -
    o-

     0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70 80  90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

      3 o~~~ O~A-33

                      DUXBURY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                 0.64
      4                                 1.28
      5                                 1.92
      6                                2.54
      7                                3.41
      8                                4.12
      9                                4.90
     10                                6.17
     11                                7.40
     12                                8.74
     13                               10.33
     14                               1551
     15                               21.89
     16                              28.27
     17                              34.65
     18                              39.80
     19                              44.75
     20                              49.28
     21                              5357
     22                              57.14
     23                              60.79
     24                              64.47
     25                              67.77
     26                              70.55
     27                              73.18
     28                              75.90
     29                              78.67
     30                              81.83
     31                               84.98
     32                               88.14
     33                               90.43
     34                               92.20
     35                               93.93
    36                               95.21
    37                               96.18
    38                               96.98
    39                               97.77
    40                              98.41
    41                              98.89
    42                               99.26
    43                               99.54
    44                              99.67
    45                               99.70
    46                              99.74
    47                              99.78
    48                               99.81
    49                               99.84
    50                               99.86
    51                               99.89
    52                              99.91
    53                              99.94
    54                               99.95
    55                               99.96
    56                               99.98
    57                               99.99
    58                              100.00

                                     A-34

          DUXBURY HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0
     o
     O

       0   10  20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    M *E  'Aj 35

    -   /

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
               Percent of Upland Area

                      A-35

                      EASTHAM

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    4.53
      4                                   9.06
      5                                  13.59
      6                                  17.29
      7                                  20.95
      8                                  24.69
      9                                  28.79
     10                                 32.32
     11                                 35.89
     12                                 50.61
     13                                 55.43
     14                                 60.01
     15                                  64.83
     16                                 69.65
     17                                 74.47
     18                                 8454
     19                                 88.30
     20                                 91.61
     21                                 95.16
     22                                 96.24
     23                                 97.17
     24                                 97.99
     25                                 98.66
     26                                 99.18
     27                                 99.59
     28                                 99.86

                                        A-36

          EASTHAM HYPOSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    *D Co
       -

    O-
    I   00 C.-

       0   O10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
               Percent of Upland Area

                      A-37

                     EDGARTOWN

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                   8.03
      4                                  16.06
      5                                  24.09
      6                                  29.67
      7                                  34.82
      8                                  39.80
      9                                  57.85
     10                                 62.43
     11                                 66.00
     12                                 70.35
     13                                 73.66
     14                                 77.12
     15                                 80.17
     16                                 83.22
     17                                 86.27
     18                                 88.99
     19                                 91.17
     20                                 93.49
     21                                 95.08
     22                                 96.46
     23                                 97.63
     24                                 98.50
     25                                 98.98
     26                                 9935
     27                                 99.65
     28                                 99.87
     29                                100.00

                                   A-38

          EDGARTOWN HYPSOMETRY
          CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

        *-

    Ui   -

      3

      I  CO-

      O

         0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
                Percent of Upland Area

                      A-39

                        ESSEX

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                 1.16
      4                                2.32
      5                                3.48
      6                                4.82
      7                                6.53
      8                                8.25
      9                                9.88
     10                              12.28
     11                               14.30
     12                              17.12
     13                              20.05
     14                              26.07
     15                              32.10
     16                              38.12
     17                              43.32
     18                              48.11
     19                              52.22
     20                               56.05
     21                               60.04
     22                               63.36
     23                               66.29
     24                               69.26
     25                               71.86
     26                               74.41
     27                               76.50
     28                               78.82
     29                               81.22
     30                               83.31
     31                               85.40
     32                               87.49
     33                               89.18
     34                               90.72
     35                               92.28
     36                               93.60
     37                               94.76
    38                               95.74
    39                               96.67
    40                              97.43
    41                              98.01
    42                              98.41
    43                              98.89
    44                              99.07
    45                               99.17
    46                               99.27
    47                               9937
    48                               99.47
    49                              99.55
    50                              99.62
    51                              99.70
    52                              99.75
    53                              99.80
    54                              99.85
    55                              99.90
    56                              99.92
    57                              99.95
    58                              99.97
    59                             100.00

                                      A-40

            ESSEX HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     CQ
     -

    O   -
     '*7--

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                      A-41

                       EVERETT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     2.69
      4                                     537
      5                                    8.06
      6                                    1139
      7                                    14.91
      8                                   18.70
     9                                   22.96
     10                                  27.13
     11                                  31.48
     12                                  36.02
     13                                  41.39
     14                                  44.44
     15                                  47.50
     16                                  50.56
     17                                  55.19
     18                                  58.06
     19                                  61.39
     20                                   63.70
    21                                   67.87
    22                                   71.20
    23                                   73.70
    24                                   77.22
    25                                   80.09
    26                                   82.59
    27                                   84.17
    28                                   86.02
    29                                   87.13
    30                                   88.89
    31                                   90.65
    32                                   92.41
    33                                   95.74
    34                                   96.20
    35                                   96.94
    36                                  97.22
    37                                  97.78
    38                                  98.15
    39                                  98.33
    40                                  98.52
    41                                  98.70
    42                                  98.98
    43                                  99.07
    44                                   99.07
    45                                   99.17
    46                                   99.26
    47                                   99.35
    48                                   99.44
    49                                   99.54
    50                                   99.63
    51                                   99.72
    52                                   99.81
    53                                   99.91
    54                                  100.00

                                     A-42

             EVERETT HYPSOMETRY
          CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.-

      O..

      O -
    UA-

      CO  -,,IIII IIIIIIII III IIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIltl tl tII!IIlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1
        0   10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                   Percent of Upland Area

                             A-43

                     FAIRHAVEN

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     656
      4                                    13.13
      5                                    19.69
      6                                   23.67
      7                                   2758
      8                                   3138
      9                                   3538
     10                                   38.71
     11                                   41.76
     12                                  45.81
     13                                  4946
     14                                   5340
     15                                   58.78
     16                                   64.15
     17                                   6953
     18                                   74.49
     19                                   7935
     20                                   84.64
     21                                   88.34
     22                                   91.22
     23                                   9430
     24                                   9651
     25                                   97.84
     26                                   98.77
     27                                   99.67
     28                                   99.88
     29                                  100.00

                                       A-44

         FAIRHAVEN HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0 -

    >

    Q0
     o

    O -

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-45

                     FALL RIVER

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.27
      4                                     055
      5                                    0.82
      6                                    1.01
      7                                    1.32
      8                                    152
      9                                    1.78
     10                                    1.99
     11                                    2.22
     12                                    251
     13                                    2.71
     14                                    2.94
     15                                    3.15
     16                                   3.37
     17                                   3.58
     18                                   3.83
     19                                   4.06
     20                                    4.39
     21                                    4.56
     22                                   4.74
     23                                   5.12
     24                                    5.32
     25                                    5.53
     26                                    5.71
     27                                    6.09
     28                                    6.22
     29                                    6.40
     30                                    6.76
     31                                    7.13
     32                                    7.49
     33                                    7.80
     34                                    8.26
     35                                    8.67
     36                                   9.05
     37                                    9.63
     38                                   10.03
     39                                   10.63
    40                                   14.89
    41                                   17.42
    42                                   19.83
    43                                   23.11
    44                                   26.68
    45                                   28.85
    46                                   31.02
    47                                   33.18
    48                                   35.91
    49                                   38.17
    50                                  40.30
    51                                  42.55
    52                                  45.16
    53                                  47.48
    54                                  49.74
    55                                  53.12
    56                                  5557
    57                                  58.26
    58                                 61.18
    59                                  65.16
    60                                   68.24

                                       A-46

         FALL RIVER HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+
     o

    I  -I cO
     O -

     I

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-47

                     FALMOUTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    5.16
      4                                   10.31
      5                                   15.47
      6                                   19.79
      7                                   23.29
      8                                   26.60
      9                                   30.16
     10                                   33.09
     11                                   36.66
     12                                   40.20
     13                                   43.06
     14                                  46.13
     15                                   49.73
     16                                  53.32
     17                                   56.92
     18                                   59.99
     19                                   62.85
     20                                   65.72
     21                                   67.93
     22                                   69.98
     23                                   72.14
     24                                   73.77
     25                                   7535
     26                                   76.77
    27                                   7838
    28                                   79.170
    29                                   80.98
    30                                   82.75
    31                                   84.53
    32                                   86.30
    33                                   87.86
    34                                  89.39
    35                                  90.53
    36                                  91.60
    37                                  92.63
    38                                  93.39
    39                                  94.09
    40                                  94.74
    41                                  95.45
    42                                  95.97
    43                                  96.42
    44                                  96.84
    45                                  97.18
    46                                  97.52
    47                                  97.86
    48                                  98.17
    49                                  98.43
    50                                  98.68
    51                                  98.88
    52                                  99.09
    53                                  99.24
    54                                  99.39
    55                                  99.54
    56                                  99.63
    57                                  99.73
    58                                  99.82
    59                                  99.90
    60                                  99.93

                                      A-48

       FALMOUTH HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+
    O-

    *  O49

     0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
           Percent of Upland Area

                  A-49

                     FREETOWN

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.55
      4                                     1.09
      5                                     1.64
      6                                     198
      7                                     2.44
      8                                    2.86
      9                                    4.04
     10                                   4.76
     11                                   5.61
     12                                    6.88
     13                                   7.83
     14                                   9.19
     15                                  11.50
     16                                  13.81
     17                                  16.12
     18                                  17.75
     19                                  19.41
     20                                  21.48
     21                                  22.97
     22                                  24.52
     23                                  26.57
     24                                  30.15
     25                                  31.48
     26                                  32.99
     27                                  34.81
     28                                  36.19
     29                                  37.47
     30                                  40.54
     31                                  43.62
     32                                  46.69
     33                                  49.81
     34                                  53.09
     35                                  55.41
     36                                  57.76
     37                                   60.14
     38                                   61.85
     39                                   63.54
     40                                   65.11
     41                                   66.83
     42                                   68.21
     43                                   69.56
     44                                   70.76
     45                                   72.68
     46                                   74.60
     47                                   76.52
     48                                   78.40
     49                                   79.84
     50                                   81.08
     51                                   82.28
     52                                   83.53
     53                                   84.56
     54                                   85.60
     55                                   86.68
     56                                   87.48
     57                                   88.26
     58                                   88.97
     59                                   89.86
     60                                  90.52
                                        A-50

            FREETOWN HYPSOMETRY
           CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      ~I~Pre ofUlnAr

    IA-
        oZ

         0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
                Percent of Upland Area

        U               ~~~~~~~~~~A-51

                      GAYHEAD

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     4.04
      4                                     8.07
      5                                   12.11
      6                                   15.47
      7                                   18.22
      8                                   21.02
     9                                   2534
     10                                  27.69
     11                                   30.16
     12                                  33.35
     13                                  35.93
     14                                  38.51
     15                                  40.98
     16                                  43.44
     17                                  45.91
     18                                  47.98
     19                                  50.56
     20                                   52.80
     21                                   54.60
     22                                   57.12
     23                                   59.98
     24                                   62.00
     25                                   63.68
     26                                   65.70
     27                                   68.50
     28                                   70.07
     29                                   72.09
     30                                   73.99
     31                                   75.90
     32                                   77.80
     33                                   79.48
     34                                   81.56
    35                                   83.13
     36                                   8436
     37                                   86.49
     38                                   8733
     39                                   88.68
    40                                   89.91
    41                                   91.03
    42                                   92.15
    43                                   93.39
    44                                   94.56
    45                                   95.18
    46                                   95.80
    47                                   96.41
    48                                   97.14
    49                                   97.65
    50                                  97.98
    51                                   98.32
    52                                   98.60
    53                                   98.88
    54                                   99.22
    55                                   99.50
    56                                   99.66
    57                                   99.78
    58                                   99.94
    59                                  100.00

                                       A-52

        GAY HEAD HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    O
    So-

    O :

     0  10 20 30 40 50 60     70 80 90 100
                              /

            Percent of Upland Area

                   A-53

                    GLOUCESTER

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    1.04
      4                                    2.07
      5                                   3.11
      6                                   4.14
      7                                   5.52
      8                                   6.60
      9                                   7.78
     10                                  9.44
     11                                 10.81
     12                                 12.65
     13                                 14.45
     14                                 19.51

     16                                 29.63
     17                                 34.22
     18                                 38.08
     19                                 41.81
     20                                  45.06
     21                                  48.58
     22                                 51.57
     23                                 53.96
     24                                 56.41
     25                                 58.65
     26                                 60.72
     27                                 62.49
     28                                 64.64
     29                                 66.98
     30                                 68.69
     31                                 70.41
     32                                 72.12
     33                                 73.67
     34                                 75.10
     35                                 76.61
     36                                 77.96
     37                                 79.12
     38                                 80.18
     39                                 81.36
     40                                  82.29
     41                                  83.15
     42                                  84.27
     43                                  85.36
     44                                  86.66
     45                                  88.08
     46                                 89.49
     47                                  90.90
     48                                  92.23
     49                                 93.40
     50                                 94.47
     51                                  9538
     52                                  96.27
     53                                 97.02
     54                                  97.66
     55                                 98.23
     56                                 98.67
     57                                 99.07
     58                                  9939
     59                                 99.62
     60                                  99.99

                                       A-54

        GLOUCESTER HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O

    U  -

    o

      0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                   A-55

                       GOSNOLD

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     439
      4                                     8.77
      5                                    13.16
      6                                    16.07
      7                                    19.02
      8                                    22.06
      9                                    2637
     10                                   29.33
     11                                   31.74
     12                                   35.43
     13                                   37.94
     14                                   40.77
     15                                   45.06
     16                                   49.34
     17                                   53.62
     18                                   57.49
     19                                   60.89
     20                                   6437
     21                                   67.40
     22                                   70.13
     23                                   72.85
     24                                   75.53
     25                                   77.76
     26                                   79.65
     27                                   82.56
     28                                   84.35
     29                                   85.75
     30                                   87.49
     31                                   89.23
     32                                   90.97
     33                                   92.45
     34                                   93.80
     35                                   94.81
     36                                   95.72
     37                                   96.55
     38                                   97.07
     39                                   97.66
     40                                   98.13
     41                                   98.57
     42                                   98.96
     43                                   99.14
     44                                   99.27
     45                                   99.38
     46                                   99.48
     47                                   99.58
     48                                   99.69
     49                                   99.74
     50                                   99.79
     51                                   99.84
     52                                   99.87
     53                                   99.90
     54                                   99.92
     55                                   99.95
     56                                   99.97
     57                                  100.00

                                       A-56

         GOSNOLD H'YPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UTPLAND 3m.t

    .z

      0  io   20 30 40 5o 60 70 80 90 100
     3      ~~Percent of Upland Area

       3   ~~~~~~~~A-57
                    A-57

                      HARWICH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     5.31
      4                                    10.62
      5                                    15.92
      6                                    19.98
      7                                   23.76
      8                                   27A1
      9                                   33.02
     10                                   36.21
      11                                  39.24
      12                                  42.72
      13                                  45.66
      14                                  48.66
      15                                  55.15
      16                                   61.64
      17                                   68.13
      18                                   73.85
      19                                  78.70
     20                                   83.54
     21                                   87.01
     22                                   90.02
     23                                  92.70
     24                                   94.93
      25                                   96.71
      26                                   98.09
      27                                   99.10
      28                                   99.72

                                        A-58

              HARWICH HYPSOMETRY

           CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      C -
    o

      coo
      o-

    3  0

      -
      t-~  ~~~~~~~'   ~~~~~~~~~   {   ~'~~~,,  IIII  {~~ ~~I~ ~~I~  I,,,,,    III II II {  '| I{ ~ "I I  ! {'{ . . . . "   "  I,
         0   10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90  100
                     Percent of Upland Area

                                A-59

                      HINGHAM

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    0.62
      4                                    1.24
      5                                    1.87
      6                                   2.62
      7                                   3.75
      8                                   4.69
      9                                   5.67
     10                                   6.82
     11                                   7.98
     12                                   9.22
     13                                  10.66
     14                                  1535
     15                                 20.04
     16                                 24.73
     17                                 29.10
     18                                 32.68
     19                                 36.25
     20                                  39.47
     21                                 42.59
     22                                  45.50
     23                                  48.17
     24                                 50.78
     25                                  53.01
     26                                 55.21
     27                                  5731
     28                                 59.99
     29                                  62.90
     30                                  65.09
     31                                  67.28
     32                                 69.47
     33                                 71.37
     34                                 73.04
     35                                 75.02
     36                                 76.50
     37                                  78.10
     38                                  79.59
     39                                  81.17
     40                                  82.72
     41                                  84.15
     42                                  85.93
     43                                  87.47
     44                                  89.10
     45                                 90.20
     46                                  91.31
     47                                  92.42
     48                                  93.49
     49                                  94.44
     50                                 95.31
     51                                 96.10
     52                                 96.83
     53                                 97.49
     54                                 98.06
     55                                 98.58
     56                                 98.96
     57                                 99.33
     58                                 99.56
     59                                 99.76
     60                                100.00
                                       A-60

          HINGHAM HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     C)  -

     C,-

    O -                   A61

       0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-61

                        HULL

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     8.62
      4                                    17.25
      5                                    25.87
      6                                    31.83
      7                                   39.01
      8                                   43.94
      9                                   48.25
     10                                   53.59
     11                                   59.34
     12                                   63.24
     13                                  69.20
     14                                  72.28
     15                                  75.36
     16                                  78.44
     17                                  81.11
     18                                  8337
     19                                  86.24
     20                                  88.50
     21                                   90.14
     22                                   91.99
     23                                   93.02
     24                                   94.05
     25                                   95.07
     26                                   96.30
     27                                   96.71
     28                                   97.33
     29                                   98.15
     30                                   9836
     31                                   98.56
     32                                  98.77
     33                                  9897
     34                                   9938
     35                                  99.59
     36                                   99.79
     37                                  100.00

                                       A-62

            HULL HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0o

     0-

    -  C   -'

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-63

                      IPSWICH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                   1.88
      4                                   3.76
      5                                   5.65
      6                                   7.48
      7                                  10.45
      8                                  13.11
      9                                  15.79
     10                                 19.23
     11                                21.97
     12                                25.84
     13                                29.22
     14                                34.17
     15                                39.11
     16                                44.05
     17                                48.57
     18                                52.44

     20                                 59.04
     21                                 62.12
     22                                65.12
     23                                 67.45
     24                                 69.87
     25                                 71.93
     26                                 73.84
     27                                 75.81
     28                                 78.42
     29                                 82.18
     30                                 83.93
     31                                 85.68
     32                                 87.43
     33                                 88.87
     34                                 90.15
     35                                 91.46
     36                                 92.56
     37                                 93.54
     38                                 94.46
     39                                 95.26
     40                                 95.90
     41                                 96.46
     42                                 96.94
     43                                 97.23
     44                                 97.43
     45                                 97.63
     46                                 97.84
     47                                 98.04
     48                                 98.24
     49                                 98.42
     50                                 98.56
     51                                 98.70
     52                                 98.81
     53                                 98.98
     54                                 99.08
     55                                 99.18
     56                                 9930
     57                                 99.36
     58                                 99.42
     59                                 99.47
     60                                 99.84

                                      A-64

          IPSWICH HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O -
     0-

    D -
    ,

         0> ~~~~A -65
       0  10  20  30  40 50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-65

                      KINGSTON

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.03
      4                                     2.06
      5                                    3.09
      6                                    4.04
      7                                    4.80
      8                                    5.94
      9                                    7.43
     10                                    8.73
     11                                   10.20
     12                                   12.43
     13                                   13.85
     14                                   18.15
     15                                  2238
     16                                  26.60
     17                                  30.82
     18                                  34.53
     19                                  37.86
     20                                  41.04
     21                                  44.09
     22                                  47.02
     23                                  49.80
     24                                  52.22
     25                                  54.13
     26                                  55.80
     27                                  57.42
     28                                  58.81
     29                                  60.28
     30                                  62.33
     31                                  64.38
     32                                  66.43
     33                                  67.98
     34                                  69.50
     35                                  70.79
     36                                  71.96
     37                                  73.17
     38                                   74.45
     39                                   7538
     40                                   76.29
     41                                   77.43
     42                                   78.37
     43                                   79.04
     44                                   79.80
     45                                   81.86
     46                                   83.92
     47                                   85.99
     48                                   87.95
     49                                   89.55
     50                                  91.02
     51                                  92.31
     52                                  93.56
     53                                  94.76
     54                                  95.60
    55                                  96.47
     56                                  97.11
     57                                  97.68
     58                                  98.16
    59                                  98.53
     60                                   98.80

                                       A-66

       KINGSTON HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    o

                 A- 67
    O

                         LYNN

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.36
      4                                     2.73
      5                                    4.09
      6                                    5.48
      7                                    7.16
      8                                    8.62
      9                                    10.18
     10                                  12.19
     11                                  13.65
     12                                  15.29
     13                                  17.34
     14                                   19.95
     15                                  22.55
     16                                  25.15
     17                                   27.65
     18                                   29.68
     19                                  31.62
     20                                   33.28
     21                                   35.03
     22                                   36.82
     23                                   38.21
     24                                   39.67
     25                                  40.76
     26                                  41.63
     27                                  42.37
     28                                  43.53
     29                                  44.62
     30                                   47.87
     31                                   51.11
     32                                   54.36
     33                                   57.26
     34                                  59.76
     35                                   62.04
     36                                  64.15
     37                                  66.13
     38                                  68.41
     39                                   70.02
     40                                   71.51
     41                                   72.65
     42                                   74.11
     43                                   75.35
     44                                   76.44
     45                                   77.90
     46                                   79.36
     47                                  80.82
     48                                  82.28
     49                                   83.50
     50                                  84.76
     51                                  85.85
     52                                   86.84
     53                                   88.13
     54                                   88.85
     55                                   89.77
     56                                   90.51
     57                                   91.30
     58                                   91.95
     59                                  92.39
     60                                   96.70

                                        A-68

             LYNN HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      0-

      O -
    �'~ CO
      A-69

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
               Percent of Upland Area

                      A-69

                    MANCHESTER

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.79
      4                                    1.57
      5                                    2.36
      6                                    2.98
      7                                    4.00
      8                                    4.65
      9                                    5.70
     10                                    7.11
     11                                    8.42
     12                                   10.22
     13                                  12.87
     14                                  19.36
     15                                  25.84
     16                                  32.33
     17                                  38.09
     18                                  43.04
     19                                  47.33
     20                                  51.56
     21                                  55.52
     22                                  59.25
     23                                  62.43
     24                                  65.87
     25                                  68.56
     26                                  71.01
     27                                  73.47
     28                                   76.32
     29                                   79.79
     30                                   81.56
     31                                   83.33
     32                                   85.10
     33                                   86.73
     34                                   88.27
     35                                   89.68
     36                                  90.76
     37                                  92.07
     38                                  92.96
     39                                  93.97
     40                                   94.63
     41                                  95.41
     42                                   95.97
     43                                   96.66
     44                                   97.28
     45                                   9758
    46                                   97.87
    47                                   98.17
    48                                   98.43
    49                                   98.66
     50                                   98.89
     51                                   99.08
     52                                   99.25
     53                                   99.44
     54                                   9957
     55                                   99.67
     56                                   99.74
     57                                   99.80
    58                                   99.87
    59                                   99.90
    60                                  100.00

                                       A-70

       MANCHESTER HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     0 -

    r -
    3/

     0-

       0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                    A-71

                     MARBLEHEAD

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                        2.20
      4                                        4.40
      5                                        6.60
      6                                       8.87
      7                                      11.47
      8                                      14.14
      9                                      16.54
     10                                     19.81
     11                                     22.62
     12                                     25.88
     13                                     30.89
     14                                     39.49
     15                                     48.10
     16                                     56.70
     17                                     64.11
     18                                     70.45
     19                                      75.98
     20                                      80.99
     21                                     84.99
     22                                      88.33
     23                                      91.26
     24                                      93.73
     25                                      95.80
     26                                      97.53
     27                                      98.80
     28                                     99.60
     29                                    100.00

                                         A-72

            MARBLEHEAD HYPSO.METRY
             CALCULATED FOR UPLANI) .Sm.-t

         O z
    *~
         c  -
         O

         O  -

        i O'
                    _~~~~~~~~~~~.~
          )O-
    I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
         O
        I F

            0   10  20  :30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                     Percent of Upland Area

                               .A-73
            3                   A-73~~~~~~~~~

                        MARION

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     10.18
      4                                     2036
      5                                     30.54
      6                                     36.95
      7                                     42.83
      8                                     48.50
     9                                    54.93
     10                                    59.12
     11                                    62.82
     12                                    67.22
     13                                    70.19
     14                                    73.23
     15                                    76.23
     16                                    79.23
     17                                    82.22
     18                                   84.97
     19                                   87.35
     20                                    9035
    21                                   92.68
    22                                    94.85
    23                                   96.73
    24                                    97.69
    25                                    98.42
    26                                    99.02
    27                                    99.47
    28                                    99.79
    29                                    99.93
    30                                    99.95
    31                                    99.98
    32                                   100.00

                                        A-74

                MARION HYPSOMETRY
    a CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.-v

          0:

     ~~~RI

     N     ~~~~~~0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
       *          ~~~~Percent of Upland Area

         3                ~~~~~~~~~~A-75

                     MARSHFIELD

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    1.38
      4                                    2.76
      5                                   4.14
      6                                   5.53
      7                                   7.38
      8                                   932
      9                                  11.95
     10                                  1552
     11                                  1835
     12                                  21.96
     13                                  25.54
     14                                  32.52
     15                                  35.68
     16                                  38.83
     17                                  41.99
     18                                  44.52
     19                                  46.91
     20                                  48.98
     21                                  51.24
     22                                   53.12
     23                                   54.85
     24                                   56.59
     25                                   58.09
     26                                  59.38
     27                                   60.73
     28                                   62.12
     29                                  63.68
     30                                  65.81
     31                                  67.95
     32                                  70.08
     33                                  71.88
     34                                  73.62
     35                                  75.27
     36                                  76.72
     37                                  78.23
     38                                  79.44
     39                                  80.57
     40                                  81.71
     41                                  82.65
    42                                  83.62
     43                                  8432
    44                                  85.21
    45                                  86.23
    46                                  87.25
    47                                  88.27
    48                                  89.22
    49                                  90.01
    50                                  90.72
    51                                  91.43
    52                                  92.07
    53                                  92.87
    54                                  93.37
    55                                  93.90
    56                                  94.46
    57                                  94.90
    58                                  95.30
    59                                  95.75
    60                                  98.62

                                        A-76

        MARSHFIELD HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.�

     -/

     I                                   /

    0.-
     10-

    U  Oo

     C-
    Q C) -\

      -  7

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-77

                       MASHPEE

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     3.32
      4                                     6.65
      5                                     9.97
      6                                    12.42
      7                                    14.79
      8                                    17.12
      9                                    20.18
     10                                   22.57
     11                                   24.80
     12                                   30.72
     13                                   33.43
     14                                   36.82
     15                                   43.51
     16                                   50.19
     17                                   56.87
     18                                   61.36
     19                                   65.03
     20                                    68.61
     21                                   71.53
     22                                    74.00
     23                                    76.46
     24                                    78.42
     25                                    80.20
     26                                    81.85
     27                                    83.37
     28                                    84.48
     29                                    85.55
     30                                    87.31
     31                                    89.07
     32                                    90.82
     33                                   92.43
     34                                   93.90
     35                                    95.09
     36                                   96.15
     37                                   97.10
     38                                   97.92
     39                                   98.52
    40                                    99.01
    41                                   99.41
    42                                    99.70
    43                                   99.91
    44                                   100.00

                                       A-78

                 M-4ASH'PEE EJYPSOMETRY
              CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.v
    I~

          nc

    E~

        I  ~CQ

    *~~ 2-

           7  -  IIIII.111I II   I III~II II)IIIIII IIIIII.II) I .IIIII I I1II1tII1aIII II
             0   10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                       Percent of Upland Area

                                A-79

                   MATTAPOISETT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    4.04
      4                                    8.08
      5                                   12.11
      6                                   1532
      7                                   18.63
      8                                   22.63
      9                                   27.70
     10                                  31.18
     11                                  34.78
     12                                  39.51
     13                                   42.91
     14                                  46.68
     15                                  51.28
     16                                  55.89
     17                                  60.49
     18                                  64.37
     19                                  67.56
     20                                   70.94
     21                                   73.56
     22                                   76.59
     23                                   8757
     24                                   91.46
     25                                   94.12
     26                                   95.84
     27                                   97.36
     28                                   98.16
     29                                   98.78
     30                                   98.92
     31                                   99.06
     32                                  99.20
     33                                  99.33
     34                                   99.43
     35                                   9954
     36                                  99.63
     37                                  99.72
     38                                   99.79
     39                                  99.84
    40                                   99.89
    41                                   99.93
    42                                   99.96
    43                                   99.98
    44                                 100.00

                                        A-80

     MAX'TAPOISETT HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    O_

    *
    o
    o

    O

     0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
            Percent of Upland Area

                  A-81

                       NAHANT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      6.08
      4                                     12.16
      5                                     18.24
      6                                     2432
      7                                     32.09
      8                                     39.86
      9                                     45.27
     10                                    53.72
     11                                    58.11
     12                                     65.88
     13                                    68.58
     14                                    71.96
     15                                    75.34
     16                                    78.72
     17                                    81.76
     18                                    84.46
     19                                    87.16
     20                                    89.53
     21                                    91.55
     22                                    93.58
     23                                    95.27
     24                                    96.62
     25                                    97.64
     26                                    98.65
     27                                    99.32
     28                                    99.66
     29                                   100.00

                                        A-82

              NAHANT HYPSOMETRY
          CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      0-

      tO -

    ,- cUD -

        -
      CO  I-    ll tl llI lltlll JBIIl ,,ll l   lllll    lll,111,l,11 J IllIl    ll Illlllllll lll  IlllJ
        0   10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                    Percent of Upland Area

                               A-83

                     NANTUCKET

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     8.70
      4                                    17.40
      5                                    26.10
      6                                    32.11
      7                                    37.66
      8                                    42.86
      9                                    52.04
     10                                   56.58
     11                                   60.40
     12                                   65.56
     13                                   69.22
     14                                   72.83
     15                                   76.41
     16                                   79.98
     17                                   83.55
     18                                   86.52
     19                                   89.13
     20                                   91.49
     21                                   93.31
     22                                   94.81
     23                                   96.20
     24                                   97.29
     25                                   98.12
     26                                   98.77
     27                                   9930
     28                                   99.65
     29                                   99.82
     30                                   99.84
     31                                   99.86
     32                                   99.88
     33                                   99.91
     34                                   99.93
     35                                   99.94
     36                                   99.95
     37                                   99.97
     38                                   99.98
     39                                   99.99
     40                                   99.99

                                       A-84

             NAN T UCLEL L 1 I , HY 'tLVl PIO  Ei

             CALCULATED FOFR UTPLAND 3n.+

         CD -
    I~
         co

         O0-
         o
         t.O -

       I-

    5~~~~~~~
        &g
      e o -

        o-

    I~~~~~~~
       o~.  02  -

    I~~~~~~~
       3,
                   >  .                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~//

       X.-2  -
           -

           0   10  20  30  40   50   60   70   80   90  100
                     Percent of Upland .Area

                             A-85

                    NEW BEDFORD
    .....................................................
    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.89
      4                                     3.78
      5                                     5.67
      6                                     6.99
      7                                     8.03
      8                                     9.14
      9                                    10.42
     10                                   11.37
     11                                   12.30
     12                                   13.58
     13                                   14.39
     14                                   14.99
     15                                   16.03
     16                                   17.08
     17                                   18.12
     18                                   23.22
     19                                   26.52
     20                                   31.66
     21                                   39.77
     22                                   41.67
     23                                   44.76
     24                                   50.42
     25                                   52.88
     26                                   55.65
     27                                   59.25
     28                                   62.20
     29                                   65.03
     30                                   68.34
     31                                   71.65
     32                                   74.97
     33                                   77.81
     34                                   81.14
     35                                   83.65
     36                                   85.86
     37                                   88.26
     38                                   89.91
     39                                   91.35
     40                                   92.86
     41                                   94.55
     42                                   95.48
     43                                   9638
     44                                   97.04
     45                                    97.35
     46                                   97.67
     47                                   97.99
     48                                   98.28
     49                                   98.55
     50                                   98.79
     51                                   99.02
     52                                   99.21
     53                                   99.39
     54                                   99.55
     55                                   99.68
     56                                   99.79
     57                                   99.88
     58                                   99.94
     59                                   99.98
     60                                  100.00

                                         A-86

         NEW BEDFORtD HYPSOMETRY
          CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

       0-
       0o
       i_

       O

      . -

    UI    "0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
     *i~ ~Percent of Upland Area

                     A-87

                      NEWBURY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     2.83
      4                                      5.65
      5                                     8.48
      6                                    10.97
      7                                    14.97
      8                                    18.76
     9                                    22.60
     10                                   27.49
     11                                   31.98
     12                                   37.35
     13                                   43.08
     14                                   48.89
     15                                   54.69
     16                                   60.49
     17                                   66.11
     18                                   70.59
     19                                   74.86
     20                                   78.50
     21                                   82.16
     22                                   85.33
     23                                   88.11
     24                                    90.74
     25                                    92.77
     26                                    94.46
     27                                    95.86
     28                                    97.04
     29                                   98.14
     30                                   98.34
     31                                    9g.54
     32                                    98.74
     33                                    98.90
     34                                   99.05
     35                                    99.24
     36                                   99.37
     37                                    99.48
     38                                    99.58
     39                                    99.67
     40                                    99.75
    41                                    99.82
    42                                    99.87
    43                                    99.90
    44                                    99.92
    45                                    99.93
    46                                    99.95
    47                                    99.97
    48                                    99.98
    49                                   100.00

                                      A-88

         NEWBURY HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     o

     Oo

       -

    -

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                   A-89

                    NEWBURYPORT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      1.50
      4                                     3.00
      5                                      4.50
      6                                      5.27
      7                                      6.44
      8                                      8.34
      9                                    10.48
     10                                    15.32
     11                                    20.82
     12                                   27.96
     13                                   36.37
     14                                   42.78
     15                                    49.18
     16                                   55.59
     17                                   61.39
     18                                    65.83
     19                                    70.00
     20                                    73.87
     21                                    77.44
     22                                    81.11
     23                                    83.85
     24                                    86.49
     25                                    88.92
     26                                   -91.06
     27                                    92.86
     28                                    94.63
     29                                    96.43
     30                                    96.83
     31                                    97.23
     32                                   97.63
     33                                   98.00
     34                                   98.33
     35                                    98.63
     36                                    98.90
     37                                    99.13
     38                                    99.33
     39                                    99.50
     40                                    99.67
     41                                    99.80
     42                                    99.90
     43                                    99.97
     44                                   100.00

                                         A-90

           NEWBURYPORT HYPSOMETRY
             CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+
    I
          O -
          0-

        . o
          0-

           :,-j~i

     E      -I

            0  10  20  30  40  50 60  70  80  90 O00
        *           Percent of 'Upland Area

        3                   A-91

                     OAK BLUFFS

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     450
      4                                     9.01
      5                                    13.51
      6                                    16.88
      7                                    20.32
      8                                    2336
      9                                    26.88
     10                                   29.66
     11                                   31.86
     12                                   35.15
     13                                   37.13
     14                                   39.25
     15                                   42.40
     16                                   45.55
     17                                   48.70
     18                                   52.22
     19                                   55.14
     20                                   59.17
     21                                   61.59
     22                                   64.52
     23                                   68.33
     24                                   74.11
     25                                   77.77
     26                                   80.48
     27                                   8334
     28                                   85.46
     29                                   87.15
     30                                   88.58
     31                                   90.00
     32                                  91.43
     33                                  92.75
     34                                  93.96
     35                                  95.06
     36                                  96.05
     37                                   96.92
     38                                   97.69
     39                                   98.35
    40                                   98.90
    41                                   99.34
     42                                   99.67
    43                                  100.00

                                         A-92

              CALCULATED FOR UPL-AND Pn

          0:

          (0-

         0-
    I i~~C

    I                                              /~~C
         o0�

                                      A-93-

                       ORLEANS

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      5.68
      4                                     11.36
      5                                    17.04
      6                                    21.67
      7                                    25.99
      8                                    30.39
      9                                     36.05
     10                                    39.70
     11                                   43.49
     12                                    46.94
     13                                    50.63
     14                                   54.46
     15                                   59.84
     16                                    65.21
     17                                   70.58
     18                                   74.98
     19                                   78.95
     20                                    82.55
     21                                   85.65
     22                                    88.05
     23                                    90.43
     24                                    92.38
     25                                    93.94
     26                                    95.40
     27                                    96.70
     28                                    97.57
     29                                    98.11
     30                                    98.39
     31                                    98.67
     32                                    98.95
     33                                    99.16
     34                                    99.28
     35                                    99.44
     36                                    99.54
     37                                    99.69
     38                                    99.80
     39                                    99.87
     40                                    99.92
     41                                    99.95
     42                                    99.97
     43                                   100.00

                                        A-94

             ORLEANS HYPSOMETRY
          CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      o
      C)

      n _

     CQ  -
    ) Cu-

    3J

      O :_

      CO  -  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,I  IIII11 llllll l  llllllll IIII llllllllll lllll ll lllll lll
        0   10  20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90  100
                   Percent of Upland Area

                             A-95

                      PLYMOUTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      0.44
      4                                      0.89
      5                                      1.33
      6                                      2.02
      7                                      2A7
      8                                      2.91
      9                                      3.56
     10                                     4.07
     11                                     4.67
     12                                     5.53
     13                                     6.26
     14                                     8.15
     15                                     9.95
     16                                    11.75
     17                                    13.55
     18                                    15.16
     19                                    16.77
     20                                    18.68
     21                                    20.32
     22                                    21.72
     23                                    23.32
     24                                    25.52
     25                                    26.99
     26                                   28.40
     27                                    30.36
     28                                    31.93
     29                                    33.82
     30                                    37.22
     31                                    40.62
     32                                    44.02
     33                                    47.01
     34                                    50.41
     35                                    53.23
     36                                    56.12
     37                                    59.72
     38                                    61.87
     39                                    63.75
     40                                    65.52
     41                                    67.48
     42                                    68.82
     43                                    70.05
     44                                    71.14
     45                                    73.51
     46                                    75.88
     47                                    78.25
     48                                    80.53
     49                                    82.36
     50                                    84.02
     51                                    85.57
     52                                    87.03
     53                                    88.26
     54                                    89.33
     55                                    90.46
     56                                    91.33
     57                                    92.05
     58                                    92.70
     59                                    93.36
     60                                    94.03

                                       A-96

         PLYMOUTH HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O
     0-

    o _
     o-

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

    iA- 97
       --        /

                    A- 97

                   PROVINCETOWN

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                       5.89
      4                                      11.78
      5                                      17.67
      6                                      2236
      7                                      2851
      8                                      33.60
      9                                      38.82
     10                                     43.78
     11                                     46.99
     12                                     49.40
     13                                     53.01
     14                                     57.97
     15                                     62.92
     16                                     67.87
     17                                     72.42
     18                                     76.71
     19                                     8059
     20                                      84.07
     21                                     87.28
     22                                     90.09
     23                                     92.50
     24                                     94.65
     25                                      9639
     26                                     97.86
     27                                      98.93
     28                                     99.60
     29                                     100.00

                                      A-98

      PROVINCETOWN HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.t

     o
     CD

     o

    3                   A-99
    O -
    'q CO -

    V �z-

       0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-99

                       QUINCY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    3.41
      4                                    6.82
      5                                   10.22
      6                                   12.93
      7                                   16.07
      8                                   18.77
      9                                   21.29
     10                                  24.07
     11                                  26.50
     12                                  29.00
     13                                  31.37
     14                                  33.77
     15                                  36.16
     16                                  38.56
     17                                  41.01
     18                                  43.29
     19                                  45.41
     20                                  47.17
     21                                  48.67
     22                                   50.46
     23                                   52.02
     24                                  53.59
     25                                   54.66
     26                                   55.56
     27                                  56.57
     28                                   57.53
     29                                  58.11
     30                                   59.08
     31                                   60.06
     32                                   61.03
     33                                   61.71
     34                                   62.41
     35                                   63.37
     36                                   64.28
     37                                   64.93
     38                                   65.63
     39                                   66.47
     40                                   67.07
     41                                   67.63
     42                                   68.51
     43                                   69.09
     44                                   70.01
     45                                   71.14
     46                                   72.27
     47                                   73.40
     48                                   74.47
     49                                   75.46
     50                                   76.44
     51                                   7739
     52                                   7833
     53                                   7932
     54                                   79.92
     55                                   80.76
     56                                   81.73
     57                                   82.26
     58                                   83.19
     59                                   83.89
     60                                   8738

                                       A-100

          QUINCY HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m t

    0-

    O -

      0  10  20  30  40  50 60  70  80  90 100
            Percent of Upland Area

    3'oA-101
                   A-101

                      REHOBOTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      0.91
      4                                      1.81
      5                                      2.72
      6                                     3.37
      7                                     4.15
      8                                     5.19
      9                                     6.70
     10                                     7.69
     11                                     8.62
     12                                    9.81
     13                                   10.68
     14                                    11.55
     15                                    12.68
     16                                    13.82
     17                                    14.95
     18                                    16.28
     19                                    17.77
     20                                    20.05
     21                                    21.70
     22                                    23.30
     23                                    25.55
     24                                    27.58
     25                                    29.62
     26                                    32.06
     27                                   35.32
     28                                   37.89
     29                                    41.14
    30                                    43.90
    31                                   46.66
    32                                    49.42
    33                                    52.07
    34                                    55.14
    35                                    57.86
    36                                    64.60
    37                                    73.52
    38                                    76.09
    39                                   78.33
    40                                    80.46
    41                                    82.84
    42                                    84.24
    43                                    8538
    44                                    86.40
    45                                    87.12
    46                                    87.85
    47                                    88.57
    48                                    8950
    49                                    90.18
    50                                    90.72
    51                                    9136
    52                                    92.16
    53                                    92.82
    54                                    93.41
    55                                    94.24
    56                                    94.87
    57                                    9555
    58                                    96.22
    59                                    97.12
    60                                    98.07

                                       A-102

             REHOBOTH HYPSOMETRY
           CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      0

      O -

      O _
    I  oj

       CO3  1'11 1   111l1tI I  Hil I I II I II  1111 1111    111111 1 1111111            II II I I    I no II  I III II I  1  olI II
         0    10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90   100
                     Percent of Upland Area

                                A-103

                        REVERE

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      3.02
      4                                      6.05
      5                                     9.07
      6                                     12.10
      7                                    17.36
      8                                    21.17
      9                                    25.83
     10                                    31.94
     11                                    37.69
     12                                    44.46
     13                                    51.42
     14                                    55.17
     15                                    58.92
     16                                   62.67
     17                                    66.73
     18                                    70.05
     19                                    73.14
     20                                    76.29
     21                                    79.43
     22                                    81.67
     23                                    83.85
     24                                    86.15
     25                                    88.08
     26                                    89.96
     27                                    90.74
     28                                    91.59
     29                                    92.20
    30                                    92.92
    31                                    93.65
    32                                    9437
    33                                    94.80
    34                                    95.40
    35                                    96.01
    36                                    96.49
    37                                    96.85
    38                                    97.28
    39                                    97.70
    40                                    98.06
    41                                    98.61
    42                                    98.67
    43                                    98.73
    44                                    98.85
    45                                    98.97
    46                                    99.09.
    47                                    99.21
    48                                    99.33
    49                                    99.46
    50                                    99.58
    51                                    99.64
    52                                    99.70
    53                                    99.76
    54                                    99.82
    55                                    99.88
    56                                    99.94

                                      A-1 04

           REVERE HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     o

     0 -0

    tO 0

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-105

                     ROCKPORT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.27
      4                                    2.54
      5                                    3.80
      6                                    5.16
      7                                    7.19
      8                                    8.41
      9                                    9.97
     10                                  11.71
     11                                   13.02
     12                                   14.24
     13                                   15.89
     14                                   18.09
     15                                  21.13
     16                                  24.18
     17                                  27.22
     18                                  29.29
     19                                  31.66
     20                                  33.73
     21                                  36.09
     22                                  37.66
     23                                  39.56
     24                                  41.50
     25                                  43.03
     26                                  44.76
     27                                  46.03
     28                                  47.93
     29                                  50.30
     30                                  54.31
     31                                  58.33
     32                                  62.34
     33                                  65.89
     34                                  69.10
     35                                  72.15
     36                                  74.77
     37                                  77.26
     38                                  79.25
     39                                  81.49
     40                                   83.43
     41                                   84.66
     42                                   86.01
     43                                   86.90
     44                                   87.87
     45                                   89.26
     46                                   90.66
     47                                   92.05
     48                                   93.20
     49                                   94.63
     50                                   95.56
     51                                   96.41
     52                                   97.13
     53                                   97.93
     54                                   98.39
     55                                   98.86
     56                                   99.11
     57                                   99.32
     58                                   99.62
     59                                   99.75
     60                                  100.00

                                      A-106

         ROCKPORT HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O

     co
     O -

     O_0

    E - CO -

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60  70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                    A-107

                      ROWLEY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.60
      4                                     1.20
      5                                     1.79
      6                                    2.60
      7                                    350
      8                                    4.51
      9                                    5.42
     10                                   6.44
     11                                   7.40
     12                                    8.67
     13                                   9.98
     14                                  11.91
     15                                   17.66
     16                                  23.40
     17                                  29.15
     18                                  34.02
     19                                   38.68
     20                                   43.09
     21                                   4752
     22                                   51.42
     23                                   55.35
     24                                   59.06
     25                                   62.68
     26                                  66.43
     27                                  70.72
    28                                  75.42
    29                                  79.61
    30                                  81.59
    31                                  83.57
    32                                  85.56
    33                                  87.30
    34                                  88.89
    35                                   90.38
    36                                   91.71
    37                                   92.92
    38                                   94.05
    39                                   94.94
    40                                   95.73
    41                                   9631
    42                                  96.82
    43                                  97.23
    44                                  97.45
    45                                   97.66
    46                                   97.86
    47                                   98.07
    48                                   98.17
    49                                   98.34
    50                                   98.55
    51                                   98.62
    52                                   98.74
    53                                   98.84
    54                                   98.92
    55                                   98.99
    56                                   99.08
    57                                   99.15
    58                                   99.21
    59                                   99.25
    60                                   99.61

                                    A-108

           ROWLEY HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.t

     o

     0--
     cr:

     o

    O-

       0  10  20 30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100o
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-109

                        SALEM

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     238
      4                                     4.76
      5                                      7.14
      6                                      933
      7                                     12.14
      8                                    14.52
      9                                    16.43
     10                                    18.93
     11                                    21.39
     12                                    24.33
     13                                    2730
     14                                    31.27
     15                                    35.20
     16                                    39.13
     17                                    43.06
     18                                    46.90
     19                                    49.84
     20                                    52.54
     21                                    55.20
     22                                    57.42
     23                                    59.40
     24                                    61.35
     25                                    62.90
     26                                    64.56
     27                                    65.87
     28                                    67.26
     29                                    68.37
     30                                    70.95
     31                                    73.53
     32                                    76.11
     33                                    78.33
     34                                    8036
     35                                    82.22
     36                                    83.89
     37                                    85.36
     38                                    86.71
     39                                    88.02
     40                                    89.05
     41                                    90.00
     42                                    91.07
     43                                    92.22
     44                                    93.33
     45                                    94.01
     46'                                   94.68
     47                                    95.36
     48                                    96.03
     49                                    96.67
     50                                    97.26
     51                                    97.74
     52                                    98.17
     53                                    98.57
     54                                    98.97
     55                                    99.25
     56                                    99.48
     57                                    99.68
     58                                    99.84
     59                                    99.92
     60                                    99.96

                                        A-1 10

           SALEM HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     o

     0O
     C-

      of Upland Area

    *                 A-111
     o

     O-:

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-111 1

                      SALISBURY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    438
      4                                    8.76
      5                                   13.14
      6                                   17.16
      7                                   22.05
      8                                   26.65
      9                                   30.73
     10                                  35.41
     11                                   39.08
     12                                   4330
     13                                   47.48
     14                                   52.44
     15                                   57.41
     16                                   6237
     17                                   67.26
     18                                  70.72
     19                                  74.41
     20                                  77.39
     21                                   80.83
     22                                  83.25
     23                                  85.46
     24                                  87.68
     25                                  89.31
     26                                  90.81
     27                                  92.08
    28                                  93.05
    29                                  93.76
    30                                   94.50
    31                                  95.24
    32                                   95.98
    33                                   96.36
    34                                   96.77
    35                                   97.20
    36                                  97.56
    37                                  97.84
    38                                  98.01
    39                                   9832
    40                                  98.55
    41                                  98.73
    42                                  98.91
    43                                  99.03
    44                                  99.08
    45                                  99.13
    46                                  99.19
    47                                  99.24
    48                                  99.34
    49                                   99.47
    50                                  99.52
    51                                  99.57
    52                                  99.59
    53                                  99.67
    54                                   99.69
    55                                   99.72
    56                                   99.75
    57                                   99.80
    58                                   99.80
    59                                  99.85
    60                                  100.00

                                       A-1 12

          SALISBUREY HYPSOMETRY
         CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      I)
        A-

    0   10   20   30   40   50 -  70   80   90  100

    I> :

                         A-113

                      SANDWICH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.61
      4                                     3.22
      5                                     4.83
      6                                     6.03
      7                                     7.15
      8                                     8.06
      9                                     9.17
     10                                    10.01
     11                                    10.84
     12                                    11.77
     13                                    12.39
     14                                    13.11
     15                                    13.88
     16                                    14.66
     17                                    15.43
     18                                    16.12
     19                                    16.72
     20                                    17.26
     21                                    17.83
     22                                    18.34
     23                                    19.09
     24                                    19.83
     25                                    20.41
     26                                    21.13
     27                                    22.22
     28                                    22.96
     29                                    24.04
     30                                    27.26
     31                                    30.48
     32                                   33.70
     33                                    36.36
     34                                    39.46
     35                                   41.86
     36                                   44.07
     37                                   46.65
     38                                   51.67
     39                                   53.56
     40                                    55.19
     41                                    56.93
     42                                    58.26
     43                                    59.51
     44                                    60.81
     45                                    63A5
     46                                    66.10
     47                                    68.74
     48                                    7130
     49                                    73.28
     50                                    75.14
     51                                    76.92
     52                                    78.97
     53                                    80.55
     54                                    82.19
     55                                    83.93
     56                                    85.28
     57                                    86.66
     58                                    87.98
     59                                    89.51
     60                                    90.84

                                        A-114

         SANDWICH HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.t

    Lo
    CD

    o

    O  -

      0  10  20  30  40  50 60  70  80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-115
                    A-1-15

                       SAUGUS

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    0.75
      4                                     150
      5                                     2.25
      6                                    3.51
      7                                    5.06
      8                                    5.92
      9                                     7.29
     10                                    9.11
     11                                   10.40
     12                                   12.62
     13                                   15.03
     14                                   18.76
     15                                   22.96
     16                                   27.17
     17                                   3138
     18                                   34.67
     19                                   38.08
     20                                   41.43
     21                                   44.86
     22                                   47.35
     23                                   5038
     24                                   53.51
     25                                   56.30
     26                                   59.08
     27                                   6133
     28                                   64.17
     29                                   67.23
     30                                   69.53
     31                                   71.84
     32                                   74.14
     33                                   7637
     34                                   7832
     35                                   80.31
     36                                   82.13
     37                                   83.57
     38                                   85.16
     39                                   86.28
     40                                   87.49
     41                                   88.64
     42                                   89.44
     43                                   90.22
     44                                   90.89
     45                                   91.56
     46                                   92.23
     47                                   92.90
     48                                   93.65
     49                                   94.40
     50                                   94.96
     51                                   95.50
     52                                   96.03
     53                                   96.54
     54                                   97.13
     55                                   97.62
     56                                   98.12
     57                                   98.42
     58                                   98.82
     59                                   99.01

                                       A-1 16

          SAUGUS HYPSOMETRY
       CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.o

    0-
      : /

    O-                             /

    O  -

      0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                   A- 17

                       SCITUATE

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.44
      4                                     2.87
      5                                     431
      6                                     5.67
      7                                    736
      8                                    8.87
      9                                   10.27
     10                                   12.05
     11                                  13.59
     12                                   15.08
     13                                  17.02
     14                                  21.85
     15                                  26.68
     16                                  31.51
     17                                  35.98
     18                                  40.09
     19                                  43.75
     20                                  47.07
     21                                  50.50
     22                                   53.36
     23                                  56.07
     24                                  58.78
     25                                  61.31
     26                                  63.64
     27                                  65.66
     28                                  67.97
     29                                   7034
     30                                   74.00
     31                                   77.67
     32                                   81.33
     33                                   84.40
     34                                   87.13
     35                                   89.62
     36                                   91.63
    37                                   93.23
    38                                   94.74
    39                                   95.96
    40                                   97.00
    41                                   97.88
    42                                   98.55
    43                                  98.98
    44                                   9939
    45                                   99.44
    46                                   99.50
    47                                   99.55
    48                                   99.64
    49                                   99.71
    50                                   99.77
    51                                   99.80
    52                                   99.87
    53                                   99.91
    54                                   99.93
    55                                   99.95
    56                                   99.96
    57                                   99.98
    58                                  100.00

                                     A-118

          SCITUATE HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3rm.+

     0-

    OO

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                     A-119

                       SEEKONK

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.27
      4                                      0.55
      5                                     0.82
      6                                      1.07
      7                                      1.62
      8                                     2.17
      9                                     3.42
     10                                    4.35
     11                                     5.45
     12                                     7.39
     13                                     9.10
     14                                    10.90
     15                                    13.73
     16                                    16.56
     17                                    19.39
     18                                   21.99
     19                                   25.21
     20                                    29.95
     21                                    34.67
     22                                    39.26
     23                                    45.21
     24                                    49.56
     25                                    53.56
     26                                    57.40
     27                                   62.55
     28                                   66.58
     29                                   70.50
     30                                   72.80
     31                                   75.09
     32                                   77.38
     33                                   79.57
     34                                   82.24
     35                                    84.56
     36                                    86.58
     37                                    88.57
     38                                    90.46
     39                                   92.24
     40                                    93.82
     41                                   95.17
     42                                    96.00
     43                                   96.65
     44                                    97.16
     45                                   97.38
     46                                   97.60
     47                                   97.82
     48                                   98.08
     49                                   98.28
     50                                   98.49
     51                                   98.63
     52                                   98.81
     53                                    99.00
    54                                    99.08
    55                                    99.26
    56                                    99.37
    57                                    99.46
    58                                    99.53
    59                                    99.66
    60                                    99.70

                                       A-120

         SEEKONK HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     to

     0-

     O

      *  ~~Percent of Upland Area

                   A-121
                   A-121

                      SOMERSET

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     3.60
      4                                    7.20
      5                                    10.81
      6                                   13.28
      7                                    15.68
      8                                    18.09
      9                                   20.83
     10                                   2330
     11                                   25.18
     12                                   2833
     13                                   30.47
     14                                   3257
     15                                   35.01
     16                                   37.45
     17                                  39.89
     18                                  41.73
     19                                  43.56
     20                                  46.08
     21                                  47.84
     22                                   49.57
     23                                   51.93
     24                                   53.96
     25                                   55.68
     26                                   57.64
     27                                   60.23
     28                                   62.29
     29                                   64.43
     30                                   71.71
     31                                   78.99
     32                                   86.27
     33                                   90.81
     34                                  93.13
     35                                  94.37
     36                                  95.50
     37                                  96.51
     38                                  9737
     39                                  98.12
     40                                  98.76
     41                                  99.25
     42                                  99.62
     43                                  99.89
     44                                 100.00

                                     A-122

          SOMERSET HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      QO:
      o -

    Oo-

    oN_

    X   -

       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
               Percent of Upland Area

                     A-123

                    SWAMPSCOTT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.79
      4                                     3.58
      5                                     5.37
      6                                     6.26
      7                                     8.86
      8                                    10.65
      9                                    13.25
     10                                   16.42
     11                                   19.19
     12                                   22.11
     13                                   26.26
     14                                   30.49
     15                                   34.72
      16                                   38.94
     17                                   43.25
     18                                   47.56
     19                                   50.73
     20                                   53.82
     21                                   57.64
     22                                   60.81
     23                                   63.50
     24                                   66.02
     25                                   68.21
     26                                   70.81
     27                                   72.76
     28                                   75.20
     29                                   78.78
     30                                   80.98
     31                                   83.17
     32                                   85.37
     33                                   87.48
     34                                   89.35
     35                                   91.22
     36                                   92.85
     37                                   94.23
     38                                   95.53
     39                                   96.67
     40                                   97.64
     41                                   98.37
     42                                   98.94
     43                                   99.43
     44                                   99.59
     45                                   99.67
     46                                   99.76
     47                                   99.84
     48                                   99.92
     49                                  100.00

                                    A-124

        SWAMPSCOTT HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 23m.+

     crQ
     I

     O-
     I -

     0-

    C  OX

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-125

                       SWANSEA

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     2.22
      4                                     4.44
      5                                     6.65
      6                                     8.60
      7                                    10.53
      8                                    12.56
      9                                    15.58
     10                                   17.76
     11                                   20.25
     12                                   23.90
     13                                   26.60
     14                                   29.23
     15                                   31.54
     16                                   33.84
     17                                   36.15
     18                                   39.12
    - 19                                  42.29
     20                                   45.99
     21                                   48.71
     22                                   51.53
     23                                   54.99
     24                                   57.67
     25                                   59.94
     26                                   61.77
     27                                   64.14
     28                                   66.40
     29                                   68.95
     30                                   72.45
    31                                   75.95
    32                                   79.45
    33                                   82.99
    34                                   87.39
    35                                   90.47
    36                                   93.10
    37                                   96.22
    38                                   97.92
    39                                   98.94
    40                                   99.34
    41                                   99.63
    42                                   99.81
    43                                   99.94
    44                                  100.00

                                      A-126

        SWANSEA HYPSOMETRY
      CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

    O

    CO

    Oo-

     0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
            Percent of Upland Area

                  A-127

                       TISBURY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     3.82
      4                                     7.63
      5                                    11.45
      6                                   14.11
      7                                   16.81
      8                                   18.81
      9                                   21.69
     10                                  23.96
     11                                  26.09
     12                                   28.39
     13                                   29.64
     14                                   30.43
     15                                   33.98
     16                                   37.53
     17                                   41.08
     18                                  44.19
     19                                   47.29
     20                                   50.89
     21                                   53.68
     22                                   55.95
     23                                   59.27
     24                                  65.35
     25                                   67.61
     26                                  70.41
     27                                  72.89
     28                                  74.98
     29                                  76.97
     30                                  79.59
     31                                  82.21
     32                                   84.83
     33                                  87.22
    34                                  89.35
    35                                  91.35
    36                                   92.90
    37                                  94.63
    38                                  95.96
    39                                  97.03
    40                                  97.96
    41                                  98.80
    42                                  99.33
    43                                  99.69
    44                                  99.87
    45                                  99.91
    46                                  99.96
    47                                  100.00

                                      A-128

               TJSI3LF B HYPSOMETEfY
    H    ~CALCULATED FOR UPLAND -3nrit-

    I                   _ _ _ _ _ _ _

        0:
         CD:

             0- ~ ~~~~~~-2

                        TRURO

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     1.86
      4                                    3.72
      5                                    5.57
      6                                    7.21
      7                                    8.81
      8                                   10.22
      9                                   11.86
     10                                   13.25
     11                                   14.92
     12                                   16.25
     13                                   17.81
     14                                   21.76
     15                                   26.18
     16                                  30.60
     17                                  34.49
     18                                   38.39
     19                                   41.48
     20                                  '44.80
     21                                   47.99
     22                                   50.77
     23                                   5334
     24                                   5552
     25                                   57.83
     26                                   59.79
     27                                   6153
     28                                   63.48
     29                                   65.67
     30                                   69.09
     31                                   72.52
     32                                  75.94
     33                                  78.98
     34                                  81.48
     35                                   84.09
     36                                   86.16
     37                                   88.26
     38                                   90.08
     39                                   91.75
    40                                   93.15
    41                                   9434
    42                                   95.42
    43                                   96.20
    44                                   97.10
    45                                   97.41
    46                                   97.72
    47                                   98.03
    48                                   9830
    49                                   98.55
    50                                   98.80
    51                                   99.02
    52                                  99.21
    53                                   99.39
    54                                  99.53
    55                                   99.66
    56                                   99.78
    57                                   99.87
    58                                   99.93
    59                                   99.97

                                      A-130

           TRURO HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.t

    I
     CO -

       -

    � 0-
    X 2-

       0  10  20  30 40  50  60  70  80  90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-131

                      WAREHAM

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      7.77
      4                                     15.54
      5                                    2331
      6                                    27.16
      7                                    30.52
      8                                    33.68
      9                                    37.52
     10                                   40.63
     11                                   44.41
     12                                   48.89
     13                                   52.61
     14                                   57.41
     15                                   62.58
     16                                   67.76
     17                                   72.93
     18                                   81.54
     19                                    81.54
     20                                    85.80
     21                                    88.83
     22                                    9133
     23                                    93.53
     24                                    95.69
     25                                    97.04
     26                                    98.09
     27                                    98.91
    28                                    99.44
    29                                    99.71
    30                                    99.75
    31                                    99.78
    32                                    99.81
    33                                    99.84
    34                                    99.86
    35                                    99.89
    36                                    99.91
    37                                    99.93
    38                                    99.94
    39                                    99.96
    40                                   99.98
    41                                    99.98
    42                                    99.99

                                     A-132

         WAREHAM HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     O1-
    oE8-

     I
    O o

             Percent of Upland Area

                    A- 133

                     WELLFLEET

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     3.64
      4                                     7.28
      5                                    10.92
      6                                    14.14
      7                                    16.96
      8                                    19.79
      9                                    24.08
     10                                   27.42
     11                                   30.88
     12                                   42.18
     13                                   46.08
     14                                   50.66
     15                                   55.75
     16                                   60.83
     17                                  '65.91
     18                                   70.98
     19                                   74.93
    20                                   78.88
    21                                   82.05
    22                                   85.05
    23                                   87.95
    24                                   90.22
    25                                   92.13
    26                                   93.65
    27                                   95.07
    28                                   96.08
    29                                   96.76
    30                                   97.13
    31                                   97.49
    32                                   97.86
    33                                   98.19
    34                                   98.49
    35                                   98.76
    36                                   99.01
    37                                   99.22
    38                                   99.41
    39                                   99.58
    40                                   99.72
    41                                   99.83
    42                                   99.90
    43                                   99.97

                                    A-134

        WELLFLEET HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m�+

     CD
    *  C-

    * . 0 -
     -

       0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
              Percent of Upland Area

                    A-135

                      WESTPORT

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      1.34
      4                                      2.69
      5                                     4.03
      6                                     5.03
      7                                     6.09
      8                                      7.09
     9                                     8.46
     10                                     9.45
     11                                    10.49
     12                                    11.80
     13                                    12.86
     14                                    13.85
     15                                    15.15
     16                                    16.46
     17                                    17.77
     18                                    19.12
     19                                   20.36
     20                                    22.09
     21                                    23.31
     22                                    24.65
     23                                    26.33
     24                                   27.74
     25                                   29.15
    26                                   3057
    27                                   32.57
    28                                   34.52
    29                                   36.42
    30                                    40.14
    31                                    43.86
    32                                    47.58
    33                                    50.83
    34                                    54.28
    35                                    56.58
    36                                    58.63
    37                                    61.09
    38                                    62.93
    39                                    64.72
    40                                    67.80
    41                                    71.22
    42                                    72.84
    43                                    74.68
    44                                    76.86
    45                                    78.36
    46                                    79.86
    47                                    81.35
    48                                    82.85
    49                                    84.12
    50                                    85.15
    51                                    86.10
    52                                    8730
    53                                    88.26
    54                                    89.18
    55                                   90.21
    56                                   90.99
    57                                    91.81
    58                                    92.60
    59                                    93.60
    60                                   94.46

                                      A-136

             WESTPORT HYPSOMETRY
            CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3mv+

          -
         OD-

        0-_

       .

                         A-137
         0    102-0 4    0 60 7    0 9  0
    *~          Pecn fUpadAe

                   WEST TISBURY

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                    2.03
      4                                    4.06
      5                                    6.09
      6                                    7.71
      7                                    937
      8                                   10.97
      9                                   21A3
     10                                  23.55
     11                                  2535
     12                                  27.58
     13                                  29.29
     14                                  30.89
     15                                  33.51
     16                                  36.14
     17                                  38.77
     18                                  41.23
     19                                  43A8
     20                                  46.60
     21                                  49.02
     22                                  5139
     23                                  54.29
     24                                  59.17
     25                                  62.09
     26                                  64.88
     27                                  68.35
     28                                  70.81
     29                                  73.33
     30                                  74.85
     31                                  76.37
    32                                  77.89
    33                                  79.29
    34                                  80.76
    35                                  81.99
    36                                  83.12
    37                                  84.48
    38                                  85.32
    39                                  86.31
    40                                  87.16
    41                                  88.13
    42                                  88.78
    43                                  89.43
    44                                  89.96
    45                                  90.64
    46                                  9133
    47                                  92.01
    48                                  92.73
    49                                   93.23
    50                                  93.73
    51                                  94.11
    52                                  94.64
    53                                  95.00
    54                                  95.42
    55                                  95.83
    56                                  96.16
    57                                  96.57
    58                                  96.84
    59                                  97.21
    60                                  97.54

                                    A-138

      WEST TISDBUBtY HYPSOMlE tRY
        CALC(ULATED FOR UPLAND 3n.+

    O

                                                   /

    CO-                               7"

    O.,

     I I i i'''   I        I I I  I  III I  I   T              I  I  I.I I  III II II
      0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  ',0 100
                 Percent of Upland Area

                          A-139

                     WEYMOUTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                     0.47
      4                                     0.95
      5                                     1.42
      6                                     1.83
      7                                    2.51
      8                                    2.95
      9                                     357
     10                                    439
     11                                    5.18
     12                                    6.09
     13                                    7.20
     14                                    8.75
     15                                  10.29
     16                                  11.84
     17                                  13.45
     18                                  14.68
     19                                  16.04
     20                                  17.27
     21                                  18.25
     22                                  19.45
     23                                  2052
     24                                   21.69
     25                                   22.64
     26                                   23.79
     27                                   24.87
     28                                   26.48
     29                                   28.35
     30                                   31.42
    31                                   34.48
    32                                   37.54
    33                                   40.21
    34                                  42.47
    35                                   44.73
    36                                   46.61
    37                                   48.34
    38                                   49.92
    39                                   51.36
    40                                   52.64
    41                                  53.65
    42                                  54.83
    43                                  55.60
    44                                  56.36
    45                                   59.87
    46                                   63.37
    47                                   66.88
    48                                   71.38
    49                                   75.21
    50                                   78.69
    51                                   82.66
    52                                   86.25
    53                                  89.64
    54                                   92.04
    55                                   94.38
    56                                   96.51
    57                                   97.92
    58                                   98.88
    59                                   99.49
    60                                  100.00

                                    ;A-140

        WEYMOUTH HYPSOMETRY
        CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

     o

     oi/

    Percent of Upland Area

        m*-*           /~~~~A-41
    U   0  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
             Percent of Upland Area

                      WINTHROP

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                        6.81
      4                                       13.61
      5                                      20.42
      6                                      26.70
      7                                      32.46
      8                                      41.88
      9                                      45.55
     10                                      52.36
     11                                      58.64
     12                                      65.45
     13                                      73.82
     14                                      76.44
     15                                      79.06
     16                                     81.68
     17                                      84.29
     18                                      86.91
     19                                      89.01
     20                                      91.10
     21                                      92.67
    22                                      94.24
    23                                      95.81
    24                                      96.86
    25                                      97.91
    26                                      98.95
    27                                      99.48
    28                                     100.00

                                        A-142

          W tIN'THROP HYPSOMETRY'
        CALCULAT'ED FOR UPLAND 3m.-+

      c( -

     0

    ,-,

    o

           -~~~A-143
       0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100
               Percent of Upland Area

                      A-143

                     YARMOUTH

    ELEVATION CUMULATIVE PERCENT

      3                                      8.40
      4                                     16.81
      5                                    25.21
      6                                    32.32
      7                                    40.52
      8                                    49.99
      9                                    55.45
     10                                   59.63
     11                                   63.44
     12                                   67.91
     13                                   71.44
     14                                   75.32
     15                                   77.79
     16                                   80.26
     17                                   82.73
     18                                   84.93
     19                                   86.91
     20                                    88.93
     21                                    90.46
     22                                    91.95
     23                                    94.62
     24                                    94.62
     25                                    95.61
     26                                    96.46
     27                                    97.38
     28                                    98.10
     29                                    98.58
     30                                    98.76
     31                                    98.94
     32                                    99.11
     33                                    99.27
     34                                    99.38
    35                                    99.51
    36                                    99.61
    37                                    99.70
    38                                    99.77
    39                                    99.84
    40                                    99.89
    41                                    99.92
    42                                    99.96
    43                                    99.99
    44                                   100.00

                                        A-144

          YARMOUTH HYPSOMETRY
         CALCULATED FOR UPLAND 3m.+

      O

    O o
    0

     1

     *  C i,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,l,,,,,,,,,l,,  l  l  l  l  1  1  1
       0   10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100
                Percent of Upland Area

                         A-1 45

                                         APPENDIX B

                   Software Guide for Massachusetts Hypsometry
                                     Data Base Processing

       This document outlines the two methodologies used by the Woods Hole Oceanographic
    Institution (WHOI) to generate digital and graphical products that define the hypsometry of
    coastal Massachusetts. Two avenues of data generation and analysis were created in this project,
    each described in a distinct section below.

    Part one: To analyze a large-scale, statewide data base, software was written to reduce and compile
    the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with census and landcover data generated by the Defense
    Mapping Agency (DMA) and distributed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS.). In
    general, this process involves reformatting and regridding of the landcover and census data (so that
    it can be meshed with the DEM, and partitioned into town-scale subsets).

    Part two: For a more quantitative areal representation of local hypsometry and shoreline retreat
    resulting from relative sea-level rise, smaller, more detailed data bases were generated at WHOI.
    These data were derived from the USGS topographic quadrangle sheets, and have been processed
    to yield a more detailed and complete digital elevation model of three Massachusetts harbors.

       Much of the following information includes specific references to program and data file name
    conventions that, while not important in and of themselves, are useful as direct references to the
    software library at the laboratory.

    A. DATA STORAGE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

    [PES.HYP]
        All software is stored, edited and debugged in this directory. Software may be executed in
    this directory or others.

                                                 B-1

    [PES.DIGDAT]
       All digitizer output is stored here, as are the reformatted versions of the various data files.
    Reformatting can be executed here or in .HYP with inputs and outputs designated with
    [-.DIGDAT] preceding filename.

    [PES.HYPDAT]
       All individual town hypsometry data sets are stored here; all are named with a '.LIS'
    extension. These files also may be generated with an executable file stored in .HYP or one copied
    into this directory.

    [PES.HYPDAT.TABLE]
         All the tables associated with individual town hypsometry data sets are stored here. All are
    named with a '.TAB' extension.

    [PES.HYPDAT.PLOTS]
        All the plot files associated with the town hypsometry data sets are stored here. All are named
    with a '.PLT' extension.

    B. PART ONE: STATE-WIDE HYPSOMETRY BY TOWN

        1.) DATA BASE
           A. The DEM data is in one-degree squares at 3 second intervals stored as south-to-north
    profiles. Elevations are to the nearest meter, formatted as follows:

        * (8) 1024-byte virtual records making up a 8192-byte physical block. Only thefirst 1020
         bytes of each virtual record contain data.

        - Thefirst block contains header information in the first and part of the second record
        - Other Blocks:
         Ist record--     210 bytes (35 values in 6-bytefields) that are part of the previous profile
         2nd record--      144 bytes of header for the next profile and 876 bytes (146 values) of data.
                         Thefirst profile of the data set starts at this point in the first block.
         3rd-8th record-- 1020 bytes (170 values) of data each. Each value is six bytes.

                                                B-2

           B. Land use, land cover, and political unit data sets cover the area of a USGS 1:250,000
    scale map, and lie along west-to-east rows at 200 meter intervals on the UTM grid. The UTM grid
    is rotated counterclockwise just slightly with respect to longitude, yet bounded by the latitude
    boundaries of the USGS maps. Consequently some rows are shorter because they either run into
    the northern longitude bound or start along the southern longitude bound. These data are
    multiplexed and structured into 80-character records blocked into groups of 102 data points. The
    blocksize is 8160 bytes. The beginning and end of a block are unrelated to the beginning or end of
    a row.  Each record contains the UTM coordinates to locate the point that it describes.  This
    portion of the data base is hereafter referred to as the 'GRIDCELL' data as well.

    2.) COORDINATE TRANSLATION

       In order to locate the elevation data with respect to political units and land types (beaches,
    ponds, lakes, rivers being areas of special interest) the two data sets must be overlayed. To locate
    the land cover, etc. data with respect to the Lat./Long. system the United States Geological Survey
    (USGS) translated all the UTM coordinate pairs to Lat/Long values.
                               OUTPUT FORMATS USED BY USGS
        For both the Boston and Providence data sets the translated Lat/Long coordinates that located
    each record were output separately (onto magnetic tape) maintaining the blocking factor of 102.
    We then merged (MERGEV3.FOR, MERGEV4A.FOR) these data with the appropriate fields from
    the original tape, creating 5100-byte blocks that contain 102 data points. Version 3 of MERGE
    handles the format used with the Providence sheet; version 4A handles the slightly different
    Boston sheet format. Each block of this new data set is made up of 102 50-byte virtual records.
    Each record contains ten bytes each for Latitude, Longitude, Land Cover Code, State/County
    Code, and Town (census) Code.

        3.) REGRIDDING DATA

    NOTE: GRDMATV3.FOR is for Providence data; GRDMATV4A.FOR is for Boston data. Input
    formats are the same, but data peculiarities necessitated customized error handling routines.
        Once all the data describing each point in terms of land cover, political unit, and Lat/Long
    position were assembled on one tape, a new matrix was created that has data arranged on a grid
    identical to the DEM grid. GRDMATV3/V4A.FOR uses a simple method to create this DEM-
    based matrix of land and political codes. Essentially the software travels from point-to-point
    through an empty 3-second Lat/Long grid and searches for the closest data point in the UTM

                                                 B-3

    GRIDCELL system, assigning the values associated with that point to its current location. It only
    examines the eight points surrounding the previous closest point found. Because the 200 meter
    UTM interval is about twice that of the 3-second DEM interval, this limited search field always
    contains the closest point.
        The GRIDCELL data are first put into an array of 600 by 900 points. Spatial organization is
    maintained by padding the input data stream with leading and trailing spaces to preserve the row
    length of 900 points. The partial rows at the beginning and end of the data set are aligned by their
    longitude values. Longitude and latitude values are used to tag data errors, end of row, and leading
    space conditions. Most bad data points are eliminated and new ones interpolated from surrounding
    values. This matrix is filled left-to-right/north-to-south according to the order in which the
    GRIDCELL data are stored.
        Then the closest-point interpolation routine examines the data in north-to-south columns
    compatible with the DEM grid of 3-second intervals, starting in the NW corner. As each column is
    filled it is written to a magnetic storage tape. This is the only point during the data reduction
    process that any information is stored as unformatted data. These data rows now merely must be
    inverted in order to match the DEM format. User input determines the starting point for the
    interpolation routine in Lat./Long. and the corresponding closest point in the source matrix. If the
    user choses to process the entire 1 by 2 degree grid at once (as is most convenient) these values are
    easily determined [the first closest point would be (1,1)]. See the program for other notes.

    NOTE: GRDMATV3/V4A.FOR is the monster program in this process, requiring up to 50 hours
    of run-time and costing about 900 charge units (1 charge unit = $1.42) if run during prime time.
    Its storage arrays require about 12 megabytes of virtual memory. Because the VAX has only 10
    megabytes total of physical memory page faulting occurs--this slows down the run. .

        4.) MESHING DATA

        MESH2.FOR combines the DEM and GRDCELL data, each stored on separate tapes, onto one
    tape that stores the data profiles in groups of three: elevation, land code, and town code along
    north-to-south profiles. As with the original DEM data, each profile contains 1201 points. Two
    headers begin each block: elevation profiles are headed by the starting Long./Lat., gridcell profiles
    by profile number and data-type (1 = land code; 2 = census code). At 12 bytes per field the
    blocksize is 14436 bytes. At this stage the number of profiles in the data set is not limited except
    by the tape storage limit. Two degrees data (2400 profiles, covering a 1 by 2 degree rectangle) can
    easily be stored on a 1200 ft. 9-track tape if written at 6250 bytes per inch (BPI). At 1600 BPI
    only 900 profiles or so will fit.

                                                   B-4

        5.) THE MASTER SET

        At this point a master data set exists, from which the hypsometry of all the towns fully
    contained in it can be computed. HYPSO3.FOR collects all the data for one town and performs a
    frequency count of elevation points. Areal percent and cumulative areal percent are calculated for
    all the elevations encountered above three meters. These data are written as a table into a file. A
    second table also is produced displaying corrected data that are "unclustered" by the Giese method
    (see below). HYPSO4.FOR is a second version that uses two different correction routines, writing
    out three tables. The user then chooses the most desirable of the two and edits out the other.
        At this stage the land-type codes are used to cull the data set. Data points not counted include
    those existing on beaches, in wetlands, or in water bodies. The resulting data set represents the
    'upland' area of the town selected.
        HYPSO3/4 allows the user to specify a search bracket, defined by profile numbers, to reduce
    run time. If data for a single town are found in several different master set files, several output files
    of HYPSO3 may be combined using CURVADD.FOR. CURVADD only adds the corrected data
    tables. If running HYPS04, one of the corrected tables must be eliminated before inputting to
    CURVADD or HYPLOT2.

        6.) UNCLUSTERING

        As mentioned in the text of this report, when the cumulative distributions of elevation data are
    compiled for a town, it is evident that the USGS data are biased toward maxima in the vicinity of 3,
    15, 30, 45 and higher multiples of 15 m. HYPSO3/4 smooth the data using a linear redistribution
    technique which preserves the total number of data points within each "cluster".
        HYPSO3 sets equal the number of data points at 3, 4 and 5 meters, and redistributes the excess
    in a linear fashion between 6 and 14 meters. Next, the number of points at 15, 16 and 17 meters is
    set equal, and the excess is distributed linearly between 18 and 29 meters. This process is then
    continued for each set of 15 one-meter elevation categories. HYPSO4 differs only in the respect
    that the first cluster ends at 13 meters (instead of 14), but the second and subsequent clusters end at
    the same values as in HYPS03.

        7.) PLOTTING

        HYPLOT2.FOR reads the output of CURVADD.FOR or HYPSO3.FOR and creates a plot file
    using DISSPLA routines.

                                                  B-5

    C. PART TWO: HYPSOMETRY OF THREE HARBORS--
         CONTOURING, COASTAL FLOODING, AND GROUNDWATER EFFECTS

    NOTE:  The full procedure for this operation is described only for Hyannis. Details that differ
    for the other harbors are outlined in following sections.

    HYANNIS
    1.) DATA GENERATION
        Elevation Data: For this harbor a rectangle 4000 by 5000 meters was delineated, its southwest
    comer at UTM (391000,4609000). Within this area all contours were digitized, with different
    prefixes used to indicate the Z-coordinate or elevation values. Pond boundaries were input as
    separate contours. The shoreline was assigned an elevation of two feet relative to the NGVD of
    1929 (this figure represents half the current tidal range plus six inches of sea level rise since 1929).
    Offshore contours were digitized, and contours valued at -3 and -4 ft. were added just offshore to
    help constrain the shoreline position. Approximately 11300 data points were recorded.
        Scaling: A scale of 6.34969 meters per inch for 1:25,000 quadrangle maps yields output
    having a *10 scaling (units of decimeters).  The origin must be entered as (0,0) so that the
    digitizer's five-digit integer output buffers are not overflowed. This offset is added back during
    reformatting in MINFORM.FOR and MINOFF.FOR, such that coordinate values are in the
    Universal Transverse Mercator System (UTM).

    NOTE: A first attempt to generate this data set used a lower data density and thus produced only
    6300 points (HYI*.DIG and .DAT). -30 ft. was used as the offshore contour depth, but was
    found to cause modelling problems onshore. Modelling the crucial low elevation areas (i.e., 1-10
    ft.) presents a problem stemming from poor offshore (bathymetric) data. If only those offshore
    contours plotted on the topographic map are used to constrain the surface, shoals may be created
    just offshore and the shoreline is positioned poorly due to the extremely gentle slope in this area.
    Using artificially deep data points just offshore defines the position of the shoreline quite well, but
    will arch the onshore surface just inside the constraining shoreline data points. The compromise
    settled on is represented by the UPL4.DIG & DAT and OFF5.DIG & DAT combined into the
    HY5.DAT data file, and uses points of moderate depth to position the shoreline but not deform the
    onshore model to a great degree.

                                                 B-6

    2.) FORMATTING DIGITIZER OUTPUT FOR MINCURV:

       MINFORM.FOR and MINOFF.FOR are the programs used to put the digitizer output into X,
    Y, Z format for input to MINCURV.FOR.The digitizer will attach prefixes to its data output, but is
    limited to 14 different strings (AD-DD, OD-9D). To distinguish between all the different contours,
    pond boundaries, shoreline and shoreline structure vectors, as well as offshore contours, digitized
    data were processed in two batches where each prefix was translated into an appropriate elevation
    or depth. After formatting these two batches are merged into one file for gridding. Documentation
    contained in MINFORM.FOR and MINOFF.FOR explains how this was done for Hyannis. Other
    versions of these programs were written to accomodate other harbors. Perhaps a generic version
    will become appropriate that allows interactive assignment of certain Z-coordinate values to digitizer
    prefixes if many such maps are to be generated in the future.

    3.) GRIDDING:

        PUBLIC: MINCURV was used to generate an evenly spaced grid of elevation points. To
    retain full resolution within the single-precision storage arrays used by MINCURV, the first two
    digits of the northing and first digit of the easting value are not read in. This fix leaves the
    coordinates in  a form that is still compatible with the USGS's  UTM  notations (i.e., our
    coordinates are what appear in upper case digits on the quadrangle maps). The nformation
    Processing Center's (IPC) documentation of MINCURV is good. See our sample run as well.
    A FEW HINTS:
                    -Remember to read data as F_.1 to account for the *10 scaling.
                    -Oversize the output grid to avoid loosing any data.
                    -When entering Min and Max values for X and Y, drop the appropriate leading
                    digits.
            MINCURV'S method: MINCURV performs a minimum curvature surface fit using the
    data provided. Therefore, slope breaks may  affect the modelling of adjacent portions of the
    surface, especially in areas of low data density. This feature becomes troublesome when it becomes
    necessary to constrain the shoreline position more tightly than is done by the USGS 10-foot
    contours. To resolve the shoreline more closely, intuitively derived elevation data must be added
    immediately above and below the shoreline. A relatively steep nearshore slope is required to
    achieve the proper constraints, resulting in a slope break at the shoreline that can lead to an

                                                 B-7

    unrealistic arching of the onshore surface. This undesirable effect is mitigated by minimizing the
    slope break and further constraining the onshore surface with onshore data that 'hold down the
    arch'.

    FILES IN [.DIGDAT]
              - '*.DIG'  Files are digitizer output
              -'*.DAT'   Files are reformatted for input to MINCURV
              -'*.GRD'  Files are output of MINCURV
              -'*.VEC'   Digitizer output for vector plotting. Only the shore vector doubles as a
                          contour.
    NOTE: '.GRD' files become '.DAT' when transferred to [.HYP] because UNIRAS needs to see
    the '.DAT' suffix.

    4.) PLOT PREVIEWING WITH THE RASTEC:
        The Raster Technologies Monitor is an extremely convenient way to examine a data set and
    perform some quick modelling of sea level rise effects.
            1. 'RASTEC:RASTECDEF' enables interactive use of Rastec. It currently is executed by
               the PES login file.
            2. RASTEC is available only on the RED VAX. PES is accessible from RED using the
               same login name and password.
            3. The RASTEC is 512 by 512 pixels, so that plot resolution is limited by data density
               before it is limited by the hardware (unless, of course, MINCURV output grids
               exceed this size).
            4. HYPRT.FOR is Roger Goldsmith's program to set up the plot image.
            5. RASTEC is a pixel-by-pixel representation of the input grid, using 255 different
               intensity levels of three different colors to show elevation values. It does not contour;
               therefore edges will show some noise with an amplitude similar to the grid interval
               used by MINCURV (for Hyannis= 20 m.)
               'HYPRT.EXE' asks for a minimum Z value and a Z increment. For example: if -16
               is entered for Z-minimum. and 1 is given as the Z increment, -16.0 through -16.9
               values are assigned intensity 1. Z-values of 0 through .9 are assigned intensity 17.
               This decimal truncation, if not accounted for, can produce some unwanted results. If
               the Z-increment is lowered to .1, only values of -16.0 will be intensity 1, but the
               Rastec will run out of intensity values at 25.5 feet above the minimum.

                                                  B-8

           6. An assortment of 'LUTRMP' (look-up table) commands allows the user to specify the
              intensity ranges displayed for different colors over different ranges of original
              intensities. This system is enabled after running HYPRT.EXE by entering
              'RTLOCAL'. A '!' prompt is then displayed and these commands can be entered.
                   'CSAV filename' saves all subsequently entered commands.
                   'CINPUT filename' executes this command string.
                   'QUIT' terminates the 'RTLOCAL' mode.
               Reference the RASTEC User's Manual and abbreviated pamphlet for details regarding
               these and other commands.

    5.) UNIRAS PLOTTING:
        HYPUC.FOR is R. Goldsmith's program to plot harbor maps. It needs to see 5 files, all
    having the same name but different extensions:
            *.DAT-- MINCURV output (copy from [.DIGDAT]*.GRD)
            *.IND-- Data set size parameters
            I*LIM-- Class and color definitions (contouring directions)
            *.TEX-- Text plotting directions (optional)
            *.POL-- Polygon plotting directions (optional)
        Roger's program documentation indicates the formats for each of these files, but here we
    outline a few additional hints for the lay-user and beginner.
        Data set size parameters: Look at format carefully. Maximum coordinates are included
    both as Latitude, then Longitude as well as X, then Y.
        Limits: UNIRAS default colors are listed in the RASPAK Manual as the 'CMY' dithering
    technique menu. Defining one's own colors is not hard and produces better results, once some
    familiarity with the RGB system is achieved. *.LIM must be assigned to 'LIMITS' before each
    run. Note: The contouring limits are what we use to represent flood-levels for various sea level
    rise scenarios. This way the inundated area corresponding to a particular vertical rise in sea level is
    denoted by the colors associated with the contour intervals between present sea level and the
    predicted rise.
        Text plotting: Again, follow format closely. Assign *.TEX to'TEXT'.
        Vector plotting:  Vector plotting in the UNIRAS system is controlled by a '.POL' file that
    contains all the information necessary to have UNIRAS plot a set of vectors, polygons, and fill any
    polygons so designated. Vectors must be plotted in segments of less than 1000 points. Vectors
    and polygons appearing later in the file will be plotted over the earlier ones, obscuring them where
    overlap occurs. Assign *.POL' to 'POLYS'.

                                                  B-9

    Polygon plotting independent of the coastal contouring scheme was used to represent the
    enlargement of inland water bodies due to the rise in groundwater table. It was assumed that the
    groundwater table rise is equal to sea level rise.
        'VECTOR.FOR' is a program written to create a '.POL' file interactively. It asks the user for
    certain data and reads in the plot data from a digitizer output file.
        Creating the plot: To run HYPUC.FOR: Assign TT T41XX
       HYPUC.FOR makes a UNIRAST.DAT file

           To send plot to TK4695:
                             1) Assign the desired version of UNIRAST.DAT file to the most
                                 recent version number
                             2) Type 'ASSIGN TT T4695'
                             3)  Type 'DUNIRAS TK4695'

           To send plot to RASTEC:
                             1) Assign TT 41XX
                             2) Type 'DUNIRAS RASTEC/SC=SC'

    WESTPORT

    The Westport map area was established in a manner similar to the Hyannis area. Its origin is at
    UTM (324000,4696000) and is 4000 meters on a side. Only one inland water body is contained in
    the Westport map area, at one foot above mean high water. Flood level contours generated for the
    sea surface were considered legitimate for this coastal pond as well. Several versions of this data
    base exist; the latest is GL3.dat. At a scale of 1:25,000, there are 60.96012 meters per inch.
    Digitizer (*10) scaling is 6.0967012.

    GLOUCESTER

    Gloucester presented a radically different geology and land surface for flood modelling. Again the
    grid was set up along UTM lines with the origin at UTM (361500,4716500), extending 4000
    meters east and north. Changes in the groundwater table were considered negligible here because
    of the relatively impermeable bedrock that contains it. Gloucester's steep and crenulated nearshore
    and its several extensive marshes made this harbor the most difficult to model. Four revisions were
    necessary. The current data base is GL4.dat. At a scale of 1:25,000, there are 60.96012 meters
    per inch. Digitizer (* 10) scaling is 6.0967012.

                                                 B-1 0